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[ "The Addams family consists of Gomez, Morticia, Pugsley, Wednesday, Uncle Fester, Grandmama, and Cousin Itt. The family is tended to by their butler, Lurch, and Thing, a disembodied hand (sometimes in a box) who is a childhood friend of Gomez.", "Another member of the family is the disembodied hand named \" Thing \". Thing was Gomez's friend since childhood. He appeared out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicated with the Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family, Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed just below the wrist (although no muscle or bone was exposed). He lived in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he was also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original television series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who also played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, \"just to see if anyone noticed\". [7]", "Cousin Itt is a fictional character in the Addams Family series. A short being whose entire body is shrouded by long hair, the unnamed character was mostly seen in the background of the original work of cartoonist Charles Addams, who debuted The Addams Family in 1938. The Cousin Itt name, along with a more interactive participation, was introduced by producer David Levy in the 1964 television series The Addams Family.", "The Addams family are also assisted by the Thing, a disembodied hand which emerges from various boxes around the house. The Thing was usually portrayed by the hand of Ted Cassidy (who also played Lurch) but sometimes by that of assistant director Jack Voghn. The character was always listed in the show's credits as being played by itself.", "Lurch (first... or last... name is unknown) is the fictional manservant to The Addams Family created by cartoonist  Charles Addams .", "Another member of the family is \"Thing\" and, as created by Charles Addams, he was a shy creature mostly seen in the background of Addams's drawings; however, the television series suggested it was a disembodied hand named \" Thing \", and was Gomez's friend since childhood. He (it is implied in the original television series that the character is male) often performed common, everyday tasks such as retrieving the mail, writing a letter, or just giving a friendly pat on the shoulder, appearing out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicated with the Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family, Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed by movie magic just below the wrist (no muscle or bone being visible) and free to scamper about on his fingertips. In the original television series, which included recurring bouts of arm-wrestling with Gomez, Thing never appeared beyond the elbow. He lived in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he was also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original television series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy , the actor who also played Lurch. He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, \"just to see if anyone noticed\". [11]", "Another member of the family is \"Thing\" and, as created by Charles Addams, he was a shy creature mostly seen in the background of Addams's drawings; however, the television series suggested it was a disembodied hand named \"Thing\", and was Gomez's friend since childhood. He (it is implied in the original television series that the character is male) often performed common, everyday tasks such as retrieving the mail, writing a letter, or just giving a friendly pat on the shoulder, appearing out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicated with the Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family, Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed by movie magic just below the wrist (no muscle or bone being visible) and free to scamper about on his fingertips. In the original television series, which included recurring bouts of arm-wrestling with Gomez, Thing never appeared beyond the elbow. He lived in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he was also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original television series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy, the actor who also played Lurch. He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, \"just to see if anyone noticed\".", "In the movie, The Addams Family (1991), Cousin Itt (here spelled \"Cousin It\" ) had an affair with Margaret Alford, the mistreated wife of Tully Alford, the corrupt lawyer trying to get his hands on the Addams' money. In the sequel, Addams Family Values (1993), Margaret and It are married (as Tully had been buried alive by Pugsley and Wednesday) and have a baby (a miniature version of It), aptly named \"What.\" Margaret explains that \"What!\" was the first word out of the obstetrician's mouth upon seeing the baby. Oddly, even before Itt marries Margaret, she is shown to understand his speech, suggesting that they were meant to be. In the movies, his hair is straighter and his voice is squeakier and more gibberish than in the TV series.", "The Addams Family is a group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams . As named by Charles Addams, the Addams Family characters include Gomez , Morticia , Uncle Fester , Lurch , Grandmama , Wednesday , Pugsley , and Thing .", "Itt Addams is the cousin of Gomez Addams. He is a short being whose entire body is shrouded by long hair. When Gomez asks Cousin Itt what is underneath all the hair, Cousin Itt replies, \"Roots\" (\"The Winning of Morticia Addams\"). His hair color changed throughout the years, but in the 1998 The New Addams Family TV series his hair color was blond. He usually wears sunglasses, a derby hat, and gloves. He speaks in a high-pitched (with a slight British accent) gibberish language which the other members of the family can understand though it is incomprehensible to anyone else. The Addams find nothing odd about Itt's appearance, and in one episode of the series, Gomez is surprised by the idea that other people could not understand Itt's speech (\"My Fair Cousin Itt\"). Itt is often celebrated by the family as being \"full of talent\" in areas such as acting, singing, and marriage counseling (though he once accidentally separated Gomez and Morticia while trying to practice). He is also known to have an extremely high IQ of over 300 (as explained by Gomez), shown when he guesses every Rorschach Test correctly, places all of the boxes in the correct slots, and in other ways (\"Cousin Itt and the Vocational Counselor\"). In one episode, Cousin Itt took elocution lessons and developed a (dubbed) voice with a mellifluous, mid-Atlantic accent; this voice did not survive into future episodes.", "Gomez and Morticia's immediate family consists of their portly son Pugsley Addams; their somber little girl Wednesday Thursday Addams who carries a headless doll named Marie Antoinette; Grandmama \"the witch\" Addams who conjures up love spells; the bald Uncle Fester Frump who relieves his headache by compressing his head in a vice [\"POP!\"]; the hairy Cousin Itt who babbles a strange language that only Gomez understands; and Lurch , the family's towering harpsichord-playing zombie butler who answers the family gong with a deep-voiced \"You rang?\"", "Thing was based on a New Yorker cartoon that depicted a shocked mailman reacting to a sign posted on the Addams mansion which warned \"Beware of the Thing\". While developing the series, Charles Addams was asked what, exactly, was the \"thing\"? He opined that for television \"thing\" could appear as a disembodied head that rolled through the house on various ramps and pulleys. It was decided that a hand would be a bit more palatable. This was to prove a source of some terrible puns. It should also be noted that on March 20, 1954, a cartoon was published in The New Yorker depicting the (Addams125 of the book The World of Chas Addams) family at rest in the den with two hands coming out of the record player changing the records. For images of The Thing as drawn by Charles Addams, refer particularly to pages 182–191 of The Addams Family: An Evilution. The producers of the television show, aware of the nearly thirty-five cartoon drawings that included \"The Thing,\" as well as the 1954 incarnation, may well have been inspired to create \"Thing\" in the series based on the latter.", "The series starred John Astin as Gomez, Carolyn Jones as Morticia, Ted Cassidy as Lurch, Jackie Coogan as Uncle Fester, Lisa Loring as Wednesday, Ken Weatherwax as Pugsley and Blossom Rock as Grandmama. Felix Silla made several guest appearances as Cousin Itt.", "\"The Addams Family Strikes Back\" by W.F. Miksch tells how Gomez plans to rehabilitate the image of Benedict Arnold by running for the local school board. The tone and characterizations in this book resemble the TV characters much more closely than in the first novel. Cousin Itt appears as a minor character in this story, but as a tiny, three-legged creature rather than the hairy, derby-hatted character seen on television and in the movies. The novel was published in paperback form by Pyramid Books in 1965.", "The very wealthy, endlessly enthusiastic Gomez Addams is madly in love with his refined wife Morticia. Along with their two children, Wednesday and Pugsley, Uncle Fester and Grandmama, they reside in an ornate, gloomy, Second Empire style mansion , attended by their servants, Lurch, the towering butler , and Thing, a hand that usually appears out of a small wooden box. Occasionally, episodes would feature relatives or other members of their weird subculture, such as Cousin Itt or Morticia's older sister, Ophelia.", "Another member of the family is seen in the form of a disembodied hand named \"Thing\". Thing has been Gomez's friend since childhood. He (it is implied that he is male) often performs common, everyday tasks such as retrieving the mail, writing a letter or just giving a friendly pat on shoulder, appearing out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicates with Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and in The New Addams Family and the previous series, Thing is an entirely mobile lower arm and hand, severed just below the elbow (In the TV series, the lower arm was often seen). He lives in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he is also shown to reside in a cigar box.", "This first novelization of the television series, written by Jack Sharkey, was released near the end of the show's second season. The book details the family's arrival in their new home and explains how it got its bizarre décor. The arrival and origins of Thing are explained. Each chapter reads as a self-contained story, like episodes of the television show. The novel concludes with the Addams family discovering that their lives will be the basis for a new television series. It was published in paperback by Pyramid Books in 1965.[ citation needed ]", "Hanna-Barbera responded to the popularity of the episode by giving the characters their own series. A total of sixteen half-hour episodes of The Addams Family cartoon series were made. It aired on NBC between September 8, 1973 and May 11, 1974. Jackie Coogan and Ted Cassidy reprised their roles as Uncle Fester and Lurch from the 1960s live-action series but the rest of the voice cast was different. Lennie Weinrib voiced Gomez, Janet Waldo voiced Morticia and Grandmama (called \"Granny\" in the series) and Cindy Henderson voiced Wednesday. A young, and not yet famous, Jodie Foster voiced Pugsley. In the series, the Addams family tour the USA in a strange vehicle which resembles a haunted house on wheels. The relationship between some of the characters is different to that in the 1960s TV series. Uncle Fester changes from being Morticia's uncle to being Gomez's brother and Granny is the mother of Morticia instead of Gomez. The series also introduced two new family pets; an alligator named Ali and an octopus named Ocho.", "This first novelization of the television series, written by Jack Sharkey, was released near the end of the show's second season. The book details the family's arrival in their new home and explains how it got its bizarre décor. The arrival and origins of Thing are explained. Each chapter reads as a self-contained story, like episodes of the television show. The novel concludes with the Addams family discovering that their lives will be the basis for a new television series. It was published in paperback by Pyramid Books in 1965.", "In the original TV series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, \"just to see if anyone noticed\".[4]", "In Charles Addams 's original cartoons, Lurch is often seen accompanying the rest of the Family, sometimes carrying a feather-duster. In a couple of illustrations, the Family is seen decorating Lurch like they would a Christmas Tree .", "The second animated series introduced three new regular characters: the Normanmeyers (Norman, Normina, and N.J.), a family of \"normal\" people living across the street from the Addamses. While Norman and Normina were constantly appalled and shocked at the Addamses' macabre behavior, their son, N.J., counted Wednesday and Pugsley as his best friends. Norman owned and worked at an underwear factory and was utterly obsessed with underwear, decorating the entire Normanmeyer house with an underwear motif, which arguably made him less \"normal\" than the Addams Family themselves. Norman was voiced by Rob Paulsen , Normina by Edie McClurg , and N.J. by Dick Beals .", "The central characters of Family Circus are a family whose surname is rarely mentioned (although the cartoon of August 26, 2013, in which Billy refers to \"Grandma Keane\" and \"Grandma Carne\" indicates the same surnames as the author's family). The parents, Bil and Thelma (Thel), are modeled after the author and his wife, Thelma Carne Keane . [2] [3] [4] Their four children, Billy, Dolly, Jeffy, and P.J., are fictionalized composites of the Keanes' five children. With the exception of P.J., no characters have aged appreciably during the run of the strip.", "The inspiration for the comic strip came from Dennis Ketcham , the real life son of Hank Ketcham, [29] who was only four years old when he refused to take a nap and somehow messed up his whole room. Hank tried many possible names for the character, and translated them into rough pencil sketches. But when his studio door flew open and his then-wife Alice, in utter exasperation, exclaimed, \"Your son is a menace!\", [30] the \"Dennis the Menace\" name stuck. The character of Henry Mitchell bore a striking resemblance to Ketcham. The Mitchell family of Dennis, Hank/Henry, and Alice were all named after the Ketchams.", "The Munsters are a weird but honest family. Herman (the father) is Frankenstein's monster. Lily (his wife) and Grandpa (her father) are vampires. Eddie (their little son) is a werewolf. Marilyn (their niece) is the only normal one (that is the ugly duck of the family). Written by Michel Rudoy <mdrc@hp9000a1.uam.mx>", "In Ozy and Millie when Ozy's dad declared their house an independent country he gave himself the title \"Chief Diagonal Pumpkin Non-Hippopotamus Dragony Thingy-Dingy-Flingy Llewellyn the nineteenth\"", "The adventures of a family of cute, furry creatures - The Flumps. Grandpa Flump, Ma and Pa Flump, their eldest son Perkin, daughter Posie and youngest son Pootle. Each episode contains fun songs and a story from the 'Big Book'.", "    These five, are the Munsters. They look rather strange, act a little odd at times, but who's perfect? They also have the Koach and Grandpa's Drag-u-la racer in the garage. Normal, or what?", "Cousin Oliver : The Gruesomes. They appeared in only two episodes of the original series before disappearing and didn't come back until an episode of The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show .", "The 1999 novel The Funnies, by J. Robert Lennon, centered around a dysfunctional family whose late patriarch drew a cartoon similar to The Family Circus. Lennon later said, although there was a \"resemblance\", he did not \"know anything about Bil Keane and made up my characters from scratch.\" ", "There were many supporting characters, but the key players were Dan's overbearing Aunt Aggie (the only being on the planet that Dan appears to fear) and his niece and nephew Katie and Danny, who sport jutting the jutting jaw-line that is obviously carried on within the family gene-pool. Danny and Katie's main reason-to-be was as the impish instigators of elaborate practical jokes, in their attempts to bunk off school, or get one over on old Dan as part of their eternal quest to ridicule him.", "They are greeted at the door by the butler Riff-Raff and also meet the maid his sister Magenta who show them the rest of their kind (called the Transylvanians) and they all sing the show's must popular song (\"Time Warp\"). At the end they try to back away from the Transylvanians but they are stopped by the sudden appearance of Frank N Furter." ]

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[ "The virtues of knighthood were more completely embodied in King Arthur, the legendary prince of the ancient Britons, than in any other figure in literature. According to legend, Arthur was the son of King Uther Pendragon. Immediately after his birth, Arthur was given into the keeping of Merlin, the magician. Merlin took him to Sir Hector, who brought the child up as his own son. After Uther's death Arthur proved his right to the throne by pulling out a sword that had been fixed in a great stone and which no one else had been able to move. This was the first of Arthur's two magic swords, both called Excalibur. The other was given to him by the Lady of the Lake. According to the story, her arm appeared above the surface of the lake with the sword in hand. When Arthur took it, her arm disappeared.", "According to the legend, Arthur was the son of Uther Pendragon, high king of Britain. He was kept in obscurity during his childhood, and was suddenly presented to the people as their king. He proved a wise and valiant ruler. He gathered a great company of knights in his court; problems of precedence were avoided by the use of a round table at gatherings (the also legendary Knights of the Round Table).", "Although there are innumerable variations of the Arthurian legend, the basic story has remained the same. Arthur was the illegitimate son of Uther Pendragon, king of Britain, and Igraine, the wife of Gorlois of Cornwall. After the death of Uther, Arthur, who had been reared in secrecy, won acknowledgment as king of Britain by successfully withdrawing a sword from a stone. Merlin , the court magician, then revealed the new king's parentage. Arthur, reigning in his court at Camelot, proved to be a noble king and a mighty warrior. He was the possessor of the miraculous sword Excalibur , given to him by the mysterious Lady of the Lake .", "Uther Pendragon (Welsh: Uthyr Pendragon, Uthyr Bendragon) is a legendary king of sub-Roman Britain and the father of King Arthur. Uther, through circumstances and Merlin's help, tricks the wife of his enemy Gorlois, Lady Igraine, and sleeps with her. Thus Arthur, \"the once and future king,\" is an illegitimate child. This act of conception occurs the very night Uther's troops dispatch Gorlois.", "In ancient British legend, the well-known King named Arthur owned a few horses. Hengroen, meaning \"old skin\", Spumador, meaning \"the foaming one\" and the other, probably his favorite steed, Llamrei, meaning \"the curveter\" – A curveter is one who curvets which is a leap by a horse in dressage in which its hind legs are raised just before the forelegs touch the ground. Llamrei was a powerful mare; she bore great loads, for once she carried four of Arthur's wounded companions after they had been thoroughly beaten by the Black Hag in her cave. Later French sources call his horse Passelande.", "Tintagel Castle is a medieval fortification located on the peninsula of Tintagel Island, close to the village of Tintagel in Cornwall, England. The castle has a long association with the Arthurian legends, going back to the 12th century. In the 'Historia Regum Britanniae', a fictional account of British history written by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Tintagel is described as the place where Arthur was conceived. According to the tale, Arthur's father, King Uther Pendragon, was disguised by Merlin's sorcery to look like Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall and the husband of Ygerna, Arthur's mother. The book was extremely popular and other Arthurian tales were produced in the late medieval period which claimed the king was actually born at Tintagel. Merlin the magician was also said to live below the castle in a cave. In his Idylls of the King, Lord Alfred Tennyson also refers to the links between Tintagel and Arthur.", "Arthur also had a mare called Llamrei that is mentioned in Culhwch and Olwen. During the pursuit and killing of the 'Chief Boar Ysgithryrwyn' it is ridden by Caw of Scotland. Llamrei must also have been able to bear great loads, for she carried four of Arthur's wounded companions after they had been throroughly drubbed by the Black Hag in her cave.", "Merlin, Arthur’s advisor, appears in different legends as a magician, a prophet, a wildman, or a visionary poet. He is said to have helped bring about the birth of the future king by magically giving Arthur’s father, Uther Pendragon, the likeness of his rival, Gorlois of Tintagel, Duke of Cornwall, so that Uther could engender a child with Gorlois’ wife, Igraine. Once Arthur was born, Merlin is said to have carried him away to a secret location in the forest, and watched over him until he came of age.", "Celtic tradition contains a number of related figures-the Welsh Myrddin, the Scottish Lailoken, and the Irish Suibhne-who have characteristics similar to those of Merlin. These characters all go mad and become wild men of the woods. Myrddin, who appears in the Welsh poems 'Yr Afallennau' ('The Apple Tree Stanzas') and 'Yr Oianau' ('The Little Pig Stanzas'), is driven mad because of the death of his lord Gwenddolau at the hands of Rhydderch in the Battle of Arfderydd (c. 575). After the battle, Merlin lives in exile in the forest, where he utters prophecies. Geoffrey of Monmouth combines this historical figure, who lived at a time later than that in which a historical Arthur might have lived, with the figure of the youth Ambrosius Aurelianus from Nennius (Geoffrey says that Merlin's second name was Ambrosius); in so doing, he virtually creates the now-traditional Merlin. Geoffrey's Merlin, who is fathered by an incubus, explains why Vortigern's tower will not stand and utters a long series of prophecies. He then serves both Aurelius and Uther. After transporting the Giant's Dance from Ireland to Britain and setting it up as Stonehenge, he assists Uther in satisfying his lust for Ygerna. In Geoffrey's account, Merlin does not serve as an advisor to Arthur; but later writers expand his role to include helping Arthur become king and establish his authority.", "Morgan le Fay, alternatively known as Morgane, Morgaine, Morgana and other variants, is a powerful sorceress in the Arthurian legend. Early works featuring Morgan do not elaborate her character beyond her role as a fay or magician. She became much more prominent in the later cyclical prose works such as the Lancelot-Grail and the Post-Vulgate Cycle, in which she becomes an antagonist to King Arthur , Queen Guinevere : she is said to be the daughter of Arthur's mother, the Lady Igraine, and her first husband, Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, so that Arthur is her half brother (by Igraine and Uther Pendragon).", "\"Dragon's Heirs\" trilogy by Courtway Jones (aka John Alan Jones).  This series includes \"In the Shadow of the Oak King\" (retelling of Arthurian story of very Dark Ages, which is narrated by Uther's bastard son Peleas), \"The Witch of the North\" (narrated by Morgan le Fay who blames Arthur's bloodline for killing her precious father.  She retaliates by placing a curse on Guenevere, rendering the queen childless) and \"A Prince in Camelot\" (Mordred's story of his discovery of his true identity and struggles therein).", "He is a fairly ambiguous individual throughout the literature, but is described as a strong king and a defender of the people. According to Arthurian Legend, Merlin magically disguises Uther to look like his enemy Gorlois, enabling Uther to sleep with Gorlois' wife Lady Igraine. Thus Arthur, \"the once and future king,\" is an illegitimate child (though later legend, as found in Malory, emphasizes that the conception occurred after Gorlois's death and that he was legitimated by Uther's subsequent marriage to Igraine ). This act of conception occurs the very night that Uther's troops dispatch Gorlois. This theme of illegitimate conception is repeated in Arthur's siring of Mordred by his own half-sister Morgause in the later prose romances. It is Mordred who mortally wounds King Arthur in the Battle of Camlann.", "King Uther dies suddenly. Britain is facing chaos. The sorcerer Merlin appoints the not so known son and heir Arthur as the king who was raised as a commoner, but his half sister has other ... See full summary  »", "Jack Whyte, Uther , a realistic novel based on the King Arthur legends, about Uther Pendragon; #7 in the Camulod Chronicles series (this story not in chronological order).", "Around the reign of Uther Pendragon , followers of the Old Religion were rare in Albion, and magic was banned from Camelot. During this time of division and hostility, Kilgharrah, the Great Dragon, prophesied that together, Merlin and Arthur would reunite all the kingdoms of the land back into Albion, and revive the Old Religion to coexist in peace with the New Religion.", "King Arthur is an important figure in the mythology of Great Britain, where he appears as the ideal of kingship both in war and peace. He is the central character in the cycle of legends known as the Matter of Britain, which portrays him as a leader of the Sub-Roman Britons during the Saxon invasions of the 5th and 6th centuries. Originally celebrated as a culture hero by the Brythonic peoples, by the 12th century his fame had spread to the Briton's relatives in Brittany, and from there to France, Anglo-Norman England, and the rest of Europe. King Arthur remains a household name throughout the Western World today. There is disagreement about whether he, or a model for him, ever actually existed, or whether he is a mythic figure who has been given a historicised setting.[1] His title of 'King' is disputed: in the earliest mentions and in Welsh texts, he is never given the title 'King'. An early text refers to him as Dux Bellorum ('Duke of Battles'),[2] and medieval Welsh texts often call him ameraudur (\"emperor\" in the pre-Medieval sense of the Latin imperator, i.e. \"commander\").", "Morgan Le Fay (alternatively known as Morgaine le Fey, Morgane, Morgain, Morgana, Fata Morgana and other variants) is a powerful sorceress and antagonist of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere in Arthurian legend. Although always depicted as a practitioner of magic , over time her character became more and more evil until she began to be portrayed as a witch who was taught the black arts by Merlin.", "\"Merlin\", Celtic (Britania, Irish & Welsh) Sorcerer, Druid, Wizard and Magician. Originally an ancient Welsh Druid, priest of the old religion, and great magician. He was transformed in the later Arthurian sagas. Tradition says he learned his powerful magic from the Goddess in her forms of Morrigan, Viviane, Nimue, and Lady of the Lake. Legend says he now lies sleeping in a hidden crystal cave. Variants: Merddin, Merlyn.", "\"Merlin's Godson\" duology by Munn H. Warner.  Varro (Arthur's former centurion), Myrdhinn (Merlin), and a handful of other survivors of the Battle of Camlann discover the Americas and forge new alliances among the native peoples.  Gwalchmai (Gawain) learns the customs of his father Varro and godfather Myrdhinn, who gives him a magic ring with the power to defend against enemies and defy the passage of time.   (\"Merlin's Godson\" was originally published as two separate works:  \"King of the World's Edge\" and \"The Ship from Atlantis\".)  See sequel \"Merlin's Ring\" in which Gwalchmai finally returns to Britain, finds Arthur's sword in a faery mound and restores it to the king, who lies sleeping in a cavern beneath St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall.", "Arthur of legend was only called a king after the 12th century cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote a fabled account called \"The History of the Kings of Britain\", in which he called Arthur a king, placing him in the first half of the 6th century AD. Before Geoffrey's fictional story there are no historical references to a King Arthur - only references to a warlord Arthur and a Prince Arthur (559-603), the son of Aidan, King of the Scots of Dalriada. This Prince Arthur of Argyll (Prince of Scotland) married Gwenhwyfar De Bretagne (Guinevere of Brittany, daughter of Leo de Grance). \"The two would be later known through the romanticization of actual history as King Arthur of the Round Table and his wife, Gwenivere.\" [12] . This opinion or interpretion is shared by many authors. [19] [21] [22] [23]", "The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.", "In the work, titled Historia regum Britanniae (\"History of the Kings of Britain\", c. 1137), Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote that he was a son of a nun and grandson of the King of Demetia in southern Wales. As to his father, he was either a devil or an incubus. Merlin is a paradox, he was the son of the devil, yet he was the servant of God.", "In one version of the story of Merlin, Pubidius was the wizard's maternal grandfather. He was the ruler of Mathtraval (Wales). # 156", "Arthur, a Celtic king born of deceit and adultery, grew to become one of the most famous rulers of Britain. He was a warrior, a knight and a king who killed giants, witches and monsters and led a band of heroes on many daring adventures. He is known for his Knights of the Round Table and for uniting the peoples of his land. Even though his end was tragic, he is still known and celebrated all over the world today. His story is painted on the halls of the British Parliament.", "Merlin had being identified to the Welsh fictional bard named Myrddin of the late 6th century, in the Welsh poem called Afallenau and several other poems, preserved in the manuscript known as the Black Book of Carmarthen, c. 1250. These rather old Welsh poems appeared rather obscure and gibberish.", "According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's work called Historia regum Britanniae (\"History of the Kings of Britain\", 1137), Merlin was rumored to have been the son of a demon or an incubus and a mortal woman who was a nun. Merlin was probably born in the town of Carmarthen. Because of his link with a demon and God, Merlin had great wisdom and powers from the two opposing forces.", "Wales is the land of mythical King Arthur, the famous Romano-British leader fighting against the invading Anglo-Saxons. Arthur’s fortress, Camelot, is placed by both Geoffrey of Monmouth and Chrétien de Troyes in Caerleon, the site of one of the three Roman legionary forts in Britain.", "amdok: [Warrior of Llarn, Theif of Llarn by Gardner F. Fox] scaly, Shetland pony-sized megapodan with 3 eyes, large powerful jaw, whip-like tail used as steed from Llarn", "The character of the romance Arthur—the flower of {121} knighthood and a great warrior—and the blending of the historic war-leader Arthur with the mythic Arthur, suggest that the latter was the ideal hero of certain Brythonic groups, as Fionn and Cúchulainn of certain Goidelic groups. He may have been the object of a cult as these heroes perhaps were, or he may have been a god more and more idealised as a hero. If the earlier form of his name was Artor, \"a ploughman,\" but perhaps with a wider significance, and having an equivalent in Artaius, a Gaulish god equated with Mercury, 436 he may have been a god of agriculture who became a war-god. But he was also regarded as a culture-hero, stealing a cauldron and also swine from the gods' land, the last incident euhemerised into the tale of an unsuccessful theft from March, son of Meirchion, 437 while, like other culture-heroes, he is a bard. To his story was easily fitted that of the wonder-child, who, having finally disappeared into Elysium (later located at Glastonbury), would reappear one day, like Fionn, as the Saviour of his people. The local Arthur finally attained a fame far exceeding that of any Brythonic god or hero.", "PEREDUR, in Welsh mythology, was the seventh son of Evrawgh and the only surviving male. Before he came of age his father and brothers were killed. He became one of Arthur’s warriors, and knew how to defeat the witches who took to the field like knights, attired in full armour. After a particularly difficult battle with a leading witch, she ordered the rest of the witches to flee telling them that Peredur was destined to slay all the witches of Caer Loyw.", "The eldest son of King Erbin of Dumnonia who was a Knight of Devon. After the death of his his wife, Prince Geraint spent much time at King Arthur's Court, looking for action and adventure. It was during this period that he encountered the Sparrow Hawk Knight and came to marry Lady Enid of Caer-Teim (Cardiff), a story told in the ancient tales of \"Erec (alias Geraint) & Enid\" and \"Geraint mab Erbin\".", "Bedwyr is a prominent character in the tale of Culhwch and Olwen, in which he appears at the head of Arthur's court list with his friend Cei and is described as the handsomest man in the world (save for Arthur and Drych fab Cibddar), and the wielder of a magic lance." ]

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[ "Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavī (Persian: محمد رضا شاه پهلوی, [mohæmˈmæd reˈzɒː ˈʃɒːhe pæhlæˈviː]; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the last shah (king) of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several titles: His Imperial Majesty, Shahanshah (King of Kings, Emperor), Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshdārān (Head of the Warriors, Persian: بزرگ ارتشداران).", "Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi ( Mohammad Rezâ Šâhe Pahlavi; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He took the title Shāhanshāh (\"Emperor\" or \"King of Kings\") on 26 October 1967. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of Āryāmehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshtārān (Head of the Warriors). ", "Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, (born October 26, 1919, Tehrān , Iran —died July 27, 1980, Cairo , Egypt ), shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, who maintained a pro-Western foreign policy and fostered economic development in Iran.", "1919: Birth of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, last Shah of Iran who became shah in 1941. He divorced Princess Soraya in 1958 and married Farah Dibah, a former shepherdess, the following year. On his birthday in 1967, after 26 years, he crowned himself and his Queen in Tehran and declared this to be the National Day of Iran. In 1979 Islamic fundamentalism asserted itself and he was eventually driven into exile.", "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah of Iran, his reign lasted from 1941 until his overthrow in 1979. He was educated in Switzerland and was familiar with the western ideas. In 1941, Britain and USSR occupied Iran and forced Reza Shah the Great to resign in favor of his son. Later the young Shah became the most important ally to the West in the ... See full bio »", "The last shahanshah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) was ousted in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. Shahanshah is usually translated as king of kings or simply king for ancient rulers of the Achaemenid, Arsacid, and Sassanid dynasties, and often shortened to shah for rulers since the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century. Iranian rulers were typically regarded in the West as emperors.", "Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Iran, ruled for 37 years. He built a powerful military and police organization while introducing various reforms. The shah survived a serious challenge to his power from popular prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh in the early 1950s, but by the early 1970s, opposition to his rule mounted among Iranians from all walks of life. Students and professional people criticized the shahs absolute rule and the harsh treatment of his opponents by the secret police. Among the shahs most powerful critics were the Shiite religious leaders, who became the major organizers of the opposition. The confrontation with the shah led to a year of violence (1978-79) in which more than 10,000 Iranians died.", "In 1921, Reza Shah, an officer in Iran's Persian Cossack Brigade , used his troops to support a successful coup against the government of the Qajar dynasty . Within four years he had established himself as the most powerful person in the country by suppressing rebellions and establishing order. In 1925, a specially convened assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar , the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, and named Reza Khan, who earlier had adopted the surname Pahlavi, as the new shah.", "In 1925, Reza Khan, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, deposed the Qajar dynasty and declared himself king (shah), adopting the dynastic name of Pahlavi, which recalls the Pahlavi language of the Sasanian Empire. By the mid-1930s, Rezā Shāh's strong secular rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups, particularly the clergy, who opposed his reforms, but the middle and upper-middle class of Iran liked what Rezā Shāh did. In 1935, Rezā Shāh issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that \"Persia\" was a term used by Western peoples for the country called \"Iran\" in Persian. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably.", "Iran's experiment with democracy was short lived, lasting only about 15 years from 1906 to 1921. The collapse of democracy in Iran was mainly due to the interference of the British and the Russians, who carved out spheres of influence in the country. The Russians withdrew from Iran after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, but the British continued to maintain an interest in Iran, until they were forced to withdraw their advisers in 1921 due to international pressure. However, in 1921, an Iranian officer of the Persian Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan, stage a coup and took control of all the military forces of Iran. Reza Khan consolidated his position first as War Minister, and later as Prime Minister under Ahmed Shah Qajar, and eventually deposed Ahmed Shah Qajar in 1925, and had himself crowned as Reza Shah Pahlavi. Thus the Shah rulers of Iran who were only nominal Heads of State, after the constitutional revolution of 1906, were effectively restored as absolute monarchs in 1925, and a new dynasty called the Pahlavi dynasty was created.", "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is buried in the Al Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, a mosque of great symbolic importance. The last royal rulers of two monarchies are buried there, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran and King Farouk of Egypt, his former brother-in-law. The tombs lie to the left of the entrance. Years earlier, his father and predecessor, Reza Shah had also initially been buried at the Al Rifa'i Mosque.", "In 1919, Great Britain, through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, held a major interest in Iran.  Britain reaped generous profits from this partnership and in return, provided Iran with military and political support.  Gradually, as nationalist opposition to this partnership intensified throughout Iran, Britain supported Reza Khan, the Minister of Defense in Iran, a strong proponent of the Westernization and modernization of Iran.  With the support of Britain, Reza Khan dethroned the Qajar dynasty in 1925 and crowned himself leader of Iran as Reza Shah Pahlavi.   Throughout his leadership, Pahlavi had constant conflicts with Britain, usually due to the influence Britain had on Iran through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.  ", "Nevertheless, Iran remained economically dependent on the West, to the chagrin of the Shah, who chose to ally himself with Nazi Germany. During World War II, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran, in order to enable the US to supply provisions to the USSR via Iran’s railways. The Shah was deposed and exiled in 1941, and his son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, was crowned in his place.", "The name of the dynasty that ruled Iran between 1921 and 1979. Reza Pahlavi (1921-41) the founder of the monarchy and the initiator of Iran's development during the twentieth century. Muhammad Pahlavi second ruler (1941-79).", "On 26 October 1967, twenty-six years into his reign as Shah (\"King\"), he took the ancient title Shāhanshāh (\"Emperor\" or \"King of Kings\") in a lavish coronation ceremony held in Tehran. He said that he chose to wait until this moment to assume the title because in his own opinion he \"did not deserve it\" up until then; he is also recorded as saying that there was \"no honour in being Emperor of a poor country\" (which he viewed Iran as being until that time). ", "Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi -  Pro-American ruler who was returned to power in Iran following CIA-sponsored coup in 1953", "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on September 16, 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between the shah and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddegh .", "1941 – Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.", "The Anglo-Persian Agreement, which all but ended Iran's status as an independent state, sparked a second uprising in 1921. The Qajar dynasty was removed from power and replaced by a fiercely reformist dictator—an illiterate former stableboy who came to call himself Reza Shah (shah being the Persian word for \"king\"). In appearance Reza was an intimidating figure, \"six foot three in height, with a sullen manner, huge nose, grizzled hair and a brutal jowl,\" the British chronicler Vita Sackville-West wrote after attending his coronation in 1926. \"He looked, in fact, like what he was, a Cossack trooper; but there was no denying he was a kingly presence.\"", "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between him and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddegh.", "In 1921, the Qajar Dynasty was overthrown by Reza Khan of the Pahlavi Dynasty, who was the Prime Minister of Iran and the former general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, and he became the new Shah.", "The Pahlavi Dynasty. Reza Shah Pahlavi was a dictator who used his position to gather great wealth for himself and his family. But he was also a strong nationalist who built a powerful nation. Rebellious tribes were defeated; Western codes of law were adopted; and a modern educational system was set up. In 1935, Reza Shah officially changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran.", "Like his son after him, his life in exile was short. After Great Britain and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August 1941, the British offered to keep his family in power if Reza Shah agreed to a life of exile. Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his children to Mauritius, then to Durban, thence Johannesburg, South Africa, where according to his British captors, he died on 26 July 1944 of a heart ailment about which he had been complaining for many years. His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life.[http://historicaliran.blogspot.nl/2010/12/reza-shah.html Historical Iranian Sites and People]. 12 December 2010 He was sixty-six years old at the time of Reza shah's death.", "Reza Shah Pahlavi wore the Darya-i-Nur diamond as a decoration on his military hat during his coronation in 1926.", "There are a number of books detailing the life of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and accounts of the Iranian experience during his rule.  The following books serve as good references.", "Reza Shah ruled for almost 16 years until September 16, 1941, when he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. He established an authoritarian government that valued nationalism, militarism, secularism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda. Reza Shah introduced many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. ", "George VI was born at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk on 14 December 1895. He was the second son of George V and Queen Mary. He was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British dominions beyond the seas from 11 December 1936 until his death on 6 February 1952. George VI was also the Emperor of India (until 1947) and King of Ireland (until 1949). George VI came the throne after the abdication of his brother, Edward VIII. He was king during the Second World War. He was known as Bertie, after his first name, Albert, to his family.", "George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, as a result of his creating it from the British branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. As well as being King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (from 1927, split into King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and King of Ireland) and the Commonwealth Realms, George was also the Emperor of India. George reigned from 6 May 1910 through World War I (1914-1918) until his death in 1936.", "George VI (1895–1952), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1936–52), and emperor of India . George was born at Sandringham on 14 December, the second son of the future George V and Queen Mary. It was the same day as the death of Prince Albert in 1861 and consequently he was christened Albert Frederick Arthur George, known as Bertie to the family. As a child Prince Albert lacked close emotional contact with his parents and was often overshadowed by his elder brother Edward. His subsequent insecurity meant he was intensely shy and developed a stammer.", "All former monarchies had styles, some, as in the Bourbon monarchy of France, extremely complicated depending on the status of the office or office-holder. Otto von Habsburg, who was Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary (1916–1918), had the style 'His Imperial and Royal Highness'. He was last addressed as such by church figures during the funeral of his late mother, Empress-Queen Zita of Austria-Hungary in 1989, although the use of these styles has been prohibited in Austria since 1920. ", "Mohammad Mosaddegh, also spelled Mosaddeq, (Persian: محمد مصدق) (16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an author, administrator, lawyer, and parliamentarian, who was elected as the prime minister of Iran in 1951. His administration introduced a wide range of progressive social and political reforms, notably the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. His government was overthrown in a coup d'état orchestrated by the British MI6 and the American CIA.", "England's George V was the king of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1910 until 1935, a span that included World War I (1914-18). A naval officer who had seen the reaches of the British empire firsthand, George became heir to the throne when his older brother Edward died in 1892. Upon the death of his father Edward VII , George assumed the throne on 6 May 1910. King George V's reign was marked by several important events, including the Union of South Africa (1910), Ireland's Sinn Fein Rebellion (1916), World War I and labor unrest that led to the General Strike of 1926. Not known for his intellect or education, George V was popular with the public for his ordinary lifestyle, and during the Great War the king earned a reputation for steadiness and a commitment to duty. He famously refused asylum to his Romanov cousin, Nicholas II , after the 1917 Russian Revolution (Nicholas and his family were executed in 1918). To distance himself from his German heritage, George changed the family name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor, and the House of Hanover became the House of Windsor. George and his wife May (known as Mary) had one daughter and five sons, including his successor, Edward VIII and Edward's successor, George VI ." ]

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[ "Dale Harbison Carnegie (; spelled Carnagey until c. 1922; November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer and lecturer and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born into poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936), a bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote How to Stop Worrying and Start Living (1948), Lincoln the Unknown (1932), and several other books.", "Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (originally Carnagey until 1922 and possibly somewhat later) (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer and lecturer and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People, first published in 1936, a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln, titled Lincoln the Unknown, as well as several other books.", "Dale Carnegie's book How to Win Friends and Influence People came out in November 1936 and has gone on to sell more than 30 million copies worldwide — making it one of the best-selling nonfiction books in American history. Despite taking knocks from the likes of Arthur Miller, who mocked its upbeat worldview in Death Of A Salesman, and Lenny Bruce, who titled his 1965 autobiography How To Talk Dirty And Influence People, Carnegie's blockbuster is still in print and still sells in the six figures yearly. Contemporary prophets of positivity like Oprah, Jack Canfield of the \"Chicken Soup For The Soul\" series and televangelist Joel Osteen, to name but a few, owe much to Carnegie's brisk gospel of sunny reinvention.", "In 1936, Dale Carnegie wrote the classic self-help book \"How to Win Friends and Influence People\". It is still an extremely useful book, one of the best sellers of all time, and one which I often recommend to my clients. However in this article, I want to discuss not what to do to influence others, but what not to do.", "1936 - Dale Carnegie published \"How to Win Friends and Influence People\", career self-help manual to get ahead in business: instant hit; has sold over 15  million copies", "Carnegie was an early proponent of what is now called responsibility assumption, although this only appears minutely in his written work. One of the core ideas in his books i Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (originally Carnagey until 1922 and possibly somewhat later) (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer and lecturer and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People, first published in 1936, a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln, titled Lincoln the Unknown, as well as several other books.", "Summary: Simon & Schuster Audio is proud to present one of the best-selling books of all time, Dale Carnegie’s perennial classic How to Win Friends and Influence People — presented here in its entirety on 8 compact discs.", "Carnegie became an instant success with the hugely popular 'How To Win Friends and Influence People' (1936). Like most of his books, it revealed little that was unknown about human psychology but stressed that an individual’s attitude is crucial. He taught that anyone could benefit from a handicap if it were advantageously presented. Carnegie capitalized on the American longing for success by selling advice that helped readers feel, and perhaps become, successful. Other books include 'How to Stop Worrying and Start Living' (1948), which is primarily a collection of commonsense tricks to prevent stress.", "Long after his death, his legacy lives on. Carnegie’s work continues to attract some of the most successful people in the world. Auto executive Lee Iacocca took the course, as did legendary investor Warren Buffett and Domino’s Pizza founder Tom Monaghan. They are among thousands who take his course each year. And 70 years after it was published, How to Win Friends and Influence People continues to reach millions who want to learn the principles that can help them live better lives.", "As Carnegie explains, the majority of our success in life depends on our ability to communicate and manage personal relationships effectively, whether at home or at work. How to Win Friends and Influence People will help you discover and develop the people skills you need to live well and prosper.", "Dale Carnegie, in his famous book \"How to Win Friends and Influence People,\" says, \"If you want to gather honey don't kick over the beehive.\" And then he mentions these road signs to follow:", "The 100 best nonfiction books: No 41 – How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie (1936) | Books | The Guardian", "Indoors, parlor games such as bridge and the ingenious “Monopoly” were popular. People read more, and circulation at local public libraries increased. Kids loved comic books, especially “Superman,” the world’s first comic book superhero. Books “condensed” by Reader’s Digest saved time and money. There was an intense interest in epic novels — Pearl Buck’s “The Good Earth,” A.J. Cronin’s “The Citadel,” Margaret Mitchell’s “Gone with the Wind” — as well as such how-to books as Dale Carnegie’s “How to Win Friends and Influence People.” (1937, with 17 printings right away).", "By the time \"How to Win Friends and Influence People\" was published in 1936, Mr. Carnegie had become one of the country's leading teachers of public speaking.", "At the end of the Great Depression, Dale Carnegie wrote one of the benchmark self-help books of American literary history. He encapsulated the formula to “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” in the midst of a market downturn, to put it mildly. His title, How to Win Friends and Influence People, was probably used to win and influence book sales rather than cleverly and accurately describe the content of his book. Simply, it is a misnomer. With chapters on considerate social intercourse and since At the end of the Great Depression, Dale Carnegie wrote one of the benchmark self-help books of American literary history. He encapsulated the formula to “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” in the midst of a market downturn, to put it mildly. His title, How to Win Friends and Influence People, was probably used to win and influence book sales rather than cleverly and accurately describe the content of his book. Simply, it is a misnomer. With chapters on considerate social intercourse and sincerely understanding the opponent’s point of view, he is a herald of the golden rule. But Carnegie gives you a 10 step program to follow (the Ten Commandments must have been too vague).", "If you’re ready to begin, check out the classic book How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie and download the free videos and eBook I’ve put together about how I’ve made friends by writing my best content for other people’s blogs.", "In 2011, a 3rd edition was released, titled \"How to Win Friends and Influence People in the Digital Age\". This edition was written by Dale Carnegie & Associates. It takes Carnegie's time-tested prescription for relationship and business success, and applies them to the digital age.", "Book Summary: \"How to Win Friends & Influence People\" by Dale Carnegie - Personal Improvement - News - Raleigh, Durham, NC : JFD Performance Solutions", "Although How to Win Friends and Influence People ascended quickly on best-seller lists, the New York Times did not review it until February 1937. They offered a balanced critique arguing that Carnegie indeed offered insightful advice in dealing with people, but that his wisdom was extremely simple and should not overrule the foundation of actual knowledge. ", "\"How to Win Friends and Influence People,\" originally published by Simon & Schuster at $2, was an immediate success. It rose rapidly in the best-seller lists and made its author known wherever books are read.", "50. A lot of the traditional 20th century sales theory and training was influenced by the 1937 book 'How to Win Friends and Influence People'; who wrote it?", "First published in 1937, Carnegie's advice has remained relevant for generations because he addresses timeless questions about the fine art of getting along with people: How can you make people like you instantly? How can you persuade people to agree with you? How can you speak frankly to people without giving offense? The ability to read others and successfully navigate any social situation is critically important to those who want to get a job, keep a job, or simply expand their social network.", "Dale Carnegie is one of the most influential motivational authors and speakers of all time. His books have been translated into more than 75 languages and more than 8 million people have graduated in his courses on self-development.", "This seminal book is one of the ultimate guides on how to be successful in any calling, whether personal or business. Learn Dale Carnegie’s secret formula for success with this unabridged audio classic.", "Carnegie said his courses were designed to train adults, through experience, to think on their feet and express their ideas with more clarity, effectiveness and poise. But as time passed, he realized these people also needed training in the art of getting along with others in everyday business and social situations. Industry was exploding; small businesses were turning into large enterprises. And along with this growth came a new breed of businessman: the middle manager who needed what Carnegie taught.", "Dale Carnegies company became incorporated as Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc. in 1954. Dale Carnegie passed away soon after in 1955, leaving his legacy and set of core principles to be disseminated for decades to come.", "Carnegie was born into poverty on a farm in Missouri. In high school and college he was active in debating clubs. After graduating he was a salesman in Nebraska and an actor in New York City and finally taught public speaking at the YMCA. His classes became extremely successful, and Carnegie began lecturing to packed houses. To standardize his teaching methods he began publishing pamphlets, which he collected into book form as 'Public Speaking: A Practical Course for Business Men' (1926; also published as Public Speaking and Influencing Men in Business). At this time he also served as manager for a lecture tour with Lowell Thomas and compiled 'Little Known Facts About Well Known People' (1934).", "Carnegie was wise enough to use his leisure for traveling, writing, and expanding his tastes. His first book, Round the World (1881), was a modest recital of widening horizons. His second, An American Four-in-Hand in Britain (1883), related a coaching trip through England and Scotland with his mother. The third, Triumphant Democracy (1886), surveyed the social and economic progress of the United States from 1830 to 1880, but woven in was a secondary theme: the contrast between American egalitarianism and the unequal, class societies of Britain and the other European countries. To Carnegie, easy access to education was the key to American democracy's political stability and industrial accomplishments. He said, \"Of all its boasts, of all its triumphs, this is at once its proudest and its best.\"", "She counted leading personalities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries among her friends and acquaintances. These included Eleanor Roosevelt, Will Rogers, Albert Einstein, Emma Goldman, Eugene Debs, Charlie Chaplin, John F. Kennedy, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Katharine Cornell, and Jo Davidson to name but a few.", "She counted leading personalities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries among her friends and acquaintances. These included Eleanor Roosevelt, Will Rogers, Albert Einstein, Emma Goldman, Eugene Debs, Charlie Chaplin, John F. Kennedy, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Katharine Cornell, and Jo Davidson to name but a few.", "* 1959: Dale Carnegie's Scrapbook: a Treasury of the Wisdom of the Ages. A selection of Dale Carnegie's writings edited by Dorothy Carnegie.", "The Dale Carnegie Course in Effective Speaking and Human Relations is a learn-by-doing based program for individuals based on Dale Carnegie's teachings. It was founded in 1912 and is represented in more than 90 countries. More than 8 million people have completed Dale Carnegie Training." ]

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[ "October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States on the occasion of America's 100th anniversary in 1876, was officially dedicated this day in 1886 by U.S. President Grover Cleveland.", "On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. (Ironically, it was Cleveland who, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to the building of the pedestal.) [12] Erection work commenced on Bedloe’s Island in New York Harbor and was completed by October 28, 1886, when the Statue of Liberty was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland. [11] The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on October 28, 1886 and was designated a National Monument on October 15, 1924. [46]", "On Oct. 28, 1886, U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island in the New York harbor's ship channel. «MassLive.com, Mar 15»", "One hundred and twenty-nine years ago today, on the wet and foggy Thursday of Oct. 28, 1886, President Grover Cleveland dedicated the \"Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World.\" It had been erected within Fort Wood during 1885-86.", "22. Grover Cleveland: No formal education. Dedicated the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He lost the 1888 election for second term to Benjamin Harrison, despite garnering a larger popular vote. While sheriff of Erie County, New York, Cleveland was also the public executioner and personally hanged two murderers. Since Cleveland was the sole supporter of his family during the Civil War, he paid a substitute to take his place. He vetoed 414 bill in his first term, more that double the 204 vetoes cast by all previous presidents. The only president's child born in the White House, was Cleveland's daughter, Esther.", "While the statue was intended to commemorate America's centennial, it was not formally dedicated until 10 years after the fact, when President Grover Cleveland held a Statue of Liberty ceremony on October 28, 1886.", "1886 – In New York Harbour, U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, to commemorate the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence.", "October 28, 1886. There was a big celebration in New York City for the unveiling of the Statue of Liberty's face. President Grover Cleveland gave a speech at the ceremony. Large crowds watched from the streets and their boats as the French sculptor, Bartholdi, let down the French flag covering the Statue of Liberty's face.", "STATUE OF LIBERTY, originally named \"Liberty Enlightening the World,\" was a gift from France, unveiled on 28 October 1886 at Bedloe's Island (later Liberty Island) in New York Harbor. There, President Grover Cleveland accepted it as a long-delayed commemoration of a century of American independence. Rising 151 feet above an 89-foot pedestal, it was then the tallest structure in New York City.", "The Statue of Liberty was designed by Fredéric Auguste Bartholdi of Alsace as a gift to Americans from the people of France. The statue of a female figure holding a torch in her raised hand was accepted on Oct. 28, 1886, by President Grover Cleveland. The 225-ton steel-reinforced copper structure stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. It is 152 ft tall and stands on a 150-foot pedestal.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City. The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence , July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, built by Gustave Eiffel, and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France.", "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on October 28, 1886. It was a gift to the United States from the people of France.", "Thousands of people came to Fort Wood on October 28, 1886, as President Grover Cleveland officially accepted the statue. [38] The Statue was placed upon a granite pedestal inside the courtyard of the star-shaped walls of Fort Wood (which had been completed for the War of 1812). [6] The Statue was reassembled on her new pedestal in four months’ time. [6] In addition to the architectural challenges of building the statue and pedestal, both countries faced challenges in getting money for the project. [38]", "Grover Cleveland Hall at Buffalo State College in Buffalo, New York. Cleveland Hall houses the offices of the college president, vice presidents, and other administrative functions and student services. Cleveland was a member of the first board of directors of the then Buffalo Normal School. Grover Cleveland Middle School in his birthplace, Caldwell, New Jersey, was named for him, as is Grover Cleveland High School in Buffalo, New York, and the town of Cleveland, Mississippi. Mount Cleveland, a volcano in Alaska, is also named after him. In 1895 he became the first U.S. President who was filmed. ", "The 150-foot pedestal was designed by Richard M. Hunt and built by Gen. Charles P. Stone, both Americans. It contains steel underpinnings designed by Alexander Eiffel of France to support the statue. The $270,000 cost was borne by popular subscription in this country. President Grover Cleveland accepted the statue for the United States on Oct. 28, 1886. On Sept. 26, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon dedicated the American Museum of Immigration, housed in structural additions to the base of the statue. In 1984 scaffolding went up for a major restoration and the torch was extinguished on July 4. It was relit with much ceremony July 4, 1986 to mark its centennial.", "Buffalo was the home of two U.S. presidents: Millard Fillmore and Grover Cleveland , who was elected mayor in 1881. President William McKinley was assassinated in the city while visiting the Pan-American Exposition (1901). The Ansley Wilcox Mansion, where Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office following the assassination, was dedicated a national historic site in 1966. Niagara Square, dominated by the McKinley Monument and site of the City Hall (1932) and federal buildings, is the focus of the city.", "Grover Cleveland is the only man to serve two, non-consecutive terms as President of the United States, occupying the Oval Office from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. He was the sole Democrat to serve as First Magistrate of the Republic from 1861 through 1913, when Woodrow Wilson, also a Democrat, was inaugurated as the 28th President.", "* Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th President of the United States (Caldwell, raised in western New York)", "* Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th President of the United States, retired to, died in, and buried in Princeton. ", "1893 - Grover Cleveland, Democrat, inaugurated as 24th President (for his second, nonconsecutive term). Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago (where Syracuse China would win a Medal of Honor).", "Grover Cleveland is the only candidate ever to be elected to one term, defeated for a second term, and then elected again four years later. Thus, he became both the 22nd president and the 24th president.[3]", "The Gateway Arch, or Gateway to the West, is an arch that is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri. It was built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States. At 630 feet (192 m), it is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, Missouri's tallest accessible building, and the largest architectural structure designed as a weighted or flattened catenary arch.", "Childhood and family history Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. Cleveland's father was a Presbyterian minister, originally from Connecticut. His mother (Judith Anderson) was from Baltimore, the daughter of a bookseller. On his father's side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first Cleveland having emigrated to Massachusetts from northeastern England in 1635. On his mother's side, Cleveland was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and German Quakers from Philadelphia. He was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named.", "1886       The first Self-Denial Week, September 4-11. President Grover Cleveland receives a delegation of Salvation Army officers and gives them a warm personal endorsement. The first International Congress is held in London.", "Grover Cleveland was the only president to be elected to two non-consecutive terms. A staunch political and social conservative, Grover Cleveland was known for his integrity and reformist activities. When he was elected governor of New York in 1882, he went after the corrupt Democratic political machine of Tammany Hall, courageously defying the \"Bosses\" who controlled the party. Nominated on the second ballot at the 1884 Democratic convention, Cleveland won election by the smallest popular margin in American history.", "Cleveland's moustache was sufficiently popular that he won the popular vote in both the 1888 and 1892 elections. The Republican candidate on both occasions was the bearded Benjamin Harrison, whose grandfather had briefly been President in 1841. Although Harrison lost the popular vote both times, in 1888 the votes he did get were in the right places and he won the electoral college and therefore the Presidency. He is therefore the last bearded President to date.", "Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) Cleveland returned as president in 1893. He was still moustachioed, overweight and even more bald.", "Seriously, Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms.  He is our 22nd and 24th President.  Cleveland’s terms were 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897.  Cleveland lost the 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison.", "The complex is bordered by wide thoroughfares named for city founders James Ross (Ross Street), John Forbes (Forbes Avenue) and James Grant (Grant Street). The current building, completed in 1888, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. Richardson later referred to it as his \"great achievement\". ", "Legend has it that this land was once the property of Aaron Burr (1756-1836), third Vice President of the United States, and the man who killed Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel. The city acquired the original 0.173-acre parcel of land between Downing and Carmine Streets by condemnation in 1896 for use as a school playground. The site was assigned to Parks in 1924 and developed as a children’s playground with slides, seesaws, flagpole and portable shower in the mid-1930s.", "March 4th – Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States. His inauguration speech includes the famous refrain," ]

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[ "Nancy Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist . She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons . Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz , Ralph Wiggum , Todd Flanders , Kearney , and Database .", "Nancy Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, and Database.", "Nancy Campbell Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons . Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney and Database.", "Nancy Cartwright, the voice of that iconic TV character on The Simpsons, commemorated the Fox animated comedy’s 25-year run by creating a bronze statue of Bart’s masked alter ego, Bartman, who first appeared in the show’s second season in the episode “Three Men and a Comic Book.”", "* Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson and others on The Simpsons, Gusty, Baby Heart Throb, Baby Cuddles, Posey, Truly, Honeysuckle and Surf Rider in My Little Pony (TV series), Rufus in Kim Possible, Pistol in Goof Troop, and Bright Eyes in Pound Puppies)", "Nancy Cartwright was born in Dayton, Ohio, on October 25, 1957, the fourth of Frank and Miriam Cartwright's six children. She grew up in Kettering, Ohio, and discovered her talent for voices at an early age. While in the fourth grade, she won a school-wide speech competition with her performance of Rudyard Kipling's How the Camel Got His Hump. Cartwright attended Fairmont West High School, and participated in the school's theater and marching band. She regularly entered public speaking competitions, placing first in the \"Humorous Interpretation\" category at the National District Tournament two years running. The judges often suggested to her that she should perform cartoon voices. Cartwright graduated from high school in 1976 and accepted a scholarship from Ohio University. She continued to compete in public speaking competitions; during her sophomore year, she placed fifth in the National Speech Tournament's exposition category with her speech \"The Art of Animation\".", "Nancy Cartwright originally auditioned for the role of Lisa, but soon thought that her voice was too deep for Lisa. Matt Groening let her try out for the part, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was at college. His other catchphrases included \"¡Ay, caramba!\" and \"Don't have a cow man!\" - the former being his first words after seeing Homer and Marge 'enjoying themselves' in bed - but these dropped out of use as the series progressed (as mentioned in \" Summer of 4 Ft. 2 \", when Bart complains that Lisa stole his line). Whenever he introduces himself, he often says, \"I'm Bart Simpson, who the hell are you?\"", "She actually intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson but when she saw a picture of Bart Simpson and under it is said that he is a class clown, underachiever, and a daredevil, she knew that she would rather do Bart, which worked perfectly because Yeardley Smith was about to do the voice of Bart and ended up doing Lisa because she had more of a girly voice. Ms. Cartwright does the voices of Bart Simpson , Nelson Muntz , Todd Flanders , Ralph Wiggum , Kearney Zzyzwicz , Database and more. In the 1998 remake of Godzilla she and fellow Simpsons voice cast members Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer appeared.", "22. Both Suzanne Pleshette (who played schoolteacher Annie Hayworth) and Veronica Cartwright appeared in guest roles on TV's \"Will & Grace\" as moms of the main characters. Pleshette, best known for her role as Emily (\"Hi, Bob\") Hartley on the classic 1970s sitcom \"The Bob Newhart Show,\" played Karen's mother in a recurring role from 2002 to 2004, while Cartwright played Jack's mom in a 1999 episode.", "Cartwright has voiced dozens of animated characters, including Chuckie Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up! , Rufus in Kim Possible , Mindy in Animaniacs , Margo Sherman in The Critic and Chip in The Kellys. In 2000, she published her autobiography, My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy , and four years later adapted it into a one-woman play .", "Cartwright has voiced dozens of animated characters, including Chuckie Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, Rufus in Kim Possible, Mindy in Animaniacs, Margo Sherman in The Critic and Chip in The Kellys. In 2000, she published her autobiography, My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy, and four years later adapted it into a one-woman play.", "6. Bart is voiced by a woman, Nancy Cartwright. In an opening sequence during the show's second season, Bart wrote on the chalkboard, \"I am not a 32-year-old woman\" (Cartwright's age at the time).", "Born in Dayton, Ohio , Cartwright moved to Hollywood in 1978 and trained alongside voice actor Daws Butler . Her first professional role was voicing Gloria in the animated series Richie Rich , which she followed with a starring role in the television movie Marian Rose White (1982) and her first feature film, Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983).", "For \"Dead Putting Society,\" Bart writes \"I am not a 32 year old woman\". Nancy Cartwright, Bart's voice actress, was about that age when the episode was made.", "Goldie Hawn is best known as the giggling “ dumb blonde “, stumbling over her lines, especially when she introduced Dan’s “News of the Future”. In the earliest episodes she recited her dialogue sensibly and in her own voice, but as the series progressed she adopted a Dumb Dora character with a higher-pitched giggle and a vacant expression, which endeared her to viewers.", "Voices: Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, Harry Shearer, Elizabeth Taylor, Pamela Hayden.", "He is often seen in flashbacks (for example, Lisa's birth, or Bart's accidents as a toddler), and each time has a different hairstyle (afro, dreadlocks, Mr. T-style mohawk, etc.), as appropriate for the time period. He is married; he and his wife Bernice have three children, two boys and a girl. When his entire family is seen together, they appear to be a spoof of The Cosby Show . Dr. Hibbert was intended as a female character based on comedian and former Saturday Night Live cast member Julia Hibbert, better known as Julia Sweeney. When the Fox network moved The Simpsons to Thursdays opposite NBC's top-rated The Cosby Show , the show's producers completely redesigned Dr. Hibbert as a parody of Cosby's character Dr. Cliff Huxtable. Another possible influence in the creation of the character is basketball player Julius Erving, who was nicknamed Doctor J.", "She screamed the show's opening line, \"HEY, YOU GUYS!\" Her roles on the show included Millie the Helper, the naughty little girl Pandora, and Otto, a very short-tempered director.<br /><br /> Rita Moreno appeared in the variety series The Muppet Show, and she has made numerous guest appearances on television series since the 1970s, including The Love Boat, The Cosby Show, George Lopez, The Golden Girls, and Miami Vice.<br /><br /> One notable guest appearance was a three-episode arc on The Rockford Files in 1977 as former call girl Rita Kapcovic. For her portrayal, Moreno won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress - Drama Series. As a result, she became the third person (after Richard Rodgers and Helen Hayes) to have won an Oscar (1962), a Grammy (1972), a Tony (1975), and an Emmy (1977). Read Less", "After continuing to search for acting work, in 1987 Cartwright auditioned for a role in a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the middle child; when she arrived at the audition, she ...", "On this day in 1950, Julie Kavner, perhaps best known as the voice of Marge Simpson on The Simpsons, the longest-running animated show in TV history, is born in Los Angeles. Before taking on the role of the famously blue-haired housewife, Kavner played Brenda Morgenstern on Rhoda, a spin-off of The Mary Tyler Moore Show that originally aired from 1974 to 1978. In 1978, Kavner won an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her portrayal of Brenda, the younger sister of the show’s lead character, played by Valerie Harper. She won another Emmy in 1992, for Outstanding Voice-over Performance, for an episode of The Simpsons. On the big screen, Kavner has been a frequent performer in the films of the writer-director Woody Allen, including Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Radio Days (1987) and Shadows and Fog (1992). Among her other film credits are Awakenings (1990) and Judy Berlin (1999).", "Nancy Walker (May 10, 1922 – March 25, 1992) was an American actress and comedian of stage, screen, and television. She was also a film and television director (most notably of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, on which she also made several guest appearances). During her five-decade long career, she may be best remembered for her long-running roles as Mildred on McMillan & Wife and Ida Morgenstern, who first appeared on several episodes of The Mary Tyler Moore Show and later became a prominent recurring character on the spinoff series Rhoda.", "The Cartwrights were America's favorite Western family for 14 years while the show ran from 1959 to 1973. But Dan Blocker (Hoss) died suddenly from a post-op bloodclot in 1972 and the show was moved from its Sunday night spot (crucial to success) to Tuesday night, opposite the new comedy \"Maude\". Many believe that Hoss was an essential character because he balanced out the all male cast, and that his loss had much to do with the show's cancellation.", "Arthur achieved fame as the character Maude Findlay on the 1970s sitcoms All in the Family (1971–72) and Maude (1972–78), and as Dorothy Zbornak on the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls (1985–92), winning Emmy Awards for both roles. A stage actress both before and after her television success, she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance as Vera Charles in the original cast of Mame (1966).", "The most popular of CBS’s attempts to clone its popular “What’s My Line?”, the show featured a panel of four celebrities who tried to guess a secret held by the contestants via yes-or-no answers. Contestants earned $20 for each panelist unable to find the secret on the original version; prizes increased over the years. Host: Garry Moore (’52-’64), Steve Allen (’64-’72), The Great Bill Cullen (’76; Bill and Henry Morgan were regular panelists from ’52-’67), Stephanie Miller (’00-today).", "Sketches include \"\"Lorne Greene,\"\"\"\"The New Celibacy,\"\"\"\"20/20,\"\"\"\"The Uncle Tom Show,\"\"\"\"Senior Spring Fling '82,\"\"\"\"Meet the People,\"\" and \"\"Help Out Blythe Danner.\"\" Rickie Lee Jones performed \"\"Pirates\"\" and \"\"Lush Life.\"\"", "She worked her way up through New York comedy clubs, over into TV and finally, after seven auditions, onto a stand-up stint on Johnny Carson’s “Tonight Show.” By 1983, she was Carson’s regular guest host until a bitter feud over her competing TV endeavors brought their friendship to an end.", "In the 1980s, Fred Rogers had made a guest appearance on the show with Daniel Striped Tiger , as shown on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , during the weekly theme, \"Nighttime\". [1] Tatiana Vedeneyeva, who was the presenter at the time, appeared on Rogers' show later in the week and brought Stepashka with her. [2]", "Margaret \"Peggy\" J. Hill, a substitute Spanish teacher who has a poor grasp of the language (referring to it phonetically as \"es-puh-nole\"), has won the Tom Landry Substitute Teacher of the Year award for 3 non-consecutive years. Peggy is also a freelance newspaper columnist, real estate agent, notary public , and Boggle champion. She often displays her naïveté and arrogance with an inflated sense of her intelligence and appearance. She considers herself knowledgeable, clever, and very physically attractive, although she has on occasion noted her self-consciousness of her large feet (size 16.5). More often than not, Peggy's ego will preempt better judgment, leading to actions that, while initially \"helping\" her, ultimately lead her down a path of agonizing realization of what she has done. In the first season, Peggy's 'general costume' shirt was white. Starting with the second season, the shirt was changed from white to green. Peggy is voiced by Kathy Najimy .", "Dave Madden, with Linda Lavin, Vic Tayback and Beth Howland on “Alice.”  Madden would make thirty five appearances on the show in the role of high school basketball coach Earl Hicks between 1978 and 1984.", "Hank is married to Peggy Hill, a substitute Spanish teacher who has a poor grasp of the language (referring to it phonetically as \"es-puh-nole\"). Peggy is also a freelance newspaper columnist, real estate agent, notary public, and Boggle champion. She often displays her naïveté and arrogance with an inflated sense of her intelligence and appearance. She considers herself knowledgeable, clever, and very physically attractive. More often than not, Peggy's ego will preempt better judgement, leading to actions that, while initially \"helping\" her, ultimately lead to a path of agonizing realization of what she has done.", "In 1950, Davis gave one of her most indelible performances in the show-business drama All About Eve, starring as Margo Channing, a theater actress who fends off the insecurities of approaching middle age (and the scheming of a manipulative protégé) with sarcastic wit and more than a few cocktails. In one of her many memorable lines, she quipped, \"Fasten your seatbelts: it's going to be a bumpy night.\"", "Julie Kavner is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. Noted for her role ..." ]

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[ "“Married.. With Children.” The name itself sounds like a death knell, which in Al Bundy’s case, it is! The idea of the wholesome “All-American Family” is turned upside down in this knee-slapping sitcom that kept audiences coming back for eleven seasons from 1987 to 1997. Al Bundy, his wife Peggy and their two kids, Kelly and Bud set the scene for a dysfunctional family with teasing and sarcastic zingers. Our friends at Snakkle.com took a look back on some of the cast’s memorable characters to see where they are now - 25 years later.", "Married... With Children was popular American sitcom about a dysfunctional family living in Chicago that lasted 11 seasons on the FOX network. The show follows the lives of Al Bundy; his wife, Peggy; and their two children - Kelly, their attractive, promiscuous, and dim-witted daughter; and Bud, their unpopular and intelligent son.", "The original sitcom series about the dysfunctional Bundy family was hugely popular in the late ‘80s and ‘90s. The show ran for 11 seasons and centred around shoe salesman Al Bundy (Ed O’Neill) and his wife Peggy (Katey Sagal).", "The show follows the lives of Al Bundy , a once-glorious high school football player (who scored four touchdowns in a single game for Polk High School) turned hard luck salesman of women's shoes; his wife, Margaret \"Peg\" Bundy, a tartish, uneducated housewife with a large red bouffant hairdo, tight clothes, and funny walk caused by wearing high heels; Kelly, Al and Peggy's pretty, promiscuous, dimwitted daughter; and Bud, their unpopular, girl crazy, comparatively smart son (and the only Bundy who ever attended college). Their neighbors are the upwardly mobile Steve Rhoades and his wife Marcy, who later gets remarried to Jefferson D'Arcy. Most storylines involve a scheming Al being foiled by his cartoonish dim wit and bad luck. His rivalry and loathing of Marcy also play a significant role in most episodes.", "Married With Children [16] The Bundys are a stereotypical American family. Al is a shoe salesman who is fond of frequently reliving his doubtful 15 seconds of fame on the football field. Al is terrified of the all-to-frequent amorous advances his ditsy wife Peggy, a woman who must spend most of Al's wages at the salon and the mall. They have two children: Kelly, the stunning but superficial party animal, and Bud, who is too wrapped up in himself to realize his goal of \"scoring\" with a girl.", "Badass Family : The Bundys take on and beat the stuffing out of anyone that insults them. Al, Peggy, Bud and Kelly all can kick wholesale ass.", "Married... With Children: A popular sitcom (which originally was going to be called Not The Cosbys) created by Michael G. Moye and Ron Leavitt about a dysfunctional family living in Chicago that aired from April 5, 1987 to June 9, 1997 for 262 episodes of 22 minutes each divided into 11 seasons on Fox. The program's famous theme song is Love and Marriage by Frank Sinatra from the 1955 television production Our Town. It was the longest-lasting live-action sitcom of the Fox Network.", "Al (Ed O'Neill), Peg (Katey Sagal), Kelly (Christina Applegate), Bud (David Faustino) and Buck form the only television family that matters. Extra kudos to neighbors Steve (David Garrison), Marcy (Amanda Bearse) and the damn funny Jefferson D'Arcy (Ted McGinley) for helping expose the Bundys for who they really were: every American family. The were dysfunctional and absolutely hated one another, but they were as close as any family could be and when it came down to it, they were there for each other.", "* The Wankers � Peggy's family, living in Wanker County (\"The home of the gassy beaver\"). They are more often mentioned than seen on camera. Peggy's mother is never shown (though she is heard in several episodes, voiced by Kathleen Freeman), but her father (Tim Conway) appears in a few episodes. Mrs. Wanker's unbelievable obesity is the subject of many jokes, including one in which Al goes blind after accidentally walking in on her bathing. Other extended family members includes Uncle Otto (James 'Gypsy' Haake), Uncle Irwin (Chris Pallies (King Kong Bundy)), the Wanker Triplets (Milly de Rubio, Elena de Rubio, Eadie de Rubio), Cousin Possum Boy (John Gerard), Cousin Effie (Joey Lauren Adams), Cousin Eb (William Sanderson), Cousin Zemus (Bob Goldthwait) and his wife Cousin Ida Mae (Linda Blair). In the UK and Australia, the word 'wanker' is a slang insult that means \"someone who masturbates.\" It is not known whether the producers knew this, and included is as an in-joke for the benefit of British/Australian audiences, or whether the name is just a coincidence. When Peggy hears Al encouraging Kelly to get a job, she mentions a tradition of the female Wankers of having men being buried earlier for having to keep them.", "*Married... with Children – A 1987–1998 TV series which featured Al Bundy, a middle-aged, Chicago-area shoe salesman whose lifelong claim to fame was playing running back at (fictitious) Polk High and scoring \"four touchdowns in one game.\"", "* Peggy Bundy (Katey Sagal)—Al's wife who is always on his case about money and refuses to clean or cook. She is a lazy, big-haired redhead who spends most of her time parked in front of the TV watching talk shows such as Oprah or robbing Al blind to go shopping; a famously inattentive mother and nagging wife who uses every opportunity to humiliate Al about his job, his meager earnings, and even sexual abilities. Her big taste for things like clothes and male strippers have run Al into debt on numerous occasions. A recurring joke in the series is Al's regret of having married Peggy in the first place; the union was forced on him at shotgun-point. Peggy's best friend is Marcy, with whom she occasionally conspires against Al. Her family is a stereotypical backwoods clan of degenerates whom she often forces the other Bundys to endure, especially her morbidly obese mother whom Al finds intolerable.", "The head of the Bundy family, Al Bundy (Ed O'Neill) is doomed to fail in all aspirations because of the \"Bundy curse.\" Once a promising fullback for fictional Polk High School (his proudest moment in life was scoring four touchdowns in a single game), he was on his way to college on a scholarship until he impregnated his girlfriend, married her, broke his leg, and ended up a shoe salesman at \"Gary's Shoes\" in the \"New Market Mall\", located in an incorporated area of suburban Chicago. Al often spends time attempting to recapture his glory days, but is usually undermined in spectacular fashion by frequent bad luck and poor judgment. He considers his family to be the cause of his failures, and his resentment of them (and fear of having sex with his wife) provides much of the show's humor. However, Al is still devoted to them, given that he protectively beats up Kelly's boyfriends, once threatened a male stripper that \"if my wife loses anything in your pants, so will you,\" once gave his entire paycheck to Bud to enjoy his 18th birthday at the \"nudie bar,\" and holds down a lousy job to put food on the table (which, ironically, there is not much of in the Bundy household). Despite his yearning for \"the touch of a beautiful woman,\" he always passes on those rare temptations, once explaining, \"I actually kinda like my family.\"", "Kelly Bundy (Christina Applegate) is the older child in the Bundy family, born November 27, 1972 or sometime before February 19. \"Pumpkin,\" as Al often calls her, is a promiscuous, attractive and curvy girl, tends to hang out with \"slacker\" guys, and exemplifies the stereotypical \"dumb blonde.\" She may have inherited her behavior from her mother, known as \"The Big Easy\" in high school. Al is dismayed by Kelly's promiscuity. He tends to treat her various questionable love interests with a combination of derision and violence; in numerous episodes, he leads them to the front door, feigning friendliness, only to walk them head-first into the wall before tossing them out the door.", "That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in the fictional suburban town of Point Place, Wisconsin, from May 17, 1976, to December 31, 1979.", "* Al Bundy (Ed O'Neill)—the head of the Bundy household; afflicted by the \"Bundy curse\" that consigns him to an unrewarding career selling women's shoes and a life with a family that mocks and disrespects him, but who still enjoys the simple things in life. He constantly attempts to relive his high-school Big Man On Campus days, when he was the \"All State Fullback\". His most noted achievement was having scored four touchdowns in a single game for Polk High. His favorite things in life are the local nudie bar, his collection of \"BigUns\" magazine, his television, his Dodge car with almost 1 million miles on the odometer, and a television show called \"Psycho Dad.\" Despite his family's contempt for him, and his for them, Al is always ready to defend Bundy honor (often with his fists), and he is fiercely protective of daughter Kelly, his \"little girl\" who rarely had a boyfriend Al didn't beat up.", "The producers originally wanted to cast comedian Sam Kinison as Al Bundy. However, they ultimately chose not to, due to the profaneness of Kinison's comedy routines. Kinison would later play Al's guardian angel in the episode \" It's a Bundyful Life ,\" spoofing Frank Capra 's It's a Wonderful Life . The producers also considered Michael Richards for the role. [5]", "* In addition to those three spin-offs, a Frasier-type spin-off (i.e., picking up from where the show it spun-off from left off) about Kelly Bundy was planned but never made for two reasons: Christina Applegate turned it down, and Fox's contract stated that the two Bundy children couldn't get spin-offs. Also, series co-creator Michael G. Moye proposed a NO MA'AM, spin-off, but got turned down mainly due to FOX's fears of alienating much of the female demographic.", "That '70s Show is a period sitcom that aired on FOX from 1998 until 2006 and centered on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in the fictional suburban town of Point Place, Wisconsin in the 1970s.", "Ellen (originally titled These Friends of Mine during its first season but was changed so not to be confused with Friends) is an American television sitcom that aired on the ABC network from March 29, 1994, to July 22, 1998, consisting of 109 episodes. The title role is Ellen Morgan, played by stand-up comedian Ellen DeGeneres, a neurotic bookstore owner in her thirties. The series centered on Ellen's dealing with her quirky friends, her family and the problems of daily life. The series is notable for being one of the first with a main character to come out as gay, which DeGeneres' character did in the 1997 episode \"The Puppy Episode\". This event received a great deal of media exposure, ignited controversy, and prompted ABC to place a parental advisory at the beginning of each episode. The series' theme song (used in Season 3 onwards), \"So Called Friend\", is by Scottish band Texas. A running gag during the third and fourth seasons was that each episode had a distinct/different opening credits sequence (often with singing and dancing), resulting from Ellen's ongoing search for the perfect opening credits.", "Exact Words : In one episode, Al and some of his friends tried a hair tonic that had the unfortunate (for them) side effect of making them want to have sex with their wives (or ex-wife in Griff's case). Al promised to develop an antidote, stating that a Bundy got them in that trouble and a Bundy will get them out. Cuts to a scene with Bud being forced to serve as a test subject.", "Happy Days is a sitcom that aired from 1974 to 1984 on ABC. Created by Garry Marshall, the series showcased an idealized vision of life in mid-1950s to mid-1960s America.", "Roseanne is a sitcom that aired on ABC 1988 until 1997 that revolved around the Conners, an Illinois working class family. The series reached #1 in the Nielsen ratings becoming the most watched television show in the United States from 1989 to 1990, and remained in the top four for six of its nine seasons, and in the top twenty for eight.", "In 1995 The WB made a sitcom Unhappily Ever After, the series lasted 4 years and was extremely similar to Married.. with Children in plots and character's personality, though didn't get the same popularity. It focused on Jack Malloy, a stressed out and hallucinating used car salesman, his wife Jennie, a sex-crazed, manipulative and self-centered housewife, Ryan Malloy, the eldest son who is dumb and stupid, Tiffany, the pretty, smart and skimpy-dressed virgin daughter, Ross, the youngest and most intelligent though is ignored by his family, and Mr. Floppy, a stuffed rabbit that lives in the Malloy's basement though he may just be a figment of Jack's crazed imagination.", "On the popular sitcom, which debuted in 1984, Light played Angela Bower, a powerful advertising executive and divorced mother of one, who hired former baseball player Tony Micelli ( Tony Danza ) to be her live-in housekeeper. Much of the comedy came from their domestic situation and clashing backgrounds. Tony's daughter, Samantha ( Alyssa Milano ); Angela's son, Jonathan (Danny Pintauro); and Angela's mother, Mona (Katherine Helmond), completed the cast. Audiences really liked Light's portrayal of an uptight but caring career woman and enjoyed the romantic tension between Angela and Tony. The show lasted for eight seasons, finishing its run in 1992.", "The Partridge Family is an American musical television sitcom series starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy. Jones plays a widowed mother, and Cassidy plays the oldest of her five children who embark on a music career. It ran from September 25, 1970, until March 23, 1974, on the ABC network as part of a Friday-night lineup, and had subsequent runs in syndication. The family was loosely based on the real-life musical family The Cowsills, a popular band in the late 1960s and early 1970s.", "Roseanne is an American sitcom that was broadcast on ABC from October 18, 1988, to May 20, 1997. Starring Roseanne Barr, the show revolved around the Conners, an Illinois working-class family. The series reached #1 in the Nielsen ratings becoming the most watched television show in the United States from 1989 to 1990, and remained in the top four for six of its nine seasons, and in the top twenty for eight seasons. In 1993, the episode \"A Stash from the Past&qu...", "All in the Family is an American sitcom that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971, to April 8, 1979. In September 1979, a new show, Archie Bunker's Place, picked up where All in the Family had ended. That sitcom lasted another four years, ending its run in 1983.", "The Cosby Show is an American television situation comedy starring Bill Cosby, first airing on September 20, 1984 and running for eight seasons on the NBC television network, until April 30, 1992. The show focused on the Huxtable family, an upper-middle class African-American family living in a brownstone building in Brooklyn, New York", "  Gilligan's Island is an American television situation comedy created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz and originally produced by United Artists Television . The series featured Bob Denver , Alan Hale, Jr. , Jim Backus , and Tina Louise , and aired for three seasons on the CBS network, from September 26, 1964, to September 4, 1967. Originally sponsored by Philip Morris & Company and Procter & Gamble , the show followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive and ultimately escape from the island where they were shipwrecked. Their escape plans constantly fail because Gilligan goofs up or visitors to the island leave without sending help.", "The Beverly Hillbillies is an American situation comedy originally broadcast for nine seasons on CBS from 1962 to 1971, starring Buddy Ebsen , Irene Ryan , Donna Douglas , and Max Baer, Jr.", "Ellen DeGeneres' new ABC sitcom is about a woman and her three single pals, two female and one male.", "Recurring Characters: Maggie Roswell (Maude Flanders, Helen Lovejoy, Miss Hoover, and others), Russi Taylor (Martin Prince, Sherri, Terri and others), Pamela Hayden (Milhouse Van Houten, Rod Flanders, Jimbo Jones, and others), Tress MacNeille (Agnes Skinner, Brandine Del Roy, Dolph and others), Marcia Wallace (Edna Krabappel)." ]

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[ "-The phrase “Remember, remember, the fifth of November” is referenced. This is the first line of a nursery rhyme detailing the exploits of Guy Fawkes. The full rhyme is, ‘Remember, remember the fifth of November, the gunpowder, treason and plot. I know of no reason, why the gunpowder treason, should ever be forgot.’", "Two examples of these types of nursery rhymes history and origins are 'Ring a Ring of Roses' which refers to the Bubonic plague and 'Remember, Remember the Fifth of November' nursery rhyme which alludes to Guy Fawkes' foiled attempt to blow up the English Houses of Parliament! Many of the words and nursery rhymes lyrics were used to parody the British royal and political events of the day, direct dissent would often be punishable by death! Strange how these events in history are still portrayed through children's nursery rhymes, when for most of us the historical events relationship to the nursery rhymes themselves are long forgotten!", "“Remember, remember, the fifth of November” — this slightly haunting rhyme introduces Bonfire Night, also known as Guy Fawkes Night, one of the most unique holidays in the UK.", "Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 - 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "Oliver Cromwell ( 25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658 ) was an English statesman, soldier, and revolutionary responsible for the overthrow of the monarchy, temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth, and assuming rule as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland .", "Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) was an English soldier and a member of a group of Roman Catholic conspirators who attempted to carry out the Gunpowder Plot to assassinate King James I of England (James VI of Scotland) and the members of both houses of the Parliament of England with a huge explosion, which was prevented by his arrest on 5 November 1605.", "5th – Bonfire night. Historically, this marks the anniversary of Guy Fawkes’ plot to blow up the House of Lords and assassinate King James I in 1605 – the failed 'gunpowder plot' is remembered in the children’s rhyme ‘Remember, remember the 5th of November; gunpowder, treason and plot’. Today, it is commemorated with spectacular displays of fireworks.", "V reads Evey to sleep with The Magic Faraway Tree. This series provides the source of \"The Land of Do-As-You-Please\" and \"The Land of Take-What-You-Want\" alluded to throughout the series. Another cultural reference rings out – mainly in the theatrical version: \"Remember, remember, the Fifth of November: the gunpowder treason and plot. I know of no reason why the gunpowder treason should ever be forgot\". These lines allude directly to the story of Guy Fawkes and his participation in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.", "Today is Nov. 5, also known as Guy Fawkes Day, a British holiday that commemorates the Gunpowder Plot, in which the titular conspirator attempted to blow up Parliament in 1605. The political event is a central point of the Wachowski siblings' 2006 film, \"V for Vendetta,\" where Natalie Portman's character, Evey, recites a famous rhyme about Fawkes .", "One notable aspect of the Victorians' commemoration of Guy Fawkes Night was its move away from the centres of communities, to their margins. Gathering wood for the bonfire increasingly became the province of working-class children, who solicited combustible materials, money, food and drink from wealthier neighbours, often with the aid of songs. Most opened with the familiar \"Remember, remember, the fifth of November, Gunpowder Treason and Plot\". The earliest recorded rhyme, from 1742, is reproduced below alongside one bearing similarities to most Guy Fawkes Night ditties, recorded in 1903 at Charlton on Otmoor:", "The following year in 1606 it became an annual custom for the King and Parliament to commission a sermon to commemorate the event. Lancelot Andrewes delivered the first of many Gunpowder Plot Sermons. This practice, together with the nursery rhyme, ensured that this crime would never be forgotten! Hence the words \" Remember , remember the 5th of November\" The poem is sometimes referred to as 'Please to remember the fifth of November'. It serves as a warning to each new generation that treason will never be forgotten. In England the 5th of November is still commemorated each year with fireworks and bonfires culminating with the burning of effigies of Guy Fawkes (the guy). The 'guys' are made by children by filling old clothes with crumpled newspapers to look like a man. Tradition allows British children to display their 'guys' to passers-by and asking for \" A penny for the guy\".", "November 5th - Remembered as Guy Fawkes Day in Britain, for the anniversary of the failed \"Gunpowder Plot\" to blow up the Houses of Parliament and King James I in 1605.", "‘Remember Remember the Fifth of November' ~ Guy Fawkes and Gunpowder Plot (And Bonfire and Fireworks!)", "The Guy Fawkes Day is celebrated in UK every year on 5th of November. The day is celebrated to commemorate the Gunpowder Plot of the year 1605. The Gunpowder Plot was meant to kill King James I and destroy the English Parliament. One of the main conspirators of the plot was Guy Fawkes, after which the day is named.", "What many people outside of Britain don’t realize is that Nov. 5th is, in fact, remembered, even commemorated, every year. Nov. 5th is celebrated as Guy Fawkes Day or Bonfire Night across the UK as well as in parts of Canada and New Zealand.", "Oliver Cromwell (born April 25, 1599 Old Style, died September 3, 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. He was one of the most capable English generals in history. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. Events that occurred during his reign and his politics are a cause of long lasting animosity between Ireland and the United Kingdom.", "Cromwell is memorialized musically. A folk-song bearing his name was edited by Benjamin Britten in 1938. A nursery rhyme which can be first traced back to the late seventeenth century begins ‘Oliver Cromwell lay buried and dead, hee-haw, buried and dead’, and tells how his wraith rose and ‘gave a drop’ to an old woman gathering apples that had fallen on his grave. The most extraordinary musical evocation is undoubtedly the rendering of a John Cleese prose poem by the Monty Python team (on the recording Monty Python Sings, 1989) that tells the life of Cromwell set to the music of a polonaise by Chopin.", "Guy Fawkes is infamous for his role in the Gunpowder Plot, where a small group of Catholics planned to assassinate the Protestant King James I and his government by blowing up Parliament House with gunpoweder. They would then kidnap King James’ nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, and place her on the throne as a Catholic monarch (Elizabeth Stuart was a Protestant, but the conspirators planned to raise her as a Catholic and marry her to a Catholic when she was old enough).", "Those of us old enough to remember “Cracker Night” will associate it with the name of Guy Fawkes. Some might remember that Guy Fawkes’ name is synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot. Very few indeed will recognise that the Gunpowder Plot was the 17th Century equivalent of September 11; and they will have no reason to remember that November 5th 2005 marked its 400th Anniversary.", "Restrictions harsher than any they had yet experienced were placed on English Catholics by King James, and November 5 became a national holiday in England, known as Firework Night, Bonfire Night, or Guy Fawkes Day. In the colonial United States it was celebrated as Pope Day, featuring a ceremony in which the Pope was burned in effigy, but the holiday was gradually absorbed into the Halloween festivities that occurred a few days earlier. Guy Fawkes Day evolved away from its roots in Britain, where the targets of the fire might include contemporary figures despised by the public. As part of a group of anti-terrorist measures, the cellars of the Houses of Parliament are still searched by guards each year before the legislature opens in November.", "There are many who establish a relationship between this song and the English Civil War from 1642 to 1649, that ended with the execution of Charles I, King of England and Scotland, and the take-over of power by Oliver Cromwell. Following this theory, a cannon named Humpty Dumpty - one which actually existed - was put on the tower of a Church in Colchester (South East of England) by the troops of Charles I, from where they fired on the Roundheads, Cromwell‘s army of the parliament, conducted by Lord Fairfax.", "Guy: an effigy of Guy Fawkes (1570-1606), who tried to blow up Parliament in 1605. His ill-fated escapade is mockingly remembered in a minor British holiday, which features (among other things) grotesque attire.", "I love to read The history of April 19 Today's: Famous Birthdays - Music history 1012 - Aelfheah was murdered by Danes who had been ravaging the south of England. Aelfhear became the 29th Archbishop of Canterbury in 1005. 1539 - Emperor Charles V reached a truce with German Protestants at Frankfurt, Germany. 1587 - English admiral Sir Francis Drake entered Cadiz harbor and sank the Spanish fleet. 1689 - Residents of Boston ousted their governor, Edmond Andros. 1713 - Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which gave women the rights of succession to Hapsburg possessions. 1764 - The English Parliament banned the American colonies from printing paper money. 1770 - Captain James Cook discovered New South Wales , Australia. Cook originally named the land Point Hicks. 1775 - The American Revolution began as fighting broke out at Lexington, MA. 1782 - The Netherlands recognized the new United States . 1794 - Tadeusz Kosciuszko forced the Russians out of Warsaw. 1802 - The Spanish reopened th ...", "There I was, happy and secure in the conviction that the following nursery rhyme commemorates a specific historical event:", "According to the biographer Esther Forbes , the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American colonies was a very popular holiday. In Boston , the revelry took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes.", "According to the biographer Esther Forbes , the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American colonies was a very popular holiday. In Boston , the revelry took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes. [166]", "In 2005, a series of events around the UK, as part of the Sea Britain theme, marked the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar. The 200th anniversary of the battle was also marked by six days of celebrations in Portsmouth during June and July, and at St Paul's Cathedral (where Nelson is entombed) and in Trafalgar Square in London in October ( T Square 200 ), as well as across the UK.", "The British National Anthem dates back to the eighteenth century. God Save The King (alternatively God Save The Queen during the reign of a female sovereign) was a patriotic song first publicly performed in London in 1745, which came to be known as the National Anthem at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In September 1745 the ‘Young Pretender’ to the British Throne, Prince Charles Edward Stuart, defeated the army of King George II at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. In a fit of patriotic fervour after news of Prestonpans had reached London, the leader of the band at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, arranged ‘God Save The King’ for performance after a play.", "In 2005, a series of events around the UK, as part of the Sea Britain theme, marked the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar. The 200th anniversary of the battle was also commemorated on six occasions in Portsmouth during June and July, and at St Paul's Cathedral (where Nelson is entombed) and in Trafalgar Square in London in October (T Square 200), as well as across the UK.", "With the emergence of a national public sphere and an integrated, country-wide economy in 18th-century England, English people began to identify with the country at large, rather than the smaller units of their family, town or province. The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century, and was actively promoted by the British government and by the writers and intellectuals of the time. National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives were assiduously constructed and adopted. The Union Flag was adopted as a national one; Thomas Arne composed the patriotic song \"Rule, Britannia!\" in 1740, and the cartoonist John Arbuthnot invented the character of John Bull as the personification of the English national spirit in 1712. ", "The British Empire expanded considerably during his reign and the song \"God Save the King\" also developed during that period. Some other notable changes include the replacement of the Julian Calendar by the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, and the New Year was officially moved from 25 March to 1 January.", "Joseph Haydn was impressed by the use of \"God Save the King\" as a national anthem during his visit to London in 1794, and on his return to Austria wrote a tune to the national anthem, the Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (\"God Save Emperor Franz\"), for the birthday of the Emperor Franz of Austria . The tune of \"God Save the King\" was later adopted for the Prussian national anthem Heil Dir im Siegerkranz ." ]

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[ "A Reuben sandwich is a great way to stay on the food trends, offer a healthy option, and provide your customers with a flavor-filled, mouth-watering sandwich. The classic Reuben is made by putting corned beef, sauerkraut, swiss cheese, and Thousand Island dressing on rye bread. Sauerkraut makes this sandwich healthy and full of probiotics. Looking for an even healthier twist? Offer it with turkey, instead of corned beef. Then it is called a Rachel. ", "Corned beef is often purchased ready to eat in delicatessens. It is the key ingredient in the grilled Reuben sandwich, consisting of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Thousand Island or Russian dressing on rye bread.", "The Reuben is corned beef, swiss cheese, and sauerkraut topped with either Russian or Thousand Island dressing and griddled between two slices of rye bread. Nick , on why the Reuben works: \"Everything has its place. The creamy dressing balances the sharp tang of the sauerkraut, and the the full flavored rye bread accentuates the cured corned beef. And, of course, the melted cheese brings it all together.\"", "Thousand Island dressing is a salad dressing and condiment based on mayonnaise and can include olive oil, lemon juice, orange juice, paprika, Worcestershire sauce, mustard, vinegar, cream, chili sauce, tomato purée, ketchup, or Tabasco sauce. ", "Sauerkraut can be eaten cold or hot. While it is often served hot with pork dishes, it is also a favourite hot dog topping in America, and is used in deli sandwiches such as Reubens.", "A hamburger (or cheeseburger when served with a slice of cheese) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. Hamburgers may be cooked in a variety of ways, including pan-frying, barbecuing, and flame-broiling. Hamburgers are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, bacon, onion, pickles, and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, relish, and chiles. ", "A patty melt consists of a patty, sautéed onions and cheese between two slices of rye bread . The sandwich is then buttered and fried.", "Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish , a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.", "\"Monte Cristo sandwich...A sandwich composed of ham, chicken, and Swiss cheese enclosed in bread that is dipped in beaten egg and fried until golden brown. The origin on the name is not known.\"", "There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish , a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa  — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. [179]", "A submarine sandwich, also known as a sub, wedge, hoagie, hero, grinder is a type of sandwich that consists of a length of bread or roll split lengthwise and filled with a variety of meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments. The sandwich has no standardized name, with over a dozen regional variations used across the U.S.", "There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers. ", "The New Orleans term for a sandwich style that is called a “hoagie” or “submarine” in other parts of the country. It consists of a long, fresh roll, cut horizontally and stuffed with a variety of fillings, such roast beef, fried oysters, or lunch meats and cheese. Piquant Louisiana hot sauce is an almost-obligatory condiment.", "Another local specialty is beef on weck (sometimes pronounced \"beef on wick\"), a sandwich that consists of slices of tender, juicy slow-roasted beef layered on a kümmelweck roll (a Kaiser roll topped with caraway seeds and Kosher salt) and traditionally garnished with horseradish. Any place that serves hot sandwiches is likely to have beef on weck on the menu, but Charlie the Butcher's Kitchen (1065 Wehrle Drive at Cayuga Rd. in Cheektowaga) and Schwabl's (789 Center Rd. at Union Rd. in West Seneca) are the two restaurants whose beef on weck has the best reputation among locals.", "4. Thousand Island Dressing : Mayonnaise + minced onions + chopped pimento + chopped hard boiled eggs + chopped olives + cayenne pepper", "Try grilled Bratwurst from street stands, served with a large crusty roll of sourdough bread and mustard, or sandwiches made with fresh baked Bretzeln (large, soft pretzels). A typically Swiss bread is the Zopf, a braided soft bread that is commonly served on Sundays (the other name for it is Sonntagszopf).", "Italian Beef Sandwiches are the third member of the triumvirate, consisting of hot roast beef and peppers on an italian (submarine style) roll. You can find these in pizzeria's, sandwich shops, and delis all over town. Though sadly, I can't recommend a specific purveyor here.", "A sandwich prepared with just one piece of bread which is topped with a wide variety of meats, vegetables, cheeses and heated or not. ", "Cheesesteak — A famous sandwich famously native to Philadelphia — A hoagie roll filled with chopped steak, melted cheese, and (optionally) onions.", "Steak Bomb – New England – Make the ultimate steak sandwich with tender and juicy steak and sauteed onion and capsicum served on a toasted bread roll with garlic-Parmesan mayonnaise, provolone cheese and Italian seasoning.", "Burger King also experimented with a sandwich made of what its inventors call \"restructured meat\" - bite-sized pieces of lean beef bound together with alginate, another product of the sea. It was sold as \"steak,\" but Burger King recently dropped this sandwich from its diner menu and replaced it with with a meatloaf special.", "7. a large sandwich made of a long crusty roll split lengthwise and filled with meats and cheese (and tomato and onion and lettuce and condiments); different names are used in different sections of the United States", "Utah doesn't have a ton of culinary claims to fame, but its most beloved condiment, Fry Sauce, was apparently invented at Arctic Circle restaurant in 1948. The sauce is essentially just a mixture of ketchup and mayonnaise (known elsewhere as \"golf sauce\"), but the restaurant claims to have a secret recipe on lockdown (and it's available for purchase in bottles). While the chain is now regional, eating a halibut sandwich and fries with fry sauce is still a uniquely Utah experience.", "Just think of all the potential cheeses you could use that are easily available. Cheddar, Edam, Wensleydale, Manchego (my number one favourite). All of these cheeses make a great base for a cheese and pickle sandwich.", "Pumpernickel (;) is a typically heavy, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with coarsely ground rye.", "In Finland , hamburgers are sometimes served in buns made of rye instead of wheat .", "It was at the same time that the European-style sandwich finally began to appear outside of Europe. In the United States, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean.", "Meat is usually braised; pan-fried dishes also exist, but these recipes usually originate from France and Austria. Several cooking methods used to soften tough cuts have evolved into national specialties, including Sauerbraten (sour roast), involving marinating beef, horse meat or venison in a vinegar or wine vinegar mixture over several days.", "This cheese is most famous for its strong odor, produced by the bacteria Brevibacterium linens, one of the bacteria responsible for smelly feet. This cheese is most often spread thickly on 100% rye bread and topped with a thick slice of onion. It is usually accompanied by brown mustard and lager beer or strong black coffee. Typically made from pasturized cow milk, 29% fat.  ", "In 1905, Allen Slessman combined several small Great Lakes sauerkraut manufacturers to form The Fremont Company which still exists today in Fremont, Ohio and is run by his grandson, Richard Smith, and great-grandchildren, Chris Smith and Katie Smith. The company packages under the Frank's, SnowFloss and Deutsche Kuche labels.", "Oh dear god, when I lived in Freiburg, Germany, that was my favorite meal. I dearly miss real, thick, bash-a-skull-in-with-it (Schädeleinschlagsgeeignetbrot) black German bread with stinky putrid cheese. And mustard!", "For two slices of bread, combine � oz. butter with � teaspoon mustard and a dash of salt, Cayenne pepper and Worcestershire sauce. Add 3oz. grated Cheddar cheese and 1 tablespoon beer (milk may be substituted). Toast the bread on one side only and spread the mixture on the other side. Brown under a hot grill." ]

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[ "GRAND SLAM. The winning of all 13 tricks by the declarer. The bonus for a grand slam, 1000 points when not vulnerable and 1500 when vulnerable, make a grand slam, bid and made, one of the best-rewarded accomplishments at rubber bridge, and one of the more effective methods of shooting at duplicate. While the general tendency among rubber bridge players is to avoid bidding grand slams except in ironclad situations, the mathematics of the game suggest rather freer acceptance of the risks involved in view of the large rewards.", "·         A grand slam bonus is worth 1000 points (non-vulnerable) and 1500 points (vulnerable) on top of the game bonus.", "* a grand slam, or successful contract to win all 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 1000 points if not vulnerable and 1500 points if vulnerable.", "If you bid and make a small slam (twelve tricks), you earn a bonus of 500 points if you are not vulnerable and 750 points if you are vulnerable. Since you can simply stop in game and win the rubber if you are vulnerable, you have more to lose if you bid a slam and are set, so the rewards are greater to compensate for the increased risk. If you bid and make a grand slam (all thirteen tricks), your sensational performance earns you a bonus of 1000 points if you are not vulnerable or 1500 points when vulnerable.", "A trick-taking game is a card game or tile-based game in which play of a \"hand\" centers on a series of finite rounds or units of play, called tricks, which are each evaluated to determine a winner or \"taker\" of that trick. The object of such games then may be closely tied to the number of tricks taken, as in plain-trick games such as Whist, Contract Bridge, Spades, Napoleon, Euchre, Rowboat, Clubs and Spoil Five, or on the value of the cards contained in taken tricks, as in point-trick games such as Pinochle, the Tarot family, Rook, All Fours, Manille, Briscola, and most \"evasion\" games like Hearts. The domino game Texas 42 is an example of a trick-taking game that is not a card game.", "Spades is a trick-taking card game devised in the United States in the 1930s. It can be played as either a partnership or solo/\"cutthroat\" game. The object is to take at least the number of tricks (also known as \"books\") that were bid before play of the hand began. Spades is a descendant of the Whist family of card games, which also includes Bridge, Hearts, and Oh Hell. Its major difference as compared to other Whist variants is that, instead of trump being decided by the highest bidder or at random, the Spade suit is always trumps, hence the name. ", "A contract to win all thirteen tricks. Bidding and making a grand slam scores a high number of bonus points.", "Pitch is a trick-taking game using a standard 52-card deck; each player is dealt six cards. Each player can bid on the value of his or her hand and plays to take tricks and get points. Although one player wins the bid and tries to take all the points, all players can get points by taking key cards. The goal is to be the first player to reach the winning score (7, 11, or 21).", "Like most trick-taking games, play proceeds with one player laying down a card while everyone else follows by playing cards of the same suit if they can. Whoever played the highest trump card wins the trick and collects all the cards used. The Rook itself is the strongest card in the deck, capable if winning every trick it is played on.", "The object of the game is to score points by winning tricks with valuable cards in them.", "This Stronghold game by Mike Fitzgerald is a trick-taking card game in which players collect Diamonds – not cards bearing that suit, mind you, but rather actual “Diamond Crystals”. What makes the game of Diamonds different from other trick-taking card games is that when you cannot follow suit you get a “Suit Action” based on what suit you do play. Suit Actions are also taken by the winner of each trick, as well as at the end of a full Round of play. Whoever has the most points in Diamond Crystals at the end of the game wins! The winner of this tournament will get a trophy, plus a seat at the quarter final round of the U.S. National Championship at Gen Con 2016 (along with a free membership, and a 3-night room share in Indianapolis)!", "The trick-losing games come in varying degrees of difficulty.  Black Maria  is perhaps the most complex: Each of the three players has 17 cards (the two of Clubs is omitted from the pack) and at the beginning of the game passes three of them to the player on his right, collecting three from the player on his left.  play poker then proceeds by making tricks, but the object is not to win those tricks that contain penalty cards.  The penalty cards are all the Hearts, (each of which counts one point against the trick winner), and the ace, king, and queen of Spades, which count seven, ten, and 13 points respectively.  Greek hearts (which is sometimes shortened to hearts) and slobberhannes are slightly simpler variations on the trick-losing theme.", "Each hand consists of a number of tricks (the 4-handed game contains 13 tricks using all 52 cards). The player on the dealer's left makes the opening lead by playing a single card of their choice. Players in clockwise fashion then play a card of their choice; they must follow suit, if they can, otherwise they may play any card, including a trump Spade. Once a card has left the hand of a player, it stands and cannot be retrieved unless the player who threw the card makes an effort to correct his mistake before the next player lays down a card.", "Trick-and-draw games are trick-taking games in which the players can fill up their hands after each trick. Typically, players are free to play any card into a trick in the first phase of the game, but must follow suit as soon as the score is depleted.", "FULFILLING A CONTRACT.  Taking as many tricks, in the play of the hand, as contracted for in addition to the book of six, i.e., eight tricks in a contract of two. A bonus of 50 points is awarded for a less-than-game contract in duplicate, 300 for a non-vulnerable game and 500 for a vulnerable game.", "A trick contains four cards, one contributed by each player. One player starts by leading a card, placing it face up on the table. In clockwise rotation, each player has to follow suit, by playing a card of the same suit as the one led. If a heart is led, for example, each player must play a heart if possible. Only if a player doesn’t have a heart can that person discard (i.e., play a card of another suit). The highest card in the suit led wins the trick for the player who played it. This is called playing in notrump.", "When all cards have been played, the number or contents of the tricks won by each player is tallied and used to update the score. Scoring based on the play of tricks varies widely between games, but in most games either the number of tricks a player or partnership has won (plain-trick games), or the value of certain cards that the player has won by taking tricks (point-trick games) is important.", "The object of play is to win tricks. A player is required to follow suit if possible. A trick is won by the highest trump, or, if no trumps come out, by the highest card of the suit led. The player that wins a trick leads the next. Play continues until all 13 tricks have been taken.", "A rather innovative trick-taking game using a pack with three suits (pink, blue and green) and black cards that have no suit. In each trick, it is illegal to play a card of a suit that has already been played. Black cards, not having suits, can always be played. Every card has a number, ranging from 0 to 10. In general, the highest numbered card wins the trick (in case of a tie, the first card played wins the trick). Many of the lower-valued cards have special effects which must be carried out when they are played. The goal of the game is to win the \"point cards\", which are the 2s and the 4s, and a partnership gets a point for every 2-4 pair they win. When a player takes a point card (4, 2, or the special 0) during gameplay, they must give a \"gift card\" to the opponent on the right. The opponent gets a card at random, looks at it, and chooses a card to return (it may be the same card).", "hearts and spades; in contract bridge a trick with a major suit trumps is scored as 30 points, and game requires a bid 4 odd tricks.", "Players take turns laying down cards, calling out the cumulative value as they lay them down. Face cards are worth ten points, while aces are worth one. This continues until a player cannot lay down any more cards without exceeding 31 points.", "*Trick - Also known as a book. A unit of play in which each player lays one card from their hand, and is \"taken\" or won usually by the player who laid down the highest value card.", "A game played with 52 special cards and a 20-sided die. Each player in turn draws a card and rolls the die to determine whether it belongs to that player or has to be auctioned or can be assigned to another player. The eventual owner of the card rolls the die a second time to gain or lose points as determined by the four numbers at the bottom of the card. So the game is about evaluating the risk or reward from a die roll given that the aim is to avoid 'strikes', which occur when a player's score goes lower than -20 or a player accumulated more than 5 'chicken points' - penalty points that can be taken as an alternative to rolling the die.", "A zombie-themed card game loosely based on Contract Rummy, but with numerous extra cards that have special effects. The contract for each deal is not determined in advance but chosen by the winner of the previous hand before the next deal. 104 of the 192 cards correspond to two standard 52-card decks, and the remaining 88 cards have various powers, such as giving bonus or penalty points, triggering card exchanges or counteracting the effects of other cards. The design of the cards could be clearer: they are single headed, and the 104 ordinary cards have an index (A,2,3,...,J,Q,K) in only one corner, so players will need to turn all their cards upright to see what they are. \"Suits\" are differentiated only by the narrow coloured border of the card, and most of the card area is filled with a zombie picture which gives no obvious clue to its rank. The rules supplied with the game are supplemented by a FAQ on the game's web site that clarifies some ambiguities.", "Published by Parker Brothers 1992. for 2-4 players, age 8 and up. Also possible to play with partnerships. There is at least one really old edition published by Miltron Bradley Company. An abstract card game a deck of cards numbered 1 to 60, four card racks and one card tray. The object is to be first to score 500 points in several rounds of play. Each round, you replace the cards in your rack so their numbers read in any numerical progression from a low number at the front to a high number at the back.", "a. When each player plays one card, the four cards constitute a trick. The first play to a trick is called the lead.", "Each player (or team) counts their score based on the pile of cards they have won. There are eleven possible points in each hand:", "If anyone of the players are holding all four Aces in his hand that time the players team gets 150 points as bonus.", "Object: To reach 121 points for the traditional or long game ; 61 points for the short game. Points are scored by forming specific combinations of cards.", "If one partnership holds the majority of Honours and the majority of Aces it scores 10 times the value of a trick in effect for the hand for each Honour and each Ace that it holds, with the opposing partnership's Honours and Aces not counting in any way.", "Action game for up to four played on a raised linen platform overlaid with a wooden grid. Players use wooden mallets strike under painted balls, attempting to reach the opposite edge – which scores a point – or into the space of another – thereby capturing it. Strategy is hard to find, so dominant is the skill factor. Compared to other action games, this one offers great subtlety and patience which decay as the game goes on, but in the attractive mallet offers a fun tool for all artistes to master. While generally credited to Reinhold Wittig and Abacus, an American company is selling it under the title Cannonball Capture. It's unclear whether there is prior art in this regard or whether Wittig and Abacus are being shamelessly knocked off. [Pirate Games]", "Although one could play Go with a piece of card for a board and a bag of plastic tokens, Go players pride themselves on their game sets." ]

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[ "Dennis Miller (born November 3, 1953) is an American stand-up comedian, talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, television personality, and radio personality.", "SNL has featured over 130 cast members including Rachel Dratch , Amy Poehler , Chris Rock , David Spade , Will Forte , Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Tracy Morgan , Chris Parnell , Maya Rudolph , Andy Samberg , and Kristen Wiig . Darrell Hammond is the longest-serving cast member, having been a part of the cast for fourteen years between 1995 and 2009, and returned in 2014 as the show's announcer following the death of Don Pardo . Those selected to join the cast of SNL are normally already accomplished performers, recruited from improvisational comedy groups such as The Groundlings (Ferrell, Hartman, Lovitz, Wiig) and The Second City (Aykroyd, Farley, Fey, Tim Meadows ), or established stand-up comedians (Carvey, Sandler, Rock, Norm Macdonald ), who already possess the training or experience necessary for SNL.", "SNL has featured over 130 cast members including, besides the above-mentioned players, Rachel Dratch, Amy Poehler, Chris Rock, David Spade, Will Forte, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Tracy Morgan, Chris Parnell, Maya Rudolph, Andy Samberg, Kristen Wiig, and many others. Darrell Hammond is the longest-serving cast member, having been a part of the cast for fourteen years between 1995 and 2009, and returned in 2014 as the show's announcer following the death of Don Pardo. Those selected to join the cast of SNL are normally already accomplished performers, recruited from improvisational comedy groups such as The Groundlings (Ferrell, Hartman, Lovitz, Wiig) and The Second City (Aykroyd, Farley, Fey, Tim Meadows), or established stand-up comedians (Carvey, Sandler, Rock, Norm Macdonald), who already possess the training or experience necessary for SNL.", "WHO WINS THIS BATTLE? To me, the 3 best casts of Saturday Night Live was the original few seasons ( Chevy Chase , Dan Akroyd , Gilda Radner , Steve Martin, Bill Murray , Garrett Morris ), early 90's cast ( Chris Rock , Dennis Miller , Dana Carvey , Adam Sandler , Chris Farley , David Spade , Rob Schneider ) and the mid to late 90's cast ( Will Ferrell , Tracy Morgan , Chris Kattan , Molly Shannon , Tim Meadows , Norm McDonald, Cheri Oteri , Ana Gasteyer , Darrell Hammond ). Who wins in those 3 eras? I would love to put the Eddie Murphy era but during that time he was the funniest on there by far! There was also Martin Short and Julia Louis-Dryfuss. FYI: Did you know that Damon Waynes and Anthony Michael Hall was on SNL for a season?", "The show ran successfully again until it lost two of its biggest stars, Carvey and Hartman, between 1992 and 1994. Wanting to increase SNL's profitability, then-NBC West Coast president Don Ohlmeyer and other executives began to actively interfere in the show, recommending that new stars like Chris Farley and Adam Sandler be fired, and the show faced increasing criticism from the press and cast, in part encouraged by the NBC executives hoping to weaken Michaels' position. [26] Michaels' return restored an association with NBC that has lasted nearly 30 years. As head of Broadway Video and SNL Studios , Michaels has profited from the talent he's helped introduce, producing the TV series Late Night (during the eras of Conan O'Brien and Jimmy Fallon – both SNL alumni), 30 Rock (a comedy created by former SNL head writer Tina Fey, and loosely based on her experiences in that role), and Up All Night , starring fomer SNL cast member Maya Rudolph . Michaels also produced the TV film All You Need Is Cash , and a lengthy list of feature films based on SNL sketches; the most commercially and critically successful of these was Wayne's World . [27]", "Justin Timberlake’s fifth appearance as host and musical guest in 2013 is yet another example of a perfect SNL episode. It opened with J.T. being inducted into the “Five Timers Club”, a concept that was used years earlier during Tom Hanks’ fifth appearance on the show. The sketch was a who’s-who of SNL’s past cast members and hosts, including Steve Martin, Paul Simon, Alec Baldwin, Elliot Gould, Candace Bergen, Chevy Chase, Martin Short, and Dan Aykroyd. Aykroyd and Martin would reprise their Festrunk Brothers characters later on that evening in a “Dating Game” parody, along with Timberlake and Andy Samberg reappearing as the R&B singers who sang “D*** in a Box”.", "Comedian Darrell Hammond was born in Melbourne, Florida, to Margaret Evelyn (Helms) and Max Carey Hammond. A Saturday Night Live cast member from 1995 to 2009 - the longest tenure of any SNL cast member - Hammond was one of the sketch TV show's strongest and funniest performers. As well as being part of skits where he had chemistry with other cast members, Hammond won audiences over with dead-on impersonations of various celebrities and Hollywood figures, such as Vice Presidents Dick Cheney and Al Gore , President Bill Clinton , Hardball with Chris Matthews host Chris Matthews , Sean Connery (who constantly bothered Alex Trebek , played by fellow cast alumni, Will Ferrell , during \"Celebrity Jeopardy\" skits), Regis Philbin , Donald Trump and many more. Despite his shaky movie resume ( The King and I and New York Minute ), Hammond is still a revelation whenever it comes to SNL.", "John Adam Belushi (; January 24, 1949 – March 5, 1982) was an American comedian, actor, and musician. He is best known for his \"intense energy and raucous attitude\" which he displayed as one of the original cast members of the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live, in his role in the 1978 film Animal House and in his recordings and performances as one of The Blues Brothers.", "In 2004, he was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Speaking at the awards ceremony, original Saturday Night Live cast member Dan Aykroyd described Michaels as \"the primary satirical voice of the country.\"", "Forget about Steve Martin, Alec Baldwin and Christopher Walken â when it comes to Saturday Night Live, nobody beats Justin Timberlake .", "Al Franken is the one of the original writers of Saturday Night Live (1975). He also appeared on SNL as an actor, and was active as both a writer and actor from the show’s inception to 1980, and then again from 1985 to 1995. In addition to writing comedy and satire for Saturday Night Live, Franken has published a number of satirical books, often with politically-charged humor, including Rush Limbaugh is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations (1996) and Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right (2003).", "Bill Murray 5 March 7, 1981 February 20, 1999 1977-1980 / 3� seasons Second former castmember to host five or more time times. He is the second former Weekend Update anchor to come back to host SNL. Only castmember to host during Jean Doumanian's tenture as producer.", "When you’re putting on a live sketch comedy show for forty years, it is perhaps inevitable that at some point (or several in SNL’s case) someone will do the unthinkable and drop an F-bomb. When comedian George Carlin, notorious for his “Seven Words You Can’t Say on Television” routine, hosted the show’s premier in 1975, NBC execs were terrified he’d bring his trademark bad language to network television. When Richard Pryor guest hosted later that same season, the network forced Lorne Michaels to air that particular episode on a seven second delay lest Pryor decide to go off script and start using obscenities. While both hosts kept their material relatively clean for network TV, there have been several incidences where the dreaded “F, dash, dash, dash word” slipped out and found its way into millions of living rooms.", "In 1980 Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews. Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned; Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, and achieved success in film and television, both in front of and behind the camera. Others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film.", "William James \"Bill\" Murray (born September 21, 1950) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He first gained exposure on Saturday Night Live, a role which earned him his first Emmy Award and later went on to star in comedy films, including Meatballs (1979), Caddyshack (1980), Stripes (1981), Tootsie (1982), Ghostbusters (1984), Scrooged (1988), Ghostbusters II (1989), What About Bob? (1991), and Groundhog Day (1993). He also co-directed Quick Change (1990). ", "comedian, actor: Saturday Night Live, A League of Their Own, City Slickers: The Legend of Curly�s Gold", "* Chevy Chase was the first SNL cast member to come back and host the show.", "George Denis Patrick Carlin ( May 12 , 1937  – June 22 , 2008 ) was a Grammy-winning American stand-up comedian, actor and author, noted especially for his irreverent attitude and his observations on politics, language, psychology and religion as well as some taboo subjects.", "Donald Jay Rickles (born May 8, 1926) is an American Emmy Award winning comedian and actor. A rat pack associate and frequent guest on the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, Rickles has acted in comedic and dramatic roles, but is best known as an insult comic. However, unlike many insult comics who only find short-lived success, Rickles has enjoyed a sustained career in insult performance, largely because he has ended his shows with apologies and gaining a reputation that his performances are indeed meant in jest and not actual spite. Early life and career Rickles was born in the New York City borough of Queens to Jewish parents Max and Etta Rickles. He grew up in the Jackson Heights area. After graduating from Newtown High School, he served in the U.S. Navy in World War II on the...", "He is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential stand-up comedians: One newspaper called Carlin \"the dean of counterculture comedians.\" In 2004, Carlin was placed second on the Comedy Central list of \"Top 10 Comedians of US Audiences\" compiled for an April 2004 special. The first of his 14 stand-up comedy specials for HBO was filmed in 1977. From the late 1980s, Carlin's routines focused on sociocultural criticism of American society. He often commented on contemporary political issues in the United States and satirized the excesses of American culture. He was a frequent performer and guest host on The Tonight Show during the three-decade Johnny Carson era, and hosted the first episode of Saturday Night Live. His final HBO special, It's Bad for Ya, was filmed less than four months before his death. In 2008, he was posthumously awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.", "actor, comedian, writer: Saturday Night Live; Police Academy 3: Back in Training, Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol, The Cherokee Kid", "In 1984, while promoting the film This Is Spinal Tap , Shearer, Christopher Guest and Michael McKean had a performance on Saturday Night Live. All three members were offered the chance to join to the show in the 1984–1985 season. Shearer accepted because he was treated well by the producers and he thought the backstage environment had improved [10] but later stated that he \"didn't realize that guests are treated better than the regulars.\" [14] Guest also accepted the offer while McKean rejected it. Dick Ebersol , who replaced Lorne Michaels as the show's producer, said that Shearer was \"a gifted performer but a pain in the butt. He's just so demanding on the preciseness of things and he's very, very hard on the working people. He's just a nightmare-to-deal-with person.\" [15] In January 1985, Shearer left the show for good. [10] Martin Short said \"[Shearer] wanted to be creative and Dick [Ebersol] wanted something else. [...] I think he felt his voice wasn't getting represented on the show. When he wouldn't get that chance, it made him very upset.\" [16]", "Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952) is an American actor, writer, film producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for his character Pee-wee Herman. Reubens joined the Los Angeles troupe The Groundlings in the 1970s and started his career as an improvisational comedian and stage actor. In 1982, Reubens put up a show about a character he had been developing for years. The show was called The Pee-wee Herman Show and it ran for five sold-out months with HBO producing a successful special about it. Pee-wee became an instant cult figure and for the next decade Reubens would be completely committed to his character, doing all of his public appearances and interviews as Pee-wee. In 1985 Pee-wee's Big Adventure, directed by the then-unknown Tim Burton, was a financial and critical success, and soon developed into a cult film. Big Top Pee-wee, 1988's sequel, was less successful than its predecessor. Between 1986 and 1990, Reubens starred as Pee-wee in the CBS Saturday-morning children's program Pee-wee's Playhouse.", "* Bill Maher (B.A. 1978 English) – Comedian and satirist, best known for hosting the television series Politically Incorrect and Real Time with Bill Maher", "He is listed as 21st on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand up comedians of all time, and was ranked as the best host of SNL's Weekend Update by Vulture.com. ", "Alan Stuart \"Al\" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. Franken achieved note as a writer and performer for the television show Saturday Night Live from its conception in 1975 before moving to writing and acting in films and television shows. He then became a political commentator, author of five books and host of a nationally syndicated radio show on the Air America Radio network.", "Even presidents of the United States aren’t immune. When a radio interviewer in 2011 asked Bill Clinton how he felt about being spoofed on TV comedy shows, Yagoda writes, “The former president replied, ‘Oh yeah, no I thought a lot of the Saturday Night Live guys were great.’ ” ", "Why couldn’t Joe Montana get an NFL TV commentator gig after his playing days when the likes of Bill Maas and Tim Green could? Weird!", "Besides his acting career, Simpson worked as a commentator for Monday Night Football and The NFL on NBC. He also appeared in the audience of Saturday Night Live during its second season and hosted an episode during its third season. ", "Besides his acting career, Simpson worked as a commentator for Monday Night Football and The NFL on NBC. He also appeared in the audience of Saturday Night Live during its second season and hosted an episode during its third season.", " 2005 Saturday Night Live in the '80s: Lost & Found (TV Special documentary) (performer: \"The Last Worthless Evening\") / (writer: \"The Last Worthless Evening\")", "The Movie Guys: You appeared on Saturday Night Live for eight seasons. Which host was the most fun, and which one was the biggest jerk?" ]

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[ "The Hughes H-4 Hercules, aka “Spruce Goose” (NX37602) is a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft company. The aircraft made its first and only flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminum and concerns about weight, its critics nicknamed it the “Spruce Goose,” despite it being made almost entirely of birch rather than spruce. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It survives in good condition at the Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon, USA.", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminium and concerns about weight, it was nicknamed by critics the \"Spruce Goose\", although it was made almost entirely of birch. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It remains in good condition and is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. ", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype heavy strategic airlift military transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company . Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II , it was not completed in time to be of use. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminium and concerns about weight, it was nicknamed by critics the \"Spruce Goose\", although it was made almost entirely of birch . The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It is on display, and remains in good condition at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon , USA .", "Howard Hughes's H-4 Hercules - The \"Spruce Goose\" - It flew only once on Nov. 2, 1947. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. They really weren't sure it would lift off - but it did.", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules, in development in the U.S. during the war, was even larger than the BV 238 but it did not fly until 1947. The \"Spruce Goose\", as the 180-ton H-4 was nicknamed, was the largest flying boat ever to fly. Carried out during Senate hearings into Hughes use of government funds on its construction, the short hop of about a mile at 70 ft above the water by the \"Flying Lumberyard\" was claimed by Hughes as vindication of his efforts. Cutbacks in expenditure after the war and the disappearance of its intended mission as a transatlantic transport left it no purpose. ", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft company. The aircraft made its only flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced.", "The Hercules was the world's largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made from wood, and, at 319 ft, had the longest wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan was about 310 ft). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225 Mriya.)", "The Hercules was the world’s largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made from wood, [34] and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), had the longest wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan was about 310 ft (94 m)). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225 Mriya .)", "The Hercules was nicknamed the “Spruce Goose” by critics, but was actually made largely from birch (not spruce ), rather than of aluminum, because the contract required that Hughes build the aircraft of non- strategic materials . It was built in Hughes’s Westchester, California facility. In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the H-4 development had been so troubled, and why the F-11 had resulted in only two prototypes after $22 million spent. General Elliott Roosevelt and numerous other USAAF officers were also called to testify in hearings that transfixed the nation during August and again in November 1947. In a hotly disputed testimony over TWA ‘s route awards and malfeasance in the defense acquisition process, Hughes turned the tables on his main interlocutor, Maine Senator Owen Brewster , and the hearings were widely interpreted as a Hughes victory. After display at the Long Beach, California harbor, the Hercules was moved to McMinnville, Oregon , where it is now part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum . [36]", "Howard Hughes's famous HK-1 Hercules ( #NX37602 ) is a cargo-type flying boat designed to transport men and materials over long distances. Originally conceived by Henry J. Kaiser, a steelmaker and builder of Liberty ships, the aircraft was designed and constructed by Hughes and his staff. The original proposal for the enormous, 400,000-pound wooden flying boat, with its spectacular 320-foot wingspan, came from the U.S. government in 1942. The goal was to build a cargo and troop carrier that did not require critical wartime materials; in other words, that substituted wood for metal. Throughout its construction, considerable controversy surrounded its funding. After a disgruntled U.S. Senator dubbed the HK-1 a \"flying lumberyard,\" the \"Spruce Goose\" nickname was coined Hughes despised the name!", "By 1947, the U.S. government had spent $22 million on the H-4 and Howard Hughes had spent $18 million of his own money. It finally flew, for the first and only time, on Nov. 2, 1947. Here's Hughes at the controls for the flight.", "By 1947, the U.S. government had spent $22 million on the H-4 and Howard Hughes had spent $18 million of his own money. It finally flew, for the first and only time, on Nov. 2, 1947. Here's Hughes at the ... more", "By 1947, the U.S. government had spent $22 million on the H-4 and Hughes had spent $18 million of his own money. Finally, on Nov. 2, 1947, Howard Hughes and a small engineering crew fired up the eight radial engines for taxi tests. Hughes lifted the giant aircraft 33 feet (10 meters) off the surface of Long Beach (Calif.) Harbor and flew it for one mile (1.6 kilometers), for less than a minute, remaining airborne 70 feet (21 meters) off the water at a speed of 80 mph (128 kph) before landing.", "The War Production Board (not the military) originally contracted with Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying boat for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats. The project was opposed by the military services, thinking it would siphon resources from higher priority programs, but was advocated by Hughes' powerful allies in Washington, D.C. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. ", "The War Production Board (not the military) originally contracted with Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying boat for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats . The project was opposed by the military services, thinking it would siphon resources from higher priority programs, but was advocated by Hughes’s powerful allies in Washington, D.C. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. [32] [33]", "Introduced in 1943, the Martin JRM Mars has the distinction of being the largest flying boat ever put into production. Although ordered as a patrol bomber just before WWII, the JRM Mars was converted into a transport aircraft when the United States Navy decided that it was no longer needed for its initial purpose.", "In the 1991 adventure film The Rocketeer, hero Cliff Secord uses a large-scale model of the Hughes H-4 Hercules to escape some eager federal agents and Howard Hughes himself. After Secord glides the model to safety, Hughes expresses relief that the craft would actually fly. ", "As airplane travel became popular during the mid1930s, passengers wanted to fly across the ocean, so Pan American Airlines asked for a long-range, four-engine flying boat. In response, Boeing developed the Model 314, nicknamed the \"Clipper\" after the great oceangoing sailing ships. The Clipper used the wings and engine nacelles of the giant Boeing XB-15 bomber on the flying boat's towering, whale-shaped body. The installation of new Wright 1,500 horsepower Double Cyclone engines eliminated the lack of power that handicapped the XB-15. With a nose similar to that of the modern 747, the Clipper was the \"jumbo\" airplane of its time. The Model 314 had a 3,500-mile range and made the first scheduled trans-Atlantic flight June 28, 1939. By the year's end, Clippers were routinely flying across the", "A flying boat is a fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water, that usually has no type of landing gear to allow operation on land. It differs from a floatplane as it uses a purpose-designed fuselage which can float, granting the aircraft buoyancy. Flying boats may be stabilized by under-wing floats or by wing-like projections (called sponsons) from the fuselage. Flying boats were some of the largest aircraft of the first half of the 20th century, exceeded in size only by bombers developed during World War II. Their advantage lay in using water instead of expensive land-based runways, making them the basis for international airlines in the interwar period. They were also commonly used for maritime patrol and air-sea rescue.", "In 1963, a Hercules achieved and still holds the record for the largest and heaviest aircraft to land on an aircraft carrier. During October and November that year, a USMC KC-130F (BuNo 149798), loaned to the U.S. Naval Air Test Center, made 29 touch-and-go landings, 21 unarrested full-stop landings and 21 unassisted take-offs on at a number of different weights. The pilot, LT (later RADM) James H. Flatley III, USN, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his role in this test series. The tests were highly successful, but the idea was considered too risky for routine \"Carrier Onboard Delivery\" (COD) operations. Instead, the Grumman C-2 Greyhound was developed as a dedicated COD aircraft. The Hercules used in the test, most recently in service with Marine Aerial Refueler Squadron 352 (VMGR-352) until 2005, is now part of the collection of the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida.", "Boeing B-314/-A \"Clipper\" (ca1938) four-engined, high-winged, and boat-bottomed HULL passenger aircraft, with additional \"sea wing\" for stability when motoring in water after SPLASHDOWN, flown contractually by Pan American Airlines for the US and British military during WWII; compare SEAPLANE, AMPHIBIAN. Also, Martin PBM-3 twin-engined FLYING BOAT used for patrol; equipped with a bow-mounted BALL TURRET. See DUMBO, CATALINA, PBM, PBY, BIRD.", "SARO engineers adopted the proven flying boat form with high-mounted wings and leading edge engine nacelles. The fuselage sported a boat-like hull underside for water-borne landings and the flightdeck was seated high over and aft of the nose assembly for excellent vision out-of-the-cockpit. Pontoons were affixed under each wing (outboard of the engine installations) to prevent tipping during water-running and when on choppy seas. The tail unit was traditional in its arrangement, featuring a single vertical tail fin and low-mounted horizontal planes. Its crew numbered six in all and dimensions included a length of 19.4 meters with a wingspan out to 24.6 feet and height of 6 meters. Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) was listed at 33,200lbs.", "At 2 p.m. on March 31, 1935, the four-engine, flying boat China Clipper made its first landing in San Francisco Bay. It had arrived at its new home on the island of Alameda with Fred Noonan on board as the navigation officer. This was the first of the variously named Clipper airplanes and crew to arrive on the west coast for PAA. The China Clipper had started its flight in Miami on the 27th, stopped at Acapulco and San Diego, and taken a side trip to San Pedro in Southern California on its way to the new base. 20 After arriving in Alameda little time was lost in developing and testing the flight route to Manila. During the first two weeks of April the crew conducted local test hops, including one of about one thousand miles out and back to Trinidad Head. 21 This was all in preparation for and anticipation of attempting the first leg of the Manila route to Hawaii.", "When MGM produced the 1959 film The Gallant Hours, based on the life of U.S. Navy Admiral William \"Bull\" Halsey, the studio rented a Sikorsky VS-44A, N41881, named \"Mother Goose\", from Catalina Air Lines, Inc., and painted it in wartime camouflage to depict a secret flight that Halsey had made to the South Pacific in a Consolidated PB2Y-1 Coronado. Although the studio had promised to repaint the flying boat after the production, this did not happen, and the airline had to restore the civilian livery itself. ", "Igor Sikorsky was a Russian-American aviator and designer, who invented and flew the world's first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft. He developed the first flying boats of the Pan American Airways fleet in the 1930s. He also developed the now-standard rotor configuration in helicopters, with the VS-300, and went on to produce the first mass-produced helicopter, the Sikorsky R-4.", "On March 4, 1928, the Boeing Model 204 flying boat made its first flight. Boeing eventually built 10 of the four-seat aircraft. It was the last airplane Boeing built specifically for private ownership by ... more", "    The eighteenth production aircraft, EE227, was converted to take two Rolls-Royce RB 50 Trent turboprops with 7 ft. 11 in. (2.41 m) five-blade Rotol propellers. Its inaugural flight was on September 20, 1945 making it the world�s first turboprop airplane. The landing gear was lengthened to allow for tip clearance for the propellers. Power output was a combination of 750 shaft horsepower (1, 000 kW) and 1,000 lbf (4.44 kN) s.t. With all the modifications, it was the heaviest F.Mk I produced.", "In 1939 Hughes began work on an experimental military aircraft, and in 1942 he received a contract to design and build the world's largest plane, a wooden seaplane, later nicknamed the \"Spruce Goose.\" It was supposed to serve as a troop carrier in World War II (1939–45).", "In 1912 four Donnet-Lévêque flying boats Type A (no ailerons) and Type C (with ailerons) – assigned numbers from 8 to 12 – were obtained by K.u.k. Seeflugwesen. This specific aircraft sporting number 10 entered service on January 4, 1913 and was written off in December 1913 due to damage sustained in a crash.", "More conventional-looking, save for its unusually hefty size, was the Curtiss XP-87 Blackhawk, one of the few four-engine fighter aircraft ever built (November 1991 Aviation Heritage, P. 8). Originally intended as a ground attack plane, its role changed in midstream to that of an all-weather interceptor by the time it made its first flight on March 5, 1948. The USAF had planned to order 88 Blackhawks despite a “buffeting” problem that was never eliminated, but the deal fell through on October 10, when the superior Northrop XF-89 was chosen over the XP-87. That final disappointment, after an investment of 38 months and $11 million, marked the ignominious end for the illustrious Curtiss Aeroplane Division, which was taken over by North American shortly thereafter.", "Tail #238091 flying over water; Note 1943 red-border USAAF roundel on left wing. This airpane, serial #42-38091, was built by Douglas at Long Beach, California, block B-17G-30-DL.", "The American Clipper, a Sikorsky S-40 amphibious plane piloted by Charles Lindbergh, rests on a stopover at Cienfuegos Bay in Cuba on November 20, 1931 en route during its maiden passenger voyage from Miami to the Panama Canal Zone. The American Clipper served as the flagship of Pan American's clipper fleet." ]

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[ "Quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum , appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it that have less unpleasant side effects. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions due to its low cost. Quinine is available with a prescription in the United States and over-the-counter, in very small quantities, in tonic water . Quinine is also used to treat lupus and arthritis . Quinine was also frequently prescribed in the U.S. as an \"off-label\" treatment for nocturnal leg cramps , but this has since been prohibited, in effect, by an FDA statement warning against the practice. [1]", "Antimalarial:  A drug directed against malaria. The original antimalarial agent was quinine which took its name from the Peruvian Indian word \"kina\" meaning \"bark of the tree.\" A large and complex molecule, quinine is the most important alkaloid found in cinchona bark. Until World War I, it was the only effective treatment for malaria. In fact, quinine was the first chemical compound to be successfully used to treat an infectious disease.", "The anti-malarial drug of choice until the 1940s was called Quinine, and it is worth noting because today it is an ingredient found more commonly in foods then we think [11]. Quinine acts by inhibiting what’s called hemozoin biocrystallization, or the parasite’s way of making the by-products of red blood cell destruction less toxic for itself [11]. Thus, this drug facilitates an accumulation of cytotoxic heme [11]. The amount of toxic free heme builds up in the parasites, leading to their death [11]. The problem with increased cytotoxic heme is our own immune response to it, which parallels to a severe if not fatal fever reaction when the parasites unnaturally lyse are cells [11]. The Quechua Indians of Peru were the first to take the bark of the cinchona tree and use it for malaria treatment [11]. Today, it happens to be the flavour component of tonic water and bitter lemon [10]. As maintained by tradition, the bitter taste of anti-malarial quinine tonic led British colonials in India to mix it with gin, consequently creating the gin and tonic cocktail [10].", "Quinine was the very first effective treatment for malaria brought on by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug usually chosen up until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it. After that, many effective antimalarials are actually introduced, although quinine continues to be utilized to treat the sickness in some critical situations, i.e., as in impoverished regions.", "Quinine was originally used as a malaria treatment during the days of colonial India. Naturally found in the bark of the cinchona tree found in the Peruvian Andes, one legend of its discovery claims that a South American Indian suffering from malaria took a drink from a pool of water contaminated with cinchona tree and it cured his fever. Regardless of exactly how it was discovered, the first documentation of its use as malaria is recorded in 1630 in Peru. It continued to be used for its antimalarial properties until the 1920s , when other drugs with fewer side effects took its place, like chloroquine. That's almost 300 years of use. And somewhere along the way, quinine found its way into our cocktails.", "Quinine is a drug which is made from the bark of the Cinchona tree. A number of various other chemicals can also be synthesised from Cinchona, and these include cinchonine, cinchonidine and quinidine. Even before the 1600s, the Peruvian Indians used an infusion of Cinchona bark to treat fever, and soon it was recognised that Cinchona bark was also effective at treating and preventing malaria. At that point of time, no one actually knew that the potent ingredient was the alkaloid quinine. It was not until 1820 (200 years after the bark was introduced into Europe for the treatment of malaria) that quinine was isolated from the bark of the Cinchona tree. Aside from the treatment of malaria, quinine has also been used as a flavouring, and it provides the bitter taste in tonic water. In fact, \"gin and tonic\" was originally consumed in the past to prevent attacks of malaria (Upfal,1991).", "Tonic water originally existed as a way to deliver quinine, an antimalarial drug derived from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. In the early 1800s, a British officer in colonial India invented the venerable gin and tonic when he realized that alcohol helped the medicine go down in the most delightful way.", "The answer is yes, with some caveats. Quinine is still used to treat malaria today, although doctors typically reserve it for cases when the pathogen responsible for the disease displays resistance to newer drugs. However, you'd have to drink almost 20 liters of today's dilute tonic water daily to achieve the daily dose typically prescribed for malaria.", "Quinine comes from the bark of a tree native to South America. According to legend it was first brought to Europe by a Countess who had been treated with it in Peru in the 1600s. The bark was named cinchona in 1742 by Linnaeus. In 1820, two French chemists isolated quinine from the cinchona bark and quinine became a treatment of reference for intermittent fever throughout the world. Quinine remains an important and effective treatment for malaria today, despite sporadic observations of quinine resistance.(1)", "Our recommendation is to quit the tonic water. Although quinine has been used for hundreds of years to control symptoms of malaria, some people are very sensitive to side effects, even in the low doses found in a glass of tonic water (about 20 mg).", "The drink of millions worldwide, but it would not exist had it not been for Edinburgh-born George Cleghorn, an 18th-century doctor who discovered that quinine could cure malaria. The quinine was drunk in tonic water, but it was so bitter that gin was added to make it more palatable. Bottoms up!", "The form of quinine most effective in treating malaria was found by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1737. [4] [5] Quinine was isolated and named in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou . [6] The name was derived from the original Quechua (Inca) word for the cinchona tree bark, \"quina\" or \"quina-quina\", which roughly means \"bark of bark\" or \"holy bark\". Prior to 1820, the bark was first dried, ground to a fine powder and then mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) which was then drunk. Large-scale use of quinine as a prophylaxis started around 1850.", "The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control malaria. The Jesuits noted the efficacy of the practice and introduced the treatment to Europe during the 1640s, where it was rapidly accepted. It was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by the French chemists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.", "Tonic water was never intended as a cure or preventive for malaria, but malaria is the reason the quinine is in there. Quinine has a bitter taste. To make the stuff palatable when used as an antidote for fevers, legend has it, British colonials in India mixed quinine with gin and lemon or lime. Over time they learned to love the godawful stuff. (You can see this principle at work in a lot of British cuisine.) Tonic water was granted an English patent in 1858, Schweppes brought it to the United States in 1953, and to this day it remains an essential component of Anglo-American mixology. Quinine is also used, along with other herbs, to flavor vermouth.", "Modern tonic water does not usually contain enough of this substance to be useful as a prophylactic against malaria, although it retains the bitter flavor. Quinine for the treatment and prevention of malaria can be purchased in the form of tablets and liquid medications. The drug is also used to treat muscle cramps and fever, and it has historically been used to hasten uterine contractions during childbirth. For this reason, pregnant women should not use it.", "The bark of the Cinchona tree has been used for centuries to treat fever associated with malarial infection from which the active ingredient is quinine. It remained the anti-malarial of choice until the 1940s, when other anti-malarials such as its chloroquine derivative replaced quinine. Quinine, however, is still used today to treat clinical malaria and not as a prophylaxis due to its side effects and poor tolerability. Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline derivative of quinine and for many years it was the main anti-malarial drug used in the treatment of malaria until parasite resistance developed in the 1950s. It remains the most popular anti-malarial developed to date due to its safety, low cost and efficacy. (Bjorkman and Phillips-Howard,", "Some of the stranger legends actually turn out to be completely true, and this is one of them. You see, according to the stories, British soldiers fighting in the Indies were constantly dealing with a little problem called malaria, which at the time—or any time for that matter—was not really such a little problem. The British at the time had tonic water that contained a compound called quinine, which was extremely effective at fighting malaria. The only problem was that tonic water tasted pretty much as awful as anything can, so the British soldiers mixed their gin with it to make it palatable . After the war, many British men ordered it upon returning home and a famous cocktail was born. Unfortunately, while there is still enough quinine in today’s tonic water to make it glow blue in direct sunlight, there is not enough of the compound anymore to effectively fight malaria .", "Malaria: As far as the treatment for malaria is concerned, quinine sulfate is most times found to be effective rather than quinine water. Quinine, while used for malarial treatment, has the potential to kill the parasites causing the disease. It prevents the formation of specific substances where the malarial parasites inhabit. However, consult your health care provider for other treatment options before beginning with any.", "The historical roots of quinine date back at least as far as the 1500s. Quinine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to the lush forests of South America The indigenous populations likely discovered the medicinal properties of this “magical” bark and used it to quash the fevers and chills that accompanied many tropical diseases. In the mid-seventeenth century, Jesuit missionaries discovered the secrets of the “Peruvian” or “Jesuit bark” and brought the bark to Spain. Eventually, quinine and other antipyretic alkaloids were isolated from the bark and would become the most effective treatments for malaria until the 1920s (when synthetic antimalarial agents like chloroquine were introduced). Interestingly, the first rendition of the gin and tonic cocktail was discovered in an attempt to create a more palatable antimalarial concoction. During the colonization of India, British soldiers sought ways to tone down the bitter taste of quinine by adding gin, water, and sugar to the mix. 9 The gin and tonic is still known as the quintessential British drink; as Winston Churchill once stated, “The gin and tonic has saved more Englishmen’s lives, and minds, than all the doctors in the Empire”. 10", "The first anti-malarial drug was a native extract from the bark of the Peruvian Cinchona tree. The legend is that in 1638 the wife of the Spanish Viceroy of Peru (the Countess of Chinchon) was dying of malaria and her physician learned of a native remedy from the bark of a tree, which prevented shivering. Natives would chew chinola bark while working in cold streams in Spanish mines. This effect was probably due to the effect of quinine on skeletal muscle and neuromuscular junctions. The physician reasoned that the bark might be able to stop the shivering associated with attacks of malaria. He obtained some of the bark and treated her with the extract and she was cured, even if it was done for the wrong reason. In any case, the Cinchola bark was introduced to Europe around that time and was called \"Jesuit powder\". Linnaeus named the tree after her but misspelled the name. In the 1670s an untrained Englishman, Robert Talbor, became famous and was knighted for giving the bark to Charles II. He also cured the son of the French King, the Dauphin, and was made a Chevalier.", "The humble Gin & Tonic's origins go back to British officers in India when they decided that the tonic water that they were drinking was too unpleasant without a touch (or glug) of gin. Now, they needed that tonic water because it was anti-malarial, it contained much larger quantities of cinchona bark extract than any contemporary tonic water. If we say that a modern tonic water contains approximately 85mg of quinine per litre and that the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is somewhere between 500 and 1000mg, that would mean that a whopping 12 litres (or thereabouts) of tonic water is what you’d need to drink for it to work effectively against malaria.", "Quinine remains an important anti-malarial drug almost 400 years after its effectiveness was first documented. However, its continued use is challenged by its poor tolerability, poor compliance with complex dosing regimens, and the availability of more efficacious anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the historical role of quinine, considers its current usage and provides insight into its appropriate future use in the treatment of malaria. In light of recent research findings intravenous artesunate should be the first-line drug for severe malaria, with quinine as an alternative. The role of rectal quinine as pre-referral treatment for severe malaria has not been fully explored, but it remains a promising intervention. In pregnancy, quinine continues to play a critical role in the management of malaria, especially in the first trimester, and it will remain a mainstay of treatment until safer alternatives become available. For uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) offers a better option than quinine though the difficulty of maintaining a steady supply of ACT in resource-limited settings renders the rapid withdrawal of quinine for uncomplicated malaria cases risky. The best approach would be to identify solutions to ACT stock-outs, maintain quinine in case of ACT stock-outs, and evaluate strategies for improving quinine treatment outcomes by combining it with antibiotics. In HIV and TB infected populations, concerns about potential interactions between quinine and antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis drugs exist, and these will need further research and pharmacovigilance.", "Quinine has a long history stretching from Peru, and the discovery of the cinchona tree, and the potential uses of its bark, to the current day and a collection of derivatives that are still frequently used in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Quinine is an alkaloid that acts as a blood schizonticidal and weak gametocide against Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. As an alkaloid, it is accumulated in the food vacuoles of Plasmodium species, especially Plasmodium falciparum. It acts by inhibiting the hemozoin biocrystallization, thus facilitating an aggregation of cytotoxic heme. Quinine is less effective and more toxic as a blood schizonticidal agent than chloroquine; however, it is still very effective and widely used in the treatment of acute cases of severe P. falciparum. It is especially useful in areas where there is known to be a high level of resistance to chloroquine, mefloquine, and sulfa drug combinations with pyrimethamine. Quinine is also used in post-exposure treatment of individuals returning from an area where malaria is endemic.", "Quinquina: Quinquinas are flavored with cinchona bark and its bitter quinine compound. Quinine is said to be the historical reason gin and tonics came about, as bitter anti-malarial treatments including quinine were mixed with gin by savvy patients. A prominent quinquina is Lillet Blanc.", "Backstory: It might seem hard to write the history of a drink in which every ingredient is in the name. Seems self-evident, no? Still, some genius was the first to combine the two—in this case, the clever gents in the army of the British East India Company. It wasn’t just a tasty way to get their jollies off while bored. With malaria present in 1800s India, the soldiers had taken to mixing the bitter cure-all quinine with water, sugar, lime, and, yes, gin. ", "In 1834, in British Guiana, a German physician, Carl Warburg, invented an antipyretic medicine: 'Warburg's Tincture'. This secret, proprietary remedy contained quinine and other herbs. Trials were made in Europe in the 1840s and 1850s. It was officially adopted by the Austrian Empire in 1847. It was considered by many eminent medical professionals to be a more efficacious antimalarial than quinine. It was also more economical. The British Government supplied Warburg's Tincture to troops in India and other colonies.", "  The history of tonic water begins in 17th, century Peru when Spanish colonists discovered a treatment for malaria in the bark of the quinaquina tree. One account insists that the Countess of Chinchon , the Peruvian viceroy's wife, took the bark to Spain around 1640 after it saved her from malaria. Another proposes that a Jesuit missionary named Barnabe de Cobo made the first trans-Atlantic delivery in 1632. Whichever the case may be, the ground bark became known as both \"Countess's powder\" and \"Jesuit's powder\" throughout Europe. In the 18th century Carolus Linnaeus chose to classify the quinaquina tree as genus \"cinchona (sĭngkō`nə) or chinchona (chĭngkō`nə), name for species of the genus Cinchona, \" in honor of the legendary lady.", "flavoring extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree that is used to treat malaria or make tonic water", "In 1820 two scientists, Pelletier and Caventou, isolated an alkaloid chemical in the bark which provided the highest antimalarial effect and named it quinine. Once discovered, methods were developed to extract only the quinine alkaloid from the natural bark to sell as an antimalarial drug.", "Quinine has been widely studied as an antimalarial, and has been used at doses of 325 mg to 1 g as the sulfate salt. Classical doses of the crude bark were approximately 1 g.", "A bitter alkaloid, C20H24N2O2, derived from the bark of several species of cinchona, used usually in the form of its sulfate salt to treat malaria and formerly to treat leg cramps. It is used in the form of its hydrochloride or sulfate salt as a flavoring, especially in tonic water.", "Quinine is bacteriostatic, highly active in vitro against protozoa, and inhibits the fermentation of yeast. 11" ]

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[ "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian -born American magician and escapologist , stunt performer , actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz ; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice in vaudeville in the US and then as \"Harry Handcuff Houdini\" on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to escape from and hold his breath inside a sealed milk can.", "The great American escape artist and magician Houdini (immortalized by a memorable performance by Tony Curtis in the eponymous 1953 film) was born Erich Weiss on March 24, 1874 in Budapest, Hungary, though he often gave his birthplace as Appleton, Wisconsin, where he was raised. One of five brothers and one daughter born to rabbi Samuel Weiss and his wife Cecilia, the future Houdini was four years old when his parents emigrated to the U.S., where Weiss, as \"Harry Houdini\", became one of the major celebrities of the first age dominated by the mass media.", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was an American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice in vaudeville in the US and then as \"Harry Handcuff Houdini\" on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to escape from and hold his breath inside a sealed milk can.", "Master magician Harry Houdini made a living wowing audiences and escaping from death-defying situations. But this day in 1926 the Great Houdini was unable to cheat death one more time and succumbed to peritonitis resulting from a ruptured appendix at age 52.", "Today is the birthday (1874) of Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz in Budapest, later Ehrich Weiss, Harry Weiss, or Harry Weiß), Hungarian-American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice as “Harry Handcuff Houdini” on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to hold his breath inside a sealed milk can.", "Harry Houdini was the President of the Society of American Magicians, and upheld professional standards that would expose fraudulent artists. He made several movies, but stopped since acting failed to bring in money. He was married to Wilhelmina Beatrice “Bess” Rahner. Many did not know that he was also a keen aviator. Harry Houdini died on October 31, 1926 at the age of 52 in Detroit, Michigan.", "6. The famous magician and escape artist Harry Houdini dies at the age of 52 after suffering from peritonitis related to a burst appendix.", "The surgeon who performed the operation found that Houdini's appendix had ruptured and the magician was suffering from peritonitis. The odds of surviving such an infection in the days before antibiotics were small, but Houdini gamely hung on for another four days before undergoing a second operation on Thursday,", "Harry Houdini was probably the most famous escape artist, magician, and stunt performer of all time. He was short at five feet, five inches, stocky and bow-legged, with a sharp chin, bright blue eyes and curly black hair. He usually appeared in a long coat and tie, and was one of the cockiest performers ever to appear on stage. He died at age 52 from a ruptured appendix, reportedly caused by being punched in the stomach. At that time, doctors thought that the appendix was a worthless appendage. Today we know how important it really is.", "In 1926 Houdini died as a result of a ruptured appendix, after suffering a blow to the abdomen by university student J. Gordon Whitehead. Houdini refused to seek medical help and continued to travel, eventually succumbing to periotonitis on October 24, 1926 at the age of 52.", "The future \"Genius of Escape Who Will Startle and Amaze\" ran away from home when he was twelve. A postcard from \"Your truant son, Ehrich Weiss,\" to the mother he adored is the earliest example of Houdini's handwriting in the collections of the Library of Congress, relic of the early evasion by the young man who had been born Erik Weisz in Budapest, Hungary, on March 24, 1874. When this postcard was written, Rabbi Mayer Samuel Weiss was father and husband to the impoverished immigrant family struggling to become established in America while communicating primarily in German, Hungarian, and Yiddish. Their name had been changed from Weisz to Weiss by immigration officials upon their arrival in the United States c. 1878. Mayer Weiss was to serve as rabbi of the German-speaking Zion Reform Jewish Congregation in Appleton, Wisconsin. His tenure proved short, however, and after a life of hardship he died on October 5, 1892. Having lost his father at an early age, Houdini sustained an exceptionally strong relationship with his mother, Cecilia Steiner Weiss, both as a child and as an adult.", "Harry Houdini (1874 - 1926), considered one of the greatest illusionists in history, was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor, and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "Houdini died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. in Room 401 on October 31, aged 52. In his final weeks, he optimistically held to a strong belief that he would recover.", "Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of Template:Convert and acute appendicitis, and advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show. [72] [73] When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit , Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of Template:Convert . Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital . [70]", "Claim:   Escape artist Harry Houdini died from a ruptured appendix caused by his being punched in the stomach.", "Dr. Leo Kretzka, a prominent physician, made a hurried examination and told the patient there were symptoms of appendicitis. He left it to Houdini to decide whether it would be advisable for him to appear that evening at the Garrick Theatre for the opening night of the show. Houdini would not disappoint his admirers.", "When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 °F (40 °C). Despite a diagnosis of acute appendicitis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit’s Grace Hospital.", "A Hungarian-American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer, as well as a skeptic and investigator of spiritualists. He became world-renowned for his stunts and feats of escapology even more than for his magical illusions. Date and photographer: Unknown.", "Thomas Frederick Cooper (19 March 1921 – 15 April 1984) was a British prop comedian and magician. Cooper was a member of the Magic Circle, and respected by traditional magicians. He was famed for his red fez, and his appearance was large and lumbering, at 6 ft and more than 15 st in weight. On 15 April 1984, Cooper collapsed, and died soon afterwards, from a heart attack on live national television.", "*1918: William Elsworth Robinson, an American magician who performed as 'Chung Ling Soo', was shot through the chest while performing the bullet catch trick, and died the following day. ", "New York City was abuzz early Monday morning as news of a 25 year-old magician buried himself alive in an attempt to finish what master of magic, HARRY HOUDINI started.", "He lived for a few more days. Then died on October thirty-first -- Halloween. Thousands of people came to New York City for Houdini’s funeral. He was buried next to his parents on Long Island. Under his head lay a pillow, filled with letters his mother had written to him.", "Al Jolson born Asa Yoelson (May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer, film actor, and comedian. At the peak of his career, he was dubbed \"The World's Greatest Entertainer\".", "“Lord” George Sanger (c. 1825–1911) was a Victorian showman and impresario. Sanger, who began calling himself “Lord” in 1888, for publicity purposes, owned a large amphitheatre and menagerie south of the Thames, on Westminster Bridge Road, where, for nearly 30 years he ran a highly successful circus and menagerie and, each Christmas, put on an extravaganza that usually combined a traditional pantomime with circus acts and lavish displays of animals. Sanger’s Circus toured widely throughout Britain and the rest of Europe and on at least two occasions he was invited to give special performances at Windsor Castle for Queen Victoria and her family. Sanger, who claimed to have first gone “on the road” with his father at the age of 5 years, retired from the circus business in 1905; in 1911, one of his employees killed him with a hatchet and later threw himself in front of a train, leaving no explanation for his crime.", "Which drug-addled actor was buried in a vampire's cape he had worn on stage? Bela Lugosi", "in 2000 - Victor Borge B�rge Rosenbaum dies at age 91. Danish entertainer, a humorist, and world-class pianist affectionately known as the Clown Prince of Denmark and the Great Dane. Born in Copenhagen, Denmark, he played his first major concert in 1926 at the Danish concert hall Odd Fellow Pal�et (The Odd Fellow's Lodge building). After a few years as a classical concert pianist, he started his now famous \"stand up\" act, with the signature blend of piano music and jokes. Victor played with some of the world's most renowned orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic and London Philharmonic. Always modest, he felt very honored when he was invited to conduct the Danish Royal Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1992. He toured until his last days, performing up to 60 times a year when he was 90 years old (died peacefully in his sleep).", "Farouk continued to live a lavish life even in exile, and continued his obsessive accumulation of material goods. His gluttony for fine cuisine soon made the former king dangerously obese, weighing nearly 300 pounds, an acquaintance described him as \"a stomach with a head\". He died in Rome, Italy on the early morning hours of March 18, 1965 where he collapsed and died at the dinner table, following a characteristically heavy meal.", "Victor Borge (pianist/comedian) -- Dead. Old age. Died December 23, 2000. Born January 3, 1909. Victor Borge in London, died on the same day as Billy Barty .   IMDb   FindAGrave", "The famous actor, satirist, humorist, singer and pianist, died yesterday at the age of 84 in Belgrade." ]

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[ "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. Known as the Treasure State, Montana was the 41st state admitted to the Union, preceded by South Dakota and followed by Washington.", "Montana is located in the western United States and is known by the nicknames the Big Sky Country and the Treasure State . The state motto is Oro y Plata, which translates from Spanish to English as Gold and Silver. With 989,415 residents, Montana is ranked 44th in United States population, and its area of 147,042 square feet makes it the fourth largest state. Montana was the 41st state to join the Union, and that was on November 8, 1889. Its state capital is Helena, while the largest city is Billings. ", "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. It was the 41st state to join the union.", "Finally, in 1889, the U.S. Congress passed the Enabling Act that allowed Washington, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota to become states. On November 8, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison issued a proclamation announcing admission of Montana into Union as the 41st state", "The name of this Northwestern state is a variation of the Spanish word montaña \"mountain\". No one knows who first applied it or under what circumstances. Subsequent to the Lewis and Clark expedition, Montana became a United States territory (Montana Territory) on May 26, 1864 and the 41st state on November 8, 1889. ( Reference )", "Flag with 43 stars North Dakota (November 2, 1889), South Dakota (November 2, 1889), Montana (November 8, 1889), Washington (November 11, 1889), Idaho (July 3, 1890)", "Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.", "            1889 –Thursday-  President Grover Cleveland signed a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. This was the Enabling Act, an act to provide for the division of Dakota Territory into two states and to enable the people of", "Having been admitted to the Union during the Civil War, Nevada adopted the Battle-Born State as its nickname, and this is still used today, having been officially adopted as the staet slogan in 1937. Facetious nicknames, like Divorce State have appeared (in this case, due to the rise of Reno and Las Vegas), but the state was more seriously known as Silverland (traced back to 1863, from the wealth of silver deposits). This eventually became the Silver State (a nickname challenged by Colorado, but which is what appears on the state's licence plates today), and also led to the Mining State. However, the Sagebrush State (challenged by Wyoming) is more common (the sagebrush being the state's official flower), occasionally shortened to Sage State", "Additionally, the entry of several states into the Union was delayed due to distinctive complicating factors. Among them, Michigan Territory, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years. Also, statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions.", "Of the four states beginning with the letter \"A,\" Alabama has been in the union the longest, becoming a state in 1819. Alaska is the youngest state on the list, with a statehood admission date of 1959. Arkansas became a state in 1836, and Arizona joined the union in 1912. More state names start with the letters \"M\" and \"N\" than any other letters in the alphabet.", "On the 6th day of January, 1890, Mr. Springer, of Illinois, introduced a bill \"To enable the people of Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, and Wyoming, to form constitutions and State governments and to be admitted into the Union,'' etc.", "Missouri has been known as the Iron Mountain State, Bullion State (from around 1848, and possibly an allusion to the nickname of Missouri senator Benton, who was known as \"Old Bullion\"), the Lead State, the Ozark State, the Puke State (possibly a corruption of \"Pike\", as there is a Pike County in Missouri, and another just across the river in Illinois), the Cave State, and the Pennsylvania of the West. The modern nickname of the Show Me State (which also appears on licence plates) was given national popularity at the end of the 19th century from a phrase included in a speech by a Missouri congressman, William Vandiver, although it had existed before then.", "When Florida became a state on March 3, 1845, it created an imbalance between free and slave states in the Union. Since about the beginning of the 19th century, free and slave states were admitted to the Union in pairs, the most notable pair being Maine and Missouri in the Missouri Compromise. Michigan and Arkansas followed about 15 years later, and eight years after that it was time for a new round. With Florida's admission, Iowa was the next candidate for statehood.", "When Texas joined the Union in 1845, the vast territory of the republic was mostly unsettled and was considered public land. The state did not turn over ownership of those public lands to the federal government upon joining the Union. Instead, the classic, if peculiar, shape of Texas known today was determined as part of the Compromise of 1850. For a $10 million price tag, Texas sold 98,300 square miles of that public land to the United States. The land included parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.", "Washington, nicknamed the \"Evergreen State,\" was admitted into the Union on November 11, 1889, becoming the Nation's 42nd state. The reverse of Washington's quarter features a king salmon breaching the water in front of majestic Mount Rainier. The coin bears the inscriptions \"The Evergreen State,\" \"Washington\" and \"1889.\"", "Both North and South Dakota became states on November 2, 1889. Was part of Dakota Territory before statehood. Admitted on same day as South Dakota", "During the first half of the 19th century, the presence of Americans in California and the United States’ official desire to acquire West Coast ports were among the significant factors bringing on the war with Mexico in 1846–48. By the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, California was included in the Mexican territory ceded to the United States. The discovery of gold in California on Jan. 24, 1848, led the next year to the famous gold rush of the Forty-niners, and in 1850 California was admitted to the Union as the 31st state.", "Idaho (aɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "On November 11, 1889, U.S. President Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901) signed the bill admitting Washington to the United States.", "Wyoming became known as The Equality State . The national suffrage convention in 1891 included this tribute: “Wyoming, all hail; the first true republic the world has ever seen!”", "Idaho is a state in the Northwestern United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "Boise, the largest and capital city of Idaho, the \"Gem State,\" lies in the eastern-central region of the territory. The state was the 43rd admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on July 3, 1890. Tourism supplements the mining, lumbering and agricultural industries, with an abundance of streams and lakes providing ample fishing, camping and boating opportunities. Popular attractions in Idaho include the Nez Perce National Historic Park and Craters of the Moon National Monument.", "Wyoming became a territory in 1868 and entered the Union on July 10, 1890, as the 44th state. It has a wealth of mineral and agricultural resources, and mining and agriculture still play major roles in the state's economy. During the same period the state ranked 50th among the 50 states in population and 50th in manufacturing.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "With just over a half million residents, Wyoming is the smallest state by population but the 10th largest in land area. It’s always held a relatively small number of inhabitants, known more for its wide, open spaces and diverse wildlife population. The first people to reach the region were Siberian nomads who entered during the prehistoric years (roughly 20 millennia ago). White settlers made their way to Wyoming in the 1740s in the form of French explorers. At that point, an estimated 10,000 Native Americans lived there, mostly as part of the Shoshone tribe. Soon, fur traders began to move into Wyoming, and the state’s population increased with the advent of the railroad in the 19th century. Wyoming finally became a state in July of 1890, and made a name for itself as the first state to grant women’s suffrage, lending itself the nickname the “Equality State.” The formal name “Wyoming” comes from a Delaware term meaning “land of the vast plains,” as today, Wyoming has an equal ratio of bighorn to people. Inhabitants are scattered across the expansive state in mining towns, ranching communities, and farms. They see millions of visitors each year thanks to the state’s renowned National Parks, like the Grand Tetons and Yellowstone, home of awe-inspiring geysers like Old Faithful.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "This is a map of South Carolina. It was the 8th state to enter the union on May 23rd, 1788. The capital is Columbia.", "The admission of six new western states under President Harrison in 1889 and 1890 led to increased Congressional pressure in support of silver, and in 1890 the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed. The act required the treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver per month to be converted into coins and silver certificates (paper money backed by and redeemable as silver.) The $500 bill pictured would have been redeemable in gold.", "Nevada became a state on Oct. 31, 1864. It was the 36th state to join the union.", "Oregon became a state on Feb. 14, 1859. It was the 33rd state to join the union." ]

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[ "A bridge, also known as a fixed partial denture, is a dental restoration used to replace a missing tooth by joining permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants.", "A bridge, also known as a fixed partial denture, is a dental restoration used to replace a missing tooth by permanently joining to adjacent teeth or dental implants.", "Dental bridges, also known as a fixed partial denture, is a dental restoration used to replace a missing tooth by joining permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants.", "When restoring an area of missing teeth with a fixed partial denture, the teeth adjacent to the open space will have crowns, and a pontic or “dummy tooth” will bridge the gap.", "When a tooth is lost, dentures, bridges, or implants may be used as replacements. Dentures are usually the least costly whereas implants are usually the most expensive. Dentures may replace complete arches of the mouth or only a partial number of teeth. Bridges replace smaller spaces of missing teeth and use adjacent teeth to support the restoration. Dental implants may be used to replace a single tooth or a series of teeth. Though implants are the most expensive treatment option, they are often the most desirable restoration because of their aesthetics and function. To improve the function of dentures, implants may be used as support. ", "tissue so that total eruption is unlikely. • Implant : An artificial device, usually make of a metal alloy or ceramic material, that is implanted within the jawbone as a means to attach an artificial crown, denture , or bridge. • Incipient : Dental carries in an early stage of development, usually not requiring immediate restorations. • Incisal : Pertaining to the cutting edges of incisor and cuspid teeth. • Incision and Drain : (I and D) A sweeping incision made through the core of a lesion to allow draining of infection, and removal of any abnormal or unhealthy tissue. • Indirect pulp cap : A procedure in which the nearly exposed pulp as covered with a protective dressing to protect the pulp from additional injury and to promote healing and repair via formation of secondary dentin. • Inlay : A cast gold filling that is used replace part of the tooth. • Interproximal : The area between two adjacent teeth. • Intracoronal : The area within a crown of a tooth. • Intraoral : The inside of a mouth.", "A dental bridge is used when one or more teeth are missing. It looks, feels like, and functions like a natural tooth. A bridge is permanently cemented and does not need to be removed to be cleaned.", "When restoring the missing teeth space with a fixed bridge, the teeth that are crowned (the teeth that will hold the bridge) are called the abutment teeth. The “false tooth/teeth” that fill in the gap, are called the pontics. Please see diagram below.", "removable partial denture: A removable partial denture is a prosthetic replacement of one or more missing teeth that can be removed by the patient.", "The hole in the roof of the mouth this operation creates can be filled with a special denture called a prosthesis. This is created by a prosthodontist, a dentist with special training.", "implant: a metal rod (usually made of titanium) that is surgically placed into the upper or lower jawbone where a tooth is missing; it serves as the tooth root and anchor for the crown, bridge, or denture that is placed over it.", "In cases where a tooth has been knocked cleanly out of the mouth, there is still a possibility of reinserting it. The quicker a re-insertion can be performed by the dentist, the greater the likelihood that the natural tooth will survive. In the event that the tooth lacks the ligaments necessary for reinsertion, the dentist can implant a prosthetic tooth to restore both functionality and aesthetic appearance. The dentist can also �splint� displaced teeth using structural support such as bonding or wiring with a good amount of success. Root canal therapy is also a possibility for loose or broken teeth.", "partial denture: a removable appliance that replaces some of the teeth in either the upper or lower jaw.", "Prosthodontics: Prosthodontics is the dental specialty pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the oral function, comfort, appearance and health of patients with clinical conditions associated with missing or deficient teeth and/or oral and maxillofacial tissues using biocompatible substitutes. (Adopted April 2003)", "Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry, especially in tooth restorations, such as crowns and permanent bridges. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others.", "It's also possible to fix gaps cosmetically through the use of dental bonding or dental veneers, such as Lumineers. In bonding procedures, a dentist applies tooth-colored resin to both teeth, filling in the gap. It can cost anywhere from $300 to $1,000 per tooth, depending on the complexity and usually requires a minimum of two teeth.", "A bridge is fabricated by reducing the teeth on either side of the missing tooth or teeth by a preparation pattern determined by the location of the teeth and by the material from which the bridge is fabricated. In other words, the abutment teeth are reduced in size to accommodate the material to be used to restore the size and shape of the original teeth in a correct alignment and contact with the opposing teeth.", "A bridge is fabricated by cutting the teeth on either side of the missing tooth or teeth by a preparation pattern determined by the location of the teeth and by the material from which the bridge is fabricated. In other words, the abutment teeth are reduced in size to accommodate the material to be used to restore the size and shape of the original teeth in a correct alignment and contact with the opposing teeth.", "prosthodontic retainer–A part of a prosthesis that attaches a restoration to the abutment tooth, implant abutment, or implant.", "onlay: a type of restoration (filling) made of metal, porcelain, or acrylic that is more extensive than an inlay in that it covers one or more cusps. Onlays are sometimes called partial crowns.", "The prepared tooth, ready for placement of restorative materials, is generally called a tooth preparation. Materials used may be gold, amalgam, dental composites, glass ionomer cement, porcelain or any number of other materials.", "b. artificial crown a substitute crown, usually of gold, porcelain, or acrylic resin, fitted over a decayed or broken tooth", "The proximal surfaces of the sectioned units (that is, the adjacent surfaces of the metal at the cut) are roughened and the relationship is preserved with a material that will hold onto both sides, such as GC pattern resin. With the two bridge abutments individually seated on their prepared abutment teeth, the resin is applied to the location of the sectioning to reestablish a proper spatial relationship between the two pieces. This can then be sent to the lab where the two pieces will be soldered and returned for another try-in or final cementation.", "n an artificial tooth, usually of acrylic resin, containing an inserted ribbon of metal, or a cutting blade, in its occlusal surface, with one edge of the blade exposed; sometimes used in removable dentures.", "Another type is known as porcelain-fused-to-metal, which is used to provide strength to a crown or bridge. These restorations are very strong, durable and resistant to wear, because the combination of porcelain and metal creates a stronger restoration than porcelain used alone.", "3. a dental plate containing one or more artificial teeth that is secured to the surrounding natural teeth", "* Repair teeth that have broken or decayed so much that they can no longer be treated with a filling.", "a. The part of a tooth that is covered by enamel and projects beyond the gum line.", "The tooth has two anatomical parts. The crown of a tooth is that part of the tooth which is covered with enamel and this is the part usually visible in the mouth.", "Crowns put on front teeth are often made of porcelain; those put on back teeth, of this precious metal Gold", "Facing - Tooth colored overlay on the visible portion of a crown that is made of acrylic, composite or porcelain.", "A metal or ceramic part that is glued onto a tooth and serves as a means of fastening the arch wire." ]

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[ "Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12, 1958, [1] [2] and was incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960, in Detroit , Michigan . [3] The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American -owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels (including Tamla Motown, the brand used outside the US) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company: 79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. [4]", "Motown is a record label originally founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation in Detroit, Michigan, United States, on April 14, 1960. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, is also a nickname for Detroit. Now headquartered in New York City, Motown is a subsidiary of The Island Def Jam Motown Music Group, itself a subsidiary of the French-owned Vivendi subsidiary, Universal Music Group. Motown Records was also the name of Gordy's second record label; the first, Tamla Records, began on January 12, 1959. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music, by achieving a crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its soul-based subsidiaries were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as The Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence.", "Motown is a record company originally founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation in Detroit, Michigan, United States, on April 14, 1960. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, is also a nickname for Detroit. Now headquartered in New York City, Motown is a subsidiary of The Island Def Jam Music Group, itself a subsidiary of the French-owned Vivendi subsidiary, Universal Music Group. Motown Records was also the name of Gordy’s second record label; the first, Tamla Records, began on January 12, 1959. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music, by achieving a crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its soul-based subsidiaries were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as “The Motown Sound”, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence.", "Motown is a record company founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. in 1959 in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, is also a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music by achieving a crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its soul-based subsidiaries were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as \"The Motown Sound\", a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence.", "Motown is both a style of music and an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12, 1959, and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960, in Detroit, Michigan. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels (including Tamla Motown, the brand used outside the US) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company: 79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. ", "peaked at nearly two million. The community once had the highest rate of home ownership of any American city. In 1959 Berry Gordy Jr. founded Motown Records. Detroit became the home of the famous â&#x20AC;&#x153;Motown Soundâ&#x20AC;? created by artists such as the Miracles, Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Four Tops and yes, the Jackson Five! The name â&#x20AC;&#x153;Motownâ&#x20AC;? threatened to topple the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s familiar Motor City moniker. It was in part the decline of the automobile industry that ultimately led to the point Detroit reached two weeks ago. The car companies shifted operations to the suburbs or, in an effort to escape the influence of Detroitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s powerful unions, moved operations to the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sunbelt states or overseas. Then came the dominance of Japanese imports and the rise of other manufacturers worldwide. Still, Detroitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plunge to despair canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be blamed on the loss of the auto industry or Motownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shift to California. Poor race relations, culminating in the deadly and destructive riots in the summer of 1967 along with a string of questionable local governments (and individual politicians) simply exacerbated the so-called â&#x20AC;&#x153;White Flightâ&#x20AC;? and hastened the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decline. In the 1970s Detroit was best known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;the Murder Capital of the USâ&#x20AC;? a stigma it continues to carry along with many other big cities including Chicago and Miami. In the 1980s it also became the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Arson Capitalâ&#x20AC;? of the country. Deliberately", "Berry Gordy, Jr., is an African-American entrepreneur.  He starts out as a professional boxer.  Gordy then opens a record shop – which fails due to his stubborn insistence on only stocking records he likes.  In 1955 he goes to work on the assembly-line at the Ford automobile factory.  By 1957 Berry Gordy has left that job and is working as an independent songwriter and record producer.  He uses his earnings from this activity to create his own record label, Motown (a contraction of ‘motor town’, a nod to the automobile industry that is the main economic force in the label’s Detroit hometown).  Motown’s first record is released in 1958.  Motown is actually an umbrella title for three separate, interrelated labels: Motown, Gordy and Tamla.", "Motown was an independent, African-American-owned record label based in Detroit, Michigan (Motortown). The word also describes the distinguishing pop-soul style of music that brought success to the label. This \"Motown sound\" drew on the blues, rhythm-and-blues, gospel, and rock, but unlike other African-American musical styles, it also relied on some of the practices of accepted Anglo-American popular music, and it muted some of the \"more vigorous characteristics of Afro- American music and performance practices,\" ( Sadie 283).", "In 1967 the building on West Grand Boulevard became too small and moved its headquarters from Motown to the Donovan Building in downtown Detroit. For some, this move marked the end of the original Motown, as witnessed by the decision of The Temptations vocalist Paul Williams : \"Hitsville ended at the end of the sixties.\" [1]", "Motown had established branch offices in both New York City and Los Angeles during the mid-1960s, and by 1969 had begun gradually moving more of its operations to Los Angeles. The company moved all of its operations to Los Angeles in June 1972, with a number of artists, among them Martha Reeves , the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and Motown's Funk Brothers studio band, either staying behind in Detroit or leaving the company for other reasons. By re-locating, Motown aimed chiefly to branch out into the motion-picture industry, and Motown Productions got its start in film by turning out two hit-vehicles for Diana Ross : the Billie Holiday biographical film Lady Sings the Blues (1972), and Mahogany (1975). Other Motown films would include Scott Joplin (1977), Thank God It's Friday (1978), The Wiz (1978) and The Last Dragon (1985). Ewart Abner , who had been associated with Motown since the 1960s, became its president in 1973.", "In late '62, Horn got his discharge and went back home to Detroit. He was just another ex-serviceman looking for work, but his musical savvy and technical skills impressed Berry Gordy, a young entrepreneur and family friend who was starting a record company in a house in the neighborhood. The address was 2648 West Grand Blvd.; it would soon become the headquarters of the most successful black-owned label of all time: Motown.", "* The Detroit-based Motown label develops as a pop-influenced answer to soul music. The label begins a long run of No. 1 U.S. hit singles in 1961 with \"Please Mr. Postman\" by the Marvelettes. The label would have numerous No. 1 Billboard hits throughout the decade and into the 1990s. Notable Motown acts included the Supremes, the Miracles, the Temptations, the Four Tops, Martha and the Vandellas, Marvin Gaye and the Jackson Five, who debuted in 1969.", "When Gordy founded Motown, there were just two black-owned labels in America – Duke in Houston and Vee-Jay in Chicago – both devoted to rhythm and blues and gospel music (although Vee-Jay, oddly, was the first label to release records by the Beatles in America); the essential machinery of the record business – sales, distribution, radio play – was controlled by whites.", "As the Los Angeles offices continued to grow and the Detroit headquarters shrank, a company newsletter in March, 1972, stated, \"There are no plans at present to phase out the Detroit operations, as many rumors suggest\". In June, Motown announced that it was closing its Detroit offices and moving its headquarters to Los Angeles. While the move probably made sense because of the increasing emphasis Berry Gordy was putting into making movies and television shows, many Motown fans believe the company's heart and soul was lost when it abandoned Detroit, that its most creative days were the 13 years from 1959 to 1972.", "Motown has owned or distributed releases from more than 45 subsidiaries in varying genres, although it is most famous for its releases in the music genres of rhythm and blues, soul and pop. Gordy relocated Motown Records to Los Angeles in 1972 and there it remained an independent company until June 28, 1988, when Gordy sold the company to MCA and Boston Ventures (which took over full ownership of Motown in 1991), then to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records’ successor Universal Music Group, when it acquired The PolyGram Group. As of summer of 2011, Motown has been reactivated under The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music Group.", "Motown has owned or distributed releases from more than 45 subsidiaries in varying genres, although it is most famous for its releases in the music genres of rhythm and blues, soul, hip hop, and pop. Gordy relocated Motown Records to Los Angeles in 1972 and there it remained an independent company until June 28, 1988, when Gordy sold the company to MCA and Boston Ventures (which took over full ownership of Motown in 1991), then to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records' successor Universal Music Group, when it acquired The PolyGram Group. As of summer of 2011, Motown has been reactivated under the new The Island Def Jam Motown Music Group division of Universal Music Group.", "The legendary Motown label was founded on April 14, 1960 by Berry Gordy, Jr. , who merged his two successful imprints, Tamla (whose first release was Marv Johnson's \"Come to Me\" on January 21, 1959) and Motown (first release was the Miracles' \"Bad Girl\" on September 6, 1959). It was one of the most successful independent record companies in history. Its stable of hit-making artists such as The Miracles , The Supremes , The Temptations and many, many others, along with a talented staff of musicians and songwriters, collectively created the \"Motown Sound,\" a world famous hybrid of soul, doo-wop, rhythm & blues and pop. Its motto was \"The Sound of Young America.\"", "This label once made the Motor City a music Mecca. No longer located in Detroit, Motown Records (which also does business as Universal Motown Records Group) is one of the best known R&B record labels in the world, with a back catalog that includes such legends as the Commodores, the Four Tops, Marvin Gaye, the Jackson 5, Smokey Robinson, and the Supremes. The label continues charting new R&B territory with such current artists as Erykah Badu, Brian McKnight, Kem, Q-Tip, and Stevie Wonder. Founded in 1959 as Tamla Records by Berry Gordy Jr., Motown operates today as part of", "The Motown Sound played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown Sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown Label.", "Hitsville U.S.A. was Motown Records' first headquarters. Berry Gordy founded it in 1959, and all of the Motown hits were recorded here. Today, the building houses a museum of the history of Motown Records. See: Midtown-New Center .", "Berry Gordy Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American record producer and songwriter. He is best known as the founder of the Motown record label and its subsidiaries.", "Motown Records: Established 1960, Motown was and remains the company's main label for mainstream R&B/soul music (and, today, hip hop music as well). The label's numbering system was combined with those of Tamla and Gordy in 1982, and the label (and company) was purchased by MCA in 1988. Notable Motown artists have included Mary Wells , Diana Ross & The Supremes , The Four Tops , The Jackson 5 , Boyz II Men , The Commodores , and Erykah Badu .", "Motown Records: Established 1959, Motown was and remains the company's main label for mainstream R&B/soul music (and, today, hip-hop music as well). The label's numbering system was combined with those of Tamla and Gordy in 1982, and the label (and company) was purchased by MCA in 1988. Notable Motown artists have included Mary Wells , the Supremes , Four Tops , the Jackson 5 , Boyz II Men , Commodores , Lionel Richie , Dazz Band , Brian McKnight , 98 Degrees , and Erykah Badu . Motown Records slogan: \"The Sound of Young America\".", "* Motown Records: Established 1959, Motown was and remains the company's main label for mainstream R&B/soul music (and, today, hip-hop music as well). The label's numbering system was combined with those of Tamla and Gordy in 1982, and the label (and company) was purchased by MCA in 1988. Notable Motown artists have included Mary Wells, the Supremes, Four Tops, the Jackson 5, Boyz II Men, Commodores, Lionel Richie, Dazz Band, Brian McKnight, 98 Degrees, and Erykah Badu. Motown Records slogan: \"The Sound of Young America\".", "Motown was the first African-American-owned record label to reach widespread national acclaim. Motown broke down racial prejudice by becoming the most successful independent record company in history and the most successful African-American-owned business in America.", "Robinson was lucky to have encountered Berry Gordy during an audition for another agent; Gordy, then a fledgling (just starting out) music producer on a limited budget, was equally fortunate to have found Robinson. Gordy began to produce the Miracles' singles in 1958, collaborating with Robinson on lyrics and tunes. Their first release, \"Got a Job\"—an answer to the Silhouettes' number one hit \"Get a Job\"—hit number 93 on the nationwide Billboard Top 100 chart. The debut was encouraging, but nothing prepared Gordy and Robinson for the limelight they would gain in 1960. Late that year they released an upbeat single, \"Shop Around,\" that became a chart-topping million-seller. The Miracles became a national phenomenon, and Gordy was able to launch Motown Records, a landmark production company that introduced such talents as Diana Ross (1944–) and the Supremes, Stevie Wonder (1950–), Marvin Gaye (1939–1984), and the Temptations.", "Berry Gordy starts Tamla-Motown Records. It will eventually become the most successful black-owned and operated company in American history, not just in music, with 600 million records sold.", "• What classic record label boasted the acts Diana Ross & The Supremes and Marvin Gaye? Motown Records", "The music labels enjoyed quick success, scoring its first #1 R & B hit – “Shop Around” by The Miracles – in 1960.  “Shop Around” was also Motown’s first record that sold more than one million copies.From 1961 to 1971, Motown Record Corporation enjoyed 110 Top Ten hits, from artists that included Stevie Wonder, The Supremes, The Marvelettes, Marvin Gaye, and The Four Tops.  Martha Reeves and the Vandellas and The Temptations were signed by a third label, which Gordy names after himself. The company specialized in a type of soul music that came to be known as “The Motown Sound” and it had enormous success in “crossing over” to white audiences.  Many Motown acts were popular in both the African American and Caucasian communities, with acts travelling the world to entertain enthusiastic fans. Motown Records also developed an “artist development” program that helped talented but inexperienced young singers develop presentation styles that would endear them to audiences – particularly white audiences.  Motown artists, many under the tutelage of Maxine Powell, learned to walk, talk, think and act like royalty.", "What distinguishes Motown from virtually every other record label is that it is owned by an African-American (Berry Gordy) and its recording artists are also African-American.  The label purports to furnish ‘The Sound of Young America’ (not ‘The Sound of Black America’) and is aimed at all races, not just an African-American audience – though, naturally, that is its major fanbase.  Rhythm and blues is a virtual catch-all term for a recording by an African-American act.  Strictly speaking, it is a more danceable progression from blues, itself the offspring of the call-and-response worksongs of the plantation workers that, in turn, can be traced back to African tribal music.  Motown’s acts play rhythm and blues mixed with a generous dollop of pop in order to attract a wider (and whiter) audience.", "From 1961 to 1971, Motown had 110 Top Ten hits, and artists such as Stevie Wonder , Marvin Gaye , Diana Ross & The Supremes , The Four Tops , and The Jackson 5 , were all signed to Motown labels. The company operated several labels in addition to the Tamla and Motown imprints. A third label, which Gordy named after himself, featured The Temptations , The Contours , and Martha and the Vandellas . A fourth, V.I.P., released recordings by The Velvelettes and The Spinners , and a fifth, Soul, featured Jr. Walker & the All Stars , Jimmy Ruffin , and Gladys Knight & the Pips (who were the first act to have been successful before joining Motown, as 'The Pips' on Vee-Jay ). Many more Motown-owned labels released recordings in other genres, including Workshop Jazz (jazz), Mel-o-dy (country), and Rare Earth (rock). Under the slogan \"The Sound of Young America\", Motown's acts were enjoying widespread popularity among black and white audiences alike.", "Diana Ross, Smokey Robinson, Stevie Wonder, and the Temptations had remained with the label since its early days, although all except Wonder recorded for other labels for several years. Ross left Motown for RCA Records from 1981 to 1988, but returned in 1989 and stayed until 2002. Robinson left the label in the early 1990s, and the Temptations left a second time in 2004. Wonder is, today, the only artist from Motown's early period still on the label." ]

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[ "In ancient times, the giraffe was called a camelopard because it was thought to be a cross between a camel and a leopard. The ancient pharaohs would present giraffes to their allies as gifts.", "When Europeans first came across a giraffe, they called it a 'Camelopard', believing it to be a cross between a camel and a leopard.", "Another confusion led to the camelopard, a linguistic cross formed in classical Greek between a camel and a pard or panther. The camelopard wasn’t thought to be a hybrid but the name was given to it because its body looked like that of a camel with spots like those of the leopard. We prefer to call it a giraffe (from Arabic zarāfa). The animal called a leopard is the result of yet another confusion — its name is lion + pard, because the ancients believed it was a cross between the two.", "The Giraffe figures a few times in blazon under these names. It is described by old heralds as half camel and half leopard. A curious word-combination was made by the Romans when wishing to find a name for the giraffe. “It is,” says Archbishop Trench, “a creature combining, though with infinitely more grace, yet some of the height and even the proportions of a camel, with the spotted skin of the pard.” They called it “camelopardus,” the camel-panther.", "The camel and the leopard were well known animals at that time and it was likely that a crusader in the east saw an unknown animal and either he accounted for it this way or it was theorized far away at home, that the giraffe was the creature that was begotten by a leopard and a camel.", "There are two heraldic creatures based upon the above which are referred to in heraldic works, viz., the Allocamelus or ass-camel, having the body of the camel conjoined to the head of an ass; and the Camelopardel, which is like the camelopard, but with two long horns curved backwards.", "Crossbreeding between jaguars and leopards in captivity has also been documented. A cross between a female leopard and a male jaguar is referred to as a jagupard, the reverse is known a leguar; however, crosses between either have also been called lepjags. Such crosses can only occur in captivity because leopards do not exist in the wild on the American continents where jaguars live. There have also been a few claims of crosses between tigers and leopards.", "Mitchell G, Skinner JD: On the origin, evolution and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis. Trans Roy Soc S Afr. 2003, 58: 51-73. View Article Google Scholar", "Crossbreeding between leopards and other members of the genus Panthera has been documented, resulting in hybrids. A cross between a lioness and a male leopard is known as a leopon (or a lipard if the sex of the parents is reversed). Leopons have been bred in captivity; a well-documented case occurred at the Koshien Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan, in the late 1950s. Although lions and leopards may come into contact in sub-Saharan Africa, they are not widely believed to interbreed naturally. However, there have been anecdotal reports of small lions with exceptionally pronounced spotting, known as \"marozis\" and various other names, in several African countries, for which there has been cryptozoological speculation that they may be naturally occurring lion-leopard hybrids.", "In antiquity, a leopard was believed to be a hybrid of a lion and a panther, as is reflected in its name, which is a Greek compound of leōn (lion) and pardos (male panther). The Greek word is related to Sanskrit (snake, tiger, panther), and probably derives from a Mediterranean language, such as Egyptian.", "According to molecular data, the New World and Old World camelids diverged 11 million years ago. In spite of this, these species can still hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The cama is a camel–llama hybrid bred by scientists who wanted to see how closely related the parent species were. Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections. The cama has ears halfway between the length of camel and llama ears, no hump, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves. According to cama breeder Lulu Skidmore, cama have \"the fleece of the llamas\" and \"the strength and patience of the camel\". Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.", "Lions have been known to breed with tigers (most often the Siberian and Bengal subspecies) to create hybrids called ligers and tiglons (or tigons). [39] They also have been crossed with leopards to produce leopons , [40] and jaguars to produce jaglions . The marozi is reputedly a spotted lion or a naturally occurring leopon, while the Congolese spotted lion is a complex lion-jaguar-leopard hybrid called a lijagulep. Such hybrids were once commonly bred in zoos, but this is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conserving species and subspecies. Hybrids are still bred in private menageries and in zoos in China .", "Compared to other members of Felidae, the leopard has relatively short legs and a long body with a large skull. It is similar in appearance to the jaguar, but is smaller and more lightly built. Its fur is marked with rosettes similar to those of the jaguar, but the leopard's rosettes are smaller and more densely packed, and do not usually have central spots as the jaguar's do. Both leopards and jaguars that are melanistic are known as black panthers.", "The relationship between alpacas and vicuñas was disputed for many years. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the four South American lamoid species were assigned scientific names. At that time, the alpaca was assumed to be descended from the llama, ignoring similarities in size, fleece and dentition between the alpaca and the vicuña. Classification was complicated by the fact that all four species of South American camelid can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The advent of DNA technology made a more accurate classification possible.", "LEOPARD. — Under this name come a certain number of carnivorous animals more or less resembling the real leopard (felis leopardus), namely felis jubata, felis lynx, felis uncia, etc., all formerly numerous throughout Palestine, and even now occasionally found, especially in the woody districts. The leopard is taken by the Biblical writers as a type of cunning ( Jeremiah 5:6 ; Hosea 13:7 ), of fierceness, of a conqueror's sudden swoop ( Daniel 7:6 ; Hab., i, 8). Its habit of lying in wait by a well or a village is repeatedly alluded to.", "The dromedary shares the genus Camelus with the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) and the wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus, sometimes considered a subspecies of the Bactrian camel). The dromedary belongs to the family Camelidae. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (4th century BC) was the first to describe the species of Camelus. He named two species in his History of Animals; the one-humped Arabian camel and the two-humped Bactrian camel. The dromedary was given its current binomial name Camelus dromedarius by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 publication Systema Naturae. In 1927, British veterinarian Arnold Leese classified dromedaries by their basic habitats; the hill camels are small, muscular animals and efficient beasts of burden; the larger plains camels could be further divided into the desert type that can bear light burdens and are apt for riding, and the riverine type – slow animals that can bear heavy burdens; and those intermediate between these two types. ", "*Leopard. — Under this name come a certain number of carnivorous animals more or less resembling the real leopard (felis leopardus), namely felis jubata, felis lynx, felis uncia, etc., all formerly numerous throughout Israel, and even now occasionally found, especially in the woody districts. The leopard is taken by the biblical writers as a type of cunning (Jeremiah 5:6; Hosea 13:7), of fierceness, of a conqueror's sudden swoop (Dan., vii, 6; Hab., i, 8). Its habit of lying in wait by a well or a village is repeatedly alluded to.", "The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five \"big cats\" in the genus Panthera. It is a member of the family Felidae with a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Fossil records found in Italy suggest that in the Pleistocene it ranged as far as Europe and Japan.Ohdachi S.,Ishibashi Y., Iwasa A.M., Fukui D., Saitohet T. et al., 2015, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280721253_The_Wild_Mammals_of_Japan_2nd_ed The Wild Mammals of Japan], Shoukadoh, ISBN 978-4-87974-691-7", "Results of phylogenetic analyses of chemical secretions amongst cats has suggested that the leopard is closely related to the lion. Results of a mitochondrial DNA study carried out later suggest that the leopard is closely related to the snow leopard, which is placed as a fifth Panthera species, Panthera uncia.", "They may be the smallest of the big cats, but when it comes to adaptability, intellect, and brute strength, there’s nothing small about leopards. Leopards are largely nocturnal animals that prefer to remain out of the public eye. It is an opportunistic hunter, meaning that it’ll take down any prey that happens across its path, including the occasional careless human. These animals are also incredibly strong and are the only one of the big cat family known for their ability to drag the dead weight of prey up a tree; a task that requires great climbing skills and brute strength.", "A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as \"humps\" on its back. The two surviving species of camel are the dromedary, or one-humped camel (C. dromedarius), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa; and the Bactrian, or two-humped camel (C. bactrianus), which inhabits Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they provide milk, meat, hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches, and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads.", "People have been confused about the names and natures of exotic animals for millennia. The camel’s name in medieval English was olfend, a word that has been defunct for eight centuries. This was known in earlier Germanic languages and also in Old Church Slavonic (where it was taken to mean “great wandering beast”), but it can be traced back to the Latin elephantus.", "The most famous member of this family is Thylacoleo carnifex, the \"marsupial lion\". This was Australia's equivalent to the South American marsupial Thylacosmilus atrox and to the eutherian Smilodon. Its enormous meat-shearing carnassial (cheek) teeth were the largest of any mammalian predator. It also had bolt-cutter incisors, and switch-blade-like claws on its semi-opposable thumbs. It was the most specialised mammalian carnivore ever known; entirely lacking grinding teeth. Because T carnifex lacked large canines, it was originally believed to be a herbivore, using its unusual front teeth and claws to break open nuts and fruit; its lack of grinding teeth suggest a diet of soft fruit such as melons! However, wear on the teeth indicates a meat-eating diet, and it probably preyed on giant kangaroos and wombats of the time. Compared to sabre-tigers, such as Smilodon, it had a short cat-like face and more elaborate carnassial teeth, giving it a powerful killing bite. Most modern cats have carnassials that can crunch smaller bones, but Thylacoleo's teeth lacked bone-crunching adaptations and were entirely adapted to shearing soft tissue. Projecting front incisors were modified into killing teeth, and looked rather like the canines in the placental carnivores; the actual canine teeth were insignificant.", "A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as humps on its back. There are two species of camel: Dromedary, or one-humped camels, which are native to Arabia and other parts of the Middle East, and Bactrian, or two-humped camels, which live in Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they provide milk and meat, and are working animals.A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 400 kg (900 lb) or more, while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (1,400 lb). The carcass of a female camel (or she-camel) weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 lb). The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts. The hump contains \"white and sickly fat\", which can be used to make the 'khli' (preserved meat) of mutton, beef or camel. It is reported that camel meat tastes like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough and less flavorful.", "The dromedary ( or), also called the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. It is one of the three species of camel that was given its current binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The dromedary is the largest camel after the Bactrian camel; adult males stand at the shoulder, while females are tall. Males typically weigh between 400 and, and females weigh between 300 and. The species' distinctive features include its long,curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump (compared with two on the Bactrian camel), and long hairs on the throat, shoulders and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, 20 cm tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous tissue.", "a cross between a donkey and a horse → un croisement de l'ânesse et du cheval", "Although larger and stronger, hybrids look like dromedaries in that they have one hump, though this is normally not very symmetrical and often has a small indentation between 4 and 12 cm deep which divides the rear portion of the hump � often 2-3 times as large as the front � from the front part. Alternatively, the hump may end up looking quite flat, and has been compared to a flattened pyramid. Hybridization produces a large animal, which can stand 2.32 m high at the hump or 2.15 m high at the shoulder (Kolpakow 1935: 618, n. 5). The legs are long, the height of the camel often greater than its length, and the weight sometimes in the 900-950 kg range, though more often approaching an average of c. 650 kg (Kolpakow 1935: 620).", "Many camel-like animals exhibiting different genetic modifications and a gradual series of changes, coinciding with the antiquity of the deposits in which they are found, have been traced from the thoroughly differentiated species of the modern epoch down through the Pliocene to the early Miocene beds. Their characters having become more generalized, they have lost all that especially distinguishes them as Camelidae: they are merged into forms common to the ancestral type of all the other sections of the Artiodactyles.", "A camel is an even-toed ungulate which has the characteristic hump, or humps, on its back. They were domesticated over 3,500 years ago and have been used for transportation ever since. Below are some interesting facts and information about camels.", "Machairodus is a variable genus of large sabre-toothed cats ranging in size and structure from smaller varieties right up to lion-sized. They were found in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America from 15 - 2 million years ago. The taxonomy is debatable. They have large canine teeth, and its incisors, canines and carnassials has serrated edges. There were two basic types of Machairodus: the primitive type and the evolved type (possibly adaptations to different environments). The more primitive types included M aphanistus and resembled Smilodon. The more evolved type had serrated teeth and elongated forelimbs structurally similar to the hyena-like Homotherium; they may have been ancestral to Homotherium. The variable forms indicate a adaptations to different environments ranging from forest/woodland dwelling to plains hunting. The hyena-like species may have covered long distances while hunting or for opportunistic scavenging.", "Camels are herbivores. Because they live in the dessert, they have to be able to eat desert plants. Thorny cacti would cause other animals a great deal of difficulty.", "Lakoza (1938a) gives an account of an expedition investigating camel breeding in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and southwestern Russia, where the ranges of these camels overlap. Data were collected on ~27,000 camels, and camel hybrids were investigated in large numbers. The F₁ showed heterosis with respect to height (180.48 cm. vs. 172-173 cm in parents), body length and chest depth and width. Lakoza says, “The advantage over the parents was exhibited by the F₁ at all the ages examined.”" ]

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[ "In the greatest upset in presidential election history, Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman defeats his Republican challenger, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, by just over two million popular votes. In the days preceding the vote, political analysts and polls were so behind Dewey that on election night, long before all the votes were counted, the Chicago Tribune published an early edition with the banner headline “DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN.”", "The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is best known as one of the greatest political upsets in history, as incumbent President Harry S Truman defeated Republican Thomas Dewey against the predictions of most contemporary polls and in spite of a three-way split in his own Democratic party .", "On November 3, 1948, the day after the U.S. presidential election, the front-page headline of the Chicago Tribune proclaimed: “Dewey Defeats Truman.” In fact, the newspaper got the story all wrong, because President Harry Truman ended up scoring a surprise victory over his opponent, Governor Thomas Dewey of New York. Now, on the 65th anniversary of one of the greatest upsets in American political history, find out how Truman managed to win the election that no one--except for Truman himself--thought he could pull off.", "Truman fought with the Congress as it cut spending and reduced taxes. In 1948 he sought reelection, despite polls indicating that he had no chance. After a vigorous campaign, Truman scored one of the great upsets in American politics, defeating the Republican nominee, Thomas Dewey, governor of New York. Reviving the old New Deal coalition, Truman held on to labor, farmers and black voters, and so won another term.", "•1948 – Unpopular Democratic United States President Harry Truman defeated the highly favored Republican candidate Thomas Dewey, which featured in a famous newspaper headline: “Dewey Defeats Truman” . It is considered by most historians to be the greatest election upset in American history.", "1948 – The Chicago Tribune published the erroneous headline \"Dewey Defeats Truman\" in its early morning edition shortly after incumbent U.S. President Harry S. Truman officially upset the heavily favored Governor of New York Thomas Dewey in the U.S. presidential election.", "Harry Truman entered the 1948 presidential campaign an almost certain loser. As America moved from war to peace, the economy was faltering. The country suffered through strikes and shortages of consumer goods. Two years earlier, in the 1946 midterm elections, voters had delivered solid majorities in both houses of Congress to the GOP. Now Truman, known as a lackluster campaigner, faced an uphill battle against Republican Thomas Dewey, the popular governor of New York. Every poll, every journalist, and even Bess Truman, the president's wife of 28 years, predicted that Truman would lose by a landslide. But Harry Truman would not give up.", "Harry S. Truman, ascended to be the 33rd President of the United States upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He went on to win the 1948 election for President against Thomas Dewey and was famously photographed after winning with a huge smile and a copy of the Chicago Tribune where the banner headline read, \"DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN\".", "Like her family, Bankhead was a Democrat, but broke with many Southerners by campaigning for Harry Truman's reelection in 1948. She is credited with having helped Truman immeasurably by belittling his rival, New York's Governor Thomas E. Dewey. After Truman was elected, Bankhead was invited to sit with the President during his inauguration. While viewing the inauguration parade, she booed the South Carolina float which carried then-Governor and segregationist Strom Thurmond, who had recently run against Truman on the Dixiecrat ticket, splitting the Democratic vote. ", "President Truman was gratified with markedly good reaction that followed news of his decisions. There was typical bipartisan support as in other great emergencies that have faced the country, and Mr. Truman was particularly pleased with the message he received from Gov. Thomas E. Dewey of New York, his opponent in the Presidential race of 1948. He promptly sent a grateful reply. As one White House official expressed it, \"there was a wonderful closing of ranks.\"", "November 3, 1948 - Dewey Defeats Truman banner headline appeared on the front page of the Chicago Tribune newspaper. Harry Truman actually defeated Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey for the presidency.", "Truman's nomination was dubbed the \"Second Missouri Compromise\" and was well received. The Roosevelt–Truman ticket achieved a 432–99 electoral-vote victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York and running mate Governor John Bricker of Ohio. Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945.", "The Republicans chose New York governor Thomas E. Dewey as their candidate. Confident, handsome, and a polished public speaker, Dewey had run as the Republican presidential candidate four years before, losing to the revered Franklin Delano Roosevelt. But Harry Truman was no FDR . Dewey seemed capable of losing the election only by shooting himself in the foot.", "In 1948 Mao Zedong 's Red Army drove Chiang Kai-shek 's Nationalists off the mainland; they held tenuously to the island of Taiwan (Formosa). The victory of intensely anti-western Communists in China, despite a decade-long American effort that had cost billions of dollars, underscored the urgent need of the Truman Administration to come up with a strategy that would stop Communist expansion. Democrats and liberals, fearful of the political damage that would accrue to being seen as \"soft on Communism,\" took increasingly strong anti-Communist positions. Henry Wallace (Roosevelt’s Vice President 1940-44) argued in 1946 for friendly relations (what later would be called \"detente\") with Moscow. The left tried to defeat Truman in 1948 by running Wallace as a third party candidate and promoting friendship with the Soviet Union. State by state, city by city, union by union the Democratic regulars isolated and defeated the Wallaceites and forced them out of the Democratic party and out of the major labor unions. To everyone's surprise, Truman won defeated Dewey and won reelection; Democrats concluded that they needed a hard-line anti-Soviet foreign policy to win elections. [6]", "The world will forever remember a smiling Harry Truman holding a Chicago Tribune heralding his political demise the day after the 1948 presidential election. \"Dewey Defeats Truman,\" of course, was wrong. But the Tribune wasn't alone in falsely predicting the election's outcome. Gallup goofed the 1948 election, too, marking the first time the poll--which had earned a reputation for conducting reliable political polls--predicted the wrong presidential candidate. The final Gallup poll, taken in early November of that year, showed Thomas Dewey leading Harry Truman by five points.", "The Democratic nominee, Harry Truman (1884-1972), had ascended to the presidency following Franklin Roosevelt’s sudden death on April 12, 1945, just three months after he’d been sworn in for an unprecedented fourth term. The plain-spoken Truman, a U.S. senator from Missouri before his brief vice-presidency, went on to lead the United States through the end of World War II and the transition to a peacetime economy. However, in 1946, Truman’s political reputation was damaged when issues such as rising inflation and labor unrest contributed to the Democrats losing control of both chambers of Congress for the first time in 14 years. Further diminishing Truman’s prospects as the 1948 election approached were divisions within his own political party. His civil rights initiatives had alienated the conservative, Southern wing of the organization, whose members left to form the States’ Rights Democratic Party (or Dixiecrats) and select Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as their presidential nominee. Additionally, Truman’s onetime secretary of commerce (as well as Roosevelt’s vice president from 1941-45), Henry Wallace, who had a following among liberals, decided to run against his former boss as the Progressive Party’s candidate for the Oval Office.", "The 1948 election was mainly between Harry S. Truman and Thomas Dewey, but the person with the most interesting songs belonged to a third party; it was Henry Wallace. Some of his songs were, \"The Battle Hymn of 48\" to the tune of the \"Battle Hymn of the Republic\" and \"We Can Win with Wallace\" to the tune of \"Buckle down Winsocki\". Some interesting original songs were, \"We got a ballot\" and \"The Same Old Merry-Go-Round\" by Ray Glaser and Bill Wolff; a tune that showed how the two main parties were dominating politics and they were basically the same. The major parties did not ignore the genre altogether, Harry Truman had the song \"I'm Just Wild About Harry\", which was adapted from the original song by Noble Sissie and Eubie Blake. Dewey decided not to have any songs and made sure not to offend anyone; he was sure that he would win the election. The Chicago Tribune, the day after the election, had the headline \"Dewey Wins\", not even bothering to check the results. In the end, Irwin Silber said it best, \"Dewey had the polls, Truman had the votes, and Wallace had the songs.\"", "\"A gone goose\" was how Clare Boothe Luce described Harry S. Truman in 1948. With that Republican assessment of the President's chances for election on his own, many Democrats agreed--Frank Hague of Jersey City and Mayor William O'Dwyer of New York among them. Truman had his own views.", "Truman's victory was a great surprise to the nation as a whole. So convinced was the Chicago Tribune of Dewey's victory that it went to press on its early edition for November 4, 1948 with the headline \"Dewey defeats Truman\" -- a blunder that led to Truman's famous retort \"Ain't the way I heard it.\" The picture of Truman holding aloft a copy of the Tribune has become part of our national folklore. To pollsters and statisticians, the results of this election were a clear indication that as a method for selecting a representative sample, quota sampling can have some serious flaws.", "Truman's main opponent was populist Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, who had chaired a nationally-televised investigation of organized crime in 1951 and was known as a crusader against crime and corruption. The Gallup poll of February 15 showed Truman's weakness: nationally Truman was the choice of only 36% of Democrats, compared with 21% for Kefauver. Among independent voters, however, Truman had only 18% while Kefauver led with 36%. In the New Hampshire primary, Kefauver upset Truman, winning 19,800 votes to Truman's 15,927 and capturing all eight delegates. Kefauver graciously said that he did not consider his victory \"a repudiation of Administration policies, but a desire...for new ideas and personalities.\" Stung by this setback, Truman soon announced that he would not seek re-election (however, Truman insisted in his memoirs that he had decided not to run for reelection well before his defeat by Kefauver).", "The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman's depot events were an important sign of a critical change in momentum in the campaign—but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps, which continued reporting Republican Thomas Dewey 's apparent impending victory as a certainty. One reason for the press' inaccurate projection was polls conducted primarily by telephone in a time when many people, including much of Truman's populist base, did not own a telephone. [111] This skewed the data to indicate a stronger support base for Dewey than existed, resulting in an unintended and undetected projection error that may well have contributed to the perception of Truman's bleak chances. The three major polling organizations also stopped polling well before the November 2 election date—Roper in September, and Crossley and Gallup in October—thus failing to measure the very period when Truman appears to have surged past Dewey. [112] [113]", "At home Truman became involved in further controversy when he seized (1952) the steel industry in order to prevent a strike. He claimed that the action was justified by the President's inherent powers in time of emergency, but the Supreme Court overruled him. Disclosures of corruption among federal officials were also politically damaging during this period. Truman declined renomination in 1952 and pressed the presidential candidacy of Adlai Stevenson, who was, however, overwhelmingly defeated by the Republican candidate, Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman narrowly won all three states by a margin of less than one percentage point apiece. These three states had a combined total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states, he would have won the election in the Electoral College, while still losing the popular vote. Had Dewey won any two of the three states, the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives. The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede. A similarly narrow margin garnered Idaho and Nevada's electoral votes for Truman. Dewey countered by almost as narrowly carrying New York and Pennsylvania, the states with the most electoral votes at the time, as well as his native state of Michigan, but this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the rural vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 (the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had, in fact, taken for granted that the \"country vote\" would go to Dewey). ", "Hechler, Ken ; Elsey, George M. (2006). “The Greatest Upset in American Political History: Harry Truman and the 1948 Election”. White House Studies (Winter).", "The \"surprise\" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, a liberal from Minnesota. Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 to serve in the wartime Navy. In 1945 he served on the committee that created the United Nations. Stassen was widely regarded as the most liberal of the Republican candidates, yet during the primaries he was criticized for being vague on many issues. Stassen stunned Dewey and MacArthur in the Wisconsin primary; Stassen's surprise victory virtually eliminated General MacArthur, whose supporters had made a major effort on his behalf. Stassen defeated Dewey again in the Nebraska primary, thus making him the new frontrunner. He then made the strategic mistake of trying to beat Taft in Ohio, Taft's home state. Stassen believed that if he could defeat Taft in his home state, Taft would be forced to quit the race and most of Taft's delegates would support him instead of Dewey.", "..... Click the link for more information.  as governor (reelected 1946, 1950). Dewey had the immense task of coordinating state activities with national efforts in World War II, straining New York's resources to the utmost. He also built upon the reforms of his predecessors, extending social and antidiscrimination legislation, and won a reputation for effectiveness that made him twice (1944 and 1948) the Republican presidential nominee.", "For four terms, the Democrats had won the presidency with a \"sure thing\" - Franklin D. Roosevelt. They wanted another \"sure thing\" for the presidential election of 1948, especially since the Republicans were going to choose Thomas E. Dewey as their candidate. Dewey was relatively young, seemed well-liked, and had come very close to Roosevelt for the popular vote in the 1944 election.", "Karabell, Zachary. The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election. New York: Knopf, 2000.", "(a) In New York, the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and Liberal slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket. ", "The United States presidential election of 1956 was the 43rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1956. The popular incumbent President, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, successfully ran for re-election. The election was a re-match of 1952, as Eisenhower's opponent in 1956 was Adlai Stevenson, a former Illinois governor, whom Eisenhower had defeated four years earlier.", "Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him because he was \"more moderate on civil rights than Estes Kefauver, yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban machines—so a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in Chicago.\" ", "United States presidential election of 1952, American presidential election held on November 4, 1952, in which Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower easily defeated Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson ." ]

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[ "A dental restoration or dental filling is a dental restorative material used to restore the function, integrity and morphology of missing tooth structure. The structural loss typically results from caries or external trauma. It is also lost intentionally during tooth preparation to improve the aesthetics or the physical integrity of the intended restorative material. Dental restoration also refers to the replacement of missing tooth structure that is supported by dental implants.", "As indicated by it’s name, a “bridge” literally closes the gap created by one or more missing teeth. Also known as a fixed partial denture, this form of dental restoration is used to replace a missing tooth by joining permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants.", "Removable dental prostheses (mainly dentures) are considered by some to be a form of indirect dental restoration, as they are made to replace missing teeth. There are numerous types of precision attachments (also known as combined restorations) to aid removable prosthetic attachment to teeth, including magnets, clips, hooks and implants which could be seen as a form of dental restoration.", "While the indirect restoration is being prepared, a provisory/temporary restoration is sometimes used to cover the prepared part of the tooth, which can help maintain the surrounding dental tissues.", "Dr. Baird and his talented, experienced staff have been designing perfect smiles for over 30 years. His convenient downtown Bellevue location is a quick walk from most downtown offices or apartments and a short commute via either bridge from Seattle. Dr. Baird offers customized appointments, flexible scheduling and towncar service for those appointments over three hours. As a worldwide lecturer and former University of Washington instructor, he is a leader in the industry in esthetic and general dentistry. Northwest Esthetics, Dr. Baird’s own on-site custom laboratory personalizes all restorations and offers his patients the ability to direct their smile design using all quality materials with no outsourcing. The practice offers “trial smile” technology that allows his patients to try on a new or refreshed smile painlessly in just a few minutes. With an excellent hygiene department, the staff at Dr. Baird’s office offers a full range of services from cleaning or whitening to advanced full mouth restoration. Welcome to the Pacific Northwest and to the dental family of Dr. David Baird. Call or email today to schedule.", "Bruxism can cause significant tooth wear if it is severe, and sometimes dental restorations (crowns, fillings etc.) are damaged or lost, sometimes repeatedly. Most dentists therefore prefer to keep dental treatment in people with bruxism very simple and only carry it out when essential, since any dental work is likely to fail in the long term. Dental implants and complex bridgework for example are relatively contraindicated in bruxists. In the case of crowns, the strength of the restoration becomes more important, sometimes at the cost of esthetic considerations. E.g. a full coverage gold crown, which has a degree of flexibility and also involves less removal (and therefore less weakening) of the underlying natural tooth may be more appropriate than other types of crown which are primarily designed for esthetics rather than durability. Porcelain veneers on the incisors are particularly vulnerable to damage, and sometimes a crown can be perforated by occlusal wear.", "For children, preformed crowns are available to place over the tooth. These are usually made of metal (usually stainless steel but increasingly there are aesthetic materials). Traditionally teeth are shaved down to make room for the crown but, more recently, stainless steel crowns have been used to seal decay into the tooth and stop it progressing. This is known as the Hall Technique and works by depriving the bacteria in the decay of nutrients and making their environment less favorable for them. It is a minimally invasive method of managing decay in children and does not require local anesthetic injections in the mouth.", "prosthodontist: a dental specialist who is skilled in restoring or replacing teeth with fixed or removable prostheses (appliances), maintaining proper occlusion; treats facial deformities with artificial prostheses such as eyes , ears, and noses.", "crown: An artificial replacement that restores missing tooth structure by surrounding the remaining coronal tooth structure, or is placed on a dental implant. It is made of metal, ceramic or polymer materials or a combination of such materials. It is retained by luting cement or mechanical means. (American College of Prosthodontics; The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms). See also abutment crown , anatomical crown , clinical crown .", "When restoring an edentulous space with a fixed partial denture that will crown the teeth adjacent to the space and bridge the gap with a pontic, or \"dummy tooth\", the restoration is referred to as a bridge. Besides all of the preceding information that concerns single-unit crowns, bridges possess a few additional considerations when it comes to case selection and treatment planning, tooth preparation and restoration fabrication.", "A dental implant is an artificial tooth root used in dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth.", "tissue so that total eruption is unlikely. • Implant : An artificial device, usually make of a metal alloy or ceramic material, that is implanted within the jawbone as a means to attach an artificial crown, denture , or bridge. • Incipient : Dental carries in an early stage of development, usually not requiring immediate restorations. • Incisal : Pertaining to the cutting edges of incisor and cuspid teeth. • Incision and Drain : (I and D) A sweeping incision made through the core of a lesion to allow draining of infection, and removal of any abnormal or unhealthy tissue. • Indirect pulp cap : A procedure in which the nearly exposed pulp as covered with a protective dressing to protect the pulp from additional injury and to promote healing and repair via formation of secondary dentin. • Inlay : A cast gold filling that is used replace part of the tooth. • Interproximal : The area between two adjacent teeth. • Intracoronal : The area within a crown of a tooth. • Intraoral : The inside of a mouth.", "Thanks to modern dentistry, effective methods which quickly and simply adjust shape, colour and irregularities are able to help patients today. COMPONEER are specially manufactured, very thin composite shells which can be attached to the front of the anterior teeth with a permanent bonding system and thus, give an attractive smile. The novel product from Switzerland offers gentle treatment and poses as a cheaper alternative to conventional ceramic restorations. Furthermore, ceramic is almost unrepairable - but COMPONEER is. The composite veneers are made of highquality, durable composite filling material", "(Date:1/16/2017)... ... January 16, 2017 , ... San Francisco dentist, Dr. Ben Amini , ... scanning device which is capable of taking digital impressions of teeth and gums. Conventional ... CAD CAM restorations , in terms of speed, efficiency and patient comfort. Increasingly, ...", "onlay: a type of restoration (filling) made of metal, porcelain, or acrylic that is more extensive than an inlay in that it covers one or more cusps. Onlays are sometimes called partial crowns.", "A crown is used to cover a tooth and may be commonly referred to as a \"cap.\" Traditionally, the teeth to be crowned are prepared by a dentist, and records are given to a dental technician to construct the prosthesis. The records include models, which are replicas of a patient's teeth, and the impressions used to make these models. There are many different methods of crown fabrication, each using a different material. Some methods are quite similar, and utilize either very similar or identical materials. Crowns may be made of gold or other similar metals, porcelain, or a combination of the two. Crowns made of Zirkonia Oxide are being made more popular due to its high translucency and durability as opposed to chipping disadvantages of porcelain crowns.", "A specialized piece of fabric is sewn around the tooth to cover the crater in the bone left after the cleaning. It is either absorbable or nonabsorbable. (Some studies report highly beneficial results with new absorbable materials, including those coated with the antibiotic doxycycline.)", "Dental amalgams are commonly used by dentists to fill cavities. However, the use of mercury for dental related purposes is currently regulated by the FDA.", "As reported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, an estimated 80 percent of adults in the U.S. have some form of PD. While this condition can be reversed and controlled if diagnosed in its early stages, many people do not realize they are at risk until they experience tooth loss. And, according to the National Institutes of Health, at least 133 million Americans are missing one or more teeth. Given these disparaging statistics, it is imperative that travelers educate themselves, their coworkers, and their patients about this growing public health concern.", "porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crown: restoration with metal caping (for strength) covered by porcelain (for appearance).", "Dental amalgam fillings are strong and long-lasting, so they are less likely to break than some other types of fillings.", "Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crown - A restoration containing metal coping for strength covered by porcelain for appearance.", "False teeth are often radioactive. Approximately 1 million Americans wear some form of denture; half of these dentures are made of porcelain compound laced with minute amounts of uranium to stimulate fluorescence. Without the uranium addictive the dentures would be a dull green color when seen under artificial light.", "Article orginally published in the Journal of the History of Dentistry Vol. 53, No. 3 /Nov 2005 p.97 copyright ©2005, all rights reserved", "Getting back to mercury in teeth, the California Lawyer joins into the debate by featuring Shawn Khorrami in an article about his multiple amalgam lawsuits filed in Los Angeles as well as San Francisco (Getting Drilled - The Controversy Over Mercury Fillings Turns Litigious, October 2001, p.18):", "franchise dentistry: Refers to a system for marketing a dental practice, usually under a trade name, where permitted by state laws. In return for a financial investment or other consideration, participating dentists may also receive the benefits of media advertising, a national referral system, and financial and management consultation.", "Excavations have also revealed evidence of sophisticated dental practices in antiquity. In a mass grave at Horvat en Ziq in the northern Negev desert of Israel, a skull dating to about 200 B.C. was found that contains one of the earliest known dental fillings. A 2.5-millimeter bronze wire had been inserted into the tooth’s canal. d Elsewhere, skulls recovered from the catacombs in Rome, which were in use during the first through the fifth centuries A.D., exhibit some rather pricey dental work: Several were recovered that have gold fillings.", "No dentist does that anymore. They are not allowed to do it that way where the ADA tells them not to do it. The state government tells them not to do it. Everybody tells them they cannot do it that way and they do not do it that way. They take the capsule that they receive in the mail. The capsule has never been classified. The FDA knows to classify. Any step that the FDA takes, that the Food & Drug Administration takes toward addressing mercury fillings they know it is the beginning of the end.", "People know about Washington and his false teeth. He actually bought teeth from people including slaves to have wired into his false teeth or to be transplanted into his mouth. The transplants did not work.", "Truth: George did have several pairs of false teeth during his lifetime, but none were made of wood. If you ever visit Mount Vernon, you can see a set of his false teeth on display in the Education Center (off-site link).", "Mike: Well, you hinted at the arrogance of the professionals who continue to support this mercury and you mentioned the history quite a bit there. I have to wonder that given that nearly a hundred years have passed since this was being widely introduced into dentistry and with all the information about mercury's toxicity over the years, how could dentists still say that this substance is not harmful? What is their argument now?", "When he became president, Washington wore false teeth carved from hippopotamus and elephant ivory, held together with gold springs. Prior to this, he had a set made from real human teeth. Some of his dentures had been stained and took on a wooden appearance, but he never wore wooden fittings, according to the website of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, which manages Washington's estate in Virginia." ]

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[ "The trebuchet is a variation of the catapult. To fire the trebuchet, warriors would grab the rope attached to the arm and pull the line backward, propelling the lever forward to heave a projectile at the enemy. The attachment of the projectile to a flexible sling at the end of the lever arm increased the throwing force.", "When the sun set on the 2008 World Championship Punkin Chunkin Sunday, Nov. 2, a Lewes team was holding the traveling trophy and a new world record. Young Glory III, captained by Jake Burton, sent a gourd flying 4,483.51 feet in the Air Cannon category. The previous record was also set by an air cannon when Second Amendment of Michigan set the record in 2003 with a 4,434.28-foot throw. Emancipator, captained by John Buchele of Virginia, took second place in the Air Cannon category with 4,084.62 feet. Chunk’n-ology, captained by Rick Garloff of Delaware, won third place at 4,042.24 feet. Other winners and the distances by feet are as follows: Ladies Air Cannon First, Let’s Bounce, captained by Connie Payton of Delaware, 3,998.83; second, Dragon Lady, captained by Gina McConnell of Maryland, 3,189.63; and third, Bad Hair Day, captained by Stephanie Coulbourne of Delaware, 2,349.93. Centrifugal First, Bad to the Bone, captained by Donny Jefferson of Delaware, 2,459.42; second, United Flingdom II, captained by Jeff Wheatley of Delaware, 1,632.58; and third, J.D. Lazarus, 238.10. Catapult First, Sir Chunk-A-Lot, captained by Alexander Andrew of New Jersey, 1,747.34; second, Fibonacci, captained by Dana Drew of Massachusetts, 1,693.97; and third, Stand Back, captained by Jon Hauge of New Jersey, 1,384.96. Trebuchet First, Yankee Seige, captained by Steven Segars of New Hampshire,", "Dream, captained by Kyle Johnson of Delaware, 2,677.03. Catapult First, Punkin Pitcher, captained by Jesse Taylor of Delaware, 888.48; second, The Plague, captained by Cooper Schorzman of New Jersey, 800.92; and third, Gourd Sword, captained by Brielle Hohne of New Jersey, 689.71. Trebuchet First, Troop 6 Shooter, captained by Connor Biggs of New Jersey, 760.77; second, Sanford Slinger, 694.06; and third, The Seige of Gondor, captained by Maxwell Smith of Pennsylvania. Human Power First, The Ground Hog Trap, captained by Kyle Gress of Pennsylvania, 684.36; second, Sauron’s Sling Shot, captained by Ken Boerman of Pennsylvania, 168.93; and third, Rockville, captained by Jamie Byers, 94.22. Ages 10 & under Catpult First, Jersey Devil, captained by Larry Lundervoid of New Jersery, 562.10; second, Curcurbita Peop Pitcher, captained by Shannon Holloway of New Jersey, 293.54; and third, Hatra Ballista, captained by Trevor Ludlam of Massachusets, 269.02. Congratulations to all the winners.", "Although it is usually thought of as a type of catapult, the trebuchet is in fact a gigantic sling attached to a lever. The shorter arm of the lever carries a counterweight, while the longer arm carries the sling that throws the projectile. In operation the sling end is pulled towards the ground (lifting the counterweight in the process) and held in place by a trigger while a projectile is loaded into the sling. When the trigger is released, the counterweight falls and the sling flies up and above the machine, releasing the projectile at the top of its arc.", "# The trebuchet is a compound machine—a combination of simple machines. The trebuchet makes use of the mechanical advantage of a lever. Most trebuchets are powered exclusively by the force of gravity. Potential energy is stored by means of an extremely heavy weight box attached (by a hinged connection) to the counterweight portion of the throwing arm. Some earlier trebuchets stored potential energy as traction force (traction trebuchets).", "The addition of wheels also makes the trebuchet more stable as part of the forward momentum of the falling counterweight is transferred to the forward motion of the trebuchet instead of a tilting action of the vertical frame, possibly tipping over of the machine or severely damaging the structure. The velocity of the trebuchet frame is added to that of the item being thrown, increasing its velocity and range by up to 33 percent. The wheeled trebuchet can effectively employ a fixed counterweight, mounted to the short end of the throwing arm, rather than the pendulum weight described above. The weights were usually stones and rubble, since lead was far too expensive and could be used for better purposes in a siege.", "hammer throw sport in athletics (track and field) in which a hammer is hurled for distance, using two hands within a throwing circle. The sport developed centuries ago in the British Isles. Legends trace it to the Tailteann Games held in Ireland about 2000 bce, when...", "Hammer throw: The object to be thrown is a heavy steel ball attached with wire (maximum length, four feet) to a handle. The competition is decided by who can throw the ball the farthest. The men's hammer weighs 16 pounds and the women's hammer weighs 8.82 pounds. Competitors gain maximum distance by spinning the hammer above their head to set up the circular motion. Then they apply force and pick up speed by completing one to four turns in the circle. In competition, most throwers turn three or four times.", "The javelin involves throwing a ‘spear’ with its size, shape, minimum weight, and centre of gravity defined by IAAF rules. In international competition, men throw a javelin between 2.6 and 2.7 metres in length and (at least) 800 grams in weight,", "The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme in 2000. The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques. Professional hammer throwers as historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled rotations. ", "While upper body strength is important, throwing events require more than just raw power. Strong legs and stable cores are essential to generate the necessary acceleration needed for a lengthy throw.", "Javelin throw: Involves throwing the javelin, a spear-like object made of metal, fiberglass and, in some cases, carbon fiber. Competitors take three throws after which the top eight take another three, their best legal throw is recorded and the winner is the individual with the longest legal throw, measured to the nearest foot and inch depending on country of competition. If the javelin's point touches the ground first, the throw is marked (measured) from this point.", "In international competition, a world cup is held every second year. , teams from Germany and the United States dominated international competition. The individual World Champion title was won in 2000, 2002 and 2004 by Swiss thrower Manuel Schütz. In 2006, Fridolin Frost from Germany won the title, with Manuel Schütz finishing third.", "The hammer throw is one of the four throwing events in regular track and field competitions, along with the discus throw, shot put and javelin.", "*Arm: A \"long throw\" windlass has a longer arm so that the handle is further from the socket to give a greater leverage on stiffer paddles. If the throw is too long then the user, winding a gate paddle, risks barking their knuckles against the balance beam when the handle is at the lowest point of its arc. A sophisticated modern windlass may have an adjustable-length arm.", "Caber toss: A long tapered pine pole or log is stood upright and hoisted by the competitor who balances it vertically holding the smaller end in his hands (see photo). Then the competitor runs forward attempting to toss it in such a way that it turns end over end with the upper (larger) end striking the ground first. The smaller end that was originally held by the athlete then hits the ground in the 12 o'clock position measured relative to the direction of the run. If successful, the athlete is said to have turned the caber. Cabers vary greatly in length, weight, taper, and balance, all of which affect the degree of difficulty in making a successful toss. Competitors are judged on how closely their throws approximate the ideal 12 o'clock toss on an imaginary clock.", "In the weight-throw event, a weight ranging from 14 to 56 pounds (depending on the event) is thrown by either its handle or a chain. It can be thrown using any technique, although a spinning technique is the most popular. Here, a man participates in the Newtonmore Highland Games and Clan Macpherson Annual Rally in Newtonmore, Scotland.", "The main olympic events are archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, beach volleyball, boxing, cycling, diving, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, judo, mountain biking, rowing, sailing, shooting, soccer, softball, swimming, synchronized swimming, table tennis, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, weightlifting and wrestling.", "A boomerang was used to set a Guinness World Record with a throw of 1,401.5 feet (427.2 metres) by David Schummy on 15 March 2005 at Murrarie Recreation Ground, Australia. This broke the record set by Erin Hemmings who threw an Aerobie 1,333 feet (406.3 metres) on 14 July 2003 at Fort Funston, San Francisco. ", "4. a metal ball, usu. weighing 16 lb. (7.3 kg), attached to a steel wire at the end of which is a grip, for throwing in the hammer throw.", "Medieval Thrower 1 Three teams are challenged to design and build medieval-style throwing machines, capable of hurling cabbages - and `Robin Hood' - into a castle. The winning team then takes on Dick Strawbridge and his Diamonds in a head-to-head contest - and the presenter is hungry for victory, having won a similar challenge in the previous series", "There are a number of contenders for the oldest sporting contest in Britain, the motherland of modern sport. The Antient Scorton Silver Arrow in North Yorkshire, for example, boasts on its Web site of a history of archery competition dating to 1673 (“except in periods of various Wars”), while the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers, based in Scotland, brags that its Annual Papingo Shoot goes back nearly 200 years before that.", "(SPORT) (in athletics) (= object thrown) → marteau m (= event) → marteau m hammer throw", "The straightest end-over-end toss scores highest. If the caber lands on its end but falls back towards the thrower, the score is lower than for any end-over-end throw but is based upon the maximum vertical angle that the caber achieved (side-judging may involve a second judge).", "Tossing the caber is the most popular of the athletic events. The caber is a large wooden pole, like a telegraph pole, which is usually between 5 and 6 metres long and can weigh anything up to 60 kg. A combination of strength and skill is involved in this event, as the competitor has to lift the caber, then balance it, and then toss it.", "The net is a tool that has been used as a weapon since the days when emerging civilizations held gladiatorial arena combat. This version of the net is an eight- to twelve-foot diameter circular net with weights around the edges and a trailing rope used to guide the net and pull it away. It is usually folded in such a way that it twirls open when thrown. It is tossed with one hand, with the attacker holding onto the guide rope with the other hand.", "The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large tapered pole called a \"caber\". It is normally practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland the caber is usually made from a Larch tree and is typically 19 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 175 pounds. The term 'caber' derives from the Gaelic word \"cabar\" or \"kaber\" which refers to a wooden beam. The person tossing the caber is called a \"tosser\" or a \"thrower\". It is said to have developed from the need to toss logs across narrow chasms.", "The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large tapered pole called a \"caber\". It is normally practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland the caber is usually made from a Larch tree and is typically 19 ft tall and weighs 175 lb. The term \"caber\" derives from the Gaelic word \"cabar\" or \"kaber\" which refers to a wooden beam.", "The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large tapered pole called a \"caber\". It is normally practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland the caber is usually made from a Larch tree and is typically tall and weighs . The term \"caber\" derives from the Gaelic word \"cabar\" or \"kaber\" which refers to a wooden beam.", "One of the most famous machines invented by Archimedes and used against Roman ships during the siege of the city was the stone throwing crane. Consisting of a rotating beam that sat on a platform, it had a counterweight at one end (i.e. a large stone) and it was suspended by a rope at the other end. As an enemy ship approached the wall, operators of the device released the winch, enabling the load to pass over the wall by rotating the balance beam. When the load hovered over the ship, the rope was cut so that it would fall and cause substantial damage. ", "Caber Toss — a traditional Scottish sport in which the competition revolves around tossing forward a large tapered pole called a caber.", "The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large wooden pole called a \"caber\" and it is practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland the caber is usually made from a Larch tree and is typically 19 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 175 pounds." ]

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[ "Mary had a Little Lamb Whose fleece was white as snow. And everywhere that Mary went, The lamb was sure to go.", "5. Mary had a Little Lamb Whose fleece was white as snow. And everywhere that Mary went, The lamb was sure to go.", "5. Mary had a Little Lamb Whose fleece was white as snow. And everywhere that Mary went, The lamb was sure to go.", "Mary had a little lamb,Its fleece was white as snow,And everywhere that Mary wentThe lamb was sure to go — to go — to go —Ooh ooh ooh — ah!Cockadoodle doo-ah!Tuck — a — tuck — a — tuckTuck — ah! tuck — ah! 24", "Go to sure was lamb the,Went Mary that everywhere and,Snow as white was fleece its,Lamb little a had Mary. 41", "\"Mary Had a Little Lamb\" is an English language nursery rhyme of nineteenth-century American origin. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7622.", "The story of the lamb made it into wider circulation when the poem, expanded with three additional stanzas that added a moral lesson to the tale, was included in Sarah Josepha Hale's 1830 book, Poems for Our Children. Over the years there has been considerable debate over who wrote the nursery rhyme. Hale, at one point, claimed authorship. But it seems most likely that she only wrote part of it. Others have suggested that Roulstone took the basics of the poem from an old English rhyme, but was inspired by the Mary Sawyer story.", "Mary had a little lamb but it can be confirmed that the song Mary had a little lamb is American as the words were written by Sarah Hale, of Boston, in 1830. An interesting historical note about this rhyme - the words of Mary had a Little Lamb were the first ever recorded by Thomas Edison, on tin foil, on his phonograph.  ", "Mary Had a Little Lamb is popular rhyme of nineteenth-century American origin. was first published  as an original poem by  Sarah Josepha Hale  on May 24, 1830, and was inspired by an actual incident. As a girl, Mary Sawyer (later Mrs. Mary Tyler) kept a pet lamb, which she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother. A commotion naturally ensued. Here is  eight  stanzas of “Mary had a little lamb”.", "Denslow, William Wallace. “Mary and Her Lamb at School”. 1902. Photograph. 15 Sep 2013. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_had_a_little_lamb_2_-_WW_Denslow_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18546.jpg&gt ;", "Mary Had A Little Lamb, Little Lamb, Little Lamb - Nursery Rhymes for Children - Duration: 4:07. Geethanjali Kids - Rhymes and Stories 78,552 views", "\"Old King Cole\" is an English language nursery rhyme. The historical identity of King Cole has been much debated and several candidates have been advanced as possibilities", "Read Aesop's fable about the lamb and the wolf. (Photo courtesy of Ber'Zophus , Wikimedia Commons)", "\"Little Bo Peep\" or \"Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6487.", "As you can see, almost every nursery rhyme has a story behind it. Humpty Dumpty was actually King Richard III, and the famous farmer’s wife from the Three Blind Mice was supposedly Queen Mary I. Baa Baa Black Sheep was about taxation, and The Old Woman Who Lived In a Shoe was referring to the British Empire trying to control its colonies.", "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep is an eighteenth century nursery rhyme sung to the same tune as Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star. It is possible that this rhyme is a description of the medieval ‘Great’ or ‘Old Custom’ wool tax of 1275, which survived until the fifteenth century. Contrary to some commentaries, this tax did not involve the collection of one third to the king, and one third to the church, but a less punitive sum of 6s 8d to the Crown per sack, about 5 per cent of the value. In the 1980s the theory was advanced that it made reference to slavery, but most scholars disagree.", "NURSERY RHYMES.Little Bo-peep has lost her sheep,And can't tell where to find them;Leave them alone, and they'll come home,And bring their tails behind them.Little Bo-peep fell fast asleep,And dreamt she heard them bleating; .And when she awoke, she found it a joke,For they were all still fleeting.Then up she took her little crook,Determined for to find them;She found them, indeed, but it made herheart bleed, Little Tommy Tittlemouse- For they'd left all their tails behind 'em. lived in a little house;He caught fishesLittle Boy Blue come blow up your horn, in other men's dishes.The sheep's in the meadow, the cow's inthe corn ;Sr Little Polly FlindersWhere's the little boy that looks after the .sheep ? Sate among the cindersHe's under the hay-cock fast asleep. Warming her prettylittle toes 1Her mother came.... and caught her,` *0\\ .' And whippedher little daughter,For spoilingher nice new clothes.Little Miss Muffet,' She sat on a tuffet,Eating her curds and whey;-- But there came a greatspiderWho sat down beside her,And frightened Miss Muffetaway.The Baldwin Library\"N IUniv\" itr", "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep is one of the oldest English nursery rhymes and was first printed in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, circa 1744 and is certainly much older than the 18th century. The original printed form is almost the same as the version familiar today:", "NURSERY RHYMES.Some little mice sat in a barn to spin,Pussy came by and popped her head in; ,Shall I come in and cut your threads off ?Oh no! kind sir, you would snap ourheads off.Snail, snail, come out of your hole, There was a rat, for want of stairs,Or else I will beat you as black as a coal. Went down a rope to say his prayers.I had a little pony,His name was Dapple-gray,I lent him to a lady,. To ride a mile away;S... ..She whipped him, she slashed him,She rode him through the mire;I would not lend my pony nowFor all the lady's hire.Little cock robin peep'd out of his cabin.To see the cold winter come in,\" Tit for tat, what matter for that,\"He'll hide his head under his wing IThere was an owl lived in an oak, A gunner chanced to conme that way,Wisky, wasky, weedle; Wisky, wasky, weedle ;And every word he ever spoke Says he, \" I'll shoot you, silly bird.\"Was fiddle, faddle, feedle. Fiddle, faddle, feedle.Hey! diddle, diddle,The cat and the fiddle,The cow jumped over the moon;The little dog laugh'dTo see the sport,While the dish ran away withthe spoon.", "His fables are some of the most well known in the world, and are the source of many phrases and idioms in everyday use (such as �sour grapes�, �crying wolf�, �dog in a manger�, \"lion's share\", etc). Among the most famous are: The Ant and the Grasshopper, The Bear and the Travellers, The Boy Who Cried Wolf, The Boy Who Was Vain, The Cat and the Mice, The Cock and the Jewel, The Crow and the Pitcher, The Deer without a Heart, The Dog and the Bone, The Dog and the Wolf, The Dog in the Manger, The Farmer and the Stork, The Farmer and the Viper, The Frog and the Ox, The Frogs Who Desired a King, The Fox and the Crow, The Fox and the Goat, The Fox and the Grapes, The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs, The Honest Woodcutter, The Lion and the Mouse, The Lion's Share, The Mice in Council, The Mischievous Dog, The North Wind and the Sun, The Tortoise and the Hare, The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing.", "*In the animated movie Shaun the Sheep Movie, an homage to the nursery rhyme is shown in one scene.", "As with many nursery rhymes, there are many theories about the possible meaning of the popular rhyme Hey Diddle, Diddle. Scholars and laymen argue themselves in circles about where a particular rhyme originated and what it might possibly mean. However, no one is certain about the precise meanings of nursery rhymes because like many traditional forms of childhood entertainment, nursery rhymes were originally an oral tradition. One of the most popular explanations for the cat and the fiddle pertains to Queen Elizabeth I of England.", "This interpretation emerged in the mid-twentieth century, and has become widespread, but it has never been accepted by folklorists, for several reasons. First, like most folklore items, this rhyme exists in many versions and variants. This allows us to ask whether the specific images associated with the plague occur in all or even most versions. It turns out they don’t. Many versions have no words that sound like sneezes, and many versions don’t mention falling down. For example, Iona and Peter Opie give an 1883 version (in which “curchey” is dialect for “curtsey”):", "The reason to the words and history to this song were to associate wool and wool products with the animal that produces it, not to mention the sound that a sheep would make! The first grasp of language for a child or baby is to imitate the sounds or noises that animals make onomatopoeia (words sound like their meaning e.g. baa baa). The first publication date for the lyrics to this famous nursery rhyme can be dated back to 1744.", "This heartwarming classic tells the tale of a country boy who adopts a mischevious black lamb and learns valuable lessons about love and dedication.", "The Aarne–Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A, \"the persecuted heroine\". Others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep; The Golden Slipper; The Story of Tam and Cam; Rushen Coatie; The Wonderful Birch; Fair, Brown and Trembling; and Katie Woodencloak. ", "Winnie-the-Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A. A. Milne. The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book When We Were Very Young (1924) and many more in Now We Are Six (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.", "10.In which famous Christmas Song is a snowman pretended to be \"Parsons Brown\"? Fairy Tale of New York", "The Jacob sheep is a rare breed of small, piebald (colored with white spots), polycerate (multi-horned) sheep. Jacobs may have from two to six horns, but most commonly have four. Jacobs are usually raised for their wool, meat, and hides. They are also kept as pets and ornamental animals, and have been used as guard animals to protect farm property from theft or vandalism and defend other livestock against predators.", "Here are two different versions of the beautifully haunting song from the animated movie, The Snowman .  English author, Raymond Briggs did the illustrations for the wordless children’s picture book, The Snowman (published 1978). The tale is told in the book through the lovely pictures of a little boy making friends with a snowman, and the wintry adventures that follow and the ultimate melting of the boy’s new friend. The Snowman was the recipient of the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award.", "Masham sheep (pronounced Mass-am) are medium sized and hornless, and have been bred for over a century in the Northern Counties of England.They have a distinctive black and white face and legs and a woolly forelock.", "The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow moving and fast paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a pastoral version of England. The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism, adventure, morality, and camaraderie and celebrated for its evocation of the nature of the Thames valley." ]

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[ "The Daily Planet is a fictional broadsheet newspaper appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Superman. The newspaper is based out of the fictional city of Metropolis, and employs Clark Kent, Lois Lane, and Jimmy Olsen, with Perry White as its editor-in-chief. In the Batman: Hush storyline, it is named a subsidiary of Wayne Entertainment.", "The Daily Planet is a newspaper that appears in Superman stories published by DC Comics . The Daily Planet is based in Metropolis and employs Clark Kent , Lois Lane , and Jimmy Olsen ; its chief editor is Perry White . Within the Superman comics , the Daily Planet is depicted as a famous nationally published newspaper of the same caliber as the New York Times.", "Perry White is a fictional character who appears in the Superman comics. White is the Editor-in-Chief of the Metropolis newspaper the Daily Planet.", "With the death of his foster parents, Clark left Smallville and resettled in Metropolis deciding to continue his costume career as a public hero. It would be here that Clark would become a staff reporter of the Daily Planet and meet his core set of friends, Lois Lane , cub reporter Jimmy Olsen and editor Perry White . Clark would report on various criminal activities around the planet on his civilian identity, which he would foil as Superman for the Daily Planet until the paper was sold to Morgan Edge and Clark was transferred to newscasting. The major difference from most of the other interpretations of the Superman legend is that Lois Lane is usually considered to make the first public report on Superman's exploits where on Earth-One , Superman is very well-known and respected long before meeting Lois Lane or settling in Metropolis.", "In the film serials Superman (1948) and Atom Man vs. Superman (1950), Kirk Alyn portrays Clark as a mild-mannered reporter who comes to Metropolis and secures a job at the Daily Planet, following the death of his foster parents. While he quickly gains the respect of Planet editor Perry White, he is forced to contend with rival reporter Lois Lane, who often uses trickery to prevent Clark from pursuing a lead (giving her the chance to scoop him). Nevertheless, his journalistic skills are useful as he pursues stories on the crime boss known as the Spider Lady, and the criminal scientist Luthor (who had yet to receive his first name, Lex).", "*Perry White The editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet. White struggles to keep the once-great metropolitan newspaper running and refuse to give up, and only Lois Lane and Jim Olsen support him, as well as giving the inexperienced Clark Kent a chance to work for him. After the Dheronians' invasion and Superman's debut, the Daily Planet's in-depth coverage from Lois, Jim, and Clark of the event has saved the newspaper and return to its former glory, and Perry is proud that the Daily Planet is back on top.", "In the limited series, Superman: Red Son, Perry is the editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet, eventually succeeded by Lois Luthor.", "George Taylor remained the editor (Action #25, June '40) through November 1940 (Action #30), after which new Daily Planet editor Perry White inexplicably appeared (Superman #7, November–December 1940). Kent and Lane made no reference to the management change, though they clearly were not as enamored of White as they'd been of Taylor.", "Shortly before Superman's debut in Metropolis, the Daily Planet was having financial problems. Lex Luthor owned every media in Metropolis and used it to enforce his public image as a wealthy benefactor, and the Planet was the only media source not controlled by Luthor and condemned his actions with an outrageous editorial written by Perry White himself. Lois, as the Planet's best reporter, had also written several articles against Luthor. However, this had let the Planet to the brink bankruptcy, forcing White to stop attacking Luthor.", "During this era, the Planet's major competitors in Metropolis include the tabloid newspaper the Daily Star, WGBS-TV (which also employed Jimmy Olsen and Cat Grant for a time), and Lex Luthor's various media operations. A contemporary publication is Newstime Magazine, where Clark Kent worked as editor for a time. The publisher of Newstime is Colin Thornton, who is secretly the demon Satanus, an enemy of Superman's.", "Clark Kent makes a major life change in new 'Superman' The Daily Planet has a new job opening. In Superman issue 13, the Man of Steel's alter ego, mild-mannered reporter Clark Kent, quits the Metropolis newspaper that's been his employer since 1940. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/RPjtgP", "Clark graduated from U Met. In just two years and briefly returned to Europe. He had decided on a career in journalist because it allowed him to keep track of potential disasters and to compete on a level playing field with other people. He was taken under the wing of Parisian journalist Simone DeNeige, she was beautiful, worldly, and taught Clark to exploit networking. After leaving Paris Clark applied to the Daily Planet and Managing Editor Perry White agreed to give him an interview. While killing time in Metropolis Clark decided to attend the city's two hundred and fiftieth anniversary celebrations. The main event was to be the landing at Metropolis International of the Space plane Constitution.", "Hard times had fallen on the Daily Planet, and the owners reluctantly sell the great newspaper to Lex Luthor -- who promptly closes the doors of the great old paper, firing nearly everyone. The employees gather together to toast the Planet as the building is closed down. [154] After the globe on top of the Planet is taken down, Superman has to go back into Kandor with Scorn . He meets Ceritak's father and sister, but his powers begin to fade without access to a yellow sun. He is even framed for the murder of Cerimul , Ceritak's father. He soon learns that the Cyborg Superman is there and is attempting to usurp control of the city. Superman manages to defeat him again, banishing him into the dimensional portal around the city. [155] Luthor opens a new media business, called LexCom, in Hypersector . Lois is given a job there (although she hates it), but Clark is not. [156] Out of work, Clark decides to resume his book-writing career. He flies around to get some ideas, only to discover to his horror that his nightmare about a nuclear disaster has come true in Markovia. [157]", "The Daily Planet building had been demolished and reconstructed, and the newspaper had been bought by Morgan Edge, who merged the Planet into his Galaxy Broadcasting Systems to become the Planet Global Network. Edge also promotes Lois, making her the head of the PGN's media division.[109] Due to her promotion, Clark is made the lead reporter on the Superman stories.[110] Later, Lois decides to move in with Jonathan, causing friction in her friendship with Clark.[111] She also returns to her old job as a street reporter.[112]", "Between the early 1970s and mid-1980s, both Clark Kent and Lois Lane worked for WGBS after Galaxy Communications purchased the Daily Planet in a 1971 storyline, with Clark as the anchorman for the WGBS evening news. He was eventually joined by Lana Lang as a co-anchor. After John Byrne's revamp of Superman's origins, though, Clark and Lois were reverted to working at the Daily Planet once again. Galaxy Broadcasting and WGBS-TV still exist post-Crisis , however, and are most of the time used in any storey where a television station or network is needed or shown. Post-Crisis, Clark, Lois and Lana never worked for the station. During the 1990s however, both Jimmy Olsen and Cat Grant did work there.", "When DC made use of its multiverse means of continuity tracking between the early 1960s and mid-1980s, it was declared that the Daily Star was the workplace of the Golden Age or \"Earth-Two\" versions of Clark Kent, Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen, while the Daily Planet was unique to their Silver Age or \"Earth-One\" versions. The Clark Kent of Earth-Two eventually became the editor-in-chief of the Daily Star, something his Earth-One counterpart didn't achieve at his newspaper.", "In Superman issue 13, the Man of Steel's alter ego, mild-mannered reporter Clark Kent, quits the Metropolis newspaper that has been his employer since the DC Comics superhero's earliest days in 1940.", "Alter ego Clark Kent is resigning from the post of star reporter at the Daily Planet, the Metropolis newspaper where he has worked since the first Superman comics were published in the 1940s.", "Franklin Stern is the publisher of the Daily Planet and temporary Editor-in-Chief. He was promoted after Tess Mercer went on the run from Checkmate. He is currently heading a global search for someone to replace him as Editor-In-Chief. He believes Clark and Lois work well together and considers both of them as his two best young reporters ( Charade ).", "Initially, Siegel was allowed to write Superman more or less as he saw fit, because nobody had anticipated the success and rapid expansion of the franchise. But soon Siegel and Shuster's work was put under careful oversight for fear of trouble with censors. Siegel was forced to tone down the violence and social crusading that characterized his early stories. Editor Whitney Ellsworth, hired in 1940, dictated that Superman not kill. Sexuality was banned, and colorfully outlandish villains such as Ultra-Humanite and Toyman were thought to be less nightmarish for young readers.: \"No hint of sex. No alienating parents or teachers. Evil geniuses like the Ultra-Humanite were too otherworldly to give kids nightmares.\"[...]\"The Prankster, the Toyman, the Puzzler, and J. Wilbur Wolngham, a W. C. Fields lookalike, used tricks and gags instead of a bow and arrows in their bids to conquer Superman. For editors wary of controversy, 1940s villains like those were a way to avoid the sharp edges of the real world.\"", "In DC Comics' new issue of Superman, the Man of Steel's bespectacled alter ego, Clark Kent, isn't happy with his day job anymore as a mild-mannered reporter, so much so that he actually ends up quitting The Daily Planet, the Metropolis newspaper where he's made his home since the character's creation in 1938.", "When DC made use of its multiverse means of continuity tracking between the early 1960s and mid-1980s, it was declared that the Daily Star was the newspapers name in the Golden Age or \"Earth-Two\" versions of Clark Kent, Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen, while the Daily Planet was used in the Silver Age or \"Earth-One\" versions. The Clark Kent of Earth-Two eventually became the editor-in-chief of the Daily Star, something his Earth-One counterpart did not achieve. ", "The Planet's major competitors in Metropolis include the tabloid newspaper the Daily Star, WGBS-TV (which briefly employed Jimmy Olsen), and Lex Luthor's various media operations.", "Not long after the event commonly referred to as Panic in the Sky , a monstrous alien beast called Doomsday emerged in eastern Ohio and began to march toward Metropolis. [62] The beast single-handedly defeated the Justice League when the team rallied to stop it (this lineup consisted of Blue Beetle , Booster Gold , Bloodwynd , Maxima , Fire , Ice , and Guy Gardner ). [63] Superman battled the creature across several states, eventually drawing the line in Metropolis itself. [64] After a desperate battle, Superman managed to put down the monster -- but collapsed as he did so, dying in Lois' arms. [65]", "The city went Superman-crazy after that, with his picture (or at least his outline in the sky) appearing on the front page of every Metropolis newspaper for nearly a month. When the groundbreaking exclusive first interview with Superman was published in the Daily Planet, the city came alive with joy, welcoming the visitor. Shown in the interview to be a kind, gentle man with tremendous powers and unshakable morals the city realized that it - and the world - had a new hero. Under Superman's protection, Metropolis has continued to thrive and prosper.", "In 1971, the Daily Planet was purchased by Morgan Edge , president of the Galaxy Broadcasting System. Edge proceeded to integrate Metropolis television station WGBS-TV's studios into the Daily Planet building, and named Clark Kent as the anchor for the WGBS evening news. Eventually, Clark's former schoolmate from Smallville Lana Lang joined Clark as a co-anchor.", "But for decades, his job as a reporter at The Daily Planet has been a mainstay of Superman's story.", "“Kent, Clark Kent, sir, he’s from a small town in Kansas, originally, but moved to Metropolis to work at the Daily Planet two months ago.”", "The next day, Lois begins her article about the mysterious hero and the Daily Planet staff harasses her with questions about him, until Perry tells them to back off. Suddenly, Lexcorp security guards barge into the Planet and demand that Lois and Clark go to the building and explain what happened to Luthor.", "Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster first created a bald telepathic villain bent on dominating the entire world. He appeared in the short story \" The Reign of the Super-Man \" from Science Fiction #3, a science fiction fanzine that Siegel published in 1933. Siegel re-wrote the character in 1933 as a hero, bearing little or no resemblance to his villainous namesake, modeling the hero on Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and his bespectacled alter ego, Clark Kent, on Harold Lloyd. Siegel and Shuster then began a six-year quest to find a publisher. Titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, who had published a 48-page black-and-white comic book entitled Detective Dan: Secret Operative No. 48 . Although the duo received an encouraging letter, Consolidated never again published comic books. Shuster took this to heart and burned all pages of the story, the cover surviving only because Siegel rescued it from the fire. Siegel and Shuster each compared this character to Slam Bradley , an adventurer the pair had created for Detective Comics #1 (May 1939).", "*During most of the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman, the Daily Planet exterior was Los Angeles City Hall.", "Clark Kent : Lois, you're the one who gave me the application. You're looking at the newest recruit to the Daily Planet." ]

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[ "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of basketball in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rulebook, founded the University of Kansas basketball program, and lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of both the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (1939).", "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of basketball in 1891 and is often credited with introducing the first football helmet. He wrote the original basketball rulebook, founded the University of Kansas basketball program, and lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of both the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Championship (1939).", "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of basketball in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rulebook and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (1939). ", "James Naismith [1] (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian and naturalized American sports coach and innovator. Naismith invented the sport of basketball in 1891 and is often credited with introducing the first football helmet . He coached and was the first coach for the Kansas Jayhawks mens basketball team. Later, Allen Fieldhouse was made and the court was called James Naismith Court. Naismith wrote the original basketball rulebook , founded the University of Kansas basketball program, and lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event in 1936. Naismith's contributions to basketball have earned him several posthumous honors, such as in the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame , the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame , the Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame and the FIBA Hall of Fame . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame carries his name.", "Dr. James Naismith is known world-wide as the inventor of basketball. He was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, near Almonte, Ontario, Canada. The concept of basketball was born from Naismith's school days in the area where he played a simple child's game known as duck-on-a-rock outside his one-room schoolhouse. The game involved attempting to knock a \"duck\" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it. Naismith went on to attend McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay Township (now Almonte , Ontario , Canada ). [2] Struggling in school but gifted in farm labour, Naismith spent his days outside playing catch, hide-and-seek or duck on a rock , a medieval game in which a person guards a large drake stone from opposing players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. To play duck on a rock most effectively, Naismith soon found out that a soft lobbing shot was far more effective than a straight hard throw, a thought which later proved essential for the invention of basketball . [3] Orphaned early in life, Naismith lived with his aunt and uncle and attended grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte before visiting the local Almonte High School, where he graduated in 1883. [3]", "Netball traces its roots to basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in the United States, who was trying to develop an indoor sport for his students at the YMCA Training School (now Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts.[1] His game was first played in the campus gymnasium on a court roughly half the size of a regulation NBA court today, between two teams of nine players. It was played with a soccer ball that was shot into closed-bottom peach baskets that were nailed to the gymnasium wall.[2]", "The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became director of physical education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop and direct a vast programme of exercises and sport classes for male adults.", "James Naismith was born in Ramsay township, near Almonte, Ontario, Canada and attended McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. After serving as McGill's athletic director, Naismith moved on to work at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game of basketball was inspired by a children's game Naismith knew called duck-on-a-rock, in which players throw a small rock at a \"duck\" placed on top of a large rock in an attempt to knock the \"duck\" off.", "James Naismith was born in 1861 in rural Ontario. Orphaned at eight, he lived with an uncle, helping with farm work and spending what free time he had with a group of local boys. They wrestled, swung from tree limbs, and played \"duck on the rock,\" a game in which one boy placed a stone on top of a big rock and guarded his \"duck\" while the others tried to knock it off by throwing stones. This game would later play an important part in the origin of basketball.", "Dr. James Naismith, a physical education teacher at the International YMCA in Springfield, invented the game of basketball in December 1891 as a way to occupy his students indoors during the cold winter months. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed to railings 10 feet above the floor.", "Basketball is another major sport, represented professionally by the National Basketball Association. It was invented in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, by Canadian-born physical education teacher James Naismith. College basketball is also popular, due in large part to the NCAA men's Division I basketball tournament in March, also known as March Madness.", "In his attempt to think up a new game, Naismith was guided by three main thoughts. [4] Firstly, he analyzed the most popular games of those times ( rugby , lacrosse , soccer, football, hockey , and baseball ); Naismith noticed the hazards of a ball and concluded that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact occurred while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it, so he decided that passing was the only legal option. Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, namely placing it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he forced the players to throw a soft lobbing shot that had proven effective in his old favorite game duck on a rock. Naismith christened this new game \"Basket Ball\" [4] and put his thoughts together in 13 basic rules . [9]", "Naismith, in 1891, had recently invented the game of basketball. During the summer of 1895, Morgan moved to the YMCA at Holyoke where he became Director of Physical Education.", "The history of netball goes back to 1891 and Springfield, Massachusetts when a 30-year-old Canadian, James Naismith, was instructed to invent an indoor game for high-spirited young men at the School for Christian Workers.", "On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometres) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette (as volleyball was then known) was designed to be an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.", "Naismith's home town of Almonte, Ontario , hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half court games along the main street of the town. All proceeds of the event go to youth basketball programs in the area.", "Naismith's home town of Almonte, Ontario, hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half court games along the main street of the town. All proceeds of the event go to youth basketball programs in the area.", "In the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal . Although described as a slight figure, standing 5 foot 10 ½ and listed at 168 pounds, [5] he was a talented and versatile athlete, representing McGill in Canadian football , lacrosse , rugby , soccer and gymnastics . He played center on the football team, and made himself some padding to protect his ears. It was for personal use, not team use. [6] He won multiple Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances. [7] Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education (1888) and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal (1890). [4] From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics, but then left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts . [7] [8]", "In the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal . Although described as a slight figure, standing 5 foot 10 ½ and listed at 178 pounds, [5] he was a talented and versatile athlete, representing McGill in Canadian football , lacrosse , rugby , soccer and gymnastics . He played center on the football team, and made himself some padding to protect his ears. It was for personal use, not team use. [6] He won multiple Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances. [7] Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education (1888) and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal (1890). [4] From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics, but then left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts . [7] [8]", "\"James Naismith attended as a student in 1890 and was asked to join the faculty in 1891 by Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, the director of the physical education department. During a psychology seminar Dr. Gulick challenged his class to invent a new game. Gulick was desperately looking for an indoor activity that would be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play indoors in the Winter.\"", "William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a game he called “Mintonette” in 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He intended it to be a less-intense alternative to the new sport of basketball. The game soon became known as volleyball and spread to various YMCAs around the United States.", "Major sports, including association football, tennis, rugby union, rugby league, golf, boxing, netball, rowing and cricket, originated or were substantially developed in the UK and the states that preceded it. With the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th century Victorian Britain, in 2012, the President of the IOC, Jacques Rogge, stated; \"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognized as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum\". ", "Naismith's hometown of  Almonte, Ontario, hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half-court games along the main street of the town.", "The late 19th cent. witnessed an expanding belief in sport as useful recreation, and in industrialized societies equipment was standardized, local and national organizations were set up to govern play, and a doctrine of character-building declared sports to be a necessary endeavor for men. The revival of the Olympics in 1896 and the blossoming U.S. intercollegiate athletic system boosted many forms of amateur, or unpaid, sports at the same time that professional sports (such as baseball, boxing, and bicycle racing) drew large numbers of spectators. Sports that were traditionally played in various countries became, by legislative act or general acceptance, national sports— baseball in the United States, bullfighting in Spain and Mexico, cricket in England, and ice hockey (see hockey, ice ) in Canada.", "From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics, but then left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. … Read More", "When boys in the 1890s began playing sports, they simply organized their own high school teams, much like their collegiate counterparts had, and the teams began first in urban areas. Luther Halsey Gulick Jr., formerly the director of the YMCA Training School, became the director of physical training for the New York City public schools in 1903. A great believer in the need for physical development to match moral development, Gulick understood that organized sport could be more beneficial for boys than gymnastics and calisthenics alone. He formed the Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL), which promoted interscholastic competition in sports such as rifle shooting. A girls' division was later created, but it did not allow interscholastic competition.", " Orphaned early in his life, Naismith lived with his aunt and uncle for many years and attended grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte. Then he enrolled in Almonte High School, in Almonte, Ontario, from which he graduated in 1883.", "In 1856, Dr. William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club. In 1867 he codified the game, shortening the length of each game and reducing the number of players to twelve per team. The first game played under Beers' rules was at Upper Canada College in 1867, with Upper Canada College losing to the Toronto Cricket Club by a score of 3–1. By the 1900s, high schools, colleges, and universities began playing the game. Lacrosse was contested as a demonstration sport in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics. On each occasion, a playoff was held to determine the American representative to the Olympics and on each occasion the playoffs were won by the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays.", "Canadian Amateur sport constitutes one of the longest-standing nationalist movements in Canada. In the year of Confederation, Montreal dentist and lacrosse player George Beers established the National Amateur Lacrosse Association to instill self-discipline and a sense of citizenship among athletes through the orderly conduct of games and to foster pride in the new nation through dramatic athletic performances in international competition. Subsequent amateur sports leaders adopted these goals and when they joined Pierre de Coubertin's modern Olympic Movement early in the 20th century, they made Canadian Olympic teams a flagship for these ambitions.", "A paper given to the First Canadian Symposium on the History of Sport & Physical Education, University of Alberta May 13-16, 1970. Refers mainly to history in eastern Canada but mentions Saskatchewan and western provinces. 154 pages with index and bibliography.", "The Olympic Games of 1916, scheduled for Berlin, were cancelled because of war. Canadian amateur athletes and leaders were among the first to enlist and they used sport both for training and for entertaining the troops behind the lines. After the Armistice, the amateur sports leaders were eager to harness amateur sports to the tasks of social reconstruction and nation-building. They strengthened sports programs across the country, sending coaches into remote areas and staging national championships, which hitherto had rarely been held outside of Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto." ]

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[ "The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 53 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students and militants took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian Revolution .", "On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian militants stormed the American embassy in Tehran , Iran , and captured dozens of embassy and military personnel. For 444 days, fiftytwo Americans remained captive in Iran, while their nation waited, hoped, and hung yellow ribbons. The outcome of the hostage crisis would ultimately change the course of a presidency, and malign relations between two powerful nations.", "Jan. 20 marks the 31-year anniversary of the release of hostages from Iran. Fifty-two Americans were held for 444 days in the American Embassy in Tehran, in one of the most significant flash points in the long, tumultuous relationship between the two countries.", "On 4 November, Iranian students calling themselves Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, took control of the American Embassy in Tehran, holding 52 embassy staff hostage for 444 days – an event known as the Iran hostage crisis. In the United States, the hostage-taking was seen as a flagrant violation of international law and aroused intense anger and anti-Iranian sentiments. ", "was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. President Jimmy Carter called the hostages \"victims of terrorism and anarchy,\" adding that \"the United States will not yield to blackmail.\"", "Iran Hostage Crisis, November 4, 1979: After President Carter agreed to admit the Shah of Iran into the U.S., Iranian radicals seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 American diplomats hostage. Thirteen hostages were soon released, but the remaining 53 were held until their release on January 20, 1981.", "Iran is one of the few countries in the world without an active US Embassy. The building has been deserted since the revolution, and these days bears a sign that reads ‘Death To America’. US Embassy officials were kidnapped by Islamic students in the early morning of November 4 1979. They were held hostage for 444 days. The relationship between the US and Iran has been one of continual confrontation since.", " The CIA fails to predict the fall of the Shah of Iran, a longtime CIA puppet, and the rise of Muslim fundamentalists who are furious at the CIA�s backing of SAVAK, the Shah�s bloodthirsty secret police. In revenge, the Muslims take 52 Americans hostage in the U.S. embassy in Tehran.", "Despite his initial refusal to admit the Shah into the United States, on October 22, 1979 , Carter finally granted him entry and temporary asylum for the duration of his cancer treatment; the Shah left for Panama on December 15, 1979 . In response to the Shah's entry into the U.S., Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Tehran , taking 52 Americans hostage. The Iranians demanded:", "On the 4th November 1979, the Iran hostage crisis began when a group of Iranian students from a group called the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam&#8217;s Line stormed the American Embassy in Tehran. The.... . .", "1979 – Hundreds of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, beginning a 444-day hostage crisis.", "Carter’s greatest defeat was administered by Iran. In that country, following the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who had been supported by the United States, the Islamic Republic of Iran was proclaimed on February 1, 1979, under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In November militants seized the U.S. embassy in Tehrān and held its occupants hostage. An attempt to...", "The U.S., wary of losing its oil rich friend, and desperate to keep Soviets from influencing the region, quickly moved to “normalize relations” with Iran. Despite these efforts, the Muslim Followers of the line of the Imam, a fundamentalist, anti-imperialist group made up predominately of young radical revolutionaries, seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979, symbolizing the end of cordial diplomacy between the two nations. Fifty-three hostages were taken by this group and the Iranian government and general public supported their actions further antagonizing relations between the two former allies. Although these hostages were eventually released the day of President Reagan’s inauguration, more hostages would soon be taken, and relations would further be galvanized.", "In early November 1979, Brzezinski secretly meets with Iranian Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, as well as Iran’s foreign minister and defense minister, in Algiers, Algeria. But shortly before the meeting, the US agrees to allow the Shah, dying with cancer, to come to the US for medical treatment. Khomeini is enraged, and on November 4, just three days after the Algeria meeting begins, Khomeini arranges for students to take over the US embassy in Teheran and seize hostages. This realigns political forces in Iran and allows Khomeini to sideline Bazargan and other others meeting in Algeria, rendering the negotiations there moot. Brzezinski’s attempts to create a de facto alliance with Iran collapse. The US hostages will be held for over a year before finally being freed.", "Nov. 4, Tehran, Iran: Iranian radical students seized the U.S. embassy, taking 66 hostages. 14 were later released. The remaining 52 were freed after 444 days on the day of President Reagan's inauguration.", "On 4 November 1979, after the shah had been allowed entry into the United States for medical care, militant Iranians stormed the US embassy in Teheran, taking 66 Americans hostage. The militants demanded that the shah be turned over to face trial and that billions of dollars he had allegedly took abroad be returned. Thirteen of the hostages were soon released, but another 53 were held until an agreement was negotiated that freed the hostages on 20 January 1981.  Unable to persuade Iran to release them, President Carter ordered a military rescue mission, which failed, resulting in the deaths of eight American servicemen when their aircraft collided in the Iranian desert.", "During this time, Iran's relation with the US went downhill. It reached a stage of outright confrontation, when, on November 4,1979, 500 extremist students seized the US embassy in Tehran. They took hostage 66 citizens at the embassy and the foreign ministry (\"The Iranian Revolution\" 835). The takeover seemingly sanctioned by Khomeini, continued for the next 444 days, and American-Iranian relations sunk to an all-time low. This led to trade conflicts with the United States and its allies, causing economic problems.", "In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president", "* April 7 – The United States severs diplomatic relations with Iran and imposes economic sanctions, following the taking of American hostages on November 4, 1979.", "On November 4, 1979 a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for the next 444 days until January 20, 1981. During the crisis, Carter remained in isolation in the White House for more than 100 days, until he left to participate in the lighting of the National Menorah on the Ellipse. On April 24, 1980, Carter ordered Operation Eagle Claw to try free the hostages. The mission failed, leaving eight American servicemen dead and causing the destruction of two aircraft.", "November 4, 1979 – Radical Iranian students take over the U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold 52 Americans hostage. The embassy had been seized in February of that year, shortly after the Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile in Paris, but that was resolved quickly; few suspected that this diplomatic crisis would end up lasting 444 days and cost the lives of eight soldiers who died during the ill-fated Operation Eagle Claw rescue attempt on April 24, 1980.", "Sixty-six Americans were taken captive when Iranian militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran on Nov. 4, 1979, including three who were at the Iranian Foreign Ministry. Six more Americans escaped. Of the 66 who were taken hostage, 13 were released on Nov. 19 and 20, 1979; one was released on July 11, 1980, and the remaining 52 were released on Jan. 20, 1981.", "November 4 is the 30th anniversary of the siezure, by young Iranian militants, of the U.S. embassy in Tehran. Leading up to that event, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had returned to Iran from exile in France, leading an Islamic revolution that forced the Shah of Iran to flee. Fifty-two of the US diplomats seized by the Iranians were held captive for more than a year, most of them at the US embassy.", "...substantial foreign policy successes were overshadowed by a serious crisis in foreign affairs and by a groundswell of popular discontent over his economic policies. On November 4, 1979, a mob of Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehrān and took the diplomatic staff there hostage. Their actions, in response to the arrival of the deposed shah (Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi) in...", "November 4 : Tehran, Iran/Islamic militants The U.S. embassy is seized and 66 people are taken hostage.", "Four university professors are kidnapped in Beirut, bringing to 14 the number of Americans taken hostage under President Reagan, who once promised \"swift and effective retribution\" for such incidents. Several hostages have actually been in captivity longer than any under President Carter, who President Reagan frequently criticizes.", "The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy in South Kensington, London. The gunmen took 26 people hostage—mostly embassy staff, but several visitors and a police officer, who had been guarding the embassy, were also held. The hostage-takers, members of an Iranian Arab group campaigning for Arab national sovereignty in the southern region of Khūzestān Province , demanded the release of Arab prisoners from jails in Khūzestān and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom. [1] The British government quickly resolved that safe passage would not be granted, and a siege ensued. Over the following days, police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as the broadcasting of the hostage-takers' demands on British television.", "Six gunmen seized the Iranian Embassy in London in April 1980, demanding the release of prisoners in Iran and taking 21 hostages, two of whom they killed. The dramatic six-day siege ended when elite SAS troops stormed the building and rescued 19 hostages, killing five gunmen.", "The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy in South Kensington, London. The gunmen took 26 people hostage—mostly embassy staff, but several visitors and a police officer, who had been guarding the embassy, were also held. The hostage-takers, members of an Iranian Arab group campaigning for Arab national sovereignty in the southern region of Khūzestān Province, demanded the release of Arab prisoners from jails in Khūzestān and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom. The British government quickly resolved that safe passage would not be granted, and a siege ensued. Over the following days, police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as the broadcasting of the hostage-takers' demands on British television.", "1980 The SAS stormed the terrorist-occupied Iranian Embassy at Knightsbridge in London. Four gunmen were killed in the attack and all 19 hostages were rescued.", "* December 17 – American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is kidnapped in Verona by the Italian Red Brigades.", "Real events: A group of six gunmen took the Iranian Embassy in April 1980, along with 26 hostages " ]

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[ "National Novel Writing Month (often shortened to NaNoWriMo, \"\"), is an annual, Internet-based creative writing project that takes place during the month of November. NaNoWriMo challenges participants to write 50,000 words (the minimum number of words for a novel) from November 1 until the deadline at 11:59PM on November 30. The goal of NaNoWriMo is to get people writing and keep them motivated throughout the process. The website provides participants with tips for writer's block, local places writers participating in NaNoWriMo are meeting, and an online community of support. The idea is to focus on completion instead of perfection. NaNoWriMo focuses on the length of a work rather than the quality, encouraging writers to finish their first draft so that it can later be edited at the author's discretion. NaNoWriMo's main goal is to encourage creativity worldwide. The project started in July 1999 with 21 participants, but by the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part and wrote a total of over 2.8 billion words. ", "November 1 marks the first day of National Novel Writing Month . It’s a fantastic event where regular people are encouraged to write a 50,000-word novel in 30 days.", "Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, that vary from author to author. For example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50,000 word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words. ", "November 15: After the second week of writing, you will be at 25,000 words. This is the approximate length of such legendary works of fiction as Animal Farm, Death in Venice, and Gossip Girl: I Like it Like That. You’re halfway to winning! Attend a Midway Party in your town, or come to San Francisco, where the Night of Writing Dangerously Write-a-thon will set records for group noveling and candy consumption.", "As for me, I’ve completed NaNoWrimo the past five years, the result of which is a massive 160,000-word novel that will probably need to be split in two, a 100,000-word sci-fi novel I need to edit, and half of a third novel which I hope to complete this year. Will any of them ever be published, at least in a traditional fashion? I think that’s actually beside the point. The personal accomplishment, the thing that I can cross off my life list as if I had climbed a tall mountain, is having written a novel. And I would never have done that without the spur that National Novel Writing Month gave to me.", "◾Best Novel: Awarded for a science fiction or fantasy story of forty thousand (40,000) words or more.”", "Secondly, A Dog’s Best Friend is my first long work. I had been writing for newspapers and magazines for many years when I began the novel. I’d become quite sure of my ability to tell an entire story in 600-800 words. I thought such skills would translate easily to novel-writing.", "Publisher \"Bennett Cerf bet him he couldn't write a book using fewer than 50 words. There are 49. Count 'em.\"", "Total word count: 886,710 words. She is currently now writing a story she calculates will have four parts to it with around thirty chapters. Each.", "Today: Make a tax-deductible donation to help us pay for National Novel Writing Month. So far, we’ve received donations from 3.4% of our participants, putting us 6.6% away from our goal. Chip in! Even $10 makes a big difference, and pays huge dividends in halos and noveling karma. We’re a nonprofit, and we’ve spent hundreds of thousands of dollars readying this swashbuckling adventure for 110,000 adults and 15,000 kids and teens around the world. We need your support!", "Have you got something to say? A short story, a rant, a profile, a statement? every month we dedicate a whole page to you, Mr or Mrs Amateur Writer. We want you to shoot from the hip with a 400 word article that you think our readers should take note of. In return we’ll reward you with £100 and a coffee every day that month from The Bean along with a Bean beanie and stickers!. Just email your piece to: iwanttobeheard@ gallerymagazine.co.uk", "In 2004, NaNoWriMo started the Young Writers Program (YWP), a writing workshop aimed to aid classrooms of kindergarten through 12th-grade students. The difference from the regular program and the YWP was that kids could choose how many words to try to write. The standard word count goal for a young writer is 30,000. In its inaugural year, the program was used in 150 classrooms and involved 4000 students. Teachers register their classroom for participation and are sent a starter kit of materials to use in the class which includes reward items like stickers and pencils. Lesson plans and writing ideas are also offered as resources to teachers, while students can communicate through the program's forums. The only age restriction on the YWP is no one can be over 18; when a user turns 18, they are sent to the main site. [31] [32]", "            After reading Sharon Cohen�s Taking the Bus, instruct students to write their own story that centers on the theme of prejudice. This story can be fictitious or true, but remind the students to change the names of the characters and places to protect the identity of the individuals. This in-class writing assignment should be about three – five pages.", "In November 2007, NaNoWriMo hosted a fundraising Write-a-thon event called 'The Night of Writing Dangerously', held in San Francisco. The first 250 participants to donate at least $200 to the NaNoWriMo website receive reservations at this event. It has been described as a \"mid-November extravaganza of food, drink, and lots and lots of noveling\".", "But in November, you are beyond criticism. Because you are doing something that few people in the world have the guts to try—you’re packing a huge creative challenge into an already-hectic life. You’re juggling work and home; family and friends. With all of that going on, you’ve signed up for NaNoWriMo. Where you’ve spent the last few weeks hunting through the bin of possible novel ideas, trying to pick out the perfect one. Maybe you’ve got yours already. Or maybe you feel like you’re not quite ready.", "Edit: \"...for this project I have to find stories that are short enough that you could tell them in a library storyhour.\" --Amilia Smith", "Hear, hear! I tend to write all of my novels on the NaNo model, even if not actually in November. Although, this year I’m TOTALLY nanoing, because I also have a deadline.", "A short story is a piece of prose fiction, which can be read in one sitting. Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization. At its most prototypical the short story features a small cast of named characters, and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a \"single effect\" or mood. In doing so, short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components to a far greater degree than is typical of an anecdote, yet to a far lesser degree than a novel. While the short story is largely distinct from the novel, authors of both generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques.", "In 2013, January and February were deemed NaNoWriMo's \"Now What?\" Months, designed to help novelists during the editing and revision process. To participate, writers must first make a commitment to revisit their novels. This includes signing a contract via NaNoWriMo. The next step is to attend the Internet seminars where publishing experts and NaNoWriMo novelists are available to advise writers on the next steps for their draft. After that, participants should communicate on Twitter via the hashtags in order to compare editing notes and interact with agents and publishers. The last step is to stay updated with NaNoWriMo's blog where encouragement and advice are offered by authors, editors, and agents. The main goal of these \"Now What?\" Months is to get novelists published. [38]", "In 2013, January and February were deemed NaNoWriMo's \"Now What?\" Months, designed to help novelists during the editing and revision process. To participate, writers must first make a commitment to revisit their novels. This includes signing a contract via NaNoWriMo. The next step is to attend the internet seminars where publishing experts and NaNoWriMo novelists are available to advise writers on the next steps for their draft. After that, participants should communicate on Twitter via the hashtags in order to compare editing notes and interact with agents and publishers. The last step is to stay updated with NaNoWriMo's blog where encouragement and advice are offered by authors, editors, and agents. The main goal of these \"Now What?\" Months is to get novelists published. ", "Short fiction naturally spawned a number of diverse works. In Carol Shields’s Dressing Up for the Carnival, a high-class midway was full of familiar yet unique people. Luck in all of its manifestations—good, bad, and indifferent—attends an engagingly eclectic assortment of individuals in the late Matt Cohen’s Getting Lucky. In Lynn Coady’s Play the Monster Blind, the cultures of the coasts of Canada were revealed through the idiosyncratic excesses of their inhabitants. Terence Young’s Rhymes with Useless was a mixed bag of ordinary families coping in their separate ways with an extraordinary world. The first collection by Madeline Sonik, Drying the Bones, featured a series of investigations into and beyond the obvious.", "An extended fictional prose narrative that is longer than a short story, but not quite as long as a novel.", "an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. Within its broad framework, the genre of the novel has encompassed an...", "Novels, short stories, and biographies are usually narrative though they are likely to include sections of exposition. Arguments are also likely to contain some exposition, and sometimes some narrative. In the same way, expository writing may include some elements of narration or argument, but its main purpose is to inform.", "Writing nonfiction, a collection of short stories, a memoir, or a script (they had another event for that last one ).", "Narrowly defined, narration is the fiction-writing mode whereby the narrator is communicating directly to the reader. But if the broad definition of narration includes all written fiction, and the narrow definition is limited merely to that which is directly communicated to the reader, then what comprises the rest of written fiction? The remainder of written fiction would be in the form of any of the other fiction-writing modes. Narration, as a fiction-writing mode, is a matter for discussion among fiction writers and writing coaches.", "This is a technique used primarily in narrative writing (though there may be a section of narrative in expository or argument, so it might appear there, too).  It's about telling a story in an interesting way rather than just summarizing it.", "A piece of writing that retains the memories and character of its creators, and is able to communicate with the reader. Remind you of anything?", "A person who tells a story, or a voice fashioned by an author to recount a narrative.", "Underlying your reason for picking up any given novel, whatever that reason may be, is a set of expectations. You may not even realize you have them.", "In your essay “Telling Is Listening,” you write that a genre novel fulfills certain generic obligations—it’s going to take the reader in a certain direction, it will likely have a certain story arc, it will touch on certain things that she or he has come to expect.", "You’re such a prolific writer, what motivates you nowadays, and is there an additional spark when you write now, knowing your work could develop into so much more than just the original novel?" ]

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[ "UW opened officially on November 4 , 1861 , as the Territorial University of Washington. The following year, the legislature passed articles formally incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times: in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a bachelor's degree in science. By the time Washington", "The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university based in Seattle , Washington , United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast and features one of the most highly regarded medical schools in the world. [6] [7]", "On November 4, 1861, the University of Washington opened its doors at its original campus at present-day Fourth Avenue and University Street in downtown Seattle.", "The University of Washington (UW), commonly referred to as Washington or informally UDub, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, UW is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast and features one of the most highly regarded medical schools in the world. UW has been labeled one of the \"Public Ivies,\" a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League.", "Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top \"National Universities\" in the United States, as determined by U.S. News & World Report. Top universities in Chicago are: the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; Loyola University Chicago; Illinois Institute of Technology; DePaul University; and University of Illinois at Chicago. Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago; East–West University; National Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Columbia College Chicago; Robert Morris University; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Rush University; and Shimer College.", "On a regional basis, Western Europe dominates the list, with 60 universities in the top 100. Northern Europe comes in a distant second, with 24; Southern Europe has 15. Eastern Europe only has a single university on the list, Poland’s Jagiellonian University , ranked #92. And only five universities on the list are located in countries that are not members of the European Union – four in Switzerland, and one in Norway ( University of Oslo , #41). Notable absences from the top 100 include any universities in Russia or Turkey, two of Europe’s most populous countries; or any universities in small but wealthy Sweden or Finland.", "Some of the top-rated universities on the list were created when larger institutions spun out their technical departments. Imperial College London (ranked #2) was formerly The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, part of the University of London. Imperial became fully independent in July 2007, and is now a public research university serving more than 16,000 students from more than 125 countries. It also outperforms its parent – the University of London is ranked #30 on the Europe Top 100.", "As for universities, the most famous is Tokyo University, the first of the \"national universities\". Other national universities are Kyoto, Tohoku, Kyushu and Hokkaido. Below these are the private universities, the most famous being Keio and Waseda, and junior colleges, or as the Japanese call them \"short-term universities\".", "Several universities were established in the late 1800s. In 1880, the University of St Thomas Aquinas was created. The name of the latter, like most of the universities, underwent many changes. In 1911, it was known as the University Gabriel René Moreno; in 1938, the Autonomous University of Santa Cruz ; and then back again to Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM). In 1892 the University of St. Augustine was created. (In 1893 it became the University of Oruro, in 1937 the Bolivian Technical University, and it is now the Technical University of Oruro or UTO). In 1892 the University of Potosi was founded; it is now the Bolivian University of Tomás Frías (UATF).", "Established in 1881, the University of Liverpool has long held a vision and reputation for innovation, as the world's first university to establish departments in Oceanography, Civic Design, Architecture and Biochemistry. Historically, in1894 Oliver Lodge, a Liverpool professor, made the world's first public radio transmission and in 1896 took the first surgical X-ray in the UK.", "The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.", "A university (, \"a whole\", \"a corporation\" ) is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word \"university\" is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means \"community of teachers and scholars.\" ", "2. The University of Al-Karaouine - Fes, Morocco. Founded in 859, the Guinness Book of World Records has recognized it as the world's oldest continuously operating, degree-granting university. (The Ahvaz Jundishapur University has not been continuously-operating)", "The claim of University College London (UCL) to be the third oldest university in England is based on its establishment in 1826 under the name of \"London University\" as an institution delivering university-level education. It is opposed by the fact that it never received official recognition as a university and is not listed as a university in 19th century reference works; that it does not have a continuous history as an autonomous institution, having been merged into the University of London from 1907 to 1977; that it only received degree awarding powers in 2005; that it accepted a charter as a college in 1836, giving up its claim to be a university. It is also opposed by the fact that it did not receive its charter until 1836, after King's College London.", "The Territorial University was getting crowded by the time of statehood (1889). During the 1889-1890 academic year, 273 individual students attended, almost twice as many as a decade before.", "Many of the objections to King's College London's claim parallel those raised against UCL's. It lacked (and still lacks) de jure status as a university, and only gained degree awarding powers in July 2006, awarding its first degrees in summer 2008. It surrendered its autonomy to be merged into the University of London from 1910 to 1980, and was only funded as an independent institution rather than through the University of London after 1993. Like UCL, it does not feature in 19th century university lists.", "University of Zurich, [57] (UZH) with its 26,000 enrolled students is Switzerland's largest university. Founded in the year 1833, UZH was Europe's first university to be established by a democratic political system; today, UZH is one of the foremost universities in the German-speaking world. 12 Nobel Laureates have studied, taught or conducted research at Univerity of Zurich.", "With the advent of the republic, the polytechnic and surgery schools were incorporated as faculties into the newly created University of Lisbon and the University of Porto, that were both founded in 1911. The Lisbon Institute of Industry led to the creation of IST which was grouped with other existing institutions to constitute the Technical University of Lisbon in the 1930s. In the 1960s the first non-governmental institution opened, the Portuguese Catholic University.", "University of Al-Karaouine : Located in Fes, Morocco, this university originally was a mosque founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, a woman. It developed into one of the leading universities for natural sciences. It wasn’t until 1957 that the university added mathematics, physics, chemistry and foreign languages. This university is considered the oldest continuously-operating degree-granting university in the world by the Guiness Book of World Records .", "The city is home to a large number of public and private universities. Complutense University of Madrid, established in 1293, is one of the oldest universities in the world.", "The University of Buenos Aires - The Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires is the most important school in Argentina and one of the most prestigious in Latin America. Founded on August 12, 1821, it depends financially on the State but it is autonomous, open, secular, and completely free. Furthermore, the only condition for entry is completion of the Ciclo Básico Común (also free, and part of the University).", "Tsinghua was founded in 1911, when the United States used Chinese government money to establish a school to prepare students sent to study in America. The university has graduated many Chinese leaders, including current President Xi Jinping and former President Hu Jintao.", "Ciudad Universitaria . — The main campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Located on Insurgentes Sur Avenue, it is one of the world's largest universities, with more than 270,000 students every semester. In 2007 it was declared a UNESCO world heritage place. ", "Salamanca is known both for its monumental sights and the University of Salamanca, which was founded in 1218 and is the oldest university in Spain and the fifth oldest western university. With its 30,000 students, the university is, together with tourism, the economic engine of the city. Salamanca is also known for the teaching of Spanish language in this field, Salamanca houses 16% of the offer available in Spain and is known to attract thousands of foreign students.", "U.S. News & World Report in its 2016 rankings ranked UAA tied for 29th among public regional universities in the West and tied for 79th among all regional universities in the West. Forbes in 2015 ranked UAA 512th among all colleges and universities and 95th in the West.", "The University of Timbuktu was established in the 12th century. Teaching included geography, mathematics, the sciences, and medicine.", "The University of Salamanca added Spanish language and cultural courses to its curriculum in 1929. Today, the program is among the most successful of its kind, with a yearly enrolment of more than 4,000 foreign students and language teachers from across the world.", "The National University of Córdoba, established since 1613, is the 4th oldest in the Americas and the first in Argentina. It has about 105,000 students, and offers degrees in a wide variety of subjects in the sciences, applied sciences, social sciences, humanities and arts.", "It is located about 200 km west of Madrid and 80 km east of the border with Portugal. The University of Salamanca, which was founded in 1218 and is the oldest university in Spain and the fourth oldest university west. With its 30,000 students, the university is , together with tourism , the economic engine of the city.", "The University of the Incarnate Word is a private liberal arts university with a 130-year tradition of educating diverse populations throughout the world within the context of faith. UIW is the largest Catholic University in the state and the fourth largest private university in Texas.", "The Universidad Nacional (National University) and the Universidad Católica (Catholic University) are located in Asunción. Both also have branches throughout the country.", "The city is not considered a traditional university city, but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education. The most significant of them are:" ]

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[ "Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. ", "4 September 1998. Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students at Stanford University ,USA", "Google Inc. ( NASDAQ :  GOOG ) is an American multinational internet corporation invested in internet search , cloud computing , and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, [5] and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. [6] [7] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin , often dubbed the \"Google Guys\", [8] [9] [10] while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates.", "Sergey Brin is an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur, who, along with Larry Page, co-founded Google Inc in 1998. Brin migrated to the U.S from the Soviet Union, at a young age. He studied mathematics and computer science in college before going to the Stanford University to pursue a PhD in computer science. As a research scholar, his areas of interests included extraction of information from unstructured sources, search engines, and data mining of large collections of data. He met fellow research scholar Larry page with whom he worked on a research project. The two men connected on the intellectual level and started experimenting with their new designs of search engines in the university computers. Initially, their project was called âBackRubâ, and it was funded through the National Science Foundation. Together Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, which is used by Google to rank web pages. The successful running of their project for many months on the University computers convinced the duo to start their own company. They both put their doctoral studies on hold and with financial investment in the form of a $100,000 cheque from Sun Microsystems co-founder, Andy Bechtolsheim, formally incorporated their company, Google Inc, in California.", "1998 – Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded the company Google in Menlo Park, California, US, to promote the web search engine that they developed as a research project while attending Stanford University.", "** Google, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California, by Stanford University PhD candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin. ", "Google is founded by Larry Page n Sergey Brin. Larry Page's mother is Jewish. Sergey Brin's both parents are Jewish.", "\"Walk into Google's headquarters, and the first thing you see on the wall is a constantly changing real-time projection of some of the 100 million daily searches taking place on its site ÷ everything from the song-swap service Kazaa to condoms to Martha Stewart. On the Web Google At Google, with 1,800 queries a second, searching is what it's all about. 'Our decision early on, and it turned out to be the right one, is that just being the best search engine was enough,' says Sergey Brin, 27, who co-founded Google in 1998 with fellow Stanford University Ph.D. candidate Larry Page ... Brin [is the] son of a Jewish refugee from the former Soviet Union who has lived in the USA since age 6.\"", "The blog of Sergey Brin. Google cofounder. Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who, with Larry Page, co-founded Google, one of the most profitable Internet companies. As of 2013", "Ironically, economics was a distant focus in the first days of Google. After Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded the company in 1998, they channeled their energy into its free search product and left much of the business planning to a 22-year-old Stanford graduate named Salar Kamangar, Google's ninth employee. The early assumption was that although ads would be an important source of revenue, licensing search technology and selling servers would be just as lucrative. Page and Brin also believed that ads should be useful and welcome—not annoying intrusions. Kamangar and another early Googler, Eric Veach, set out to implement that ideal. Neither had a background in business or economics. Kamangar had been a biology major, and Veach's field of study was computer science.", "Mark Zuckerberg now richer than Google owners: When Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page became billion...", "In 1998, Brin and Page founded Google, Inc. [19] Page ran Google as co-president along with Brin until 2001 when they hired Eric Schmidt as Chairman and CEO of Google. In January 2011 Google announced that Page would replace Schmidt as CEO in April the same year. [20] Both Page and Brin earn an annual compensation of one dollar . On April 4, 2011, Page officially became the chief executive of Google, while Schmidt stepped down to become executive chairman.", "Google's brand value is $159 billion, an increase of 40% on last year. Larry Page and Sergey Brin must be two very happy men.", "We use Google almost everyday ! But how many of us know the names of the persons who bought it to us ? I Removed some time to find their names on Google ha ha. they are Larry Page and Sergey Brin Founded in Menlo Park (california) on sep 4th 1998.", "Larry Page Along with Sergey Brin, is the co-founder of Google, which became one of fastest growing businesses of all time. Larry Page helped invent Page Rank which made Google most popular search engine.", "Lawrence \"Larry\" Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and an Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google Inc. with Sergey Brin in 1998.", "Lawrence \"Larry\" Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and an Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google Inc. with Sergey Brin in 1998. ", "Sergey Brin was born in Moscow, Russia in 1973. He immigrated with his family to the United States at the age of six and grew up in Adelphi, Maryland. His father, Michael Brin, was a professor of mathematics at the University of Maryland. Like Larry Page, he attended a Montessori school as a small child. He graduated from Eleanor Roosevelt High School in 1990 and entered the University of Maryland, College Park. In only three years, he graduated with highest honors in mathematics and computer science. He entered graduate school at Stanford University with a graduate fellowship from the National Science Foundation.", "After the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000. ", "Google Milestones:. -. 1995. Larry Page and Sergey Brin meet at Stanford. 1996. Larry and Sergey...", "2003: Larry Page, Co-founder and President, Products, and Sergey Brin, Co-founder and President, Technology, pose inside the server room at Google’s campus headquarters in Mountain View, California. (Getty Images)", "Page and Brin had the idea to license their PageRank technology to other companies to pay off their credit card debt, but none were interested. David Filo (1966–), another Stanford graduate who had started Yahoo.com, suggested they form a search-engine company. They named their company \"Google,\" after the mathematical term Googol, which specified the number one followed by a hundred zeros. They took it to Andy Bechtolsheim (1956–), a Stanford graduate and co-founder of Sun Microsystems. One of their professors set up an in an early morning meeting with Bechtolsheim. They showed him their Google demo, but Bechtolsheim had another meeting on his schedule that morning, and needed to leave. He liked their idea, however, and offered to write them a check on the spot for seed money. It was for $100,000, and was made out to \"Google.\" In order to deposit it, Page and Brin first needed to open a bank account with their company name on it.", "Page and Brin had the idea to license their PageRank technology to other companies to pay off their credit card debt, but none were interested. David Filo (1966–), another Stanford graduate who had started Yahoo.com, suggested they form a search-engine company. They named their company \"Google,\" after the mathematical term Googol, which specified the number one followed by a hundred zeros. They took it to Andy Bechtolsheim (1956–), a Stanford graduate and co-founder of Sun Microsystems. One of their professors set up an in an early morning meeting with Bechtolsheim. They showed him their Google demo, but Bechtolsheim had another meeting on his schedule that morning, and needed to leave. He liked their idea, however, and offered to write them a check on the spot for seed money. It was for $100,000, and was made out to \"Google.\" In order to deposit it, Page and Brin first needed to open a bank account with their company name on it.", "Soliciting funds from faculty members, family and friends, Brin and Page scraped together enough to buy some servers and rent that famous garage in Menlo Park. ... [soon after], Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a $100,000 check to \"Google, Inc.\" The only problem was, \"Google, Inc.\" did not yet exist—the company hadn't yet been incorporated. For two weeks, as they handled the paperwork, the young men had nowhere to deposit the money.\" ", "Keegan, Victor. \"Online: Working It Out: Searching Questions: Sergey Brin Is the President and Co-Founder of the Search Engine Google, Which Was Set Up in 1998.\" Guardian (London, England) (November 23, 2000): p. 4.", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is the chairman, chief executive officer and co-founder of social networking website Facebook . [4] [5] His net worth is estimated to be US$50 billion as of December 2016, ranking him the 5th richest person in the world . [3] [6]", "Brin was already enrolled in Stanford's PhD program when Page arrived in 1995. As Brin explained to Robert McGarvey of Technology Review, \"I was working on data mining, the idea of taking large amounts of data, analyzing it for patterns and trying to extract relationships that are useful.\" One weekend Brin was assigned to a team that showed the new doctoral students around campus, and Page was in his group. Industry lore claims they argued the whole time, but soon found themselves working together on a research project. That 1996 paper, \"Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,\" became the basis for the Google search engine.", "An innovative thinker with a sense of humor as well, Page once built a working ink-jet printer out of Lego blocks. He was eager to advance in his career, and decided to study for a Ph.D degree. He was admitted to the prestigious doctoral program in computer science at Stanford University. On an introductory weekend at the Palo Alto campus that had been arranged for new students, he met Sergey Brin. A native of Moscow, Russia, Brin was also the son of a professor, and came to the United States with his family when he was six. His father taught math at the University of Maryland, and it was from that school's College Park campus that Brin earned an undergraduate degree in computer science and math.", "An innovative thinker with a sense of humor as well, Page once built a working ink-jet printer out of Lego blocks. He was eager to advance in his career, and decided to study for a Ph.D degree. He was admitted to the prestigious doctoral program in computer science at Stanford University. On an introductory weekend at the Palo Alto campus that had been arranged for new students, he met Sergey Brin. A native of Moscow, Russia, Brin was also the son of a professor, and came to the United States with his family when he was six. His father taught math at the University of Maryland, and it was from that school's College Park campus that Brin earned an undergraduate degree in computer science and math.", "Sergey Brin is also well loved by the Internet community and a person purchased all possible domain names under “Sergey Brin”.", "In its 2011 'World's Billionaires' list, Forbes ranked Schmidt as the 136th-richest person in the world, with an estimated wealth of $7 billion. Google gave him a $100 million equity award in 2011 when he stepped down as CEO. ", "From 2001 to 2011, Schmidt served as the CEO of Google. He has served on various other boards in academia and industry, including the Boards of Trustees for Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, and Princeton University, New Jersey. " ]

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[ "Movie: Not included. In both versions of the film the destruction of the Ring causes the Eye of Sauron to erupt in flame and then explode as Barad-dûr collapses.", "William Napier, The Gathering of the Storm (2007), about the early life of Attila, as he returns from exile to claim his kingdom and strives to unite the Huns and Scythians; #2 in the Attila the Hun trilogy.", "The expansion pack, Price of Loyalty, included four new campaigns and some improvements to game balance. What it did not include was a continuation of the main storyline - this would continue in the third installment (and installment 6 of the related VideoGame/MightAndMagic series).", "·         The scenes after Maritimus trying to contact Solarstar after his defeat and Corda informing the Leader are both cut.", "Other key events include the Siege of Gondor ; the re-forging of the shards of Narsil into Aragorn's new sword Andúril ; Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas ' journey through the Paths of the Dead ; the epic Battle of the Pelennor Fields , and the charge of the Mûmakil (everything being carefully choreographed in advance, a process Jackson describes as like planning a real battle); Merry and Éowyn 's role in the defeat of the Lord of the Nazgûl; the destruction of the One Ring and the final fall of Sauron ; Aragorn's assumption of the throne; and the departure of several of the heroes to the Undying Lands .", "A few years after the battle, Isildur's army, marching to Rivendell, was ambushed and overwhelmed by a band of Orcs in what became known as the Disaster of the Gladden Fields. Isildur put on the Ring and attempted to escape by swimming across Anduin, but the Ring � which had a will of its own and a desire to return to Sauron � slipped from his finger. He was spotted and killed by Orc archers. The Ring would remain lost beneath the water for thousands of years, with many believing there was no way Sauron could return or so long as the Ring was lost Middle Earth was safe.", "Each film was released on standard two-disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film. The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four-disc Extended Editions, with new editing, added special effects and music. The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs, and a limited collector's edition was also released. The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002, containing 30 minutes more footage, an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria, and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve; an Argonath-styled bookend was included with the Collector's Edition. The Two Towers, released on 18 November 2003, contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White's entrance; the Collector's Edition contained a Sméagol statue, with a crueller-looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time.", "Other key events include the Siege of Gondor ; the re-forging of the shards of Narsil into Aragorn's new sword Andúril ; Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas journey through the Paths of the Dead ; the epic Battle of the Pelennor Fields , the charge of the Mûmakil ; Merry and Éowyn 's role in the defeat of the Lord of the Nazgûl; the destruction of the One Ring ; the final fall of Sauron ; Aragorn's assumption of the throne and the departure of several heroes to the Undying Lands .", "If not, I can at the moment think of nothing better than : I The Shadow Grows II The Ring in the Shadow III The War of the Ring or The Return of the King. JRRT.", "James has risen to the top of the ranks, defected, and is leading an ambush against the two opponent forces—one of which is his old rank—who are about to battle on behalf of their opposing gods, Rigimund and Lughia. He is accompanied by Major Tom, Virgil, a dozen followers from his old troops, and several thousand corpses that the queen, Dame Dolara, has resurrected. Tangled in this carnage are the faceless casualties of James’ principles. Despite his concentration and vulnerability, he cannot stop his thoughts from nostalgic ruminations only moments before sensing that something is terribly askew.", "Fate/Apocrypha - The catalysts to summon her as a Servant disappear between the Third Holy Grail War and the Great Holy Grail War due to the introduction of many smaller wars over a number of years that deplete available catalysts.", "The third game is the first in the series to move the action away from the continent of Enroth. Instead it occurs on the southern continent of Antagarich. King Gryphonheart of Erathia has died and the enemies of Erathia (the Antagarich branch of the Kreegan Invasion, the Dungeon Overlords of Nighon, and the Necromancers of Deyja) take the opportunity of its weakened state to launch attacks against it. Queen Catherine leads a force of the Enrothian army to reclaim control of her homeland with the aid of Erathia's local allies AvLee (elves, dwarves, and centaurs) and Bracada (human and genie wizards). The other nations on Antagarich—-the nation of Krewlod, a wasteland ruled by barbarous humans, orcs, goblins, and ogres; and the lizardfolk and gnolls of the Tatalian swamps—take this as an opportunity to bite off a little of their neighbors' territory while they are all distracted with each other, thus beginning the eight-way \"Restoration War\".", "The title is a translation into German of the Old Norse phrase Ragnarök, which in Norse mythology refers to a prophesied war among various beings and gods that ultimately results in the burning, immersion in water, and renewal of the world. However, as with the rest of the Ring, Wagner's account diverges significantly from his Old Norse sources.", "The scale and scope of the story is epic. It follows the struggles of gods, heroes, and several mythical creatures over the eponymous magic ring that grants domination over the entire world. The drama and intrigue continue through three generations of protagonists, until the final cataclysm at the end of Götterdämmerung.", "The third game is the first in the series to move the action away from the continent of Enroth. Instead it occurs on the southern continent of Antagarich. King Gryphonheart of Erathia has died and the enemies of Erathia (the Antagarich branch of the Kreegan Invasion, the Dungeon Overlords of Nighon, and the Necromancers) take the opportunity of its weakened state to launch attacks against it. Queen Catherine leads a force of the Enrothian army to reclaim control of her homeland with the aid of Erathia's local allies AvLee (elven nation) and Bracada (wizard nation). The other nations on Antagarich - the barbarian nation of Krewlod and the lizardman nation of Tatalia - take this as an opportunity to bite off a little of their neighbour's territory while they are all distracted with each other: thus beginning the eight-way \"Restoration War\".", "The sequence of the Paths of the Dead adds a conversation between Aragorn and the King of the Dead (in the book the Dead don't speak at all) and a scene where the companions must flee an avalanche of skulls, but leaves out the encounter with Baldor's skeleton. In contrast to the book, the viewer doesn't get told what happened in Lebennin between Aragorn and the Corsairs of Umbar. The film version (Extended Edition) doesn't correspond with the map of Gondor, as the company sees a near river with Corsair ships immediately after leaving the Haunted Mountain, which is not possible since the Anduin lies several hundred miles farther east, and assuming that no Corsair ships sailed upstream any of the smaller rivers such as the Morthond.", "Note that the titles The Return of the Shadow, The Treason of Isengard and The War of the Ring were used by Christopher Tolkien in The History of The Lord of the Rings .", "The second game's campaign centers around a civil war between Morglin's sons - Roland Ironfist, a good knight/wizard, and Archibald Ironfist, a not-so-good warlock. After their father's death, the line of succession is questioned, leading to disagreements between the two. The Royal Seer who was supposed to make the decision [[TheCoronerDothProtestTooMuch unfortunately died in a boating accident]]. His next three successors died similar deaths before Roland is accused of murdering them and goes into hiding, leaving the fifth Royal Seer to declare Archibald the king, while Roland initiates an insurgency to oust his evil brother.", "The survival of mankind hangs in the balance as an unexpected mortal hero Bek undertakes a thrilling journey to save the world and rescue his true love. In order to succeed, he must enlist the help of the powerful god Horus in an unlikely alliance against Set, the merciless god of darkness, who has usurped Egypt’s throne, plunging the once peaceful and prosperous empire into chaos and conflict.", "In Fangorn, Merry and Pippin attend an Ent council but learn Treebeard and the others will not participate in the war. They convince them otherwise when they show the destruction Saruman has unleashed on the forests around Isengard. The Ents storm Isengard and take Saruman captive. The Uruk-hai army arrive at Helm’s Deep, finding a makeshift army of peasants and Elves from Rivendell waiting for them. A great battle follows with Théoden losing hope until Aragorn convinces him to ride out and meet them. Gandalf and the Rohirrim arrive, turning the tide of the battle and destroying the Uruk-hai.", "God of War: Ghost of Sparta was first released in North America on November 2, 2010, for the PlayStation Portable. Set between the events of God of War and Betrayal, Kratos, the God of War, is still haunted by visions of his mortal past and embarks on a quest to discover his origins by finding his mother, Callisto. He learns that his brother Deimos was taken by the gods and imprisoned by the God of Death, Thanatos, and decides to find and save his sibling. Although successful, Thanatos engages the brothers in combat, and kills Deimos. Kratos then kills Thanatos and returns to Olympus, further enraged at the gods. ", "Unfinished Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1980. More tales from Tolkien’s notes and drafts of the First, Second, and Third Ages of Middle-earth giving readers more background on parts of The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion.", "In J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , there are two succession crises in the backstory. One split the north kingdom in three; the other sparked a civil war in Gondor.", "The War of the Ring. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. The History of Middle-earth: Vol. 8. Unwin Hyman, London, 1990.", "The events preceding Heroes IV precipitated the destruction of Enroth due to a clash between Armageddon's Blade and the Sword of Frost . The ensuing destruction brings about portals leading to another world, Axeoth, through which many characters escape. Heroes IV's campaigns focus on the scattered survivors from Enroth and Antagarich as they form new kingdoms and alliances in the new world.", "Two Lines, No Waiting : In the Academy campaign in IV, the eight different maps are built up like this. The first two maps feature Emilia , while the next two let you control a hero from the other side of the conflict, Solymr . At the fifth map, you're back to Emilia again, and at the sixth map, Solymr undergoes a Heel�Face Turn . At the seventh map, you control Emilia and her player party at the surface of the map, and Solymr under the earth, both on different quests. Lastly, at the eight map, you get to control both in the final confrontation with the Big Bad .", "*In the novel, The Incomplete Enchanter (1941) by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, the protagonist finds himself in Asgard, where he allies himself with the Æsir as Ragnarök approaches.", "The plot of Hope For The Heartless — which takes place immediately after the events of The Black Cauldron — starts with the Horned King being contacted by the Fates while his soul endures agony inside the Black Cauldron . They bring him back to Prydain to fulfill an assignment under the period of 18 months. If he doesn't fulfill it, his soul will be permanently trapped inside the Cauldron.", "Sumption, J. Cursed Kings: The Hundred Years War IV (Faber & Faber, 2015). This link takes you to Amazon.co.uk.", "Games Workshop also produced a supplement in 2004 for The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game entitled The Scouring of the Shire. This supplement contained rules for a large number of miniatures that depicted the Shire after the War of the Ring had concluded.", "Following the voyage of E�rendil to the Blessed Realm, the Valar finally moved against Morgoth. In the resulting War of Wrath, the Dark Lord was defeated and cast into the Outer Void beyond the world. But \"Sauron fled from the Great Battle and escaped.\"", "With the defeat of Sauron, Khazad-dûm was able to recover somewhat, and it was not until 1300 years later that the Longbeards came under renewed attacks by Orcs. By that time, the more easily accessible veins of mithril had become exhausted, and Númenor had been long destroyed, leaving the deeper mines of Khazad-dûm as the only remaining known source of Mithril." ]

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[ "Often called the “King of Cocktails” or the “Drinking Man’s Cocktail,” The Manhattan is a very potent drink and one of the legendary six classic cocktails included in David Embury’s famous book, The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks. The Manhattan is a cocktail made with a mixture of whiskey, sweet vermouth and bitters and garnished most often with a maraschino cherry.", "Dr. Iain Marshall was the genius and creator behind the Manhattan cocktail first served at a banquet in honor of US presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden in 1870. Usually garnished with a maraschino cherry, the Manhattan is closely related to the Brooklyn cocktail, made using dry vermouth and Maraschino liqueur. A Manhattan is made with sweet vermouth, whiskey and bitters, an alcohol flavored with herbal essences.", "Angostura bitters are a key ingredient in many cocktails. Originally used to help with upset stomachs of the soldiers in the Simón Bolívar army, it later became popular in soda water and was usually served with gin. The mix stuck in the form of a pink gin, and is also used in many other alcoholic cocktails such as long vodka, consisting of vodka, Angostura bitters, and lemonade. In the United States, it is best known for its use in whiskey cocktails: the Old Fashioned, made with whiskey, bitters, sugar, and water, and the Manhattan, made usually with rye whiskey and sweet vermouth. In a Pisco Sour a few drops are sprinkled on top of the foam, both for aroma and decoration. In a Champagne Cocktail a few drops of bitters are added to a sugar cube. Though not in the classic recipe, bartenders sometimes add more flavour to the Mojito cocktail by sprinkling a few drops of Angostura bitter on top. Bitters can also be used in \"soft\" drinks; a common drink served in Australian and New Zealand pubs is lemon lime and bitters. ", "A Manhattan is a cocktail made with whiskey, sweet vermouth, and bitters. Commonly used whiskeys include rye (the traditional choice), Canadian, bourbon and Tennessee. Proportions of whiskey to vermouth vary, from a very sweet 1:1 ratio to a much less sweet 4:1 ratio, but the classic mixture is 2:1. The cocktail is often stirred with ice and strained into a cocktail glass, where it is garnished with a Maraschino cherry with a stem. A Manhattan is also frequently served on the rocks in an old-fashioned glass.", "Traditional views insist that a Manhattan be made with American rye whiskey. However, more often than not, it is made with bourbon or Canadian whisky. The Manhattan is subject to considerable variation and innovation, and is often a way for the best bartenders to show off their creativity. Some shake the ingredients with ice in a cocktail shaker instead of stirring it, creating a froth on the surface of the drink. Angostura is the classic bitters, but orange bitters, Peychaud's Bitters, may be used. Some make their own bitters and syrups, substitute comparable digestifs in place of vermouth, specialize in local or rare whiskeys, or use other exotic ingredients. A lemon peel may be used as garnish. Some add juice from the cherry jar or Maraschino liqueur to the cocktail for additional sweetness and color.", "The Boothby 2 dashes Angostura Bitters 2 dashes orange bitters 2 ounces rye whiskey 1 ounce sweet vermouth Stir with ice, strain into a coupe glass, top with 1 ounce sparkling wine, and garnish with a maraschino cherry.", "An alcoholic beverage made with bourbon or blended whiskey mixed with sweet vermouth and garnished with a maraschino cherry.", "There are any number of variations to this drink, but two of the more popular recipes are The Original Manhattan and The Perfect Manhattan. Classic Manhattan: 1 1/2 shots (45 mL) bourbon (quality counts up to a point. Something like Early Times is quite adequate.) 1/3 shot (10 mL) sweet vermouth (quality really counts here and most domestics are out.) 2 shakes of bitters, 1 tbl (15 mL) cherry juice. Garnish with Cherry. Serve up in stemware or on the rocks. The Original Manhattan: 1 shot bourbon (30 mL), 1/4 shot (7.5 mL) sweet vermouth, dash bitters. Stir ingredients in a large glass with ice. Strain into chilled cocktail glass and garnish with a maraschino cherry. The Perfect Manhattan: 1 shot bourbon, 1/4 shot sweet vermouth, dash bitters, rinse dry vermouth. Stir whiskey, sweet vermouth and bitters in a large glass with ice. Rinse chilled cocktail glass with dry vermouth (pour only a little in the glass, swirl it around and pour it out). Strain chilled ingredients into cocktail glass and garnish with a lemon twist. If someone requests it extra dry you could use no vermouth at all.", "In an ice-filled shaker, mix 30ml whisky with 30ml dry vermouth (I recommend the Aperitivo Cocchi Americano). Add a couple of dashes of Angostura bitters and shake like hell. Strain into a cocktail glass, and serve.", "First, a few you can make by monkeying around with the bitters: Lose the Angostura and pitch in a splash of Amer Picon and it's a Monahan; a splash of anisette and it's a Narragansett; 2 dashes of cherry brandy and a dash of absinthe and you've got a McKinley's Delight. Leave a dash of the Angostura in, add a dash of orange bitters and 3 dashes of absinthe: a Sherman.", "1 lump Sugar 3 dashes Angostura Bitters 2 ice cubes 1 jigger Rye or Bourbon Splash of Seltzer or 1 tablespoon of Water Place the lump of sugar in an Old Fashioned glass and saturate it with Angostura Bitters. Add the seltzer or water and muddle. Add the ice, a cherry, and a twist of lemon peel. Then pour in the liquor, stir and serve. Serious-minded persons omit fruit salad from \"Old Fashioneds,\" while the frivolous window-dres the brew with slices of orange, sticks of pineapple, and a couple of turnips.", "1 Lump Sugar. 2 Dashes Angostura Bitters. 1 Glass Rye or Canadian Club Whisky. Crush sugar and bitters together, add lump of ice, decorate with twist of lemon peel and slice of orange using medium size glass, and stir well. This Cocktail can be made with Brandy, Gin, Rum, etc. instead of Rye Whisky.", "Combine Peychaud's Bitters, Angostura Bitters and sugar cube in a cocktail shaker; mash well with a cocktail muddler. Add 1 cup ice and whiskey. Stir until chilled and strain into the chilled glass.", "Pour into each glass 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls simple syrup and add 1 to 3 dashes Angostura. Stir with a spoon to blend the bitters with the syrup. Add about 1 oz. whisky and stir again. Add 2 large cubes of ice, cracked but not crushed (see page 100). Fill glass to within about 3/8\" of top with whisky and stir again. Add a twist of lemon and drop peel in the glass. Decorate with a maraschino cherry on a spear. Serve with short stir rod or Old-Fashioned spoon.", "Just one step away from enjoying sweet vermouth straight out of the bottle; this drink adds a little Maraschino liqueur and simple syrup for sweetener, plus Angostura bitters for spice. If you don't have Maraschino, make it with Cointreau or Grand Marnier.", "1 lump sugar 4 dashes Angostura Bitters 1 lump ice 1 glass Rye Whiskey 1 slice orange 1 cherry Stir well until Sugar is dissolved, then squeeze lemon peel on top and serve in same glass used for mixing.", "Stir 45ml scotch , 25ml sweet vermouth and a good dash of Angostura bitters vigorously over ice. Then strain into a cocktail or over ice into a tumbler, and garnish. To make it “dry”, replace the sweet vermouth with dry vermouth. To make it “perfect”, make up the 25ml of vermouth by mixing equal parts of sweet and dry.", "The first cocktail dedicated to rye whiskey, this bitter-sour concoction includes bitters, pastis, and is topped off with some champagne. [ View Recipe ]", "In New Orleans, the Hurricane is a popular cocktail, but did you know about the Sazerac -- sometimes referred to as the oldest American cocktail? Mixologists believe this drink originated in the period before the American Civil War. This stiff drink is a mixture of cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe or Herbsaint, sugar and Peychaud’s Bitters.", "Use old-fashioned cocktail glass. Sugar, 1 lump. Seltzer, 1 dash, and crush sugar with muddler. Ice, one square piece. Orange bitters, 1 dash. Angostura bitters, 1 dash. Lemon peel, 1 piece. Whiskey, 1 jigger. Stir gently and serve with spoon.", "Sprinkle dashes of angostura bitters over ice cubes in a highball glass. Fill with ginger ale, garnish with a twist of lemon, and serve.", "It may not be as famous as its neighbor (the Manhattan), but that hasn’t stopped the Brooklyn from becoming one of our favorite whiskey drinks. This recipe calls for 2 ounces of rye whiskey, dry vermouth, Maraschino liqueur, and AmerPicon. [ View Recipe ]", "So, there you have it, the martini.  Five parts gin, one part dry vermouth, stirred with ice and strained into a cocktail glass, garnished with an olive or a lemon twist.  Happy Easter!", "A dash or two of extra dry vermouth 1 1/2 oz. vodka Spanish olives Ice !!Directions Place a few ice cubes in a cocktail shaker. Add a dash or two of vermouth and the gin. Shake well to chill the drink. Pour into martini glass (no ice) and garnish with spanish olives.", "Simply mix 2-3 ounces of plain vodka with 1 of dry vermouth. Fill a cocktail shaker halfway with ice cubes. Shake well and pour the solution into a martini glass. Garnish with 3 olives on a stick. [15]", "Add Vodka and Vermouth to a shaker cup 1/2 full of ice. Shake vigorously for 5-10 seconds. Strain into martini glass. Garnish with green olive.", "Kingsland Boulevardie 25ml Dalmore 25ml Campari 25ml Cherry Heering Liqueur 10ml Sweet Vermouth Orange Twist to garnish a Put all the ingredients into a mixing glass with ice, then stir until correct dilution, and serve into a chilled gimlet glass.", "Instructions: In a cocktail shaker with ice, combine an ounce and a half of vodka, half an ounce of Galliano, and two ounces of orange juice. Dash in some orange bitters. Shake all that up and strain into a coupe glass. Garnish with an orange wedge and/or brandied cherries.", "2 parts Beef eater Gin 1 part vermouth Lots of ice Lemon rind or olive (opt ional) glass and fill with ice. Combine ingredient s in a mixing chilled cocktail glass a into Stir well to chill and strain drink and use as the over Twist a piece of lemon peel olive. an in garnish, or, if you must, toss", "His choice is the drink’s alternate garnish, the lemon twist.  Some like their martini with a silverskin cocktail onion instead, but this is more properly referred to as a Gibson.", "1/2 oz (15 mL) vodka, 1/2 oz (15 mL) gin, 1/2 oz (15 mL) tequila, 1/2 oz (15 mL) triple sec, 1/2 oz (15 mL) rum, 1 1/2 oz (45 mL) sweet and sour, splash of Coke. Stir. Garnish with lemon twist. Build ingredients over a Collins glass with ice. Some bartenders give the drink a short shake, but this is optional. Some choose to mix it without tequila. Some have nicknamed a Long Island with tequila a \"Texas Iced Tea\".", "½ oz (15 mL) vodka, ½ oz (15 mL) gin, ½ oz (15 mL) tequila, ½ oz (15 mL) triple sec, ½ oz (15 mL) rum, 1½ oz (45 mL) sweet and sour, splash of Coke. Stir. Garnish with lemon twist. Build ingredients over a Collins glass with ice. Some bartenders give the drink a short shake, but this is optional. Some choose to mix it without tequila. Some have nicknamed a Long Island with tequila a \"Texas Iced Tea\"." ]

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[ "Known as Little Miss Sure Shot, Annie Oakley could hit a dime in midair from 90 feet and shoot a playing card in half - at 30 paces with the edge toward her. At age 15, Oakley won a shooting competition with well-known marksman Frank Butler, whom she later married. From 1885 to 1902, her stunt-shooting skills made her a leading attraction in Buffalo Bills Wild West Show. When the show toured Europe in 1890, her skill attracted the attention of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, who challenged her to shoot a cigarette out of his hand. True to her reputation, she did so without harming him. Oakleys life was the basis for the 1946 Broadway musical Annie Get You Gun, which was written by Dorothy Fields and starred Ethel Merman.", "Historic gold sharpshooter brooch given to Annie Oakley by William F. Cody. Annie Oakley, also known as ”Little Miss Sure Shot” was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter, who performed in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. This Victorian brooch has the initials ”A.O” engraved at either side of the rifles and target in the center. The enamel target retains full enamel finish. The reverse is engraved ”To Little Miss Sure shot. ”W.F.C.”. Very good condition includes box and provenance documentation. The brooch was purchased from a descendant of Annie Oakley and displayed in Donnin’s Arms Museum for many years. It was later purchased by a private collector in Florida. P.O.R.", "The list of famous Wild West show participants was not limited to men. Women were also a large part of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show and attracted many spectators. In fact Annie Oakley, one of the show’s star attractions was a woman. Born Phoebe Ann Moses, Oakley first gained recognition as a sharpshooter when she defeated Frank Butler, a pro marksman at age 15, in a shooting exhibition. She became the star attraction of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show for 16 years, under the management of Frank Butler, whom she ended up marrying. Annie was billed in the show as “Miss Annie Oakley, the Peerless Lady Wing-Shot”. She was also nicknamed “Little Sure Shot” by Chief Sitting Bull, who was also in the show. Annie was renowned for her trick shots. Annie was able to, from 30 paces, split the edge of a playing card, hit center of ace of spades, shoot down a playing card tossed in air, shatter glass balls thrown in air, hit dimes held between Butler’s fingers, shoot an apple out of poodle’s mouth and shoot off the butt of cigarette from Butler’s mouth. She also performed the last trick shooting the cigarette out of Crown Prince Wilhelm’s mouth in Berlin. Her most famous trick was a mirror trick in which she hit a target behind her shooting backwards using a mirror for aim. These incredible feats of marksmanship amazed and excited people and she generated huge audiences eager to see the display", "Born Phoebe Ann Moses (or Mosey) on August 13, 1860, in Darke County, Ohio, the woman who would be known as Annie Oakley developed her superb marksmanship abilities as a teen, earning enough to pay off the mortgage for her mother's home. She married fellow marksman Frank Butler in 1876 and would later become a star attraction for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show for years, renowned for unparalleled shooting tricks. A revered global figure, Oakley retired in 1913 and died in Ohio on November 3, 1926.", "Petite but deadly sharpshooter Annie Oakley became part of that legend thanks to Buffalo Bill, even though she was born and raised in Ohio and never stepped foot out west until she went on tour with Cody. In fact, her skills were so remarkable that she was integrated into the mythology both literally and figuratively. When Sitting Bull was in St. Paul doing one of McLaughlin’s shows before he signed that contract with Buffalo Bill, he saw Annie Oakley’s sharpshooting act and was so impressed that he asked to meet her. They got along so well that he adopted her according to Lakota custom, giving her the name “Little Sure Shot.” Annie took the honor seriously, used the name from that day forward and truly considered Sitting Bull her adopted father.", "Buffalo Bill Cody was the most effective popularizer of the Old West in the U.S. and Europe. He presented the first \"Wild West\" show in 1883, featuring a recreation of famous battles (especially Custer's Last Stand), expert marksmanship, and dramatic demonstrations of horsemanship by cowboys and Indians, as well as sure-shooting Annie Oakley. ", "On August 13 (that’s today!), 1860, one of the greatest female sharpshooters in American history was born. At eight years old, Annie Oakley shot a squirrel right between the eyes, taking her first shot ever. It wasn’t luck, and as she continued to hone her sharpshooting skills word of her legendary aim spread. Oakley was known for her female charm and fellow sharpshooter Frank Butler became smitten and soon the two were married. The couple began performing in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show and soon became one of the most popular acts of the time. One of Oakley’s trademark tricks was to shoot a cigarette out of her husband’s mouth or a dime out of his fingers. Oakley would stay with the traveling show for more than 15 years, giving performances around the world.", "9. Sitting Bull traveled with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show for a few months in 1885. During that time, he nicknamed Annie Oakley \"Watanya Cicillia\" - \"Little Sure Shot\". He asked to adopt Annie after seeing her shoot the ace of hearts out of a card at 30 paces.", "Phoebe Ann Oakley (\"Annie\") (1860-1926) signed and inscribed cabinet photograph, \"Yours Sincerely \"Annie Oakley\".  In this photo \"LITTLE SURE-SHOT\" takes aim in a  very striking three-quarter length standing portrait dressed in fringed buckskin and Stetson. Oakley, dubbed \"Little Sure-Shot\" by the famous Sioux chief Sitting Bull, was a headline performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show from 1885 to 1897. The feats of this pint-sized (4' 11\") marksman were truly astounding: she could split a playing card held on edge at thirty paces, shot cigarettes from her husband's mouth, and, on one occasion, from the mouth of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany.", "1860-1926 -American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Oakley's amazing talent[4] and timely rise to fame[5] led to a starring role in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, which propelled her to become the first American female superstar.", "At first, the French apparently thought Buffalo Bill’s whole spectacle, including the shooting, was a fake, but when they saw Annie Oakley perform, they became convinced that she was the real thing. Nate Salsbury, Cody’s business partner, wrote that Annie Oakley saved the show. According to the scrapbooks at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyo., the French, like the rest of the world, idolized Little Sure Shot. The French papers also played up Cody’s reputation as a womanizer.", "Annie Oakley met Native-American leader Sitting Bull in 1884, and he was so impressed with her manner and abilities that he \"adopted\" her and bestowed upon her the additional name \"Little Sure Shot.\" Oakley and Butler then joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in 1885. The couple toured with the show for more than a decade and a half, with Oakley receiving the spotlight and top billing while Butler worked as her manager, assisting Oakley with her stunning displays of marksmanship.", "Other historical figures include Titanic survivor Molly Brown, Wild West showman Buffalo Bill Cody, and sharpshooter Annie Oakley.", "Annie Oakley’s rising fame may have gone to her head, or to the head of her husband, and a rift developed between them and Cody. The couple left the Wild West. Annie did not explain the break from Cody, but she did say that the reasons she left were ‘too long to tell.’ She and Frank toured with vaudeville impresario Tony Pastor’s show in the spring of 1888. That summer, they hooked up with struggling Pawnee Bill (real name Gordon W. Lillie), a genuine frontiersman who had turned to showmanship, just like Buffalo Bill. Even though Pawnee Bill’s wife, May Lillie, was a sharpshooter with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West, Annie Oakley received top billing. Annie left the new show after a month to rejoin Pastor on a fall tour, and Pawnee Bill went broke less than three months later. While Annie was touring with Pastor, Frank Butler also arranged frequent shooting matches and exhibitions for his wife. In one match for $50 she broke all 50 clay birds, and in another, featuring 50 live pigeons, she defeated Miles Johnson, champion of New Jersey.", "Annie, born Phoebe Ann Moses in Ohio’s Darke County on August 13, 1860, got her gun at an early age but didn’t shoot her way to everlasting fame until after William ‘Buffalo Bill’ Cody put her on the payroll in 1885. In the process, the little woman (5 feet tall, about 110 pounds) gave Cody’s Wild West a shot in the arm. As a star with the stature, ability and uniqueness of Buffalo Bill himself, Annie Oakley had a platform to promote her egalitarian views about women. She believed that women needed to learn to be proficient with firearms to defend themselves and that they could even help fight for their country. During World War I, she offered to recruit and train a regiment of women sharpshooters. If nothing else, Annie Oakley helped expand the career options of American women.", "She had a reputation for being able to handle a man, shoot like a cowboy, skills that took her into Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show where she performed sharpshooting astride her horse. The love of her life was Wild Bill Hickok. They allegedly were secretly married in 1870  and he supposedly took off after the birth of their daughter three years later.  During the 1870's, Jane was the subject of some dime novels which brought her national fame. She is buried in Deadwood near Wild Bill Hickok.", "Adam H. Bogardus (1833-1913), a carpenter by trade, then a wild game hunter in the Chicago area, and a professional shooter and world wing shot champion, was a featured sharpshooter in William F. Cody’s and Doc Carver’s Rocky Mountain and Prairie Exhibition of 1883. When the Cody-Carver partnership dissolved at the end of that initial Wild West season, Bogardus became a one-third partner with Cody and Nate Salsbury for the 1884 season, joined by his sons Peter, Eugene, Edward, and Henry—all accomplished marksmen performers in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.", "In 1887, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West toured England to join in the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.  Annie received a great deal of press coverage, and by the time Cody and his show returned to Europe in 1889, Annie had become a seasoned performer and earned star billing. The troupe stayed in Paris for a six-month exhibition, and then travelled around France, Italy, and Spain. Oakley was especially popular with women. Buffalo Bill made the most of her fame to demonstrate that shooting was neither detrimental nor too intense for women and children.", "Cody and the Butlers became good friends; Annie was known to Buffalo Bill as Missie, while she addressed him as the Colonel. Because her act was made up of masterful shooting skills, combined with humor, drama, pantomime and even pouting, Miss Oakley's show captured the attention of the audience. She left them, after her customary 10 minutes, wanting more.", "A 24-year old exhibition shooter from Ohio with the stage name of Annie Oakley (her birth name was Phoebe Ann Moses, and she called herself Mrs. Frank Butler) joins Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show. Although the charismatic Oakley preferred shooting .22 caliber rifles, she also fired double-barreled shotguns during her shows, not because she needed help, but because light shot was less likely to break windows or injure bystanders.", "Annie Oakley's rags-to-riches story is engaging and exciting. Her name is closely linked with other celebrities of the Old West most notably Buffalo Bill and the great leader of the Sioux nation, Chief Sitting Bull who adopted her as his daughter into the Sioux nation and gave her the nickname Little Sureshot. A role-model for young women in the American West she was also widely admired by boys and young men for her shooting skills.", "Today is the birthday of Gordon William Lillie (1860-1942) better known as Pawnee Bill. Lillie was an actual frontiersman working at the Pawnee Indian Agency in Indian Territory when he was hired as a Pawnee interpreter by Buffalo Bill Cody for his wild west show in 1883.   In 1886 the newly rechristened Pawnee Bill branched off into his own show with his wife May Manning, “The Champion Girl Horseback Shot of the West.” “Pawnee Bill’s Historic Wild West” flourished for over 20 years as Buffalo Bill’s principle competition, bedevilling Cody with the similarity of their names, until the two shows (which were both ailing) merged in 1908. The combined show went bankrupt a few months later. For more about  Wild West shows  go  here.", "She left Buffalo Bill’s show in 1902 and began an acting career. She was on the stage as Nancy Berry, The Western Girl, who got the better of the bad guys by using pistol, rifle, and lariat.", "Della Ferrel (spelled variously Farrell, Ferrell, and Ferrall, ~1869-1896), was born in Colorado where she learned to ride horses. She was a cowgirl and trick rider, performing with Buffalo Bill's Wild West in England during the first European tour of 1887-88 and the later European tour of 1889-1892. In 1886 Ferrell married Lewis H. \"Johnny\" Baker (1869-1931) but continued to perform using her maiden name. The couple had daughters Della C. (1892-1986) and Gladys K. (1893-1990). Della Ferrell Baker died of pneumonia in 1896 at age 26.", "Annie Oakley was a renowned markswoman and star who worked for years with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.", "In 1885, the act got its big break: signing with Buffalo Bill's Wild West. She became a headliner, one of the best paid of all the performers next to Cody himself, while Butler played a supporting role.", "* July 21 – Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout: In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots Little Dave Tutt dead over a poker debt in what is regarded as the first true western \"fast draw\" showdown.", "Description: Presents the facts and the fiction about the American icon who made herself famous for her shooting skills.", "Wild Bill, also a professional lawman, gunfighter, and gambler, was later killed on August 2, 1876 by Jack McCall, who shot him in the back of the head, in Saloon No. 10, in Deadwood, South Dakota as Wild Bill was playing cards. His hand—aces and eights, according to tradition—has become known as the \"dead man's hand\".", "    Showles was indicted by a grand jury in Monmouth County, NJ for manslaughter as the result of a gun accident on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1896, in Red Bank, NJ, which claimed the life of a friend, Ansel Croft. Showles had a revolver with a patented safety mechanism that failed to work when he slammed it on a bar counter. Before he passed, Croft stated a desire that no action be taken against Showles for the accident, which a majority on a grand jury determined was criminal negligence. He was acquitted in Freehold, NJ on February 20, 1897. The most detailed coverage I found online was in issues of the New York Clipper, but they don�t mention courtroom testimony. It�s possible that Oakley may have used her married name to avoid attention. I searched for reference to Oakley�s testimony on behalf of Showles, as a character witness, but nothing turned up. Further searching in newspapers or a court transcript may yield your desire. Fred Dahlinger Jr., Curator mof Circus History, John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL", "Wild Bill Hickok (1837 - 1876) was an army scout, gunfighter, lawman and professional gambler of the American Old West. A \"quick draw\" duel between Hickok and Davis Tutt in 1865 is the earliest recorded duel of this kind. He is recorded to have killed at least twenty men in gunfights.", "Texas Rose Bascom, of Columbia, Mississippi , became the most famous female trick roper in the world, performing on stage and in Hollywood movies. She toured the world with Bob Hope , billed as the \"Queen of the Trick Ropers,\" and was the first Mississippian to be inducted into the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame ." ]

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[ "The Rumble in the Jungle takes place in Kinshasa, Zaire, where Muhammad Ali knocks out George Foreman in 8 rounds to regain the Heavyweight title, which had been stripped from him 7 years earlier.", "1974 - The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman takes place in Kinshasa, Zaire.", "Rumble in the Jungle - The \"Rumble in the Jungle\" took place on October 30, 1974 in Kinshasa, Zaire between Ali (44-2) and George Foreman (40-0). Ali knocked out Foreman in the eighth round to regain the title of Undisputed Heavyweight Champion of the World.", "The critics had no faith the 32-year-old Muhammad Ali would defeat George Foreman, seven years his junior, in the 1974 fight known as The Rumble in the Jungle. He was given 40-1 odds by some bookmakers before stepping into the ring in Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo).", "Known as “The Rumble in the Jungle”, Muhammad Ali takes on George Foreman on 30th October 1974, in the Republic of Congo (known as Zaire at that time). It was a historic boxing event, as some have called it \"arguably the greatest sporting event of the 20th century”. This fight is also considered to be one of the greatest upsets in boxing history.", "Referee Zack Clayton, right, steps in after challenger Muhammad Ali looks on after knocking down defending heavyweight champion George Foreman in the eighth round of their championship bout in Kinshasa, Zaire, in the \"Rumble in the Jungle\" on Oct. 30, 1974. Ali regained the world heavyweight crown by knockout in the eighth round.", "1974:  On October 30, in a marquee fight known as the “Rumble in the Jungle,” Ali regains the heavyweight title in Zaire after knocking out George Foreman in the 8th round.  His famous “rope-a-dope” style of fighting, in which Ali would allow Foreman to get him against the ropes and swing away until Foreman tired himself out, was in full effect during this fight.", "In this Oct. 30, 1974 file photo, referee Zack Clayton, right, steps in after challenger Muhammad Ali looks on after knocking down defending heavyweight champion George Foreman in the eighth round of their championship bout in Kinshasa, Zaire. Ali regained the world heavyweight crown by knockout in the eighth round of the fight dubbed \"Rumble in the Jungle.\" ", "In this photo taken on October 27, 1974 US boxing heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Clay) gestures during a press conference three days before the heavyweight world championship in Kinshasa. On October 30, 1974 Muhammad Ali knocked out George Foreman in a clash of titans known as the \"Rumble in the Jungle\", watched by 60,000 people in the stadium in Kinshasa and millions elsewhere. AFP Photo", "1974: Dubbed \"The Rumble in the Jungle,\" Ali took on the intimidating and hard-punching champion George Foreman for the heavyweight title in Kinshasa, Zaire, on Oct. 30. Ali was 32, didn't have the same speed or reflexes as in his '20s. But his \"Rope-A-Dope\" strategy tired out Foreman and Ali regained the title with an eight-round knockout.", "In 1965, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu seized power in the Congo in his second coup and initiated a policy of \"Africanizing\" the names of people and places in the country. In 1966, Léopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, for a village named Kinchassa that once stood near the site, today Kinshasa (commune). The city grew rapidly under Mobutu, drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere. This inevitably brought a change to the city's ethnic and linguistic composition. Although it is situated in territory that traditionally belongs to the Bateke and Bahumbu people, the lingua franca among African languages in Kinshasa today is Lingala, and the administrative and main written language is French (see further Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In 1974, Kinshasa hosted The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, in which Ali defeated Foreman, to regain the World Heavyweight title.", "Col. Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the name of his country, to Zaire, after seizing power in a coup in 1965. Zaire might be best known as the site of the \"Rumble in the Jungle\" bout between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman on Oct. 30, 1974. less", "Brown had been a boxer, too, and he fancied he could take Ali on. When Ali fought George Foreman in Zaire in 1974, in the “Rumble in the Jungle,” Brown boarded a jet with his band to play an accompanying music festival. He arrived looking even more focused than usual because he was in training, too, as if he would prove who the heavyweight champ of the world truly was. Brown packed a huge entourage, so big the plane could barely take off, and while the music (seen in the 2008 documentary Soul Power) was frequently incredible, Ali -- roaming the streets of Kinshasa, jawing with the locals -- won that match of the titans, too. Unexposed and without layers of security, he seemed one with his fans.", "1974 - In Kinshasa, Zaire, Muhammad Ali regained his heavyweight-boxing title by knocking out George Foreman in the eighth round.", "Perspiration flies from the head of George Foreman as he takes a right from challenger Muhammad Ali in the seventh round in the match dubbed Rumble in the Jungle in Kinshasa, Zaire, which is now known as the Republic of Congo, Oct. 30, 1974.", "Ali tours downtown Kinshasa on Sept. 17, 1974, ahead of his fight with Foreman. The bout was famously hyped as the \"Rumble in the Jungle.\"", "He took it from George Foreman later that year in a fight in Zaire dubbed \"The Rumble in the Jungle,\" a spectacularly hyped bout for which Ali moved to Africa for the summer, followed by crowds of chanting locals wherever he went. A three-day music festival featuring James Brown and B.B. King preceded the fight.", "Lot Detail - Original 1974 On-Site Zaire Muhammad Ali vs George Foreman \"Rumble In the Jungle\" Fight Poster", "\"The Rumble In The Jungle\"  On October 30th, 1974 Ali tangles with Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire -- the \"Rumble in the Jungle\". Ali is a 3-1 underdog, and many actually fear for his safety against perhaps the hardest puncher in heavyweight title history. But Ali is in tremendous shape, and he has spotted a weakness in Foreman's armor. Letting Foreman punch himself out by employing his now famous \"rope-a-dope\", Ali covers up on the ropes as Foreman exhausts himself before the fight is even half over. In the eighth round, Ali comes off the ropes and stuns Foreman with a combination, dropping him in the center of the ring where he is counted out with two seconds left in the round. Again Ali has done the impossible, as he becomes only the second man to ever regain the heavyweigt crown.", "3. The former champion would face off against Foreman, a twenty-five year old undefeated champion for a five million dollar purse in a boxing match to be held in Kinshasa, Zaire. Promoter Don King labeled the fight the “Rumble in the Jungle.”", "Muhammad Ali v George Foreman: the Rumble in the Jungle – in pictures | Sport | The Guardian", "Muhammed Ali def. (2)George Foreman KO-8 10-30-1974 Kinshasa, Zaire...Ali won the title for the second time", "9. The momentous Ali v Foreman world championship fight in Kinshasa, Zaire 1974 was dubbed '(What?) in the (What?)': Plunder, Stumble, Rumble, Fumble, Jungle, Thunder?", "Gallery: Muhammad Ali is cheered by Zaire admirers as he drives in downtown Kinshasa for a sightseeing trip, Sept. 17, 1974. Ali is in Zaire to face George Foreman.", "The “Rumble in the Jungle” (named by promoter Don King, who’d initially tagged the bout “From the Slave Ship to the Championship!” until Zaire’s president caught wind of the idea and ordered all the posters burned) was Africa’s first heavyweight championship match. The government of the West African republic staged the event—its president, Mobutu Sese Seko, personally paid each of the fighters $5 million simply for showing up—in hopes that it would draw the world’s attention to the country’s enormous beauty and vast reserves of natural resources. Ali agreed. “I wanted to establish a relationship between American blacks and Africans,” he wrote later. “The fight was about racial problems, Vietnam. All of that.” He added: “The Rumble in the Jungle was a fight that made the whole country more conscious.”", "One of George's most notable fight was against Muhammad Ali in the \"Rumble in the Jungle\" in Zaire in 1974.", "During the summer of 1974, Foreman traveled to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) to defend his title against Ali. The bout was promoted as The Rumble in the Jungle .", "The “Rumble in the Jungle” was the subject of a 1996 Academy Award winning documentary film, When We Were Kings . The fight and the events leading up to it are extensively depicted in both John Herzfeld ‘s 1997 docudrama Don King: Only in America and Michael Mann ‘s 2001 docudrama, Ali .", "Muhammad Ali as he chants to fans during a sightseeing tour downtown Kinshasa, Zaire, which is now known as the Republic of Congo, Sept. 17, 1974.", "Muhammed Ali remembered on the 40th anniversary of the Rumble in the Jungle | Daily Mail Online", "*Ali (2001) is a biographical feature film that depicts The Rumble in the Jungle as the film's climax.", "So where did \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" come from? Price traces it back to Drew \"Bundini\" Brown, one of Ali's assistant trainers and a cornerman who Price remembers saying, \"Rumble, baby, rumble!\"" ]

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[ "Theodore Teddy Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 â January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901â1909).", "Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R. and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the 26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement, as well as being the youngest President in the United States's history. He served in many roles including Governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer, author, and soldier. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" persona. His last name, often mispronounced, per Roosevelt, is correctly pronounced \"Rosavelt.\"[2][3]", "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" personality. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "When the Spanish-American War broke out, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt famously quit his job to lead a volunteer regiment known as the Rough Riders. Roosevelt and his men played a decisive role in the Battle of San Juan Hill and took part in other confrontations in Cuba. In 1916, less than three years before his death, the 26th president was nominated for the Medal of Honor, but the Army passed him over, citing a lack of evidence for his heroic actions at San Juan Hill. President Bill Clinton posthumously awarded him the decoration in 2001. Roosevelt’s son, Theodore Jr., who served in both World Wars, also received the Medal of Honor.", "1858: Birth of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th US President who, among his many accomplishments, won the Nobel Peace prize (1906) for his efforts in ending the Russo-Japanese war.", "Theodore Roosevelt’s prominence in the political arena came when he was appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley in 1897. He prepared the Navy for the Spanish-American war in 1898 by building up the weapons and supplies inventory. Upon the declaration of the war, Roosevelt formed the First US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, better known as the “Rough Riders”.", "Kermit Roosevelt, MC (October 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943) was an American businessman, soldier, explorer, and writer. The second son of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, Kermit was a graduate of Harvard University, served in both World Wars (in World War I with both the British and American armies), and explored two continents with his father. He fought a lifelong battle with depression and alcoholism, ultimately leading to suicide while serving in the U.S. Army in Alaska during World War II.", "President Harrison, after his election in 1889, appointed Roosevelt as a member of the Civil Service Commission of which he later became president. This office he retained until 1895 when he undertook the direction of the Police Department of New York City. In 1897 he joined President McKinley's administration as assistant secretary of the Navy. While in this office he actively prepared for the Cuban War, which he saw was coming, and when it broke out in 1898, went to Cuba as lieutenant colonel of a regiment of volunteer cavalry, which he himself had raised among the hunters and cowboys of the West. He won great fame as leader of these «Rough-Riders», whose story he told in one of his most popular books.", "Although there was an X-ray machine available at the site, the device was in its infancy and no one knew if using it to find the bullet would cause more harm than good. McKinley lingered for eight days, passing away on September 14, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th President, the youngest man (42 years old) to ever hold the office.", "The territory that would become South Dakota was added to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase.The first permanent American settlement was established at Fort Pierre by the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804.White settlement of the territory in the 1800sled to clashes with the Sioux, as some of the land had been granted to the tribe by an earlier treaty. Nevertheless, the territory was incorporated into the union on November 2, 1889, along with North Dakota. Due to a controversy over which state would be admitted to the union first, President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the bills and signed one at random, with the order going unrecorded, though North Dakota is traditionally listed first. Today, a major part of South Dakota’s economy is fueled by tourism–visitors flock to the state to see Mt. Rushmore, which features 60-foot-tall sculptures of the faces of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt and Lincoln. Famous South Dakotans include newscaster Tom Brokaw, senator and vice president Hubert Humphrey and model-actress Cheryl Ladd.", "Theodore Roosevelt  The 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became President. Roosevelt was also the first of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt coined the phrase ‘Square Deal’ to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, ‘Speak softly and carry a big stick’. Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to demonstrate American power; and negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "On this day in 1919, the 26th President of the United States died. Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt was a...", "Roosevelt then boarded the train. [42] The train stopped briefly in Albany before pulling into Buffalo at 1:30 p.m. [43] There he met his friend Ansley Wilcox and went to Wilcox's house, one mile from Milburn's house where McKinley's body lay. After cleaning up, Roosevelt went to the Milburn house to pay his respects. He met with Mrs. McKinley, Root, Cortelyou, and most of the rest of the cabinet there, but could not see McKinley's body as the autopsy was underway. Root recommended holding the ceremony there, but Roosevelt thought that \"inappropriate\" and decided to return to the Wilcox house for the swearing-in ceremony. Roosevelt took the oath of office as the 26th President of the United States at 3:30 p.m. [44] Six weeks away from his 43rd birthday, he was and still is the youngest man ever to hold the office of President.", "1899 - U.S. President McKinley signed a measure that created the rank of Admiral for the U.S. Navy. The first admiral was George Dewey.", "1858–1919, 26th President of the United States (1901–9), b. New York City. Early Life and Political Posts", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "David Rice Atchison, a Missouri native, held the office of president of the United States for one day in 1849. The terms of President James K. Polk and Vice President George Dallas officially expired at noon, Sunday, March 4. President-elect Zachary Taylor, a very religious man, refused to take the presidential oath on a Sunday. Senator Atchison, then president pro tem of the Senate, thus served as president of the United States from noon, March 4, unt il 11:30 a.m, March 5, 1849.", "*September 6, 1863: Brig. Gen. Lucius Marshall Walker, the nephew of President James K. Polk, and General John Sapington Marmaduke, the future Governor of Missouri, dueled over differences on the Confederate battlefield at the battles of Helena and Reed's Bridge in Arkansas. The duel took place at 6 am near the north bank of the Arkansas River, just outside Little Rock (now within eyesight of the Clinton Presidential Library). Both men missed their first shots, but Marmaduke mortally wounded Walker with his second shot. Walker died the next day.", "Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" image. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States and remains the youngest man theretofore elected president. He is also considered to be a national hero of the American Civil War.", "Birthday - Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) the 12th U.S. President was born in Orange County, Virginia. Nicknamed \"old rough and ready,\" he won the presidency as a result of his heroics in the Mexican War of 1846-48. He served as President from March 4, 1849 to July 9, 1850, when he died in the White House after becoming ill.", "President #14 Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) was the 14th president of the United States. Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsboro, New Hampshire. During his term (1853-1857), his greatest accomplishment was the Gadsden Purchase (1853); this added parts of northern of Mexico to the United States (now parts of southern Arizona and New Mexico). Pierce died on October 8, 1869, in Concord, New Hampshire.", "Presidents: Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886), 21st President of the U.S., is born October 5 in Fairfield, Vermont.", ", 1890–1969, American general and 34th President of the United States, b. Denison, Tex.; his nickname was \"Ike.\" Early Career", "Presidency: 12th President of the United States (1849-1850) Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Political Party: Whig 1818 Accomplishments: A war hero during the Indian Wars and annexation...", "1793 – Sam Houston, President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1863) was a 19th century American statesman, politician, and soldier.", "A statue of a man on horseback with sword raised was added in 1905. It stands in front of the Capitol and depicts Civil War Union general Thomas Francis Meagher. In 1864 he took over as governor of the Montana Territory while the governor was away. He wrote an early constitution for Montana, hoping it would be used if Montana became a state. He mysteriously drowned while waiting for a shipment of guns on a riverboat at Fort Benton on the Missouri River.", "William Frederick \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was an American scout, bison hunter, and showman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in Canada before the family again moved to the Kansas Territory.", "A hero of the Mexican War, was elected president of the U.S. in 1848. Although a native of Louisiana, he did not support the Compromise of 1850 and promised to use force (if necessary) to prevent southern violence. His sudden death in 1850 prevented a possible civil conflict.", "November 22, 1890: Governor Mellette, the first governor of South Dakota, created the \"Home Guard,\" a cowboy militia to guard homesteaders along the west edge of the Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River reservations. They were armed with hundreds of guns and a great deal of ammunition." ]

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[ "In his debut film, Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ghidorah is portrayed as an ancient extraterrestrial entity responsible for the destruction of the Venusian civilization, five thousand years before the film's events. His attempt to destroy Earth is thwarted by the combined efforts of Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra. Subsequent Shōwa era films would portray Ghidorah as the pawn of various alien races seeking to subjugate Earth. ", "The Japanese soon caught onto the idea and invented their own monsters: Godzilla, who first appeared in 1954, and Mothra, who first appeared in 1961. These monsters each sustained their own series of films, until Kong returned for a monster heavyweight bout in Japan’s King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962). It was here that Cooper realized what he had first suspected in 1935, when he pitched a Tarzan vs. King Kong project: that he might not have the rights to Kong, the figment of his own imagination. (I)", "* Godzilla's arch-nemesis King Ghidorah, is a dragon (physically, a combination of a Wyvern and a Hydra, to be precise).", "King Kong vs. Godzilla was created as Toho 's 30th anniversary film. Then, for the studio's 60th anniversary, they decided to try and remake it. However, due to copyright issues, they opted for Godzilla's most iconic foe, resulting in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah .", "In the post World War II era, however, giant monsters returned to the screen with a vigor that has been causally linked to the development of nuclear weapons. One early example occurred in the American film The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms, which was about a dinosaur that attacked a lighthouse. Subsequently, there were Japanese film depictions, (Godzilla, Gamera), British depictions (Gorgo), and even Danish depictions (Reptilicus), of giant monsters attacking cities. A recent depiction of a giant monster is the monster in J. J. Abrams's Cloverfield, which was released in theaters January 18, 2008. The intriguing proximity of other planets brought the notion of extraterrestrial monsters to the big screen, some of which were huge in size, (such as King Ghidorah and Gigan), while others were of a more human scale. During this period, the fish-man monster Gill-man was developed in the film series Creature from the Black Lagoon.", "The boat on the dock in the final showdown is marked \"Go Whale Tours.\" Godzilla's Japanese name is simply a combination of the words for gorilla and whale (\"gorira\" and \"kujira\", respectively).", "King Kong is a fictional giant movie monster , resembling a colossal gorilla , that has appeared in various media since 1933. The character first appeared in the 1933 film King Kong , which received universal acclaim upon its initial release and re-releases. The film was remade in 1976 and once again in 2005 . The character has become one of the world's most famous movie icons, having inspired countless sequels, remakes, spin-offs, imitators, parodies, cartoons, books, comics , video games, theme park rides, and even a stage play . [2] His role in the different narratives varies, ranging from a rampaging monster to a tragic antihero .", "King Kong is a fictional monster , a gigantic animal resembling a gorilla that has appeared in several films since 1933. These include the groundbreaking 1933 movie , the film remakes of 1976 and 2005 , as well as various sequels of each. The character has become one of the world's most famous movie icons and, as such, has transcended the medium, appearing in other works outside of films, such as a cartoon series , books, comics, various merchandise and paraphernalia , video games, theme park rides, and even an upcoming stage play. [1] His role in the different narratives varies from source to source, ranging from rampaging monster to tragic antihero . The rights to the character are currently held by Universal Studios , with limited rights held by the estate of Merian C. Cooper , and perhaps certain rights in the public domain ( see below ).", "King Kong is a fictional character, a giant movie monster resembling a colossal gorilla , that has appeared in several movies since 1933. These include the groundbreaking 1933 movie , the film remakes of 1976 and 2005 , as well as various sequels of the first two films. The character has become one of the world's most famous movie icons and, as such, has transcended the medium, appearing or being parodied in other works outside of films, such as a cartoon series , books, comics , various merchandise and paraphernalia , video games, theme park rides, and even an upcoming stage play. [1] His role in the different narratives varies, ranging from a rampaging monster to a tragic antihero . The rights to the character are currently held by Universal Studios , with limited rights held by the estate of Merian C. Cooper , and perhaps certain rights in the public domain ( see below ).", "In the 1962 film King Kong vs. Godzilla and the 1967 film King Kong Escapes, the comparable islands are called \"Farou Island\" and \"Mondo Island\", respectively. Kong plays a similar role on these islands as the godlike being of the land, a role he plays in all versions of the King Kong story. Skull Island's origins are unknown, however Kong appears to be the only giant gorilla known to exist on the island. However, the 2005 remake shows other skeletons of Kong-sized gorillas, indicating that there was once a group of such creatures of an unknown number living on the island.", "Skull Island is a fictional island first appearing in the 1933 film King Kong and later appearing in its sequels and in the two remakes. It is the home of the eponymous King Kong and several other species of creatures, mostly prehistoric and in some cases species that should have been extinct long before the rise of mammalian creatures such as gorillas, along with a primitive society of humans. In the 1962 film King Kong vs. Godzilla and the 1967 film King Kong Escapes , the equivalents of Skull Island are called Farou Island and Mondo Island, respectively. Kong plays a similar role on these islands as the godlike being of the land, a role he plays in all versions of the King Kong story. Skull Island's origins are unknown, however Kong appears to be the only giant gorilla known to exist on the island. However, the 2005 remake shows other skeletons of Kong-sized gorillas, indicating that there was once a group of such creatures of an unknown number living on the island.", "First, in \"King Kong vs. Godzilla,\" when the great ape is found alive in the South Seas, he is brought to Japan, where he has a slugfest atop Mt. Fuji with the big G. Tadao Takashima, Kenji Sahara star. Then, when a mechanical replica of \"King Kong Escapes\" while working for a mad scientist at the North Pole, the real massive monkey is kidnapped--setting the stage for a surreal simian smackdown. Rhodes Reason, Mie Hama, Linda Miller star; with the voice of Paul Frees. AKA: \"King Kong Strikes Again,\" \"King Kong's Counterattack,\" \"The Revenge of King Kong.\" 187 min. total on two discs. Widescreen (Enhanced); Soundtrack: English (dubbed) Dolby Digital mono; Subtitles: English (SDH), French, Spanish.", "Land, Sea, Sky : The three monsters fit this trope. The amphibious Godzilla represents Sea, to the point where his initial Big Entrance involves a Giant Wall of Watery Doom and a Fire/Water Juxtaposition in the form of soldiers shooting flares past his drenched hide. The male MUTO represents Sky, being a Giant Flyer whose EMP is the one that takes down the most aircraft and whose second major scene sees him directly attacking an airport. The female MUTO represents Land, being (as far as we know) entirely land-bound and the monster that is seen furthest inland (namely, the Nevada desert).", "     The Loch Ness Monster (Scottish Gaelic: Niseag) is a cryptid that is reputed to inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. It is similar to other supposed lake monsters in Scotland and elsewhere, though its description varies from one account to the next. Popular interest and belief in the animal has varied since it was brought to the world's attention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal, with minimal and much-disputed photographic material and sonar readings.The most common speculation among believers is that the creature represents a line of long-surviving plesiosaurs. The scientific community regards the Loch Ness Monster as a modern-day myth, and explains sightings as a mix of hoaxes and wishful thinking. Despite this, it remains one of the most famous examples of cryptozoology. The legendary monster has been affectionately referred to by the nickname Nessie (Scottish Gaelic: Niseag) since the 1950s.", "Shamu is the name used for several SeaWorld orca (killer whale) shows and is the stage name given to the \"star\" of those shows, beginning with the original Shamu in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The orca Shamu died in 1971, but the name Shamu was trademarked by SeaWorld (as well as the names \"Namu\" and \"Ramu\") and has been given to different orcas at different times when performing in Shamu shows.", "Greek mythology is known for its variety of mixed-up monsters — e.g. the manticore, which has a lion's body, bat wings, and a human head — but they have nothing on Japan. Meet the Tsuchigumo, creatures with the body of a tiger, limbs of a spider, and the face of a demon. They eat unwary travelers (actually, they eat wary ones as well, I'm sure). Once a powerful Japanese warrior killed a Tsuchigumo and 1,990 skulls fell out of his belly. That's a monster who is frighteningly good at his job.", "The fossilized remains of a crocodile that ruled the oceans 140 million years ago have been discovered in Patagonia. Scientists have nicknamed the creature Godzilla, because of its dinosaur-like snout and jagged teeth. The US-Argentine team of researchers believes the animal was a ferocious predator, feeding on other marine reptiles and large sea creatures.", "One beast that has cryptozoologists chattering is Gigantopithecus. The now-extinct ape was the largest ever known — and thanks to Disney’s new concept of King Louie in Jon Favreau’s update of The Jungle Book, is enjoying new popularity.", "One beast that has cryptozoologists chattering is Gigantopithecus. The now-extinct ape was the largest ever known — and thanks to Disney’s new concept of King Louie in Jon Favreau’s update of “The Jungle Book,” is enjoying new popularity.", "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953) : The Trope Maker for the convention of the monster being created by the bomb (predating Gojira by a single year), and one of the first giant monster movies per se following a hiatus that had been ongoing since 1933's King Kong . A ferocious dinosaur is awakened by an Arctic atomic test and terrorizes the North Atlantic and ultimately New York City.", "He-Man's chief adversary is Skeletor, a blue-skinned sorcerer with a skull for a head, wearing a cowl. He is skilled in black magic as well as all forms of combat. Though his origin is mysterious, and the cartoon describes him only as a \"demon from another dimension,\" a tie-in comic implies that Skeletor's true identity is Prince Keldor, older brother of King Randor, thus making him He-Man's uncle. It is revealed in the animated motion picture He-Man and She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword that Skeletor was Hordak's right-hand man up until his capture, and supposed release. Skeletor is accompanied by a group of henchmen who aid with his evil schemes.", "Besides starring in his own games, King Kong was the obvious influence behind other gigantic city destroying apes, such as George from the Rampage series, Woo, from King of the Monsters (who was modeled after the Toho version of the character) and Congar, from War of the Monsters. As well as giant apes worshiped as deities like Chaos and Blizzard from Primal Rage.", "King of the Lost World (a direct-to-video movie produced by The Asylum ) taking elements from both King Kong and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's The Lost World . The film was released on December 13, 2005, just one day before the theatrical release of Peter Jackson's version of King Kong. The Gigantopithecus is a giant ape that appeared in the 2005 movie King of the Lost World (a loose adaptation of The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle). It is estimated to be 9.8feet high and has an interest in attacking intruders as it threw a flight attendant in the beginning of the movie. It eventually got intimidated when a plane chases it with a torch.", "Besides starring in his own games, King Kong was the obvious influence behind other gigantic city destroying apes, such as George from the Rampage (video game) series, Woo, from King of the Monsters (who was modeled after the Toho version of the character) and Kongar, from War of the Monsters . As well as giant apes worshipped as deities like Chaos and Blizzard from Primal Rage .", "a legendary monster with a man's head, a lion's body, and the tail of a dragon or a scorpion.", "* In the 1969 Kaiju film Gamera vs. Guiron, A Counter-Earth named Terra exists on the opposite side of the solar system to Earth, but presumably within the same habitable zone. A UFO takes two kids to the planet, where they are threatened by a pair of the final members of the Terran race who were decimated by extraterrestrial Gyaos birds, and their 'guard dog' Guiron. Gamera comes to Terra to save the children, and after a long fight, is eventually victorious.", "The massive star of the new movie King Kong, which opens today, effectively apes real gorillas. But the bizarre assortment of wildlife on the creature's island home seems to be from out of this world.", "The giant gorilla presumably evolved in isolation on Skull Island, though this is never explained in the movie.", "Momo is short for Missouri Monster. The giant ape-like creature was reportedly seen in the area around Louisiana, Missouri since the 1940s, but sightings in the 1970s brought serious attention.", "Ma-Mutt is a demonic Bulldog that is Mumm-Ra's pet. While incapable of speech because of his canine physiology, he appears to be a sapient being of roughly human intelligence. He has demonstrated the ability to fly as well as to grow in size and seems to have greatly enhanced strength. Ma-Mutt also harnesses the same shapeshifting capabilities as Mumm-Ra.", "Perrin's Beaked Whale, Mesoplodon perrini. This species was recognised in 2002 and as such is listed by MSW3 but not Rice.", "In the WW2-set Wonder Woman of the late 70's, there was a Japanese-American villain loyal to the Emperor called \"Kung\", which isn't a Japanese word or name. His real name is Thomas Mashuda; \"Mashuda\" isn't a real Japanese name either, though it may be a misspelling of the authentic and relatively common surname \"Matsuda\"." ]

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[ "Merlin was King Arthur's wizard, who arranged his birth and tutored him since he was a child. When Arthur grew older, Merlin served as his advisor before being trapped in a tomb for all eternity by the Lady of the Lake.", "Merlin is best known as the wizard featured in Arthurian legend. The standard depiction of the character first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures. Geoffrey combined existing stories of Myrddin Wyllt (Merlinus Caledonensis), a northern madman with no connection to King Arthur, with tales of Aurelius Ambrosius to form the figure he called Merlin Ambrosius. Geoffrey's version of the character was immediately popular, and later writers expanded the account to produce a fuller image of the wizard. His traditional biography has him born the son of an incubus and a mortal woman who inherits his powers from his strange birth.[1] He grows up to be a sage and engineers the birth of Arthur through magic. Later Merlin serves as the king's advisor until he is bewitched and imprisoned by the Lady of the Lake.", "Apart from the conception of Arthur, Merlin was never involved in Arthur's life in Geoffrey's account. According to later authors (Robert de Boron, writer of the Vulgate texts, and Thomas Malory), Merlin was active in Arthur's reign, as the chief adviser. Merlin was also responsible for Arthur's secret fosterage. See Merlin and Arthur .", "The body of Arthurian legend inevitably contains many contradictory references to Merlin. Geoffrey of Monmouth, for example, pictures Merlin’s presence at the end of King Arthur’s life when the king is brought, severely wounded, to the Isle of Avalon to be healed. In a late Welsh legend he is not imprisoned by Nimue but makes a voluntary retreat into an underground glass house on Bardsey Island in North Wales, where he guards the Thirteen Treasures of Britain and the True Throne of the Realm on which Arthur will sit on his return.", "These are the brand new adventures of Merlin, the legendary sorcerer as a young man, when he was just a servant to young prince Arthur on the royal court of Camelot who has soon become his best friend and turned Arthur into a great king and a legend.", "This is a central theme on Merlin (2008) . King Uther is a Knight Templar who has genocided all the magic users he can find. In retribution, quite a few magicians go overboard in their attack on him, attacking innocent civilians. Thus, Prince Arthur grows up being told that magic is evil and having it constantly proven to him. The eponymous Merlin, Arthur's manservant, best friend, and secretly a warlock, spends most of the series trying to convince Arthur to accept magic and therefore break the cycle, but his success has been limited.", "\"Stones of Power\" series of 5 by David Gemmell.  An account of the life and times of the military general Arthur, bearing little resemblance to the conventional legends.  Rebellion and chaos reign in Dark Ages Britain.  The great Sword of Power has disappeared into the Mist.  Immortal Lance Lord (Lancelot) and Merrwyn (Merlin) exist in the Realm of the Mortals with beings who survived the destruction of Atlantis.  Arthur is transformed from a weakling to a mighty warrior king and the forces of old Atlantis battle evil.  (The first two of the series \"The Ghosts King\" and \"Last Sword of Power\" are the ones most involving Arthurian legend.)", "King Arthur is a legendary british leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who according to Medieval; histories and romances, led the defence of britain against saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur’s story mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debateted and disputed by modern historians. The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest laregely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s fanciful and imaginative 12th century historia Regum Britanniae (History of the kings of Britain). Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical firgure of folklore, sometimes associated with the  Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey’s Historia, inculding Arthur’s father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, Arthur’s wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur. Arthur conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann and final rest in Avalon.", "Arthur is born to Uther Pendragon (King of Britain) and Lady Igraine , after the wizard Merlin tricks Igraine into thinking that Pendragon is her husband Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall . After Arthur's birth, Merlin takes the boy to the home of a country lord, Ectorius , to be raised as a foster-child (although Ectorius is ignorant of Arthur's true parentage). Fifteen years later, Pendragon is killed by the Saxons, and having foreseen his death, Merlin has his sword, Excalibur , magically set in a stone so that only the rightful heir to the throne will be able to remove it. After Pendragon's death, a tournament is held in London to bring all potential heirs together. Ectorius and his sons attend the event, and when Ectorius' son Kay breaks his sword during the tournament, Arthur determines to find him a new one. He comes across the Sword in the Stone, as Merlin had intended all along, and not realising the significance of what he is doing, he pulls it out. Stunned, Ectorius and Kay swear fealty to him, and he is subsequently crowned king of Britain.", "The virtues of knighthood were more completely embodied in King Arthur, the legendary prince of the ancient Britons, than in any other figure in literature. According to legend, Arthur was the son of King Uther Pendragon. Immediately after his birth, Arthur was given into the keeping of Merlin, the magician. Merlin took him to Sir Hector, who brought the child up as his own son. After Uther's death Arthur proved his right to the throne by pulling out a sword that had been fixed in a great stone and which no one else had been able to move. This was the first of Arthur's two magic swords, both called Excalibur. The other was given to him by the Lady of the Lake. According to the story, her arm appeared above the surface of the lake with the sword in hand. When Arthur took it, her arm disappeared.", "King Uther dies suddenly. Britain is facing chaos. The sorcerer Merlin appoints the not so known son and heir Arthur as the king who was raised as a commoner, but his half sister has other ... See full summary  »", "At night, Arthur (followed by Merlin) visits Queen Annis. He proposes the right of single combat, with one champion from Caerleon and one of Camelot fighting to the death for victory. Merlin is caught eavesdropping and Arthur saves him from being killed. Agravaine later gave Arthur's sword to Morgana and she enchanted it to make it too heavy for Arthur to wield before ordering Agravaine to give it back to Arthur. However, despite the fact that Arthur's sword was enchanted, their plan to kill him failed when Merlin used magic to help Arthur defeat Derian , his opponent, but he spared him to make peace with Annis  ( His Father's Son ).", "\"Merlin's Mirror\" by André Norton.  Arthur is indeed the once and future king, sealed by the \"half star-born\" Merlin in a chamber until future space travelers are able to heal him.  Meanwhile, Merlin is the product of cross-breeding with aliens.  Merlin's mission is to produce a leader (Arthur) who can champion humankind back to enlightened reason and the stars.  He must battle the evil half-breed Nimue, Lady of the Lake.", "When King Uther died, he left no heir to his throne. It was said that the person who managed to pull the magical sword Excalibur from a stone into which it was fixed would be the next king. The most powerful knights in the kingdom accepted the challenge, but none succeeded. The young Arthur, however, was able to pull out the sword with ease: thus it was he who was meant to be king of Britain. (Other versions of the story say that Arthur was handed the sword by a mysterious figure called the Lady of the Lake.) Merlin then helped Arthur to defeat all those kings and nobles who opposed his kingship.", "Head was part of the regular cast of the BBC drama series Merlin, which derives its title from the mythical wizard of the same name. Head played King Uther Pendragon, the father of Prince Arthur.", "Merlin is one of the most fascinating figures in the Welsh literature and the Arthurian legend. Merlin is a man of mystery and magic; contradiction and controversy surrounded his life.", "The ‘Robert de Boron’ section of the Prose Merlin treats Arthur’s conception by Uther and Ygerna at Tintagel in much the same way as Geoffrey of Monmouth’s ‘Historia’. It goes on to relate the story in which Arthur draws the sword from the stone, and of his subsequent coronation as Britain’s king by divine election after he convinces the reluctant barons by repeating the feat at every high feast from New Year to Pentecost.", "Here Lies Arthur by Philip Reeve is a new Demythtified version of the story. The main character is Gwyna, the real Lady of the Lake, who is a slave girl taken in by the bard Myrddin (pronounced almost exactly like Merlin), and helps Arthur to deceive people into thinking he's a destined hero. Most of the names return to something akin to their medieval versions, with Kay being Cei and Bedivere being Bedwyr.", "It was here, for the first time, Merlin was seen as sorcerer or wizard. He had used his magic to move the stone. It was his magic that allow Uther to disguise to look like the husband of Igraine .", "\"The Queen's Knight\" by Marvin Borowsky.  Arthur is a middle-aged, slow-witted oaf brought to the throne by Merlin and Mordred to be a puppet king.  Arthur uses his Yankee-like ingenuity, peasant's good sense and dream of peace to earn the kingdom's respect.", "In one version of the story of Merlin, Pubidius was the wizard's maternal grandfather. He was the ruler of Mathtraval (Wales). # 156", "\"The Last Defender of Camelot\" by Roger Zelazny.  Lancelot forms an alliance with Morgan le Fay to prevent a re-awakened Merlin from imposing his will upon a new age.  First published in the Summer 1979 issue of \"Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine\".", "According to the legend, Arthur was the son of Uther Pendragon, high king of Britain. He was kept in obscurity during his childhood, and was suddenly presented to the people as their king. He proved a wise and valiant ruler. He gathered a great company of knights in his court; problems of precedence were avoided by the use of a round table at gatherings (the also legendary Knights of the Round Table).", "\"Coming of the King:  A Novel of Merlin\" by Nikolai Tolstoy.  Epic story of the complex world and life of Merlin, from infancy to adulthood.  Set in 6th century Dark Ages Britain.  Very closely based on the Welsh Mabinogion.", "When a mysterious visitor from another realm arrives in Camelot and starts to help the wizards in the province, it is up to Merlin to protect him and get him back to where he belongs. This story starts two years after the Lord of the Rings and during the third season of Merlin. First story on storyline 3.", "The next Life of Gildas is in the 12th century; and now Ambrosius Aurelius is replaced by King Arthur, with elements filled in from the rest of Arthurian legend. Where this all comes from is what piques our interest. I suspect that the vividness of the Arthur stories, like that of the Greek epics and of the Mahâbhârata in India, is an artifact of a literate society that for a time lost its literacy but remembered, after a fashion, what it was like. The literature on the problem of Arthur and Britain in this period is vast. Two of the more interesting recent books might be The Discovery of King Arthur by Geoffrey Ashe [Guild Publishing, London, 1985] and From Scythia to Camelot, A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, and the Holy Grail by C. Scott Littleton and Linda A. Malcor [Garland Publshing, Inc, New York, 1994, 2000].", "Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up the so-called Matter of Britain. The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems that date from before this work, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.", "Camelot is a recurring element in The DCU 's Back Story . Characters linked to Arthur's court include:", "* Arthur is referenced numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition; Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with \"Arthur's Court\" sometimes substituted for \"The Island of Britain\" in the formula \"Three XXX of the Island of Britain\"", "In the 1130s, a Welsh cleric named Geoffrey of Monmouth popularized stories of the legendary ancient kings of Britain. Replete with wizards, dragons and giants, Geoffrey's \"History of the Kings of Britain\" was the Harry Potter of its day. According to this book, God had singled out the British people. Their greatness was made evident through men like King Arthur.", "In The Life of Gildas by Caradoc of Llancarfan (c.1130-1150) the queen (Gwenhwyfar) was abducted to Glastonia by the wicked King Melwas of Somerset (possibly an early manifestation of Méléagant), and Arthur – then depicted as a tyrant and accompanied by a “countless multitude” on account of his wife being violated and carried off – searched for the queen throughout the course of a whole year, and at last heard that she remained there (in Glastonia). He roused the armies of the whole of Cornubia and Dibneria, but the Abbot of Glastonia, attended by the clergy and Gildas the Wise, stepped in between the contending armies and advised King Melvas to restore the ravished lady. Accordingly, she was restored “in peace and good will”.", "At about the time that King Arthur would have been King of Camelot, what was happening in Britain?" ]

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[ "The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened on July 1, 1940. It received its nickname \"Galloping Gertie\" because of the vertical movement of the deck observed by construction workers during windy conditions. The bridge became known for its pitching deck, and collapsed into Puget Sound the morning of November 7, 1940, under high wind conditions. Engineering issues as well as the United States' involvement in World War II postponed plans to replace the bridge for several years; the replacement bridge was opened on October 14, 1950.", "The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a pair of twin suspension bridges that span the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound in Pierce County, Washington. The bridges connect the city of Tacoma with the Kitsap Peninsula and carry State Route 16 (known as Primary State Highway 14 until 1964) over the strait. Historically, the name \"Tacoma Narrows Bridge\" has applied to the original bridge nicknamed \"Galloping Gertie\", which opened in July 1940 but collapsed because of aeroelastic flutter four months later, as well as the replacement of the original bridge which opened in 1950 and still stands today as the westbound lanes of the present-day twin bridge complex.", "THE NARROWS: The name The Narrows quite literally refers to the tight quarters of the hole, but it also refers to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and the Puget Sound passage just north of the hole. The Narrows Bridge is famous for having collapsed after a violent windstorm on Nov. 7, 1940 garnering the nickname Galloping Gertie. The Narrows passage is famous for producing strong swirling winds that will help enhance the golf experience at Chambers Bay.", "The decision to use such shallow and narrow girders proved to be the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge's undoing. With such minimal girders, the deck of the bridge was insufficiently rigid and was easily moved about by winds; from the start, the bridge became infamous for its movement. A mild to moderate wind could cause alternate halves of the center span to visibly rise and fall several feet over four- to five-second intervals. This flexibility was experienced by the builders and workmen during construction, which led some of the workers to christen the bridge \"Galloping Gertie\". The nickname soon stuck, and even the public (when the toll-paid traffic started) felt these motions on the day that the bridge opened on July 1, 1940.", "* November 7 – In Tacoma, Washington, the 600 ft-long center span of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (known as Galloping Gertie) collapses.", "The decision to use such shallow and narrow girders proved to be the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge's undoing. With such minimal girders, the deck of the bridge was insufficiently rigid and was easily moved about by winds; from the start, the bridge became infamous for its movement. A mild to moderate wind could cause alternate halves of the center span to visibly rise and fall several feet over four- to five-second intervals. This flexibility was experienced by the builders and workmen during construction, which led some of the workers to christen the bridge \"Galloping Gertie.\" The nickname soon stuck, and even the public (when the toll-paid traffic started) felt these motions on the day that the bridge opened on July 1, 1940.", "In 1940 the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened over Puget Sound in Washington state, U.S. Spanning 840 metres (2,800 feet), its deck, also stiffened by plate girders, had a depth of only 2.4 metres (8 feet). This gave it a ratio of girder depth to span of 1:350, identical to that of the George Washington Bridge. Unfortunately, at Tacoma Narrows, just four months after the bridge’s completion, the deck tore apart and collapsed under a moderate wind .", "Tacoma Narrows Bridge , a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Washington, failed in 1940 because it was designed poor aerodynamically. This resulted in aeroelastic flutter which practicaly tear up the bridge. Collapse was even filmed and since then all large bridges are designed in wind tunnels. There were no human casualties of this collapse.", "Nov 7: Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapses in USA four months after its completion (famously filmed)", "From afar, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge looked like a long ribbon stretching across Washington's Puget Sound, and on windy days, it acted a lot like one too. Even before it opened to the public, four months earlier in July 1940, the center span, suspended from two massive towers, had a tendency to dance. In a light wind, slow rolling waves would ripple across the concrete and steel deck--with only minor damage, it seemed--sometimes raising and dropping it by as much as ten feet.", "Even during the construction of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the deck would go up and down by several feet with the slightest breeze. Construction workers on the span chewed on lemon wedges to stop their motion sickness.", "Two suspension bridges currently span a narrow section of the Salish Sea called the Tacoma Narrows. The Tacoma Narrows Bridges link Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Kitsap Peninsula. The failure of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which was the third longest suspension bridge in the world, is a famous case study in architecture textbooks.", "The disaster at Tacoma caused engineers to rethink their concepts of the vertical motion of suspension bridge decks under horizontal wind loads. Part of the problem at Tacoma was the construction of a plate girder with solid steel plates, 2.4 metres (8 feet) deep on each side, through which the wind could not pass. For this reason, the new Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1950), as well as Ammann’s 1,280-metre- (4,260-foot-) span Verrazano Narrows Bridge in New York (1964), were built with open trusses for the deck in order to allow wind passage. The 1,140-metre- (3,800-foot-) span Mackinac Bridge in Michigan, U.S., designed by Steinman, also used a deep truss; its two side spans of 540 metres (1,800 feet) made it the longest continuous suspended structure in the world at the time of its completion in 1957.", "In case anyone's interested - the bridge shown is the Tacoma Narrows Bridge - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_(1940) –  Colin Pickard Jun 6 '12 at 20:49", "Tacoma Narrows Bridge (USA) 853 m—1950 & 2007. The pair of suspension bridges with the longest spans in the world.", "An animation of a suspension bridge undergoing aeroelastic flutter. In the case of Tacoma Narrows, there was a node (no twisting) exactly at the middle of the center span.", "Although it was completed on October 28, 1942 and its completion was celebrated at Soldier's Summit on November 21 (and broadcast by radio, the exact outdoor temperature censored due to wartime concerns), the \"highway\" was not usable by general vehicles until 1943. Even then there were many steep grades, a poor surface, switchbacks to gain and descend hills, and few guardrails. Bridges, which progressed during 1942 from pontoon bridges to temporary log bridges , were replaced with steel bridges where necessary. A replica log bridge, the Canyon Creek bridge, can be seen at the Aishihik river crossing; the bridge was rebuilt in 1987 and refurbished in 2005 by the Yukon government as it is a popular tourist attraction. The easing of the Japanese invasion threat resulted in no more contracts being given to private contractors for upgrading of specific sections.", "The Pacific Bridge Company went back to building bridges, including the Tacoma Narrows Bridges. The company also worked with Morrison-Knudsen Company on the salvage project after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.", "At that time bridges normally were designed to withstand gales of 190 km (120 miles) per hour, yet the wind at Tacoma was only 67 km (42 miles) per hour. Motion pictures taken of the disaster show the deck rolling up and down and twisting wildly. These two motions , vertical and torsional, occurred because the deck had been provided with little vertical and almost no torsional stiffness. Engineers had overlooked the wind-induced failures of bridges in the 19th century and had designed extremely thin decks without fully understanding their aerodynamic behaviour. After the Tacoma bridge failed, however, engineers added trusses to the Bronx-Whitestone bridge, cable-stays to Deer Isle, and further bracing to the stiffening truss at Golden Gate . In turn, the diagonal stays used to strengthen the Deer Isle Bridge led engineer Norman Sollenberger to design the San Marcos Bridge (1951) in El Salvador with inclined suspenders, thus forming a cable truss between cables and deck—the first of its kind.", "The road to Tacoma's doomed bridge continued in 1937, when the Washington State legislature created the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority and appropriated $5,000 to study the request by Tacoma and Pierce County for a bridge over the Narrows.", "Just four months after Galloping Gertie collapsed, a professor of civil engineering at Columbia University, J. K. Finch, summarized suspension bridge failures in an article in Engineering News Record. \"These long-forgotten difficulties with early suspension bridges, clearly show that while to modern engineers, the gyrations of the Tacoma bridge constituted something entirely new and strange, they were not new—they had simply been forgotten.\"", "The Mackinac Bridge ( ) is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the Upper and Lower peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. Opened in 1957, the 26372 ft bridge (familiarly known as \"Big Mac\" and \"Mighty Mac\") is the world's 17th-longest main span and the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western hemisphere. The Mackinac Bridge carries Interstate 75 and the Lakes Michigan and Huron components of the Great Lakes Circle Tours across the straits and connects the city of St. Ignace on the north end with the village of Mackinaw City on the south.", "7. Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". Seattle's current official nickname is the \"Emerald City\". Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska\", \"Rain City\", and \"Jet City\", the last from the local influence of Boeing. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.", "Beginning in the 1930s, Tacoma became known for the \"Tacoma Aroma\", a distinctive, acrid odor produced by paper manufacturing on the industrial tide flats. In the late 1990s, Simpson Tacoma Kraft reduced total sulfur emissions by 90%. This largely eliminated the problem; where once the aroma was ever-present, it is now only noticeable occasionally downtown, primarily when the wind is coming from the east.", "The toll bridge was conceived as early as the gold rush days, but construction did not begin until 1933. Designed by Charles H. Purcell, and built by American Bridge Company, it opened on November 12, 1936, six months before the Golden Gate Bridge. It originally carried automobile traffic on its upper deck, and trucks and trains on the lower, but after the Key System abandoned rail service, the lower deck was converted to all-road traffic as well. In 1986 the bridge was unofficially dedicated to James Rolph.", "The Murrow Bridge was the brainchild of engineer Homer Hadley, who in 1921 proposed a \"floating concrete highway, permanent and indestructible, across Lake Washington.\" Figuring out a way to cross that lake, between up-and-coming Seattle and its (at that time) sleepy small-town neighbors to the east, was a particular challenge because an ordinary \"fixed-pier\" bridge was out of the question: The lake was too deep, and its bottom was too mushy. Still, people scoffed at what they called \"Hadley's Folly\" (one civic organization declared that his \"chain of scows across Lake Washington would stand out as a municipal eyesore\"), but eventually, mostly because they had no other options, they came around to his way of thinking. Construction began on the bridge, named after the state highways director (and brother of famous newsman Edward R. Murrow), in 1939; it was completed 18 months later.", "It was in the 1890s, before Kipling was even 30 years of age, when his fame was enough to prompt one Frederick D. Underwood to name two stations on a railroad route through the U.P. after his favorite author.  As General Manager of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad (known as the “Soo Line”), Underwood certainly had that right, but local townspeople enthusiastically approved.  The tiny settlement at the head of Green Bay on the northern end of Lake Michigan became the town of Kipling.  About 30 miles south of America’s third oldest city, Sault Ste, Marie, the hamlet of Pine River was changed to Rudyard.", "Two bridges, locally known as the \"Twin Bridges\", cross the mouth of the Klickitat River at Lyle, Washington . The lower railroad bridge was built in 1908 and the upper Highway 14 bridge was built in 1933. Both are concrete open-spandrel arch bridges.", "Officially known as Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge (the Washington statesman who oversaw its creation in the early 1960s), this section of State Route 520 connects Seattle to its eastern suburbs via a roadway that floats atop Lake Washington on 33 football field-size pontoons.", "It was in the 1890s, before Kipling was even 30 years of age, when his fame prompted one Frederick D. Underwood to name two stations on a railroad route through Michigan's Upper Peninsula after his favorite author.  As general manager of the Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad (known as the \"Soo Line\"), Underwood certainly had that right, but local townspeople enthusiastically approved.  The tiny settlement at the head of Green Bay on the northern end of Lake Michigan became the town of Kipling.  About 30 miles south of America's third-oldest city, Sault Ste. Marie, the name of the hamlet of Pine River was changed to Rudyard.", "The 1890s were not so prosperous, despite the arrival of another transcontinental railroad, the Great Northern, in 1893. A nationwide business depression did not spare Seattle, but the 1897 discovery of gold along and near the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory and in Alaska once again made Seattle an instant boom town. The city exploited its nearness to the Klondike and its already established shipping lines to become the premier outfitting point for prospectors. The link became so strong that Alaska was long considered to be the personal property of Seattle and Seattleites.", "Federal anti-trust regulators pulled the plug on Stone & Webster's national utility cartel in 1934, and the firm reorganized under a local board of directors. In a sign of changing attitudes, Highway 99's new Aurora Bridge opened in 1932 without provision for interurban rails. Anticipating Seattle's removal of local streetcar tracks, the company finally abandoned the Seattle-Everett railway on February 20, 1939." ]

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[ "November 4, 1922 - King Tut's tomb was discovered at Luxor, Egypt, by British archaeologist Howard Carter after several years of searching. The child-King Tutankhamen became pharaoh at age nine and died around 1352 B.C. at age 19. The tomb was found mostly intact, containing numerous priceless items now exhibited in Egypt's National Museum in Cairo.", "Howard Carter discovered the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun in 1922, becoming the world's most famous Egyptologist.", "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 - 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world famous after discovering the intact tomb of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as \"King Tut\" and \"the boy king\") in November 1922.", "November 4 , 1922 - The Tomb of Tutankhamun Tutankhamun was an Egyptian Pharaoh ruling from approximately 1341 BC to 1323 BC. The boy-king was only eight years old when he became Pharaoh. Howard Carter, a British Egyptologist had found clues to the existence of the Pharaoh, but the location of his tomb was unknown and there were very few records of any type on Tutankhamun. Carter searched in vain for many months for the tomb, known to be located somewhere in the Valley of the Kings. Carter's financing was all but gone, and he was given only one more season to find the boy-king's burial place. On November 4, 1922 Carter found the steps leading to Tutankhamun's tomb. He notified his financier to hurry to the site and on November 26th they breached the tomb's doorway. Inside laid one of the most complete, intact resting places of a Pharaoh, largely undisturbed since its sealing in 1323 BC. Carter and \"King Tut\" became instant celebrities the world over. brought to you by Culturally Creative Travel", "Under the commission of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who is commonly called just Lord Carnarvon, Howard Carter and his team set out to Egypt in 1922 to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because of other recent discoveries during that time in a particular area of the Valley of the Kings, Carter believed he had a good idea of where he would find it. Theodore M. Davis, a contemporary archeologist of Carter, discovered pottery with Tut's name a short distance from where Carter would on November 4, 1922 discover KV62.", "Howard Carter discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922...but the mystery of Tut's death and possible murder lives on:", "On this day in 1922, archeologist Howard Carter and his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, officially opened the burial chamber of the Royal Tomb of the boy pharaoh, Tutankhamun, in the Valley of the Kings. What they found there was an intact tomb, with golden treasures an a complete mummy with all of his burial finery. It was an amazing quest that had been delayed for four years during World War I. In fact, he was about to lose his funding when he made his initial discovery three month before.", "In 1915, George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon , the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings , employed English archaeologist Howard Carter to explore it. After a systematic search, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. [52]", "1. Archaeologist Howard Carter discovered King Tut's tomb ( Queen Nefertiti was his stepmother) in 1922.", "On this day in 1923, in Thebes, Egypt , English archaeologist Howard Carter enters the sealed burial chamber of the ancient Egyptian ruler King Tutankhamen .", "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist , noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun .", "When Howard Carter, the archaeologist honored by Wednesday's Google Doodle , discovered King Tut's tomb, he inadvertently sparked the myth of the pharaoh's curse. Howard Carter didn't believe in curses. Yet the false rumors persisted.", "THIS DAY IN HISTORY: On this day in 1923 Archaeologist, Howard Carter, opens tomb of King Tut.", "LC Control Number: 00066497; \"\"And death shall come on soft wings to him that touches the tomb of the Pharaoh...\" Archaeologist Howard Carter has made the discovery of the century in Egypt's Valley of the Kings - the tomb of King Tut. But all around him men are dying: Lord Carnavon, careless with his razor, falls prey to a mosquito bite; Alan le Clerk leaves the tomb in a hurry to die alone in the desert; Aaron G. String, the railroad magnate, blows his brains out just yards from the tomb's entrance.\" \"And so it is that retired Chief Superintendent Sholto Lestrade is summoned back to duty. Lestrade flies to Egypt to solve a riddle every bit as impenetrable as that of the Sphinx. People remark on the funny geezer, in his bowler and Donegal coat, battling against sand, Egyptians in revolt, and the Curse of the Pharaohs...\" \"But can he avoid the Kiss of Horus?\"--Book jacket", "This undated file photo shows Howard Carter, the archaeologist who discovered King Tutankhamun's tomb, examining King Tut's sarcophagus. Egypt's famed King Tutankhamun suffered from a cleft palate and club foot, likely forcing him to walk with a cane, and died from complications from a broken leg exacerbated by malaria, according to the most extensive study ever of his mummy. (AP Photo/File)", "Howard Carter (1874 – 1939) was an British archaeologist and Egyptologist, noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun.", "The Egyptologist Howard Carter had worked in Egypt for 31 years before he found King Tutankhamun’s tomb. He began his career in Egypt at the age 17 copying wall paintings and hieroglyphic inscriptions and in 1899 was appointed the Inspector-General of Monuments in Upper Egypt.", "Howard Carter (1874 – 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist, noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun. He was financially backed by Lord Carnarvon.", "This is how the tomb of the boy king Tutankhamun appeared to archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered it in 1922.", "When Carter arrived in Egypt in 1891, he became convinced there was at least one undiscovered tomb–that of the little known Tutankhamen, or King Tut, who lived around 1400 B.C. and died when he was still a teenager. Backed by a rich Brit, Lord Carnarvon, Carter searched for five years without success. In early 1922, Lord Carnarvon wanted to call off the search, but Carter convinced him to hold on one more year. ", "When Carter arrived in Egypt in 1891, he became convinced there was at least one undiscovered tomb–that of the little known Tutankhamen, or King Tut, who lived around 1400 B.C. and died when he was still a teenager. Backed by a rich Brit, Lord Carnarvon, Carter searched for five years without success. In early 1922, Lord Carnarvon wanted to call off the search, but Carter convinced him to hold on one more year.", "Howard Carter uncovered an 3,000-year-old Egyptian treasure trove when he opened the doors of Tutankhamen’s tomb on this day in 1923.", "When Carter arrived in Egypt in 1891, he became convinced there was at least one undiscovered tomb--that of the little known Tutankhamen , or King Tut, who lived around 1400 B.C. and died when he was still a teenager. Backed by a rich Brit, Lord Carnarvon, Carter searched for five years without success. In early 1922, Lord Carnarvon wanted to call off the search, but Carter convinced him to hold on one more year.", "Little-Known Fact: Egyptologist Howard Carter did not die of a \"Mummy's Curse\" after opening King Tut's tomb. He was bitten by a vampire.", "Thom's Takes - Today in 1922 Howard Carter entered King Tut's Tomb. What is the eeriest experience that you have ever had?", "Lord Carnarvon married into the family of the Rothschilds. He then went to Egypt for his health. Granted permission to dig at Luxor, Lord Carnarvon soon met Howard Carter whom he employed and financed in work leading to the discovery of Tut Ankh Amons's tomb. In 1923, the year after Tut Ankh Amon's tomb was discovered, Lord Carnarvon died. Lord Carnarvon's death sparked rumors about the curse of the mummy.", "Saturday marks the 90th year since the discovery of Tutankhamun - a dig that sparked an enduring public fascination with the ancient boy king. The Egyptian Pharaoh was virtually unknown when British archaeologist Howard Carter found the dusty sarcophagus in a tomb full of golden treasures, in a disc...", "according to Google, today is archaeologist Howard Carter's 138th birthday. Happy birthday. Without you, we wouldn't have Steve Martin 's immortal \"King Tut\", the Bangles \"Walk Like an Egyptian\" and of course, all those great mummy's curse movies.", "On the 16th February 1923, Howard Carter unsealed the burial chamber of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. It took two and a half months for his team to catalogue and clear the contents of the antechamber and.... . .", "Enchanted by the ruler's tragic story and hoping to unlock the answers to the 3,000 year-old mystery, Howard Carter made it his life's mission to uncover the pharaoh's hidden tomb. He began his search in 1907, but encountered countless setbacks and dead-ends before he finally, uncovered the long-lost crypt.", "This 100% historically inaccurate song was made for a Saturday Night Live skit in 1978. It was a comical relief showing the ironic nature of the popularity of the ‘boy king’. King Tut owes his popularity, not to his deeds he did as pharaoh, but because his tomb was discovered intact.", "The mummy of Ramesses III was discovered by antiquarians in 1886 and is regarded as the prototypical Egyptian Mummy in numerous Hollywood movies. His tomb (KV11) is one of the largest in the Valley of the Kings" ]

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[ "Subjectively, the first two are the most pungent, while the last two (sulfur-oxidized) give a sweet aroma. A mixture of these compounds form a \"reconstituted asparagus urine\" odor. This was first investigated in 1891 by Marceli Nencki, who attributed the smell to methanethiol. These compounds originate in the asparagus as asparagusic acid and its derivatives, as these are the only sulfur-containing compounds unique to asparagus. As these are more present in young asparagus, this accords with the observation that the smell is more pronounced after eating young asparagus. The biological mechanism for the production of these compounds is less clear.", "The onset of the asparagus urine smell is remarkably rapid while the decline is slower. The smell has been reported to be detectable 15 to 30 minutes after ingestion and subsides with a half-life of approximately 4 hours. ", "Certain compounds in asparagus are metabolized to yield ammonia and various sulfur-containing degradation products, including various thiols and thioesters, which give urine a characteristic smell.", "Just been watching the \"hotch-potch\" of G series episode, and heard the comment that asaparagus does not affect the smell of everyone's urine.  I was sure that this was wrong, and checked in Harold McGee \"On Food and Cooking\" - generally thought to be one of the most comprehensive tomes on the science of food and cooking.  Quoting from page 194 \"From 1956 until 1980, it was thought that the excretion of odorous methyl mercaptan after eating asparagus was a dominant genetic trait; if you had the particular gene, you were a 'stinker.' But a recent study found that all asparagus eaters excrete methyl mercaptan; it is the ability to detect its odor that varies from person to person.\"", "\"[Asparagus] cause a powerful and disagreeable smell in the urine, as everybody knows.\" (Treatise of All Sorts of Foods, Louis Lemery, 1702) ", "Many of the unpleasant odors of organic matter are based on sulfur-containing compounds such as methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. Thiols and sulfides are used in the odoration of natural gas, notably, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol (t-butyl mercaptan). The odor of garlic and \" skunk stink\" are also caused by sulfur-containing organic compounds. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant; for example, grapefruit mercaptan , a sulfur-containing monoterpenoid is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit. It should be noted that this thiol is present in very low concentrations. In larger concentrations, the odor of this compound is that typical of all thiols, unpleasant.", "The characteristic flavor of cabbage is caused by glucosinolates, a class of sulfur-containing glucosides. Although found throughout the plant, these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue, and they decrease as the tissue ages. Cooked cabbage is often criticized for its pungent, unpleasant odor and taste. These develop when cabbage is overcooked and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced. ", "This veggie is characterized of long stalks or shoots taken from the plant. They have a strong odor when cooked and can influence the color or urine.", "The food we eat can adversely affect our breath. Odors from garlic, onions, cabbage, and certain spices may result in halitosis when the suspected food is absorbed into the blood tream after digestion. When the blood has transferred to the lungs, the smell from the food is evident when you exhale.", "Alum (potassium aluminum sulphate from stale urine, wood ash, oak galls; chips of oak or alder wood; burnt seaweed or kelp) -- 'brightens' the color. Stale urine is called fual, or graith in Scotland. Probably used from the earliest times.", "Prepare a homemade vegetable broth by cooking two diced tomatoes, one diced green bell pepper, half a head of cabbage, one small diced onion, two cloves crushed garlic, diced parsley and/or cilantro and a half teaspoon cayenne pepper in two quarts of water for 30 minutes. Strain and reserve liquid to sip throughout the day.", "Aroma: Lemon-lime, fresh cut grass, dried herbs, green beans, red pepper, green pepper, vegetal, sandalwood, licorice, fennel seeds, fresh herbs, birch wood, wet moss, earthy, ash, tobacco smoke.", "It is commonly believed that urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic Gram negative rods and cocci. Current research suggests though that urine is not sterile, even in the bladder. Regardless, subsequent to elimination from the body, urine can acquire strong odors due to bacterial action, and in particular the release of ammonia from the breakdown of urea.", "The mild-flavored cousin to the onion, chive, leek, and garlic. The bulb is edible and is used like onions or garlic. The green tops are harvested and marketed as \"scallions.\"", "Watercress leaves carry 0.31 mg of oxalic acid per 100 g of leaves. Oxalic acid is a naturally-occurring substance found in some vegetables, which may crystallize as oxalate stones in the urinary-tract in some people. It is therefore, people with known oxalate urinary tract stones are advised to avoid eating vegetables belonging to the Brassica family.", "Sulfur is absorbed by plants via the roots from soil as the sulfate ion and reduced to sulfide before it is incorporated into cysteine and other organic sulfur compounds (see sulfur assimilation for details of this process).", "Red Flowered Bladder (Colutea orientalis) Leaves have a purging quality, but afterwards have a binding effect.  It is corrected with caraway seed, aniseed, or ginger and a dram taken in wine, ale or broth, on an empty stomach comforts and cleanses the stomach and purges phlegm from the head and brain, lungs, heart, liver and spleen.  From Culpeper: �It strengthens the senses, procures mirth, and is good in chronic agues.�   Modern practice uses Cassia angustifolia as the variety instead. ", "   Urine - consists mostly of ordinary water, but at least 158 different chemicals have been found in normal, healthy samples. Urea and other nitrogenous wastes, along with the inorganic salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium make up by far the largest part of the substances present, but urine is a veritable soup of organic and inorganic compounds. Some of these chemicals may be good for you, and the toxins are usually present in such low concentrations that the daily consumption of one's morning urine (a yogic practice of long standing) is doubtless far safer than the ordinary use of tobacco.", "A. The same as vegetables, with this addition—they give out ammonia, sulphur, and phosphorus also; which causes the offensive smell of putrefying animal bodies.", "Flowers of sulphur can be used internally, and traditionally it is taken with molasses (treacle). A small pinch, less than the size if a match head, is mixed with a teaspoon of molasses and that is suficient dose for one day. Normally it is not taken for more than three days in a row. When used internally it has a mild laxative effect. Warning - test with very small amounts before taking yellow sulfur internally. A very few people react strongly to it.", "The cleansing power of sulfur has been known for many centuries. At one time, ancient physicians burned sulfur in a house to cleanse it of impurities. Creams made with sulfur were used to treat infections and diseases. In fact, sulfur is still used to treat certain medical problems. Sulfur is prepared in one of three forms. Precipitated sulfur (milk of sulfur) is made by boiling sulfur with lime. Sublimed sulfur (flowers of sulfur) is pure sulfur powder. And washed sulfur is sulfur treated with ammonia water. Washed sulfur is used to kill parasites (organisms that live on other organisms) such as fleas and ticks. It is also used as a laxative, a substance that helps loosen the bowels.", "Diets in Western nations typically contain a large proportion of animal protein. Consumption of animal protein creates an acid load that increases urinary excretion of calcium and uric acid and reduced citrate. Urinary excretion of excess sulfurous amino acids (e.g., cysteine and methionine), uric acid, and other acidic metabolites from animal protein acidifies the urine, which promotes the formation of kidney stones. Low urinary citrate excretion is also commonly found in those with a high dietary intake of animal protein, whereas vegetarians tend to have higher levels of citrate excretion. Low urinary citrate, too, promotes stone formation.", ") relatives, a nephrotoxic compound called aristolochic acid has been found. Nevertheless, both the European and a American species enjoy some popularity as wild vegetable and flavouring.", "A perennial herb of the arum family. Its thick leaf stalk is used in salads after it has been boiled in two or more changes of water. Also known as \"skunk cabbage.\"", "Taste: Like pounds of raw oyster mushrooms were strained through some distilled water. There is very little if any other flavour profile, and what is there is antiseptically earthy with a slight wheaty touch.", "The most common way of consuming these carminative herbs is by including them in food recipes. They not only enhance the overall flavors in the recipe but also contribute in their own big way to combat flatulence and bloating.  These herbs are also available in many green tea recipes and as many rightly agree, Green tea is probably the most enriching drink that one can have to nourish the body with antioxidants and carminatives.", "Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1738), who was intensely interested in chemistry, maintained that nothing could be in urine that was not previously in blood (Fig. 71). He stressed the importance of the specific gravity of the urine and used van Helmont's balance as well as a primitive mercury urinometer. He examined urine under the microscope and concluded that all the elements of urinary stones are contained in normal urine, and that crystals are the very cores of stones. Boerhaave also expected physicians to taste urine samples in addition to smelling them. Mentioning the healing properties of urine, Boerhaave related that he had succeeded in the cicatrization of a long lasting ulceration on his lower leg by applying urine on it.", "Investigation tells me that it's edible, both cooked and in salads. It's also recommended as a medication and has been used as such since ancient times. My neighbour, who regularly ate it as a cooked vegetable when she was a child in Holland, says that it an acquired taste, and that many people consider it slimey. It contains the same highly benificial ingredient as fish oil, and probably tastes one heck of a lot better! It's recommended for kidney and liver complaints and as a diuretic. It's also being used as a topical application to cure or inhibit facial wrinkles! Gosh!", "Smell: Lightly sweet with both grains and hops apparent. Grassy with off notes of an earthy and metallic nature.", "Food Sources: Organ meats, meat, fish & poultry, dried beans, whole grains & enriched grains, green leafy vegetables", "Used with advantage in whooping-cough, exerting a peculiar action on the respiratory organs; useful in incipient phthisis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, etc., the juice is said to take away corns and warts, and may be used to curdle milk. In America it has been advocated as a cure for old age; a vegetable extract is used together with colloidal silicates in cases of arterio sclerosis.", "Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, it is related to the channles of the spleen, stomach and kidney." ]

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[ "A documentary of Jackson's preparations for his final tour, entitled This Is It, was released in October 2009. The film, which features a compilation of interviews, rehearsals and backstage footage of its star, made $23 million in its opening weekend and skyrocketed to No. 1 at the box office. This Is It would go on to make $261 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing concert film of all time.", "October 28: AEG Live releases This Is It, a documentary-concert film of rehearsals and preparation for the Michael Jackson concert series of the same name scheduled to start on July 13, 2009 in London. In the film’s opening weekend it grossed over $23 million – in the United States alone – making the film number one at the box office and the fifth highest-grossing Halloween debut. The film’s worldwide revenue gross was in total $260.8 million during its theatrical run making it the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time.", "Columbia Pictures made a feature documentary concert-film from the rehearsal and pre-recorded footage. The contract for the film stipulated that a cut of the film must be screened for Jackson's estate, which stands to receive 90 percent of the profits.[177] A final cut was released on October 28, 2009, for a limited two week run in theatres worldwide.[178] A promotional single titled \"This Is It\" was released on October 12, with a new compilation album of the same name released on October 26, to be released with Michael Jackson's This Is It documentary film, which became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with the earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[179] Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also features original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie. It contains a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits, as well as a previously unheard spoken word poem entitled \"Planet Earth.\" At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four of five posthumous nominations for himself and for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards total to 26.", "A film documenting Jackson's preparations for his final performance entitled This Is It, hit theaters in October of 2009. The film, featuring a compilation of interviews, rehearsals and backstage footage of Michael Jackson, made $23 million in its opening weekend and sky-rocketed to No. 1 at the box office. This Is It would go on to make more than $260.8 million worldwide, and become the highest grossing documentary of all time. With this final tribute, the family hoped to finally have closure on the passing of Michael Jackson.", "A film documenting Jackson's preparations for his final performance entitled 'This Is It', hit theaters in October of 2009. The film, featuring a compilation of interviews, rehearsals and backstage footage of Michael Jackson, made $23 million in its opening weekend and sky-rocketed to No. 1 at the box office. 'This Is It' would go on to make more than $260.8 million worldwide, and become the highest grossing documentary of all time. With this final tribute, the family hoped to finally have closure on the passing of Michael Jackson.", "Jackson's first posthumous song released entirely by his Estate was titled \"This Is It\" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released. Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide. Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits. The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled \"Planet Earth\". At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26", "Even though Michael Jackson had another solo world tour planned after the successful HIStory World Tour, it would sadly be his last. His tour schedule for 2009, This Is It, was cancelled after his sudden death.", "When he died, Jackson was about to begin a series of 50 sold-out concerts to over one million people, at London's O2 arena, from July 13, 2009, to March 6, 2010. Following this residency, Jackson also reportedly planned to tour Europe, Asia, Australia and North America.[156] During a publicity press conference, he had made suggestions of possible retirement.[157] Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, had stated that the first 10 dates alone would have earned the singer approximately £50 million.[158] Phillips said that the promotion company had a three-and-a-half year plan to work with Jackson, including a possible world tour, the release of new music and a 3D film based on Thriller.[159] AEG Live recorded one of the last rehearsals prior to his death. Jackson performing his song \"They Don't Care About Us\" of June 23, 2009 was released as a short clip of the footage on July 2, 2009.[160]", "Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year, Jackson published his second book, Dancing the Dream, a collection of poetry, revealing a more intimate side of his nature. While it was a commercial success, it received mostly negative reviews. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed . The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts. He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands. ", "In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled \"This Is It.\" The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his \"final curtain call\". The initial plan was for a 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[180] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[181] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[182] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[183]", "In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled \"This Is It.\" The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his \"final curtain call\". The initial plan was for a 10 concerts in London, followed by shows inParis, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[174] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.", "Jackson's death triggered an outpouring of reactions around the world, creating unprecedented surges of Internet traffic and causing sales of his music and that of the Jackson 5 to increase dramatically. Jackson had also intended to perform a series of comeback concerts to over one million people at London's O2 Arena from July 2009 to March 2010.Kreps, Daniel. [http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/03/12/michael-jacksons-this-is-it-tour-balloons-to-50-show-run-stretching-into-2010/ Michael Jackson's \"This Is It!\" Tour Balloons to 50-Show Run Stretching Into 2010], Rolling Stone, March 12, 2009. A public memorial service for Jackson was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, where he had rehearsed for the London concerts the night before his death. The service was broadcast live around the world, attracting a global audience of up to one billion people.Bucci, Paul and Wood, Graeme. [http://www.vancouversun.com/Entertainment/Michael+Jackson+billion+people+estimated+watching+gold+plated+casket+memorial+service/1767503/story.html Michael Jackson RIP: One billion people estimated watching for gold-plated casket at memorial service]. The Vancouver Sun, July 7, 2009. In 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a US $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings up until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death. Jackson's death is ranked No. 1 on VH1/VH1 Classic's list of 100 Most Shocking Moments in Music. ", "Jackson had never performed this song live; an HBO special was once planned with the song being performed, but Jackson collapsed during the concert's rehearsals. During the final concerts of his HIStory World Tour , the song was played at the beginning of each concert in memory of Princess Diana . In Living with Michael Jackson , he mentioned the song while at Neverland Ranch and sang it while he was in Las Vegas .", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene alongside his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "Jackson had never performed this song live; an HBO special was once planned with the song being performed, but Jackson collapsed during the concert's rehearsals. During the final concerts of his HIStory World Tour , the song was played at the beginning of each concert in memory of Diana, Princess of Wales . In Living with Michael Jackson , he mentioned the song while at Neverland Ranch and sang it while he was in Las Vegas .", "$28.96. 111 mins. This film offers a behind-thescenes peek at planning for the late King of Pop’s farewell concert. PG (some suggestive choreography and scary images)", "While on tour in Japan in December 1988, the musical movie spectacular, “Moonwalker”, was released to an unsuspecting public. It enjoyed a theatrical release in Japan and Europe and a home-video release in the United States, where it sold 500,000 copies within two weeks. A top secret project in production for almost three years, “Moonwalker” was a 94 minute, 8 part movie documenting Michael Jackson’s career with stunning footage, a junior version of “Bad” (titled “Badder”) four video clips, and a 40-minute centrepiece with awesome special effects. The film cost approximately $27 million to make and starred Joe Pesci. In the centrepiece of the film, Michael Jackson plays a man trying to save his young friends from “Mr Big” (played by Joe Pesci), a drug lord who is trying to sell drugs to youngsters. The movie also featured the short film to “Smooth Criminal”, a ten minute 1930’s-style dance loaded clip. The single for “Smooth Criminal” was released around the same time, reaching number 7 in the US.", "  Michael Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for the Ghosts music video premierIn 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies, it is the best selling remix album ever released. It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track. In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24. Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala. Later that month, Jackson organized a set of \"Michael Jackson & Friends\" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli, and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO. From August 1999 through 2000, he lived in New York City at 4 East 74th Street.", "By the summer of 2002 Jackson was waging an acrimonious battle with his record label, Sony. In interviews, Jackson charged Sony with not promoting Invincible, claiming the company had asked him for a $200 million reimbursement in marketing costs. The fight became more heated once Jackson described Sony chairman Tommy Mottola in a press conference as \"racist\" and \"devilish.\" As evidence of Jackson's declining importance, many music stars—including Mariah Carey and Ricky Martin—rushed to defend Mottola. In the following months, the press continued to scrutinize Jackson's unusual behavior, giving special attention to an incident at a German hotel in which he dangled one of his children over a balcony while greeting fans. In 2003 Jackson was the subject of a British Broadcasting Company documentary, Living with Michael Jackson, that he later denounced as an inaccurate and distorted portrayal.", "On September 13, 1997, Michael Jackson attends a public memorial for late Princess Diana at a church in Los Angeles, California. On 31 August 1997, the Princess died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris along with then boyfriend, Dodi Al-Fayed. Jackson also dedicates song “Gone Too Soon” to his late friend and reschedules a HIStory concert from Ostende, Belgium - that was supposed to take place precisely on August 31 – to September 3, which he dedicated in loving memory to Diana, especially his performance of \"Heal The World\". From the September 3 HIStory concert onward, Jackson’s cover of Charlie Chaplin’s song “Smile” is played back before each concert, pictures of the late Princess being shown on the jumbotron for some parts of the concert.", "On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas. The 90-minute $57-million production will combine Jackson's music and choreography with the Cirque's artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists. The tour was written and directed by Jamie King and centers on Jackson's \"inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked.\" On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson's original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes. A second, larger and more theatrical Cirque show, Michael Jackson: One, designed for residency at the Mandalay Bay resort in Las Vegas, was announced on February 21, 2013. This show, also produced, written and directed by King, began its run on May 23, 2013 in a newly renovated theater to critical and commercial success. ", "In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix , which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released . [132] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track . [133] [134] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24. [90] [124] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997. [79] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the non-profit organization War Child , and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo , as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala. [135] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of \"Michael Jackson & Friends\" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash , The Scorpions , Boyz II Men , Luther Vandross , Mariah Carey , A. R. Rahman , Prabhu Deva Sundaram , Shobana , Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the \"Nelson Mandela Children's Fund\", the Red Cross and UNESCO . [136]", "In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[134] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[135][136] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[92][126] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[81] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the non-profit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[137] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of \"Michael Jackson & Friends\" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the \"Nelson Mandela Children's Fund\", the Red Cross and UNESCO.[138]", "With a total development cost of about $145 million, \"Immortal\" and \"One\" are two separate and distinct productions built around Jackson's music. Both shows were written and directed by Jamie King, a dancer on Jackson's Dangerous world tour in the early '90s. The productions also feature several other musicians, choreographers and costume designers Jackson worked with during his career.", "Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[284] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[285] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as \"the greatest entertainer that ever lived.\"[286][287][288]", "Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work. [303] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service. [304] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as \"the greatest entertainer that ever lived.\" [305] [306] [307]", "Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.", "Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty . Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people, [214] [215] [216] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan , and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana . [217]", "Jackson didn't have to pay for the video out of pocket because they made deals with Showtime and MTV to cover the costs. Showtime got to air a one-hour special with the \"making of\" documentary and the 14-minute film before it was broadcast anywhere else. When MTV heard about this, their executive Bob Pittman decided that losing a Michael Jackson video to Showtime was unacceptable, and paid $250,000 for the exclusive broadcast rights once Showtime's window ended. MTV was founded on the principle of not paying for videos, so Pittman got around this by paying for the documentary, even though the money was really used to pay for the film.", "In June 1995, Jackson released HIStory: Past, Present And Future - Book I . [35] The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a fifteen-track greatest hits album (this disc was later released as Greatest Hits - HIStory Vol. I in 2001), while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained fifteen new songs. The first single released from HIStory was \" Scream \". The single reached the top 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for \"Scream\" is currently the most expensive music video ever made . [36] On September 7, 1995 at the MTV Video Music Awards, Jackson and Janet Jackson won three awards for the song \"Scream\", from HIStory. At the awards show, Jackson also performed a medley, \"Billie Jean\", \"Dangerous\" and \"You Are Not Alone\".", "Michael Jackson was asked to write and perform the songs for the movie, but he had to turn it down due to his concert commitments.", "On March 29, 2002 it was announced that Michael Jackson will make a special live performance at the \"American Bandstand 50th Anniversary\" TV special. The 2-hour special will commemorate the 50th anniversary of famous TV show American Bandstand. It will air on ABC on May 3rd." ]

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[ "A triangle with all three sides the same length is called an equilateral triangle. If all the sides are the same length, then all the angles must also be the same.", "A triangle with all three sides the same length is called an equilateral triangle. If all the sides are the same length, then all the angles must also be the same. In an equilateral triangle each angle equals 60° (180 ¸ 3).", "The equilateral triangle has all three sides that are equal length, and consequently all three interior angles are equal size also.  And because of that, those angles all equal 60°.  The problem sometimes tells you that a triangle is an equilateral triangle, sometimes, it may use tic marks through the triangle sides to indicate the sides that are the same length.", "A triangle is scalene if all of its three sides are different (in which case, the three angles are also different). If two of its sides are equal, a triangle is called isosceles. A triangle with all three equal sides is called equilateral. S. Schwartzman's The Words of Mathematics explain the etymology (the origins) of the words. The first two are of Greek (and related) origins; the word \"equilateral\" is of Latin origin:", "Triangles are shapes with three sides. There are different names for the types of triangles. A triangle’s type depends on the length of its sides and the size of its angles (corners). There are three types of triangle based on the length of the sides: equilateral, isosceles, and scalene. The green lines mark the sides of equal (the same) length. A triangle’s name also depends on the size of its inside angles: acute if all angles are less than 90°, right-angled if one angle is 90°, or obtuse if one angle is more than 90°.", "if it has two sides of the same length (and hence two equal angles). Note that it is a matter of opinion whether equilateral triangles should be considered isosceles triangles or not; some definitions require an isosceles triangle to have exactly two equal sides, while others require at least two sides. This distinction is not very important to us at the moment, so we will ignore it. (If it becomes important to you, perhaps when you are writing a solution to a homework problem, simply decide which definition you want to use and state your choice.) A triangle is called scalene if all three of its sides (and hence all three of its angles) are different from each other.", "An isosceles triangle is a triangle with at least two sides that are the same length.", "Formally, a triangle is defined as a 3−sided polygon. This means that a triangle has 3 sides, all of which are (straight) line segments. We can categorize triangles either by their sides, or by their angles. The table below summarizes the different types of triangles.", "When a triangle has two sides the same length it is called an isosceles triangle. The two angles at the 'feet' of these sides are also equal, ie the angles that are not between the sides of same length (see left)", "Scalene Triangle: A three-sided polygon with no sides of the same length is called scalene triangle.", "In the equilateral triangle, all the sides are the same length (congruent) and all the angles are the same size (congruent).  Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is always 180 degrees, we can figure out the measure of the angles of an equilateral triangle:", "  equilateral (G) all sides are equal and each angle = 60°, making this the only equiangular triangle. Since all 3 angles are less than 90° all equilateral triangles are acute triangles.", "An isosceles triangle has two sides the same length and two angles the same. The two angles at the 'feet' of these sides are equal, ie the angles that are not between the sides of the same length (see left).", "\" In geometry, an isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two sides of equal length. Sometimes it is specified as having two and only two sides of equal length, and sometimes as having at least two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including the equilateral triangle as a special case. \"", "2. A triangle with all three angles less than 90 degrees. 4. A triangle with one angle equal to 90 degrees. 5. A triangle having three equal sides.", "Scalene Triangle A scalene triangle has three sides of unequal length. All three angles are also unequal.", "Isosceles Triangle A triangle with two sides of equal length and a third side that is either longer or shorter than the other two. Because two sides are equal, the angles opposite these sides are also equal.", "Isosceles triangle – A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles across from them.", "(Note: when the two sides joining parallel sides are equal in length and both angles coming from a parallel side are also equal we call it an Isosceles trapezoid, as shown above.)", "Triangles are classified according to the length of their sides or the measure of their angles. These classifications come in threes, just like the sides and angles themselves. That is, a triangle has three sides, and three terms describe triangles based on their sides; a triangle also has three angles, and three classifications of triangles are based on their angles. The following are triangle classifications based on sides:", "A right triangle has two shorter sides, or legs, and the longest side, opposite the right angle, which is always called the hypotenuse. The two shorter sides have some other special names, too, based on which acute angle of the triangle you happen to be working with at a particular time.", "So can we have a triangle with three Fibonacci numbers as sides, but with two sides equal?", "*SSS: Each side of a triangle has the same length as a corresponding side of the other triangle.", "If a triangle has one angle which is a right-angle (i.e. 90°) then there is a special relationship between the lengths of its three sides:", "The triangles in the diagram are similar with the equal angles marked in the same way. We want to calculate the length of the sides labelled x and y.", "In the following identities, A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and a, b and c are the lengths of sides of the triangle opposite the respective angles (as shown in the diagram).", "In addition to the angles (A, B, C) and sides (a, b, c), one of the three heights of the triangle ( h ) is included by drawing the line segment from one of the triangle’s vertices (in this case C) that is perpendicular to the opposite side of the triangle. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.", "Here is a right-angled triangle split into 3 similar triangles. All have the 3 4 5 shape.", "Ok, but this is going to take a while. I have to look through every mathematics text that has ever been written plus every assignment sheet that has ever been prepared and issued to a student in the history of the world so that I can find all of the triangles labeled \"triangle 2\" that might possibly fit your question and which contains enough additional information so that there might be a possibility of preparing an answer.", "side of the right angled triangle. The other two sides adjacent to the right angle are called", "If the longest side (called the hypotenuse) is h and the other two sides (next to the right angle) are called a and b, then:", "We have shown that any line through two sides of a triangle and parallel to the third side divides these two sides in the same ratio." ]

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[ "Paul Bunyan was a folk-tale of a giant lumberjack who traveled with his pet, a large blue ox named Babe.", "Paul Bunyan is said to be a lumberjack of gargantuan size and titanic strength. In stories about him, it is said that he and his blue ox, Babe, were so large that their footsteps created Minnesota's ten thousand lakes (including Lake Bemidji, which resembles Paul's giant footprint). Babe measured 42 axe handles and a plug of chewing tobacco between his horns. He was found during the winter of the blue snow. Once, he helped Paul to straighten a road simply by pulling it.", "Paul Bunyan is a lumberjack figure in North American folklore and tradition. One of the most famous and popular North American folklore heroes, he is usually described as a giant as well as a lumberjack of unusual skill, and is often accompanied in stories by his animal companion, Babe the Blue Ox.", "MacGillivray's story does not suggest that Paul Bunyan was a giant and contains no mention of a blue ox companion. [4] . However, author J.E. Rockwell had written about lumberjack tales about Paul Bunyan, and referred to the (unnamed) blue ox in the February, 1910 issue of the magazine The Outer's Book. According to one tale noted by Rockwell, Bunyan was \"eight feet tall and weighed 300 pounds\" [5] Historian Carleton C. Ames (whose son Aldrich Ames would later become a notorious spy) [6] claimed in a 1940 article [2] that Paul Bunyan was a 20th century invention rather than a 19th century lumber camp folk hero. [7] William Laughead, an advertising copywriter who had once worked in lumber camps, took the stories of an old lumberjack and reworked them into the modern Paul Bunyan character. He sold his character to the Red River Lumber Company, which published \"Introducing Mr. Paul Bunyan of Westwood, California\" in 1916 as an advertising pamphlet. [8] Among other things, Laughead gave the name \"Babe\" to the Blue Ox, and created the first pictorial representation of Bunyan. Authors Richard Dorson and Marshall Fitwick cite Paul Bunyan as an example of \" fakelore \", or a modern story passed off as an older folktale. [9] [10]", "Paul Bunyan was never \"stumped,\" and no job was ever too big for him and his blue ox to handle. From Michigan to Minnesota, from North Dakota to the Pacific Northwest, wherever Paul went, he liked to do things in a big way. These twenty-one tales about the super lumberjack are a unique American contribution to the world's folklore.", "New paperback edition of McCormick's collection of folk tales about the giant lumberjack Paul Bunyan and his enormous blue ox Babe.", "Paul Bunyan chopped down forests, created the Grand Canyon and a few mountains, and, whenever he took a step, made each of Minnesota s 10,000 lakes. He could cut down many trees with one swing of his monstrous ax. His companion was a big blue ox named Babe. Are these American myths true or pure fiction? Find out how Bunyan s amazing exploits may have been based on those of a real person.", "Later historians hold that Paul Bunyan, and specifically the idea of Bunyan as a giant lumberjack with a giant blue ox sidekick, was created in the 20th century for an advertising campaign. There is no documentary evidence of any Paul Bunyan story being told before James MacGillivray's story \"The Round River Drive\", published in 1910. MacGillivray's story does not suggest that Paul Bunyan was a giant and contains no mention of a blue ox companion. Historian Carleton C. Ames (whose son Aldrich Ames would later become a notorious spy) claimed in a 1940 article that Paul Bunyan was a 20th century invention rather than a 19th century lumber camp folk hero. William Laughead, an advertising copywriter who had once worked in lumber camps, took the stories of an old lumberjack and reworked them into the modern Paul Bunyan character. He sold his character to the Red River Lumber Company, which published \"Introducing Mr. Paul Bunyan of Westwood, California\" in 1916 as an advertising pamphlet. Among other things, Laughead invented Babe the Blue Ox, was the first to describe Bunyan as a giant, and created the first pictorial representation of Bunyan. Authors Richard Dorson and Marshall Fitwick cite Paul Bunyan as an example of \" fakelore \", or a modern story passed off as an older folktale.", "Bunyan's birth was strange, as are the births of many mythic heroes, as it took three storks to carry the infant (ordinarily, one stork could carry several babies and drop them off at their parents' homes). When he was old enough to clap and laugh, the vibration broke every window in the house. When he was seven months old, he sawed the legs off his parents' bed in the middle of the night. Paul and Babe the Blue Ox, his companion, dug the Grand Canyon", "All my carefully crafted visions of tromping through unexplored America in search of enormous axe blades and sail-sized flannel shirts no longer seemed a necessity. A lucky phone call had not only yielded proof of Bunyan’s existence, but proof of his blue ox, too.", "Ox, by the Iowa University professor Elsworth Conkle, was performed in summer 1939 using “clever scene painting tricks” and an amplifier to create a booming voice. 19 So popular had the giant lumberjack become that allusions to him appeared in unexpected places: a review of a symphony by Reinhold Glière in the New York Mirror in 1940 compared the French Gargantua it depicted to “our own Paul Bunyan, the Big Guy, the man who eats an unskinned bear for breakfast and uproots a tree to brush his teeth.” 20 Equally boastfully, the Daily Worker ignored his role as a boss and portrayed him as “the symbol of the workers’ power. . . . Yes, [End Page 4] the powered footfalls of Paul Bunyan are still felt and heard, crashing through the wilderness, building, in their stride, a happier America.” 21", "In the text, it regales of how Paul and his trusty partner in crime “Babe” cleared forests together and created several camps and landmarks. Upon some of the places they cleared together was South Dakota. Toward the end of the story, Babe dies and is also buried in South Dakota. I was curious as to if there are any other stories of Babe and Paul in the Black Hills, being that there is already so much history that took place there. So as I did some research, it was made clear that the Black Hills formed because of the mound of dirt that it required to bury the majestic blue Ox. As I did more research I discovered more landmarks Paul Bunyan “created” and was pleasantly surprised. Some of these landmarks include the Grand Canyon, Bay of Fundy in Maine, Niagara Falls and the Mississippi and Missouri. These are all widely known places in America places that I have been to, so it surprised me that I never heard of these stories before.", "For other uses, see Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox and Paul Bunyan (disambiguation) .", "Paul Bunyan, Pecos Bill, and Davy Crockett are some of the roughest, toughest characters to ever blaze the frontier. Clever as the crack of a whip and strong as a wildcat, these tall-tale heroes each left a legacy of larger-than-life deeds that has captured the American imagination for over a century. Three rib-tickling tracks tell the whole story believe it or not.", "Legendary giant lumberjack with superhuman strength and a large blue ox as a companion and friend", "Paul Bunyan is a mythological lumberjack who is usually believed to be a giant as well as a lumberjack of unusual skill. The character was first documented in the work of U.S. journalist James MacGillivray in 1910. In 1916, as part of an advertising campaign for a logging company, advertisement writer William Laughead reworked the old logging tales into that of a giant lumberjack and gave birth to the modern Paul Bunyan legend.", "Rather than focus on the nuances of narrative detail, Americans tried freezing Bunyan in illustration, instead. The first sketches of Paul Bunyan helped fans place a face to their hero, though even his likenesses were often unlike one another. Laughead’s booklets are credited with first bringing the mustachioed, pipe-puffing, flannel giant into the American consciousness, though Bunyan’s incredible size remained mostly unnoticeable without the proper scale. Laughead’s illustrations depicted him as the lumber industry’s “everyman,” a hardworking American whose abilities was rivaled by none.", "23. OX The wild ox was a large beast that is believed to be the ancestor of domestic cattle. It symbolized ferocious strength. The Hebrew word translated unicorn in Numbers 23:22 (KJV) has been identified as the word for wild ox (NAS, NIV, RSV). Compare Psalm 22:21 ; Psalm 92:10 . See Ox above.", "In 1916—five years prior to Paul “The Wildman” Bunyan’s appearance in the Villas County News—Bernice Stewart and Homer Watt of New York University published the first scholarly account on Paul Bunyan, claiming the tales surrounding the figure were “designed to be swallowed by camp-followers and tenderfeet for the entertainment of hardened dwellers in the woods.” Bunyan was a rite of passage for the new recruits to the forest, an enjoyable diversion to ease their otherwise harsh entrance into a dangerous world.", "“Many localities claim to be Paul’s birthplace or proclaim themselves as the site of his famous lumber camp in order to identify with the broad shouldered, ‘can do’ image of this folk icon,” notes a placard alongside the Paul Bunyan Lumber Camp in my town of Eau Claire, Wisconsin (a city that not only proclaims itself Bunyan’s birthplace, but the site of his famous lumber camp as well). “What must be remembered,” the placard explains, “is that Paul’s Tall Tales are large enough for all to share.”", "Although in movie renditions of the settling of the Old West, horses are shown pulling the Conestoga wagons across the prairies, in truth it was mules or oxen (which are castrated male cattle) that pulled these wagons across the plains. Both animals, especially oxen, have more stamina than", "Running at variance to his origins in folklore, the character of Paul Bunyan has become a fixture for juvenile audiences since his debut in print. Typical among such adaptations is the further embellishment of stories pulled directly from William B. Laughead's pamphlet, and with very few elements from oral tradition adapted into them. Nearly all of the literature is presented in long narrative format, exaggerates Paul Bunyan's height to colossal proportions, and follows him from infancy to adulthood.", ".� Oxen are everywhere to be met with, drawing the butt [cart], the wain, or the wagon on the road, and the plough and harrow in the fields.� They are shod or, as it is locally termed, \"cued\", and are extremely docile and active.\"� Boys would drive them, singing their (the oxen's) names.� At lunch, the oxen would be released to feed, and when it was time to get back to work, the boys would call them over to be hitched back up.� Evidently, the beasts responded to the music!", "A trilogy of fantastic tales starring a giant Homer as Paul Bunyan, Lisa as Connie Appleseed versus the wagon train pioneers, and Bart and Nelson as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn in a rafting adventure down the Mississippi.", "Subtitled: The Marvelous Exploits of Paul Bunyan as Told in the Camps of the White Pine Lumbermen for Generations During Which Time the Loggers Have Pioneered the Way Through the North Woods From Maine to California Collected from Various Sources and Embellished for Publication.", "Oxen (singular ox) are cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult, castrated males of larger breeds, although females and bulls are also used in some areas. Usually, an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and to allow it to grow to full size. Oxen are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, irrigation by powering pumps, and wagon drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact, select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting, with additional pairs added when more power is required, sometimes up to a total of 20 or more.", "Folklorists see the jackalope as one of a group of fabled creatures common to American culture since Colonial days. These appear in tall tales about hodags, giant turtles, Bigfoot, and many other mysterious beasts and in novels like Moby Dick. The tales lend themselves to comic hoaxing by entrepreneurs who seek attention for their products, their persons, or their towns.", "The zoology of the Prairies has probably attracted more attention than any other feature in their natural history,\" wrote the western chronicler Josiah Gregg in the immensely popular account of his frontier travels, Commerce of the Prairies, in 1844. Leading off a chapter on the animals of the Southwest was what Gregg considered \"by far the most noble\" of the beasts, the \"mustang or wild horse of the Prairies.\" 1 More than the wily gray wolf, the fleet and nimble antelope, or the ubiquitous buffalo, the wild horse exemplified the venerated notion of freedom on the expansive southwestern grasslands. America's James Boswell, Washington Irving wrote about his brief tour of that region nearly a decade earlier, championing the wild horse as the \"free rover of the prairies\" and extolled the innate \"pride and freedom of his nature.\" 2 The Indian painter George Catlin had ridden across the southern plains in 1834 and was, after direct observation, compelled to claim that there existed \"no other animal on the prairies so wild and so sagacious as the horse.\" 3", "Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who played key roles in the wars against the whites in 19th century United States. He was present at The Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand, the most famous and last major victory of the native people against the white armies.", "Wolverine (Gulo gulo), also called glutton, carcajou, or skunk bear, member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) that lives in cold northern latitudes, especially in timbered areas, around the world. It resembles a small, squat, broad bear 65–90 cm (26–36 inches) long, excluding the bushy, 13–26-cm (5–10-inch) tail; shoulder height is 36–45 cm (14–18 inches), and weight is 9–30 kg (20–66 pounds). The legs are short, somewhat bowed; the soles, hairy; the semiretractile claws, long and sharp; the ears, short; and the teeth, strong. The coarse, long-haired coat is blackish brown with a light brown stripe extending from each side of the neck along the body to the base of the tail. The animal has anal glands that secrete an unpleasant-smelling fluid.", "Lone Bull wanted to be a hero.  He went out with his bow and arrow and killed a calf, and ran the herd off into the next state.  He drug this calf home, his family was fed, but they were ostracized from the village.  They had to leave the village. Lone Bull became a wanderer, until he found a village that would take him in.  In that next village where he was taken in, he organized the buffalo hunt that winter, and they had more meat than this village had ever had before.", "Spur Award-winning writer profiles early-nineteenth-century explorers, trappers, and traders including Kit Carson, Jedediah Smith, and John Colter. Portrays men such as Hugh Glass, who crawled two hundred fifty miles to safety after being mauled by a bear and left for dead. Some violence and some strong language. 1973." ]

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[ "In a game of chess, what is the only piece able to jump over other pieces? ", "In a game of chess, what is the only piece able to jump over other pieces?", "The Knight piece in Chess (which has the appearance of the knight's horse) is the only piece that can jump over other pieces.", "The knight is the most unique chess piece you have!  Not only does it usually resemble a horse, it is the only chess piece that can jump over another chess piece or pieces according to chess rules.  The knight's move is rather different.  Think of the move as \"L\" shaped - two squares either forward, backward, left, or right and then left or right one square.  This special feature, being able to jump, can make the knight a very useful chess piece early in the game.", "The player cannot capture an opponent's piece if other pieces stand in the move line of his/her piece (between the player's piece and the opponent's one). The only exception is a knight who can \"jump\" over all pieces.", "The queen is the most powerful piece on the board. This is because it can control more squares than any other chessman. It moves straight forward or backwards and diagonally any number of squares. However, it cannot jump over other pieces.", "The queen is the most powerful piece on the board. This is because it can control more squares than any other chessman. It moves straight forward or backwards and diagonally any number of squares. However, it cannot jump over other pieces.", "Though pawn is the least powerful piece in the chessboard, it has some unique characteristics. Pawn is the only piece that cannot move backwards. All other pieces can move either forward or backward. The pawn may move either one or two squares forwards on its first turn, but afterwards it can move only one square at a time. Another interesting feature of the pawn is that it captures the opposite side piece in a way different from the way it moves. In other words, the pawn captures enemy pieces only diagonally.", "Each of the 6 different kinds of pieces moves differently. Pieces cannot move through other pieces (though the knight can jump over other pieces), and can never move onto a square with one of their own pieces. However, they can be moved to take the place of an opponent's piece which is then captured. Pieces are generally moved into positions where they can capture other pieces (by landing on their square and then replacing them), defend their own pieces in case of capture, or control important squares in the game.", "In this way, the Flying King is similar in movement to a Bishop in Chess. The only stipulation is that, when jumping opponent playing pieces, the Flying King can only eliminate one opponent's man at a time. It can remove multiple pieces in a turn, if it follows the same rules of successive jumps that other playing pieces follow, jumping them one at a time if those pieces are arrayed in such a vulnerable position.", "Each chess piece has its own style of moving. The X's mark the squares where the piece can move if no other pieces are on the X's between the piece's initial position and destination. If there is an opponent's piece at the destination square, then moving piece can capture the opponent's piece. The only exception is the pawn which can only capture the white circles.", "A piece making a capturing move (a jump) leaps over one of the opponent's pieces, landing in a straight diagonal line on the other side. Only one piece may be captured in a single jump; however, multiple jumps are allowed during a single turn.", "A jump is a move from a square diagonally adjacent to one of the opponent's pieces to an empty square immediately and directly on the opposite side of the opponent's square, thus jumping directly over the square containing the opponent's piece. An uncrowned piece may only jump diagonally forwards, kings may also jump diagonally backwards. A piece that is jumped is captured and removed from the board. Multiple-jump moves are possible if when the jumping piece lands, there is another immediate piece that can be jumped; even if the jump is in a different direction. Jumping is mandatory – whenever a player has the option to jump, that person must jump (even if it's to the jumping player's disadvantage; for example, a player can choose to allow one of his men to get captured to set up capturing two or more of his/her opponent's men). When multiple-option jumping moves are available, whether with the one piece in different directions or multiple pieces that can make various jumping moves, the player may choose which piece to jump with and which jumping option or sequence of jumps to make. The jumping sequence chosen does not necessarily have to be the one that would have resulted in the most captures; however, one must make all available captures in the chosen sequence. Any piece, whether it is a king or not, can jump a king.", "* A jump is a move from a square diagonally adjacent to an opponent's piece to an empty square immediately beyond it, in the same direction. (Thus jumping over the square containing the opponent's piece.) Uncrowned pieces may jump only diagonally forward; kings may jump in any diagonal direction. A jumped piece is considered \"captured\" and removed from the game. Any piece, whether crowned or not, may jump a king. ", "The bishop, the piece topped with a miter, is worth three points. It can only move diagonally and so is restricted to the color on which it begins. Bishops are also not allowed to jump, but they can capture and remove an opponent's piece. Bishops can cover great distances in an X formation [source: Andrews ].", "The white Pawn could capture the black Pawn by jumping over it to the square marked with a \"#\" (red circle on graphic). If there was a piece, either friendly or belonging to the opponent, on the square marked with a \"#\", the capture could not be made. A Pawn may capture another Pawn that is making an initial double move en-passant as in orthodox chess if there is not a piece occupying the square in which the capturing Pawn would to need to land.", "The white Bishop could jump over and capture the black Rook, landing in the square marked with a 2 (black circle) or with a 3 (white circle). If there was a piece, either friendly or belonging to the opponent, on the squares marked with a 1 (red circle) or 2 (black circle), then the capture could not be made.", "          A Pawn captures by jumping two squares diagonally forward, over an opposing piece, and landing on the square diagonally past its target. For example:", "The rook piece can move anywhere from 1 to 7 squares in any direction, so long as it is not obstructed by any other piece.", "If you jump over an opponent's piece and land on a square from which you can subsequently capture another of your opponent's pieces, you are required to jump the additional piece.", "One, if one of the opponent's men is on the black space directly in front of one of a player's men, that piece can \"jump\" the opponent's man.", "If the player has more possibilities to capture opponent's pieces, he/she can select any of them. However, when a queen (in variants with long jumps) can make a jump, the player cannot select a pawn to jump with.", "If a player's piece moves into the kings row on the opponent's side of the board, that piece is said to be crowned (or often kinged in the U.S.), becoming a king and gaining the ability to move both forward and backward. If a player's uncrowned piece jumps into the kings row, the current move terminates; the piece cannot continue on by jumping back out (as in a multiple jump), until the next move. A piece is normally crowned by placing a second piece on top of it; some sets have pieces with a crown molded, engraved or painted on one side, allowing the player to simply turn the piece over or to place the crown-side up on the crowned piece, further differentiating kings from ordinary men.", "Each chess piece has a strength that no other piece possesses; to be moved and utilized however the player sees fit.", "U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,334 issued Nov. 25, 1997 discloses a chess variant denoted as Falcon chess. Falcon chest includes an extra game piece called a “falcon” which can be moved in straight and diagonal movements.", "This piece is the most important piece in the game. The King can move in any direction one square per move. For example: Kg4-g3, Kg3-f3 or Kf3-e4", "A pawn can capture a piece which is diagonally one square in front of it. It cannot capture an otherwise adjacent piece.", "If an opponent's pieces are arranged in a pattern that will allow it, a player may jump as many enemy men as possible before one's turn is over. In this way, a player may eliminate two or more opponent playing pieces in one move. This is fairly rare and usually does not happen against an experienced player.", "No more than two pawns can occupy any one space. Two pawns of different colors never occupy the same space except at the moment one piece captures another.", "4. the chief chess piece of each color, whose checkmating is the object of the game: moved one square at a time in any direction.", "But you can capture an enemy piece that stands on a square where one of your pieces can move.", "When a piece moves to a square occupied by an enemy piece, the enemy piece is captured and removed from the chessboard." ]

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[ "Currently, there are a total of sixteen territories of the United States, five of which are inhabited: Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Marianas, United States Virgin Islands and American Samoa. The 11 uninhabited territories administered by the Interior Department are Palmyra Atoll, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Midway Islands. While claimed by the US, Navassa Island, Wake Island, Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank are disputed. ", "Currently, there are sixteen territories of the United States, five of which are permanently inhabited: Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. Ten territories are small islands, atolls and reefs, spread across the Caribbean and Pacific, with no native or permanent populations: Palmyra Atoll, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Wake Island, Midway Islands, Navassa Island and Serranilla Bank. Uninhabited Bajo Nuevo Bank is administered by Colombia, but claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act.", "The states compose the vast bulk of the U.S. land mass; the only other areas considered integral parts of the country are the District of Columbia, the federal district where the capital, Washington, is located; and Palmyra Atoll , an uninhabited but incorporated territory in the Pacific Ocean. The United States possesses five major territories with indigenous populations: Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; and American Samoa , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific. Those born in the territories (except for American Samoa) possess U.S. citizenship.", "The fifth and final quarter-dollar coin released in 2008 honors the State of Hawaii, and is the 50th and last coin in the United States Mint's popular 50 State Quarters® Program. Hawaii, spelled \"Hawai'i\" in the Hawaiian language, is nicknamed \"The Aloha State.\" It became the 50th state admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959. The release of this quarter signals the end of the ten-year 50 State Quarters Program.", "�State� means the several Statesand Territories, [comma!] the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia. [Emphasis added.]", "The fifth and final commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2006 honors South Dakota, the \"Mount Rushmore State,\" and is the 40th coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters® Program. Admitted into the Union on November 2, 1889, South Dakota became the Nation's 40th state. The release of this quarter signals the end of the eighth year of the 50 State Quarters Program.", "In 2002, the Council of the District of Columbia authorized adding the slogan to the D.C. flag, but no new flag design was approved. In 2007, the District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters program was created based on the successful 50 State Quarters program.[http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=progBackground U.S. Mint: District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarter Program] . Retrieved January 9, 2009. DC submitted designs containing the slogan, but they were rejected by the U.S. Mint. ", "* Did you know that besides the 50 state quarters, they’ve also made quarters for DC, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Northern Mariana? I’ve found all of ’em except for Northern Mariana.", "The edition in 1999–2008, the reverse side design is the State Quarter Series. The 50 State Quarters program is the release of a series of circulating commemorative coins by the United States Mint. From 1999 through 2008, it featured each of the 50 U.S. states on unique designs for the reverse of the quarter. The 50 State Quarters program was started to support a new generation of coin collectors, and it became the most successful numismatic program in history, with roughly half of the U.S. population collecting the coins, either in a casual manner or as a serious pursuit. The U.S. federal government so far has made additional profits of $3.0 billion from collectors taking the coins out of circulation.", "The United States holds three territories: American Samoa and Guam in the Pacific Ocean and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Although they are governed by the United States, the territories do not have statehood status, and this lesser legal and political status sets them apart from the rest of the United States.", "\"A few years back Eleanor Holmes-Norton proposed the 50 statehood quarter program be extended after 2008 to include Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and/or Guam or American Samoa. Has anyone heard any more regarding this happening?\"", "North Dakota Quarter: The fourth quarter released in 2006 honors North Dakota, and is the 39th in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters® Program.", "Territories have always been a part of the United States. By Act of Congress, the term ‘United States’, when used in a geographical sense, means “the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States”. Since political union with the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986, they too are treated as a part of the U.S. An Executive Order in 2007 includes American Samoa as U.S. “geographical extent” duly reflected in U.S. State Department documents. ", "\"�The third commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2007 honors Idaho, and is the 43rd coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters� Program. Idaho, nicknamed the \"Gem State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming our Nation's 43rd state. The reverse of Idaho's quarter features the Peregrine Falcon imposing its presence above an outline of the State of Idaho. The coin bears the inscriptions \"Esto Perpetua\" (the State motto which means, \"May it be Forever\"), \"Idaho\" and \"1890.\"", "he second quarter to be released in 2005 commemorates the State of Minnesota, \"Land of 10,000 Lakes.\" On May 11, 1858, Minnesota became the 32nd state admitted into the Union, and as such, it is the 32nd coin to be issued in the United States Mint's popular 50 State Quarters® Program. The design features a tree-lined lake with two people fishing, a loon on the water, and a textured outline of the State surrounding its nickname, \"Land of 10,000 Lakes.\"", "Alaska Quarter: The fourth commemorative quarter coin released in 2008 honors Alaska, and is the 49th coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters® Program.", "• The vignette on the reverse of the five-dollar note depicts a likeness of the front of the Lincoln Memorial as it appeared in 1922 when it was first dedicated. At that time, there were only 48 states that made up the United States of America. The names of 26 states were engraved on the front of the Memorial. This is why only the names of 26 states appear in the vignette on the reverse of the five-dollar note. In the upper frieze of the façade in the vignette the states are from left to right: Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, and North Dakota. In the lower frieze from left to right the names of the states are: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, Carolina, Hampshire, Virginia and New York.", "All places south of Trenton are The South. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona are Mexico. All states that get more money back from the govt than they put in are South; all states that pay in more than they get back are North. California is an Empire. Washington and Oregon are territories., hoping to become part of California. Alaska is the suburb of Canada. South Florida,ie, Miami, St Petersburg, Tampa, etc used to be The Bronx but are now a part of Cuba. Orlando is Puerto Rico.", "Similarly, territories — such as the territory of Guam, a possession of the United States — are usually not counted in an official count, but are states by many criteria. These are referred to by the United Nations as Non-Self Governing Territories, and include an additional 16 territories.", "On November 5, 2012, the United States Mint released a twenty-five cent piece depicting Denali National Park. It is the fifteenth of the America the Beautiful Quarters series. The reverse features a Dall sheep with the peak of Denali in the background. ", "American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands, and Virgin Islands of the U.S. are United States possessions covered under their individual entries.", "Congressional legislation establishes branch Mints at New Orleans, Louisiana; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Dahlonega, Georgia. Their mint marks are: New Orleans (“O”), Charlotte (“C”), and Dahlonega (“D”). They are placed “under the control and regulation” of the Director of the Mint, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. This is the first time Congress gives the Treasury Department supervisory authority over the Mint.", "Palmyra Atoll is the only incorporated territory remaining, and having no government it is also unorganized. The remaining are unincorporated territories of the United States. Puerto Rico and Northern Mariana Islands are styled as commonwealths.", "A seven pointed star - representing the Federation of six states, with an additional point to represent the territories collectively.", "*Hawaii: The Hawaii quarter features a rendition of the statue of Kamehameha I, who united the Hawaiian Islands in 1810, with the state outline and motto. This is the first business strike U.S. coin to feature royalty or a monarch of any kind.", "Alaska was admitted into the Union on January 3, 1959, becoming our Nation's 49th State. Alaska's quarter features an image of a grizzly bear emerging from the water clutching a salmon in its jaws. The design also includes the North Star above the inscription \"The Great Land\". Two other inscriptions are displayed on the coin: \"Alaska\" and \"1959.\"", "The \"51st state\", in post-1959 American political discourse, is a phrase that refers to areas or locales that are – seriously or facetiously – considered candidates for U.S. statehood, joining the 50 states that presently compose the United States. The phrase has been applied to external territories as well as parts of existing states which would be admitted as separate states in their own right.", "The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as \"dog dollars\". ", "Refers to coins or paper money issued by the Colonial governments of the 13 British Colonies that became the United States. See “state coinages.”", "Fort Worth is home to one of the two locations of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. In 1987, construction on this second facility began. In addition to meeting increased production requirements, a western location was seen to serve as a contingency operation in case of emergencies in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area; as well, costs for transporting currency to Federal Reserve banks in San Francisco, Dallas, and Kansas City would be reduced. Currency production began in December 1990 at the Fort Worth facility, the official dedication took place April 26, 1991.", "Fort Worth is also home to the one of two locations of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing . In 1987, construction on a second facility began. In addition to meeting increased production requirements, a western location was seen to serve as a contingency operation in case of emergencies in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area ; additionally, costs for transporting currency to Federal Reserve banks in San Francisco , Dallas , and Kansas City would be reduced. Currency production began in December 1990 at the Fort Worth facility, and the official dedication took place on April 26, 1991.", "In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt moved that American coinage be changed as he saw the then US currency as bland compared to the beauty of Greek coins.  For him, the coinage of a country is a symbol of its greatness. He ordered that American coins be a representation of prestige and power. So in 1907, gold double eagle coins were issued." ]

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[ "Jupiter is the fifth planet of the Solar System, counting from the Sun . Jupiter is a jovian planet , with a very dense and thick atmosphere (of mostly hydrogen and helium), many moons , and narrow rings . Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in our Solar System. Jupiter has an equatorial diameter of 142,984 km and is number 2 on the list of largest objects in our Solar System.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is a gas giant, along with Saturn, with the other two giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, being ice giants. Jupiter was known to astronomers of ancient times. The Romans named it after their god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than one-thousandth of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or outer planets.", "Earth, the third planet from the sun, is the fifth largest planet in the solar system; only the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are bigger. Earth is the largest of the terrestrial planets of the inner solar system, bigger than Mercury, Venus and Mars.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun. It is the largest planet in our Solar System. Even though it is far from the Sun and Earth, its size and its cloud cover gives it a bright appearance.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun. It is a big red striped ball, the largest planet in our solar system. The ancient Romans named Jupiter after one of their gods, whom they called the “King of gods” and was so named because of its size. It is mostly made up of hydrogen with smelly clouds of ammonia and Sulphur and clouds of water vapor. ", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and, with a diameter of 142,984 km at its equator, it is the largest planet in the Solar System. Jupiter has a mass of one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System combined. Its density is the second highest of the gas giant planets, but lower than any of the four terrestrial planets. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant, along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or outer planets.", "With a mean radius of 6371 km and a mass of 5.97×1024 kg, Earth is the fifth largest and fifth most-massive planet in the Solar System. In essence, it is the largest terrestrial planet, but is smaller and less massive than any of the gas/ice giants of the Outer Solar System . And with a mean density of 5.514 g/cm³, it is the densest planet in the Solar System.", "Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It is nearly 318 times as massive as Earth, has the surface area of 122 Earths, and has 1,321 times the volume of Earth.", "The largest planet in the solar system is Jupiter. Jupiter is actually over 300 times larger than earth - and if Jupiter was a hollow shell - you could fit over 1,000 Earths inside of it.", "Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system - it is 11 times bigger than Earth. As Jupiter spins its thick clouds tend to form bands and give the planet its red-brown-white banded appearance. Jupiter's Great Red Spot was first observed about 300 years ago and appears to be a permanent hurricane. This planet has 16 moons (satellites). The four largest were described by Galileo. Ganymede, the largest of these four, is the largest moon in our solar system, larger than the planets Pluto and Mercury.", "The Sun and the five largest planets of the solar system (to scale). The Earth is the tiny dot between Jupiter and the Sun. (Source: NASA )", "Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in the Solar System. Its mean radius, at 69,911 ± 6 km, makes it 10.97 the times the size of Earth, while its mass (1.8986×1027 kg) is the equivalent of 317.8 Earths. But being a gas giant, Jupiter is naturally less dense than Earth and other terrestrial planets, with a mean density of 1.326 g/cm3.", "Jupiter, the king of the planets, orbits the Sun at a distance of 778 million km (483 million miles), and is 142,800 km in diameter, making it the biggest planet in our Solar System. Thats so big that more than 1000 planets the size of Earth could fit inside it!", "Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and is 318 times bigger than the Earth! It's also the fastest rotating planet too, with 1 day only lasting 10 hours – but a year on Jupiter lasts for 12 Earth years.", "Explanation: In this sharp snapshot, the Solar System's largest moon Ganymede poses next to Jupiter, the largest planet. Captured on March 10 with a small telescope from our fair planet Earth, the scene also includes Jupiter's Great Red Spot, the Solar System's largest storm. In fact, Ganymede is about 5,260 kilometers in diameter. That beats out all three of its other fellow Galilean satellites, along with Saturn's Moon Titan at 5,150 kilometers and Earth's own Moon at 3,480 kilometers. Though its been shrinking lately , the Great Red Spot's diameter is still around 16,500 kilometers. Jupiter, the Solar System's ruling gas giant, is about 143,000 kilometers in diameter at its equator . That's nearly 10 percent the diameter of the Sun.", ", from Latin : Plūto, Greek : Πλούτων), formal designation (134340) Pluto, is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System (after Eris ) and the tenth-largest body observed directly orbiting the Sun . Originally classified as a planet , Pluto is now considered the largest member of a distinct population called the Kuiper belt . [7]", "Description Jupiter has 67 moons revolving around it, Jupiter has the most moons of the planets. Jupiter is 139822 km in diameter, which makes it the largest planet in the Solar System.", "In astronomy , Mercury is the first planet of our Solar System, counting from the Sun . Mercury is a terrestrial planet without moons , rings , or an atmosphere . Mercury has a diameter of 4880 km and is number 11 on the list of largest objects in our Solar System.", "Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system, and is larger than the planet Mercury. If it were not orbiting as Jupiter’s second-largest moon, it could be considered a dwarf planet.", "Next up is Ganymede . At 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. While it is larger than the planet Mercury, the fact that it is an icy world means that it has only half of Mercury’s mass. It is also the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, likely created through convection within the liquid iron core.", "(a) Titan is the largest moon in the solar system and bigger than the planet Venus.", "2. Galileo discovered four of this planet's moons--Io, Ganymede [GAN-uh-meed], Callisto, and Europa--in 1609. It rotates twice as fast as Earth, but takes twelve years to orbit the Sun. Which planet is our solar system's most massive?", "The third largest planet in our solar system is Uranus. It has a diameter of almost 30,000 miles, which is more than three and a half times the size of Earth.", "Pluto use to be smallest planet in our solar system at a diameter of 2700 km (smaller than 7 of the solar systems moons, including Earths) and the farthest away. Although every 248 years Pluto’s weird orbit brings it in closer to the sun than Neptune, making it the eight planet from the sun for about 20 years.", "The giant planets of the outer solar system are like mini solar systems on their own, because each is encircled by a large entourage of moons. Consider Neptune, the fourth-largest planet, which is putting in its best showing of the year this week. It rises around sunset and remains in the sky all night. It’s also at its brightest for the year. Even so, it’s still so far away that you need a telescope to see it, in the constellation Aquarius.", "Compare your scaled answer in part (d) with the true diameter of the Solar System (as defined by Pluto's orbit), about 12 billion km. Which is larger, and by roughly what factor?", "Its biggest moon is called Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system – which is", "The innermost is Io , which is named after a priestess of Hera who became Zeus’ lover. With a diameter of 3,642 kilometers, it is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System. With over 400 active volcanoes , it is also the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its surface is dotted with over 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth’s Mount Everest.", "the largest of the planets and the fifth from the sun. It has 16 satellites and is surrounded by a transient planar ring system consisting of dust particles. Mean distance from sun: 778 million km; period of revolution around sun: 11.86 years; period of axial rotation: 9.83 hours; diameter and mass: 11.2 and 317.9 times that of earth respectively", "A collection of the largest moons in the Solar System are in orbit around the largest planet.", "Here’s a list of all the largest moons in the Solar System, and a listing of the largest moons and smallest planets at Solar Views." ]

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[ "The Falklands War (), also known as the Falklands Conflict, Falklands Crisis, and the Guerra del Atlántico Sur (Spanish for \"South Atlantic War\"), was a ten-week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom over two British overseas territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It began on Friday, 2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands (and, the following day, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had claimed over them. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, returning the islands to British control. In total, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities.", "On this day in 1982, Michael Jackson released his second solo album Thriller, which became the biggest selling album of all time.   It was said to have �changed the face of pop music�, which is ironic when you think about it.", "Thriller is the sixth studio album by American singer Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on November 30, 1982, as the follow-up to Jackson's critically and commercially successful 1979 album Off the Wall. Thriller explores similar genres to those of Off the Wall, including pop, post-disco, rock and funk. Recording sessions took place on April to November 1982 at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles with a production budget of $750,000, assisted by producer Quincy Jones.", "2 April 1982: Argentine forces invade Falkland Islands. Other British South Atlantic territories including South Georgia are seized shortly afterwards", "• Pol Pot Becomes the Communist Dictator of Cambodia 1976 • Nadia Comaneci Given Seven Perfect Tens • North and South Vietnam Join to Form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam • Tangshan Earthquake Kills Over 240,000 1977 • Elvis Found Dead • Miniseries Roots Airs • South African Anti-Apartheid Leader Steve Biko Tortured to Death Star Wars Movie Released 1978 • First Test-Tube Baby Born • John Paul II Becomes Pope • Jonestown Massacre 1979 • Ayatollah Khomeini Returns as Leader of Iran • Iran Takes American Hostages in Tehran • Margaret Thatcher First Woman Prime Minister of Great Britain • Mother Theresa Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize • Nuclear Accident at Three Mile Island Sony Introduces the Walkman 1980 • Failed U.S. Rescue Attempt to Save Hostages in Tehran • John Lennon Assassinated • Mount St. Helens Erupts • Rubik’s Cube Becomes Popular Ted Turner Establishes CNN 1981 • Assassination Attempt on the Pope • Assassination Attempt on U.S. President Reagan • First Woman Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court • Millions Watch Royal Wedding on T.V. • New Plague Identified as AIDS • Pac-Man is Extremely Popular • Personal Computers (PC) Introduced by IBM 1982 • E.T. Movie Released • Falkland Islands Invaded by Argentina • King Henry VIII’s Ship the Mary Rose Raised After 437 Years • Michael Jackson Releases Thriller • Reverend Sun Myung Moon Marries 2,075 Couples at Madison Square Garden • Vietnam War Memorial Opened in Washington, DC", "And then, in 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands , perhaps encouraged by the effects of military cutbacks under Thatcher. Margaret Thatcher sent 8,000 military personnel to fight a much larger number of Argentinians; her win of the Falkland's War restored her to popularity.", "In 1982, Argentina and Britain went to war over the Falkland Islands (referred to by Argentinians as the Islas Malvinas), and Britain controlled the islands again. By 1983, inflation reached 900 percent, civilian rule was returned, and Raul Alfonsin became president, and began investigating the human rights abuse during the Dirty War.", "People's Republic of China the first nation to have a population of more than 1 billion; gasoline prices collapse; Seattle is officially nicknamed the Emerald City; the Toyota Camry is introduced; Barney Clark/artificial heart; \"Christmas Eve Blizzard of '82\"; Time magazine's Man of the Year---the computer; Leonid Brezhnev dies; Yuri Andropov; Vietnam Veterans Memorial dedicated; Lech Wałesa; Poland's Solidarity movement; Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day fire; Michael Jackson releases Thriller; Chicago Tylenol murders; first compact discs (CDs) released to the public; Lawn Chair Larry; Sun Myung Moon; Provisional IRA; Vic Morrow; Equal Rights Amendment fails; Falklands War; Satchel Paige; Ronald Reagan; The Weather Channel debuts; Unabomber; Pope John Paul II; Bijon Setu massacre; Claus von Bulow; John Belushi dies; Commodore 64; Margaret Thatcher; first computer virus, the Elk Cloner; Hama massacre; Hafez al-Assad; Muslim Brotherhood", "The independence of Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe), the New Hebrides (as Vanuatu) in 1980, and Belize in 1981 meant that, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts (and the acquisition in 1955 of an uninhabited rock in the Atlantic Ocean, Rockall), [203] the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire . [204] Britain's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power. [205] The same year, the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain. The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. [206] Equivalent acts were passed for Australia and New Zealand in 1986. [207]", "1982 � The all-inclusive Disneyland Passport ($12 for a one-day passport) is introduced, and the A-E tickets are discontinued. The Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (EPCOT � later changed to Epcot) opens in Walt Disney World a few miles from the Magic Kingdom, making it the first time a vacation destination has contained two separately gated theme parks. A new monorail is built connecting the Magic Kingdom resort area to Epcot, giving Walt Disney World more monorail miles than any other location on earth. This �adult� theme park has no Mickey Mouse (that is later changed) and serves alcohol � another first for Disney. EPCOT cost over $1 billion, making it the largest privately funded project in the world.", "The islanders subsequently had full British citizenship restored in 1983, their lifestyle improved by investments Britain made after the war and by the liberalisation of economic measures that had been stalled through fear of angering Argentina. In 1985, a new constitution was enacted promoting self-government, which has continued to devolve power to the islanders. In Argentina, the Falklands War meant that a possible war with Chile was avoided. More importantly, Argentina returned to a democratic government in the 1983 general election , the first free general election since 1973. It also had a major social impact, destroying the military's image as the moral reserve of the nation that they had maintained through most of the 20th century.", "Historical Headlines of the world 1960 • Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho Released • Brazil’s Capital Moves to Brand New City • First Televised Presidential Debates Lasers Invented 1961 • Adolf Eichmann on Trial for Role in Holocaust • Bay of Pigs Invasion • Berlin Wall Built • Peace Corps Founded • Soviets Launch First Man in Space 1962 • Andy Warhol Exhibits His Campbell’s Soup Can • Cuban Missile Crisis • First Person Killed Trying to Cross the Berlin Wall • Marilyn Monroe Found Dead • Rachel Carson Publishes Silent Spring 1963 • Betty Friedan Publishes The Feminine Mystique • JFK Assassinated • Martin Luther King Jr. Makes His “I Have a Dream” Speech 1964 • Beatles Become Popular in U.S. • Cassius Clay (a.k.a. Muhammad Ali) Becomes World Heavyweight Champion • Civil Rights Act Passes in U.S. • Hasbro Launches GI Joe Action Figure • Nelson Mandela Sentenced to Life in Prison • Warren Report on JFK’s Assassination Issued 1965 • Japan’s Bullet Train Opens • Los Angeles Riots • Malcolm X Assassinated • New York City Great Blackout • U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam 1966 • Black Panther Party Established • Mao Zedong Launches the Cultural Revolution • Mass Draft Protests in U.S. • Star Trek T.V. Series Airs 1967 • Australian Prime Minister Disappears • Che Guevara Killed • First Heart Transplant • First Super Bowl • Six-Day War in the Middle East • Stalin’s Daughter Defects Three U.S. Astronauts Killed During Simulated Launch", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1912, the Atlantic passenger liner Titanic, on its maiden voyage hit an iceberg and began to sink. 1,517 people lost their lives. More than 700 survived. In 1939, the John Steinbeck novel The Grapes of Wrath was first published. In 1984, the Texas Board of Education began requiring that the state's public school textbooks describe the evolution of human beings as theory rather than fact. In 1980, a New Jersey state assemblyman introduced a resolution to make Bruce Springsteen's Born to Run the official state song. In 1980, Gary Numan released The Touring Principle, a 45-minute concert video. It was the first commercially available home rock videocassette. In 1989 - Tom Petty released his first solo album, Full Moon Fever. In 2002, President George W. Bush sent a letter of congratulations to JCPenny's associates for being in business for 100 years. James Cash (J.C.) Penney had opened his first retail store on April 14, 1902.", "On October 28, 1993, Michael Jackson enables 5000 deprived children in Mexico to visit \"El Nuevo Reino Aventura Park\", home of whale Keiko. In the same month, Jackson passes thousands of concert tickets to the necessitous children of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and provides thousands of such children with another set of tickets in Buenos Aires, Argentina. ", "1825 The Erie Canal, linking the Niagara River with the Hudson River, was opened to traffic. 1860 Italian unification leader Giuseppe Garibaldi proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy. 1881 The legendary `Gunfight at the OK Corral' took place at Tombstone, Arizona. 1905 Sweden and Norway ended their union and Oscar II, the Norwegian king, abdicated. 1927 Duke Ellington and his orchestra recorded the jazz classic, Creole Love Song. 1929 T W Evans of Miami, Florida, became the first woman to give birth aboard an aircraft. 1956 The UN's International Atomic Energy Agency was formed. 1965 Queen Elizabeth presented the Beatles with their MBEs at Buckingham Palace. 1985 A US infant, known as Baby Fae, was given a baboon's heart to replace her malformed one.", "In 1960, four black students staged the first of the Greensboro sit-ins at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina . 1964,  The Beatles have their first number one hit in the United States with \" I Want to Hold Your Hand .\" 1965, the Hamilton River in Labrador , Canada was renamed the Churchill River in honour of Winston Churchill . 1968,  Vietnam War : The execution of Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem by South Vietnamese National Police Chief Nguyen Ngoc Loan  was videotaped and photographed by Eddie Adams . This image helped build opposition to the Vietnam War . Also 1968, Canada's three military services, the Royal Canadian Navy , the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force , were unified into the Canadian Forces . Also 1968, the New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad  were merged to form Penn Central Transportation . 1972,  Kuala Lumpur becomes a city by a royal charter granted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia . 1974, a  fire in the 25-story Joelma Building in Sao Paulo , Brazil killed 189 and injured 293. Also 1974,  Kuala Lumpur  was declared a Federal Territory . 1978, director Roman Polanski skipped  bail and fled the United States to France after pleading guilty to charges of having sex with a 13-year-old girl. 1979, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Tehran , Iran after nearly 15 years of exile.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1789, Mutiny on the Bounty occured. Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors were set adrift and the rebel crew returned to Tahiti briefly and then set sail for Pitcairn Island. In 1930, the first night game in organized baseball history took place in Independence, Kansas. In 1967, Muhammad Ali refused induction into the US Army and was stripped of boxing title. He cited religious grounds for his refusal. In 1969, Charles de Gaulle resigned as President of France. In 1987, on a plane that was returning to Boston from Miami, Ozzy Osbourne bought three rounds of drinks for everybody and sang Crazy Train over the PA system.", "The last Japanese World War II soldier surrenders; Cyclone Tracy; Harold Wilson; Rumble in the Jungle; The Amityville Horror ; Birmingham Six; Australopithecus afarensis/Lucy; Rubik's Cube; Dungeons and Dragons; Richard Nixon announces his resignation; Gerald R. Ford succeeds Richard Nixon as the 38th President; Terracotta Army; tornado outbreak; Carrie; ABBA; Hank Aaron ties/passes Babe Ruth for the all-time home run record; \"Tania\"/Patty Hearst; Project Smiling Buddha (India successfully detonates its first nuclear weapon); Universal Product Code; Ethiopian Civil War begins; Skylab 4; People Weekly debuts; end of 1973 oil crisis; world population reaches 4 billion", "Date unknown The Australian state of Victoria celebrates its 150th anniversary. Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discover C60, soon followed by their discovery of fullerenes. Western Sahara is admitted to the Organization of African Unity; Morocco, which claims Western Sahara, leaves in protest. Solarquest, the space age real estate game, is first published by Golden. ATI Technologies is founded. The Tommy Hilfiger brand is established. DNA is first used in a criminal case.[12] Multiple cases of espionage in the United States prompt the media to label this \"The Year of the Spy\". Africa has a population growth of 3.2 percent per year. The Asian tiger mosquito, an invasive species, is first found in Houston, Texas. The Famine in Ethiopia continues; USA for Africa (\"We Are the World\") and Live Aid raise funds for famine relief. The Fall of Communism begins with resistance gaining victory in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Over the next six years, other countries begin renouncing Communism, ending with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "1976 Inflation continues to be a problem around the world. Concorde enters service and cuts transatlantic flying time to 3 1/2 hours. One year after Microsoft is formed Apple is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Nadia Comaneci scores the first ever perfect score in Gymnastics. In South Africa Riots in Soweto on June 16th mark the beginning of the end of apartheid. In music the first of the Punk Bands appear The Damned release New Rose classified as Punk Rock Music.", "..... Click the link for more information.  (Islas Malvinas), which had been occupied and claimed by the British since 1832. Tensions escalated until, on Apr. 2, 1982, Argentina, now under the rule of Lt.-Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri Galtieri, Leopoldo Fortunato", "1981 - The U.S. claimed that North Korea fired an antiaircraft missile at a U.S. Surveillance plane while it was over South Korea. 1987 - The Fuller Brush Company announced plans to open two retail stores in Dallas, TX. The company that had sold its products door to door for 81 years. 1990 - The 55 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait left Baghdad by car and headed for the Turkish border. 1991 - Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev promised that national elections would be held. 1992 - A \"no-fly zone\" was imposed on the southern 1/3 of Iraq. The move by the U.S., France and Britain was aimed at protecting Iraqi Shiite Muslims. 1998 - The U.S. government announced that they were investigating Microsoft in an attempt to discover if they \"bullied\" Intel into delaying new technology.", "January January 1 United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the International Year of the Child. Many musicians donate to the Music for UNICEF Concert fund including ABBA, who wrote the song \"Chiquitita\" to commemorate the event. The United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations. The Canton of Jura comes into existence as the 26th canton of Switzerland, being formed from the predominantly French-speaking Catholic part of the Canton of Bern. Following a deal agreed during 1978, French carmaker Peugeot completes a takeover of American manufacturer Chrysler's European operations, which are based in Britain's former Rootes Group factories as well as the former Simca factories in France.", "after 14 years of dreary eating, and Jonas Salk produced a vaccine against the killer polio virus. It was the year the first Disneyland opened in Florida; blue jeans became the biggest selling item in women’s clothing; the first floodlit international match was played (England vs Spain); the name", "In the year that the UK introduced decimal currency, East Pakistan was replaced by the new state of Bangladesh and Disney World opened near Orlando (Florida). In the world of music, T-Rex spent a total of 10 weeks at Number One in the UK Charts with their hits 'Hot Love' and 'Get it On'. The Christmas chart topper was from Benny Hill with 'Ernie, the Fastest Milkman in the West.'", "In the year that the construction of the first bridge across the Bosphorus began, Salvador Allende became the democratically elected President of Chile, and the Conservative Party, under Edward Heath, won the UK General Election. In the world of music, The Isle of Wight Festival attracted over 500.000 spectators, The Beatles disbanded and Jimi Hendrix died, aged 28. The UK charts were dominated by Mungo Jerry and 'Summertime' which spent 7 weeks at Number One.", "In the year that the United Nations headquarters in New York was officially opened, Greece and Turkey joined NATO and Libya gained independence from Italy. In the music world, one of the most popular records of the year in the UK was the Jimmy Young version of Nat King Cole's hit 'Too Young'.", "The Warsaw Pact; Irish Republican Army; Live from Lincoln Center debuts; Microsoft is officially registered; Jimmy Carter defeats incumbent Gerald Ford; Karen Ann Quinlan; Howard Hughes dies; Apple Computer Company is formed; the ABA-NBA merger; Pol Pot; the United States Bicentennial; Norodom Sihanouk; Frampton Comes Alive!, Yuba City bus disaster; Johnny Rutherford; Lebanese Civil War; CN Tower is built; North Vietnam and South Vietnam unite; Nadia Comaneci; Legionnaires' disease; \"Son of Sam\"; Ebola virus; Jerry Lewis/Dean Martin reunion; Mao Zedong, (Mao Tse Tung); U2 is formed; Songs in the Key of Life.", "It was also a year in which 35,000 people marched in Washington in protest at the Vietnam War, while the number of US troops engaged in that conflict rose to 125,000. Ronnie Biggs, the Great Train Robber, escaped from Wandsworth Prison and fled to Brazil. The Post Office Tower opened in London, the 70 miles per hour speed limit was imposed on British roads, The Sound of Music was released, as was the James Bond film Goldfinger, and on (black and white)", "U.S. •Antiwar demonstrations draw 100,000 demonstrators in US cities Palestine •Palestinian hijackers hijack a Lufthansa jet Philippines •Martial Law Declared in the Philippines Hong Kong •The ex RMS Queen Elizabeth Sets on Fire and Sinks in Hong Kong Sri Lanka •Ceylon becomes a republic and changes its name to Sri Lanka Uganda •General Idi Amin of Uganda takes control of British firms and interests in the country •He also expels 50,000", "Mau Mau terrorist groups seek Kenyan independence from Britain; the first hydrogen bomb is created by an American team led by Edward Teller; Britain announces its development of atomic weapons; the first plastic artificial heart valve is developed; BOAC inaugurate the first jetliner service - between London and Johannesburg, South Africa.", "Although those were important aspects of this decade, other events occurred as well. For instance, the Berlin Wall was built, the Soviets launched the first man into space, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, the Beatles become popular, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made his \"I Have a Dream\" speech, and so much more!" ]

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[ "KITT is the car that keeps the action moving in the 1980s David Hasselhoff adventure series Knight Rider. KITT, whose name stands for Knight Industries Two Thousand, is seriously sophisticated. Among other abilities, the souped-up Pontiac Firebird Trans Am can see and drive itself.", "KITT is the short name of two fictional characters from the adventure TV series Knight Rider. While having the same acronym, the KITTs are two different entities: one known as the Knight Industries Two Thousand, which appeared in the original TV series Knight Rider , and the other as the Knight Industries Three Thousand, which appeared first in the two-hour 2008 pilot movie for a new Knight Rider TV series and then the new series itself. In both instances, Kitt is an artificially intelligent electronic computer module installed in a highly advanced, very mobile, robotic automobile: the original KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) as a 1982 Pontiac Firebird , and the second KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) as a 2008-2009 Ford Shelby GT500KR .", "KITT is the short name of two fictional characters from the adventure TV series Knight Rider. While having the same acronym, the KITTs are two different entities: one known as the Knight Industries Two Thousand, which appeared in the original TV series Knight Rider , and the other as the Knight Industries Three Thousand, which appeared first in the two-hour 2008 pilot film for a new Knight Rider TV series and then the new series itself. In both instances, KITT is an artificially intelligent electronic computer module in the body of a highly advanced, very mobile, robotic automobile: the original KITT as a 1982 Pontiac Trans Am , and the second KITT as a 2008-2009 Ford Shelby GT500KR .", "The second generation was available from 1970 to 1981 and was featured in the 1977 movie Smokey and the Bandit, the 1978 movie Hooper, the 1979 movie Rocky II, and the 1980 movie Smokey and the Bandit II. The third generation, available from 1982 to 1992, was featured in the 1983 movie Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 and the 1984 movie Alphabet City. KITT, the automotive star, and its evil counterpart KARR, of the popular 1980s TV series Knight Rider, was a modified third-generation Trans Am. The fourth-generation Trans Am, available from model years 1993 to 2002, offered between 275 and.", "While the 2008 pilot movie and then the new series appears to be a revamp of the original series, it offers some continuity from the original TV series \"Knight Rider\". The 'new' or 'second' KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is a different vehicle and microprocessor unit. The original Knight Industries Two Thousand is also shown in the pilot movie (although in pieces) in the scene where the garage of Charles Graiman (creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand and implied co-designer of the original KITT) is searched by antagonists. A Trans-Am body (sans hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rests the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labelled \"Knight Two Thousand\") and \"KNIGHT\" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black car body parts. When the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: the 3000, a 2000 under a tarp, and a complete 2000.", ";Computer AI : KITT is essentially an advanced supercomputer on wheels. The \"brain\" of KITT is the Knight 2000 microprocessor which is the centre of a \"self-aware\" cybernetic logic module that allowed KITT to think, learn, communicate and interact with humans. He always had an ego that was easy to bruise and displayed a very sensitive, but kind and dryly humorous personality. He also has an in-dash entertainment system that can play music and video, and run various computer programs including arcade games which Michael sometimes indulged in while KITT was driving. According to Episode 55, \"Dead of Knight\", KITT has 1,000 megabits of memory with one nanosecond access time. According to Episode 65, \"Ten Wheel Trouble\", KITT's future capacity is unlimited. KITT's serial number is AD227529, as mentioned in Episode 31, \"Soul Survivor\".", "While the 2008 pilot movie and then the new series could appear to the casual viewer to be simply a revamp of the original series, it actually offers a form of genuine (albeit at times indeterminate) continuity from the original TV series Knight Rider . The 'new' or 'second' KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is a completely different vehicle and microprocessor unit, and its driver is not the first Michael Knight , but his son, Mike Traceur, who eventually assumes the same title. The original Michael Knight makes an appearance in the 2008 pilot movie , verifying that he is the father of Mike Traceur, and is described as having driven 'the first KITT'. The original physical incarnation of the Knight Industries Two Thousand is also shown in the pilot movie (although in pieces) in the scene where the garage of Charles Graiman (creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand and implied co-designer of the original KITT) is searched by antagonists. A Trans-Am body (sans-hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rests the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labelled \"Knight Two Thousand\") and \"KNIGHT\" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black car body parts. When the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: the 3000, a 2000 under a tarp and a 2000 without any of the parts missing.", "The character of KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) in the original Knight Rider series was physically embodied as a modified 1982 Pontiac Trans Am with numerous special features such as Turbo Boost (which allowed quick bursts of speed or jumping over obstacles), the ability to drive 'himself', a front mounted scanner bar that (among other things) allowed KITT to 'see' (and a nod to series creator, Glen A. Larson and his Battlestar Galactica's Cylons ), and 'molecular bonded shell' body armor that was portrayed to be invulnerable to diamond headed drills, small arms fire, the impact of thrown objects, and even high speed impact with cinder block wall. The armor could also resist most artillery and explosive blasts although a strong direct hit could cause severe damage. A refit in the 1985 season included the addition of \"Super Pursuit Mode\" and a convertible top. The car's voice was supplied by actor William Daniels .", "In Knight Rider (the original series), KITT was built out of a material called either Tri-Helical MBS (commonly referred to as a \"Molecular-Bonded Shell\") or Plasteel 1000, which rendered the car almost indestructible.", "Both KITT and Michael were featured in Robot Chicken . When Michael goes to a fancy restaurant with a date, he lets the valet park KITT, who instead takes him for a joy ride and seriously damages him, a parody of Ferris Bueller's Day Off . Later when Michael finds out KITT is dead he says: \"Meh! He's just a car.\" KITT and Michael enter a street race including The General Lee , Dominic Toretto , The Batmobile and various other vehicles. The Knight Rider theme is set to the race and KITT is killed after he turbo boosts into a wall. KITT tells Michael \"But Michael, the Turbo Boost should only be used once per episode\". In \"P.S., Yes That Way', Michael \"Turbo Boosts\" (flatulates) much to KITT's annoyance.", "While the 2008 pilot movie and then the new series appears to be a revamp of the original series, it offers some continuity from the original TV series Knight Rider . The 'new' or 'second' KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is a different vehicle and microprocessor unit, and its driver is not the first Michael Knight , but his son, Mike Traceur, who eventually assumes the same title. The original Michael Knight makes an appearance in the 2008 pilot movie , verifying that he is the father of Mike Traceur, and is described as having driven 'the first KITT'. The original physical incarnation of the Knight Industries Two Thousand is also shown in the pilot movie (although in pieces) in the scene where the garage of Charles Graiman (creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand and implied co-designer of the original KITT) is searched by antagonists. A Trans-Am body (sans-hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rests the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labelled \"Knight Two Thousand\") and \"KNIGHT\" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black car body parts. When the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: the 3000, a 2000 under a tarp and a 2000 without any of the parts missing.", "A 1991 sequel movie Knight Rider 2000 saw KITT's original microprocessor unit transferred into the body of the vehicle intended to be his successor, the \"Knight 4000\". The vehicle had numerous 21st Century technological improvements over the previous 1980s version of KITT, such as an advanced amphibious mode (which allows the car to ride on water like a speedboat), a virtual heads-up display (or V-HUD, which utilized the entire windshield as a video display), and a microwave stun device that could remotely incapacitate a human target and bring them down. However, no acknowledgement is made to this spin-off in the 2008 new series of Knight Rider in which the only suggested continuity is from the original 1982 series.", "According to the series, the original KITT's main cybernetic processor was first installed in a mainframe computer used by the United States government in Washington, D.C. [1] However, Wilton saw better use for \"him\" in the Foundation's crime-fighting crusade and eventually the system was installed in the vehicle. KITT was in fact the second vehicle built by Knight Industries with artificial intelligence . His predecessor was KARR , the Knight Automated Roving Robot. KARR was programmed for self-preservation, but this proved to be dangerous to the Foundation's humanitarian interests. KARR was later deactivated and placed in storage while KITT was given to his new operator, Michael Knight (the new identity of Michael Arthur Long). KARR was later unwittingly reactivated by thieves in the original episode \" Trust Doesn't Rust \", was thought destroyed, then reappeared in the episode \" K.I.T.T. vs. K.A.R.R \" and was seen to be finally destroyed by Michael and KITT.", "Artificial intelligence was never as cool before or since the creation of KITT, Michael Knight’s partner in the Foundation for Law and Government (FLAG). KITT, a souped up Trans Am, didn’t need a driver and was outfitted with enough gadgets to make James Bond jealous. Created and often written by Glen A. Larson (whose credits include Battlestar Galactica , Quincy, M.E., The Fall Guy, Magnum, P.I.), there were always plenty of bad-guy plans to foil in exceedingly awesome manners.—Josh Jackson", "KITT is essentially an advanced supercomputer on wheels. The \"brain\" of KITT is the Knight 2000 microprocessor which is the centre of a \" self-aware \" cybernetic logic module that allowed KITT to think, learn, communicate and interact with humans. He always had an ego that was easy to bruise and displayed a very sensitive personality. He also has an in-dash entertainment system that can play music and video, and run various computer programs including arcade games which Michael sometimes indulged in while KITT was driving. According to Episode 55, \"Dead of Knight\", KITT's reaction time is one nanosecond , and his \"memory\" capacity is 1,000 megabits . According to Episode 65, \"Ten Wheel Trouble\", KITT's future capacity is unlimited. KITT's serial number is AD227529, as mentioned in Episode 31, \"Soul Survivor\".", "Added fourth season, by pressing the \"C\" button on KITT's dash, Michael could bring the top down and KITT became a convertible . First used in Episode #70, \"Knight of the Juggernaut, Part II\".", "Thompson is hoping audiences will tune in each week to see what new forms KITT may take (a souped-up \"attack mode,\" set to be unveiled at Comic-Con today, was custom-built for the show by Smart Car designer Harald Belker). But the show's production teams also sees the artificial intelligence angle as a way to develop a \"personality\" for the car over the course of a season. \"In his way, KITT is learning from the people on this team. He starts out constantly asking questions,\" says Thompson.", "While trying to corner a feared industrialist who is spilling chemical waste, supercar KITT is totally destroyed and Michael must help his friend to regain strength. Michael Knight David Hasselhoff Devon Miles Edward Mulhare Bonnie Patricia McPherson Fran Heather McNair Birock Ramon Bieri Stiles Jim B Raymond", "Knight Rider is an American television series that originally ran from September 26, 1982, to August 8, 1986. The series was broadcast on NBC and starred David Hasselhoff as Michael Knight, a high-tech modern-day knight fighting crime with the help of an advanced, artificially intelligent and nearly indestructible car.", ";Voice (Anharmonic) Synthesizer : KITT's Voice Synthesizer allowed his logic module to speak and communicate. With it, KITT could also simulate other sounds. KITT's primary spoken language was English; however by accessing his language module, he could speak fluently in Spanish, French and much more. The module can be adjusted giving KITT different accents such as in Episode 82, \"Out of the Woods\", where KITT uses a \"New York City\" accent and called Michael, \"Micky\". During the first season, KITT's \"mouth\" (\"Voice Modulator\") in the interior of the vehicle was a flashing red square. In episode 14 \"Heart of Stone\", this was changed to three sectioned vertical bars, as this design proved popular with fans as part of KARR. (KARR used a bright yellow display with an inner bar that expanded outward and two outer bars that expanded from both ends inward, whereas KITT's was red and all three bars expanded outward from the center, but with greater magnitude in the center bar.)", "Knight Rider is an American television series that originally ran from September 26, 1982, to August 8, 1986. The series was broadcast on NBC and stars David Hasselhoff as Michael Knight, a high-tech modern crime fighter assisted by an advanced, artificially intelligent and nearly indestructible car. Conceived and produced by Glen A. Larson, the show was an instant hit. \"I wanted to do The Lone Ranger with a car,\" and \"Kind of a sci-fi thing, with the soul of a western,\" Larson said in The Last Great Ride.", "The game was available for various 8-bit computers such as the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, & Amstrad CPC, and was also released as a \"Kid's Pack\" with other TV shows that Alternative Software turned into games, including \"Postman Pat,\" \"Sooty and Sweep,\" \"Count Duckula,\" \"Popeye 2,\" \"The Wombles,\" and \"Superted\". Alternative Software was one of the few software companies of the 1980s that still survives today as an independent software producer.", "Knight Rider is an American television series that originally ran from September 26, 1982, to August 8, 1986. The series was broadcast on NBC and stars David Hasselhoff as Michael Knight, a high-tech modern...", "As the WB era rolled on, finding the cars became difficult: Piper Cubs were hired to perform aerial searches for 1968, 1969, and 1970 Chargers amongst the populace; the jumped cars were now no longer scrapped after one jump if deemed salvageable, and were repaired and used until they could no longer function; and, as last resort, miniature radio-controlled models were also brought in toward the end of the series to replace most of the big jump stunts, thereby saving more cars — something that proved unpopular with many episode directors (including Tom Wopat) who felt that the models did not look realistic. By this time, there was also a rivalry for \"TV's greatest car\" with the Knight Rider series, leading to the models being used more and more for greater jumps to try to out-do that series. Taking full control also saved some money, as now WB had the ability to buy cars, recondition them, and use them without paying daily rental fees.", "* In the 1980s version, Rosie the Robot appears more often than in the 1960s (when she only appeared in two episodes). Astro is also featured more prominently.", "Starsky and Hutch was a television cop show created by William Blinn and played between 1975 and 1979 on ABC. The show featured two California policemen, the dark-haired David Starsky (Paul Michael Glaser) playing the driver and the blond Ken 'Hutch' Hutchinson (David Soul). Their radio handle was \"ZEBRA-3\" and their street car was an eye catching tomato red, 1975-76 Ford Gran Torino automobile with a wide white stripe.", "During the show's run, the stunts took their toll on the trucks (for example, one clip that appears in the opening credits clearly shows an axle breaking after a jump), so several different years, make (Chevy/GMC) and model trucks are used during the show's initial run. As a result, there are some inconsistencies in the episodes. For instance, in the pilot episode the truck (a 1980 model) has two square headlights and a light tan interior. For the remainder of the series, it almost always had the quad headlight configuration of the 1981-1987 models, with a dark brown interior. The truck usually appeared to be a long bed model, but sometimes a short bed model was used. The truck was powered by a stock 350 V8 and Turbo 350 automatic transmission. After destroying several trucks due to the huge jumps, a custom built jump truck was built as a solution. It had a reinforced frame and heavy duty axle trusses, dual shocks all around, suspension limiting straps, lift blocks, and a steel weight box in the bed (which was loaded with up to 800 lbs of lead for a jump) and a mid-mounted engine that actually sat in the middle of the cab. This greatly reduced the number of trucks scrapped during the show's production.", "Simon is an electronic game of memory skill invented by Ralph H. Baer and Howard J. Morrison, with software programming by Lenny Cope, The original version was manufactured and distributed by Milton Bradley but now the game is currently manufactured by Hasbro. Much of the assembly language was written by Dr. Charles Kapps, who taught computer science at Temple University and also wrote one of the first books on the theory of computer programming. Simon was launched in 1978 at Studio 54 in New York City and was an immediate success, becoming a pop culture symbol of the 1970s and 1980s.", "Peck drives a custom white 1984 Chevrolet Corvette (released 1983) with red interior and a red stripe (to match B.A.'s van). It is equipped with a CB radio and a mobile phone. The license plate was S967238 in \"The Taxicab Wars\" and then changed to 1HJG851. The car first featured in the second season episode \"The Taxicab Wars\".", "This was a sitcom show with puppets using the animatronics processes, actors with a full-body suit, and actors providing the vice. The main story was about a family, the Sinclairs (in reference to Sinclair Oil Corporation which uses a dinosaur as its logo), that happened to be composed of dinosaurs set in the year 60,000,003 BC counting toward zero.", "British software company Domark released a home computer version (billed as Trivial Pursuit: The Computer Game) for multiple formats during the 1980s. This version included pictorial and musical questions but was otherwise mostly faithful to the mechanics of the original board game.", "Steve Mayer and Ron Milner built this prototype system for the Atari 2600 Video Computer out of a standard “Jolt” card that used the 6502 microprocessor. The primitive video hardware gave it a reputation as one of the most complex machines to program. Developers wrote and assembled software on a DEC PDP-11 minicomputer, and then downloaded it for testing. The first program developed, a forerunner of the classic “Combat” video game cartridge, shipped with the 1977 release." ]

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[ "The Yellow Album is The Simpsons second album of originally recorded songs, released as a follow-up to the 1990 album The Simpsons Sing the Blues. Though it was released in 1998, it had been recorded years earlier, after the success of the first album. The title is a play on the name of The Beatles' highly popular self-titled 1968 album, commonly known as \"The White Album\", with the skin color of the characters of The Simpsons. In addition, the cover is a parody of The Beatles' 1967 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. ", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (often shortened as Sgt. Pepper) is the eighth studio album by the English rock band The Beatles , released on 1 June 1967 on the Parlophone label and produced by George Martin. The album is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, and has since been recognized as one of the most important albums in the history of popular music. The album cover art, by English pop artist Peter Blake , depicts the band posing in front of a collage of their favorite celebrities, and has been widely acclaimed and imitated. In fact, the Sgt. Pepper album cover, which features over 70 famous people, won the Grammy Award for Best Album Cover in 1968.", "The Official BBC Children in Need Medley is a single by Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band. It is the official Children in Need Single for 2009, and was released on 21 November 2009. The cover art is a parody of the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles.", "A single based on the Song by the  American recording artist Kesha. It then had its public launch at Red Nose Day 2015 in Comic Relief. A Whole host of iconic Children’s TV Characters appear in the Song, The cover art is a parody of the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles.", "Over the years, the very popular animated TV show The Simpsons has included many references to the Beatles.", "Adapted cover of The Beatles Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, a detail from which is pictured above. Photograph: Record Collector Magazine/PA", "Starting in November 1966, the band adopted an experimental attitude during recording sessions for the album. According to engineer Geoff Emerick, \"the Beatles were looking to go out on a limb, both musically and sonically ... we were utilising a lot of tape varispeeding and other manipulation techniques ... limiters and ... effects like flanging and ADT.\" Their recording of \"A Day in the Life\" required a forty-piece orchestra, which Martin and McCartney took turns conducting. The sessions produced the double A-side single \"Strawberry Fields Forever\"/\"Penny Lane\" in February 1967, and the LP followed in June. McCartney's \"She's Leaving Home\" was an orchestral pop song. MacDonald described the track as \"[among] the finest work on Sgt. Pepper—imperishable popular art of its time\". Based on an ink drawing by McCartney, the LP's cover included a collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, featuring the Beatles in costume as the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, standing with a host of celebrities. The heavy moustaches worn by the Beatles reflected the growing influence of hippie style trends on the band, while their clothing \"spoofed the vogue in Britain for military fashions\", wrote Gould. Scholar David Scott Kastan described Sgt. Pepper as \"the most important and influential rock-and-roll album ever recorded\".", "*Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, starring Peter Frampton, Steve Martin and the Bee Gees with music by The Beatles", "In February 1967, after recording \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", McCartney suggested that the Beatles should release an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional Sgt. Pepper band. This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically. During the recording sessions, the band endeavoured to improve upon the production quality of their prior releases. Knowing they would not have to perform the tracks live, they adopted an experimental approach to composition, writing songs such as \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" and \"A Day in the Life\". Producer George Martin's innovative recording of the album included the liberal application of sound shaping signal processing and the use of a 40-piece orchestra performing aleatoric crescendos. Recording was completed on 21 April 1967. The cover, depicting the band posing in front of a tableau of celebrities and historical figures, was designed by the British pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth.", "The cover of the Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band contains a photograph of Dylan Thomas.", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, is released. Many critics and fans consider it the band's greatest work.", "One episode,The Hatrocks and The Gruesomes stars a group similar to The Beatles - well they had very shaggy hair, which is probably just about where the similarity ends. The Hatrocks (a parody of The Beverly Hillbillies ) are scared by 'Bug Music' on the television; they end up blasting the TV to smithereens with their shotguns. The Gruesomes pipe 'Bug Music' into the Hatrocks' fridge and telephone, and Fred had an idea to get rid of the Hatrocks by dressing up as a member of the band and singing:", "The Bee Gees also co-starred with Peter Frampton in Robert Stigwood's film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), loosely inspired by the classic 1967 album by The Beatles. The movie had been heavily promoted prior to release, and was expected to enjoy great commercial success. However, it was savaged by the movie critics as a disjointed mess, and ignored by the public. Though some of its tracks charted, the soundtrack too was a high-profile flop. The single \"Oh! Darling\", credited to Robin Gibb, reached No. 15 in the US.", "*Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), a musical based on the Beatles' album of the same name", "It took four months and $75,000 to record Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band using a then state-of-the-art four-track tape recorder and building each cut layer by layer. Released in June 1967, it was hailed as serious art for its \"concept\" and its range of styles and sounds, a lexicon of pop and electronic noises; such songs as \"Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds\" and \"A Day in the Life\" were carefully examined for hidden meanings. The album spent 15 weeks at Number One (longer than any of their others) and has sold over 8 million copies. On June 25, 1967, the Beatles recorded their new single, \"All You Need Is Love,\" before an international television audience of 400 million, as part of a broadcast called Our World.", "The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band has a widely-recognized album cover which depicts several dozen celebrities and other images.", "In the late 1960s and early 1970s, animated series often featured musical groups that were fictional or sometimes based on real life musicians. This dates at least as far back as 1965 with The Beatles , but the Archies helped popularize the concept. Most of these groups played bubblegum pop . Several were also teenage detectives, influenced by Scooby Doo . These groups included The Groovie Goolies , The Hardy Boys , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids , The Banana Splits (actually live action with actors in animal costumes and dubbed speaking voices), The Cattanooga Cats , The Chan Clan , and The Neptunes . Animated versions of The Jackson 5ive , the Osmond Brothers , the Partridge Family , and The Brady Bunch also existed. Archie Comics ' own creation Josie and the Pussycats was successful both as an animated series and as a comic book (and later a live action motion picture ), but The Bingoes and The Madhouse Glads lacked its popularity and never appeared in animation. Two modern examples of the \"cartoon rock group\" could include the British band, Gorillaz —a musical project created in 1998 by British musician Damon Albarn and British cartoonist Jamie Hewlett, and Dethklok , a fictional death metal band created by Brendon Small .", "June 1, 1967 - The album, \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,\" is released in the U.K. It tops the charts all over the world, holding the number one slot in Britain for 27 weeks and for 19 in America. It receives four Grammys including Best Album.", "Multiple other songs have been featured in the soundtrack to the television series. Most are by unsigned bands as the BBC did not have to pay them for the rights to their music. However, several other songs with explicit lyrics have been included, mostly by Iron Maiden , Muse and Gorillaz .", "Gorillaz are an English virtual rock band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett. The band consists of four animated members: 2D (lead vocals, keyboard), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar, vocals), Noodle (guitar, keyboard, and backing vocals) and Russel Hobbs (drums and percussion). These members are completely fictional and are not personas of any \"real life\" musicians involved in the project. Their fictional universe is explored through the band's website and music videos, as well as a number of other media, such as short cartoons. The music is a collaboration between various musicians, with Albarn being the only permanent musical contributor. Writers and critics have described their music as alternative rock, Britpop, trip hop, hip hop, electronica, indie, dub, reggae and pop. ", "Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett. The band consists of four animated members: 2D, Murdoc Niccals, Noodle and Russel Hobbs. These members are com...", "When the show returned to television in 2005 it was an obvious move to keep the orchestral background music and Russell T. Davies chose Murray Gold as the new composer for the show. Davies and Gold had worked together previously on \"Queer as Folk\", \"The Second Coming\" (with Christopher Eccleston) and \"Casanova\" (with David Tennant). Gold has continued in that role ever since, with his synth music orchestrated and conducted by Ben Foster and played by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. In this way the show is enjoying a rebirth with bigger budgets, and bigger audiences coming from a new generation of children who haven't seen the older show. Television scripts in the black & white days had evolved from stage plays, and it showed with a lot of dialogue. The shows were also filmed on huge bulky cameras with little capacity for editing. The show today has a lot more action and conveys the story more by visual means, and as a consequence has more opportunity for music and it is not unusual for the music to overlap the dialogue (though kept low key so that viewers can still hear the words).", "In addition to the official theme song, in 1994, Pet Shop Boys recorded a song for Comic Relief using excerpts of dialogue from the series put to dance music. The single was not officially a Pet Shop Boys release: the artist was simply given as \"Absolutely Fabulous\". It peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1994. The music video featured clips from the show and specially recorded footage of the Pet Shop Boys with Patsy and Edina.", "The show’s theme song was the classic Beatles tune “Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da”, performed by Patti LuPone and the rest of the cast. This 90's series showed that despite the problems people have life goes on.", "* The Beatles 1966 album Revolver features the No. 1 hit, \"Yellow Submarine\". Subsequently United Artists released an animated film in 1968 called Yellow Submarine, based on the music of the Beatles.", "The Plasma Display Board (upgraded from the old laser display screen) shows the name of a well known song, which the audience must hum, following an unrelated piano introduction from Colin Sell. Panellists simply have to identify the song. The fun of this song comes from the audience's self-conscious attempts to remain in time, often obscuring the song completely. The audience is left to its own devices regarding when to begin, and which part of the song to do. Most memorably, the audience once had to give a rendition of \"Funky Gibbon\", a hit for The Goodies, of which Graeme and Tim were members. Another notable round was recorded in Leeds, Yorkshire, where the tune was Flight of the Bumblebee; for this, instead of humming the tune, the whole audience simply buzzed and Graeme Garden guessed \"Flight of the Warthog\".", "A Los Angeles-based comedic pop group (featuring future Beach Boys keyboardist Tim Bonhomme that emerged in 1983 on Rhino Records, Big Daddy released their version of Sgt. Pepper on June 2, 1992 (UPC: 081227037123), performing the entire LP, song-by-song, in the styles of 1950s and early ’60s rock & roll.", "Yellow Submarine is a 1968 British animated musical fantasy comedy film inspired by the music of the Beatles, directed by animation producer George Dunning, and produced by United Artists and King Features Syndicate. Initial press reports stated that the Beatles themselves would provide their own character voices; however, aside from composing and performing the songs, the real Beatles participated only in the closing scene of the film, while their cartoon counterparts were voiced by other actors.", "For its theme tune the series has used Ivor Cutler's distinctive song \"I'm Happy\", which can be found on his 1967 Ludo album. The theme song heard during the end credits is \"Barabadabada\" from his 1976 Jammy Smears album. Series 1 used the original recording of \"I'm Happy\", whilst Series 2 used a version performed by Lloyd-Pack and Swift.", "\"Yellow Submarine\" is a 1966 song by The Beatles (credited to Lennon/McCartney). Although it had previously been released on the Revolver album, it became the title song for the 1968 animated United Artists film, also called Yellow Submarine. It is also the title for the soundtrack album to the film, released as part of The Beatles' music catalogue.", "The closing title track is called \"Tea for the Tillerman\", which is written and performed by Cat Stevens and is the title track of his album Tea for the Tillerman. The fourth episode of the second series of the show features a cover of the song performed by Chris Martin of Coldplay.", "I have (somewhere) the official soundtrack of the TV show on LP (hi kids!) somewhere. It's where the picture on the right came from." ]

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[ "Dell Inc. (stylized as DELL) is an American privately owned multinational computer technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Eponymously named after its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 103,300 people worldwide.", "Dell is a multinational computer and information technology corporation based in Round Rock, which develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The company employs about 11,500 people in the Round Rock facilities and about 96,000 people worldwide. Dell was originally based in Austin after its initial formation in 1984 as PC's Limited by UT college student Michael Dell. With the need for significant space as it expanded, the City of Round Rock in 1996 offered Dell a \"Chapter 380\" agreement by offering to split sales tax revenue from in-state sales 50/50 between Dell and the City. A \"Chapter 380\" agreement is named for the chapter in Vernon's Statutes that permits sales tax revenue sharing for economic development purposes. It was the first time such an agreement had been used in Central Texas and among the very first in the state. As of 1999, approximately half of the general fund of the City of Round Rock originates from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters. Today the company is one of the largest technology companies in the world, listed as number 38 on the Fortune 500 (2010). Fortune also lists Dell as the #5 most admired company in its industry.", "Dell Inc. is a multinational technology corporation that develops, manufactures, sells, and supports personal computers and other computer -related products. Based in Round Rock, Texas , Dell employs more than 76,500 people worldwide as of 2009[update]. [1]", "Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family.", "Dell officially launched his own computer company, PC's Limited. A few months later, he incorporated as Dell Computer Corporation, investing the $1,000 minimum required by Texas law. Before the end of 1984, he hired a local engineer to build a computer for him, instead of reselling upgraded IBM machines. At the end of the fiscal (financial) year of 1986, sales of Dell-produced machines hit $34 million.", "Background Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created PCs Limited while a student at the... University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school in order to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting about $300,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the \"Turbo PC\", which sold for $795. PCs Limited...", "Dell's headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas. As of 2013 the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer, which has 2100000 sqft of space. As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters. ", "By the 1990s, Round Rock was primarily a bedroom community with the majority of its employed residents working in Austin and then returning home after work to places like Round Rock and Georgetown where housing and land was less expensive. In the 1990s, Round Rock had few major employers and jobs other than local retail and other services, or ranching and farming. But in the late 1990s, that began to change as economic development became a major focus of the City and the Chamber of Commerce. Dell Corporation (later renamed Dell) moved its headquarters to Round Rock which has provided a significant number of jobs with 16,000 employees at its Round Rock headquarters . (See also the Business and economic development section in this article.)", "Dell Computer – The Past, Present, and Future When Michael Dell founded Dell Computer in 1984 the... company’s mission was to be “the most successful computer company in the world” (Diversity Facts, 2011). To achieve his goal of becoming the dominant supplier of affordable consumer grade PCs, Dell Computer adopted a Direct Selling business model, building each PC only after a customer places an order. Revolutionary at the time, this system allowed Dell to reduce inventory to Just in Time levels....", "During the summer of 2004, Dell, who had been chairman and chief executive officer, or CEO, of his company, relinquished the CEO position, passing that title on to Kevin Rollins, his former president and chief operating officer. In a 2004 interview with Fortune magazine, Dell and Rollins stated that the change in their job titles did not signal any major shift in the way the company would be run. Dell declared: \"We run the business together, and we're going to continue.\" Since its beginnings in 1984, the company has set a rapid pace for growth; it took Dell just twenty years to surpass industry leader Hewlett-Packard to hold the largest share of the computer-making market. A 2001 article in The Economist summed up Dell's accomplishment, stating, \"There is hardly a more admired boss than Mr. Dell, the man who turned the commodity business of PC making into a goldmine by doing things differently.\"", "In 2006 Dell Inc. opened one full store, 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) in area, at NorthPark Center in Dallas, Texas . It operates the retail outlet seven days a week to display about 36 models, including PCs and televisions. As at the kiosks, customers can only see demonstration-computers and place orders through agents. Dell then delivers purchased items just as if the customer had placed the order by phone or over the Internet.", "Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market takes place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location), Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), Winston-Salem, North Carolina (opened in 2005) and at the Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary. Dell servers come from Austin, Texas.", "Under the leadership of Eckhardt, Compaq began a major push into the consumer and home office markets with an effort centered around the Presario line of home computers launched in August 1993. The company's hottest new PC, the Presario line, included models selling for less than $1,500. Compaq sold more than 100,000 Presarios in the first 60 days after introduction, with sales fueled by a $12 million television advertising blitz, the company's first such campaign in three years. In 1993 alone, Compaq sold $500 million worth of Presarios. By 1994, the company managed not only to fend off its low-price competitors, it also surpassed IBM as the number one seller of PCs worldwide.", "As a Texan, I am reminded of what a great product Dell computers were in the past. I had friends who were proud to work there and convinced us all to buy a Dell. Those days are long gone. Family admired my system... Elders wanted one because of the backlit keyboard. We thought we had found something worthy of purchase. But after spending close to $800 a year ago for a horrible system it is clear that our family's buying experience with this company is done.", "By early 1985, at the age of twenty, Dell had thirty employees working for him. During the summer of that year, the company began producing the Turbo PC, its first computer made entirely from scratch, rather than a customized version of another company's machine. In 1987 Dell changed the name of the company from PCs Unlimited to Dell Computer Corporation. At that time he began a program offered by no one else in the industry: rather than having customers bring broken-down computers to a store for repair, Dell Computer would pay house calls to service its customers' PCs. In Success magazine, Dell pointed out that this offer came out of necessity rather than an ingenious plan to outperform competitors: \"That was a pretty important plus because we didn't have any stores,\" he recalled. During 1988 Dell began offering the public the opportunity to buy stock in his company. Just four years after the company had begun, sales reached $159 million. Dell found success in his personal life at that time, too; he married Susan Lieberman in October of 1989. Residing in Austin's hill country, the couple has four children.", "IBM or International Business Machines is a well known known American computer manufacturer, founded by Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17). IBM is also known as \"Big Blue\" after the color of its logo. The company has made everything from mainframes to personal computers and has been immensely successful selling business computers.", "Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players, and electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its \"build-to-order\" or \"configure to order\" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence, but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems, Dell entered the market for IT services. The company has since made additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems, with the aim of expanding their portfolio from offering computers only to delivering complete solutions for enterprise customers. ", "At their introduction in 1981, the US $1,795 price of the Osborne 1 and its competitor Kaypro was considered an attractive price point; these systems had text-only displays and only floppy disks for storage. By 1982, Michael Dell observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about $3,000 US was made of components that cost the dealer about $600; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around $1,000. The total value of personal computer purchases in the US in 1983 was about $4 billion, comparable to total sales of pet food. By late 1998, the average selling price of personal computer systems in the United States had dropped below $1,000. ", "1981 - IBM (International Business Machines) introduced the Model 5150 PC (personal computer). The IBM PC ran on the Intel 8088 microprocessor at 4.77 mHz with one or two 160K floppy disk drives. It had 16 kilobytes of memory, expandable to 256k, five 8-bit ISA slots, a 65-watt power supply, no built-in clock, no built-in serial or parallel ports, and no built-in video capability -- it was available with an optional color monitor. MS-DOS 1.0/1.1 was issued with the PC (IBM later released its own operating system: PC-DOS). Prices started at $1,565. The IBM PC was a smashing success and IBM quickly became the #1 microcomputer company, with Apple dropping to #2.", "1984: The “1984” Ad Spot is aired at the Super Bowl XVIII.  Apple releases a revolutionary Macintosh all-in-one desktop Computer that sells for $2,495.  This new computer features never before seen icons that are opened when clicked upon using a new device called a mouse.  The Macintosh failed due to a lack of features other personal computers had.  John Sculley replaces Markkula as the companies 3rd CEO.", "In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart. Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S., and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the U.S., became Dell retail partners later that same year.", "IBM, the world's largest computer company, introduced the IBM Personal Computer (PC) in 1981. IBM and others sold some games like Microsoft Flight Simulator but the PC's CGA graphics and speaker sound were poor, and most customers bought the powerful but expensive computer for business. From mid-1985, however, what Compute! described as a \"wave\" of inexpensive IBM PC clones from American and Asian companies caused prices to decline; by the end of 1986, the equivalent to a $1600 real IBM PC with 256K RAM and two disk drives cost as little as $600, lower than the price of the Apple IIc. Consumers began purchasing DOS computers for the home in large numbers. Electronic Arts reported that customers used computers for games more than one fifth of the time whether or not they purchased them for work at home. ", "In 2002, Dell expanded its product line to include televisions, handhelds, digital audio players, and printers. Chairman and CEO Michael Dell had repeatedly blocked President and COO Kevin Rollins's attempt to lessen the company's heavy dependency on PCs, which Rollins wanted to fix by acquiring EMC Corporation. ", "1984 - IBM released PC-DOS v3.0 for PC/AT (with network support). Remember those AT machines? A 286 processor, 20-30meg hard drive and 256k/512k RAM for somewhere between $6000 and $9000. Ah yes, those were the days.", "In February 1997, Compaq released a $999 PC, the Presario 2000, in another aggressive, low-price move aimed at attracting the 60 percent of U.S. households without a PC. Later in 1997 the company acquired, through a stock-for-stock transaction valued at about $4 billion, Tandem Computers Incorporated, a leader in fail-safe high-end servers with annual sales of $2 billion and a sales force 4,000 strong. Compaq also spent $280 million for Microcom, Inc., a provider of devices for remote access to networks.", "In 1986 a Hyundai-manufactured IBM PC-XT compatible called the Blue Chip PC was sold in discount and toy stores throughout the US. It was one of the earliest PC clones marketed toward consumers instead of business. ", "In 1984 Amstrad published the CPC in Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Europe and entered with this the contested market of 8-bit home computers. In Germany, the series was manufactured under licence by the Schneider Computer Division - a division of the \"Schneider Rundfunkwerke\" from Türkheim - and was therefore sold as Schneider Personal Computer. Although the CPC came very late onto the market, it could establish well. The magazine CHIP even made it Computer of the Year in 1985. In the same year, the Amstrad PCW was released. This is an office computer which was intended for the professional users and which ran with CP/M . In Germany, the machine was named after Sugar's secretary Mrs. Joyce: Schneider Joyce. This series was continued until 1996.", "In 1985, the business-oriented Amstrad PCW range was introduced, which were principally word processors running the CP/M operating system and the LocoScript word processing program. The \"Amsoft\" division of Amstrad was set up to provide in-house software and consumables. Amstrad briefly entered the video game console business with the GX4000 based on the CPC Plus hardware which failed to catch on.", "reported them at a high of 8.9 billion units in the U.S), and laptops officially surpassed desktops in 2008. Now, however, PC sales are in an all-out tailspin. One report suggests that they won’t turn around for years (if ever). All-in-ones, like the kind I saw at the Windows 8 event, may grow a bit. But I’d say the writing is on the wall: In 2013, we will bury the box PC (at least in the U.S. consumer market) for good. Considering most of us no longer burn CDs, install software from discs, I doubt many people will miss them.", "In late 1976 Commodore Business Machines, an established electronics firm that had been active in producing electronic calculators, bought a small hobby-computer company named MOS Technology. For the first time, an established company with extensive distribution channels would be selling a microcomputer.", "Grenada: Craig Payne writes : Is there life after PC? Worked for a lot of failed start-ups in Silicon Valley and one successful one. Got married, live in Park City, UT Any thoughts you... Read more...", "We love to work and we love to play, that combined with our years of experience as an established computer parts and service dealer, make us the right choice for anyone that's serious about what they do and how they do it. We can provide you with cutting edge hardware and software and the support after the sale you need to make the most of it. Visit our storefront on Robeson St. and let us show you what you've been missing." ]

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[ "The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States of America. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the US. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner.", "The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against the British crown and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include “the Stars and Stripes”, “Old Glory”, and “the Star-Spangled Banner”.", "The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars.  The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.  Nicknames for the flag include the \"Stars and Stripes\", \"Old Glory\", and \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".   The design of the flag has been modified 26 times officially, since 1777.  The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959.  The 50-star flag was ordered by President Eisenhower on August 21, 1959.", "The national flag of the United States of America, is of 10:19 ratio and consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.", "American Flag: On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passes the first Flag Act which states: \"That the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.\"", " June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress adopts the following: Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. Stars represent Delaware (December 7, 1787), Pennsylvania (December 12, 1787), New Jersey (December 18, 1787), Georgia (January 2, 1788), Connecticut (January 9, 1788), Massachusetts (February 6, 1788), Maryland (April 28, 1788), South Carolina (May 23, 1788), New Hampshire (June 21, 1788), Virginia (June 25, 1788), New York (July 26, 1788), North Carolina (November 21, 1789), and Rhode Island (May 29, 1790). The Original flag created by Betsy Ross in 1776 was adopted by the states independent of England. America was officially its own country. The ratification of the Constitution was complete on March 4, 1789.", "Flag Resolution of June 14, 1777. The resolution stated: \"Resolved: that the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.\"", "“Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representing a new constellation. “", "        1777: June 14 -- Continental Congress adopts the following: Resolved: that the flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. (stars represent Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island)", "Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the nation would be properly symbolized.", "The significance behind the flag’s design is more commonly known than that of its colors. The 50 stars stand for America’s 50 states, while the 13 red and white stripes represent the 13 colonies. But there’s also a lesser-known interpretation for the Stars and Stripes. The House of Representatives’ 1977 book about the flag states: “The star is a symbol of the heavens and the divine goal to which man has aspired from time immemorial; the stripe is symbolic of the rays of light emanating from the sun.”", "Officially, the flag of the Confederate States was to have \"a circle of white stars corresponding in number with the States of the Confederacy.\" Unofficially, however, a circle of stars around one star in the center was quite common.", "The modern United States receives its crowning star when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a proclamation admitting Hawaii into the Union as the 50th state. The president also issued an order for an American flag featuring 50 stars arranged in staggered rows: five six-star rows and four five-star rows. The new flag became official July 4, 1960.", "It is widely known that the 50 stars on the flag of the United States represent the states themselves. When the Stars and Stripes was adopted in 1777 there were 13 states (then colonies), thus a 13-star flag, and as each new state was admitted to the union a star was added to the flag. The current 50-star flag, acknowledging Hawaii’s admission, was unveiled on 4th July 1960.", "The 29 star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1847. A star was added for the admission of Iowa (December 28th, 1846) and was to last for only 1 year.", "The 37 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th 1867. A star was added for the admission of Nebraska (March 1st,1867) and was to last for ten years.", "Stars are nearly ubiquitous in United States heraldry and vexillology and nearly always appear unpierced with five straight-sided points. In the flag of the United States, each star represents one state. The flag adopted in 1777 is the attributed origin of the thirteen stars, representing the thirteen United States, appearing on the Great Seal since 1780. ", "Stars are nearly ubiquitous in United States heraldry and vexillology and nearly always appear unpierced with five straight-sided points. In the flag of the United States , each star represents one state . [9] The flag adopted in 1777 is the attributed origin of the thirteen stars, representing the thirteen United States , appearing on the Great Seal since 1780. [10]", "The 26 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1837. A star was added for the admission of Michigan (January 26th,1837) and was to last for 8 years.", "The 38 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1877. A star was added for the admission of Colorado (August 1st 1876) and was to last for 13 years.", "The 21 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th,1819. A star was added for the admission of Illinois (December 3rd, 1818) and was to last for just one year.", "The 30 star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1848. A star was added for the admission of Wisconsin (May 29th, 1848) and was to last for 3 years.", "The 25 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1836. A star was added for the admission of Arkansas (June 15th, 1836) and was to last for just one year.", "Many times flag makers simply ignored the fact that a stars and stripped flag using a certain number of stars must be made official by the Congress of the United States by resolution, and simply made new flags before the fact. After the 15 stars resolution, there was no \"approved\" change in the flag until 20 states were made in 1818. Hence, \"officially\" this flag didn't exist.", "On April 4, 1818, at the suggestion of U.S.  Naval Captain Samuel C.  Reid, a plan was passed by Congress in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted.  The number of stripes would be reduced to 13 as an honor the original colonies.  Additionally, the act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states.  The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959.  Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959, the official US Flag had 49 stars.  This version only lasted one year.", "On April 4, 1818, the final form of our flag was adopted by Congress to allow for the admission of new states. As of July 4, 1960, the flag contains thirteen stripes and fifty stars with each star symbolizing a state. ", "7) is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private residences. It is also used as a motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world it is used in public discourse to refer to the U.S., both as a nation state, government, and set of policies, but also as an ideology and set of ideas.Apart from the numbers of stars and stripes representing the number of current and original states, respectively, and the union with its stars representing a constellation, there is no legally defined symbolism to the colors and shapes on the flag. However, folk theories and traditions abound; for example, that the stripes refer to rays of sunlight and that the stars refer to the heavens, the highest place that a person could aim to reach.", "Although, not an \"official\" flag design, this 20-star flag flew over the Capitol dome for six months in 1818. There have been many suggested \"Great Star\" designs like this one over the years. Flags whose stars form a larger star are called either \"Great Star\" flags or \"Grand Luminary\" flags. The terms are interchangeable.", "This 20-star flag flew over the Capitol dome for six months in 1818. There have been many suggested \"Great Star\" designs over the years. The first most people know about was the Peter Wendover/Samuel Reid's proposal to have the U.S. Flag bear the stars in a \"Great Star\" pattern for use on land and on private ships and in rows for the navy, proposed in 1818. Congress did not accept this idea; in fact, Congress purposely did not specify how the stars were to be arranged.", "According to a PDF by a Joint Congressional Committee on the American flag , U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid suggested to Congress to add stars every time a new state entered the union. The last time a star was added to the American flag was in 1960 when Hawaii joined the union.", "The flag, as illustrated in the Constitution, bears a star considerably smaller than that used previously.  However, no official specifications as to the size of the star are provided.", "The image shown in the Album 2000 is correct according to Figures 4 and 5 of a Decree dated 18 January 1949 (reproduced in the Folleto Civico of 15 September 1965).  This shows that the stars are set within an imaginary rectangle one-third of flag length, and that they are conventionally shaped (as in the US flag).  There is no size given for the stars, but from Figures 4 & 5 I have calculated them to be contained within an imaginary circle of diameter = 1/18 of flag width." ]

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[ "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 - 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world famous after discovering the intact tomb of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as \"King Tut\" and \"the boy king\") in November 1922.", "Buried beneath Egypt’s golden sands for over three millennia, archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun on November 4th, 1922. When his financial backer, the Earl of Carnarvon, asked “Can you see anything?” Carter replied with the famous words: “Yes, wonderful things!”", ". On November 4th.1922. His majesty King Tut's tomb/ house of eternity has been discovered in the valley of kings by Howard Carter", "On 4 November 1922, Howard Carter's excavation group found steps that Carter hoped led to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62) (the tomb that would be considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings).", "King Ramses VI. In 1922 Howard Carter (1873–1939) discovered Tutankhamen's tomb after searching for nearly ten years. Tutankhamen's tomb remains as one of the greatest and most important discoveries in archeology (the study of ancient forms of life). From Carter's discovery, historians were able to piece together the life of King Tutankhamen.", "Tutankhamun was an Egyptian pharaoh who was buried in a lavish tomb filled with gold artifacts in the Valley of the Kings. His tomb, given the modern-day name \"KV 62,\" was discovered in 1922 by an archaeological team led by British Egyptologist Howard Carter. ", "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist , noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun .", "On this day in 1922, archeologist Howard Carter and his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, officially opened the burial chamber of the Royal Tomb of the boy pharaoh, Tutankhamun, in the Valley of the Kings. What they found there was an intact tomb, with golden treasures an a complete mummy with all of his burial finery. It was an amazing quest that had been delayed for four years during World War I. In fact, he was about to lose his funding when he made his initial discovery three month before.", "Howard Carter discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922...but the mystery of Tut's death and possible murder lives on:", "1922 Howard Carter English Egyptologist discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen. He and Lord Carnarvon English Egyptologist revealed toms of the 12th and 18th dynasties.", "The discovery in 1922 of King Tut's nearly intact tomb by Howard Carter yielded unprecedented treasures, including the boy king's sarcophagus and iconic golden burial mask.", "In 1915, George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon , the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings , employed English archaeologist Howard Carter to explore it. After a systematic search, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. [52]", "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 - 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist, noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun (alternatively spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon) was an Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled ca. 5.0/5", "The tomb of King Tutankhamun was discovered in 1922, but it wasn't until the following year when archeologist Howard Carter was finally able to locate the burial chamber and discover the sarcophagus of the ancient king.In this colorized photograph, Howard Carter, the English Egyptologist, is seen ne...", "            1924 - Two years after British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discovered the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen near Luxor, Egypt, they found the greatest treasure of the tomb—a stone sarcophagus containing a solid gold coffin that held the mummy (but not the daddy) of the boy-king Tutankhamen. (Tut to his friends.)", "Another tourist destination is Tut's tomb tucked in the Valley of the Kings amid Luxor's desert hills. In 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter discovered it and the trove of fabulous gold and precious stones inside, propelling the once-forgotten pharaoh into global stardom.", "King Tut lay undisturbed in his tomb until 1922 when archeologist Howard Carter discovered the tombâs entrance on this day. Read how and why the Egyptians mummified their pharaohs in our BJU Press Bible Truths D textbook.", "[1] All the other tombs in the Valley of the kings at Thebes were later plundered, but the tomb, in which Tutankhamen had been buried, was hidden by rock chips dumped there when the tomb of a later king was excavated, and was not ransacked. It was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, filled with extraordinary treasure, including a solid gold coffin, a gold mask, jewellery, and many artefacts.", "To mark the 70th anniversary of the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun, the British Museum is opening an exhibition about the tomb's finder, Howard Carter. Instead of focusing on Tutankamun's tomb, the exhibition \"Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun\" will examine Carter's early career, when he was Inspector General of Antiquities for Egypt. Visitors will see that he was not only a fine archaeologist but also an excellent artist. Lenders for the exhibit include the present Earl of Carnarvon, descendant of Carter's famous patron, as well as the Louvre, New York's Metropolitan Museum, and Boston's Museum of Fine Arts. Two books are also being published to mark the anniversary: a new biography by T.G.H. James, Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum until 1988, and Carter's own diary.", "1922 (Nov 26th Sun) - Howard Carter finally enters the tomb of the boy-king Tutankhamen in Luxor, Egypt (Tempest, no date is given on p. 7 but this is an historical fact).(MG)", "Three months after archaeologist Howard Carter and his team discovered the entrance to the 3,200-year-old tomb of King Tutankhamen, the burial chamber of the boy pharaoh is unsealed in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. The innermost chamber contains Egyptian treasures as well as the perfectly preserved mummy of King Tut, resting inside a solid gold coffin.", "THIS DAY IN HISTORY: On this day in 1923 Archaeologist, Howard Carter, opens tomb of King Tut.", "“At last have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations.” These words were cabled by the British archaeologist Howard Carter to his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, in Luxor, Egypt, on Nov. 4, 1922. Carter was with workers excavating in the Valley of the Kings, a narrow gorge near modern-day Cairo that was used as a cemetery by the pharaohs (rulers) of ancient Egypt. That morning, they had uncovered a stone step, which Carter recognized as the first trace of the entrance to a royal tomb.", "This is how the tomb of the boy king Tutankhamun appeared to archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered it in 1922.", "Egyptologist Howard Carter uncovered one of the most stunning archaeological finds of the 20th century on this day in 1923 when he opened the burial chamber of Tutankhamen, a pharaoh who had ruled in the country around 1400 BC.", "Saturday marks the 90th year since the discovery of Tutankhamun - a dig that sparked an enduring public fascination with the ancient boy king. The Egyptian Pharaoh was virtually unknown when British archaeologist Howard Carter found the dusty sarcophagus in a tomb full of golden treasures, in a disc...", "Come take an in-depth look at King Tut and explore his life, treasure, curse, and discovery. Then venture deep into his tomb as Howard Carter did on November 22, 1922.", "The boy-pharaoh Tutankhamun has fascinated the world ever since his ancient tomb was unearthed by British archaeologists in Egypt in 1922.", "On this day in 1923, in Thebes, Egypt , English archaeologist Howard Carter enters the sealed burial chamber of the ancient Egyptian ruler King Tutankhamen .", "January 3, 1924 - British Egyptologist Howard Carter found the sarcophagus of Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor after several years of searching.", "Howard Carter looking through the open doors of the second, outermost shrine (Carter no. 237). This shrine was made up of sixteen separate parts, gilded on both the inside and the outside, and had a single sloping roof, Tomb of Tutankhamun, January 4th, 1924, photo by Harry Burton, Egypt.", "February 16, 1923 - Howard Carter opens the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun - On this day in History" ]

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[ "The Hulk (Bruce Banner) is a fictional superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). Throughout his comic book appearances, the Hulk is portrayed as a large green humanoid that possesses near limitless superhuman strength and great invulnerability, attributes that grow more potent the angrier he becomes. Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life.", "issue of the long running comic book by marvel. The Hulk is a superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). Throughout his comic book appearances, the Hulk is portrayed as a large green humanoid that possesses near limitless superhuman strength and great invulnerability, attributes that grow more potent the angrier he becomes. Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life. When transformed, the Hulk often acts as a disassociated personality separate from Banner.", "The Hulk is a fictional character, a superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). He is a gigantic, green, irradiated mutant humanoid monster with incredible strength and an inability to control his rage. The Hulk is sometimes characterized as hyper-aggressive and brutal, other times as cunning, brilliant, and scheming. He is often portrayed as an antihero. The Hulk is cast as the emotional and impulsive alter ego of the withdrawn and reserved physicist Dr. Bruce Banner; Banner first transforms into the Hulk shortly after he is accidentally exposed to the blast of a test detonation of a gamma bomb he invented. Subsequently, Banner will involuntarily transform into the Hulk whenever he gets too angry or if his life is in danger, leading to extreme complications in Banner’s life. Lee said the Hulk’s creation was inspired by a combination of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein.", "50 years ago this month, two comic book artists Stan Lee and Jack Kirby introduced the Incredible Hulk to the world. For those who are not up on their superheroes, the Hulk is the volatile alter ego of Dr. Bruce Banner, a physicist who's inadvertently exposed to radiation. As a result, whenever Dr. Banner gets angry or upset, he transforms into a giant, raging green monster, capable of stunning feats of strength.", "\"Caught in the blast of gamma radiation, brilliant scientist Bruce Banner is cursed to transform in times of stress into the living engine of destruction known as THE INCREDIBLE HULK. \"", "Dr. David Banner is a brilliant scientist but, one day, a laboratory experiment that he is working on goes terribly awry. Since that time, whenever he is under extreme stress, his body undergoes a transmogrification and he morphs into the Incredible Hulk. The Hulk is about seven feet tall, hugely muscular and powerful, and has bright green skin. After destroying whatever threatens Dr. Banner, he morphs back to normal human form with only amnesia and tattered clothing as evidence of what just transpired. As you can well imagine, this situation is quite troubling for Dr. Banner and causes him a great amount of problems. All the while, he is pursued by Jack McGee, an investigative reporter who believes that the Hulk is a deadly menace whose exposure would enhance his career. Written by Tad Dibbern <DIBBERN_D@a1.mscf.upenn.edu>", "The Incredible Hulk is a 2008 American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character the Hulk, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Universal Pictures. It is the second film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Louis Leterrier, with a screenplay by Zak Penn. It stars Edward Norton, Liv Tyler, Tim Roth, Tim Blake Nelson, Ty Burrell, and William Hurt. In The Incredible Hulk, a new backstory is established where Bruce Banner becomes the Hulk as an unwitting pawn in a military scheme to reinvigorate the supersoldier program through gamma radiation. On the run, he attempts to cure himself of the Hulk before he is captured by General Thaddeus \"Thunderbolt\" Ross, but his worst fears are realized when power-hungry soldier Emil Blonsky becomes a similar but more bestial creature.", "Throughout his comic book appearances, the Hulk is portrayed as a large green humanoid that possesses immense superhuman strength and great invulnerability, attributes that grow more potent the angrier he becomes. Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life. When transformed, the Hulk often acts as a disassociated personality separate from Banner.", "Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life. When transformed, the Hulk often acts as a dissociated personality separate from Banner. Over the decades of Hulk stories, the Hulk has been represented with several personalities based on Hulk and Banner's fractured psyche, ranging from mindless savage to brilliant warrior, and Banner has taken control of the Hulk's form on occasion. Banner first transforms into the Hulk after being caught in the blast of the gamma bomb he invented while saving Rick Jones, a youth who had wandered onto the testing range.", "The Hulk was a hybrid of two popular comic-book genres—monsters and superheroes. In The Incredible Hulk no. 1, Lee and Kirby introduced the emotionally repressed nuclear scientist Robert Bruce Banner, inventor of the gamma bomb. When teenager Rick Jones sneaks onto the bomb’s test site, Banner races into harm’s way to push him into a protective trench, only to absorb a vast quantity of gamma rays when the device detonates. The irradiated Banner consequently begins making nightly transformations into an enormous gray-skinned monster with virtually limitless strength and destructive capability; it embodies the darkest, angriest, and most antisocial aspects of Banner’s personality . Along with Jones, who was initially the only other person aware of Banner’s dual nature, the book featured a supporting cast that included U.S. Air Force general Thaddeus E. (“Thunderbolt”) Ross, one of the Hulk’s most persistent antagonists , and Betty Ross, Thunderbolt’s daughter and a recurring romantic interest for Banner.", "The Incredible Hulk is a superman that is set in stark contrast to the Herd mentality of Bruce Banner. It was Banner's scientific genius that created the gamma bomb that would give birth to the Hulk. It was Banner's own force of will that allowed him to survive the gamma bomb by becoming (a key Dionysian concept) the Hulk. Since that moment, though, Banner has hated and feared the superior being he created. And he has, in true Herd fashion, tried to destroy it at every turn.", "Driving home in a heavy rainstorm, Dr. Banner's frustration peaks when his car has a flat tire and he injures himself trying to change it. This triggers his transformation into the Incredible Hulk, a 7-foot-tall (), 330-pound, green-skinned savage creature, with a sub-human mind and superhuman strength. The Hulk destroys his car and wanders off into the nearby woods. As the sun rises, the Hulk stumbles upon a girl and her father camping. In the ensuing confusion, the Hulk is shot by the girl's father, and responds by breaking his rifle and throwing him into the pond. Leaving the area, the Hulk eventually transforms back into Dr. Banner, with little memory of his time as the Hulk or the events immediately before and after. Wounded and confused, he visits Dr. Marks. Her amazement at Dr. Banner's healing powers (his gunshot wound is nearly healed) is replaced by shock and horror when Dr. Banner tells her that he bombarded himself with gamma radiation.", "The Incredible Hulk was an American television series based on the Marvel comic book character of the same name. Two TV movies aired on CBS in 1977, and the show followed, airing from 1978 to 1982. It starred Bill Bixby as Dr. David Bruce Banner and Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk. The concept was developed for television by Kenneth Johnson, who also developed the Alien Nation TV series.", "The Hulk, a green-skinned monster, is the alter ego of scientist Bruce Banner. As one of the most powerful creature on Earth the Hulk fortunately stands on the side of good, and fights villains when he can only limited by his intelligence. Though often portrayed as a raging monster, the only thing Hulk really wants is peace and quiet. Whenever he's calm, he turns back into Bruce Banner. Just like Bruce Banner the Hulk also has a liking for Betty Ross. Whenever Betty is in trouble the Hulk pursues to save her.", "The origin of the television series' Hulk differs greatly from his original comic book incarnation. David Banner is a physician/scientist who is traumatized by a fatal car accident which kills his wife. Tormented by his failure to save her, Banner researches incidents of people who temporarily displayed superhuman levels of strength in stressful or frightening situations. He concludes that high levels of gamma radiation from sunspots are the cause. To prove his theory, he purposely bombards his own body with gamma radiation to endow himself with super-strength. Unknown to Banner, his equipment has been upgraded, causing him to administer a far higher dose than he intended. During a rainstorm later that evening, he suffers a flat tire and injures himself while trying to change it. The resulting pain triggers his first transformation into the Hulk. The Hulk destroys Banner's car and wanders all night through the woods. He eventually reverts back to Banner with no memory after the tire-changing incident.", "Robert Bruce Banner, usually known simply as Dr. Bruce Banner, is the alter-ego of the Hulk, a popular Marvel Comics character. (In the live action TV series, the character's name was \"David Bruce Banner\", and he went by his first name, \"David.\")", "** S.H.I.E.L.D. is briefly referenced in The Incredible Hulk when it is shown that S.H.I.E.L.D. was aware of the experiment on which Dr. Bruce Banner was working about making humans immune to gamma radiation. Later, General Ross states that Bruce Banner's and his partner's aliases \"have been added to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Operations Database\". In the post-credits scene, General Ross is approached by Tony Stark, who reveals that they were gathering some kind of a special \"team\".", "After absorbing the radiation from a gamma bomb explosion, Bruce Banner became a giant, grey version of the Hulk at night (he would not transform into the subsequently-standard green Hulk until much later). Banner's first adventure was when he was captured by the Russian villain, The Gargoyle , whom Igor Drenkov/Starsky, a communist spy who was working undercover as a scientist with Bruce Banner, had informed of Banner's transformation. The Gargoyle wanted to know the secret of the Hulk so he could reverse his own horrible radiation-damaged face. In return for Banner's help, he released both Banner and Rick Jones, having kidnapped the latter in an effort to force Banner to cooperate. Jones would soon become Bruce's sidekick, travelling with him and attempting to control the Hulk's rage. Because of Banner's lack of control over the Hulk, he was declared a menace by General Thaddeus \"Thunderbolt\" Ross , who mobilized Army personnel under his command to track down the Hulk under orders to capture him -- and to destroy him if at all possible. However, Banner would gain some control over the Hulk with radiation treatments and become a founding member of the Avengers. However this would not last long and misunderstandings with team members led to The Hulk leaving The Avengers. Banner regained the ability to conceal his condition for some time, but that would not last and he commenced to wander the country as both Banner and the Hulk.", "Portrayed by: Mark Ruffalo becomes the latest thesp to play tragic brainiac Bruce Banner and lend face and body to an outrageous anti-hero brought to life in recent years via mo-cap and CG. Previously, Eric Bana played Lee’s Hulk. Edward Norton took up the mantle (and the screenwriting pen) for Marvel Studios’ 2008 reboot, The Incredible Hulk, helmed by Louis Letterier. And yet, Hulk’s best known Hollywood portrayers remain Bill Bixby (as David Banner, not Bruce)and a powdered-green Lou Ferrigno, stars of the late-’70s TV series. (Fun Fact! Ferrigno continues to make greenbacks from the stocky bean-colored behemoth: He provided the grunty-growling voice for the man-monster in The Incredible Hulk and The Avengers.)", "As one of Marvel’s most-recognizable characters, the Hulk proved to be a lucrative property in a variety of media. He was featured in several animated television series from the 1960s onward, but perhaps the definitive on-screen depiction of the character was the live-action drama The Incredible Hulk (1978–82). On that show, the character was played by two men, bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk and actor Bill Bixby as Banner. Oscar-winning director Ang Lee created the character’s first feature film, Hulk, in 2003. Another version, The Incredible Hulk, directed by Louis Letterier, appeared in 2008, and the character was integrated into Marvel’s larger cinematic universe with a scene-stealing turn in The Avengers (2012).", "The Red Hulk’s true identity as General “Thunderbolt” Ross stood revealed in INCREDIBLE HULK #600 when he attempted to stop reporter Ben Urich from publishing a story on him. Bruce Banner wanted to be free from The Hulk forever in HULK #13 , but Norman Osborn complicated matters by sending the war god Ares to deal with him.", "The character referred to in the Incredible Hulk film as 'Mr Blue' (e.g. Dr. Samuel Sterns) is referred to elsewhere in the Marvel Comic canon as \" The Leader \", a super-intelligent megalomaniac with an", "The character has been portrayed in multiple media features by different actors. Hulk was first portrayed in film played by Eric Bana in Ang Lee's Hulk (2003). Subsequently, the character has been portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe initially by Edward Norton in The Incredible Hulk (2008) and by Mark Ruffalo in The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), as well as Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and both parts of Avengers: Infinity War (2018/2019). In 2011, the Hulk placed No. 9 on IGN's list of \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes\", and fourth on their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012. ", "The Hulk was created by Stan Lee in 1962. Before creating the Hulk, Stan Lee made the Fantastic Four. Response from the fans indicated that readers' favorite character was the Thing, so Stan Lee wanted to make a character much like him. The Hulk's first series was The Incredible Hulk.\" The series was only six issues. After that the Hulk just went into other peoples comics until he was in Tales to Astonish,\" the soap opera for superheroes. Tales to Astonish only had the Hulk for half of each issue then featured another superhero. Then Tales to Astonish became The Incredible Hulk again.", "Apparently, there was another Earth out there that is similar to real life, where comic characters live as regular everyday citizens and there were no superheroes at all. That Earth called themselves Earth A, (Earth A or Earth-712 was first seen in Fantastic Four #118) and they had discovered a way to interlope to other dimensions. The Jennifer Walters of Earth A decided to go on a vacation to Earth B (Earth-616, the main Marvel Universe), since Earth A decided to allow their civilians to use it as a vacation destination. Jennifer of Earth A gets transported to Earth B and is then able to turn into the She-Hulk. She begins battling and defeats the Rhino , however she eventually gets arrested for interloping dimensions, and is sent to a holding cell with other interlopers.", "Bruce Banner was a scientist that was working on a gamma bomb when he noticed a young boy out on the test range. Although he rushed out into the test site and heroically pushed the boy into the protective trench to save him from the blast, Bruce was exposed to extreme amounts of gamma radiation that altered his DNA structure and caused him to become a giant green (sometimes grey) monster of incredible power whenever he became angry.", "With the doomsday plot averted, Red Hulk was assigned other tasks to give him purpose. While on the tail of a spiraling portal Red Hulk was attacked by a mind-controlled Woodgod but quickly defeated him. Woodgod retreated back through the portal, and his master returned in his place. The original Hulk, the mighty Xemnu , came for a rematch with the Hulk to lay claim to the planet Earth, and the Impossible Man was with him to record the event for a galactic fighting circuit. Xemnu was not interested in battling an imposter, but Red Hulk was not interested in Xemnu's opinion of him either. However, Red Hulk was susceptible to Xemnu’s mind control and was forced to pummel himself with his own fists until Banner showed up, and the Impossible Man merged both green and red Hulks, combining their best aspects into one individual. Xemnu had prepared for any eventuality and unleashed his own creation engineered with the Hulk's DNA – Kluh . At first it was difficult for their two minds to act as one, but there was one thing Ross and Banner could focus on to help them solve their problem, Betty. Now able to focus clearly this composite Hulk was able to defeat Kluh and Xemnu, again saving the Earth from certain disaster. The Impossible Man proposed they go on tour with the galactic fighting circuit but immediately separated the two Hulks who hated the idea.", "Bruce Banner was a scientist working with gamma rays. He was testing his gamma bomb out in the desert, but a tall figure walked out into the testing area. When Banner went out see who it was, the man turned out to be Solomon Grundy. The bomb went off fusing Grundy and Banner together. When Banner gets angry, he becomes Grundy. The creature chose a new name calling itself Skulk.", "Nanobots replace radiation in the hero's origin story in the cinematic adaptation of Spider-Man. A similar substitution takes place in the following year's The Hulk.", "Kirby, commenting upon his influences in drawing the character, recalled as inspiration the tale of a mother who rescues her child who is trapped beneath a car. Lee has also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mythology. In The Science of Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War and the threat of nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in Up, Up and Oy Vey. This interpretation corresponds with other popularized fictional media created during this time period, which took advantage of the prevailing sense among Americans that nuclear power could produce monsters and mutants. ", "Stephen Hawking is working as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics since 1979, a position once held by Sir Isaac Newton. Arguably the most famous scientist alive today, he is considered a living legend for his amazing contributions to quantum physics.", "Using science to explain the radiation that, in Marvel Comics’ universe of superheroes, created the …" ]

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[ "Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West, especially in Yosemite National Park.", "Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West and primarily Yosemite National Park.", "Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist. His black-and-white landscape photographs of the American West, especially Yosemite National Park, have been widely reproduced on calendars and posters, and in books.[1]", "Ansel Easton Adams, a photographer and an environmentalist, famously known for the landscape photography, came to the world in February 20, 1902, in San Francisco, California.  He gained fame in this field as a photographer of the American West, and for his black and white photo of a landscape, markedly for the Yosemite National Park. He dished out this field by developing a Zone System with his colleague, Archer, as a tool to figure out the exact exposure and adjustment of the contrast image. The clarity, produced as an outcome, is what exactly his photography shows. His magnificent work of black and white pictures played a pivotal role in the field of photography among the fine arts. His work is kept esteem even today, although a full stop to more of his work came with his death in Monterey, California, on April 22, 1984.", "If you are a photographer living in California, you have probably been to, or can’t wait to go to Yosemite National Park. In this long time haven for artists and photographers, art classes and photography walks are offered all year throughout the park. The Yosemite Museum Gallery displays exhibits of Yosemite art during spring and summer. The Ansel Adams Gallery offers work of Ansel Adams, contemporary photographers,", "The long career of Ansel Adams (1902-1984) represents a prolific and rich contribution to American photography including many hundreds of images that continue to profoundly influence the conception and practice of the art of photography. This selection addresses a less popularly recognized and rarely examined aspect of Adams's vision: his preoccupation with photographing the intimate details of nature. In this close-up approach, the form and surface of the natural world's particulars—the anatomy of leaves, the delicacy of a spring blossom, the murky crevice between rocks, the sunlight playing on a wet patch of sand—captivate the photographer and inspire works of strength and power equal to his more celebrated majestic views such as Clearing Winter Storm, Yosemite National Park, 1944; Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941; or Half Dome, Yosemite Valley, ca. 1956.", "Ansel Adams, Icicles, Yosemite, 1935, 1950. Ansel Adams Archive © The Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust 84.91.115", "Yosemite National Park is located in the central Sierra Nevada of California. Three wilderness areas are adjacent to Yosemite: the Ansel Adams Wilderness to the southeast, the Hoover Wilderness to the northeast, and the Emigrant Wilderness to the north.", "Musician, teacher, scientist, advocate, conservationist—these are some of the terms that describe the most renowned photographer in American history—Ansel Adams. He grew up in San Francisco where he was born in 1902 and was introduced to the expanse of California's Yosemite Valley while on a family vacation at the age of fourteen. At this time he was also given a No. 1 Brownie Box camera. These two seemingly small events strongly influenced the course of Adams's life. Fascinated by photography and impressed with the beauty of the Sierra mountains, Adams worked with a photofinisher in commercial processing in San Francisco during the winter and returned to Yosemite every summer.", "The movement to preserve untainted wilderness areas owes much to naturalist John Muir, who dedicated considerable time to observing the wildlife, plants, and natural wonders of the United States. He worked to raise awareness among politicians and the public of the shrinking wilderness in the nation. His efforts led to the creation of both Yosemite National Park and Sequoia National Park in California in 1890. Muir also helped found one of the nation�s leading conservation organizations, the Sierra Club, in 1892. He became a close friend of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt, who greatly expanded the national parks and national forests during the early decades of the 20th century.", "Wagon roads were completed to the park’s northern and southern boundaries in the mid-1870s, and by 1885 some 3,000 visitors were reaching the park annually. In 1890—largely through the efforts of naturalist John Muir and writer and magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson—the U.S. Congress set aside land around the state park as Yosemite National Park. Muir continued to urge the federal government to acquire all of the parkland, and, at his invitation, Pres. Theodore Roosevelt visited him at Yosemite in 1903. Finally, in 1906, the state park land was merged into the national park . Other parcels of land were subsequently added until the park reached its present size. A railroad was completed to the west end of the park in 1907 (discontinued in 1945), and the number of visitors rose dramatically, surpassing 15,000 in 1914 and more than double that number the following year. Annual attendance passed a half million in 1940 and, after a lull during World War II , reached one million for the first time in 1954.", "Working at Yomesite in the 1920s, Adams became the most famous American landscape photographer. His views emphasise the vast scale of the mountains and Western skies, with minimal human traces.", "Learn about the famous photographer who documented some of the American West's untamed corners -- and fought for their protection.", "The National Park Service was formed in 1916, and Yosemite was transferred to that agency's jurisdiction. Tuolumne Meadows Lodge, Tioga Pass Road, and campgrounds at Tenaya and Merced lakes were also completed in 1916. Automobiles started to enter the park in ever-increasing numbers following the construction of all-weather highways to the park. The Yosemite Museum was founded in 1926 through the efforts of Ansel Franklin Hall.", "The great preservationist John Muir, concerned over the destruction of western areas, invited President Roosevelt to camp in Yosemite National Park . After his trip, Roosevelt remarked: \"It was like lying in a great solemn cathedral, far vaster and more beautiful than any built by the hand of man.\"", "Muir threw himself into the preservationist role with great vigor. He envisioned the Yosemite area and the Sierra as pristine lands. He thought the greatest threat to the Yosemite area and the Sierra was domesticated livestock—especially domestic sheep, which he referred to as \"hoofed locusts\". In June 1889, the influential associate editor of Century magazine, Robert Underwood Johnson, camped with Muir in Tuolumne Meadows and saw firsthand the damage a large flock of sheep had done to the grassland. Johnson agreed to publish any article Muir wrote on the subject of excluding livestock from the Sierra high country. He also agreed to use his influence to introduce a bill to Congress to make the Yosemite area into a national park, modeled after Yellowstone National Park.", "Yosemite National Park ( ) is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California.[http://www.visitcalifornia.com/region/discover-high-sierra Discover the High Sierra], California Office of Tourism[http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/08/26/215697233/fire-tracker-online-tool-to-monitor-blaze-near-yosemite 'Fire Tracker': Online Tool To Monitor Blaze Near Yosemite], NPR, 26 August 2013 The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. About 3.8 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend the majority of their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains, glaciers, and biological diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness. Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea. First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864. Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well—paving the way for the United States national park system.", "'s associate editor, Robert Underwood Johnson , Muir worked to remedy this destruction. In 1890, due in large part to the efforts of Muir and Johnson, an act of Congress created Yosemite National Park . Muir was also personally involved in the creation of Sequoia , Mount Rainier , Petrified Forest and Grand Canyon national parks. Muir deservedly is often called the \"Father of Our National Park System \".", "1903: John Muir spends the night camping with President Theodore Roosevelt in Yosemite. Considered the most significant camping trip in conservation history, Muir persuaded Roosevelt to return Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove to federal protection.", "In an 1889 article in Century magazine, Muir argued in favor of designating Yosemite Valley as a national park. He remained president of the Sierra Club until his death in 1914. President Theodore Roosevelt accompanied Muir on a camping trip before Roosevelt established Yosemite as a national park. [20] [21] [22] [23]", "In the 1930s, Adams began to deploy his photographs in the cause of wilderness preservation. In part, he was inspired by the increasing desecration of Yosemite Valley by commercial development, including a pool hall, bowling alley, golf course, shops, and automobile traffic. He created a limited-edition book in 1938, Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail, as part of the Sierra Club's efforts to secure the designation of Sequoia and Kings Canyon as national parks. This book and his testimony before Congress played a vital role in the success of the effort, and Congress designated the area as a National Park in 1940.", "John Muir (; April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) also known as \"John of the Mountains\", was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The 211 mi John Muir Trail, a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada, was named in his honor. Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir and Muir Glacier. In Scotland, the John Muir Way, a 130-mile-long route, was named in honor of him.", "Robb Hirsch prefers to photograph away from the crowds, often backpacking or skiing long distances to previously scouted locations. Photography is part of the wilderness experience for him and by spending considerable time exploring, scouting and waiting for the right light, he becomes more in tune with the area, ultimately culminating in more evocative images. Robb shoots with Canon digital camera gear. His goal is to accurately portray the scenes he photographs and use as little post processing as possible. He enjoys shooting everything from wildlife to wildflowers, from grand landscapes to tiny abstracts. Robb’s images are known for their compelling subjects, careful compositions and fine light. In 2007, these attributes were highlighted nationally when his color landscape, El Capitan and the Merced River in Winter, was selected out of 17,000 entries and named a winner in the Natures Best, Windland Rice Smith International Nature Photography Competition. SMALL AND PRIVATE SESSIONS AVAILABLE Robb offers custom small group and private photography workshops and backpacking trips in Yosemite National Park and surrounding Sierra Nevada. Ph: 209.206.2235 Email: robb@robbhirschphoto.com www.robbhirschphoto.com", "John Muir was very creative and he designed a water-powered mill to cut wind-felled trees, and he built a small cabin along Yosemite Creek, designing it so that a section of the stream flowed through a corner of the room so he could enjoy the sound of running water. He lived in the cabin for two years, and wrote about this period in his book First Summer in the Sierra (1911). Muir's biographer, Frederick Turner, notes Muir's journal entry upon first visiting the valley and writes that his description \"blazes from the page with the authentic force of a conversion experience.\"", "With its scrubby sun-baked chaparral, stately groves of pine, fir, and sequoia, and expanses of alpine woodlands and meadows, Yosemite National Park preserves a Sierra Nevada landscape as it prevailed before Euro-American settlement. In contrast to surrounding lands, which have been significantly altered by logging, the park still contains some 225510 acre of old-growth forest. Taken together, the park's varied habitats support over 250 species of vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.", "In 1979, Avedon began work on a project that he regarded as the best work of his career. He had become seriously ill as a result of an inflammation of the heart. He visited the West to recuperate and began to photograph what would become a five year project called In The American West , in which Avedon chronicled the people of the West. He photographed drifters, loners, and ordinary people like factory workers, ranchers and coal miners. Avedon was in his 60s and felt he was entering what he called “the last great chapter”. He viewed the project as a reaction to or an identification of his own mortality. The project received decidedly mixed reviews. Some applauded the project for its “unrelenting vision”, while others condemned it as exploitation and “falsifying the West”.", "A pond near May Lake in Yosemite National Park, CA. The pond is extremely still and reflects the dark silhouettes of the trees around it. Yosemite National Park was one of the earliest national parks. Formed in 1890, it was preceded only by Yellowstone and...", "El Dorado National Forest — Located west of Lake Tahoe, El Dorado was first made famous by the California gold rush discovery along the American River and later by the legendary Kit Carson, who led expeditions across the Sierra Mountain ranges. Today the forest offers visitors hiking trails, fishing holes and camping sites.", "This transition from a \"wild\" western frontier into organized segments of a federal union is documented in photographs. Private citizens and Government officials took the recently developed camera on their western adventures to record nature's curious sights and the marks that they as men and women made on the landscape. It is indeed a wonder that so many photographs have survived the hardships of the western experience, for early negatives were made of large glass plates. Some of these photographs have found their way into the National Archives as record materials of several Federal bureaus and offices, such as the Bureaus of Land Management, Indian Affairs, Public Roads, Weather, Agricultural Economics, and Reclamation; the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Geological Survey, boundary and claims commissions and arbitrations, the Corps of Engineers, the Forest Service, and the Signal Corps. The photographs listed below were selected from the records of these agencies now on deposit in the National Archives.", "1903. A large, lush valley in Yosemite National Park. It is important because it became the subject of controversy when the Roosevelt administration contemplated using it for a place to impound city water from San Francisco. In 1913, the project was approved by the Wilson administration. Preservationists saw this as an example of commercialism triumphing over natural resources and beauty.", "     Of course, there was calculation and some cunning on both sides. Pinchot’s family wanted Gifford to connect with the influential Muir, a man whose company was sought by everyone from Ralph Waldo Emerson to New York Police Commissioner Teddy Roosevelt. Muir, who had just started the Sierra Club in 1892 as a voice for the California range, could always use the Pinchot money and perhaps this bright young forester to further the cause. Together with a few other men who were starting to talk of ways to protect the land, they formed a conservation caucus that could barely fill a Union Pacific caboose. Fellow travelers included Olmsted, who was one of the first to insist that it was America’s duty to put aside great public grounds for the free enjoyment of people”; a German-American forester, Bernhard Fernow, who headed the government’s first division of forestry even though he had no land under his jurisdiction; and the Boston botanist Charles Sargent. Small as the group was, their ideas were contagious, and well placed.", "In July 1896, Muir became associated with Gifford Pinchot, a national leader in the conservation movement. Pinchot was the first head of the United States Forest Service and a leading spokesman for the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of the people. His views eventually clashed with Muir's and highlighted two diverging views of the use of the country's natural resources. Pinchot saw conservation as a means of managing the nation's natural resources for long-term sustainable commercial use. As a professional forester, his view was that \"forestry is tree farming,\" without destroying the long-term viability of the forests. Muir valued nature for its spiritual and transcendental qualities. In one essay about the National Parks, he referred to them as \"places for rest, inspiration, and prayers.\" He often encouraged city dwellers to experience nature for its spiritual nourishment. Both men opposed reckless exploitation of natural resources, including clear-cutting of forests. Even Muir acknowledged the need for timber and the forests to provide it, but Pinchot's view of wilderness management was more resource-oriented." ]

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[ "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with headquarters in Atlanta , has been a key factor in combating many of the health issues facing the United States. It is the nation's premier public health agency, and a unit of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, a few miles northeast of the Atlanta city limits. ", "In addition to its Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those locations include Anchorage; Cleveland; Cincinnati; Fort Collins; Hyattsville; Morgantown; Pittsburgh; Research Triangle Park; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Spokane, Washington; Detroit; and Washington, D.C. The CDC also conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the world’s largest, on-going telephone health survey system. ", "1998 world distribution of plague. Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Ga.", "Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and in developed countries, through local health systems and non-governmental organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the international agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, to respond to domestic health issues. For example, in the United States, the front line of public health initiatives are state and local health departments. The United States Public Health Service (PHS), led by the Surgeon General of the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, headquartered in Atlanta, are involved with several international health activities, in addition to their national duties. In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. ThePublic health system in India is managed by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the government of India with state owned health care facilities.", "Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn, somewhat fancifully, in the shape of a mosquito. Under Joseph Walter Mountin, the CDC continued to advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases. In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acre of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters today. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established. An Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) was established in 1951, originally due to biological warfare concerns arising from the Korean War; it evolved into two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology, and a prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), now found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally. ", " on AIDS at the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Community Services Center in Hollywood, California. At the hearing, Dr. James Curran, head of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Task Force on Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, estimates that tens of thousands of people may be affected by the disease.", "After World War II (1941-45), Joseph W. Mountin, a physician and public health leader, formed a plan to convert the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) office to a peacetime agency to monitor and control infectious diseases. CDC was organized as the Communicable Disease Center on July 1, 1946, in Atlanta. Mountin had high hopes for the new institution, which was part of the U.S. Public Health Service. Administrators and directors who have served since the agency's inception include Raymond A. Vonderlehr (1947-51), Justin M. Andrews (1952-53), Theodore J. Bauer (1953-56), Robert J. Anderson (1956-60), Clarence A. Smith (1960-62), James L. Goddard (1962-66), David J. Sencer (1966-77), William H. Foege (1977-83), James O. Mason (1983-89), William L. Roper (1990-93), David Satcher (1993-98), Jeffrey P. Koplan (1998-2002), Julie L. Gerberding (2002-9), interim director Richard E. Besser (2009), and Thomas Frieden (2009- ).", "New York City (officially The City of New York) is the largest city in the United States, with a metropolitan area that is among the largest urban areas in the world. The city serves as one of the world's primary global cities, exerting a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, and entertainment.", "New York (official name is City of New York) is the largest city in the United States, the most densely populated city in North America and one of the world's most popular and major global cities. New York City, located in the state of New York, today is an international center for business, finance, entertainment, media, and culture. The city houses the headquarters of the United Nations, and a variety of the world's most famous skyscrapers.", "The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States (see National Malaria Eradication Program).", "* The Hubert H. Humphrey Building of the Department of Health and Human Services in Washington, D.C.", "Washington is the capital city of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, which included the preexisting settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria. Named in honor of George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia and created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District in 1871. The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, president, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations.", "Washington D.C. and City of Baltimore: Formally known as the District of Columbia and most often referred to as Washington, the District, or D.C is the capital of the United States. It was founded on July 16, 1790. The act of Congress in 1871 merged the City of Washington and the Territory of Columbia into a single entity known as the District of Columbia. Thereby it is known also as Washington, D.C, even though it is legally named the District of Columbia.", "Baltimore (, locally:) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county; thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States. Baltimore has more public monuments than any other city per capita in the country and is home to some of the earliest National Register historic districts in the nation, including Fell's Point (1969), Federal Hill (1970) and Mount Vernon Place (1971). More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any other city in the nation. ", "Seattle is a hub for global health with the headquarters of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. In 2015, the Washington Global Health Alliance counted 168 global health organizations in Washington state, many are headquartered in Seattle. ", "Headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., with regional offices in Anchorage, Atlanta, Lakewood, CO (Denver), Omaha, NE, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Seattle. The headquarters building of the National Park Service Southwest Regional Office is architecturally significant and is designated a National Historic Landmark.", "Many of Detroit's medical care facilities are considered outstanding. Children's Hospital is no exception. Nationally recognized for exceptional care and facilities, the hospital continues to provide top-notch service for children's health care needs. Joined by Detroit Receiving, Harper Hospital, Huron Valley-Sinai, Hutzel, Sinai-Grace, the Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, the International Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, and the Kresge Eye Institute, patients are afforded the most recent developments in medical procedures. In addition, The Detroit Medical Center (DMC), also located downtown, is the regulating center for seven hospitals, 3,000 doctors, two nursing centers, 100 primary care physicians, and both teaching and clinical research for Wayne State University. Detroit is headquarters to Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Michigan, one of the nations largest health care providers.", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases", "One skeptic—perhaps the most influential and thus the most disastrous—was WHO, the health arm of the U.N. Underfunded and overly bureaucratic, WHO is, in the eyes of its many critics, woefully inadequate in dealing with rapidly emerging threats like Ebola. Worse perhaps, the agency’s local representatives are notoriously jealous of their turf and prerogatives. At this same critical moment, WHO offices in West Africa turned away a team of experts from the CDC working in Guinea, insisting that their help was not needed, says CDC director Dr. Thomas Frieden. The CDC, a large and very well-regarded public-health agency, is unsurpassed in its capacity for action, maintaining some 2,000 field workers in 60 countries around the world. Those workers in turn can often summon resources from the U.S. to smother epidemics in their infancy abroad.", "The CDC is organized into \"Centers, Institutes, and Offices\" (CIOs) which allow it to be responsive and effective in its interface with public health concerns. Each organizational unit implements the agency's response in a particular area of expertise. Within \"Offices\" are Centers, Divisions, and Branches.", "From 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets (although, for a short period during which a yellow fever epidemic ravaged the city, it resided in the New Jersey State House in Trenton, New Jersey). In 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801. It moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866, except for the period from September 1814 to April 1816 (during which it occupied a structure at G and 18th streets NW while the Treasury Building was repaired). It then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875. Since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington; the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as \"Foggy Bottom.\" ", "Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States, 1790–1800, while the Federal City was under construction in the District of Columbia. In 1793, the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed at least 4,000 and up to 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the city's population. ", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | definition of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by Medical dictionary", "North American Airlines has its headquarters in Building 141 along Federal Circle, on the airport property. [58] North American Airlines is one of the building's tenants; the building also has Globe Ground and VOA as tenants and Port Authority storage. [59] Building 141 was originally a Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) administration building. [60] In the 1990s it served as the PANYNJ police headquarters. [61] In 2000 an $800,000, 5,000 square feet (460 m2) annex of the building opened to serve students of Aviation High School in Long Island City. [60] In 2003 Building 141 was dedicated in honor of Morris Sloane, a PANYNJ aviation employee. [62]", "Foggy Bottom is also home to numerous international and American organizations. The World Bank buildings, the International Finance Corporation, the International Monetary Fund, the Office of Personnel Management, DAR Constitution Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the American Pharmacists Association, the American Red Cross National Headquarters, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Organization of American States are all located in the neighborhood. In addition, the Mexican and Spanish Embassies are located in Foggy Bottom, both on Pennsylvania Avenue.", "As a major hub of global travel, immigration, and commerce, along with having a large civilian and military presence and wide-ranging interests overseas, the United States will remain at risk from global infectious disease outbreaks, or even a bioterrorist incident using infectious disease microbes. Infectious diseases will continue to kill nearly 170,000 Americans annually and many more in the event of an epidemic of influenza or yet-unknown disease or a steep decline in the effectiveness of available HIV/AIDS drugs. Although several emerging infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, were first identified in the United States, most, including HIV/AIDS, originate outside US borders, with the entry of the West Nile virus in 1999 a case in point (see inset).", "(7) \"United States central authority\" means the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.", "June 8: Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , hosts “ Commemorating 30 Years of Leadership in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS .” Watch the Secretary's speech .", "The city has one of the highest per capita rates of HIV infection in the United States, with disproportionate rates of infection among African-American males. Efforts by local advocates to create needle exchange programs to reduce the spread of infection were obstructed for several years by downstate and suburban state legislators but a program was finally approved in June 2006. ", "Where is the current headquarters of Which of the following is the largest directorate in the Department of Homeland Security?", "July 2014 - Patrick Sawyer, a top government official in the Liberian Ministry of Finance, dies at a local Nigerian hospital. He is the first American to die in what officials are calling \"deadliest Ebola outbreak in history.\"" ]

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[ "He called his beer Samuel Adams—not that Koch, an Ohioan, had any special connection to the founding father. He picked the name from a list of nearly 800 possibilities, deciding to swaddle his brand in the nostalgia and history of Boston by capitalizing on the name of a revolutionary who fought for American independence. (He settled on Sam Adams only when he was cornered by Boston magazine for a 1985 interview—he nearly called it New World Boston Lager.) Tying his beer to a historical figure created an immediate sense of heritage, giving the brand instant authenticity and gravitas. Koch also claimed that Adams was a brewer, adding extra sizzle to his company’s already compelling story. The phrase “Brewer. Patriot.” was stamped on some of his earliest labels.", "Historically, that wasn’t exactly true. Adams was actually a maltster, not a brewer—a fact embraced by biographers of Adams and beer geeks alike. Koch, however, maintains Adams may have done some brewing on the side. Likewise, Koch’s story of basing his flagship lager on his great-great-grandfather’s old recipe has also been challenged as exaggeration. A biochemist named Joe Owades, who engineered the first “light” beer and once worked for Anheuser-Busch, was hired as a consultant by Koch to fine-tune the recipe for Sam Adams’s Boston Lager.", "After Adams had lost his money, his father made him a partner in the family's malthouse, which was next to the family home on Purchase Street. Several generations of Adamses were maltsters, who produced the malt necessary for brewing beer. Years later, a poet would poke fun at Adams by calling him \"Sam the maltster\". Adams has often been described as a brewer, but the extant evidence suggests that Adams worked as a maltster and not a brewer. ", "Widely believed to be the inventor of hopped malt beer, Gambrinus (who is not to be confused with St. Arnold, the patron saint of brewing) learned the art of brewing from Isis, the ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility ( www.swagbrewery.com/blogs/beer-facts/6761836-beer-fact-19-king-gambrinus-is-the-patron-saint-of-beer ).", "Anheuser-Busch was founded by German immigrants, the American brewers say. Adolphus Busch (a German-born American beer brewer) adopted the name Budweiser in 1876. He is said to had thought it was a great idea to give the beer distinct and evocative name --Budweiser - that reminded him of his old country which already was well-known for its high quality beer products, and was also to be brewed in the same style the Czech/German lager-style beers were. 5 .", "It all began one day in the now famous year of 1664, when young Jerome Hatt proudly filled a brand new barrel with his first official brew. Jerome had just been awarded the diploma of brewer-cooper, which meant he could henceforth brew and sell his own beer. He set up his brewery right in the centre of Strasbourg, at the Brasserie du Canon, a few steps away from the cathedral. Little could he imagine what the future would hold.", "It is also known as Carlsberg Lager, Carlsberg Beer and Carlsberg Pilsner. It was first brewed in 1904, and was created by Carl Jacobsen, son of Carlsberg's founder JC Jacobsen.", "But Fritz still regards himself a brewer above all else. His interests and knowledge beyond beer, however, are diverse. It was his great grand-father who founded the giant Maytag Appliance Company. He can tell you all you need to know about cheese as his father was responsible for creating one of the country’s most appreciated delicacies, Maytag Blue. He and his family still own and run the farm in Newton, Iowa, where it is made, although he lives in a 125 acre vineyard which sits astride the Napa and Sonoma counties, north of San Francisco. Naturally enough, his York Creek red wines have become much prized and Fritz enjoys the thought of being the only man in the USA to commercially make wine, beer, and whiskey. He even grows his own olive trees on the land and although the oil he produces from them is rarely seen in a store, you will find it liberally sprinkled on his salads.", "Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old (\"alt\") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher which opened in 1838. The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered. The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well. ", "Whisky, as well as golf, has now so masterfully invaded England, that this can no longer be called “Scottish Drink,” as it was not by Burns. In his day, home-brewed beer was the Lowland beverage, of which a Cromwellian soldier complained as more like brose for its thickness. Up to our day “Edinburgh Ale” made the capital’s chief contribution to the heady gaiety of nations. Whisky came in from the Highlands, its name a contraction of uisgebeatha, “water of life,” which Burns and Scott write usquebaugh, the Celtic word for water being the same that appears in so many river names Esk, Usk, Exe, Axe, and so forth. Even in the Highlands, this mountain dew would seem to have supplanted beer within historic times; and old writers admire the temperance as much as the honesty and courage of Highlanders. Both Highland and Lowland gentlemen preferred brandy, in the days when, as Lord Cockburn tells us, claret was hawked about the Edinburgh streets in a cart, a jug of any reasonable size being filled for sixpence.", "The founder of this company was John Courage born in 1761, who began brewing in 1787. From his five grandsons were produced five family branches of Courage; Robert, Edward, Alfred, Frank and Henry were born between 1830 and 1840. 10 By the 1980s the Courage Company was a subsidiary owned by the Hanson Trust and, in September 1986, it was sold to Australian Fosters lager group Elders IXL for £1,400 million. The deal included the Courage and John Smith breweries with 5,000+ pubs, the wine & spirit wholesaler Sacconerd Speed and the 386 branded off-licenses Roberts and Coopers.", "As we Brits are famous for our drinking culture and our love of Beer I thought I would write about the oldest British beer and trademark. The oldest brand is actually Bass Pale Ale Beer. Bass is the name of a former brewery and the brand name for several English beers brewed in Burton upon Trent. Bass is most particularly associated with their pale ale. The distinctive Red Triangle logo for Bass Pale Ale was Britain's first registered trademark. The Bass & Co Brewery was established by William Bass in 1777.", "But it was Wilhelm V's successor, Maximilian I, who landed a grand coup that finally spelled an end to the dominance of northern beers in Munich. In 1612, he enticed one Einbecker brewmaster, Elias Pichler, to come to Munich and create an authentic copy of the famous original Einbecker beer. Once there, poor Elias was not allowed to leave town for purpose or pleasure. He had become too valuable a state asset to be let run free. The Bavarian dialect soon mangled the name Einbeck to ayn pock and, eventually, to ein Bock. The beer itself metamorphosed, under Bavarian influence, from a strong ale into a strong lager, which is what we know as Bock beer today.", "Actually Jack McAuliffe is the father of modern craft brewing. He was brewing in the 70s.", "The Budweiser from Budějovice has been called \"The Beer of Kings\" since the 16th century. Adolphus Busch changed this slogan to \"The King Of Beers.\" The Czech Budweiser is sold in some countries as Budejovicky Budvar but is known as Budweiser in many other countries throughout Europe.", "The legendary king of Flanders, King Gambrius is credited with the being the first to add hops to beer, and is considered one of the ‘unofficial’ patron saints of beer. He may be based on an actual fellow named John the Fearless (what a great name) who some historians believe is the actual inventor of hopped beer.", "Combining his experience from the Annexe brewery with his training abroad and visits to more or less every type of brewery in Europe, Carl created a model brewery. Like his father, he employed the best architects of the time, and his Ny (New) Carlsberg was more lavishly decorated than Old Carlsberg and the Annexe brewery.", "German Americans were pioneers and dominated beer brewing for much of American history, beginning with breweries founded in the 19th century by German immigrants August Schell (August Schell Brewing Company), Christian Moerlein (Christian Moerlein Brewing Co.), Eberhard Anheuser (Anheuser-Busch InBev), Adolphus Busch (Anheuser-Busch InBev), Adolph Coors (Molson Coors Brewing Company), Frederick Miller (Miller Brewing Company), Frederick Pabst (Pabst Brewing Company), Bernhard Stroh (Stroh Brewery Company) and Joseph Schlitz (Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company). ", "Be that as it may, the craft-beer world as Koch knew it—the one that brought him to billionaire status—is fading away. In its place is something that he finds far less rewarding. Since 2011, in response to slowing beer sales, Koch’s company has been selling other beverages on the sly, namely alcoholic cider and flavored malt beverages under the brand names Angry Orchard and Twisted Tea. These products have been so successful—Angry Orchard now controls more than 50 percent of the American cider market—and make up such a large portion of Boston Beer’s business that some joke it should be renamed the Boston Cider Company.", "In 1750, the Swedish botanist Peter Kalm, interviewing a nonagenarian for his book Travels in North America, learned that the early Swedish colonists of what is now eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey had been “plentifully provided with wheat, rye, barley and oats. The Swedes, at that time, brewed all their beer of malt made of barley, and likewise made good strong beer.” And of sassafras specifically, he wrote, “Some people peel the root, and boil the peel with the beer which they may be brewing, because they believe it wholesome.” He adds: “The peel is put into brandy, either while it is distilling or after it is made.” Nor was ordinary tea neglected: “An old Swede remembered that his mother cured many people of the dropsy by a decoction of the root of sassafras in water drunk every morning.”", "John the Fearless held several titles of nobility, one of which was Count of Flanders, a title he inherited in 1405. He is credited with introducing, or legalising, hops within the County of Flanders. Before they switched to hops, the Flemish, like many other Europeans, brewed beer with gruit, an herbal medley.", "When, in 1829, the Thompsons ran into financial problems they raised money from John Fuller and in 1845 control passed to his son John Bird Fuller. He brought in Henry Smith (from Romford brewers Ind Smith), Smith�s son, Henry, and son-in-law, John Turner. The descendants of these men have been running the company ever since. Fullers has recently taken over Gale�s Brewery and now has over 360 outlets.", "Though Native Americans brewed forms of beer with the basic ingredients they had, the first official brewery in the United States did not open until the 1600's when the Dutch West India Company set up shop in Manhattan. Today, beer comprises about 85% of the alcoholic drinks consumed in the US, with the most popular styles being IPA and pale lager. The nation's high demand is a good enough reason to produce so much of the cold stuff.", "* Gussie Busch – brewing magnate who built the Anheuser-Busch Companies into the largest brewery in the world as company chairman, 1946–1975, and became a prominent sportsman as owner of the St. Louis Cardinals franchise in MLB", "The development of German beer as we know it today was virtually finished by the time the 20th century rolled around--as were the struggles for political and economic power between church and state and between the common people and the aristocrats. But for about a thousand years, the question of who ran the country and owned the beer--monks, lords, merchants, guilds--had determined which beers were brewed and distributed, where, in which quantity and of which quality. Church, state and free enterprise each had its fair share in either furthering or retarding the progress of German beer. From (literally) murky beginnings at the dawn of European civilization, German beers have evolved into mature, sophisticated brews with an unmistakable character that stems from a unique combination of ingredients and processes.", "“I am the first man south of the Mason-Dixon line to brew a drinkable home-brew.” — H. L. Mencken, Heathen Days", "The old feudal rulers of the Dutchy of Bavaria, the House of Wittelsbach, came to power in 1180. Whatever their political fortunes, as guardians of their subjects' beer, they have a lot to answer for. For the first 300 years of their reign, they tried to keep the brewing of ales and lagers--and the profits that came with it--out of the hands of the monks and the burghers and reserved it for themselves and their cronies. Then, for the next 100 years or so, they almost wiped out ale brewing by passing regulations that favored lager making in general and strengthened the market position of their own court breweries in particular. In the end, though, they reinstated ale making, but only as wheat beer--and monopolized it completely, after it became clear how much money they could make from it.", "By the 12th century, feudal aristocrats, especially in southern Germany, began to take over the brew business from the monasteries and convents. A lord would build his own Hofbräuhaus (court brewhouse) and, if he was charitably inclined, issue a license to a secular private brewery--for a hefty fee, of course, but not always with the desired result. As it turned out, the brewing privileges of the monks and nuns were much more easily transferred than their brewing expertise, and beer quality usually declined. In northern Germany, the story was slightly different. There, forward-looking mercantile entrepreneurs rather than feudal nobles challenged the church for its brew monopoly. The enterprising free burghers usually were fast studies. Eventually they triumphed over the men of the cloth and surpassed them in the quality of the beers they produced.", "Pilsener (also pilsner, pilsen or simply pils) is a type of pale lager. It takes its name from the city of Plzeň, Bohemia, Czech Republic, where it was first produced in 1842.", "In Bavaria, as in the rest of Germany, any grain was acceptable for beer brewing, until our buddies, the Wittelsbacher co-dukes Wilhelm IV and Ludwig X, proclaimed that wheat would not make \"pure\" beer. That assertion must have been a kick in the teeth for the Degenberg clan, a noble family from the village of Schwarzach, near Munich, which had been brewing wheat ales for decades. The Degenbergers considered themselves the sole owners of the privilege to make and sell the brew in Bavaria.", "The Weissbier monopoly remained with the Wittelsbachers until well into the 19th century, by which time the Bavarian rulers had earned sheer astronomical sums from the sale to the humble masses of the erstwhile upper crust quaff. They even issued a wheat beer quality ordinance, in 1803, in which they specified that the brew should \"be bubbly and foamy, contain the bitterness of the hops, leave a cooling and refreshing sensation on the palate, and impart its prickly flavor to its bouquet as well.\" Thus, in spite of the Reinheitsgebot, which put lagers on the map, Bavaria became also the cradle of German wheat ales, by decree from above, not by democratic market forces from below ... simply because there was money in it for the nobles..", "I need not hazard any prediction concerning the advantages likely to accrue to the brewing industry from the adoption of such a process of brewing as my study of the subject has enabled me to devise, and from an application of the novel facts upon which this process is founded. Time is the best appraiser of scientific work, and I am not unaware that an industrial discovery rarely produces all its fruit in the hands of its first inventor." ]

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[ "November 6, 1860 – Abraham Lincoln, who had declared “Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free…” is elected president, the first Republican, receiving 180 of 303 possible electoral votes and 40 percent of the popular vote.", "November 6, 1860- Abraham Lincoln is elected sixteenth president of the United States, the first Republican president in the nation who represents a party that opposes the spread of slavery in the territories of the United States.", "November 6, 1860 - Abraham Lincoln, who had declared \"Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free...\" is elected president, the first Republican, receiving 180 of 303 possible electoral votes and 40 percent of the popular vote.", "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the United States through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860[1] as the first Republican president, Lincoln, reared in a family of modest means and mostly self-educated, had been a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate. Lincoln was a dedicated, though often necessarily absent, husband, and father of four children. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States,[2] Lincoln won the Republican nomination and was elected president in 1860. His tenure in office was immersed in the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Six days after the large-scale surrender of Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee, Lincoln became the first American president to be assassinated.", "On November 6, 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States -- an event that outraged southern states. The Republican party had run on an anti-slavery platform, and many southerners felt that there was no longer a place for them in the Union. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded. By Febrary 1, 1861, six more states -- Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas -- had split from the Union. The seceded states created the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi Senator, as their provisional president.", "The Republicans rapidly gained supporters in the North, and in 1856 their first presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, won 11 of the 16 Northern states. By 1860, the majority of the Southern slave states were publicly threatening secession if the Republicans won the presidency. In November 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected president over a divided Democratic Party, and six weeks later South Carolina formally seceded from the Union. Within six more weeks, five other Southern states had followed South Carolina’s lead, and in April 1861 the Civil War began when Confederate shore batteries under General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina’s Charleston Bay.", "When Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860, seven slave states left the Union to form the Confederate States of America, and four more joined when hostilities began between the North and South. A bloody civil war then engulfed the nation as Lincoln vowed to preserve the Union, enforce the laws of the United States, and end the secession. The war lasted for more than four years with a staggering loss of more than 600,000 Americans dead. Midway through the war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves within the Confederacy and changed the war from a battle to preserve the Union into a battle for freedom. He was the first Republican President, and Union victory ended forever the claim that state sovereignty superseded federal authority. Killed by an assassin's bullet less than a week after the surrender of Confederate forces, Lincoln left the nation a more perfect Union and thereby earned the admiration of most Americans as the country's greatest President.", "On November 6, 1860, Lincoln won the presidential election without the support of a single Southern state.  Talk of secession, bandied about since the 1830s, took on a serious new tone. The Civil War was not entirely caused by Lincoln’s election, but the election was one of the primary reasons the war broke out the following year.", "In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against the expansion of slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. In response to the Republican victory in that election, seven states declared their secession from the Union before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and Lincoln's incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. Several other slave states rejected calls for secession at this point.", "Abraham Lincoln was the US president during the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth US president who was elected to power in the year 1860. He represented the Republican Party. He was the first Republican to receive 180 of 303 electoral votes and forty percent of the popular vote.", "Southern slaveholders were outraged when in 1860 the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its presidential candidate. They looked to the Democratic Party to defend its interests but when it met in Charleston in April, 1860, it selected, Stephen A. Douglas . Unhappy with the choice of Douglas, Southern delegates decided to hold another convention in Baltimore in June. They then selected John Breckenridge of Kentucky to fight the election. The situation was further complicated by the formation of the Constitutional Union Party and the nomination of John Bell of Tennessee as its presidential candidate.", "      In 1859 John Brown, who had won notoriety in \"Bleeding Kansas,\" seized the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in a mad attempt to foment a slave uprising within that slaveholding state. Again Federal troops were called on to suppress the new outbreak, and pressures and emotions rose on the eve of the 1860 elections. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected to succeed Buchanan; although he had failed to win a majority of the popular vote, he received 180 of the 303 electoral votes. The inauguration that was to vest in him the powers of the presidency would take place March 4, 1861. During this lame-duck period, Mr. Buchanan was unable to control events and the country continued to lose its cohesion.", "Upholding a promise he had made in his inaugural address, James Buchanan did not seek reelection in 1860. At their national convention, the Democrats were split over their choice for a nominee, with Northern Democrats selecting Stephen Douglas (1813-1861) of Illinois and Southern Democrats picking Vice President Breckinridge. The Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln , and the Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell (1796-1869). Lincoln won 180 electoral votes (and a little less than 40 percent of the popular vote), while his challengers garnered a combined electoral 123 votes. On December 20, 1860, in response to Lincoln’s victory, South Carolina seceded from the Union. By the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1861, six more states– Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana and Texas–had also seceded and formed the Confederate States of America .", "The first of the Republican Presidents was Abraham Lincoln who took office on May 4th, 1861. As America’s 16th president, he is most famous for leading the nation through its worst internal conflict, the Civil War. Unfortunately, he is also famous for being the nation’s first president to be assassinated. A lesser known achievement of his is bringing strength and organization to the Republican Party. As a result of his efforts, the Republican Party is often referred to as the Party of Lincoln.", "Sectional strife rose to such a pitch in 1860 that the Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings, each nominating its own candidate for the presidency. Consequently, when the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, it was almost a foregone conclusion that he would be elected even though his name appeared on no southern ballot. Rather than accept a Republican administration, the southern \"fire-eaters\" advocated secession.", "One of the most significant aspects of Lincoln’s election is that he held all of the Free states and none of the slave states. When the results of the election were announced many in South Carolina and Charleston started meeting to discuss succession. Lincoln was elected the President of the United States (the 16th) on November 6th, 1860 and by November 10th legislature had started meeting and succession talk was underway.", "The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan. By 1858, the Republicans dominated nearly all Northern states. The Republican Party first came to power in 1860 with the election of Lincoln to the Presidency and Republicans in control of Congress and again, the Northern states. It oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877.Gould", "A national convention was called in the name of \"the executive committee created by the national convention held in Chicago on the sixteenth day of May 1860.\" The use of the name Republican was carefully avoided. The convention met in Baltimore on 7 June 1864 and named itself the National Union (Arm-in-Arm) Convention. The Republican leaders wanted to appeal to Union sentiment and eliminate partisan influence as much as possible. The platform, which was unanimously adopted, was a statement of \"unconditional Union\" principles and pledged the convention to put down rebellion by force of arms. Abraham Lincoln was nominated for a second term by the vote of every delegate except those from Missouri, who had been instructed to vote for Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. The nomination then was made unanimous. Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a leading Southern Democrat who had been staunch in his loyalty to the Union, was nominated for vice president. The Democratic party met in convention on 29 August, also in Chicago. Its platform declared the war a failure and advocated the immediate cessation of hostilities and the restoration of the Union by peaceable means. The convention nominated Gen. George B. McClellan for president and George H. Pendleton for vice president. McClellan accepted the nomination but at the same time virtually repudiated the platform out of fear that it would alienate the Northern electorate.", "From the election of George Washington to the election of Lincoln in 1860, Southerners controlled the national government most of the time.", "1861 – Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated for his first term as President of the United States.", "The electoral win by Lincoln, the candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party, prompted the slave states of the American South to begin serious discussions about secession. And between Lincoln's election and his inauguration in March 1861 the slave states began seceding. Lincoln thus took power over a country which had already fractured.", "When Lincoln of the Republican Party—the party of “free labor, free soil” as well as the party of the radical abolitionists—became president, southerners knew their fantasies of turning most of the U.S. into a gigantic plantation would never happen. The South preempted any formal debate on the question of slavery by launching the secession crisis in 1861—and the Civil War was on.", "William McKinley (later to become President of the United States) stated the stance of the Republican Party (which won every election for President from 1868 until 1912, except the two non-consecutive terms of Grover Cleveland) as thus:", "On February 27, 1860, New York party leaders invited Lincoln to give a  speech at Cooper Union  to a group of powerful Republicans. Lincoln argued that the Founding Fathers had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. Lincoln insisted the moral foundation of the Republicans required opposition to slavery, and rejected any \"groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong\". [107]  Despite his inelegant appearance—many in the audience thought him awkward and even ugly [108] —Lincoln demonstrated an intellectual leadership that brought him into the front ranks of the party and into contention for the Republican presidential nomination. Journalist  Noah Brooks  reported, \"No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience.\" [109] [110]", "Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.", "On this day in 1861, Abraham Lincoln becomes the 16th president of the United States. In his inauguration speechLincoln extended an olive branch to the South, but also made it clear that he intended to enforce federal laws in the states that seceded.", "Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States. He was elected vice president on the Republican ticket with Abraham Lincoln and became President in 1865 after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Earlier in his career, he served as a U.S. senator representing Tennessee from 1857 to 1862 and then briefly in 1875 until his death.", "In the 1864 U.S. presidential election, President Abraham Lincoln defeated his former top general, George McClellan, the Democratic candidate. McClellan later served as the governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881.", "The first presidential election held in accordance with the new law was held on November 7, 1848. In that year's election, the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor defeated Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party, and former president Martin Van Buren , who was running on the ticket of the Free Soil Party.", "The old leaders of the Whig party, Clay and Webster, were dead, but that organization lost not only leaders but thousands of voters in the free states. As early as 1841 a state convention in Louisiana founded the Native American or Knownothing party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and its execution led to a breaking up of the old political parties. As early as 1854 there was formed a new organization established on anti-slavery principles. The new party, named Republican, was joined by Free-soilers, Whigs, and anti-Nebraska Democrats. The first National Nominating Convention of this party (1856), its candidates, and some of its principles have been noticed in the sketch of political parties. In that election the Democratic nominees, Buchanan and Breckinridge, were chosen. Whigs and Knownothings then disappeared from national politics. In his inaugural address President Buchanan referred to a forthcoming decision of the United States Supreme Court, which would set at rest the slavery agitation. This was in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford. The question in this celebrated case was whether a slave became free if taken by his master to, and permitted to reside in, a free state. The opinion of the majority decided:", "Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, and served as the 16th President of the United States. Although his presidential term was cut short when he was assassinated in 1865, he led the country through the Civil War and was successful in ending slavery in the country. His Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 abolished slavery, and he also promoted passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. In speaking of the Civil War, Lincoln stated, \"A house divided against itself cannot stand.\"", "(1809-1865) , American Republican statesman, 16th President of the United States 1861-1865. His election as President on an anti-slavery platform ..." ]

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[ "The world’s first commercial handheld cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x, received approval from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1983, and was introduced to the public in 1984 at a retail price of $3,995 after testing in the Chicago market. The 28-ounce phone was designed by Motorola’s industrial design team headed by manager Rudy Krolopp. The concept of a cordless phone evolved from the Motorola SCR 536 “Walkie-Talkie” developed for military use in 1943. In 1972, Motorola demonstrated a portable cellular telephone system to the FCC, using a device developed by Martin Cooper. In 1989, Motorola debuted its MicroTAC phone, the world’s smallest and lightest at 10.7 ounces. It was also designed by Rudy Krolopp’s design team. By 1996, Motorola’s StarTAC weighed only 3.1 ounces and fit into the palm of the hand.", "The modern handheld cell phone era began in 1973 when Motorola invented the first cellular portable telephone to be commercialised, known as Motorola DynaTAC 8000X.", "Released in 1984, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was the first commercially available mobile phone. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first cell phone call ever with a predecessor of this beast. At 1.75 pounds, this phone had 30 minutes of talk time and cost a not-so-modest $3,995.", "The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 4.4 lbs (2 kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching even the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2016, the top mobile phone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple and Huawei. ", "In September 1983, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the DynaTAC 8000X telephone, the world's first commercial cellular device. By 1998, cellphones accounted for two thirds of Motorola's gross revenue. The company was also strong in semiconductor technology, including integrated circuits used in computers. In particular, it is known for the 6800 family and 68000 family of microprocessors and related peripheral ICs; the processors were used used in Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, Color Computer, and Apple Macintosh personal computers and in the early HP laser printers, and some 6800-family peripheral devices were used in the IBM PC series of personal computers. The PowerPC family was developed with IBM and in a partnership with Apple (known as the AIM alliance). Motorola also has a diverse line of communication products, including satellite systems, digital cable boxes and modems.", "Memories of first mobiles are a bit like flashbacks of first love – nostalgic, but a tiny bit embarrassing. Did we ever really adore something so clunky? The answer is yes – and in the mid 1980s many would have killed to get their hands on the Mobira Transportable which weighed in at a mighty 11 pounds (the same as a miniature Daschund) It was better than the other option at the time – a fixed car phone. Luckily demand for a truly mobile phone was so strong that Vodafone started offering the Motorola 8000X in March 1985. The Motorola 8000X was a more manageable 850g, and offered a whopping 30 minutes of talk time.", "The DynaTAC 8000s was the phone sold by Motorola in the UK, which replaced the 8000x. Most 8000s phones are grey, but this one has the much rarer green/brown colour.", "The first mobiles had gone on sale in the US in 1983, a decade after the first mobile-telephone call in the world was made on 3 April 1973 by Motorola's Martin Cooper . Standing outside the New York Hilton, Cooper used a Motorola DynaTAC to call the head of research at rival Bell Labs to let him know Bell had just lost the race.", "Five hectic months later, on April 3, 1973, Motorola hosted a grandiose event at New York's Hilton Hotel to present two hand-built DynaTAC handheld phones to an enchanted press. Since there was no actual cellular network built yet, these first two DynaTACs were actually fancy 900 MHz cordless phones. (Here are the full details of the complete whirlwind DynaTAC development process.)", "The slightly cheaper Motorola 8000S, introduced in 1985, had one fewer function key. In 1987 Motorola introduced the DynaTAC 8500X. This phone was more common in the UK. It added another function, a 'name' key and came in black and grey. The name key allowed the storing of callers' names. This was an advance over the 8000X. The 8500X had an alphabetic keypad to support this feature (right).", "The DynaTAC 8000m was the phone sold by Motorola in the US, which replaced the 8000x. Nearly all the 8000m phones carry the name of the network provider they were sold by, in this case 'Bell Atlantic'", "The DynaTAC 8000m was the phone sold by Motorola in the US, which replaced the 8000x. Nearly all the 8000m phones carry the name of the network provider they were sold by, in this case 'American Wireless'", "While it might be considered extremely unwieldy by modern standards, at the time, it was considered revolutionary because mobile telephones were bulky affairs installed in vehicles or in heavy briefcases. The DynaTAC 8000X was truly the first mobile telephone which could connect to the telephone network without the assistance of a mobile operator and could be carried about by the user.", "Motorola executive and cell phone inventor Martin Cooper holds a Motorola DynaTAC, a prototype of the first handheld cellular telephone. Cooper completed the first cell phone call April 3, 1973.", "cell phone, and it became a regular feature in mass media, first as a symbol of wealth and futurism, and later as a quaint throwback when its era had ended. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller Motorola MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the Motorola StarTAC, it was already obsolete.", "The DynaTac 8000X, due to its resemblance in size and weight to a standard clay-fired brick, was nicknamed the brick phone by users, a term later applied to other brands as a contrast to smaller handsets appearing in the 1990s. ", "The first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer. Followed by Psion's Series 3, in 1991, which began to resemble the more familiar PDA style. It also had a full keyboard. The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the IBM Simon, which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which became the world's best-selling PDA. The Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs: the \"PDA phone\", now called \"smartphone\". Another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. The terms \"personal digital assistant\" and \"PDA\" apply to smartphones but are not used in marketing, media, or general conversation to refer to devices such as the BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone or Android devices.", "Heavy and cumbersome, the first generation of mobile phones were sold in the UK from 1984 – before the first products were even available and before the network was officially live. Such was the demand for a fully portable, cellular phone that more than 2,000 orders had been taken by the Vodafone sales team before Michael Harrison made his call from Parliament Square.  By the end of 1985, over 12,000 devices had been sold.", "Heavy and cumbersome, the first generation of mobile phones were sold in the UK from 1984 – before the first products were even available and before the network was officially live. Such was the demand for a fully portable, cellular phone that more than 2,000 orders had been taken by the Vodafone sales team before Michael Harrison made his call from Parliament Square. By the end of 1985, over 12,000 devices had been sold.", "Over the next 15 years $100 million was invested in the research and development of cellular technology. The DynaTAC 8000X weighed 785g (28 ounces) and measured a colossal 300x44x89mm (13x1.75x3.5\"). It only boasted one hour of talk time and eight hours of standby time, so that if you wanted it on 24 hours a day you would have to charge up three sets of batteries every day. However, it only had an LED display instead of an LCD, which was only just starting to be used in the digital watches of the time. There was a 150mm (6\") aerial protruding from the top of it and you could also manage to save the princely total of 30 numbers in the memory of the phone.", "In early 2000, the Ericsson R380 was released by Ericsson Mobile Communications, and was the first device marketed as a \"smartphone\". It combined the functions of a mobile phone and a PDA, supported limited web browsing with a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus. In early 2001, Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, which combined a PDA with a mobile phone and operated on Verizon. It also supported limited web browsing. In 2002, Handspring released the Treo 180, the first smartphone to combine Palm OS and a GSM phone, with telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access fully integrated into Palm OS. Smartphones before Android, iOS and BlackBerry, typically ran on Symbian, which was originally developed by Psion. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until the last quarter of 2010.", "Motorola, Inc. () was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, United States. After having lost $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, the company was divided into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011. Motorola Solutions is generally considered to be the direct successor to Motorola, Inc., as the reorganization was structured with Motorola Mobility being spun off. Motorola Mobility was acquired by Lenovo in 2014.", "Motorola regained their advantage in the mobile market at the end of the 80s with the MicroTAC 9800X introduced in 1989. This was the world's first flip phone, a precursor of the modern clamshell. The aerial popped out when the phone was opened. It was not actually functional, but market research showed people liked an aerial.", "The Motorola StarTAC was the first successful flip phone, and in many ways, the first successful consumer cell phone. Introduced in 1996, Motorola eventually sold 60 million StarTACs. Weighing in at just 3.1 ounces, and combined with its innovative clamshell design, the StarTAC was a milestone in the trend toward smaller and smaller cell phones.", "Vodafone began in 1982 as part of Racal Electronics, then one of Britain's biggest makers of military radio technology. The Vodafone name was chosen to smush together \"voice,\" \"data\" and \"fone.\"", "The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time the most known player on the market was the Victrola, so they called themselves Motorola.", "Motorola was founded in Chicago as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928 by Paul and Joseph Galvin. The first product was a battery eliminator for radios.", "The Motorola StarTac was the first phone in the world with Vibrating alert function. It was unveiled in North America on January 3, 1996. StarTACs remained popular until the early 2000s.", "1981: First mobile phone network: The first commercially automated cellular network was launched in Japan in 1981. The network was originally launched only in Tokyo in 1979 and then was expanded. Simultaneously, the Nordic Mobile Telephone system was also established in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.", "In 2006, the K800 was launched. It was the company�s first Cyber-shot-branded mobile phone. The handset sported a 3.2 MP camera with auto-focus and Macro mode, and offered 32x digital zoom and red-eye reduction.", "The Ericsson R380, in 2000, was the first commercially available phone based on Symbian OS. As with the modern \"FOMA\" phones, this device was closed, and the user could not install new C++ applications. Unlike those, however, the R380 could not even run Java applications, and for this reason, some have questioned whether it can properly be termed a 'smart phone'.", "Hello everyone and welcome to our new article series that will go over the history of some of the mobile industry's leading companies. We are starting with the current largest player in the game, but other makers will be coming over the following weeks." ]

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[ "The Suzuki Escudo is a compact SUV produced by Suzuki since 1988. It was also known as Sidekick in the United States from 1988 to 1998, Vitara in the United States, Western Europe, Bolivia, Ecuador, the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Taiwan since 1999, and Grand Vitara in the United Kingdom, Eastern Europe, India, the Caribbean, South Africa, Iran, Chile, Canada, and Australia. The North American version was produced as a joint venture between Suzuki and General Motors known as CAMI. The vehicle was a follow-up to the popular SJ413 and Samurai. The construction was based on the Lada Niva. Also, this vehicle, while sold in North America, was designed to slot above the Samurai. A larger mid-size version is also made, known as the Suzuki Grand Escudo (known as Grand Vitara XL-7 in other markets). The name is derived from the \"escudo\", the monetary unit of Portugal until the Euro was adopted.", "Also in 1996, American Suzuki released the 2-door SUV X-90 and a revised Sidekick Sport model with dual airbags, a 120 hp (89 kW) 1.8 liter engine, 16 inch wheels and two-tone paint. The Sidekick was replaced by the Vitara and the Grand Vitara for 1999. The Grand Vitara would be Suzuki’s first model with a V6-cylinder engine and available 4-wheel ABS brakes.", "Also in 1996, American Suzuki released the 2-door SUV X-90 and a revised Sidekick Sport model with dual airbags , a 120 hp (89 kW) 1.8 liter engine, 16 inch wheels and two-tone paint. The Sidekick was replaced by the Vitara and the Grand Vitara for 1999. The Grand Vitara would be Suzuki's first model with a V6-cylinder engine and available 4-wheel ABS brakes.", "Suzuki’s Grand Vitara bears little resemblance to the smaller, leaner Sidekick that came before it. Sophisticated for a small truck, the Grand Vitara offers cabin room for four adults in comfort, a simple four-wheel-drive system, and a snappy V6 engine unlike anything else in the class.", "As of 2003, the smaller Suzuki Vitara has been withdrawn from the North American market. Sales were slow, with just 4,860 sold in 2004 for the United States. In Canada, sales were strong. All North American Vitaras were built at CAMI Automotive in Ingersoll, Ontario, while the North American Grand Vitaras were built in Japan, where it is the Suzuki Escudo. The 2006 model has had a structural redesign with a new ladder-boxed chassis integrated into a unibody construction. In India, it is sold by Suzuki's Indian subsidiary, Maruti Suzuki.", "First introduced as the Escudo in the Japanese domestic market in July 1988, the North American Sidekick became available for model year 1989 as a two-door convertible or hardtop, in 1.0-litre JA and more powerful 4-wheel-drive JX & JLX trims as a larger companion to the Suzuki Jimny. An 1.6-litre, 8-valve, 4-cylinder Suzuki G16 engine was available on the JX & JLX. 1990 brought the deletion of the upscale JLX version. In 1991, a five-door Sidekick with a lengthened wheelbase was introduced and the following year a , 1.6-litre, 16-valve Suzuki G16A engine was introduced. 1991 also brought the introduction of rear antilock brakes. The original Sidekick was updated in 1996 with a new Sport version available with , 1.8-litre 16-valve 4-cylinder Suzuki J18 engine. The Sport also had dual airbags, 2-tone paint and 16-inch Alloy wheels.", "The Grand Vitara sits high off the ground. This stance, along with its body cladding, gives it a more rugged appearance than the other small utilities. The Grand Vitara appears fairly large, but it’s slightly smaller than the wagon-like Honda CR-V.", "The Grand Vitara would place high in the poorly represented compact sport/utility segment, which is full of aging Escapes and CR-Vs, if not for competition like the new Hyundai Tucson and Kia Sportage , and the upcoming V-6 Toyota RAV4 . The Grand Vitara enters the market short of what it needs to be a contender.", "Chrysler discontinued its full-size cars (Dodge St. Regis, Chrysler Newport and New Yorker, Plymouth Gran Fury) in 1981 (it continued to produce its midsize M-bodies (Dodge Diplomat, Chrysler Fifth Avenue, and Plymouth Gran Fury) to the 1989 model year). General Motors discontinued some of its full-size cars (Chevrolet Impala SS/Chevrolet Caprice, Buick Roadmaster, Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight, and Cadillac Fleetwood) in 1996. Buick still had Park Avenue and LeSabre, Oldsmobile had the Regency and the Eighty-Eight, and Cadillac still had the DeVille. Oldsmobile discontinued full-size cars in 1999, and Buick and Cadillac introduced the Lucerne and DTS, respectively, in 2006. The 2011 model year was the final year of production of the Ford Panther platform (the Ford Crown Victoria/Ford Police Interceptor, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car), as well as the Lucerne.", "The premium compact class is relatively new, having been initiated by several European brands in the mid-2000s, and have displaced their compact executive cars to constitute the least expensive offerings in their lineups. The classification varies, for instance Consumer Guide Automotive in the U.S. considers the Audi A3 and Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class as part of the premium compact segment due to similar size and MSRP, though these are known in Europe as a small family car and a compact executive car, respectively. Adding to some confusion, General Motors has positioned Buick as a \"premium\" nameplate to compete with Lincoln (whereas it formerly competed with Mercury) and front-wheel drive Acura and Lexus models, while Cadillac is aimed at the \"luxury\" segment which generally encompasses the performance-oriented BMW and Mercedes-Benz marques. ", "The Grand Vitara SZ-T costs 22,315 and comes with metallic paint and visual enhancements including a new front grille, 18-inch alloys, silver roof rails and bonnet side vents. It also gets a tailgate-mounted spare wheel, along with keyless entry and start.", "The idea of a car-based pickup remains an attractive one, and is an illustration of how favorable treatment for light trucks over cars by United States regulations skews the marketplace. Many Ranchero and El Camino owners, indeed, stopped buying new vehicles when those models were discontinued. Aftermarket conversions of the Fairmont Futura and Mercury Zephyr Z7 sport coupes to a Ranchero-like \"Durango\" pickup were sold in select Ford dealers in the early- to mid-1980s. Recently, interest in producing such vehicles again has grown, including those like the Subaru Baja, essentially an Outback station wagon with a stubby pickup bed instead of an enclosed cargo area. The Baja, like the Ranchero, is titled in most American states and Canadian provinces as a commercial vehicle. Until the late-2000s, the North American market tended to lean towards compact and midsized crew-cab four-door pickups such as the Ford Explorer Sport Trac and Chevrolet Colorado. However, with the compact pickups having grown towards midsized and encroaching on base models of more profitable full-sized pickups, some manufacturers such as Ford and Ram Trucks have discontinued even their compact and midsized offerings; Ford discontinued the North American Ranger in 2012 and opted not to sell its global replacement in North America due to being too close in size and price to the base model Ford F-150. ", "In the 1980 model year, a full line of automobiles on the X-body platform, anchored by the Chevrolet Citation, was launched. Again, these cars were all quite popular in their respective segments for the first couple of years, but brake problems, and other defects, ended up giving them, known to the public as \"X-Cars\", such a bad reputation that the 1985 model year was their last. The J-body cars, namely the Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunbird, took their place, starting with the 1982 model year. Quality was better, but still not exemplary, although good enough to survive through three generations to the 2005 model year. They were produced in a much-improved Lordstown Assembly plant, as were their replacements, the Chevrolet Cobalt and Pontiac Pursuit/G5.", "As fuel costs increase, more consumers select more efficient vehicles. These include automobiles such as compact and mid-size vehicles powered by smaller, more efficient engines. American-brand full-size sedans such as Buicks, and luxury full-size Cadillac DTS are still best-selling in the full-size segment. However, there is a serious attack on full-size by automakers to replace the size with price range. For example, a review by USA News, named \"Best luxury large cars of 2008\" included only one large car (Cadillac DTS) while the others are mid-size cars. This is mostly because, in Europe, full-size cars only exist as absolute luxury cars (F segment). In 2010, less than a half percent of the new cars sold in Germany fit into this category. In other European countries, even the D- and E segments (making together the equivalent to U.S. mid-size cars) are not common.", "Chrysler introduced its new compact, front-wheel drive K-cars in 1981. Under the leadership of Lee Iacocca, the company turned a profit again the following year, and by 1983 paid off its government loans. A seemingly endless succession of K-cars followed. But the biggest success was the arrival of the minivans in 1984. These proved a huge hit, and despite competition, they would dominate the van market for more than a decade. And in 1987, Chrysler purchased the Italian makes of Lamborghini and Maserati. In the same year, Chrysler bought AMC from Renault laying to rest the last significant independent U.S. automaker, but acquiring the hugely profitable Jeep line and continuing the Eagle brand until the late 1990s.", "Due to the end of deliveries of Chevrolet vehicles to Europe by the end of 2015 to focus on its core European brands, Opel and Vauxhall, the American-made Chevrolet Volt will not be available in Europe beginning in 2016. In July 2014, Opel announced that due to the slowdown in sales, the Ampera will be discontinued after the launch of next generation Volt, and between 2014 and 2018, Opel plans to introduce in Europe a successor product in the electric vehicle segment. Deliveries to retail customers of the second generation Chevrolet Volt began in the U.S. and Canada in October 2015 as a 2016 model year. Availability in the American market is limited to California and the other 10 states that follow California’s zero emission vehicle rules. It is scheduled to go on sale as a 2017 model year in the 39 remaining states by the second quarter of 2016. According to General Motors the second generation Volt has an upgraded powertrain and uses a battery pack with new chemistry that stores 20% more electrical energy and uses fewer cells. Its improved battery system and drivetrain allow the Volt to deliver an EPA rated all-electric range of , and to improve its fuel economy in gasoline-only mode to .", "Owned by General Motors, Cadillac is America's most prestigious domestic luxury automaker. For most of its existence, the company was known exclusively for its cushy, senior-friendly sedans, but in more recent years the automaker has revised and expanded its lineup in a successful effort to attract a new, younger generation. Cadillac's roster now includes SUVs (its Escalade is a favorite of both rappers and suburban moms), a crossover and even a high-performance wagon.", "Land Rover is a brand of the British car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles. Jaguar Land Rover, with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, was acquired by Tata Motors in 2008.", "The emergence and popularity of sport utility vehicles which closely approximate the traditional wagon bodystyle was a further blow. After struggling sales, the Chevrolet Caprice and the Buick Roadmaster, the last American full size wagons, were discontinued in 1996. The Ford Taurus wagon was discontinued after the 2005 model year. The Dodge Magnum was marketed during the 2005–2008 model years.", "As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot, the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long-established car brands. Production of MG sports cars finished when the Abingdon factory closed in 1980, although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro, Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley, Coventry, although the marque survived until 1984 - the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than 70 years. The Morris Ital's successor, the Montego, was sold under the Austin and MG brands, while the Triumph Acclaim's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series. By 1988, however, the Austin marque had also been phased out, with the former Austin-badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand.", "In 1995, Ford finally entered the decade-old people carrier market with its Galaxy , which was built in Portugal alongside the identical Volkswagen Sharan and Seat Alhambra as part of a venture between Ford and Volkswagen. Vauxhall entered this sector of the market a year later with the American-built Sintra , but this was not popular with British buyers and was discontinued after just three years when the smaller, German-built Zafira was launched, and proved far more popular than Vauxhall's original entry into the MPV market.", "For the 1984 model year, the Chrysler minivans arrived on the market to great success. The minivan replaced the station wagon as the large passenger car of choice in the US. In 1987 Chrysler introduced the extended-length (\"Grand\") minivans. The Chrysler Town & Country debuted in 1990. The term minivan came into use in North America in contrast to full-size vans. The minivan's market share peaked in 2000 with sales of 1.4 million units in US. This shrank to about half a million in 2013. ", "With the end of production of the Dodge Town Wagon in 1966 and the Plymouth Suburban station wagon in 1978, only General Motors continued to manufacture a vehicle branded as a \"Suburban\", and GM was awarded an exclusive trademark on the name in 1988. The Chevrolet Suburban is one of the largest SUVs on the market today. It has outlasted competitive vehicles such as the International Harvester Travelall, Jeep Wagoneer, and the Ford Excursion. The latest competitor is the extended Ford Expedition EL, which replaced the Excursion.", "In order to keep the sporty appeal of the car, Ford introduced the John Player & Sons limited edition, (known as the JPS) in March 1975, but in May 1976, and with sales decreasing, the intermediate 3.0 GT models disappeared to give way for the upscale 3.0 S and Ghia designations. In October 1976, production was limited to the Saarlouis factory only, and the following year the Capri left the American market with only 513,500 models sold.", "The last Triumph model was the Acclaim, introduced in 1981 and essentially a rebadged Honda Ballade built under licence from Japanese company Honda at the former Morris Motors works in Cowley, Oxford. The Triumph name disappeared in 1984, when the Acclaim was replaced by the Rover 200, a rebadged version of Honda's next generation Civic/Ballade model. The BL car division was by then named Austin Rover Group which also ended the Morris marque as well as Triumph.", "That year production rights for the Reliant Robin were sold to a Sudbury-based firm called B&N Plastics, but production ceased in 2002. Reliant concentrated on importing \"speciality\" vehicles from European manufacturers, including Piaggio, Bultaco and Ligier. The firm had plans to import the Indian San Storm sports car, but this plan never came to fruition. Soon after, they existed only as a spare parts manufacturer.", "Professional car manufacturers Miller and Meteor, newly combined as Miller-Meteor, were brought into the fold of Divco-Wayne as the newly formed conglomerate was developing its opportunities in this field. Although the recently combined Miller-Meteor company was initially based at Bellefontaine, Ohio, originally the home of the A.J. Miller Company, under Divco-Wayne ownership, it was later relocated to Piqua, Ohio, Meteor's old hometown nearby. The Ghostbusters' Ecto-1 was a 1959 Cadillac Miller-Meteor ambulance.", "For the 1960 model year, Edsel's last, only 2,846 vehicles were produced. All but the pilot cars were assembled at the Louisville, Kentucky assembly plant. The marque was reduced to the Ranger series of sedans, hardtops, convertibles, and the Villager station wagons. The Edsel shares a basic chassis, glass, and major sheet metal with the 1960 Ford Galaxie and Fairlane models that were built on the Louisville assembly line with it. But the Edsel has its own unique grille, hood, and four upright oblong taillights, along with its side-sweep spears. The Edsel's front and rear bumpers are also unique. The 1960 Edsel rides on a 120-inch wheelbase, compared to the concurrent Ford's 119-inch span, and it also uses a different rear suspension. The cars do, however, share engines and transmissions.", "In 2001, production rights for the Reliant Robin were sold to a Sudbury-based firm called B&N Plastics, but production ceased in 2002. Reliant concentrated on importing \"speciality\" vehicles from European manufacturers, including Piaggio, Bultaco and Ligier. The firm also had plans to import the Indian San Storm sports car, but this plan never came to fruition.", "The bus operations were divested as a management buy-out to form Leyland Bus , and was subsequently bought by Volvo Buses in 1988, which discontinued most of its product range but adopted the Leyland Olympian , re-engineering it as the first named Volvo Bus model, the Volvo Olympian aside from minor frame changes the major alterations were the fitment of Volvo axles, braking system and controls. Both were the best selling double-deck bus chassis of their time.", "From 1971, the Cortina formed the basis of the Ford P100 pick-up truck, which was produced for Europe in Portugal and other continents in South Africa . Ironically, the MK5 Cortina based P100 was launched in 1982, the year that the standard Cortina was being replaced by the Sierra. However, it remained a popular choice with pick-up truck buyers until the Sierra-based P100 was launched in 1988; this version lasted until the end of Sierra production in early 1993.", "Production of the full-sized pickups ceased after 1987. The Grand Wagoneer and 360 V8 engine were dropped after 1991 (the last American-made vehicle whose engine used a carburetor for fuel delivery), and the Comanche bowed after 1992." ]

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[ "A sphygmomanometer ( ), blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor or blood pressure gauge is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. It is always used in conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction with a stethoscope.", "A sphygmomanometer is a device that measures blood pressure. It is composes of an inflatable rubber cuff, which is wrapped around the arm. A measuring device indicates the cuff's pressure. A bulb inflates the cuff and a valve releases pressure. A stethoscope is used to listen to arterial blood flow sounds.", "Measuring blood pressure calls for an instrument named sphygmomanometer which measures the blood pressure in the arteries. There are basically two types of these instruments. One kind is a mercury column and the other consists of a gauge accompanied with a dial face. The sphygmomanometer which is most commonly used today is the gauge which is attached to a rubber cuff. It is then wrapped around the patient's upper arm and is inflated in order to constrict the arteries. When the cuff is fully inflated with air, the doctor places a stethoscope over the brachial artery in the crook of the patient's arm. As the air in the cuff is slowly released, the first sound the doctor hears through the stethoscope is the systolic pressure. As the air continues to be released from the cuff, another point is reached when the doctor no longer hears any sound. This marks the diastolic blood pressure.", "Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not contain mercury.", "Two numbers are recorded when measuring blood pressure. The higher number, or systolic pressure, refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart contracts and pumps blood through the body. The lower number, or diastolic pressure, refers to the pressure inside the artery when the heart is at rest and is filling with blood. Both the systolic and diastolic pressures are recorded as \"mm Hg\" (millimeters of mercury). This recording represents how high the mercury column in an old-fashioned manual blood pressure device (called a mercury manometer or sphygmomanometer) is raised by the pressure of the blood. Today, your doctor's office is more likely to use a simple dial for this measurement. ", "To perform a blood pressure test using a manometric sphygmomanometer, a cuff of fabric is wrapped around the arm and then slightly inflated. A stethoscope is used to hear the sound of blood rushing back through the artery. A gauge measures the blood pressure. The healthcare provider reads two numbers from the gauge while air is released from the cuff. The first number is arrived at when a thumping sound is first heard (systolic pressure). The second number is determined when the thumping sound is no longer heard (diastolic pressure). With a digital sphygmomanometer, the stethoscope is not used; instead, the two numbers are generated electronically.", "Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book \"De motu cordis\". The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. However hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own in 1896 with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896. This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured.", "The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure See The Oscillometric Technique. which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse. The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. It uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic pressure sensor (transducer) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy.", "an instrument for indirect measurement of blood pressure. It consists of an inflatable cuff that fits around a limb, a bulb for controlling air pressure within the cuff, and a mercury or aneroid manometer. Pressure in the compressed artery is estimated by the column of mercury it balances when the cuff is inflated. See also blood pressure, manometer .", "The blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the main arteries. The pressure is highest as the pulse produced by the contraction of the left ventricle passes along the artery. This is known as the systolic pressure. Pressure is much lower between pulses. This is known as the diastolic pressure. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury. A blood pressure that is higher than expected is known as hypertension while a pressure lower than expected is known as hypotension.", "There are two numbers in a blood pressure reading: systolic and diastolic. For example, a typical reading might be 120/80. When the doctor puts the cuff around your arm and pumps it up, what he/she is doing is cutting off the blood flow with the pressure exerted by the cuff. As the pressure in the cuff is released, blood starts flowing again and the doctor can hear the flow in the stethoscope. The number at which blood starts flowing (120) is the measure of the maximum output pressure of the heart (systolic reading). The doctor continues releasing the pressure on the cuff and listens until there is no sound. That number (80) indicates the pressure in the system when the heart is relaxed (diastolic reading).", "Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.", "An instrument for measuring blood pressure in the arteries, especially one consisting of a pressure gauge and a rubber cuff that wraps around the upper arm and inflates to constrict the arteries.", "*Sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure meter used to determine blood pressure in medicine. See also :Category:Blood tests", "During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.", "Blood pressure is recorded as systolic (higher) and diastolic (lower) pressures. A healthy young adult has a blood pressure of about 110/75, which typically rises with age to about 140/90 by age 60 (a reading now considered mildly elevated).", "The blood pressure is measured at both when it taken out from the limb and also when it is returned.", "Digital instruments use a cuff which may be placed, according to the instrument, around the upper arm, wrist, or a finger, in all cases elevated to the same height as the heart. They inflate the cuff and gradually reduce the pressure in the same way as a manual meter, and measure blood pressures by the oscillometric method.", "You most often will see blood pressure numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is millimeters of mercury—the units used to measure blood pressure.)", "As blood travels throughout your body, it presses against the walls of your blood vessels, just like water in a hose or air in a tire. This is called blood pressure. When your heart beats (contracts), squeezing blood out and pumping it into your arteries, blood pressure peaks. This is called your systolic pressure. Between heartbeats, when your heart relaxes and blood flows back into it, your blood pressure is lower. This is your diastolic pressure.", "Autonomic system with two subdivisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. Hormonal control of blood pressure", "Systemic blood pressure is measured indirectly using the ascultatory method, which relies on the use of a blood pressure cuff to alternately stop and reopen blood flow into the brachial artery of the arm.", "Normal blood pressure: Systolic number of less than 120 and diastolic number of less than 80.", "an instrument, often attached to an inflatable air-bladder cuff and used with a stethoscope, for measuring blood pressure in an artery.", "Recently, several coefficient-free oscillometric algorithms have developed for estimation of blood pressure. These algorithms do not rely on experimentally obtained coefficients and have been shown to provide more accurate and robust estimation of blood pressure. These algorithms are based on finding the fundamental relationship between the oscillometric waveform and the BP using modeling and learning approaches.", "The cardio activity is monitored by the use of a blood pressure cuff similar to the type used in the medical profession. It is generally fastened to the upper arm to monitor changes in relative blood pressure and pulse rate.", "Ambulatory blood pressure devices take readings regularly (e.g. every half-hour throughout the day and night). They have been used to exclude measurement problems like white-coat hypertension and provide more reliable estimates of usual blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the majority of people; however studies that quantified the risks from hypertension and the benefits of lowering blood pressure have mostly been based on readings in a clinical environment. Use of ambulatory measurements is not widespread but guidelines developed by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the British Hypertension Society recommended that 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be used for diagnosis of hypertension.Hypertension Guideline 2011 [CG127] Produced in a collaboration between the British Hypertension Society and NICE. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG127/NICEGuidance/pdf/English Health economic analysis suggested that this approach would be cost effective compared with repeated clinic measurements. ", "Since the 1990s a novel family of techniques based on the so-called pulse wave velocity (PWV) principle have been developed. These techniques rely on the fact that the velocity at which an arterial pressure pulse travels along the arterial tree depends, among others, on the underlying blood pressure. Accordingly, after a calibration maneuver, these techniques provide indirect estimates of blood pressure by translating PWV values into blood pressure values. ", "It may also be a good idea to take readings in different positions: standing up, sitting and lying down (possibly having someone do it for you there). These are called orthostatic blood pressures and are helpful for determining how your Blood Pressure varies by position.", "Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be random and average to nearly zero if enough measurements are taken. However, in a small percentage of cases there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mm Hg which may need further investigation, e.g. for obstructive arterial disease. ", "Since blood pressure varies throughout the day, home measurements should be taken at the same time of day. A Joint Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, American Society of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association on home monitoring in 2008 recommended that 2 to 3 readings should be taken in the morning (after awakening, before washing/dressing, taking breakfast/drink or taking medication) and another 2 to 3 readings at night, each day over a period of 1 week. It was also recommended that the readings from the first day should be discarded and that a total of ≥12 readings (i.e. at least two readings per day for the remaining 6 days of the week) should be used for making clinical decisions.", "Check your blood pressure again. Blood pressure fluctuates within minutes (sometimes dramatically) so if you take two readings within about a ten-minute period, you can come up with a more accurate average number." ]

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[ "Silicon, from silex, or flint, has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a metalloid and is in the same group of the periodic table as carbon, germanium, tin and lead. It is the second most abundant element on Earth making up one quarter of the Earth's crust; it was first prepared in pure form in 1823. Silicon compounds such as silicon dioxide are widely used in the building industry and pure silicon underpins the electronics industry and modern technology.", "Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery. It was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1823. In 1808, it was given the name silicium (from , hard stone or flint), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal, a name which the element retains in several languages. The present English name was first suggested in 1817 to conform with the physically similar elements, carbon and boron.", "Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table", "On the Periodic Table, the carbon family occupies Group 14. Each of the elements in this group adopts oxidation and conform well to periodic trends. Silicon has a chemical symbol of Si and an atomic number of 14. Its atomic mass is 28.0855, and it is classified as a metalloid.", "Silicon (Si): Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in rocks, sand and clay. It acts as a deoxidizer in steel production. Atomic number 14, atomic weight 28.086.", "Silicon (chemical symbol Si; atomic number 14) is a semi-metal, also called a metalloid. Semi-metals have properties in between metals and non-metals. Like other semi-metals, silicon is metallic in appearance (it is grey and shiny) but too brittle to use on its own for construction or tools. Silicon is not found in nature, but over 90% of the Earth’s crust is made up of silicate minerals (compounds that contain silicon). Silicate minerals are used widely in gravel, cement, glass and ceramics. Silicones—used for cookware, adhesives and contact lenses—are rubber-like polymers (large molecules) consisting of silicon, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Silicon is central to the electronics industry , because of its use as a semiconducting material in integrated circuits .", "atomic number 14 ; Si ; silicon (a tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors)", "The name silicon comes from the Latin silex, silicis, the word for \"paving stone.\" The genitive is given to show where the \"c\" comes from. Flints made a very good, durable paving stone, so the word came to be associated with flints. Flints are made of silicon dioxide, so the name was acquired by this important substance, \"silica.\" Silica is very difficult to decompose into silicon and oxygen, so was long supposed to be a simple substance, an \"element,\" along with similar compounds, such as alumina, Al2O3, or magnesia, MgO. As sand, it has been known from time immemorial. The Greek for sand, psammites, and the Latin, arena, have not found their ways into chemical terminology as the flint has.", "Silicon is a dark gray element with a metallic luster.  The name of the element is derived from the Latin word for flint, silicis.  It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 28%, making it the second most abundant element.  In the form of silica (SiO2) or one of the silicates (SiO44-), it is found in many different minerals, including clay, quartz, zircon, feldspar, mica, zeolites, aluminosilicates, sand, etc.  It is also found in the gemstones opal, agate, rhinestone, and amethyst.", "Silicon, atomic number of 14, is a semi-metallic or metalloid, because it has several of the metallic characteristics.", "The name Silicium is derived from silica > Latin silex for flint (SiO2), a hard stone. The Latin name silicium was adopted to conform with the -ium ending of most elements. The suffix -on in English was added because of its resemblance to Carbon.", "nonmetallic chemical element; symbol Si; at. no. 14; interval in which at. wt. ranges 28.084–28.086; m.p. 1,410&degC;; b.p. 2,355&degC;; sp. gr. 2.33 at 25&degC;; valence usually +4. Silicon is the element directly below carbon and above germanium in Group 14 of the periodic table periodic table,", "From the Latin. word silex, silicis, flint. In 1800, Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride.", "Silicon (element 14) is the second most common element on the Earth's crust. It forms extremely stable bonds with Oxygen to form various forms of Silica (SiO2).", "All atoms with the same atomic number exhibit the same chemical behaviors and are classified as the same chemical element. Each element has its own name and a one- or two-letter symbol (usually derived from the element’s English or Latin name). For example, the symbol for carbon is C, and the symbol for calcium is Ca. It is important to note that for elements with two letters, the first letter is capital and the second letter is lowercase. The symbol for sodium is Na—the first two letters of its Latin (and German) name, natrium—to distinguish it from nitrogen, N, and sulfur, S.", "Word History The symbols that scientists use for the chemical elements are usually abbreviations of the elements' names. Thus the symbol for hydrogen is H, and the symbol for oxygen is O, both from the first letter of the name. But if you look at the Periodic Table at Periodic Table , you'll notice that some symbols are entirely different from the corresponding element names. The symbol for iron is Fe, and the symbol for tin is Sn, for example. Why is this? It happens that some elements were already known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as familiar metals like iron, copper, silver, gold, tin, and lead. For these elements scientists use abbreviations of the Greek and Latin words for them. The Latin words for the six metals listed above are ferrum, cuprum, argentum, aurum, stannum, and plumbum. From these names come, quite straightforwardly, the chemical symbols Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, and Pb.", "First symbol is Na, so the first part of the name is sodium. (Note the presence of the subscript does not play a role in this name.) Second element is sulfur (from the symbol S), so the name is sulf + ide = sulfide.", "Magnesium (Mg) is atomic number 12, has an atomic weight of 24.31 amu, and has melting and boiling points of 1, 202°F (650°C) and 1, 994°F (1, 090°C), respectively. In 1808, British chemist Sir Humphry Davy isolated it (as he isolated many other alkali and alkaline earth metals), although its existence had been known since 1755. Magnesium, like calcium, is one of the most common elements, existing at about 23, 000 parts per million in the Earth’s crust. Its most common mineral forms in nature are dolomite and magnesite (both carbonates), and carnallite (a chloride); relatively large amounts (about 1, 200 parts per million) are also present in seawater. Asbestos is a magnesium silicate mineral, as are soapstone (or talc) and mica.", "Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12, and an atomic mass of 24.31 amu. It is found primarily in minerals such as dolomite and mag-nesite, both of which are carbonates; and in carnallite, a chloride. Magnesium silicates include asbestos, soapstone or talc, and mica. Not all forms of asbestos contain magnesium, but the fact that many do only serves to show the ways that chemical reactions can change the properties an element possesses in isolation.", "* Lecoq de Boisbaudran, French chemist – gallium, chemical element. Although named after Gallia (Latin for France), Lecoq de Boisbaudran, the discoverer of the metal, subtly attached an association with his name. Lecoq (rooster) in Latin is gallus.", "Starting with two letters in this symbol: Fe, the Latin name of this element is Ferrum, meaning \"Iron\", which is the English name of that element.", "Name: Sodium derives its name from the Medieval Latin 'sodanum' and the English name 'soda'. The element symbol, Na, was shortened from the Latin name 'Natrium'. Swedish chemist Berzelius was the first to use the symbol Na for sodium in his early periodic table.", "Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later). Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered. ", "Hafnium ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable isotope element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later). Hafnium is named for Hafnia, the Latin name for \"Copenhagen\", where it was discovered.", "The metal is known as tungsten in some countries and as wolfram in others, including Sweden, the country of origin of the name tungsten. The chemical symbol W, which is universally used to denote tungsten, suggests that wolfram was formerly the more generally accepted name for the element. In Britain the mineral wolframite is also known as wolfram.", "Caesium, with symbol Cs and atomic number 55, is a soft, gold-coloured metal that is quickly oxidised in air and reacts explosively in water. Its name is derived from the Latin caesius, meaning sky-blue, as its salts turn flames blue. It was discovered in 1860 by Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen. One of its most important uses is in atomic clocks which give the standard measurement of time. These clocks are a vital part of the internet and mobile phone networks, as well as Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites.", "Gallium Ga Latin Gallia Gaul (Ancient France) toponym \" From Latin Gallia, means Gaul (Ancient France), and also gallus, means \"rooster\". The element was obtained as free metal by Lecoq de Boisbaudran , who named Gallium after France, his native land, and also, punningly, after himself, as Lecoq, means \"the rooster \", or in Latin, gallus.", "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.", "From the Swedish and Danish languages tung sten, meaning \"heavy stone.\" The symbol W is from scientific name Wolfram. The element and its ore Wolframite , was named in honor of \" Peter Woulfe ,\" who discovered its existence. The names Wolfram or Volfram are still used in Swedish and several languages.", "Tungsten means heavy stone in Danish. Its symbol is from the German name Wolfram. It is element 74.", "1350-1400; < Latin Obsidiānus, printer's error for Obsiānus pertaining to Obsius, the discoverer (according to Pliny) of a similar mineral in Ethiopia; replacing Middle English obsianus < Latin; see -an", "1. In 1669, Hennig Brand discovered this element while attempting to create the fabled philosopher's stone. The element's name means \"light-bearing,\" given because of it glows in the dark. Name this element with an atomic number of 15 and the chemical symbol P." ]

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[ "Ishmael is the narrator of the novel, a simple sailor on the Pequod who undertakes the journey because of his affection for the ocean and his need to go sea whenever he feels \"hazy about the eyes.\" As the narrator Ishmael establishes him as somewhat of a cipher and an everyman, and in fact his role in the plot of the novel is inconsequential; his primary task is to observe the conflicts around him. Nevertheless, Melville does give his narrator several significant character traits, the most important of which is his idealization of the Sperm Whale and his belief in its majesty. Also, it is Ishmael who has the only significant personal relationship in the novel; he becomes a close friend with the pagan harpooner Queequeg and comes to cherish and adore Queequeg to a somewhat improbable level open to great interpretation; Melville even describes their relationship in terms of a marriage. Ishmael is the only survivor of the Pequod's voyage, living to tell the tale of Moby Dick only because he is by chance on a whaling boat when Moby Dick sinks the Pequod and is rescued by a nearby ship.", "Set in 19th-century New England, the story follows the whaling ship Pequod and its crew. Leading them is Captain Ahab, who was almost killed in an encounter with the \"great white whale\", Moby Dick. Now he is out for revenge. With the crew that has joined him, Ahab is out to destroy the huge sea mammal, but his obsession with vengeance is so great that he cannot turn back, eventually leading to the death of Ahab and all of his crew, save his newest able seaman, Ishmael.", "Ishmael, a philosophical young schoolmaster and sometime sailor who seeks the sea when he becomes restless, gloomy, and soured on the world. With a newfound friend, Queequeg, a harpooner from the South Seas, he signs aboard the whaler Pequod as a seaman. Queequeg is the only person on the ship to whom he is emotionally and spiritually close, and this closeness is, after the initial establishment of their friendship, implied rather than detailed. Otherwise, Ishmael does a seaman’s work, observes and listens to his shipmates, and keeps his own counsel. Having been reared a Presbyterian (as was Melville), he reflects in much of his thinking the Calvinism out of which Presbyterianism grew; but his thought is also influenced by his knowledge of literature and philosophy. He is a student of cetology. Regarding Ahab’s pursuit of Moby Dick, the legendary white whale, and the parts played by himself and others involved, Ishmael dwells on such subjects as free will, predestination, necessity, and damnation. After the destruction of the Pequod by Moby Dick, Ishmael, the lone survivor, clings to Queenqueg’s floating coffin for almost a day and a night before being rescued by the crew of another whaling vessel, the Rachel.", "The encounter with Moby-Dick brings a tragic end to the affair. Ishmael alone survives, using his friend Queequeg's coffin as a flotation device until he is ironically rescued by the Rachel which has continued to search for its missing crew.", "In the end, the crew of the Pequod wages a three-day battle against Moby Dick, a struggle that concludes with the whale’s destruction of the ship and all the crew except Ishmael. The narrator ironically escapes aboard Queequeg’s coffin and survives to tell the tale.", "The chase of Moby Dick his heralded by omens; nature seems to tell Ahab to turn away but Ahab will heed no warnings. Ahab will not give up the chase and confronts the whale on three occasions. On the last try, caught in the lines of the harpoons stuck on the whales back, Ahab is dragged to his death. Moby Dick, apparently enraged by the Pequod's unrelenting pursuit batters the ship with his head and sinks it, then departs. The only survivor of the wreck is Ishmael, who is kept afloat by Queequeg's coffin turned-life-buoy and rescued by the Rachel, whose captain is searching for a son last seen pursuing Moby Dick.", "from the fatal encounter with Moby Dick. Ishmael survives to illustrate the inexplicability of life, another of", "All these influences eventually inspired Melville’s tale of a mad captain and his doomed ship and crew, which was published in 1851. As the novel begins, Ishmael joins the crew of Captain Ahab, who is determined to find and kill the white sperm whale known to whalemen as Moby-Dick. Ahab had lost one of his legs in an earlier attempt to capture the great beast. In the final encounter, Captain Ahab, crew, and ship are destroyed. Only the narrator, Ishmael, survives to tell the story.", "In a deadly confrontation, the entire crew of the Pequod is killed except for Ishmael, who lives to tell this story.", "Similar to the gam with the Albatross, the “Town-Ho’s Story” works to foreshadow the Pequod’s impending encounter with Moby Dick. The narrative involving Radney’s death works as “both a warning and a prophecy, neither of which Ahab ever receives” (Young 452) because Ahab is never told their story. By keeping silent, the crew of the Pequod place themselves in danger while illustrating the destructiveness that can be incurred when communication breaks down. Additionally, by recounting the story of the re-telling of this story, Ishmael places himself within the context of life after surviving the Pequod. While he does not directly address the Pequod’s eventual fate, his layering of the story--a yarn about a yarn--implies the importance of the Town-Ho’s experience in relation to the future events of the Pequod.", "Southeast of the Cape of Good Hope, the Pequod makes the first of nine sea-encounters, or \"gams\", with other ships: Ahab hails the Goney (Albatross) to ask whether they have seen the White Whale, but the trumpet through which her captain tries to speak falls into the sea before he can answer. Ishmael explains that because of Ahab's absorption with Moby Dick, he sails on without the customary \"gam\", which defines as a \"social meeting of two (or more) Whale-ships\", in which the two captains remain on one ship and the chief mates on the other. In the second gam off the Cape of Good Hope, with the Town-Ho, a Nantucket whaler, the concealed story of a \"judgment of God\" is revealed, but only to the crew: a defiant sailor who struck an oppressive officer is flogged, and when that officer led the chase for Moby Dick, he fell from the boat and was killed by the whale.", "Next to Ahab and Ishmael, this massive novel is also rich in minor characters, from the tattooed harpooner Queequeg, the ship's mate Starbuck, Daggoo and Fedallah the Parsee – all told, a typically American crew. And so a \"romance\" (Hawthorne's term) inspired by the true story of the Essex , a whaler that sank when it was attacked by a sperm whale in the Pacific in November 1820, becomes like a terrifying (at times, intolerable) sea voyage, culminating in a thrilling three-day chase in which Moby-Dick destroys the Pequod. Ishmael survives to tell his tale by clinging to Queequeg's carved coffin.", "‘Call me Ishmael’ is one of the most famous opening sentences ever written. Moby-Dick’s narrator Ishmael is a drifter and former merchant seaman, who departs Nantucket on a perilous whaling mission to the South Seas. With him on the Pequod are the cannibal Queequeg and ‘a heathen crew … whelped somewhere by the sharkish sea’. At the helm is Captain Ahab, whose soul is bent on hunting and killing the great white whale that cost him his leg in an earlier encounter. As they voyage south, Ahab’s obsession takes his crew deeper into the abyss in desperate pursuit of ‘the gliding great demon of the seas of life’.", "Ishmael encounteres the ship after he arrives in Nantucket and learns of three ships that are about to leave on three-year cruises. Tasked by his new friend, the Polynesian harpooner Queequeg (or more precisely, Queequeg's idol-god, Yojo), to make the selection for them both, Ishmael, a self-described \"green hand at whaling\", goes to the Straight Wharf and chooses the Pequod.", "The Pequod is a fictional 19th-century Nantucket whaling ship that appears in the 1851 novel Moby-Dick by American author Herman Melville. The Pequod and her crew, commanded by Captain Ahab, are central to the story, which, after the initial chapters, takes place almost entirely aboard the ship during a three-year whaling expedition in the Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific oceans. Most of the characters in the novel are part of the Pequods crew, including the narrator Ishmael.", "Queequeg had been diligently consulting Yojo, the name of his black little god, in preparation for selecting their craft. There are three ships up for three-year voyages: the Devil-Dam, the Tit-bit, and the Pequod. The Pequod is named after a celebrated tribe of Massachusetts Indians. The Pequod is a ship of the old school, rather small and with an old fashioned claw-footed look. The Captain was once Peleg , now retired after many years. Ishmael introduces himself to Peleg, who is suspicious because Ishmael has no whaling experience. Peleg tells Ishmael that Ahab is now captain of the ship, and he has only one leg, for the other was lost by a whale. Peleg and Bildad , both Quakers, are owners of the boat, and are \"fighting Quakers.\" Bildad and Peleg look over Ishmael. Bildad is the \"queerest old Quaker\" he ever saw. Peleg and Bildad negotiate the lay (share of the profits) for the voyage, and Ishmael demands the three-hundredth lay. Peleg and Bildad argue with one another about how much of the lay they should offer, and their argument nearly leads to violence between the two. After Bildad leaves, Ishmael signs the paper and asks to see Captain Ahab. Peleg describes him as a queer man, but a good one, \"grand, ungodly, god-like.\" Peleg compares him to the Ahab of old, who was crowned king, but a vile one. Before even meeting Ahab, Ishmael feels a sympathy and a sorrow for him.", "Looking for adventure, a young man named Ishmael (Richard Basehart) and a tattooed harpooner from the South Pacific (Friedrich von Ledebut) sign up as shipmates on the whaler Pequod. However on the day they are about to set sail under Captain Ahab and his first mate Starbuck (Leo Genn), the pair receives a prophetic warning from a scraggly-looking sailor on the Jeroboam. He predicts the untimely deaths of the captain and all the crew, save one—the one who will return to testify of the captain’s madness.", "   Ishmael the narrator of this epic tale, with Queequeg his heavily tattooed, cannibal mate, ship aboard the Pequod, a whaler from Nantucket, bound for the Pacific Ocean. Ahab, the captain of the whaler, is a one-legged man with a maniacal obsession to revenge himself on Moby Dick, the solitary great white whale called, who bit off his leg. Ishmael is fascinated by the whale trade, gives a detailed account of the whale operations aboard the Pequod and often digresses from his narrative of Ahab's progressive descent into madness to explore all aspects of whale classification, anatomy, natural history, legends and uses for the blubber, bones and internal organs of the whale.", "The Pequod rounds Africa and enters the Indian Ocean. A few whales are successfully caught and processed for their oil. From time to time, the ship encounters other whaling vessels. Ahab always demands information about Moby Dick from their captains. One of the ships, the Jeroboam, carries Gabriel, a crazed prophet who predicts doom for anyone who threatens Moby Dick. His predictions seem to carry some weight, as those aboard his ship who have hunted the whale have met disaster. While trying to drain the oil from the head of a captured sperm whale, Tashtego, one of the Pequod’s harpooners, falls into the whale’s voluminous head, which then rips free of the ship and begins to sink. Queequeg saves Tashtego by diving into the ocean and cutting into the slowly sinking head.", "Scholar Nathalia Wright divides the meetings with the vessels along other lines, singling out \"four vessels met by the Pequod which have already encountered Ahab's quarry\". The first of these, the Jeroboam, is named after the predecessor of the biblical King Ahab. Her \"prophetic\" fate is \"a message of warning to all who follow, articulated by Gabriel and vindicated by the Samuel Enderby, the Rachel, the Delight, and at last the Pequod\". None of the other ships has been completely destroyed, because none of the captains shared Ahab's monomania, so the fate of the Jeroboam reinforces the structural parallel between Ahab and his biblical namesake: \"Ahab did more to provoke the Lord God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him\" (I Kings 16:33). ", "Ahab orders a harpoon forged in the expectation that he will soon encounter Moby Dick. He baptizes the harpoon with the blood of the Pequod’s three harpooners. The Pequod kills several more whales. Issuing a prophecy about Ahab’s death, Fedallah declares that Ahab will first see two hearses, the second of which will be made only from American wood, and that he will be killed by hemp rope. Ahab interprets these words to mean that he will not die at sea, where there are no hearses and no hangings. A typhoon hits the Pequod, illuminating it with electrical fire. Ahab takes this occurrence as a sign of imminent confrontation and success, but Starbuck, the ship’s first mate, takes it as a bad omen and considers killing Ahab to end the mad quest. After the storm ends, one of the sailors falls from the ship’s masthead and drowns—a grim foreshadowing of what lies ahead.", "What’s never questioned here, though it might have been, is the biddable character of Ishmael. He is not a vitalist in a butcher’s apron or a naturalist with a high-velocity rifle at the ready, merely a person who can excel in any number of environments. But for that very reason he cannot take possession of the ecological moment that has possessed him. It is swept away by his enthusiastic interest in everyone and everything, and also by his role as a reluctant cog in Ahab’s wheel (by now, the narrative deferral of the stand-off with the white whale is running short of options). In his ability to set aside his epiphanies and get on with things, Ishmael is as familiar to us as the austere, monomaniac Ahab was to an earlier generation. Unlike Ahab, and very like ourselves, Ishmael is smitten with the glories of the planet but devoted to their expenditure.", "Melville biographer Delbanco cites race as an example of this search for truth beneath surface differences. All races are represented among the crew members of the Pequod. Although Ishmael initially is afraid of Queequeg as a tattooed cannibal, he soon decides, \"Better sleep with a sober cannibal than a drunken Christian.\" While it may be rare for a mid-19th century American book to feature black characters in a nonslavery context, slavery is frequently mentioned. The theme of race is primarily carried by Pip, the diminutive black cabin boy. When Pip has almost drowned, Ahab, genuinely touched by Pip's suffering, questions him gently, Pip \"can only parrot the language of an advertisement for the return of a fugitive slave: 'Pip! Reward for Pip!'\". ", "Fedallah’s role in Moby-Dick may be considered a “proleptic narrative” suppressed not only in Ishmael’s story of survival but also in the scholarship on Melville’s novel. Fedallah’s role is often perceived to be categorically limited as a self-sacrificial prophet of doom piloting Ahab’s soul, and the Pequod’s body, to damnation. Although Fedallah has been dehumanized in the long aftermath of the self-perpetuating narrative voice “Call me Ishmael” and marginalized through decades of scholarly silence, we can discern his textual presence through an analysis that retraces the few steps he takes and listens to the few words he articulates. Opening with an emancipating account of Fedallah’s role in the chapter “Leg and Arm,” followed by an equally subversive reading of “The Whale Watch,” a chapter that contains the only fully externalized case of the character engaging in a verbal exchange, I argue that the Parsee is not so much a baffling Mephistopheles as a lone drifter with an untold story, summed up in his life-affirming cry to Ahab, “Take another pledge, old man.”", "Yet in any environmentalist reading, it wouldn’t be enough to see Ishmael as a likable captive whose intentions, along with the Pequod and the rest of the crew, have been hijacked by a wicked eco-slayer. All those land-metaphors, evoking huge tracts ripe for exploration and taming, announce Ishmael’s parti pris as ‘an American whaleman’. Consider this pointed evocation of westward settlement from ‘The Gilder’ (the Pequod is cruising the whaling grounds off Japan and her boats have been lowered):", "“The Whiteness of the Whale” is Ishmael’s wrestling with his own internal fear of the White Whale as an archetype of horror, before he even meets a whale. “The Hyena” records his first brush with death in a whaleboat, and his attempt to become more like Stubb, laughing at the constant danger around him. This is his first successful purging of fear.", "Moby Dick delves deep into unchartered waters with its exploration of good and evil and the madness of obsession. The story is told by a narrator, Ishmael, who delivers perhaps the most famous opening line in English literature: “Call me Ishmael.” Melville, a whaler himself, was inspired by a true story of an albino whale responsible for a number of deadly attacks on whaling ships, across the Pacific in 1820. The whale was finally killed off the coast of Chile. The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the Southern Seas by Thor Heyerdahl (Simon & Schuster, 1948) In 1947, Norwegian biologist Thor Heyerdahl travelled 5000 kilometres across the Pacific Ocean, from Peru to Polynesia, on a balsa-wood raft just to prove a point. His point? Polynesia could have been populated by South Americans not just from peoples of the East, as was the conventional wisdom of the time. To do it, he used only the tools that the pre-Columbians South Americans possessed. Hence, the balsawood raft and his insistence that the tides and the wind would get him, his five crew and a Spanish-speaking parrot to where they wanted to go.", "The narrative is a scholarly study of the Pequod's voyage in particular and whaling in general, making it distinct from traditional adventure stories of this kind. At this point I am going to discuss Ishmael's character as revealed by his studies, rather than his use of the gathered material, which is explored in Chapter Three.", "Ishmael’s voyage, figuratively, is a quest to know, to understand. The “nameless horror” embodied in the", "Off the coast of New Guinea, the Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Ned is surprised when Nemo allows him to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens. Ned goes off alone to explore avenues of escape. While kneeling at a pool to drink, he sees a number of human skulls on stakes. Realizing his danger, Ned runs for his life and rejoins Conseil as they are chased back to the Nautilus by cannibals. Despite remaining aground, Nemo is unconcerned, and the cannibals are repelled from the ship by electrical charges through the outer hull. Nemo is furious with Ned for not following his orders and confines him to the submarine's brig.", "Bauer, Michael. Don't Call Me Ishmael. New York: Greenwillow Books, 2006. It's a first-person account of the trials and tribulations of Ishmael Leseur, and his horde of very colorful friends and enemies. Through the school year, they have to face debating debacles, girls, and bugs. The writing is excellent and the dialogue is laugh-out-loud hilarious in a lot of places.", "25 “The book opens,” she continued, “with ‘Call me Ishmael.’ It ends with ‘Now small fowls flew screaming over the yet yawning gulf; a sullen white surf beat against its steep sides; then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago.’”" ]

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[ "Junior Achievement (also JA or JA Worldwide) is a non-profit youth organization founded in 1919 by Horace A. Moses, Theodore Vail, and Winthrop M. Crane. Junior Achievement works with local businesses and organizations to deliver experiential programs on the topics of financial literacy, work readiness, and entrepreneurship to students in kindergarten through high school. ", "Junior Achievement was founded in 1919 by Theodore Vail, president of American Telephone & Telegraph; Horace Moses, president of Strathmore Paper Co.; and Senator Murray Crane of Massachusetts. Its first program, JA Company Program®, was offered to high school students on an after-school basis. In 1975, the organization entered the classroom with the introduction of Project Business for the middle grades. Over the last 39 years, Junior Achievement has expanded its activities and broadened its scope to include in-school and after-school students.", "Junior Achievement nationally was founded by Horace Moses in 1919. The program was initially designed to help young people learn and experience firsthand the free enterprise system. Locally, JA has enriched the lives of over 250,000 children since the founding of Spartanburg's chapter in 1968 and the Greenville chapter in 1972. Both areas quickly gained support and momentum through the support of members of their local Rotary Clubs and Chambers of Commerce. Now called JA of Upstate SC and covering the counties of Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens, we are an affiliate of the world's largest organization dedicated to inspiring and preparing kindergarten through 12th grade students to succeed in a global economy.", "Junior Achievement Serbia (JAS) is the only accredited provider of entrepreneurship education services in Serbia. It is a locally managed and funded entity affiliated with Junior Achievement Worldwide, a global organization founded 1919 in the USA.", "Junior Achievement is a partnership between the business community, educators, foundations, and volunteers — all collaborating to inspire young people to dream big and reach their potential. JA's hands-on, experiential programs teach the key concepts of work readiness skills, entrepreneurship and financial literacy to young people in grades K-12.  Through a dedicated and trained volunteer network, JA deliver these programs to area schools, career development centers, and recognized after school programs at no cost to the school or servicing organization and with no additional burden on the classroom teachers. These volunteers also serve as role models, emphasizing the relevance and value of education and bringing the real world of work into the classroom. The programs are correlated with national and state curriculum standards in math, social studies, and language arts, and fulfill the state mandates for age-appropriate courses in economics and financial literacy.  The JA classes also support the skills and competencies identified by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills.", "in order to begin the attempt to provide young people with an opportunity for a better future.", "MONTREAL, CANADA VOLUNTEERS SHARE BUSINESS EXPERIENCE Always ready to give back to the next generation, YP Montreal members participated in a Junior Achievement (JA) volunteering program at the AGBU Alex Manoogian School. JA, the largest youth business education organization in Canada, allows students to experience and understand the fundamentals of business, while developing essential leadership skills and enhancing their financial literacy, employability and entrepreneurship potential. In collaboration with the school’s administration and faculty, YP Montreal members presented an interactive educational program to seventh and eighth grade students.", "universities, three-year degrees are offered as an alternative. Exciting schools like Bainbridge Graduate Institute award an MBA in sustainable business.ÿ Community colleges are partnering with high schools to enable ambitious students to graduate from both at the same time Schools for social change are now worldwide. For example, the Community andIndividual Development Association (CIDA) inJohannesburg, South Africa, is a business school for the underprivileged that teaches entrepreneurship and considers every student an agent of change. Access their website at www.cida.co.za.", "-high schools of the 1920's began offering a broad range of courses such as vocational training for those interested in industrial jobs", "The bolded statement in (4) is particularly important. Starting at about the 11th grade in many U.S. high schools, students have the opportunity to take Advance Placement courses. Roughly, these are equivalent to freshman college courses in a college or university that maintains high standards. These courses are taught at a level that assumes students have reached or very nearly reached formal operations. Quite a few high school juniors have a cognitive development level to handle such courses. However, the great majority of students don’t.", "[wood shop, drafting, vocational training, college preparation, spatial visualization, Jefferson, Franklin, Carter, Goldwater, Teddy Roosevelt, high school education]", "Plot Intro: High School kids, some of whom are about to graduate, are make the most of their time before they have to prepare for college.", "The 1920s bring the enactment of legislation that requires compulsory physical education in the high schools of many states. This leads to the development of a degree program at WSC to train students as physical and recreation directors, playground supervisors, and athletic coaches.", "Today's young people, the \"9/11 Generation\", will live with a generational conflict that defines them in the same way that the Cold War did for their parents, and that WWII did for their grandparents. A key element in the victories won by those earlier generations was a sense of common sacrifice and shared service. This initiative will offer the opportunity to serve to every high school graduate in Texas, and reward them with the most valuable commodity available: access to education. We must shape this effort so that it makes economic sense for Texas, for its taxpayers, and for its colleges and universities. And we should do so by the time the current high school freshman class graduates.", "Before widespread school district consolidation, most American high schools were far smaller than their present-day counterparts. During the first decades of the 20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of professional and college sports, the popularity of high school basketball was unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of high school teams was Indiana's Franklin Wonder Five, which took the nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating Indiana basketball and earning national recognition.", "Through grade eight, the classrooms are designed for multi-age groupings with a continuous educational progress program. The high school compares to a comprehensive U.S. high school, but does not offer an extensive vocational education program. The program of study is mainly, though not exclusively, college preparatory.", "The purpose of the event is to allow students enrolled in Sixth Grade through Eighth Grade (and their families) to begin exploring a variety of post-secondary options. The information will be helpful to students who will attend Covington High, Fontainebleau High, Mandeville High, Lakeshore High, Northshore High, Pearl River High, Salmen High, or Slidell High.", "College student Ebony Moore became a member of NAACP seven years ago, after entering the groupâs Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympic competition in poetry, oratory and essay writing. ", "Early College Alliance (ECA) is a public school consortium designed to fully immerse high school-aged students in the post-secondary learning environment. ECA is a public, earlymiddle college program established in 2007 and located on the campus of Eastern Michigan University (EMU). ECA has consistently provided opportunities for its students to have rich and diverse cultural experiences via UMS performances. For the past two years, ECA has integrated a UMS performance into the curriculum taught to the entire first-year student cohort. By infusing its curriculum with the arts, ECA makes a commitment to learning in the broadest terms: learning that goes beyond the walls of the traditional school building, that is diverse in perspective and experience, and that is ultimately student-focused.", "An even much more important reason for the success was the furtherance-system for young people in GDR. When some children were aged around 6 until 10 years old (or older) sport-teachers at school were encouraged to look for certain talents in every pupil. For older pupils it was possible to attend grammar-schools with a focus on sports (for example sailing, soccer and swimming). This policy was also used for talented pupils with regard to music or mathematics.", "the situation is quite different: 75% of all people drop out of school before they reach the sixth grade. Thus, people who have finished high school are members of a tiny minority. Then, a minority of that minority goes on for university training. It is only among these people that you will find your educational equals.", "The principal goal of education is to create men who are capable of doing new things, not simply of repeating what other generations have done.", "In the United States, the goal of physical education is to \"develop physically literate individuals who have the knowledge, skills and confidence to enjoy a lifetime of healthful physical activity.\" ", "The secondary education in Taiwan includes junior high school, senior high school, vocational high school, military school and complete high school. The traditional secondary education institutions were established during the Japanese colonial era (1895–1945). Today, they include many features from the United States.", "1926 Hadow Report The Education of the Adolescent : proposed junior and senior schools with transfer at age 11, secondary education for all, and increase in school leaving age to 15.", "In 1967, the first free secondary school for African Americans, the Avery Institute , was established. The Union's General Sherman supported the conversion of the United States Arsenal into a military academy for former soldiers and orphaned boys. In 1886, a 7.5 (Richter scale) earthquake almost destroyed the Port of Charleston and caused damage in places as far away as several hundred kilometers in Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. The quake was even felt in Boston and Cuba.", "More recent U.S. programs include Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions, which formed in 1996 to advance the civil and human rights of young people through eliminating ageist laws targeted against young people, and to help youth counter Ageism in America. The National Youth Rights Association started in 1998 to promote awareness of the legal and human rights of young people in the United States, and the Freechild Project was formed in 2001 to identify, unify and promote diverse opportunities for youth engagement in social change by fighting Ageism.", "They say that necessity is the mother of invention, and during the brutal New England winter of 1891, James Naismith , a physical education student at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, now Springfield College, found himself with an unenviable assignment--devise an indoor game to occupy the attention of a rowdy class of young men.", "Moreover, the growth of suburban areas in America after World War II resulted in a shift from the traditional focus on physical education in an urban school setting and instead placed new emphasis on suburbia. In both urban and suburban schools physical education included not just calisthenics but games and sports.", "The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed on February 12, 1909. Its mission is “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination”. The NAACP bestows the annual Image Awards for achievement in the arts and entertainment, and the annual Spingarn Medals for outstanding positive achievement of any kind, on deserving black Americans. It has its headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland.", "John F. Kennedy University opened in Pleasant Hill, California, in 1964 as a school for adult education.", "He was the first person from his father's side of the family to graduate from high school." ]

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[ "On this day in 1984, Vanessa Williams resigned as Miss America. The first African-American woman to receive the crown was forced to do so before nude pictures of her were published in Penthouse magazine.", "On this day in 1984, 21-year-old Vanessa Williams gives up her Miss America title, the first resignation in the pageant�s history, after Penthouse magazine announces plans to publish nude photos of the beauty queen in its September issue. Williams originally made history on September 17, 1983, when she became the first black woman to win the Miss America crown. Miss New Jersey, Suzette Charles, the first runner-up and also an African American, assumed Williams� tiara for the two months that remained of her reign.", "On this day in 1984, 21-year-old Vanessa Williams gives up her Miss America title, the first resignation in the pageant’s history, after Penthouse magazine announces plans to publish nude photos of the beauty queen in its September issue. Williams originally made history on September 17, 1983, when she became the first black woman to win the Miss America crown. Miss New Jersey, Suzette Charles, the first runner-up and also an African American, assumed Williams’ tiara for the two months that remained of her reign.", "July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in \"Penthouse\" magazine.", "July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in \" Penthouse \" magazine.", "1984 Vanessa Williams becomes the 1st Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown after nude photos of her appeared in Penthouse magazine", "Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American actress, singer, and fashion designer. She initially gained recognition as the first African-American recipient of the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983. However, a few weeks prior to the end of her reign, she learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue. Williams thus resigned as Miss America on July 22, 1984 (under pressure from the Miss America Organization), and was replaced by first runner-up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles. A few years later, she rebounded as an entertainer with the song \"The Right Stuff.\" She then had a string of successful albums and singles and also found success as an actress (she is particularly well known for her roles as Teri Joseph in the 1997 feature film Soul Food, Wilhelmina Slater in Ugly Betty, and Renee Perry in Desperate Housewives).", "1984: Vanessa Williams, Syracuse, N.Y., resigned after becoming the first African-American Miss America when sexually explicit photos of her were published in Penthouse magazine. Williams has since gone on to ... more", "1984 - From the Oh, THOSE Pictures File: Miss America, Vanessa Williams, turned in her crown. It had been discovered that she had posed nude for Penthouse magazine. Williams, the first black Miss America, relinquished her title to Suzette Charles, the pageant�s runner-up.", "1984: Vanessa Williams, Syracuse, N.Y., resigned after becoming the first African-American Miss America when sexually explicit photos of her were published in Penthouse magazine. Williams has since gone on to success in music and acting. less", "On this day in 1984, 21-year-old Vanessa Williams gives up her Miss America title, the first resignation in the pageant's history, after Penthouse magazine announces plans to publish nude photos of the beauty queen in its September issue. Williams originally made history on September 17, 1983, when... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/miss-america-resigns?et_cid=78159304&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fmiss-america-resigns", "Vanessa was the first ever black Miss America having being crowned the year earlier but then nude pictures of her emerged and were published in Penthouse.", "The beautiful and multi-talented  Vanessa Williams (pictured center) was stripped of her title of “Miss America” 29 years ago today because nude photos of the famed actress were published in “Penthouse Magazine.”", "Nevertheless, in the face of the ensuing media frenzy, the outrage of pageant sponsors, and pressure from pageant officials, Williams chose to resign her position as Miss America, giving a press conference on July 23, 1984, to make her decision public. Runner-up Suzette Charles, also an African-American, was crowned in her stead.", "Suzette Charles (born Suzette DeGaetano, March 2, 1963) is an American singer, entertainer, and actress. She was Miss New Jersey in 1983, and served as Miss America 1984 for seven weeks after Vanessa Williams was forced to resign from the position that July.", "Williams was 10 months into her tenure as Miss America 1984 when it was revealed that nude photos she had taken with other women while working as an assistant make-up artist in 1982 would be published. She posed for the photos when she was either 18 or 19 and they were to run without her consent.", "Madonna Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone(born August 16, 1958) is an American pop singer, dancer, songwriter, producer, actress, and author. Noted for her innovative music videos, elaborately mounted stage performances, and often controversial use of sexual and religious themes and imagery in her work, Madonna has gained worldwide fame and notoriety throughout her career.", "Williams, of the Westchester County community of Millwood, was asked by pageant officials to resign or be stripped of her title for posing nude and in sexually explicit poses with another woman. The photos appear in Penthouse’s September edition, which hit the newsstands Sunday.", "Vanessa Lynn Williams was born March 18, 1963, in Millwood, New York, to music teacher parents. She attended Syracuse University and studied musical theater. In 1982, while working a summer job as a receptionist at a modeling agency in Mt. Kisco, New York, photographer Thomas Chiapel took the nude pictures of Williams, telling her they�d be shot in silhouette and that she wouldn�t be recognizable. After Williams became Miss America, the photographer sold the pictures to Penthouse without her knowledge. Williams later dropped lawsuits against the magazine and photographer after it was learned that she had signed a model release form at the time the photos were taken.", "Vanessa Lynn Williams was born March 18, 1963, in Millwood, New York, to music teacher parents. She attended Syracuse University and studied musical theater. In 1982, while working a summer job as a receptionist at a modeling agency in Mt. Kisco, New York, photographer Thomas Chiapel took the nude pictures of Williams, telling her they’d be shot in silhouette and that she wouldn’t be recognizable. After Williams became Miss America, the photographer sold the pictures to Penthouse without her knowledge. Williams later dropped lawsuits against the magazine and photographer after it was learned that she had signed a model release form at the time the photos were taken.", "From 1981 to 1983, Brooke Shields, her mother, photographer Gary Gross , Playboy Press and the New York City Courts were involved in litigation over the rights to some photographs her mother had signed away to the photographer (when dealing with models who are also minors, a parent or legal guardian must sign such a release form while other agreements are subject to negotiation) which were originally intended to appear in a book titled Sugar and Spice to be published by Playboy Press. The courts ruled in favor of the photographer but due to a strange twist in New York law, it would have been otherwise had Brooke Shields been considered a child \"performer\" rather than a model. [19]", "Aretha Franklin - Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She is known to her fans as the \"Queen of Soul\". Aretha is the second most honored female singer in Grammy history (after Alison Krauss). She has won twenty Grammy Awards, which includes the Living Legend Grammy and the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. Aretha won eight consecutive awards between 1968 and 1975, during which time the category of Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was nicknamed \"The Aretha Award\". By the end of the 1960s Franklin was at her peak as an artist and her hits included Otis Redding's \"Respect\", as well as \"Chain of Fools\" and \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" . She had become an African-American icon during the era's turbulent battles over civil rights for minorities and women. She sang \"God Bless America\" at the 1977 inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and continued to perform and record both soul and gospel music into the 21st century.  ' Artist Discography '", "Cyrus changed her legal name to Miley Ray Cyrus in 2008. That same year, she stirred up controversy by posing for revealing photographs taken by famed photographer Annie Leibovitz, which appeared in Vanity Fair magazine. The resulting criticism and media frenzy did little damage to her career, however. Her second studio album, Breakout (2008), was a huge hit, reaching the top of the pop album charts.", "Nicole Scherzinger (; born Nicole Prascovia Elikolani Valiente; June 29, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and television personality. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, she performed in various singing competitions and musicals before joining American rock band Days of the New as a backing vocalist and later becoming one of the members of the ill-fated girl group Eden's Crush in 2001. She rose to fame as the lead singer of the burlesque troupe turned-recording act, the Pussycat Dolls becoming one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. During their hiatus Scherzinger planned to embark on her solo career with Her Name is Nicole but was later shelved after her singles failed to impact the charts in US, however doing really well in the UK and other countries overseas. Following the disbandment of the Pussycat Dolls, Scherzinger became a judge for two seasons of The Sing-Off and in 2010 won the tenth season of Dancing with the Stars.", "Her performances have led some critics to consider her one of the greatest entertainers in contemporary popular music. She has sold over 100 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s (decade). In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s (decade) and handed their Millennium Award in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes also listed her as the most powerful female in entertainment of 2015. ", "Caused a stir with the American Family Association by posing in her underwear on the cover of Rolling Stone. [1999]", "Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Crawford is a former American model. Known for her trademark mole just above her lip, Crawford has adorned hundreds of magazine covers throughout her career. She was named #3 on VH1's 40 Hottest Hotties of the 90s. Her success at modeling made her a celebrity that has led to roles in television and film, and to work as a spokesperson.", "In the early 80s, Whitney started working as a fashion model and appeared as the first black woman on the cover of the magazine Seventeen. She was also featured in the pages of Glamour and Cosmopolitan and became one of the most sought after teen models.", "The young singer, who was collecting Best Female Video for You Belong To Me, was left humiliated as West snatched the microphone from her hands.", "The 19-year-old singer, who was collecting Best Female Video for You Belong To Me, was left humiliated as West snatched the microphone from her hands.", "Her autobiography, Lips Unsealed, published in June 2010, was a New York Times Best Seller and received favorable reviews. On August 11, 2011, as a member of the Go-Go's, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "R&B singer who released her debut album Music of the Sun in 2005, then had her big breakthrough with the 2007 album Good Girl Gone Bad, which featured the #1 hit \"Umbrella.\" Her 2012 album Unapologetic reached #1 on the Billboard 200. Across her career, she has sold over 40 million albums." ]

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[ "Chow mein is a Chinese-American dish that is commonly found in Asian restaurants in the US. Chicken chow mein is the most popular, consisting of small slices or cubes of chicken and vegetables like bean sprouts, mushrooms, water chestnuts, bamboo shoots, and green onions. Chow mein technically means \"fried noodles\" in Chinese so the dish is commonly served over crisp noodles.", "Chow Mein 炒面 is a Chinese stir-fried noodle dish that is typically served in two ways: steamed or crispy style.  The latter version is also known as Hong Kong style in Western cultures, and it is one of my favorite Chinese dishes.  In order to get the perfect crispness of these thin noodles, you must prepare the noodles separately, which can be quite time consuming depending on the size of your frying pan (helps if you have a griddle).  After you pan fry the noodles, you should store them in the oven to keep warm as you cook the meat, vegetables, and sauce to pour over the noodles before serving.", "Different recipes for Chow Mein abound as do different stories about this dish. One credits a Japanese chef serving it to a visiting general. That story, more often credited to Chop Suey, has been debunked as a tall tale. Andrew Coe in his book titled: Chop Suey (published by Oxford University Press in 2009; ISBN 978-0-19-533107-3) advises that chow mein cooked in China's Pearl River Delta was a distinct dish, but that in New York City's uptown joints' chow mein was simply chop suey served over fried noodles instead of over or with rice. Coe also says, speaking of the diet in the United States, that by the 1920's \"chop suey and chow mein had claimed a place in the national diet.\"", "There is a regional difference in the US between the East and West Coast use of the term \"chow mein\". On the East Coast, \"chow mein\" is always the crispy or \"Hong Kong style\". At some restaurants located in those areas, the crispy chow mein noodles are sometimes deep fried and could be crispy \"like the ones in cans\" or \"fried as crisp as hash browns\". At a few East Coast locations, \"chow mein\" is also served over rice. There, the steamed style using soft noodles is a separate dish called \"lo mein\". On the West Coast, \"chow mein\" is always the steamed style; the crispy style is simply called \"Hong Kong style\" and the term \"lo mein\" is not widely used.", "Chow Mein – A Chinese-American dish consisting of stewed vegetables and meat with fried noodles.  It comes from the Mandarin Chinese words ch’ao mien meaning “fried noodles.”  It is thought that this Chinese dish was brought to America by the Chinese laborers and cooks for the Transcontinental Railway in the 1850s.", "In American Chinese cuisine, it is a stir-fried dish consisting of noodles, meat (chicken being most common but pork, beef, shrimp or tofu sometimes being substituted), onions and celery. It is often served as a specific dish at westernized Chinese restaurants. Vegetarian or vegan Chow Mein is also common.", "slang for chicken à la king, which is a dish of diced chicken accented with mushroom, pimento, and green pepper that's served in a cream sauce; as derived from French for \"in the manner of the king\" or \"according to the style of the king\". See BEANS, CHOW, RATIONS. [cf: chicken tetrazzini; beef à la mode] [nb: American cuisine includes chow mein (\"noodle pieces\") and chop suey (\"mixed bits\"), a stir-fried combination of shredded meat and diced vegetables over noodles or rice in Chinese style]", "Chow mein are stir-fried noodles, the name being the romanization of the Taishanese chāu-mèing. The dish is popular throughout the Chinese diaspora and appears on the menus of Chinese restaurants. It is particularly popular in the United States, Britain, Nepal, and India.", "Chow Mein made with fried noodles is not the same dish served in China where soft noodles are used that were boiled and then stir-fried in hot oil until crisp on the outside but soft within. It is served with a stir-fried mixture of vegetables and strips of meat. Gloria Bley Miller in her Thousand Recipe Chinese Cookbook published by Grosset and Dunlap in 1970 (ISBN 0-448-00674-X) calls chow mein a \"casual dish which calls for boiled noodles to be cooked with other ingredients somewhat in the manner of fried rice; that is, the noodles and other ingredients...fried separately, then combined and cooked until nearly done.\" Her book has five chow mein variations plus one titled: Miscellaneous.", "Popular dishes include Chicken Manchurian, Chicken lollipop, Chilli chicken, Hakka noodles, Hunan chicken, Chow mein, and Szechwan fried rice. Soups such as Manchow soup and Sweet corn soup are very popular, whereas desserts include ice cream on honey-fried noodles and date pancakes. Chow mein is now known as one of the most favorite Chinese dishes in India. Specially in West Bengal, it is one of the most loved street foods.", "The \"Chow mein\" is the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese characters above, which means stir-fried noodles. Generally speaking, this stir-fried dish consists of noodles, meat (usually chicken, beef, shrimp, or pork), onions and celery.", "Stir-fried noodles, usually called chow mein in English-speaking countries, actually were named because of a corruption of the the Chinese word, “chau-meing.” The name basically just means “fried noodles.” Chow ( 炒 )means fried, and mein ( 面 ) means noodles!", "A Chinese-American dish that consists of small pieces of meat (usually chicken) or shrimp and vegetables such as bean sprouts, water chestnuts, bamboo shoots, mushrooms and onions. The ingredients are usually fried separately, then combined at the last minute and served over crisp noodles.", "Tap seui or chop suey, also spelled tsa sui, does mean 'mixed pieces' while chow mein means 'fried noodles.' Either or both are prepared with different seasonings depending on country, city, site, or person cooking the dish. Soy sauce is a most common seasoning, everything else can and often is different. Chow mein noodles can be thick or thin, made as rope, pulled, threaded, pressed, or rolled and cut into strips, squares, etc. The noodles themselves can be made with wheat flour, wheat and rice flour, plain rice flour, and/or other ingredients such as bean threads, agar agar (a seaweed), egg noodles, e-fu noodles, buckwheat noodles, etc. In China, this dish usually incorporates basic flavors of sweet, salty, bitter, pungent, and sour and not always made with all these tastes in the United States.", "Crispy chow mein has either onions and celery in the finished dish or is served \"strained\", without any vegetables. Steamed chow mein can have many different kinds of vegetables in the finished dish, most commonly including onions and celery but sometimes carrots, cabbage and mung bean sprouts as well. Crispy chow mein is usually topped with a thick brown sauce, while steamed chow mein is mixed with soy sauce before being served.", "Once a week growing up, cartons of Lo Mein, Beef with Broccoli and Chow Mein were strewn across our kitchen table on Chinese take-out night. The food always took a back seat to what lay at the bottom of the bags: endless packets of soy sauce. These packets made dinner flavors pop—and the pleasing memory of the bold, strong, exotic salty-bitter flavors they imparted lingered well into dessert.", "Both chow mein and lo mein dishes start with egg noodles, made from wheat flower mixed with egg. Chow mein noodles can be either flat or rounded. For preparation, cooks start with either fresh or dried noodles, which are then parboiled. The parboiled noodles are then added to the stir fry mixture and cooked until crispy. This preparation results in a variety of textures within the dish.", "The following are the eight most popular dishes among foreigners and Chinese. For customers’ convenience, we also list their Chinese character names and English pronunciations. These eight dishes are sweet and sour pork (chicken), gong bao chicken, ma po tofu, wontons, dumplings, spring rolls, chow mein and Peking duck. These dishes are available in most large restaurants in China.", "Both chow mein and lo mein come from northern China, where wheat-based dishes are more common than rice-based ones. They are both widely available in American Chinese cuisine as well.", "It is also normally served with Bak kut teh (肉骨茶), porridge or rice congee, sliced thinly to be dipped into the broth/congee and eaten. It is also commonly eaten with coffee or soy milk for breakfast.", "Chowder is a seafood or vegetable stew (or thickened soup), often served withmilk or cream and mostly eaten with saltine crackers.", "For extra flavour, prepare a sauce: Egg Foo Yung is one of the few Chinese dishes where a sauce is prepared separately and served over it. The brown sauce that frequently accompanies Beef with Broccoli works well with this dish.", "Dinner. Dinner is a substantial hot meal, whether taken at midday or in the evening. The traditional pattern is cooked meat or fish with vegetables. A sweet course, usually referred to as pudding, follows. Food may come from the prepared-food counter in a supermarket, and home cooks are as likely to choose dishes from the Mediterranean or the Indian subcontinent as traditional English ones. Take-away (takeout) food, from traditional fish and chips to kebabs, curries, or \"a Chinese,\" are possible choices.", "The phrase refers to the makeup of a typical meal served, but has roots in classic kaiseki, honzen, and yūsoku cuisine. The term is also used to describe the first course served in standard kaiseki cuisine nowadays., p.158, explains that in the tea kaiseki, the", "DIM SUM.  A Cantonese specialty, consisting of a collection of steamed and deep-fried snacks usually served from mid-morning right the afternoon.  Traditionally served in tea houses dim sum are now offered in many restaurants during the day.   Some restaurant specialize in these snacks.  Dim sum includes a wide variety of dishes such as spring rolls, steamed dumplings filled with meat or shrimp, steamed pork wrapped in noodle dough and fluffy white wheat buns stuffed with sweet meat.  Small portions of spicy spareribs may be offered.", "Thought to have been brought to America by the Chinese railroad laborers, chow-chow is a mustard-flavored mixed-vegetable-and-pickle relish. Originally, the term was used to describe a Chinese condiment of orange peel and ginger in a heavy syrup.", "Pansit - chicken, pork or shrimp mixed with rice noodles with variety of vegetables i.e. carrots, cabbage, celery, peapods etc.", "Chicken Lo Mein-\"This dish is easy to make, and full of flavour. The chicken is incredibly tender, and the ginger, garlic and soy sauce combine to give it its authentic taste.", "Curry ( /ˈkʌri/) (plural, Curries) is a generic term primarily employed in Western culture to denote a wide variety of dishes originating in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Thai or other Southeast Asian cuisines. Their common feature is the incorporation of more or less complex combinations of spices and herbs, usually (but not invariably) including fresh or dried hot capsicum peppers, commonly called \"chili\" or \"cayenne\" peppers.Curry powder is a spice mixture of widely varying composition developed by the British during the days of the Raj as a means of approximating the taste of Indian cuisine at home. Masala refers to spices, and this is the name given to the thick and pasty sauce based on a combination of spices with ghee (clarified butter), butter, palm oil or coconut milk. Most commercial curry powders available in Britain, the U.S. and Canada, rely heavily on ground turmeric, in turn producing a very yellow sauce.", "A local variant of the hotdog is the \"Wors roll\", or boerewors roll. This is a hotdog bun with a piece of boerewors in, served with a tomato and onion relish called seshebo. Seshebo can include chilli, atchaar or curries, depending on the area within the country.", "This dish is pretty self-explanatory. Often spicy, it’s made with beef shanks and a variety of vegetables.", "* Mee rebus: A dish using egg noodles in a sweet and spicy sauce, green chillies with a hard boiled egg. " ]

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[ "The country-music star Hank Williams, Jr., put out a new album in January called “It’s About Time.” It is his fifty-eighth studio release, but as has often been the case in Williams’s career, which is now more than a half century old, much of the attention that’s come his way has little to do with music. In the beginning, of course, the only reason anyone knew Williams was for the “Jr.”: by the time the younger Williams started performing, his father was not so much a country-music legend as a country-music deity. Hank, Jr., nicknamed Bocephus by his dad—after the Grand Ole Opry comedian Rod Brasfield’s ventriloquist dummy—was born famous. And these days he is more immediately identified for his anti-gay, anti-Muslim, and anti-big-government concert ramblings—and for having been fired from a two-decade-long gig performing the theme song to “Monday Night Football” after seeming to compare Barack Obama to Adolf Hitler during a segment of “Fox & Friends.” Country music’s equivalent to the Son of God is now country music’s equivalent to Ted Nugent.", "Country singer Hank Williams Jr., whose theme song was pulled from Monday Night Football after he compared President Barack Obama to Adolf Hitler, lashed out at the media on Monday with a topical song called Keep the Change.", "Country singer Hank Williams Jr., whose theme song was pulled from 'Monday Night Football' after he compared President Barack Obama to Adolf Hitler, lashed out at the media and Obama (again) with a new song called 'Keep the Change' (audio below).", "He is well known for his hit “A Country Boy Can Survive” and as the performer of the theme song for Monday Night Football, based on his 1984 hit “All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight”. In 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994, Williams’s opening themes for Monday Night Football (Written by ghost writer Milliea Taylor McKinney known for selling her song rights to artist} the tune earned him four Emmy Awards. In 2001, Hank co-wrote his classic hit “A Country Boy Can Survive” after 9/11, renaming it “America Can Survive”. In 2004, Williams was featured prominently on CMT Outlaws. In 2006, he starred at the Summerfest concert.", "The Hank Williams Jr. song that has opened \"Monday Night Football\" for 20 years was not part of the opening of this week's Indianapolis-Tampa Bay game after Williams made controversial comments about President Barack Obama.", "He also referred to Obama and Vice President Joe Biden as the enemy. That day, ESPN publicly rebuked Williams and dropped his All My Rowdy Friends song as the opening theme for its weekly Monday Night Football broadcast.", "He also referred to Obama and Vice President Joe Biden as \"the enemy.\" That day, ESPN publicly rebuked Williams and dropped his \"All My Rowdy Friends\" song as the opening theme for its weekly \"Monday Night Football\" broadcast.", "In 2000, Miller beat out Rush Limbaugh and Tony Kornheiser (among others) for a job as color commentator on ABC's Monday Night Football. His commentary was sprinkled with esoteric references. A common Miller-ism was after a Hail Mary pass fell incomplete, he would say \"Hail Mary is denied – separation of church and state.\" He also once referred to the \"Greatest Show on Turf\", the St. Louis Rams receiving corps, as the \"Murderer's Row of Haste\". After two seasons, Miller and former San Diego Chargers quarterback Dan Fouts (who worked alongside play-by-play man Al Michaels) were replaced by the veteran football commentator John Madden.", "Boss's traffic schemes have also resulted in country music and other performers \"working off\" their fines by performing at \"The Boar's Nest \". Famous singer victims include: Roy Orbison , Buck Owens , Mel Tillis , Dottie West , Tammy Wynette , Hoyt Axton , Johnny Paycheck and The Oak Ridge Boys , and Mickey Gilley .", "After his song was pulled from Monday Night Football broadcasts permanently, Williams recorded a song criticizing President Obama, ESPN and Fox & Friends titled \"Keep the Change\". He released the track on iTunes and via free download at his website. The song garnered over 180,000 downloads in two days. ", "Kid Rock has influenced such artists and groups as Eminem, Lil Wayne, Yelawolf, Machine Gun Kelly, Uncle Kracker, Paradime, Ty Stone, Jocaine and 75 North, Big & Rich, Gretchen Wilson, Jason Aldean, Florida Georgia Line, Brantley Gilbert, Eric Church, Zac Brown Band, Colt Ford, Rehab, The Sheepdogs, Aaron Lewis and Band Of Heathens. His son released his debut EP Wanted Dead Or Alive under the stage name \"Bandit\". He has since gone by Robert Ritchie instead of Bandit. Several established country artist have also borrowed his country rap style including Toby Keith (\"Trailerhood\", \"Red Solo Cup\", \"What About Me\"), Trace Adkins (\"Brown Chicken, Brown Cow\") and Blake Shelton (\"Hillbilly Bone\")He has appeared in music videos for Eminem, Limp Bizkit, Hank Williams Jr, Tim McGraw, Gretchen Wilson, Zac Brown Band, Yelawolf, Buckcherry and Uncle Kracker. He was also spoofed in Puddle Of Mudd's music video for \"Psycho\".", "country singer: Let�s Live a Little, Loose Talk, Trademark, Satisfaction Guaranteed; actor: The Badge of Marshall Brennan, Buffalo Guns; member: Grand Ole Opry", "In reaction, On Aug. 22, 1964, the singer posted a letter as an advertisement in Billboard Magazine, calling out the record industry as cowards: “D.J.’s — station managers — owners, etc., Where are your guts?”, he demands - “I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes. Just one question: WHY???” He concludes the letter with “‘Ira Hayes’ is strong medicine … So is Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam.” [60] Cash kept promoting the song himself and used his influence on Radio-DJs he knew [59] to eventually make the song climb to No.3 on the Country Charts, while the album rose to No.2 on the album charts. [61]", "In March 2012, Green performed at a fundraiser for President Barack Obama, who attended. He began singing \"Fuck You\" with the original lyrics, but then switched to the unprofane set of lyrics. Green released the song \"I Love Football\" in September 2012, set to the tune of \"Blitzkrieg Bop\" by Ramones. It was chosen by the National Football League as the theme song of Thursday Night Football 2013. ", "The Ataris played their version of this at the 2003 Home Run Derby. ESPN used the song in various promos for the event. It may have been the last time one of Henley's songs was used on the network. A short time later, ESPN hired conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh as a football analyst. Henley can't stand Limbaugh, and has refused to license his songs to ESPN ever since they put him on the air.", "Country singer on Dot Records in the 1960s and 1970s. Top-40 charted titles included “Baby Ain’t That Love,” “Catch the Wind.” Also recorded novelty tunes as “Zoot Fenster” (“The Man on Page 602”). Later a jingle singer for Big Red gum, Busch beer, Budweiser, Chrysler, Dollar General, Kraft, Uncle Ben’s rice, Dodge, Kelloggs. (real name: Jack Harold Butcher)", "Another artist who received a major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Kris Kristofferson , who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer/songwriter. During a live performance of Kristofferson's \" Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down \", Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives, singing the song with its references to marijuana intact:", "Another artist who received a major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Kris Kristofferson, who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer/songwriter. During a live performance of Kristofferson's \"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down,\" Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives, singing the song with its references to marijuana intact:", "Comedian Jeff Foxworthy released several \"songs\" that included snippets of his comedy set to music, usually with a chorus from a country music singer. The only one that sniffed the country music top 40 was \"Redneck 12 Days of Christmas\", a half-song, half-recitation that he performed as a Solo Duet .", "The Economist (\"Middle America's soul\", 23 December 2006, 45-47) quotes a contemptuous Bob Newhart joke about country music:", "Williams later said that despite his friendship with the Democratic Kennedys, he was a lifelong Republican. In 2009, he was quoted by The Daily Telegraph as accusing President Barack Obama of \"following Marxist theory\" and \"wanting the country to fail\". Williams gave Rush Limbaugh permission to use his recording of the song \"Born Free\" as the theme to the \"Animal Rights Update\" on Limbaugh's radio show—in which a portion of the song was then followed by gunfire—saying \"Hey, it's fine with me. I love what you're doing with it.\" The record company later blocked Limbaugh's use of the recording. Williams was a guest on the Glenn Beck Radio Program in December 2009, introduced by his own 1960s recording of \"Little Altar Boy\".", "Cash's recording career and his general relationship with the Nashville establishment were at an all-time low in the 1980s. He realized that his record label of nearly 30 years, Columbia, was growing indifferent to him and was not properly marketing him (he was \"invisible\" during that time, as he said in his autobiography). Cash recorded an intentionally awful song to protest, a self-parody. \"Chicken in Black\" was about Cash's brain being transplanted into a chicken. Ironically, the song turned out to be a larger commercial success than any of his other recent material. Between 1981 and 1984, he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia's sister label Legacy Recordings in 2014 as Out Among the Stars. Nevertheless, he was hoping to kill the relationship with the label before they did, and it was not long after \"Chicken in Black\" that Columbia and Cash parted ways.", "Disco Duck Fun Fact: As popular as Disco Duck was, disc jocky Rick Dees was forbidden to play the song on his own Memphis radio show.  He eventually simply talked about (not played) the tune and was fired due to conflict of interest.  Dees eventually became the successor of Kasey Kasem with The Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 Countdown.", "But I'm looking for players, not coaches. Considering how he dragged the NFL into the modern era, in some ways against its will, it could be Joe Namath. Like TR, Broadway Joe is a New York icon. And, like TR, he was, and remains, more powerful as a symbol than he was as, as TR would say, \"the man in the arena.\"", "When Warner Brothers started promoting You Might Be a Redneck If…, it urged stores to file the album under country, not comedy. The label bolstered its case by lifting bits of the album, setting them to country music, and then marketing the single to radio stations under the title \" Redneck Stomp .\" It was a strategy inspired by the success of Steve Martin's \" King Tut ,\" a silly musical number from the comedian's 1978 album A Wild and Crazy Guy. Sales of the album took off after Martin performed the song on Saturday Night Live, and radio stations picked up \"King Tut\" as a novelty.", "Country-music fans began asking for You Might Be a Redneck If… at record stores. The requests gave retailers a reason to rescue the album from its comedy-section exile and place it alongside the latest from Brooks & Dunn or Travis Tritt—which is exactly what Warner Brothers wanted all along. You Might Be a Redneck If… eventually went triple-platinum, as did the follow-up Games Rednecks Play. Not coincidentally, the latter album also included a musical mash-up, \"Party All Night,\" which garnered Foxworthy more valuable airplay.", "He is also featured year after year, on radio and \"shopping mall theme music\" at the holiday season, by his famous recording of \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". \"Rudolph\" became the first #1 hit of the 1950s. CMT in 2003 ranked him #38 in CMT's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music.", "1976 – Pittsburgh quarterback Terry Bradshaw’s  recording of “ I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry ” reached #17, the highest position the country classic had ever reached on the country charts.", "Johnny Cash wrote and performed a humorous song entitled \"Please Don't Play Red River Valley\" for his 1966 album Everybody Loves a Nut.", "In 1995, he starred in The Jeff Foxworthy Show, a sitcom created out of his stand-up comedy persona. It aired on ABC, but was canceled after one season. NBC subsequently picked up the show, but it was again canceled after one season. Foxworthy later remarked that the network did not understand how to properly market his humor; thinking his routine was \"too Southern\" for a national network (\"Has anyone heard me talk?\", he commented in one of his stand-up routines), they based the first season of his sitcom in Bloomington, Indiana. The show was later aired on Nick at Nite and CMT in 2005 and 2006. He also appeared in Alan Jackson's video for I Don't Even Know Your Name in 1995.", "In 1922, a radio station based in Georgia (WSM) was the first to broadcast folk songs to its audience. A little later, a radio station from Fort Worth, in Texas (WBAP), launched the first \"barn dance\" show. In june 1923, 55-year old Georgia's fiddler John Carson recorded (in Atlanta) two \"hillbilly\" (i.e., southern rural) songs, an event that is often considered the official founding of \"country\" music (although Texas fiddler Eck Roberton had already recorded the year before). The recording industry started dividing popular music into two categories: race music (that was only black) and hillbilly music (that was only white). The term \"hillbilly\" was actually introduced by \"Uncle\" Dave Macon's Hill Billie Blues (1924). In 1924, Chicago's radio station WLS (originally \"World's Largest Store\") began broadcasting a barn dance that could be heard throughout the Midwest.", "The Rams and Jets QB also did several endorsement commercials during his playing days, including this one for pantyhose, no joke. However, he only made one broadway appearance, covered here by Wikipedia:" ]

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[ "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), nicknamed Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer, Olympic gold medalist and undisputed world heavyweight champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981. Frazier was known for his sheer strength, durability, punch power and all-out relentless attack.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer , Olympic gold medalist and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion , whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.", "Joseph William “Joe” Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as Smokin’ Joe, was an American professional boxer and Olympic and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.", "Joseph William “Joe” Frazier  (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as “Smokin’ Joe”, was an Olympic and Undisputed World Heavyweight boxing champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.", "\"Smokin' Joe\" Frazier, who was the first boxer to beat Ali, died in Philadelphia a month after being diagnosed with liver cancer. Leslie Wolff, Frazier's personal manager, confirmed his death.", "In this March 8, 1971, file photo, Muhammad Ali. right, takes a left from Joe Frazier during the 15th round of their heavyweight title boxing bout in New York. Frazier won a unanimous decision. Frazier, the former heavyweight champion who handed Ali his first defeat yet had to live forever in his shadow, died Monday Nov. 7, 2011 after a brief fight with liver cancer. He was 67.", "Frazier, who died Monday night after a brief battle with liver cancer at 67, will forever be associated with Ali. No one in boxing would ever dream of anointing Ali as The Greatest unless he, too, was linked to Smokin' Joe.", "Nicknamed ‘The Greatest’, Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these are three with rival Joe Frazier and one with George Foreman , whom he beat by knockout to win the world heavyweight title for the second time. He suffered only five losses (four decisions and one TKO by retirement from the bout) with no draws in his career, while amassing 56 wins (37 knockouts and 19 decisions). [1] Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee”, and employing techniques such as the rope-a-dope . [2] He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would ‘ trash talk ‘ opponents on television and in person some time before the match, often with rhymes. These personality quips, idioms along with an unorthodox fighting technique made him a cultural icon. In later life, Ali developed Parkinson’s disease due to the injuries he sustained throughout his career. In 1999, Ali was crowned “Sportsman of the Century” by Sports Illustrated and “Sports Personality of the Century” by the BBC . [3]", "Boxing legend Joe Frazier, a large birth 12 January 1944 in Beaufort, South Carolina has lost his last fight against liver cancer. As the U.S. broadcaster ABC reported on the night, referring to Frazier's family, the 67-year-old former heavyweight champion died on 7th † November 2011 in his home in Philadelphia in the family. Frazier grew up with 10 siblings in a rural area in South Carolina on Frazier was received in 1971 with the \"Fight of the Century\" against Muhammad Ali in the annals of boxing. It was succeeded, \"Smokin 'Joe,\" the challenger in the 15th Dig round with a chair and left to teach Ali his first defeat as a professional.", "FILE - In this May 25, 1965, file photo, heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali is held back by referee Joe Walcott, left, after Ali knocked out challenger Sonny Liston in the first round of their title fight in Lewiston, Maine. Ali, the magnificent heavyweight champion whose fast fists and irrepressible personality transcended sports and captivated the world, has died according to a statement released by his family Friday, June 3, 2016. He was 74. (AP Photo/File)", "Because of its violent nature and its identification with betting, boxing has had a controversial history. There have been periodic efforts to outlaw the sport. The November 1982 death of South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, for example, prompted two editorials in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Jan. 14, 1983) calling for a ban on all boxing. The results of a study by an AMA-sponsored scientific council appeared in that same issue, and the council, expressing the official AMA position, called not for a ban but for improved controls and medical facilities at ringside, centralized record keeping, and standardization of safety regulations. Despite these periodic efforts, boxers remain internationally famous, particularly heavyweight champions, most of whom, in this century, have come from the United States. Among the best heavyweights have been Muhammad ALI, Jack DEMPSEY, Jack JOHNSON, Joe LOUIS, Rocky MARCIANO, Gene TUNNEY, Corbett, and Sullivan. Outstanding champions in the lighter weights have included Benny Leonard, Mickey WALKER, Barney Ross, Henry ARMSTRONG, and Sugar Ray ROBINSON. Louis, Marciano, and Ali benefited greatly--both in popularity and financially--from the promotion of televised fights.", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), best known as Joe Louis and nicknamed the “Brown Bomber“, was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949, and is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Louis’ championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 26 championship fights; a 27th fight, against Ezzard Charles in 1950, was a challenge for Charles’ heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis’ reign. Louis was victorious in 25 title defenses, a world record second only to Julio César Chávez with 27. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the best heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization, [1] and was ranked number one on The Ring magazine ‘s list of the “100 greatest punchers of all time.” [2]", "2 . Died in November, former world heavyweight boxer aged 67. Beat Ali once but lost to him twice.", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), best known as Joe Louis, was an American professional boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1937 to 1949, and is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the \"Brown Bomber\". Louis' championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 26 championship fights; a 27th fight, against Ezzard Charles, was a challenge to Charles' heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis' reign. Louis was victorious in 25 title defenses, a world record second only to Julio César Chávez with 27. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization, and was ranked #1 on The Ring magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.", "\"Not only was he a great fighter but also a great man. He lived as he fought with courage and commitment at a time when African-Americans in all spheres of life were engaged in a struggle for emancipation and respect,\" King said of Frazier. \"Smokin' Joe brought honor, dignity and pride for his people, the AMERICAN people, and brought the nation together as only sports can do.\"", "Higgins came to be known as the \"People's Champion\" because of his popularity,[6] and is often credited with having brought the game of snooker to a wider audience, contributing to its peak in popularity in the 1980s.[7] He had a reputation as an unpredictable and difficult character.[8] He was a heavy smoker,[9] struggled with drinking and gambling,[7][10] and admitted to using cocaine and marijuana.[5] Diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998,[11] Higgins was found dead in his Belfast home on 24 July 2010.by wikipedia", "Losing battle: Former heavyweight champion Joe Frazier died on Monday after being diagnosed with cancer last month", "SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. - Muhammad Ali, the former world heavyweight champion whose boxing feats, showmanship and political activism made him one of the best-known figures of the 20th century, died on Friday aged 74.", "American former heavyweight champion Joe Louis is still considered among the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time even after his death on April 12, 1981. For his amazing skills on the ring, he was nicknamed the Brown Bomber. He achieved a record of 66-03 as a professional heavyweight boxer with 52 knockouts. He was undefeated for 140 consecutive months in which he contested in 26 championship fights and defended his heavyweight titles 25 times from 1937 to 1948. He was named the greatest heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization in 2005. Louis was also ranked in the top place in the list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time by The Ring. He was inducted in the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.", "It has been just over a year since the boxing world narrowly missed having another tragedy on its hands. On October 3rd, 2002, Roberto Duran nearly lost his life in an auto accident. It�s amazing that despite the horrific nature of the accident, in which Duran suffered severely damaged lungs and ribs, he spoke of fighting yet again. But the severity of the injuries forced him to once again say \"No Mas,\" but this time, nobody is going to accuse him of being a quitter. If there was ever a fighter who has given more of his life to the ring than the legendary \"Hands of Stone,\" I�d like to know who. His career spanned longer than any other pugilist in history, turning pro in 1967 he competed every year except for 1985 and 1990.", "In retirement, Muhammad Ali suffered from Parkinson’s Disease, a motor-skills illness which slowed his movement and left him mostly unable to speak in public. Still, he remained one of the world’s best-known and most popular athletes; his 1996 appearance lighting the ceremonial flame at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta was an especially nostalgic occasion. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.", "A boxing legend who transcended his sport, the 74-year-old is known to many and will be forgotten by few.", "Ali, named Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated in 1999, died Friday at a hospital in Phoenix, a family spokesperson told ABC. In 1984, the boxer was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome - a disease thought to be brought on by head trauma - and spent his last years increasingly shaky, immobile and quiet.", "The three-time heavyweight champion passed away on June 3. He struggled with Parkinson’s Disease in the latter part of his life, but Ali’s fight against Foreman in Africa remains one of history’s greatest sporting events (watch the complete fight in the video above).", "Ali, named Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated in 1999, died Friday at a hospital in Phoenix, a family spokesperson told ABC. In 1984, the boxer was diagnosed with Parkinson’s syndrome — a disease thought to be brought on by head trauma — and spent his last years increasingly shaky, immobile and quiet.", "To paraphrase the late Jack Newfield, if this can happen to our best (Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Ali)—whether it be Parkinson’s, early senility, dementia, or Alzheimer’s—what does it mean for the rest? What does it mean for the lower end of boxing?", "Morning Trivia: He's a retired professional boxer and occasional actor. He was the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses. He won world titles in five weight divisions and defeated future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Wilfred Ben�tez, Thomas Hearns, Roberto Dur�n and Marvin Hagler. He was named Boxer of the Decade for the 1980s. Who is he?", "In the late 1850s and early 1860s, the US-based Northern Irishman, Joseph Henry Coburn , was the hottest prospect in boxing. Famed for his fleetness of foot and a blow like a pistol shot, Coburn started his career at middleweight with a 160-round draw with Edmund “Ned” Price. He quickly outgrew that division, however, and a run of victories at heavyweight soon positioned him as the No1 contender for John C Heenan’s championship. Heenan point-blank refused the fight and so began a series of ducks that drove Coburn halfway around the world in search of meaningful action.", "In 1968, Charles was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which was called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". The disease affected Charles legs and eventually left him completely disabled. A fund raiser was held to assist Charles and many of his former opponents spoke on his behalf. Rocky Marciano in particular called Charles the bravest man he ever fought. The former boxer spent his last days in a nursing home. A chilling 1973 commercial showed Charles in his wheelchair horribly disabled by the disease. Charles died on May 28, 1975 in Chicago", "Higgins came to be known as the \"People's Champion\" because of his popularity, and is often credited with having brought the game of snooker to a wider audience, contributing to its peak in popularity in the 1980s. He had a reputation as an unpredictable and difficult character. He was a heavy smoker, struggled with drinking and gambling, and admitted to using cocaine and marijuana. First diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998, Higgins died of multiple causes in his Belfast home on 24 July 2010.", "Charles, known as the “Cincinnati Cobra”, lost much of his venom in 1948. He knocked out Sam Baroudi in the tenth round in Chicago on February 20 and Baroudi died a few days later.", "This Bareknuckle fighter died 95 years ago today in 1918, he hailed from Birmingham, England and as well as being a formiddable middleweight fighter in which he is regarded as one of the best he also moved up in weight and fought at heavyweight. Weighing in between 130-175lbs and being only 5ft 9 he didnt let his smaller frame from taking on anybody." ]

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[ "a spoon- shaped flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food and water from going into the wrong tube ", "The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage and attached to the entrance of the larynx. It is covered with a mucous membrane and there are taste buds on its lingual surface which faces into the mouth. Its laryngeal surface faces into the larynx. The epiglottis functions to guard the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. It is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx, but during swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its upper side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the oesophagus, which is posterior. During swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis' opening to prevent any food that is being swallowed from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex in order to protect the lungs.", "The most superior region of the larynx is the epiglottis, a leaf-shaped flap of elastic cartilage covered with epithelium. It connects to the larynx on its tapered inferior end and, except for a brief moment while swallowing, extends its wider superior end slightly into the pharynx just posterior to the tongue. During the process of swallowing, the epiglottis folds over to cover the glottis and prevents food from blocking the airway.", "Epiglottis: a small flap of elastic cartilage just below the pharynx that helps direct food down the esophogus and direct air into the lungs. Without the epiglottis, it would be difficult to", "Epiglottis - The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing.", "The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing.", "The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a fibromuscular tube through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach. In humans, the esophagus is usually 18–25 centimetres long. During swallowing the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. The esophagus travels behind the trachea and heart, passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach. The word esophagus is the Greek word for gullet.", "(anatomy) A cartilaginous organ in the throat of terrestrial vertebrates covering the glottis when swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea, and in Homo sapiens also aspeech organ.", "Epiglottis (Gk.: epi, \"on, over\" + glottis, \"tongue\"). A flap of cartilage behind the tongue that helps close the opening to the trachea during swallowing.", "Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. Cartilage acts as a cushion between joints, to prevent the bones from rubbing against each other. Most cartilage is converted to bone as an animal matures, but some cartilage remains in the nose and ears, as well as joints such as the knees, hips, shoulders, and fingers. Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly.", "Elastic cartilage is characterized by the presence of abundant elastic fibers and is quite cellular. It is made up of type II collagen and is located in the auricle of the ear and the epiglottis.", "transports air to and from the lungs - commonly known as (windpipe)j - located directly in front of the esophagus - held open by flexible c-shaped cartilage that can compress to allow food to pass down the esophagus", "The septum is cartilage that divides the nose into 2 separate chambers. A deviated septum is when the septum is shifted away from the midline.", "The septum is cartilage that divides the nose into 2 separate chambers. A deviated septum is when the septum is shifted away from the midline.", "If the thyroid cartilage is pushed over the spine, then it splays apart, and in the case of a rigid calcified cartilage, it will split down the front or down the thyroid prominence. 6 No such fractures occur in children and young adults with elastic cartilage. 6 , 10 Another form of trauma, albeit a rarer one, is a contrecoup injury, where there may be contralateral trauma to the larynx. 4", "elastic cartilage cartilage that is more opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage, and is further distinguished by its yellow color. The ground substance is penetrated in all directions by frequently branching fibers that give all of the reactions for elastin.", "The septum is not the only cartilage that can push the tip downward and cause droopiness. The other cartilage that can be involved is the Alar Cartilage. This is best demonstrated by the comparison of the alar cartilages to a three-legged chair.", "The septum is name given to the bone and cartilage between the two nostrils that separates the nasal cavity.  Usually, the septum lies in the center of the nose, ensuring the individual’s nasal passages are also symmetrical. A deviated septum , one of the most common physiological disorders of the nose, refers to a displacement causing the bone and cartilage to lean toward the left or right side.", "The Fibrous Membrane.The cartilages are enclosed in an elastic fibrous membrane, which consists of two layers; one, the thicker, passing over the outer surface of the ring, the other over the inner surface: at the upper and lower margins of the cartilages the two layers blend together to form a single membrane, which connects the rings one with another. They are thus invested by the membrane. In the space behind, between the ends of the rings, the membrane forms a single layer.", "The reduction of the edematous mucosa and hypertrophied cartilage increases the concavity facing the TVP muscle, and restores the lumen of the tube which allows ventilation of middle ear during TVP muscle contraction. This allows TVP contraction to be more effective in opening the ET lumen.", "keeping your shoulders back and making sure you don’t hunch or slump. This allows your stomach (which is under your ribcage) room to deal with your food without having it pushed back up towards the esophagus.", "The pouches happen as a result of taenial muscle intersections. The taeniae are long narrow muscles in the large intestine. It is the puckering action of the tenia coli that is responsible for circular muscle fibers found at about every inch (2.54 cm) in the large intestine. In between the haustra are semilunar folds, known as the plicae semilunares. Tubes with taeniae and semilunar folds are adaptations, which assist in effective regulation of digesta or items in the alimentary tract undergoing digestion.", "If the external portion of the ear suffers a blow, a blood clot or other fluid may collect under the perichondrium. This separates the cartilage from the overlying perichondrium that is its source of nutrients, causing the cartilage to die. This leads to a formation of fibrous tissue in the overlying skin. When this happens, the outer ear becomes permanently swollen and deformed, thus resembling a cauliflower.", "Research has shown that the Eustachian tube (ET) in humans is lined with a substance that lowers surface tension and thus facilitates the opening of the Eustachian tube and aeration of the middle ear. However, when a human suffers from ETD, oftentimes a mucosal film is found on the surface of the pharynx and over the stoma of the Eustachian tube. The surface tension of this mucosal film can be sufficiently great as to hinder or prevent the tube from opening to aerate the inner ear and equalize the negative pressure differential.", "Normal articular cartilage has no microvascular supply of its own and therefore is at risk in ischemic joints. In this tissue, the normal process of diffusion is supplemented by the convection induced by cyclic compression and release during joint usage. In immature joints, the same pumping process promotes exchange of small molecules with the interstitial fluid of underlying trabecular bone. In adults however this potential route of supply is considered unlikely and all exchange of solutes may occur through synovial fluid. This means that normal chondrocytes are farther from their supporting microvasculature than are any other cells in the body. The vulnerability of this extended supply line is clearly shown in synovial ischemia.", "The tympanic membrane has 2 distinct zones. The larger of the 2 zones is the pars tensa. This zone consists of a tough and resilient fibrous layer with a diaphanous mucosal layer inside and squamous epithelium outside. The smaller zone is the pars flaccida, which lies superior to the suspensory ligaments of the malleus and lacks a fibrous layer. Perforations of this area often are described as more frequently associated with complications. This is true if the definition of TMP includes depressions of the drum into the middle ear, forming saclike structures (retraction pockets). Clearly, such pockets are more often associated with cholesteatoma formation.", "Fonticuli, or fontanelles, are temporary membranous areas that bridge the gaps between the angles or margins of some of the ossifying bones ofthe skull. Usually six are present at birth, and these are situated at the angles of the parietal bones. The anterior fontanelle, the largest, is commonly seen to pulsate (because of the cerebral arteries) and is readily palpable in an infant. It is usually obliterated by the age of two years. It may be used to palpate the position of the fetal head, to estimate abnormal intracranial pressure in infancy, to assess cranial development, and to obtain blood from the superior sagittal sinus.", "Antitragus - lower cartilaginous edge of the conchal bowl just above the fleshy lobule of the ear.", "normal body movements of alternate compression and decompression cause the passage of oxygen and nutrients into the cartilage", "If left untreated, the hematoma forms a fibrosis (abnormal tissue) blocking the cartilage from the skin. This in turn causes death of the underlying cartilage tissue resulting in the “cauliflower ear” appearance.", "Mucous cells secrete the alkaline mucous for shielding the epithelium from hydrochloric acid. These are found in the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric region.", "Cauliflower ear, medically known as auricular hematoma, is a condition of the outer ear that can cause deformity to the external ear if left treated. The condition results in a distortion of the outer ear resulting in a deformity that looks like the outside of a “cauliflower” over time." ]

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[ "The only native North American marsupial is the Virginia opossum, a solitary nocturnal animal and the largest type of opossum. It's a scavenger that eats roadkill, grass, nuts, fruit, mice, snakes, worms and small birds.", "Marsupials are best known for the Australian members of the family, the kangaroo, wallaby and the koala. The only marsupial native to North America is the Virginia opossum. There are also some marsupials native to Central America and South America.", "The Virginia opossum is North America's only marsupial. There's an old folk tale that opossum young were born in their mother's nose, then sneezed into the pouch.", "The Virginia opossum is the only species of marsupial that inhabits North America. Virginia opossums are solitary nocturnal marsupials and are the largest of all opossums.", "Possums and Opossums belong to the group of mammals known as marsupials. Marsupials, like other mammals, are covered with hair and give live birth although they do not have long gestation periods. Marsupials a significant group of land mammals in South America and Australia while there is only one naturally occurring marsupial in North America, the opossum. In fact the Australian possum got its name because of a remote resemblance to the American opossum!", "More than 60 different kinds of oppossums live in South America and 1 in North America, the Virginia opossum didelphis virginiana . The name opossum is sometimes shortened to possum, which actually is the name for an Australian group of marsupials. These are distinct from opossums which are only found in North and South America. The Virginia opossum is probably best know for its last resort to escaping predators, \"playing possum\". As a last resort it can fake death to lose interest of its predator. The Virginia opossum is the only marsupial living in the wild in the US. They come in different shapes and sizes. They are marsupials meaning that they have a pouch in which they can carry their young. They all belong to the family didelphidae .", "The opossum is the only marsupial found north of Mexico. One of the most primitive mammals, its fossil ancestry goes back 70 million years. Opossums are found throughout much of the United States and north into parts of southeastern Canada. Common in urban and suburban areas, they have survived (like raccoons and coyotes) by adapting to the human landscape and being able to eat just about anything. Opossums are nocturnal. They spend much of the day in their dens and forage for food at night.", "There are more than 60 different species of opossum, which are often called possums. The most notable is the Virginia opossum or common opossum—the only marsupial (pouched mammal) found in the United States and Canada.", "Subclass Metatheria: Marsupials (such as the koala, opossum, and kangaroo) are born while in an embryonic stage and finish development outside the mother's body, often in a pouch. Marsupial young leave the uterus, crawl to the pouch, and attach to the nipple of a mammary gland and continue their development. Marsupials were once widespread, but today are dominant only in Australia, where they underwent adaptive radiation in the absence of placental mammals. The Metatheria contains 272 species classified in several orders. Metatheres diverged from the lineage leading to the eutherian (placental) mammals by the middle of the Cretaceous period in North America. The earliest marsupial fossils resemble North American opossums. Marsupial fossils are found on other northern hemisphere continents, although they seem not to have been prominent elements of those faunas. On the other hand, in South America and Australia, marsupials continued to be dominant faunal elements. The marsupials of South America began to go extinct in the late Miocene and Early Pliocene (Cenozoic era) when volcanic islands grew together and formed the Isthmus of Panama, allowing North American placental mammals to cross into South America. Australian marsupials remain diverse and dominant native mammals of the fauna. During the Cenozoic Era many marsupials in South America and Australia underwent parallel (or convergent) evolution with placental mammals elsewhere, producing marsupial \"wolves\", \"lions\", and saber-toothed marsupial \"cats\".", "On the wandering continents of Australia and South America, marsupials were pretty successful.  In the rest of the world, placentals arose and replaced almost all of the marsupials.  When South America collided with North America and a land bridge, Panama, allowed mixing of the animals, the placentals moving south seem to have driven the remaining marsupials (except for the opossum) out of business.  Australia is still fairly isolated, dealing mostly with late-arriving placentals that flew in (bats) and those that humans have brought in, but that causes problems as rabbits and rats and dogs compete with native mammals.", "The most characteristic native mammals are marsupials, the young of which are nourished in an external marsupium, or abdominal pouch. Although also found in South America, marsupials in Australia have evolved to virtually all mammalian niches. The best-known Australian marsupial is the kangaroo, of which there are about 50 species found in both the Temperate and Tropical Zones. The kangaroo is vegetarian and can be tamed. The large red or grey kangaroo may stand as high as 2.1 m (7 ft) and can leap 9 m (30 ft). Originally a creature of the forests and semiarid shrublands, it is one of the few native animals to have benefited from the extension of pastureland. Numbers have exploded, and hunting is used as a control measure. The wallaby, kangaroo rat, and tree kangaroo are smaller members of the kangaroo family. The phalangers are herbivorous marsupials that live in trees; they include the possum and the koala. Feeding only on the leaves of certain species of eucalyptus, the koala has been endangered by loss of habitat and is protected throughout Australia. Other well-known marsupials are the burrowing wombat, bandicoot, and pouched mouse. Marsupial carnivores, the native cat, the tiger cat, and the Tasmanian devil are found only on the island of Tasmania. The Tasmanian tiger, or thylacine, a sheep killer, became extinct in the 1930s.", "There are about 99 species of American marsupials and 235 species of Australian marsupials. Of the all marsupials, the most diverse are the Diprotodontia, a group of Australian marsupials that includes about 120 species of kangaroos, possums, wombats, wallabies, and koalas.", "Four orders of marsupial are now generally recognised in Australia and another two in South and Central America (opossums - one of which has reached North America - and shrew-opossums)", "Taxonomically, the two primary divisions of Marsupialia traditionally are: American marsupials and the Australian marsupials. However, the order Microbiotheria (which has only one species, the monito del monte) is found in South America, but is believed to be more closely related to the Australian marsupials. There are many small arboreal species in each group. The term 'opossums' is properly used to refer to the American species (though 'possum' is a common diminutive), while similar Australian species are properly called 'possums'. Similarly, shrew opossums are more closely related to australidelphians than to true opossums. ", "Australia has a rich mammalian fossil history, as well as a variety of extant mammalian species, dominated by the marsupials. The fossil record shows that monotremes have been present in Australia since the Early Cretaceous 145–99 MYA, and that marsupials and placental mammals date from the Eocene 56–34 MYA, when modern mammals first appeared in the fossil record. Although marsupials and placental mammals did coexist in Australia in the Eocene, only marsupials have survived to the present. The placental mammals made their reappearance in Australia in the Miocene, when Australia moved closer to Indonesia , and bats and rodents started to appear reliably in the fossil record. The marsupials evolved to fill specific ecological niches, and in many cases they are physically similar to the placental mammals in Eurasia and North America that occupy similar niches, a phenomenon known as convergent evolution. For example, the top predator in Australia, the Tasmanian Tiger, bore a striking resemblance to canids such as the Gray Wolf ; gliding opossums and flying squirrels have similar adaptations enabling their arboreal lifestyle; and the Numbat and anteaters are both digging insectivores.", "The Thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus (Latin: wolf-headed pouched dog), was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modern times. Native to Australia and New Guinea, it is thought to have become extinct in the 20th century. It is commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger, the Tasmanian wolf and, colloquially, the Tassie (or Tazzy) tiger or simply The Tiger. It was the last extant member of its genus, Thylacinus, although several related species have been found in the fossil record dating back to the early Miocene.", "Marsupials represent the clade originating with the last common ancestor of extant metatherians. Like other mammals in the Metatheria, they are characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young, often residing in a pouch with the mother for a certain time after birth. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands) with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central America, and one in North America north of Mexico.", "Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica about 50 mya, shortly after Australia had split off. This suggests a single dispersion event of just one species, most likely a relative to South America's monito del monte (a microbiothere, the only New World australidelphian). This progenitor may have rafted across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, they radiated into the wide variety seen today. Modern marsupials appear to have reached the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi relatively recently via Australia. A 2010 analysis of retroposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has confirmed all living marsupials have South American ancestors. The branching sequence of marsupial orders indicated by the study puts Didelphimorphia in the most basal position, followed by Paucituberculata, then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America, and reached Australia after Microbiotheria split off.", "Kangaroos are marsupial mammals found only in the Australian continent, New Guniea, and some near by islands. Of the extant kangaroo species, the Red Kangaroo (macropus rufus) is the largest, with the male standing 1.8 meters tall. Kangaroos have robust hind-limbs and thick muscular tails, used as a counter-balance when standing or jumping - their prefered mode of locomotion. They prefer open dry plains, with scattered shade trees. Red kangaroos roam in \"mobs\" averaging 10 individuals, mostly related females and their young, plus one or several males. They rest in the shade during the day and become active in the night and twilight periods. Most of their active time is spent grazing. Their diet consists mainly of grasses and flowering plants.", "The Tasmanian devil is a carnivorous marsupial found in the wild only on the Australian island state of Tasmania. The size of a small dog, it became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936. It is characterized by its stocky and muscular build, black fur, pungent odor, extremely loud and disturbing screech, keen sense of smell, and ferocity when feeding.", "Australia is also home to the world's largest and most diverse selection of marsupials: mammals with a pouch in which they rear their young. The marsupial carnivores — order Dasyuromorphia — are represented by two surviving families: the Dasyuridae with 51 members, and the Myrmecobiidae with the numbat as its sole surviving member.", "The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is a carnivorous marsupial, now found in the wild only on the Australian island state of Tasmania. The size of a small dog, it is the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world.Males fight one another for the females, and then guard their partners to prevent female infidelity. devil facial tumour disease has drastically reduced the devil population and now threatens the survival of the species, which in 2008 was declared to be endangered.", "The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is a carnivorous marsupial now found in the wild only in the Australian island state of Tasmania.", "Wombats are short-legged, muscular quadrupedal marsupials that are native to Australia. They are about 1 m in length with small, stubby tails. There are three extant species and they are all members of the family Vombatidae. They are adaptable and habitat tolerant, and are found in forested, mountainous, and heathland areas of south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania, as well as an isolated patch of about 300 ha in Epping Forest National Park in central Queensland.", "Potoroos, which are small and quite endangered. Gilbert’s Potoroo is the most threatened marsupial species in Australia.", "Four species of Quoll can be found in Australia: the Northern Quoll, the Spotted-tailed Quoll, the Eastern Quoll and the Western Quoll. The Spotted-tailed Quoll is the largest carnivorous marsupial found on the mainland of Australia. Read more about the Quoll", "Omnivorous nocturnal marsupial of the Americas and Australia without a pouch; its fur is highly prized.", "Australia is the land of the marsupial. It was isolated for so long that marsupials survived here when they were out-competed and became extinct in many other parts of the world. Most of the marsupial species still in existence today are found in Australia and New Guinea with the remainder located in South America.", "The American possum are actually called opossums, of the scientific order Didelphimorphia and the Didelphidae family, with at least 103 differing species. The term possum correctly refers to the Australian animals of the suborder Phalangeriformes of the order Diprotodontia.", "Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) is the largest of the three species of wombats, measuring up to a meter in length and weighing up to 32 kilos. They are only found in a very small area of Queensland and are critically endangered. Only about 200 survive in the wild. They were once found throughout the arid inland parts of Victoria and all the way up to Queensland.", "Other mammals found here include the echinda, or spiny anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus), which is widespread in Tasmania but prefers sclerophyll and heathland areas. Australia’s other monotreme, the duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatimus) is found in freshwater throughout Tasmania, including King Island but not the Furneaux Group. The long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) is widespread on Tasmania, whereas the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi) is restricted to dry sclerophyll forest in eastern Tasmania, and the little pygmy possum (Cercartetus lepidus) prefers dry sclerophyll forest as well. Nearly extinct on the mainland, the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) inhabits grasslands through out this ecoregion. Both the spotted-tail (Dasyurus maculatus) and eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) are found here, as are larger herbivores, the red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) and the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Although abundant on mainland Australia, the eastern grey kangaroo has suffered a severe constriction of habitat on Tasmania after agricultural development. Wombats (Vombatus ursinus tasmaniensis) are widespread on Tasmania, with a separate subspecies on Flinders Island, V.u. ursinus.", "A Tasmanian devil - this unique Australian mammal is found only in the island state of Tasmania. Image courtesy of the National Archives of Australia: A1200/19 L2150." ]

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[ "Vlad III, Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia, also known as Vlad Draculea (Son of Dragon) or Vlad Tepes (the Impaler).", "Now, what about that Dracula tale? Well, Vlad Tepes, ruling prince of Wallachia in the mid-1400s, gained the name Tepes (Impaler) because of the form of capital punishment he employed to punish his enemies. A wooden stake was driven carefully through the enemy’s backbone without touching any vital nerve, ensuring at least 48 hours of conscious agony before death. The Impaler usually dined with at least one Turk on a stake in front of him. This was the inspiration for Bram Stoker’s Count Dracula. Vlad was called Dracula (meaning “son of the dragon”) because his father, Vlad Dracul who was a knight of the Order of the Dragon. While at Rasnov, we found a print which depicted the infamous Impaler, dining before the Turks on the stakes (below, right)", "The name of the vampire Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula was inspired by Vlad's patronymic Dracula, \"son of the dragon.\"", "Bram Stoker came across the name ‘Dracula’ while reading Romanian history and chose this name to replace the name (Count Wampyr) he had originally intended for his villain. The name is derived from a Chivalric order called the Order of the Dragon. There is conjecture and debate on whether the character Dracula was inspired by Wallachian Prince, Vlad III Dracula. Vlad III was known for his cruelty and has supposedly killed 40,000 to 100,000 people. His favorite method for torture and execution was impalement due to which he is called Vlad the Impaler.", "Popular attention was drawn to the supposed connections between the historical Transylvanian-born Vlad III Dracula of Wallachia and Bram Stoker's fictional Dracula, following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972. During his main reign (1456–1462), \"Vlad the Impaler\" is said to have killed from 40,000 to 100,000 European civilians (political rivals, criminals, and anyone that he considered \"useless to humanity\"), mainly by impaling. The sources depicting these events are records by Saxon settlers in neighbouring Transylvania who had frequent clashes with Vlad III. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero by Romanians for driving off the invading Ottoman Turks, of whom his impaled victims are said to have included as many as 100,000.", "Fifteenth century Wallachian prince Vlad Tepes is credited with being Dracula, the vampire-count featured in the classic horror story Dracula (1897) written by novelist Bram Stroker. Romanians make no association between the vampire and the historical figure of prince Vlad III, known in his homeland as Vlad Tepes (Vlad the Impaler), prince of Wallachia three times, in 1448, 1456-1462 and 1475. Vlad achieved renown beyond Wallachia's borders as a successful fighter against the Turks and a ruthless ruler. Notorious for his brutal punishment methods, he gained the name Tepes (impaler) after his favourite form of punishing his enemies - impaling on a wooden stake. His method of law enforcement was simple: all crimes and individuals offending him were punished by death.The offenders would have to die in agony. Impaling was not unique in Europe. Tepes first cousin, Stephen the Great, is said to have impaled over 2300 Turkish prisoners in 1473.", "In 1897, the Irish writer Bram Stoker published a Gothic novel entitled Dracula. His story made Transylvania more famous than any tourism promotion campaign ever could. By using some historical facts, he linked Vlad Tepes, the Voivode of Wallachia, to his main character, Count Dracula, the vampire.", "Bram's Stoker was inspired by a heightened interest in vampirism at the end of the 19th century. He researched Romania thoroughly, as well as their folklore about vampires, and developed the character \"Count Dracula.\" While Vlad the Impaler is referred to as the real Dracula, it is of note that Vlad the Impaler's father was called Vlad Dracul. It is said that Bran Castle was Stoker's inspiration for Dracula's castle, but no evidence exists to prove this theory.", "Historically, the name \"Dracula\" is derived from a Chivalric order called the Order of the Dragon, founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg (then king of Hungary) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks. Vlad II Dracul, father of Vlad III, was admitted to the order around 1431, after which Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later, as ruler of Wallachia, his coinage bore the dragon symbol, from which the name \"Dracula\" is derived. People of Wallachia only knew voievod (king) Vlad III as Vlad Țepeș (the Impaler). The name \"Dracula\" became popular in Romania after publication of Stoker's book. Contrary to popular belief, the name Dracula does not translate to \"son of the devil\" in Romanian, which would be \"pui de drac\".", "Although Dracula in the original Castlevania series is based on Count Dracula from Bram Stoker's Dracula , it is clearly established he is actually Vlad III Drăculea (the real-life inspiration of Count Dracula) as mentioned in the instruction booklet of Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse . However, this was later retconned and made so Dracula was Mathias Cronqvist in the first place, according to the official material of Castlevania: Lament of Innocence and Castlevania: Curse of Darkness .", "Stoker named the Count after the historical figure Vlad III Drăculea , voïvode of Wallachia (part of modern Romania), known as Vlad the Impaler. Despite being similarly bloodthirsty, he was more prone to impaling his enemies than to biting their necks and drinking their blood. Indeed, in the novel, the Count claims to be related to Vlad III and Van Helsing conjectures that the two are one and the same . Though because of some historically inaccurate details, it's fair to say Bram Stoker did not actually know a lot about the historical Dracula beyond the name and a degree of the reputation, probably less than modern fans do. Because of this connection, \"Vlad\" is commonly used as a first name when Dracula appears in works that actually give him a first name, whether or not any historical reference is made.", "A key inspiration for Dracula was always said to have been Vlad the Impaler, the 15th-century Transylvanian-born prince also known as Vlad III Dracula of Wallachia. However, historian Fiona Fitzsimons says: “Stoker did not use overtly Irish references in Dracula, but his main theme is taken from Irish history – the history, we now learn, of his own family – recast in the writer’s imagination. Manus the Magnificent (Manus O’Donnell,who once ruled much of Ireland) was Stoker’s direct ancestor and was an influence on the book.\"", "Historically, the name \"Dracula\" is the given name of Vlad Ṭepeș' family, a name derived from a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon, founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg (king of Hungary and Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks. Vlad II Dracul, father of Vlad III, was admitted to the order around 1431 because of his bravery in fighting the Turks and was dubbed Dracul (Dragon) thus his son became Dracula (son of the dragon). From 1431 onward, Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later, as ruler of Wallachia, his coinage bore the dragon symbol. ", "Vlad the Impaler did not resemble the stereotypical Dracula character we think of today. Having lived from 1431 to 1476, Vlad the Impaler was a ruler of Wallachia, a region of Romania . Vlad the Impaler was also known as Vlad III and Vlad Tepes . He was a prince known for his cruelty and propensity to impale anyone who got in his way. In Romania, the real Dracula is known as a patriotic figure who was victorious against his enemies and who fought for his country.", "The Transylvanian town of Sighisoara was the birthplace of Vlad Tepes (1437 - 1476), also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Dracul, a nobleman who was famous for the cruel and bloodthirsty way in which he treated both the invading Ottoman Turks and his own people. Stories of the manner in which Vlad tortured people to death for his own amusement circulated widely in central Europe during his own lifetime. However, the popular association of Transylvania with horror (and by extension with Halloween ) only dates back to 1897, when Bram Stoker chose it as the homeland of his vampire villain in his novel Dracula . Stoker took the name of the vampire count from a variation of Vlad Dracul. In the novel, the character Van Helsing speculates that the vampire might be Vlad the Impaler himself.", "The Bran Castle in Romania was the legendary home of Vlad the Impaler and served as inspiration for Bram Stoker's Dracula. 960 1280", "Vlad the Impaler, the historical Dracula, was Wallachian (although he was born in Transylvania), and most of the activities he was famous for occurred there. Bram Stoker placed the fictional Count Dracula in northeastern Transylvania. To arrive at Castle Dracula, Jonathan Harker passed through Klausenburgh (Clug-Napoca) and traveled to Bistritz (Bistrita). This section of Transylvania was correctly identified as territory traditionally ruled by the Szekelys and thus he identified Count Dracula as a member of the traditional ruling class. The issue was confused as Stoker attempted to merge the fictional Count Dracula with Vlad the Impaler, the man known for his battles against the Turks and the “bravest of the sons of the ‘land beyond the forest.’” Stoker also identified Dracula as the arch vampire. Transylvanian vampire lore was merely a variation of the vampire beliefs found throughout Romania and shared by neighboring groups of Slavs and Gypsies. Historically, the land had no particular reputation as a home to vampires.", "1431?–1476, prince of Walachia (1448, 1456–62, 1476), known as Vlad the Impaler. He was the son of Prince Vlad Dracul (Vlad the Devil) and is therefore also called Dracula or son of the Devil.", "in Son of Dracula . Some appearances of Dracula treat \"Dracul\" as another name for him, but they have distinct meanings. The name \"Dracula\" means \"son of Dracul\" in Romanian, literally \"son of (the) dragon\", but has come to mean \"son of the Devil \". As such, it fits the fictional vampire surprisingly well. \"Dracul\" was Vlad III's father Vlad II, who was called that as a result of his association with the Order of the Dragon", "Known Relatives: Vlad Dracul (Vlad the Elder, father, deceased), Mircea, Radu the Handsome (brothers, deceased); Prince Basarab the Great (first ruler of Wallachia/ancestor), Prince Mircea the Old (grandfather), Stephen Bathory (Prince of Transylvania, cousin); Zofia (first wife, deceased), Lilith (daughter by Zofia); Maria (second wife, deceased), Vlad Tepulus (son by Maria, deceased), Frank Drake (descendent of Dracula by Vlad Tepulus); Domini (third wife), Janus/Golden Angel (son by Domini)", "Scholars agree that the real-life 15th-century Romanian ruler Vlad Tepes, known as Vlad the Impaler, was the model for the Transylvanian bloodsucker, but as for Dracula's character and appearance, Stoker's inspiration may have been closer to his own life.", "is one of the most timeless monsters in literature, and one of the first examples of a “classic vampire”—elegant, brooding, and with a thirst for human blood. But despite all the innocent women Dracula seduced and drained of blood, he can’t even hold the stub of a candle to his real-life namesake: Vlad III, or Vlad the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (now Romania). Here’s why:", "Aliases: Count Dracula, the Devil, Doctor Vlad, Dragon, Drake, Justin Drake, Father Death, the Impaler, Lord of the Damned, Lord of the Undead, Lord of the Vampires, Prince of Darkness, Vlad the Impaler, Vladimir Tepesch, Kaziglu Bey (the Impaler Prince-This was a name given to him by Turkish warriors upon encountering the forests of impaled victims Dracula littered his kingdom with)", "Vlad’s gory legend was born in the Transylvania city of Sibiu. In 1459, thousands of people were impaled in the city, at Vlad’s orders, on St. Bartholomew’s Day. Vlad’s victims included women and children, along with merchants and the local aristocracy. While some justify Vlad’s gruesome acts as a defense of nationalism (many of his victims were German Saxons), his detractors note that many of his victims were also from his native Wallachia. 960 1280", "Vlad Tepes acquired the reputation of extreme cruelty, and was called \"The Impaler\" after his death. Many websites give the details, but there is little hard evidence. He fought the Turks persistently. His actual castle was about 60 miles southwest of Kronstadt (now Brashov), on the River Arges, near the small town of Curtea. The castle is mostly ruined, and difficult of access. When Sultan Mohammed II was campaigning in 1461, he was so repelled by a mass impalement perpetrated by Tepes that he lost his stomach to continue the invasion, and turned it over to a subordinate. A few years earlier, in 1459, Tepes is supposed to have impaled 30,000 inhabitants of Kronstadt and had a banquet in the midst of the horror. At any rate, Wallachia fell to the Turks in 1462, deposing Tepes. He seems to have come back in 1476, but then he was captured and his head sent to the Sultan in Constantinople in a perfumed box.", "Around 1785, Ioan Budai-Deleanu, a Romanian writer and renowned historian, wrote a Romanian epic heroic poem, \"Țiganiada\", in which prince Vlad Țepeș stars as a fierce warrior fighting the Ottomans. Later, in 1881, Mihai Eminescu, one of the greatest Romanian poets, in \"Letter 3\", popularizes Vlad's image in modern Romanian patriotism, having him stand as a figure to contrast with presumed social decay under the Phanariotes and the political scene of the 19th century. The poem even suggests that Vlad's violent methods be applied as a cure. In the final lyrics, the poet makes a call to Vlad Țepeș (i. e. Dracula) to come, to sort the contemporaries into two teams: the mad and the wicked and then set fire to the prison and to the madhouse. ", "After years of therapy, Craspian set out on a healing cruise to the Lone Islands, where he encountered long-lost Queen Lucy the Long-Suffering and King Edmund the Turnip. Edmund and Lucy insisted on joining Craspian's expedition and bringing along their developmentally-disabled son Eustace. It was Eustace who was responsible for driving Craspian over the edge--literally. The king vowed he would sail off the edge of the world if it meant an end Eustace's constant whining. Eventually Craspian used his dark magic to turn the boy into a dragon. Aslan attempted to eat Eustace, but choked on the scales and settled for eating Lucy and Edmund, whom Craspian had abandoned on an island of invisible rapists . Also he married Lady Gaga (Craspian, not Aslan).", "According to Mircea Eliade, one pervasive mythical theme associates heroes with the slaying of dragons, a theme which Eliade traces back to \"the very ancient cosmogonico-heroic myth\" of a battle between a divine hero and a dragon. He cites the Christian legend of Saint George as an example of this theme. An example from the later Middle Ages is Dieudonné de Gozon, third Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, famous for slaying the dragon of Malpasso. Eliade writes, \"Legend, as was natural, bestowed upon him the attributes of St. George, famed for his victorious fight with the monster. […] In other words, by the simple fact that he was regarded as a hero, de Gozon was identified with a category, an archetype, which […] equipped him with a mythical biography from which it was impossible to omit combat with a reptilian monster.\"", "The name \"Moldova\" derives from the Moldova River; the valley of this river served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The origin of the name of the river remains unclear. According to a legend recounted by Moldavian chroniclers Dimitrie Cantemir and Grigore Ureche, prince Dragoș named the river after hunting an aurochs: following the chase, the prince's exhausted hound Molda drowned in the river. The dog's name, given to the river, extended to the Principality. ", "Vigo the Carpathian (full name: \"Prince Vigo von Homburg Deutschendorf\") appears in the second film. Vigo was a sadistic tyrant of Carpathia, self-described as the \"Scourge of Carpathia\" and \"the Sorrow of Moldavia\". Born in 1505, Vigo was expert in sorcery and black magic. He enjoyed an unnaturally long life (fueled by black magic to give him immortality) which comes to an equally unnatural end when in the year 1610 he is \"poisoned, stabbed, shot, hanged, stretched, disemboweled, drawn and quartered\" by his own people before being decapitated. Even this does not kill him instantly - as Spengler notes that \"just before his head died\" he vowed to return saying \"death is but a door, time is but a window, I'll be back\".", "An ornate hourglass held within the claws of a curled dragon with ruby eyes, it dates back to the time of King Anton I.", "*Stephen III of Moldavia, also known as Stephen the Great, ruler of Moldavia, national hero of Romanians for long resistance to the Ottomans (1437–1504)" ]

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[ "Dick Tracy is a long-running comic strip featuring a popular and familiar character in American pop culture, Dick Tracy, a hard-hitting, fast-shooting and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould, the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977.", "Dick Tracy is a comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy [1] ), a square-jawed, hard-hitting, fast-shooting, and intelligent police detective. Created by Chester Gould , the strip made its debut on October 4, 1931, in the Detroit Mirror . [2] It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate . Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. [2]", "Dick Tracy, comic strip created in 1931 by Chester Gould is a hard hitting, fast shooting, and supremely intelligent police detective who matched wits with a variety of colorful villains. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. Gould introduced a raw violence to comic strips, reflecting the violence of 1930s Chicago . But Gould also did his best to keep up with the latest in crime fighting techniques and while Tracy often ends a case in a shoot out, he uses forensic science , advanced gagetry, and plain hard thinking to track the bad guy down. It has been suggested that this comic strip was the first example of the police procedural mystery story.", "Chester Gould (November 20, 1900 – May 11, 1985) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of the Dick Tracy comic strip, which he wrote and drew from 1931 to 1977, incorporating numerous colorful and monstrous villains.", "Warren Beatty as Dick Tracy : A square-jawed, fast-shooting, hard-hitting, and intelligent police detective sporting a yellow overcoat and fedora. He is heavily committed to break the organized crime that infests in the city. In addition, Tracy is in line to become the chief of police, which he scorns as a \" desk job \".", "Dick Tracy, lacking some of the technological devices that he later used but sporting his trench coat, reports to his boss in one of the first strips. Chester Gould (1900–1985) modeled the chisel chinned cop after Sherlock Holmes and cashed in on the growing popularity of detective stories. He kept readers intrigued with a combination of dialogue and alternating perspectives on the scenes. Gould drew several comic strips before hitting on his award-winning Dick Tracy in 1931. Although Gould retired in 1977, the comic strip is currently being drawn and written by Dick Locher and Michael Kilian.", "\"Dick Tracy\" was originally created by cartoonist Chester Gould, and made its debut on 4 October 1931. Gould drew Dick Tracy up until 1977 when he retired, but his work was continued by Max Allan Collins and longtime Gould assistant Rick Fletcher, who in turn was succeeded by editorial cartoonist Dick Locher. The modern strips have incorporated new villains keeping up with modern technology, such as the video pirate named Splitscreen.", "Li'l Abner also featured a comic strip-within-the-strip: Fearless Fosdick was a parody of Chester Gould 's plainclothes detective, Dick Tracy . It first appeared in 1942, and proved so popular that it ran intermittently in Li'l Abner over the next 35 years. Gould was also personally parodied in the series as cartoonist Lester Gooch - the diminutive, much-harassed and occasionally deranged \"creator\" of Fearless Fosdick. The style of the Fosdick sequences closely mimicked Tracy, including the urban setting, the outrageous villains, the galloping mortality rate, the crosshatched shadows, the lettering style - even Gould's familiar signature was parodied in Fearless Fosdick. Fosdick battled a succession of archenemies with absurdly unlikely names like Rattop, Anyface, Bombface, Boldfinger, the Atom Bum, the Chippendale Chair, and Sidney the Crooked Parrot, as well as his own criminal mastermind father, \"Fearful\" Fosdick (a.k.a. \"The Original\"). The razor-jawed title character (Li'l Abner's \"ideel\") was perpetually ventilated by flying bullets until he resembled a slice of Swiss cheese. The impervious Fosdick considered the gaping, smoking holes \"mere scratches\", however, and always reported back in one piece to his corrupt superior, The Chief, for duty the next day.", "Li'l Abner also features a comic strip-within-the-strip: Fearless Fosdick is a parody of Chester Gould 's Dick Tracy . It first appeared in 1942, and proved so popular that it ran intermittently over the next 35 years. Gould was personally parodied in the series as cartoonist \"Lester Gooch\"—the diminutive, much-harassed and occasionally deranged \"creator\" of Fosdick. The style of the Fosdick sequences closely mimicks Tracy, including the urban setting, the outrageous villains, the galloping mortality rate , the crosshatched shadows, and even the lettering style. In 1952, Fosdick was the star of his own short-lived puppet show on NBC , featuring the Mary Chase marionettes .", "In Al Capp's satiric comic strip Li'l Abner, there was a long-running parody of Dick Tracy called Fearless Fosdick. An intermittent, strip-within-the-strip feature in Li'l Abner, Fosdick lampooned every aspect of Dick Tracy—from Fosdick's impossibly square-jawed profile to his propensity for bullet-riddled \"ventilation\". The style of the Fosdick sequences closely burlesqued Tracy, complete with outrageous villains, ludicrously satirical plotliness, and ramped-up cartoon violence. Whatever Capp really thought of Dick Tracy, he was always careful to praise Gould and his strip in conversation and in print, invariably referring to it as \"Chester Gould's magnificent Dick Tracy.\"", "A revolutionary in the comics industry, Gould invented both a genre and an icon. The personal story of this pioneer cartoonist is now presented in a biography written by Gould’s only child. Beginning with his young life in a three-room house in Pawnee, Oklahoma, this book traces all the steps Gould took to eventually achieve remarkable distinction at the top of his field. The early pages relate his ancestors’ part in the Oklahoma land rush, drawing on the unpublished memoir of his father, Gilbert Gould. Chester Gould’s story is then augmented by his own personal commentary, taken directly from recorded conversations with his daughter. Throughout these conversations, Gould recollects the evolution of his career, from painting advertisements on barn roofs at age 17 to documenting the violent crime life of Chicago, from which he drew inspiration for his Dick Tracy strip. Discussion of his ambitions, disappointments, popular accomplishments, and family moments comprise a thorough account of Chester Gould’s fascinating life. The hardcover book is 231 pages with 173 photographs from O’Connell’s personal collection. Included is a forward by Dick Locher, commentary from Gould’s two grandchildren and a comprehensive list of awards and distinctions, which included formal recognition from three American presidents. The book was nominated and selected as a finalist for the Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America.", "Chester Gould introduced a raw violence to comic strips, reflecting the violence of 1930s Chicago. Gould did his best to keep up with the latest in crime fighting techniques; while Tracy often ends a case in a shootout, he uses forensic science, advanced gadgetry and wits to track the bad guy down. It has been suggested that this comic strip was the first example of the police procedural mystery story. Others have noted that actual \"whodunit\" plots were relatively rare in the stories since the comic strip format is not suited for that kind of plot. The real focus, they argue, is the chase, with a criminal seen committing the crime and Dick Tracy solving the case during a relentless pursuit of the criminal, who becomes increasingly desperate as the detective closes in.", "So Chester Gould officially joined the Chicago Tribune on October 4, 1931. Dick Tracy first appeared in the Detroit Mirror, a Chicago Tribune owned paper. Gould’s great story telling combined with Dick Tracy’s detective work became a national hit.", "The villains were usually ugly characters, drawn that way because Chet said that “crime is ugly.” He sometimes deviated from this rule, such as with the beautiful BREATHLESS MAHONEY, but anyone who saw PRUNEFACE or FLATTOP in a strip knew that these were bad people. The list could go on and on, and all of Chet’s characters have been admirably described in Vic Wichert’s “Dick Tracy Encyclopedia.” Viewers to the website will enjoy the following images of these memorable characters, created by the genius of Chester Gould.", "4) I personally feel that everything Chester Gould did with the \"Dick Tracy\" comics worked perfectly. Tracy is a hard-nosed man that knows he has to do anything to solve a case, even if that means beating up a guy that has burn marks on his face and is evil as death himself. Gould portrayed Tracy as a man that kids can look up to because even though he has his own way of doing things, he still gets the job done. ", "Chester Gould's cover for 1947 Quaker Puffed Wheat giveaway comic book reprinting early 1940s Dick Tracy strips.", "He invented a hero who was not intended to be humorous. Tracy dealt grimly with murderers and racketeers - he was not the standard ''funny papers'' hero who was obsessed with the pleasures of eating spinach or hamburgers. In short, Mr. Gould's ''Dick Tracy'' was the first uncomic comic strip.", "Gould described his inspiration for Dick Tracy in this way- In June of 1931, Gould happened to be listening to an episode of a popular radio series based on the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, one of the cartoonist's favorite authors. As he listened, his eyes drifted to the front page of the paper, which had a headline story about Al Capone, the most powerful organized crime figure in Chicago, possibly the entire United States. Thinking about Capone at the same time he was listening to a radio drama about Sherlock Holmes, it occurred to Gould that the mobster was a modern-day Moriarty, and that what was needed to deal with him was a modern-day American Sherlock Holmes. He was this inspired to try another submission to Patterson.", "Chester Gould introduced a raw violence to comic strips, reflecting the violence of 1930s Chicago. Gould did his best to keep up with the latest in crime fighting techniques; while Tracy often ends a case in a shootout, he uses forensic science, advanced gadgetry and wits to track the bad guy down. The strip was an early example of the police procedural mystery story. Actual \"whodunit\" plots were relatively rare in the stories; the focus is the chase, with a criminal committing a crime and Tracy solving the case during a relentless pursuit of the criminal, who becomes increasingly desperate as the detective closes in.", "Chester Gould won the Reuben Award for the strip in 1959 and 1977. The Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps and postcards.", "He had always liked police stories — an uncle was a cop — and in his pre-Hammer days he created a comic book detective named Mike Danger. At the time, the early 1940s, he was writing for Batman, SubMariner and other comics.", "The chief of Gotham City Police Department. He is often seen alongside Commissioner Gordon . Always by the Commissioner's side, Chief of Police O'Hara is the hardest-working cop in Gotham City. On top of his regular duties, he also heads up the GCPD Anti-Lunatic Squad. Apparently brought up in an Irish family, O'Hara is quick to condemn criminals and sometimes lets his emotions get the better of him. He is often frustrated by the many puzzles and tricks offered by Gotham's super-villains. Nevertheless, he always follows Gordon's (or Batman 's) orders, leading his men in to help the Caped Crusaders whenever they need it. He is happily married, though it is unknown if he has any children.", "The most characteristic feature of Holmes' attire is introduced in \" The Boscombe Valley Mystery \" where he is described as wearing a \"cloth cap\" which in Sidney Paget 's illustration appears as a deerstalker . It was introduced into more illustrations by the American illustrator F.D. Steele, who was also responsible (following the model of the American actor William Gillette who portrayed the detective) for associating Holmes' image with the curved calabash pipe. [1] At home, Holmes wears a mouse-coloured dressing gown.", "The Sleuth is a good-natured gentleman; wearing a deerstalker hat, smoking a pipe and using a magnifying glass, he is an obvious parody of Sherlock Holmes, Mickey basically playing the part of Dr. Watson. Like his literary counterpart, he also plays the violin (albeit horribly). Unlike Sherlock Holmes, he is totally hopeless as a detective, being sometimes unable to figure out crimes that happen right in front of his eyes. Nevertheless, he always manages to solve his cases — hence ensuring a reputation as a great detective — either by sheer luck, or thanks to his foes' own incompetence, or simply because Mickey Mouse does all the actual detective work for him.", "Candace imitates the great detective quite a bit during this episode, including wearing the clothing most commonly associated with Sherlock Holmes: the deerstalker hat and cape featured in Sydney Paget 's illustrations for Strand Magazine.", "Chief Clancy O'Hara is the longtime chief of the Gotham City Police Department (GCPD), one of the few incorruptible. Originally created as a character for the 1960s Batman television series , O'Hara made sporadic appearances in the mainstream DC Universe. He was often frustrated by the colorful and bizarre schemes of Gotham's costumed supervillains, and used a variety of unique colloquialisms.", "The Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. This was the first time MWA ever honored a comic strip.", "As a reformed private investigator, Riddler retains all his intelligence, along with a returned ego. Though mostly in the job for its pay, he has yet to demonstrate any criminal tendencies beyond collaborating with underworld informants such as the Penguin .", "a character in an American comic strip and several films who secretly assumes a batlike costume in order to fight crime", "The character Monty in the comic strip with the same name, created by Jim Meddick, is named after Monty Python as a tribute. The bizarre and unpredictable humour in the strip is clearly inspired by Monty Python.", "This version of the character is exclusive to the continuity of the television series Batman and is an adaptation of Edward Nigma/Riddler . The original character was created by Bill Finger and Dick Sprang and first appeared in Detective Comics #140 .", "He was a detective from the pages of Aldine Tip Top Tales, a man of many faces also known as Farrel the Fox." ]

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[ "A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams[1] for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947, and closed on December 17, 1949, in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. The Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Marlon Brando, Jessica Tandy, Kim Hunter, and Karl Malden.[2] The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, and Renee Asherson and was directed by Laurence Olivier.[1]", "A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947, and closed on December 17, 1949, in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.", "A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams which received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947, and closed on December 17, 1949, in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. The Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy, Karl Malden, Marlon Brando, and Kim Hunter. The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, and Renee Asherson and was directed by Laurence Olivier. The drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century, and is generally considered to be Williams' greatest.", "Tennessee Williams - Thomas Lanier Williams III, better known by the nickname Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright of the twentieth century who received many of the top theatrical awards for his work. He moved to New Orleans in 1939 and changed his name to \"Tennessee,\" the state of his father's birth. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948 and for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "Thomas Lanier Williams III, better known by the nickname Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright of the twentieth century who received many of the top theatrical awards for his work. He moved to New Orleans in 1939 and changed his name to \"Tennessee,\" the state of his father's birth. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948 and for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1955. In addition, The Glass Menagerie (1945) and The Night of the Iguana (1961) received New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards. His 1952 play The Rose Tattoo (dedicated to his lover, Frank Merlo), received the Tony Award for best play.", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a 1958 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks. It is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name by Tennessee Williams adapted by Richard Brooks and James Poe. One of the top-ten box office hits of 1958, the film stars Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman and Burl Ives.", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Tennessee Williams. According to Schmoop, “Written in 1955, in the midst of the Leave It To Beaver era in America, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof garnered Tennessee Williams his second Pulitzer Prize. The play is about a Mississippi family and was written during a time that was in love with good ole family values and the shock-value of blue jeans. Following the destruction and chaos of the two world wars, much of America trended toward the concept of the stable nuclear family. Think June Cleaver's hair and Pleasantville black-and-whiteness.", "Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof were two plays that searched for American values, as were Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and The Crucible.", "Tennessee Williams was a master playwright of the twentieth century, and his plays A Streetcar Named Desire , The Glass Menagerie , and Cat On A Hot Tin Roof are considered among the finest of the American stage. At their best, his twenty-five full-length plays combined lyrical intensity, haunting loneliness, and hypnotic violence. He is widely considered the greatest Southern playwright and one of the greatest playwrights in the history of American drama.", "He was brilliant and prolific, breathing life and passion into such memorable characters as Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski in his critically acclaimed A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE. And like them, he was troubled and self-destructive, an abuser of alcohol and drugs. He was awarded four Drama Critic Circle Awards, two Pulitzer Prizes and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He was derided by critics and blacklisted by Roman Catholic Cardinal Spellman, who condemned one of his scripts as “revolting, deplorable, morally repellent, offensive to Christian standards of decency.” He was Tennessee Williams, one of the greatest playwrights in American history.", "In 1951, Tennessee Williams’ Pulitzer Prize-winning play, A Streetcar Named Desire, was adapted for the big screen by director Elia Kazan. Starring Hollywood legends Marlon Brando, now known for his portrayal of mafioso Vito Corleone in The Godfather, and Vivien Leigh, most famous for her Oscar-winning performance as the Southern belle Scarlet O’Hara in Gone With the Wind, the film is a Southern Gothic tale of woe, deception and debauchery set in mid-20th century New Orleans. A Streetcar Named Desire went on to become one of America’s most celebrated films, winning three out of four of the acting categories at the 24th Academy Awards – Brando lost the Best Actor award to Humphrey Bogart – while also winning the Oscar for Best Art Direction after being nominated for 12 out of the total 26 categories. While he failed to bring home the Oscar, Brando was subsequently thrust into stardom for his hauntingly realistic portrayal of the brutish Stanley Kowalski, changing the way actors approached their roles forever. In the years since it’s release, A Streetcar Named Desire has become a staple in American film, with The Library of Congress selecting it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1999 for being “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant,” with it’s influence in film and acting visible to this day, (“National Film Registry…”).", "I believe Tennesee Williams is the most versatile modern playwright who truly exemplifies the dysfuctionality of family morals. The Glass Menagerie, Streetcar Named Desire, and Cat On A Hot Tin Roof are indeed his masterpieces. I found Cat on a Hot Tin Roof to be my most favorite. The characters were memorable (who can forget Margaret \"aka Maggie The Cat,\" Brick, Big Daddy, and Big Mama?) and the lines truly classic (\"What's the victory of a cat on a hot tin roof? Just staying on it, I guess, as long as she can...\"). Also, just like Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on A Hot Tin Roof touched upon subjects that were controversial then and just as controversial now (homosexuality, child molestation, prostitution, etc.), which makes Tenesee William's works highly relevent. His plays age well with time. Not to mention that there have also been INCREDIBLE movie adaptations of all of his famous plays. After you read Cat On A Hot Tin Roof, or Streetcar Named Desire and The Glass Menagerie, watch the movie as well. There is no other modern playwright (except Oscar Wild and Anthony Wilson)whose plays will truly have a place in my heart for years to come.", "1955 - The Tennessee Williams play, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, opened on Broadway. The hit ran for 694 shows and won the Critics� Circle Award as the Best American Play. The movie version was a big hit as well and featured Burl Ives, Paul Newman and Elizabeth Taylor in starring roles. Paul, Liz and the movie received Oscar nominations.", "Birth of Tennessee Williams, Pulitzer Prize-winning American playwright (‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof’, and others)", "There's nothing remotely feline about the critter who rules the new revival of ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,'' which opened last night at the Music Box Theater. As the Southern patriarch Big Daddy in Tennessee Williams's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama of familial lies and loneliness, Ned Beatty brings to mind a rooster bred for cockfighting, just released from his cage and rarin' to ruffle feathers.", "He only wrote one novel, The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone. Known primarily as a playwright, he first gained fame with American Blues, but had to struggle as a theatre usher to make ends meet. Success finally came with The Glass Menagerie in 1944, and the Pulitzer-Prize winning Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1947. FTP, name this American playwright.", "If we take 100 performances as a respectable run for a play in New York, Williams had only two failures before 1963. His greatest commercial and critical successes were The Glass Menagerie, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, A Streetcar Named Desire, and The Night of the Iguana. These plays not only had the longest runs, but all received the Drama Critics Circle Award, and both A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof were given the Pulitzer Prize. Williams took comfort in the knowledge that he had gained a reputation as one of the handful of American playwrights who could be considered serious dramatists.", "Speaking of sexuality, Streetcar was censored when it was converted to film, like another Williams play, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Both plays include a gay man who, restricted by claustrophobic social boundaries in the 1940's and 50's, marries a woman. These common themes appear to be autobiographical for Williams, who was raised in Tennessee (hence the nickname) and grew up gay in a homophobic society. In fact, some believe that Williams based the character of Stanley Kowalski on a man he was dating at the time ( source ).", "    Speaking of sexuality, Streetcar was censored when it was converted to film, like another Williams play, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof . Both plays include a gay man who, restricted by social boundaries in the 1940s and 50s, marries a woman. While this is a central part of Cat, it is a minor part of Streetcar. Streetcar also shares similarities with Williams’s first big play, Glass Menagerie . Streetcar's Blanche Dubois resembles Amanda Wingfield in Glass Menagerie; both are Southern belles who have difficulty moving past their outdated social ideals.", "The decade of the 40's brought much recognition to the budding playwright of the era. The Glass Menagerie is perhaps one of his most successful plays written in the 1940's. The Battlefield of Angels and 27 Wagons Full of Cotton are only two more of the plays from this prolific time for Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire came out in 1947 and earned Tennessee his first Pulitzer Prize. Finally successful and Monetarily secure, Tennessee had a difficult time adapting to his good fortune. He became more and more dependent on alcohol to help him cope.", "Tennessee wrote numerous plays during his life; and of those the most well-known and recognized is his play entitled, A Streetcar Named Desire. This play was first performed in 1947 (Baym, 2185).", "While success freed Williams financially, it also made it difficult for him to write. He went to Mexico to work on a play originally titled The Poker Night. This play eventually became one of his masterpieces, A Streetcar Named Desire. It won Williams a second NY Critics' Circle Award and a Pulitzer Prize in 1947, enabling him to travel and buy a home in Key West as an escape for both relaxation and writing. The year 1951 brought The Rose Tattoo and Williams' first Tony award, as well as the successful film adaptation of A Streetcar Named Desire, starring Vivian Leigh.", "Ultimately Williams resumed his schooling at Washington University, finishing his degree at the University of Iowa where he locally produced some of his plays. He then moved on to New Orleans where he staged his first major success with The Glass Menagerie (1945). Steeped, like many of Williams's works, in what irresistibly appear as biographical references, the play imagines the tumultuous struggles between of a son, his disabled sister, and their controlling mother Amanda. Shortly after Menagerie closed, the playwright went to work on a new piece about a woman stood up by her fiancé, producing his Pulitzer Prize-winning A Streetcar Named Desire (1947). Another Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, followed in 1955. The crux of this latter work concerns the conflicts of a Mississippi family following the diagnosis of its patriarch, Big Daddy's, stomach cancer and the revelation of his darling alcoholic son's homosexuality. Cat premiered in New York under the direction of Elia Kazan, who revised the third act to give the play a more redemptive resolution. In 1958, director Richard Brooks adapted Cat into a hugely popular film starring a stunning Elizabeth Taylor, an improbably handsome Paul Newman, and corpulent Burl Ives. To Williams's dismay, Brooks excised all explicit references to Brick's homosexuality in deference to the studio censors.", "Novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder won two Pulitzer Prizes for his plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth, written in 1938 and 1942 respectively. His most well-known novel, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, also won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1927.", "After years of obscurity, he became suddenly famous with The Glass Menagerie (1944), closely reflecting his own unhappy family background. This heralded a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), and Sweet Bird of Youth (1959). His later work attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences, and alcohol and drug dependence further inhibited his creative output. His drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often numbered on the short list of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Long Day's Journey into Night and Death of a Salesman.", "In the classic play by Tennessee Williams, brought to the screen by Elia Kazan, faded Southern belle Blanche DuBois (Vivien Leigh) comes to visit her pregnant sister, Stella (Kim Hunter), in a seedy section of New Orleans. Stella’s boorish husband, Stanley Kowalski (Marlon Brando), not only regards Blanche’s aristocratic affectations as a royal pain but also thinks she’s holding out on inheritance money that rightfully belongs to Stella. On the fringes of sanity, Blanche is trying to forget her checkered past and start life anew. Attracted to Stanley’s friend Mitch (Karl Malden), she glosses over the less savory incidents in her past, but she soon discovers that she cannot outrun that past, and the stage is set for her final, brutal confrontation with her brother-in-law. Brando, Hunter, and Malden had all starred in the original Broadway version of Streetcar, although the original Blanche had been Jessica Tandy. Brando lost out to Humphrey Bogart for the 1951 Best Actor Oscar, but Leigh, Hunter, and Malden all won Oscars. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi", "In the classic play by Tennessee Williams, brought to the screen by Elia Kazan, faded Southern belle Blanche DuBois (Vivien Leigh) comes to visit her pregnant sister, Stella (Kim Hunter), in a seedy section of New Orleans. Stella's boorish husband, Stanley Kowalski (Marlon Brando), not only regards Blanche's aristocratic affectations as a royal pain but also thinks she's holding out on inheritance money that rightfully belongs to Stella. On the fringes of sanity, Blanche is trying to forget her checkered past and start life anew. Attracted to Stanley's friend Mitch (Karl Malden), she glosses over the less savory incidents in her past, but she soon discovers that she cannot outrun that past, and the stage is set for her final, brutal confrontation with her brother-in-law. Brando, Hunter, and Malden had all starred in the original Broadway version of Streetcar, although the original Blanche had been Jessica Tandy. Brando lost out to Humphrey Bogart for the 1951 Best Actor Oscar, but Leigh, Hunter, and Malden all won Oscars. ~", "Some critics call his plays misogynist; a charge that has been renewed by some with his latest work. He has adapted Carson McCullers' \"Ballad of the Sad Cafe\" for the stage and some of his other works include \"The Death of Bessie Smith\", \"The Sandbox\", and \"Three Tall Women\"- which won him the 1994 Pulitzer Prize. For 10 points, identify this playwright who also wrote \"The Zoo Story\".", "The playwright's most successful plays, written in the 1940s and '50s, also carry the ethos of America at the time he wrote them. The racial subconscious of the nation is made vivid in \"Cat,\" which is, after all, set on a cotton plantation, a crop that is synonymous with toiling slaves.", "American playwright. Frank writer. Explored American life. Best known for \"Our Town\" also wrote, \"The Matchmaker\" and \"The Skin of Our Teeth\"", "Leading American dramatist whose best known work, “Death of a Salesman” (1949) won the Pulitzer Prize. Other works include “The Crucible” (1953), “A View From the Bridge” (1955 also a Pulitzer Prize), “After the Fall” (1964) and the screenplay for “The Misfits” (1961).", "Won four Tony Awards: two in 1950 for \"The Cocktail Party,\" as Best Author (Dramatic) and as author of Best Play winner; and two. posthumously. in 1983 for \"Cats,\" as Best Book (Musical) and Best Score, his lyrics with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ." ]

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[ "Tun Tavern was a tavern and brewery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as a founding or early meeting place for a number of notable groups. It is traditionally regarded as the site where what would become the United States Marine Corps held its first recruitment drive during the American Revolution. It is also regarded as one of the \"birthplaces of Masonic teachings in America.\" ", "On November 10, 1775 the United States Marine Corps was officially formed by a vote of the Continental Congress.  Captain Samuel Nicholas was named the first Commandant of the Marine Corps.  Robert Mullan was appointed to raise two companies of Marines.  Mullan was also the proprietor of Tun Tavern which had a long reputation for having the best beer in Philadelphia.  So it was the very first Continental Marines that were recruited in Tun Tavern, and it became the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps.  ", "According to tradition, Tun Tavern was where the United States Marines held their first recruitment drive. On November 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned the innkeeper and former Quaker Samuel Nicholas to raise two battalions of Marines in Philadelphia. The tavern’s manager, Robert Mullan, was the \"chief Marine Recruiter.\" Though legend places its first recruiting post at Tun Tavern, historian Edwin Simmons surmises that it was more likely the Conestoga Waggon [sic], a tavern owned by the Nicholas family. The first Continental Marine company was composed of one hundred Rhode Islanders commanded by Captain Nicholas. Each year on November 10, U.S. Marines worldwide toast the memory of this colonial inn as the officially-acknowledged birthplace of their service branch. The earliest Marines were deployed aboard Continental Congress Navy vessels as sharpshooters because they were typically recruited as outstanding marksmen.", "So it was Freemasons who were involved, at Tun Tavern, where the United States Marines held their first recruitment drive.  On November 10, 1775, the First Continental Congress commissioned Samuel Nicholas, a Quaker (non-Christian) innkeeper, to raise two battalions of Marines in Philadelphia.  The tavern’s manager, Robert Mullan, was the “Chief Marine Recruiter.”  Prospective volunteers flocked to the place, enticed by cold beer and the opportunity to join the new corps.  The first Continental Marine company was composed of one hundred men commanded by Captain Nicholas.  Each year on November 10, United States Marines worldwide toast the memory of the colonial inn---Tun Tavern of Philadelphia. ", "Searching for coordination with the military efforts, the Continental Congress established a regular army in June 1775, and appointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief. It was established in paper. Apparently, the development of the Continental Army had always been a work in progress, and Washington used both his regular and state militia throughout the war. The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war and settled at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia. The date of November 10, 1775 had been regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps. This was a resolution made by the Continental Congress.", " The two battalions of Continental Marines officially became \"resolved\" when Congress issued the first commission to Captain Samuel Nicholas on 28 November 1775. Nicholas' family were tavernkeepers, his prominence came not from his work but from his leadership in two local clubs for fox-hunters and sport fishermen. Historian Edwin Simmons surmises that it is most likely Nicholas was using his family tavern, the , as a recruiting post; although the standing legend in the United States Marine Corps today places its first recruiting post at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia.", "Nicholas, Samuel - First American Marine Corps officer, he was also considered the first Commandant of the Marines. He owned the Tun Tavern which the Corps considers their birthplace and which was also the meeting place of the first lodge in Pennsylvania.", "During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress passes a resolution stating that \"two Battalions of Marines be raised\" for service as landing forces for the recently formed Continental Navy. The resolution, drafted by future U.S. president John Adams and adopted in Philadelphia, created the Continental Marines and is now observed as the birth date of the United States Marine Corps.", "In 1756, Franklin organized the Pennsylvania Militia (see \"Associated Regiment of Philadelphia\" under heading of Pennsylvania's 103rd Artillery and 111th Infantry Regiment at Continental Army). He used Tun Tavern as a gathering place to recruit a regiment of soldiers to go into battle against the Native American uprisings that beset the American colonies. Reportedly Franklin was elected \"Colonel\" of the Associated Regiment but declined the honor.", "1775 - The Continental Army was founded by the Continental Congress for purposes of common defense. This event is considered to be the birth of the United States Army. On June 15, George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief.", "The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the American Revolutionary War , formed by Captain Samuel Nicholas by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775, to raise 2 battalions of Marines. That date is regarded and celebrated as the date of the Marine Corps' birthday . At the end of the American Revolution, both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded in April 1783. The institution itself would not be resurrected until 11 July 1798. At that time, in preparation for the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Marine Corps. [30] Marines had been enlisted by the War Department as early as August 1797 [31] for service in the new-build frigates authorized by the Congressional \"Act to provide a Naval Armament\" of 18 March 1794, [32] which specified the numbers of Marines to be recruited for each frigate.", "The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that, soon after warfare, declared the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. ", "The American Continental Army was an army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and other troops that remained under control of the individual states. General George Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the army throughout the war. Most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The remaining units possibly formed the nucleus of what became the United States Army. (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "Congress was greatly depending on Washington's cooperation for the Nova Scotia expedition and were planning to draw them from Washington's army, but Washington was unenthusiastic about the plan and suggested instead to Congress to recruit unemployed seamen for the proposed marine battalions in New York and Philadelphia (which at the time was the Nation's first capital city [before moving to the District of Columbia]). Congress agreed on the decision. Ten additional Marine officers were appointed by Captain Nicholas, the majority of officers and enlistees were Philadelphian small merchants and businessmen, skilled tradesmen and workers, and unskilled laborers. Even there were some that were acquainted to those in Congress or in the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety. The primary duties of the officers were recruiting and persuading men to enlist, most officers were commissioned because their most important qualification was knowledge of working the local taverns and other hot-spots of the working class. The officers would sweep through the city for potential recruits, accompanied by drummers borrowed from the Philadelphia Associators, a city militia. Nicholas and his officers might have had some maritime experience, but it is unlikely that they were skilled mariners. Five companies of about 300 Marines were raised. While armed, they were not equipped with standardized uniforms.", "On 17 June 1775, the same day that George Washington was commissioned general and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, British and American forces engaged in the first major pitched battle of the Revolutionary War at Bunker Hill , Massachusetts. (The battle was misnamed; the actual location was not Bunker Hill but neighboring Breed's Hill, which was closer to Boston.) The battle was declared a British victory, but it proved a Pyrrhic one: General Howe's forces suffered over 1,000 casualties before gaining the high ground. The colonials lost about 400 men. People in both London and Boston noted that \"a few more such victories would surely spell ruin for the victors.\" 127 The battle proved to the British that the Americans were not to be taken lightly. It also prompted the Continental Congress —which had assembled for only the second time on 10 May 1775 in Philadelphia—to call for the enlistment of all able-bodied men into the militia. Lines had been drawn and colonists now had to declare their allegiance to either the patriot or loyalist cause.", "The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, from all 13 states. When the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. Previously, each colony had relied upon the militia, made up of part-time citizen-soldiers, for local defense, or the raising of temporary \"provincial regiments\" during specific crises such as the French and Indian War of 1754–63. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the years leading to the war, colonists began to reform their militias in preparation for the perceived potential conflict. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774. Colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. ", "Peyton Randolph traveled to Pennsylvania with the Virginia delegation in late August of 1774. The first meeting of colonial delegates took place at the City Tavern just down the street from what we now know as Independence Hall (yes the true birthplace of the United States Congress was in a Philadelphia tavern).  ", "* The Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Washington had submitted recommendations to the Continental Congress almost immediately after he had accepted the position of Commander-in-Chief, but the Congress took time to consider and implement these. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a single battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies, with a rank-and-file strength of 640.", "Early October, Congress members, such as John Adams, and colonial governments pushed Congress in creating a navy, however small. To examine the possible establishment of a national navy, the Naval Committee was appointed on 5 October (predecessor to the House and Senate Committees on Naval Affairs). On 13 October 1775, Congress authorized its Naval Committee to form a squadron of four converted Philadelphia merchantmen, with the addition of two smaller vessels. Despite a shortage in funding, the Continental Navy was formed.", "The First Continental Congress was a convention of 12 colonial delegates that met on September 5, 1774, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "October 13, 1775 - The United States Navy was born after the Second Continental Congress authorized the acquisition of a fleet of ships.", "Beginning as early as May 1783, proposals and counter proposals had been exchanged between General Washington and the Congress as to a peacetime military establishment. Although the general�s initial plan was for a permanent army of very modest size, it exceeded the desires of the ever cost-conscious legislators. In early December, Washington ordered General Henry Knox to discharge all but 500 infantry and 100 artillerymen. Once again, remaining enlistment times determined the troops to be discharged and those to be retained in service. Those from New Hampshire and Massachusetts with the longest remaining times became Colonel Henry Jackson�s Continental Regiment. This tiny force of the last Continentals remained at West Point throughout the winter which followed, but in June 1784 the Congress ordered the discharges of all remaining troops excepting 55 caretakers at West Point and 25 at Fort Pitt (current Pittsburgh.) In the same month, Congress developed its own design for the post-war military, consisting of a total of 700 men to be enlisted for one year, this quota being allotted to the states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Commanded by Josiah Harmar, this unit would be designated The First American Regiment, the seedling of the United States Army.", "Congress authorized the formation of 10 companies of expert riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, which were directed to march to Boston to support the New England militia. These were the first troops Congress agreed to pay from its own funds, and the units later became the 1st Continental Regiment.", "U.C. Continental Congress measures provoked British Regulars to march out of Boston, attempting the capture of hidden military supplies. In early expeditions, the British were not opposed, found nothing, and returned to Boston. On April 19th, 1775, however, shots were fired during the British advancement on Lexington and Concord, launching the first military engagement of the Revolutionary War; ", "After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, Pennsylvania, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland and Trenton, New Jersey before ending up in New York City.", "In 1770, a battle between Patriots and British soldiers on Golden Hill, now John Street, resulted in the first death of the American Revolution. When a ship laden with tea arrived in 1774, the Sons of Liberty again took action and prevented its unloading. A small amount of tea was thrown into the harbor, and the ship was forced to return to England.", "November 23, 1783 — Annapolis, Maryland became the US capital of the newly forming American nation when the Continental Congress met from in November 1783 (from the 26th to June 3, 1784).", "Then, following the Battle of Fort Sumter and the fort's April 14 surrender to Confederate forces, President Abraham Lincoln issued his April 15, 1861 proclamation, calling for state militia to provide 75,000 volunteer troops to defend the nation's capital. In response, Allentown sent the Allen Infantry. Also known as the \"Allen Guards,\" the unit was commanded by Captain Thomas Yeager, and mustered in for duty in Harrisburg on April 18, 1861. During their Three Months' Service, which lasted until July 23, 1861, these Allentonians primarily performed guard duty and, as one of the first five militia units sent by Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C., the Allen Infantry helped to deter the Confederate States from carrying out any plans they had to capture the city. In recognition of this early service, the soldiers from the Allen Infantry, Logan Guards (Lewistown), National Light Infantry (Pottsville), Ringgold Light Artillery (Reading), and Washington Artillerists (Pottsville) became known as \"Pennsylvania First Defenders\".", "In the pre-Revolutionary years, colonists had held annual celebrations of the king’s birthday, which traditionally included the ringing of bells, bonfires, processions and speechmaking. By contrast, during the summer of 1776 some colonists celebrated the birth of independence by holding mock funerals for King George III , as a way of symbolizing the end of the monarchy’s hold on America and the triumph of liberty. Festivities including concerts, bonfires, parades and the firing of cannons and muskets usually accompanied the first public readings of the Declaration of Independence, beginning immediately after its adoption. Philadelphia held the first annual commemoration of independence on July 4, 1777, while Congress was still occupied with the ongoing war. George Washington issued double rations of rum to all his soldiers to mark the anniversary of independence in 1778, and in 1781, several months before the key American victory at Yorktown, Massachusetts became the first state to make July 4th an official state holiday.", "Eighty soldiers mutinied at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in June, 1788. They marched on Philadelphia and appeared in front of the State House where Congress was in session. Congress called on the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, meeting in the same building, for protection, but the Council was afraid to bring out the militia, as it was thought that the militia might join the mutineers. The soldiers declared that they wanted their pay and intended to take it from the treasury. They pointed their guns at the Congressional windows but did not fire them. There was a rough play-boy air about the whole proceeding. Congress sent an urgent message for help to Washington -- who was then at West Point -- and without waiting to see what the result would be, the members of Congress unheroically slipped through the back door and made their way through a golden June sunset to Princeton in New Jersey, thus abandoning the seat of government to eighty mutineers and a sergeant.", "Congress began to plan for aggressive action against British ships stocked with ammunition. It authorized the building of four armed ships, and began to formulate rules for a navy. On December 22, Congress named Esek Hopkins commodore of the fledgling American navy. Soon after, Congress authorized privateering, and issued rules for dealing with enemy vessels and plunder.", "  Led by Franklin, the Assembly passed a militia bill. To get Quaker support, it provided for a voluntary force. It also provided for elected officers." ]

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[ "A narrow strip of land that connects two larger areas of land is called an isthmus.", "An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger bodies of land. An isthmus generally has water on both sides.", "Panama is an isthmus, which, by definition, is a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas. Looking at a map, one can see that Panama is the narrowest point of land connecting North and South America. On the western side, it faces the northern Pacific Ocean, and on the eastern side, it faces the Caribbean Sea leading to the Atlantic. Before European exploration, the Native Americans transited the jungles to both coasts trading and hunting.", "isthmus : narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two larger pieces of land.", "An isthmus is a narrow neck of land surrounded by water that joins two larger land masses. Although the Isthmus of Panama and the Isthmus of Suez are the most famous, isthmuses are found throughout the world. In the 19th century, these land forms were viewed more as impediments separating nations than as links between continents. This attitude reflected an era when long-distance travel was primarily by sea, and tantalizingly narrow isthmuses stood as time-consuming barriers.", "1. a narrow strip of land, bordered on both sides by water, connecting two larger bodies of land.", "Isthmus Narrow section of land connecting two larger land areas, surrounded on two sides by water.", "*Strait - a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses.", "The two bodies of water connected by the Suez Canal are the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Suez Canal is located through a narrow strip of land in the north of Egypt.", "Narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal", "canals have an important and significant status defined by their geographical position, as all of them form an immediate connection between vast areas of the high seas. For example, the Panama Canal links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Suez Canal - the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The Kiel Canal connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean;", "small strip of land that connects latin america with south america, panama and panama canal are located there", "A strip of land of variable width adjacent to and influenced by a body of fresh water.", "If fractures in an isthmus are created by human activity, the straits are usually called canal s. The Suez Canal was constructed in 1869 as a waterway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Suez Canal allows transportation between Europe and Asia without having to go around the entire continent of Africa. It is an important economic strait.", "November 17 Suez Canal Opened. The Suez Canal (Arabic: transliteration: Qana al-Suways), is a large artificial canal in Egypt, west of the Sinai Peninsula. It is 163 km (101 miles) long and 300 m (984 ft) wide at its narrowest point, and runs between Port Said (Bur Sa'id) on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez (al-Suways) on the Red Sea. The canal allows two-way water transportation, most importantly between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation of Africa. Before its opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried over land between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. The canal comprises two parts, north and south of the Great Bitter Lake, linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea.", "This entire area, from the northern limit of the Gulf of Suez to the Mediterranean coastline, is not at all as it was in antiquity. Evidence suggests that the Gulf of Suez extended further north in antiquity than it does today, although we do not presently know how far north (Hoffmeier 1997: 209). Also, the Mediterranean coastline during the second millennium BC was much further south than it is today (Scolnic 2004: 96–97; Hoffmeier 2005: 41–42), so the isthmus between the two was much narrower than today. What has remained consistent about the region throughout history is the fact that it has always been known for marshy freshwater lakes. Consequently, it should be of no surprise that the Suez Canal was cut directly through here in 1869.", "In this period, the Suez Canal was regarded as the navigational and trade route that connects two continents, Asia and Europe. It is an artificial (human-made) waterway system that cuts through the territories of Egypt and serves as the link between two seas—the Mediterranean Sea, from Port Said beside the Al Qabuti territory of Egypt adjacent to Port Fouad in Sinai (another Egyptian territory that was occupied by Israel from 1956 to 1982), and the Red Sea, from its city of Suez on the Gulf of Suez—as the starting point for delivering big shipments from international steam and commercial ships and mid-sized shipments from local ships.", "Nearly 500 rivers lace Panama's rugged landscape. Mostly unnavigable, many originate as swift highland streams, meander in valleys, and form coastal deltas. However, the Río Chagres located in Central Panama is one of the few wide rivers and a source of enormous hydroelectric power. The central part of the river is dammed by the Gatun Dam and forms Gatun Lake, an artificial lake that constitutes part of the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal created between 1907 and 1913 is a 77.1 km (48 miles) ship canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. The Kampia and Madden Lakes (also filled with water from the Río Chagres) provide hydroelectricity for the area of the former Canal Zone.", "A sheltered body of water connected to a larger body of water by one or more passages (i.e. Foxe Basin).", "The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس Qanāt al-Sūwais), also known by the nickname \"The Highway to India\", is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point. More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal", "an artificial waterway in Panama, Central America, that bisects the Isthmus of Panama at its lowest part and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. One of the most important international waterways, the canal passes through a separate zone under the jurisdiction of the USA (see", "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.", "body of water partially surrounded by land, usually with a wide mouth to a larger body of water.", "Artificial waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea to Gulf of Suez , and then to the Red Sea .", "The Bosphorus or Bosporus (; , Bósporos; ,) is a natural strait and internationally-significant waterway located in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara, and, by extension via the Dardanelles, the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas.", "[Arab.,= gate of tears], strait, 17 mi (27 km) wide, linking the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and separating the Arabian peninsula from E Africa. It is an important passage on the Indian Ocean–Mediterranean Sea shipping route via the Suez Canal.", "    With all that in mind, there is a ten-mile buffer zone on each side of the Panama Canal. And as I understand it, it was established for two reasons, first to provide a security zone to the actual Canal works, and second to protect the rainforest adjacent to the Panama Canal.", "International Waterways - Consist of international straits, inland and interocean canals and rivers where they separate the territories of two or more nations.", "Consist of international straits, inland and interocean canals and rivers where they separate the territories of two or more nations.", "Consist of international straits, inland and interocean canals and rivers where they separate the territories of two or more nations.", "The Canal's principal physical features are Gatun Lake a central man-made lake stretching nearly all the way across the Isthmus; Gaillard Cut, the 13 kilometers-long (8 1/2 miles) excavation through the Continental Divide that extends Gatun Lake to Pedro Miguel Locks; the locks on both sides of the Isthmus that raise ships between sea level and the lake (Gatun Locks on the Atlantic and Pedro Miguel and Miraflores Locks on the Pacific); and the ports of Balboa on the Pacific and Cristobal on the Atlantic. At the time the Canal was built, Gatun Dam was the largest earth dam that had ever been constructed, and Gatun Lake was the largest man-made lake in the world. The three sets of locks were the most massive concrete structures ever built.", "Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked, by acquiring land that reaches the sea:" ]

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[ "By Executive Order, in November 1919, President Wilson proclaimed November 11 as the first commemoration of Armistice Day. The day was later renamed Veterans Day to honor those who have served in any of the armed forces during war.", "Veterans Day is an annual American holiday honoring military veterans. It is both a federal holiday and a state holiday in all states. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson first proclaimed an Armistice Day for November 11, 1919. In 1938, the United States Congress made the 11th of November in each year a legal holiday - to be celebrated and known as \"Armistice Day.\" Congress amended this act in 1954, replacing \"Armistice\" with \"Veterans,\" and it has been known as Veterans Day since then. See more at Military.com .", "Veterans Day: Originally called Armistice Day, this holiday was established to honor Americans who had served in World War I. It falls on November 11, the day when that war ended in 1918, but it now honors veterans of all wars in which the United States has fought. Veterans' organizations hold parades, and the president customarily places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.", "Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday, observed annually on November 11, that honors military veterans, that is, persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. It coincides with other holidays, including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day, celebrated in other countries that mark the anniversary of the end of World War I; major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, when the Armistice with Germany went into effect. The United States previously observed Armistice Day. The U.S. holiday was renamed Veterans Day in 1954.", "Veterans Day — originally Armistice Day — was renamed in 1954 to include veterans who had fought in all wars. But the day of remembrance has its roots in World War I — Nov. 11, 1918 was the day the guns fell silent at the end of the Great War. On this Veterans Day, we celebrate the poetry of World War I, one of the legacies of that conflict.", "Armistice Day, commemorating the end of the World War I in 1918, was changed to Veterans Day, a federal holiday honoring all Americans who have fought or served in the defense of the U.S.", "On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, an armistice, or temporary cessation of hostilities, was declared between the Allied nations and Germany in the First World War, then known as “the Great War.” Commemorated as Armistice Day beginning the following year, November 11th became a legal federal holiday in the United States in 1938. In the aftermath of World War II and the Korean War, Armistice Day became Veterans Day, a holiday dedicated to American veterans of all wars.", "This holiday started as a day to reflect upon the heroism of those who died in our country's service, and was originally called Armistice Day . It fell on Nov. 11 because that is the anniversary of the signing of the Armistice that ended World War I. However, in 1954, the holiday was changed to \"Veterans Day\" in order to account for all veterans in all wars.", "#2.) Veteran’s Day Was Originally Called “Armistice Day.” November 11th, 1919 was the first anniversary of the end of World War One. And Armistice Day was originally supposed to honor veterans of THAT war. But now it extends to ALL veterans. Congress made it a national holiday in 1938, then renamed it Veterans Day in 1954.", "In 1945, World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham, Alabama, had the idea to expand Armistice Day to celebrate all veterans, not just those who died in World War I. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, who supported the idea of National Veterans Day. Weeks led the first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985. President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday. Elizabeth Dole, who prepared the briefing for President Reagan, determined Weeks as the \"Father of Veterans Day.\"", "President Eisenhower signing HR7786, changing Armistice Day to Veterans Day. From left: Alvin J. King, Wayne Richards, Arthur J. Connell, John T. Nation, Edward Rees, Richard L. Trombla, Howard W. Watts", "It was only after another world war, an even worse world war, a world war that has in many ways never ended to this day, that Congress, following still another now forgotten war - this one on Korea - changed the name of Armistice Day to Veterans Day on June 1, 1954. And it was six-and-a-half years later that Eisenhower warned us that the military industrial complex would completely corrupt our society. Veterans Day is no longer, for most people, a day to cheer the elimination of war or even to aspire to its abolition. Veterans Day is not even a day on which to mourn or to question why suicide is the top killer of U.S. troops or why so many veterans have no houses at all in a nation in which one high-tech robber baron monopolist is hoarding $66 billion, and 400 of his closest friends have more money than half the country.", "Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May (May 31 in 2010). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates U.S. soldiers who died while in the military service. First enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War (it is celebrated near the day of reunification after the Civil War), it was expanded after World War I.", "In the United States there are two days that honor American veterans: one is Memorial Day�the last Monday in May�and the other is Veteran�s Day �each year on November 11.", "Veterans Day is an annual holiday in America honoring the 24.9 million military veterans in the United States. Veterans Day is both a federal and state holiday and is usually observed on November 11 each year.", "6. Veterans Day was originally Armistice Day. Armistice Day was celebrated every year on November 11th to commemorate the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at eleven o’clock in the morning — the “eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month” of 1918. The date was declared a national holiday in many allied nations, to commemorate those members of the armed forces who were killed during the war.", "America and its allies eventually won the war in 1945, but at a tragic cost to the country. Over 400,000 Americans, (3,000 of which were Floridians) were killed during the war. These men and women are remembered each year on Veteran's Day, November 11. Special ceremonies, including parades, are held around Florida and the United States honoring the veterans' service and sacrifice for our country.", "On January 15, 2006, the World War II Veterans Committee (sponsors of the Memorial Day Parade in Washington D.C. and the National World War II Memorial , the newest monument on the National Mall ), citing \"her indomitable spirit, love of country, and the example of courage she has given her fellow Americans\", awarded Toguri its annual Edward J. Herlihy Citizenship Award. [10] According to one biographer, Toguri found it the most memorable day of her life. [8]", "In order to thank and honor veterans of the Korean War and their families, America will commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Korean War through November 11, 2003. Today, as the Republic of Korea stands as a strong, democratic, and progressive nation, we thank our Korean War veterans for serving our Nation and the world with courage and distinction.", "* 11/11: Veterans Day--Day to honor all warriors who have defended us against evil of all kinds.", "In November 1919, President Wilson proclaimed November 11 as the first commemoration of Armistice Day with the following words: \"To us in America, the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country’s service and with gratitude for the victory, both because of the thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of the nations…\"", "1921 Congress passes legislation that approves the tomb of the unknown soldier in Arlington national Cemetery. on october 20, Congress declares november 11, 1921 a federal holiday to honor all those who participated in the war.", "November 11, which is Remembrance Day in Europe and Canada, has been expanded to celebrate all veterans of the U.S. armed forces; Memorial Day serves the purpose of recognizing war dead.", "Today, we take the charge of Veterans Day to heart and mark the day with celebration, honoring America’s veterans for their patriotism, love of country, and willingness to serve and sacrifice for the common good.", "*Armed Forces Day was observed for the first time in the United States, following the proclamation by President Truman. The day has been observed annually, since then, on the third Saturday of May. Retired Lt.Col. Oliver North would comment later that \"the day has pretty much been ignored\" because it's \"just at the wrong time of year... sandwiched between Easter and Memorial Day\". ", "Sept. 11: Patriot Day (USA). Patriot Day and National Day of Service and Remembrance, typically referred to as Patriot Day, is dedicated to remembering the 2,977 people killed in the September 11, 2001, terrorists attacks on the World Trade Centers in New York City, New York, United States. Patriot Day is often confused with Patriots’ Day, a holiday commemorating the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775.", "On November 11, 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued a message to his countrymen on the first Armistice Day in which he expressed what he felt the day meant to Americans:", "Decoration Day - legal holiday in the United States, last Monday in May; commemorates the members of the United States armed forces who were killed in war", "On this Veterans Day, I would like to give my heartfelt thanks to all those who have courageously served our country and helped to protect our freedom. H H H H H", "Independence Day was first celebrated on July 8, 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was read to the public. Congress declared the day a federal legal holiday in 1941. The holiday is celebrated with parades, fireworks, picnics, sporting events, and music, including the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" and several marches of John Philip Sousa.", "Millions of Americans have served in defense of the United States of America. Many have died to preserve the freedoms", "Our Veterans And Their Service For The Benefit Of All Americans From One Veteran To Another," ]

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[ "Girl With the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larson is the first book in the Millennium Trilogy. Lisbeth Salander, the leading female character, is a 23 year old computer hacker and social outcast; tattooed, pierced and angry.   She, from a young age, was under legal guardianship due to a history of violence and had been deemed mentally incompetent and unable to provide for herself, which is far from the truth as she has a eidetic memory, is rather intelligent and is very skilled with computers despite her complete lack of social skills. She also fights fiercely, able to defend herself from men regardless of her tiny stature.   She works for a security company, Milton Security, her official position that of fetching coffee and making copies, but off the books she does investigations for clients, Dirch Frode. When she complies an incredibly detailed profile on Mikael Blomkvist, a journalist, the client asks to meet with her. He is shocked by her eccentric appearance and angry demeanor, but finds her competent.", "Stieg Larsson was a crusading Swedish journalist, committed to the fight against political extremism and racism in his home country. In his spare time he completed a trilogy of striking crime novels, which he delivered to his publishers just before his untimely death in 2004. The first novel, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, centred on Mikhail Blomkvist, a crusading journalist with a social conscience; its sequel, The Girl Who Played with Fire, shifts focus onto the socially awkward computer hacker Lisbeth Salander, who becomes entangled in an investigation into sex trafficking, murder, and establishment corruption. This unusual central character is the story's main strength, allowing it to stand apart from the raft of contemporary and classic crime novels which Larsson fondly draws on. An expert hacker and mathematics-obsessive, Salander is a clenched fist of a character; difficult, psychologically traumatised, and capable of extreme violence.", "*Lisbeth Salander is a computer hacker and private investigator in the Millennium Trilogy by Swedish journalist and novelist Stieg Larsson begun 2005; (Noomi Rapace) in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film), The Girl Who Played with Fire (film), and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (film).", "Amazon Best of the Month, September 2008: Once you start The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, there's no turning back. This debut thriller--the first in a trilogy from the late Stieg Larsson--is a serious page-turner rivaling the best of Charlie Huston and Michael Connelly. Mikael Blomkvist, a once-respected financial journalist, watches his professional life rapidly crumble around him. Prospects appear bleak until an unexpected (and unsettling) offer to resurrect his name is extended by an old-school titan of Swedish industry. The catch--and there's always a catch--is that Blomkvist must first spend a year researching a mysterious disappearance that has remained unsolved for nearly four decades. With few other options, he accepts and enlists the help of investigator Lisbeth Salander, a misunderstood genius with a cache of authority issues. Little is as it seems in Larsson's novel, but there is at least one constant: you really don't want to mess with the girl with the dragon tattoo.", "First, there was The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Then, she Played With Fire and Kicked the Hornet’s Nest . Now, more than 10 years since Lisbeth Salander’s creator Stieg Larsson died, his British publisher is preparing for the release of the fourth novel in the bestselling Millennium series, which it has announced will be called The Girl in the Spider’s Web.", "One of Larsson's key achievements as a writer was to create an innovative kind of heroine for the crime novel. His unconventional sleuth, the highly intelligent computer hacker Lisbeth Salander, is a confrontational young woman, whose Goth accoutrements sometimes alienate those around her (except the individuals she opts to have sexual relations with – strictly, that is, according to the rules she lays down). In the second book in the Millennium sequence, The Girl Who Played with Fire (as in its its predecessor), Lisbeth's closest ally is the older journalist Mikael Blomqvist, even though she has abruptly ended her emotional relationship with him. Lisbeth has left all she knows behinds her and has begun a relationship with a gauche young lover. But after a grim revenge run-in with a man who has abused her, she becomes a suspect in three murders, and is the subject of a nationwide search. Blomqvist, however, is convinced of her innocence (he has just been responsible for a blistering report on the sex trafficking industry in Sweden), and is determined to help her – whether she wants his help or not.", "Now comes The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, with Salander fighting for her life in intensive care, her father lying a few doors along the corridor as a result of wounds inflicted on him by Salander herself. Throughout the novel, the covert workings of the Swedish secret service are laid bare, as are the cut-throat realities of the world of newspapers and the immorality of some in authority. The theme of how words can be a force for justice permeates the narrative; and the story of Millennium, for which Larsson's other protagonist, campaigning journalist Mikael Blomkvist, works, continues to develop.", "Prior to his sudden death of a heart attack in November 2004 he finished three detective novels in his trilogy “The Millenium-series” which were published posthumously; “The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo” , “The Girl Who Played With Fire” and “The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest” . Altogether, his trilogy has sold more than 20 million copies in 41 countries (spring of 2010), and he was the second bestselling author in the world in 2008.", "The outrage that drives unlikely Katniss compatriot Lisbeth Salander, a.k.a. the girl with the dragon tattoo, has so far defied reduction in the move from bestsellers to screen (particularly in the ferocity of Noomi Rapace in the trilogy of Swedish films). Lisbeth is by no means a YA heroine, but she is, like Katniss, an unprecedented creation of take-no-prisoners intensity. And she, too, is a kind of hunter in a world gone mad.", "Perhaps the woman with greatest impact on entertainment in 2010 wasn’t a real woman at all. Lisbeth Salander, the eponymous character in “The Girl With Dragon Tattoo,” is being hailed by fans worldwide as the most captivating literary heroine to come along since Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina. And though Salander — the product of the late Stieg Larsson’s imagination — first made a grand entrance in 2005 when “Dragon Tattoo” hit shelves in the author’s native Sweden, her cultural influence reached its zenith in 2010.", "the storyline of The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest which requires prior knowledge of the back-story. It follows immediately from the end of the preceding film with Lisbeth Salander in hospital facing imprisonment for the attempted murder of her father. Keen to see her locked away is a secret organisation within the police and judicial system that has links to people-trafficking. Trying to secure Salander’s release and expose the conspiracy is the journalist Mikael Blomkvist, of the Millennium magazine. Much of the film has the feel of a courtroom thriller, and investigative journalism is a major theme. As with most book adaptations though, some elements have been cut. There are times when the sheer number of characters and the complexity of the sub-plots overcome the story. There is a lot of exposition on screen, with characters frequently discussing the events unfolding. This is quite difficult to convey in an interesting manner. In some ways this problem stems from the source material, as the novel is probably the least cinematic of the trilogy. Its translation into a feature film is noticeable, as there are long periods of inactivity where an increase in pace would have helped drive the story. However, in a multi-", "The new “Girl with the Dragon Tattoo” book will follow the story of Mikael Blomkvist and Lisbeth Salander as well as familiar characters from the first three novels.", "Genre-Busting : A lot. The first volume, The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo, is essentially a murder mystery. The second book, The Girl Who Played With Fire, is a psychological horror-thriller. The third one, The Girl Who Kicked The Hornet's Nest, is a political conspiracy thriller. A planned future volume was supposed to venture into science-fiction.", "Three new books written by Stieg Larsson: the girl with the dragon tattoo; the girl that played with fire; and, the girl that kicked the hornets nest.", "In Stieg Larsson's novel The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, Richard, Harald, and Greger Vanger attend university in Uppsala where they form Nazi affiliations.", "In his trilogy, he plays with the conventions of the genre. The first book, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, is a traditional whodunit with a caper thrown in. The second, The Girl Who Played with Fire, has a “lone avenger” feel, and the third, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets’ Nest is a fusion of spy novel and legal thriller. “I’ve read crime fiction all my life. A thing that’s bothered me about crime fiction is that it’s generally about one or two people, but there’s not much about society,” he told me. “I want to get away from that particular pattern: a lead, a supporting role and backdrop characters. In real life, people are integrated into society. That’s what happens in my books, as well. Minor characters don’t just walk in and spout lines, they interact and have an effect on the events. It’s not an isolated universe.”", "Of course, the series is carrying on without its original architect, replacing Larsson with David Lagercrantz, a former crime reporter from Sweden. Larsson died of a heart attack at the age of 50 in 2004, before even the first Millennium novel — The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, in American editions — was published in Sweden. The whole series has been published posthumously.", "• What is the title of the third book in Stieg Larsson's Millennium trilogy? The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest", "I watched the first part of Stieg Larsson’s Milennium trilogy; The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, in movie form last week, and was seriously impressed. The next day I went out to buy the two sequels, The Girl who Played with Fire and The Girl who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest, and finished them both in less than a week- despite their enormous size of over 700 pages each.", "Arguably, the success of the Mankell and Larsson books isn't really to do with Sweden at all. The themes and characters have a universality of appeal. These are stories as much about the personal lives of their characters as the crimes they are ostensibly investigating. In The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo, the detective is a rebellious young woman who dresses like a punk. In Wallander, it's a dysfunctional middle-aged man. Both have a crusading quality about them. For all the stresses in their domestic lives, they're relentless when pursuing a new case.", "The Girl Who Played with Fire (2009) is the second novel/movie in the dismayingly popular Millennium Trilogy by the late Swedish communist and feminist Stieg Larsson. It is the sequel to The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , which was recently remade in English directed by David Fincher. Assuming that Hollywood will remake all three Swedish films, we might as well get a sneak preview by taking a look at the Swedish sequels. Read more …", "The first book in the series was published in Sweden as - literally - Men who hate women (2005). It was titled for the English-language market as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and published in the United Kingdom in February 2008. It was awarded the Glass Key award as the best Nordic crime novel in 2005. ", "Two-Part Trilogy : Played With Fire takes place after a Time Skip of almost a year, and both it and Hornet's Nest concern the \" All The Evil \" incident that had such a formative impact on young Lisbeth. They make almost no reference to anything in Dragon Tattoo, and only one supporting character from it ever appears again.", "The Swedish publisher of the best-selling The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo trilogy had hired Swedish author David Lagercrantz to write a fourth novel in the franchise, created by Stieg Larsson, who died in 2004, aged 50.", "Stieg Larsson's Millennium Trilogy Deluxe Boxed Set: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest, Plus On Stieg Larsson by Stieg Larsson, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble®", "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest by Stieg Larsson | Book review | Books | The Guardian", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Trilogy. 3 x Paperback Books by Stieg Larsson. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson (Paperback) 2010 Book 1 of the Millennium series. Reasonable condition.", "The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo: Book One Of The Millennium Trilogy, Book by Stieg Larsson (Mass Market Paperback) | chapters.indigo.ca", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Män som hatar kvinnor)(Sweden | Denmark | Germany | Norway, 2009)", "Excerpted from The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson Copyright © 2008 by Stieg Larsson. Excerpted by permission.", "The new Girl With the Dragon Tattoo novel will be written in the hardboiled style of Raymond Chandler, according to its Swedish author David Lagercrantz.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Millennium Series #1) by Stieg Larsson, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®" ]

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[ "The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention (however, the wording referred to the entire Western Hemisphere, which actually includes much of Europe and Africa). The doctrine was introduced by President Monroe when he was enraged at the actions being executed around him. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Americas were not to be further colonized by European countries but that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from the Spanish Empire. The United States, reflecting concerns raised by Great Britain, ultimately hoped to avoid having any European power take over Spain's colonies. The US President, James Monroe, first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan and others.", "The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention (however, the wording referred to the entire Western Hemisphere , which actually includes much of Europe and Africa). The doctrine was introduced by President Monroe when he was enraged at the actions being executed around him. [1] The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Americas were not to be further colonized by European countries but that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from the Spanish Empire . The United States, reflecting concerns raised by Great Britain, ultimately hoped to avoid having any European power take over Spain's colonies. [2]", "In 1823, U.S. President James Monroe enunciated the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas; however, Spain's colony in Cuba was exempted. Before the American Civil War, Southern interests attempted to have the U.S. purchase Cuba and make it new slave territory. The proposal failed, and national attention shifted to the Civil War.", "These new American republics framed constitutions patterned to a large extent after that of the United States. Except for Brazil, they were legally democracies. In 1823, U.S. President James Monroe warned the European powers against interference in the affairs of new nations. This proclamation, later known as the Monroe Doctrine, gave the new governments an opportunity to develop without meddling from overseas.", "On December 2, 1823, President Monroe introduced the most famous aspect of his foreign policy in his State of the Union Address to Congress. The Monroe Doctrine, as it came to be called, stated that any further attempts by European powers to interfere in the affairs of the nations of the Western hemisphere (namely Latin America) would be seen as an act of aggression against the United States, requiring a U.S. response. The Monroe Doctrine came about as a result of U.S. and British fears the Spain would attempt to restore its power over former colonies in Latin America. President Monroe essentially sent notice that America, both North and South, was no longer open to colonization by European powers.", "December 2, 1823 - President James Monroe introduced his \" Monroe Doctrine \" during his annual message to the Congress, prohibiting any further colonization of the American continents by European powers, stating, \"we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety...\"", "1823 – U.S. President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, a proclamation of opposition to European colonialism in the New World.", "In 1823 President James Monroe outlined the Monroe Doctrine against European expansion in the Western Hemisphere.", "1823:  On December 2, in what becomes known as the Monroe Doctrine, President James Monroe stakes out the Western Hemisphere as an exclusive U.S. sphere of influence.", "policy of the US introduced by President Monroe in 1823, stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.", "The same policies were continued under James Monroe . The Monroe Doctrine (1823), which proclaimed U.S. opposition to European intervention or colonization in the American hemisphere, introduced the long-continuing U.S. concern for the integrity of the Western Hemisphere. Domestically, the strength of the federal government was increased by the judicial decisions of John Marshall , who had already helped establish the power of the U.S. Supreme Court. By 1820, however, sectional differences were arousing political discord. The sections of the country had long been developing along independent lines.", "the precept, promulgated by James Monroe on 2 December 1823, that the United States opposed further European colonization of or intervention in the western hemisphere; this unilateral tenet reciprocated for this \"hands'-off\" policy with a non-interference policy that echoed George Washington's warning against foreign entanglements; being the first foreign policy of the United States, it remained in effect until WWI. See ISOLATIONISM, ROOSEVELT COROLLARY, GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY, PRESIDENTIAL DOCTRINE, CONTAINMENT, INTERVENTIONISM, NATION BUILDING. [nb: \"We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those [European] powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.\" by James Monroe (2 Dec 1823)] [v: \"manifest Destiny\" was coined by John L. O'Sullivan (1839); \"White Man's Burden\" was coined by J. Rudyard Kipling (1899)]", "The Monroe Doctrine was a policy announced by Monroe on December 2, 1823 after several Latin American countries declared independence from Spain. It stated that independent countries in the Americas should not be colonized by European powers in the future and doing so would be considered an act of hostility towards the United States.", "During the Santo Domingo crisis, Roosevelt formulated what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, stated that the United States would not accept European intervention in the Americas. Roosevelt realized that if nations in the Western Hemisphere continued to have chronic problems, such as the inability to repay foreign debt, they would become targets of European invention. To preempt such action and to maintain regional stability, the President drafted his corollary: the United States would intervene in any Latin American country that manifested serious economic problems. The corollary announced that the United States would serve as the \"policeman\" of the Western Hemisphere, a policy which eventually created much resentment in Latin America.", "The Monroe Doctrine is a United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention. [1] The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at the time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spain, and the United States, reflecting concerns echoed by Great Britain, hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's colonies. [2] However, the immediate provocation was the Russian Ukase of 1821 asserting rights to the Northwest and forbidding non-Russian ships from approaching the coast. [3] [4]", "For many years, the Monroe Doctrine was practically a dead letter. The bold proclamation of 1823 that declared the Western Hemisphere forever free from European expansion bemused the imperial powers who knew the United States was simply too weak to enfoce its claim. By 1900, the situation had changed. A bold, expanding America was spreading its wings, daring the old world order to challenge its newfound might. When Theodore Roosevelt became President, he decided to reassert Monroe's old declaration.", "There is no measure with which the name of Monroe is connected so important as his enunciation of \"the Monroe doctrine.\" The words of this famous utterance constitute two paragraphs in the president's message of 2 December, 1823. In the first of these paragraphs he declares that the governments of Russia and Great Britain have been informed that the American continents henceforth are not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers. In the second paragraph he says that the United States would consider any attempt on the part of the European powers to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. He goes further, and says that if the governments established in North and South America who have declared their independence of European control should be interfered with by any European power, this interference would be regarded as the manifestation of unfriendly disposition to the United States. These utterances were addressed especially to Spain and Portugal. They undoubtedly expressed the dominant sentiments of the people of the United States at the time they were uttered, and, moreover, they embodied a doctrine which had been vaguely held in the days of Washington, and from that time to the administration of Monroe had been more and more clearly avowed. ", "In 1820, though the U.S. economy was suffering, Monroe ran unopposed and was elected to a second term as president. During this term, he wanted to exert the growing power of the U.S. in the world arena and make a statement of support for free governments in the Americas. Monroe was helped greatly with foreign policy by his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848). With Adams’ assistance, Monroe addressed Congress in 1823 with what became known as his Monroe Doctrine , which in part developed out of his concern that European powers would want to re-establish Spanish control of South America.", "In this address, Monroe declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbid European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. The Monroe Doctrine formally established a special relationship between the United States and Central and South America, and the U.S. would use this opportunity to invest in Latin America and assist with military intervention when necessary. In turn, Monroe promised that the U.S. would not interfere with European territories or any wars among them. The Monroe Doctrine was well received and became an important tool in later disputes over American territory.", "As President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt issued an extension to the Monroe Doctrine that essentially stated that only the U.S. would be allowed to intervene in South America. With European nations trying to collect on bad debts in South American nations, the U.S. actually took over trade in areas in order to provide prompt payment to their creditors.", "Another historical precedent is even more apt. In 1823, the United States announced the Monroe Doctrine. The great powers of that time did not take seriously our puny country’s declaration that they must not interfere in our hemisphere. But as the United States became more powerful, it began to pick fights with the big players (Britain, Spain), along with the weaker countries in Latin America like Mexico. During the next 150 years, the U.S. established its dominion over Latin America by force, while advancing interpretations of international law every bit as dubious as China’s claim to the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. The United Kingdom wisely gave in for the sake of mutually beneficial coexistence. Other countries that resisted—Spain, Mexico—paid a price.", "The Monroe Doctrine contained several important, and previously unarticulated, ideas. Monroe first reiterated the traditional U.S. policy of neutrality with regard to European wars and conflicts. He then made it clear that the Americas were not open to recolonization nor were they to be the site of future European colonization. Finally he argued that the Western Hemisphere was a distinct political sphere from that on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. The New World was a realm of republicanism, the Old World a realm of monarchy. Political affinities meant that the Americas had a separate and distinct set of interests from Europe. The European powers should not attempt to impose their form of government in the Americas, and the United States would, in turn, not involve itself in European politics. Furthermore, Monroe's message argued, the European powers should not attempt to turn American republics to serve their interests. These were known, respectively, as the principles of “non-interference” and “non-extension” - Europe should not interfere in American government (and vice versa), nor should it attempt to extend its alliances and “balance of power” politics into the Americas.", "A policy statement made by President James Monroe in 1832, which set out three principles: (1) European nations should not establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere, (2) European nations should not intervene in the affairs of independent nations of the Western Hemisphere, and (3) the United States would not interfere in the affairs of the European nation.", "Monroe accepted Adams's advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. \". . . the American continents,\" he stated, \"by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.\" Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.", "In the 1800s, as the British Royal Navy became less prevalent in the Caribbean and less interested in providing security for the region, America found itself responsible for regional stability. American ships and troops hunted down pirates, policed foreign port towns, and restored order after riots or insurrections numerous times throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. America’s increased capabilities and responsibility in the region prompted President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams to proclaim to the world, as a formal doctrine, the emerging practice of early U.S. foreign policy: that America’s commercial interests and political principles were vital national interests and that the United States would not allow hostile powers or political systems to replace American influence where the U.S. could maintain or encourage a balance of power in favor of freedom.", "1. Which American doctrine proclaimed, in December 1823, that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas.", "After 1898, Latin American lawyers and intellectuals reinterpreted the Monroe doctrine in terms of multilateralism and non-intervention. In 1933, under President Franklin Roosevelt, the United States went along with the new reinterpretation, especially in terms of the Organization of American States. ", "A doctrine issued by the Monroe administration saying basically that there can be no more colonization in the W Hemisphere and not to mess with any of the smaller nations. Major doctrine for US foreign policy.", "After ensuring that the governments in Buenos Aires and Bogota would put an end to privateering and respect American ships of commerce, the way was clear for U.S. recognition. In a special message to Congress on March 8, 1822, President Monroe officially recognized the independence of Argentina, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Formal treaties of amity and commerce followed. Far from being isolated or diplomatically unconcerned, these actions represented America’s leading role in supporting the cause of liberty abroad at that time.", "Monroe informed Congress in March 1822 that permanent stable governments had been established in the United Provinces of the River Plate (the core of present-day Argentina), Colombia, Chile, Peru, and Mexico. Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers (ambassadors) to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. The articulation of an \"American system\" distinct from that of Europe was a basic tenet of Monroe's policy toward Latin America. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the \"cause of liberty and humanity\".", "SS-2 This policy resulted from fears that European nations might help Spain recover some of its colonies in the Americas. It was announced on December 2, 1823, during an annual message to Congress. What U.S. foreign policy doctrine declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization?", "Monroe had long been concerned about foreign influence on the presidency. He was alarmed by the Spanish diplomat Don Diego de Gardoqui, who in 1785 tried to convince Congress to allow Spain to close the Mississippi River to American traffic for 30 years. Spain controlled much of the Mississippi since taking over former French territory, including the important port of New Orleans. Monroe thought that Spain could have endangered the U.S. retention of its Southwest and caused the dominance of the Northeast. Monroe believed in both a strong presidency and the system of checks and balances." ]

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[ "Orange pekoe is a grade of black tea brewed from the dried leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis plant. Along with other varieties of Camellia sinensis teas, including green, oolong and white, orange pekoe and other black teas are widely consumed throughout the world. Scientific studies and anecdotal evidence indicate that the popular beverage also offers a number of health benefits.", "Orange pekoe is a grade of black tea brewed from the dried leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis plant. Along with other varieties of Camellia sinensis teas, including green, oolong and white, orange pekoe and other black teas are widely consumed throughout the world. Scientific studies and anecdotal evidence indicate that the popular beverage also offers a number of health benefits. ", "The tea industry uses the term Orange Pekoe to describe a basic, medium-grade black tea consisting of many whole tea leaves of a specific size; [1] however, it is popular in some regions (such as North America ) to use the term as a description of any generic black tea (though it is often described to the consumer as a specific variety of black tea). [3] [4] Within this system, the teas that receive the highest grades are obtained from new flushes. This includes the terminal leaf bud along with a few of the youngest leaves. Grading is based on the size of the individual leaves and flushes, which is determined by their ability to fall through the screens of special meshes [5] ranging from 8–30 mesh. [6] This also determines the wholeness, or level of breakage, of each leaf, which is also part of the grading system. Although these are not the only factors used to determine quality, the size and wholeness of the leaves will have the greatest influence on the taste, clarity, and brewing-time of the tea. [7]", "OP - Orange Pekoe - Main grade in tea production. Can consist of long wiry leaf without tips.", "Orange Pekoe tea is known for its antioxidant properties that promote heart health and slow the aging process. It is also thought to prevent cancer, fight inflammation and boost overall health. Like other black teas, orange pekoe contains both caffeine and trace amounts of  theophylline , both of which work to improve alertness.", "Because orange pekoe tea is a grade of black tea, it can be used in the same way. Typically that means promoting health and fighting cancer, but there are some other common uses for orange pekoe tea. Here are some of the most common.", "Orange Pekoe is not a quality or flavor of tea but rather a leaf size, and the term is used when discussing teas from India or Sri Lanka. Tea grades can get very specific within each of the major categories listed above, for example: OP (Orange Pekoe; whole leaves), FOP (Flowery Orange Pekoe; extra-large whole leaves), and BOP (Broken Orange Pekoe; broken leaves). For a complete list of abbreviations see this Wikipedia entry on Tea leaf grading .", "The \"orange\" in Orange Pekoe is sometimes mistaken to mean that the tea has been flavored with orange, orange oils, or is otherwise associated with oranges. However, the word Orange is unrelated to the tea's flavor. There are two explanations for the meaning of \"Orange\" in Orange Pekoe, though neither is definitive. \"Orange\" is believed to refer to one of the following: The Dutch royal House of Orange-Nassau. The Dutch East India company performed central role in bringing tea to Europe and may have marketed the tea as \"Orange\" to suggest a royal warrant.", "Orange pekoe tea is typically served with milk and honey or sugar, but you can alter the flavor by adding lemon or mint of you prefer. Think or orange pekoe as a base and experiment with other sweet flavored herbal teas to get just the blend you prefer. Try orange pekoe sweetened and served over ice for a refreshing summer drink. Garnish with mint leaves or a slice of lemon. You may also enjoy ginger, cinnamon or cardamom to season your orange pekoe tea.", "F OP—Flowery Orange Pekoe: High-quality tea with a long leaf and few tips. Considered the second grade in Assam, Dooars, and Bangladesh teas, but the first grade in China", "Flowery Orange Pekoe - Refers to high quality whole leaf tea made from the first two leaves and bud of the shoot. India produces large amounts of this grade.", "Flowery Orange Pekoe - Refers to high quality whole leaf tea made from the first two leaves and bud of the shoot. India produces large amounts of this grade.", "FTGF OP - Finest Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe - Highest quality tea in the world. Often hand processed and produced at only the best plantations. Roughly one quarter tips.", "Orange pekoe tea comes from the same plant (Camellia sinensis ) as white, green and black tea. As such, it provides the same health benefits.", "Anyone who enjoys the flavor of tea or who wishes to boost the immune system, add antioxidants to the diet, slow aging, reduce stress or control weight can benefit from orange pekoe tea. It is also useful to for those with colds or other respiratory ailments as it soothes the throat and works as a mild bronchodilator to ease breathing.", "Supreme Finest Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe: Very high quality FOP with lots of golden tips. The numeral \"1\" is often added to the end of the description to indicate a top quality tea (e.g. SFTGFOP1).", "Orange pekoe tea tastes like black tea with no bitterness. It does not taste like oranges and does not have its own distinct flavor.", "BOPF—Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings: Main grade in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Southern India, Kenya, Mozambique, Bangladesh, and China. Black-leaf tea with few added ingredients, uniform particle size, and no tips.", "BOPF - Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings - Main grade in Ceylon, Indonesia, Southern India, Kenya, Mozambique, Bangladesh, and China. Black-leaf tea with few added ingredients, uniform particle size, and no tips.", "Orange Pekoe: Refers to a high quality thin, wiry leaf rolled more tightly than F.O.P. Picked later in the year than F.O.P.", "* BOP—Broken Orange Pekoe: Main broken grade. Prevalent in Assam, Ceylon(Sri Lanka), Southern India, Java, and China.", "The latest trend is ciders (siideri). Most of these are artificially flavored sweet concoctions which are quite different from the English or French kinds, although the more authentic varieties are gaining market share. The ever-popular gin long drink or lonkero (lit. \"tentacle\"), a prebottled mix of gin and grapefruit soda, tastes better than it sounds and has the additional useful property of glowing under ultraviolet light. At up to 610 kcal/liter it also allows to skip dinner, leaving more time for drinking. Different variations of lonkero have become quite popular as well, for example karpalolonkero, which is made from gin and cranberry soda. Remember that most long drinks you buy from a supermarket are made by fermenting, and if you wan't to get real mixed drink you'll have to look for them in Alko.", "Indonesians usually drink sweet black tea, sometimes iced and/or flavored with jasmine, to the point that it's practically mandatory for every single eatery, either locally brewed or bottled Tehbotol brand. In coffee department they have a countless number of regional cultivars, yet in the end they're mostly served \"tubruk\", in which coffee grounds are mixed with hot water in the cup, although someone worth their salt usually filter the damn thing first one way or another. Also, don't forget Kopi Luwak which is basically pooped out by a palm civet . Due to the Muslim majority, alcoholic culture is not very visible there albeit the less religious stringency makes them well alive out of plain sight, but here's some rundown.", "In 1932, the Aranciata orangeade variant was introduced. Containing San Pellegrino as its primary ingredient, the soda added concentrated orange juice. Today, San Pellegrino also produces various other flavors of carbonated beverages: Limonata (lemonade), Sanbittèr (bitters), Pompelmo (grapefruit), Aranciata Rossa (blood orange), and Chinò (chinotto).", "The blood orange is a mutant of the sweet orange. Blood orange juice is popular in Italy, but may be hard to find elsewhere. The Mandarin orange and varieties clementine and tangerine, are good for juice, and are often used for sparkling juice drinks.", "Most cafes serve the common drink called 'sprice juice' (fruit pulp served in layers in a glass). There are usually three layers from a selection of avocado, mango, papaya, banana, guava etc. The juice is eaten with a spoon. It is colourful and tastes delicious. Single fruit juices are also great, such as orange, papaya, mango, and pineapple - beautifully fresh. 7 birr up to 25 birr in Hilton.", "Fruit juices — jus for plain juice or es if served with ice — are popular with Indonesians and visitors alike, although the hygiene of the water used to make them can be dubious. In addition to the usual suspects, try jus alpokat, a surprisingly tasty drink made from avocadoes, often with some chocolate syrup poured in!", "* Red Orange liqueur. A bright red, sweet blend of citrus and tropical fruit such as passion fruit and peach.", "* Liqueurs de Sodabi - NeHo Likors (distilled, then flavoured, palm-wine; flavours include banana, cinnamon, pineapple, passion fruit; made by NeHo Likors in Togo)", "Here are some soft drinks that can be regarded as local specialties in one way or another.", "In East Africa and elsewhere an intoxicating drink is prepared from the fruit. The rootstock which bears the leaves is, just before the flowering period, soft and full of starch, and is sometimes used as food in Abyssinia, and the young shoots of several species are cooked and eaten.", "Note: Orange liqueurs are occasionally used in food recipes. Skip to the end of page 4 to browse these recipes..." ]

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[ "In 1794 thousands of farmers in western Pennsylvania took up arms in opposition to the enforcement of a federal law calling for the imposition of an excise tax on distilled spirits. Known as the \"Whiskey Rebellion,\" this insurrection represented the largest organized resistance against federal authority between the American Revolution and the Civil War. A number of the whiskey rebels were prosecuted for treason in what were the first such legal proceedings in the United States.", "September 1, 1794 - The Whiskey Rebellion occurs when western Pennsylvania farmers in the Monongahela Valley, upset over the liquor tax passed in 1791, are suppressed by 15,000 militia sent by Alexander Hamilton to establish the authority of the federal government to uphold its laws.", "In 1794 the new, cash-strapped Federal government imposed the first federal excise tax on distillers. The farmer-distillers of western Pennsylvania responded violently in what became known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Federal tax agents were assaulted and killed by angry mobs. Order was finally restored when the federal government sent in an army of 15,000 militiamen, led by George Washington, to put down the revolt. The ringleaders were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, but cooler heads prevailed, and after jail time they were pardoned and released.", "The farmers of Western Pennsylvania rebelled in 1794 against a Federal tax on whiskey, imposed by Congress at Alexander Hamilton's suggestion. The Federal government needed revenue to pay for the Revolutionary War debts absorbed by the Federal government from the states, in the compromise that had resulted in the capital being located on the Potomac River. Two Virginians were key in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion. George Washington assembled an army of over 10,000 troops - the largest force of \"revenuers\" ever created- to suppress what was portrayed as an armed rebellion against the new Federal government. (The creation of the Confederacy in 1860-61 was just one of many sectional threats to disunite the union of the United States...)", "In 1794 President Washington was faced with a tax revolt in western Pennsylvania. Known as the “Whiskey Rebellion,” he took quick steps to suppress it. He mobilized militia soldiers from four states, including Virginia, and moved them to the area of the revolt, which quickly then collapsed. This marked the first time a president called out the militia to preserve the peace and restore order as outlined by the Constitution.", "Strong opposition to the whiskey tax by cottage producers in remote, rural regions erupted into the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794; in Western Pennsylvania and western Virginia, whiskey was the basic export product and was fundamental to the local economy. In response to the rebellion, believing compliance with the laws was vital to the establishment of federal authority, Hamilton accompanied to the rebellion's site President Washington, General Henry \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee, and more federal troops than were ever assembled in one place during the Revolution. This overwhelming display of force intimidated the leaders of the insurrection, ending the rebellion virtually without bloodshed. ", "The Whiskey Rebellion, also known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called \"whiskey tax\" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to help reduce the national debt. Although the tax applied to all distilled spirits, whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in the 18th-century U.S. Because of this, the excise became widely known as a \"whiskey tax\". The new excise was a part of U.S. treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War.", "A characteristic of Federalist government was tax rebellion. Under Washington, when Congress passed a direct tax on whisky, the result was the 1794 \"Whisky Rebellion\" in Pennsylvania, which had to be put down by the militia. Then in 1798,", "In response to the tax and Proclamation, violent opposition erupted in Westmoreland County when U.S. marshals attempted to serve court papers.  The federal officials were met with armed mobs, local militias, and a rebellion soon spread throughout western Pennsylvania. The Whiskey Rebellion insurgents went so far as to tarring and feathering tax collectors, the destruction of government offices, the burning of tax collectors' houses and the organization of insurgent forces.  The survival of the US Constitution and authority of the federal government over the states were at now at stake. ", "Whiskey increased in popularity after the American Revolution as the import of rum—which had been the most popular alcoholic drink in many American colonies—slowed with decline of the “triangle trade” with Great Britain. The lingering debt from the war, however, caused the federal government to levy a tax on liquor in 1791. Distillers in Maryland and Pennsylvania, in particular, bristled at the tax and led the Whiskey Rebellion, which was eventually quelled by thousands of federal troops dispatched by President George Washington in 1794.", "In June 1794, innkeeper John Lynn agreed to sublet part of his rented house in western Pennsylvania to John Neville. Neville was an excise inspector whose job it was to make sure that the federal tax on whiskey was collected from the backwoods frontiersmen. When the news circulated that Lynn was sheltering a tax collector in his home, however, a dozen armed men went to the inn. The men kidnapped Lynn, carried him into the woods, stripped him naked, shaved off his hair, and coated him with hot tar and feathers. After extracting a promise from Lynn not to allow his house to be used as a tax office and not to reveal their identities to the authorities, the men tied him to a tree and left him overnight in the middle of the forest. Although Lynn kept his promise, the notoriety he gained from his association with the tax ruined his business. Events like Lynn's kidnapping threatened federal tax collectors all across western Pennsylvania during the summer of 1794. They marked the beginning of what became known as the Whiskey Rebellion—the largest and most serious challenge to federal authority yet faced by the new United States .", "A liquor tax proposed by Alexander Hamilton in 1790 to raise revenue so that Congress could pay off all national and state debts. The excise tax was immensely unpopular with western farmers, whose protests eventually culminated in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.", "1794 –The Whiskey Rebellion took place in Washington County Pennsylvania as a protest to the excise tax on whiskey imposed by President Washington to help retire the debt of the Revolutionary War.", "Domestically, Washington was able to stop the first real challenge to federal authority with the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Pennsylvania farmers were refusing to pay a tax, and he sent troops to ensure compliance.", "Whiskey Rebellion, 1794, uprising in the Pennsylvania counties W of the Alleghenies, caused by Alexander Hamilton 's excise tax of 1791. The settlers, mainly Scotch-Irish, for whom whiskey was an important economic commodity, resented the tax as discriminatory and detrimental to their liberty and economic welfare. There were many public protests, and rioting broke out in 1794 against the central government's efforts to enforce the law. Troops called out by President Washington quelled the rioting, and resistance evaporated. Nevertheless Hamilton sought to make an example of the settlers and illustrate the newly created government's power to enforce its law; many were arrested. President Washington pardoned the two rebels who were convicted of treason. The tax was repealed in 1802.", "The attack on John Neville marked the beginning of the Whiskey Rebellion. Throughout August and September threats of violence against tax collectors and inspectors spread out of the western districts of Pennsylvania and into Maryland , Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky . In most cases, the rioters got their way through intimidation, and little blood was shed. The largest assembly came outside Pittsburgh on August 1, 1794, where about 7,000 frontiersmen gathered—mostly poor people who did not own property or even a still and were not directly affected by the tax. \"Not surprisingly, then,\" wrote historian Thomas Slaughter in The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (1986), \"their grievances were primarily economic in character; their victims were primarily members of wealthier commercial classes; and the property they envied was often the object of violence.\" However, the townspeople managed to defuse much of the threat by welcoming the frontiersmen into their houses and making whiskey freely available. They also convinced them not to burn property in the town and allowed them to expel some of the most obnoxious townsmen. The presence of the soldiers at nearby Fort Fayette also helped keep the rioters in check. Within a few weeks the whiskey rebels had dispersed and returned to their homes.", "Washington’s Domestic Challenges The Whiskey Rebellion , July – November 1794 • Background: Whiskey Tax enacted, March 1791 • “Whiskey Boys” begin protests • Anti-Whiskey tax protests spread southward • Threat to the new government", "1794, uprising in the Pennsylvania counties W of the Alleghenies, caused by Alexander Hamilton's excise tax of 1791. The settlers, mainly Scotch-Irish, for whom whiskey was an important economic commodity, resented the tax as discriminatory and detrimental to", "whiskey rebellion, a revolt in 1794 against the excise tax on whiskey imposed by Secretary of the Treasury alexander hamilton. He later presided over the trials of prominent Democratic-Republicans who were charged with sedition for criticizing President john adams.", "The eventual program included a Stamp Act , like that of the British before the Revolution, and an array of taxes on land, houses, and slaves, calculated at different rates in different states, and requiring difficult and intricate assessment of houses. This provoked resistance in southeastern Pennsylania, led primarily by men who had marched with Washington against the Whiskey Rebellion, such as John Fries . [68]", "Throughout counties in Western Pennsylvania, protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax. Resistance came to a climax in July 1794, when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise. The alarm was raised, and more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville . Washington responded by sending peace commissioners to western Pennsylvania to negotiate with the rebels, while at the same time calling on governors to send a militia force to enforce the tax. With 13,000 militia provided by the governors of Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, Washington rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency. The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army, and there was no confrontation. About 20 men were arrested, but all were later acquitted or pardoned.", "The federal tax inspector for western Pennsylvania, General John Neville, was determined to enforce the excise law. Neville, a prominent politician and wealthy planter, was also a large-scale distiller. He had initially opposed the whiskey tax, but subsequently changed his mind, a reversal that angered some western Pennsylvanians. In August 1792, Neville rented a room in Pittsburgh for his tax office, but the landlord turned him out after being threatened with violence by the Mingo Creek Association. From this point on, tax collectors were not the only people targeted in Pennsylvania: those who cooperated with federal tax officials also faced harassment. Anonymous notes and newspaper articles signed by \"Tom the Tinker\" threatened those who complied with the whiskey tax. Those who failed to heed the warnings might have their barns burned or their stills destroyed.", "During September 1791, representatives of the four westernmost Pennsylvania counties—Washington, Fayette, Allegheny, and Westmoreland—assembled at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, to discuss how to persuade Congress to repeal the whiskey tax. Although Hamilton would later portray them as radical anti-federalists, they held moderate views about the national government. Other westerners were not so tolerant. By the summer of 1794 what little patience they had was exhausted. Early in the morning of July 16, 1794, some 50 men armed with rifles approached the house where John Neville was staying. They demanded that Neville resign his position as excise inspector and turn over to them all the information he had collected on distilling in the area. Neville and the armed men exchanged shots; five of the besiegers were wounded, one of them fatally. The next day a mob of hundreds of local residents surrounded Neville's property. Neville, who had been reinforced by several soldiers from Fort Pitt, escaped without injury, but several soldiers were wounded and died, as did three or four of the attackers. The mob burned Neville's home and property to the ground.", "The resistance came to a climax in 1794. In May of that year, federal district attorney William Rawle issued subpoenas for more than 60 distillers in Pennsylvania who had not paid the excise tax. Under the law then in effect, distillers who received these writs would be obligated to travel to Philadelphia to appear in federal court. For farmers on the western frontier, such a journey was expensive, time-consuming, and beyond their means. At the urging of William Findley, Congress modified this law on 5 June 1794, allowing excise trials to be held in local state courts. But by that time, U.S. marshal David Lenox had already been sent to serve the writs summoning delinquent distillers to Philadelphia. Attorney General William Bradford later maintained that the writs were meant to compel compliance with the law, and that the government did not actually intend to hold trials in Philadelphia. ", "Congress established the excise tax in 1791 to help reduce the $54 million national debt. The tax was loathed across the country. For a small group of farmers west of the Allegheny Mountains, the federal excise tax was singularly detestable. Bartering was the chief means of exchange in this frontier economy, and distilled spirits were the most commonly traded commodity. Cash was a disfavored currency in western Pennsylvania during the late eighteenth century, but whiskey, especially Monongahela Rye, was as valuable as gold. Whiskey was considered an all-purpose liquor, with locals using it for cooking and medicine, and drinking it at social occasions, among other uses.", "      was a tax protest in the United States in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who sold their corn in the form of whiskey had to pay a new tax which they strongly resented. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay off the national debt.", "Many settlers in Western frontier territory in the early 1790s questioned the power that the federal power had over them. In 1793 settlers in Ohio territory refused to pay federal excise taxes on whiskey and attacked tax officials who were supposed to collect these taxes; large numbers of \"whiskey rebels\" threatened to attack Pittsburgh and other cities. In 1794 President Washington was forced to send in federal troops to put down the rebellion.", "Distillers throughout the country were vexed about these new taxes, but nowhere did their anger turn into violent revolution as universally as in Pennsylvania. Oh, the guys in Kentucky, Maryland, and Virginia weren’t too pleased about the taxes either--there were skirmishes and demonstrations, and tax collectors were burned in effigy--but it seems to have boiled down to Washington choosing to quell one area to set an example for the rest of the country. Not only did the geographical aspects of Kentucky make it a tough area to invade, if Washington had decided to pick on Kentuckians rather than Pennsylvanians, he would have run the risk that the state would up and leave the union and join up with the Spanish, who controlled the land west of Kentucky.", "In August 1792, a second convention was held in Pittsburgh to discuss resistance to the whiskey tax. This meeting was more radical than the first convention; moderates such as Brackenridge and Findley were not in attendance. One moderate who did attend—to his later regret—was Albert Gallatin, a future secretary of the treasury. A militant group known as the Mingo Creek Association dominated the convention and issued radical demands. As some of them had done in the American Revolution, they raised liberty poles, formed committees of correspondence, and took control of the local militia. They created an extralegal court and discouraged lawsuits for debt collection and foreclosures. ", "In August 1792, a second convention was held in Pittsburgh to discuss resistance to the whiskey tax. This meeting was more radical than the first convention; moderates such as Brackenridge and Findley were not in attendance. One moderate who did attend—to his later regret—was Albert Gallatin, a future secretary of the treasury. A militant group known as the Mingo Creek Association dominated the convention and issued radical demands. As some of them had done in the American Revolution, they raised liberty poles, formed committees of correspondence, and took control of the local militia. They created an extralegal court and discouraged lawsuits for debt collection and foreclosures.", "In 2011 the Whiskey Rebellion Festival was started in Washington, Pennsylvania. This annual event is held in July and includes live music, food and historic reenactments, featuring the \"tar and feathering\" of the tax collector.", "In 2011 the Whiskey Rebellion Festival was started in Washington, Pennsylvania. This annual event is held in July and includes live music, food and historic reenactments, featuring the \"tar and feathering\" of the tax collector." ]

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[ "In basketball, traveling is a violation of the rules that occurs when a player holding the ball moves one or both of their feet illegally. Most commonly, a player travels by illegally moving his or her pivot foot or taking three or more steps without dribbling the ball. A similar rule with the same name exists in the related sports of netball and korfball.", "When a player holding the ball illegally moves one or both of his feet. Most commonly, a player travels by illegally moving his pivot foot or taking too many steps without dribbling the ball.", "This is a violation in basketball when the player who is holding the basketball moves one or both of their feet illegally. The most common way a player gets called for traveling is when they are holding the ball after picking up their dribble and they move their pivot foot .", "Traveling : A violation that occurs when a player holding the ball illegally moves one or both of his feet without dribbling .", "If a player is not dribbling , that player can move one foot, as long as he keeps the other foot, called his pivot foot , in contact with the floor . The pivot foot must remain constant. If a player moves both feet without dribbling , the referee will call a traveling (or walking ) violation .", "Carry the Ball - similar to traveling. When a basketball player moves with the ball without properly dribbling it.", "(intransitive) (basketball) Also travel. to take more than two steps without passing or dribbling the ball", "c. A player who comes to a stop on the count of one may pivot, using either foot as the pivot foot.", "Field players are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their bodies above and including the knee. As in several other team sports, a distinction is made between catching and dribbling. A player who is in possession of the ball may stand stationary for only three seconds, and may take only three steps. They must then either shoot, pass, or dribble the ball. Taking more than three steps at any time is considered travelling, and results in a turnover. A player may dribble as many times as they want (though, since passing is faster, it is the preferred method of attack), as long as during each dribble the hand contacts only the top of the ball. Therefore, carrying is completely prohibited, and results in a turnover. After the dribble is picked up, the player has the right to another three seconds or three steps. The ball must then be passed or shot, as further holding or dribbling will result in a double dribble turnover and a free throw for the other team. Other offensive infractions that result in a turnover include charging and setting an illegal screen. Carrying the ball into the six-meter zone results either in ball possession by the goalkeeper (by attacker) or turnover (by defender).", "With both feet grounded or jump to catch the ball and land on two feet simultaneously. You may then take a step in any direction with one foot (but not both) and pivot on the spot with the other foot. Once one foot is moved, the other is considered to be the landing foot.", "Its not traveling until the pivot foot returns to the floor . So it doesn''t matter if they lift the pivot foot before ball leaves hand to dribble . otherwise a post drop step move would be a travel and any jump shot would be a travel.", "A violation that occurs when a player dribbles the ball with two hands simultaneously or stops dribbling and then dribbles again.", "** If both feet are off the floor and the player lands on one foot, then that foot becomes the pivot foot. If a player jumps off that foot and comes to a stop landing on both feet simultaneously, then neither foot is a pivot foot.", "a. When both feet are off the playing court and the player lands: 1. Simultaneously on both feet, either may be the pivot foot; 2. On one foot followed by the other, the first foot to touch shall be the pivot foot; 3. On one foot, the player may jump off that foot and simultaneously land on both; neither foot can be the pivot foot. b. When one foot is on the playing court: 1. That foot shall be the pivot foot when the other foot touches in a step; 2. The player may jump off that foot and simultaneously land on both; neither foot can then be the pivot foot.", "Also called “palming;” a violation committed by a dribbler that involves placing the dribbling hand under the ball and momentarily holding or carrying it while dribbling.", "There is a second category of fouls called technical fouls, which may be charged for various rules violations including failure to properly record a player in the scorebook, or for unsportsmanlike conduct. These infractions result in one or two free throws, which may be taken by any of the five players on the court at the time. Repeated incidents can result in disqualification. A blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive or unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In FIBA, a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul, while in leagues other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as flagrant.", "* Lifting the pivot foot alone does not constitute a travel; a player may pass, shoot, or request a timeout in that position. It is a travel once the foot is returned to the floor, or if a dribble is started.", "Lifting the pivot foot alone does not constitute a travel; a player may pass, shoot, or request a timeout in that position. It is a travel once the foot is returned to the floor, or if a dribble is started.", "Drop Step – When the player with the ball has her back to the basket, drops one leg back with a low dribble and goes toward the basket for a shot. It's a move often used by post players.", "NCAA players are allowed five personal fouls before fouling out, as opposed to their NBA counterparts, who are allowed six. This maintains the same ratio of minutes of play per foul allowed, eight. However, the WNBA allows players six personal fouls despite playing the same number of minutes as the NCAA. The number of team fouls allotted is also different. In all three competitions, team fouls can be categorized as shooting or non-shooting. A shooting foul occurs when a player gets fouled in the act of shooting (while airborne), giving him the chance to shoot free throws. A common foul (non-shooting foul) consists of all other fouls, including making contact with the opposing player while \"reaching in\" to steal the ball.", "Dribble: Moving while alternating the ball from the right side of the body to the left side of the body to elude defenders.", "** To start a dribble, the pivot foot may not be lifted before the ball is released from the hand(s). ", "In korfball, either foot can be used as pivot, no matter which foot touches the ground first. This means that in practice, one can take 2.5 steps, e.g. landing on the right foot, putting down the left and displacing the right. The left foot is the pivot in this case. The left foot can then be lifted, but may not be repositioned.", "A player who plays a shot at any time during a frame when the right to do so does not exist has played out of turn. (For Example, A player who plays a shot immediately after playing a foul or immediately after the referee has called a foul on that player, has played out of turn.)", "If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful, typically the player will be awarded one additional free throw for one point. In combination with a regular shot, this is called a \"three-point play\" or \"four-point play\" (or more colloquially, an \"and one\") because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1 point).", "25.2.1. Establishing a pivot foot by a player who catches a live ball on the playing court:", "d. A player may dribble a second time if he lost control of the ball because of:", "b. there is interference by a player who makes contact with an opponent who is making a legitimate effort to play the ball.", "Nonshooting foul : A foul committed against a player who is not in the act of shooting .", "Years ago, teams could pass the ball over the backboard or take a running start when attempting a foul shot. The former was outlawed because Chamberlain would use the backboard as a screen, cherry-picking passes and converting them into layups; the latter was banned after Chamberlain took a running start, leapt from the foul line and dunked the ball.", "(1) A play in which a shooter is fouled while making a two-point shot and then makes the resulting free throw. See also and one. (2) (rarely) When a shooter is fouled while taking but missing a three-point shot and then makes all three free throws.", "If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player fouled while attempting a regular two-point shot thus receives two shots. A player fouled while attempting a three-point shot, on the other hand, receives three shots." ]

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[ "Dick Cheney was elected vice president of the United States in 2000, as the running mate of George W. Bush , and served in that office from 2001-2009. Dick Cheney grew up in Wyoming, where he also earned his college degrees. A staff member in the administration of Richard Nixon , Cheney then became the White House chief of staff under Gerald Ford . Cheney was elected to the House of Representatives from Wyoming in 1978 and quickly rose in the ranks of the Republican party; he also served as vice chairman of the committee investigating the Iran-Contra scandal during the presidency of Ronald Reagan . Under President George Bush the elder, Cheney served as Secretary of Defense and played a major role in the Persian Gulf War. Cheney then worked in the oil industry as a top executive for the Halliburton Company before his return to government in 2000. His ties to Halliburton became a source of controversy in 2003, when the company received a major contract to help rebuild Iraq after the U.S. invasion there. Bush and Cheney were re-elected in 2004, narrowly beating a Democratic ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards . Dick Cheney did not choose to run for president in 2008. He was succeeded in 2009 by Democratic vice president Joe Biden .", "Most White House Chiefs of Staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnson's Chief of Staff W. Marvin Watson became Postmaster General later in LBJ's term. Richard Nixon's Chief of Staff Alexander Haig became Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan. Gerald Ford's Chief of Staff Dick Cheney later became a U.S. Representative for Wyoming, Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush, and Vice President under George W. Bush. Donald Rumsfeld was another Chief of Staff for Ford and subsequently served as Secretary of Defense both in the Ford administration and decades later in the George W. Bush administration. Rahm Emanuel left the House of Representatives to become Barack Obama's Chief of Staff and subsequently became Mayor of Chicago.", "*Richard \"Dick\" Cheney (born 1941), American politician, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1979-1989), Secretary of Defense (1989-1993) and Vice President (2001-2009)", "Wyoming is politically conservative and has traditionally favoured the Republican Party in presidential contests. Wyoming has also tended to send Republican senators and representatives to the U.S. Congress. Although Democratic victories are not uncommon in state executive-branch positions, there has not been a Democratic majority in the state Senate since 1936 or in the House since 1964. Republican Dick Cheney , the vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009, represented Wyoming in the U.S. House of Representatives for six terms beginning in 1978 and eventually became the Republican whip.", "1989  - U.S. Secretary of Defense / Dick Cheney - March 17th, 1989: \"The Senate unanimously confirmed Wyoming Congressman Dick Cheney to be secretary of defense, following the failed nomination of former Sen. John Tower.\"", "46th vice president of the United States (2001–09) in the Republican administration of Pres. George W. Bush and secretary of defense (1989–93) in the administration of Pres. George Bush. Cheney was the son of Richard Herbert Cheney, a soil-conservation agent, and Marjorie Lauraine Dickey Cheney. He was born in Nebraska and grew up in Casper, Wyoming....", "\"What I saw was a cabal between the vice president of the United States, Richard Cheney, and the secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld on critical issues that made decisions that the bureaucracy did not know were being made.\"", "Dan Quayle is widely considered to have been one of the most active Vice Presidents in history. In his constitutional role as Vice President, Dan Quayle served as president of the United States Senate. On February 9, 1989, President Bush named Dan Quayle head of the Council of Competitiveness, which worked to ensure US international competitiveness in the 21st century. He made official visits to 47 countries, was chairman of the National Space Council, and served as President Bush's point man on Capitol Hill. As a leader in causes from legal system reform to deregulation to the renewal of basic American values, Dan Quayle developed a large national following and became one of the most admired Americans of his time.", "Richard Bruce Cheney, generally known as Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman who was the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, under President George W. Bush.", "Biden chose veteran Democratic lawyer and aide Ron Klain to be his chief of staff, and Time Washington bureau chief Jay Carney to be his director of communications. Biden intended to eliminate some of the explicit roles assumed by the vice presidency of his predecessor, Dick Cheney, who had established himself as an autonomous power center. Otherwise, Biden said he would not model his vice presidency on any of the ones before him, but instead would seek to provide advice and counsel on every critical decision Obama would make. Biden said he had been closely involved in all the cabinet appointments that were made during the transition. Biden was also named to head the new White House Task Force on Working Families, an initiative aimed at improving the economic well being of the middle class. As his last act as Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, Biden went on a trip to Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan during the second week of January 2009, meeting with the leadership of those countries. ", "Quayle seemed at times rattled and at other times uncertain or evasive as he tried to handle the questions. Delegates to the convention generally blamed television and newspapers for the focus on Quayle's problems, but Bush's staff said they thought Quayle had mishandled the questions about his military record, leaving questions dangling. Although Republicans were trailing by up to 15 points in public opinion polls taken before the convention, they received a significant boost that put them in the lead, which they did not relinquish for the rest of the campaign. Quayle participated in the vice-presidential debate of October 1988, alongside Democratic candidate Lloyd Bentsen. When the subject of the debate turned to Quayle's relatively limited experience in public life, he compared the length of his congressional service with that of former President John F. Kennedy. Bentsen's response — \"Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy\" — subsequently become a part of the political lexicon. On January 20, 1989 he took the oath of office as the 44th Vice President of the United States at age 41.", "Following unflattering remarks about Vice President Joe Biden and other administration officials [9] attributed to McChrystal and his aides in a Rolling Stone article, [10] McChrystal was recalled to Washington, D.C. , where President Barack Obama accepted his resignation as commander in Afghanistan. [11] [12] [13] His command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan was immediately assumed by the deputy commander, British General Sir Nicholas \"Nick\" Parker , pending the confirmation of a replacement. Obama named General David Petraeus as McChrystal's replacement; [13] [14] Petraeus was confirmed by the Senate and officially assumed command on June 30. Days after being relieved of his duties in Afghanistan, McChrystal announced his retirement . [15]", "President-elect George W. Bush meets with Donald Rumsfeld in Washington, and offers him the position of secretary of defense. Insiders are amazed that Bush would even consider Rumsfeld, the chief of staff for former President Ford (see September 21, 1974 and After ), after Rumsfeld’s open contempt and enmity towards the elder Bush, the “Team B” onslaught against the elder Bush’s CIA (see Late November 1976 and Late November, 1976 ), and his attempts to keep Bush off the presidential tickets in 1976 and 1980 (see Before November 4, 1975 ). “Real bitterness there,” a close friend of the Bush family later says. “Makes you wonder what was going through Bush 43’s head when he made [Rumsfeld] secretary of defense.” The Bush family’s great friend and fixer, James Baker, even tries to dissuade Bush from choosing Rumsfeld, telling him, “All I’m going to say is, you know what he did to your daddy.” But Bush chooses Rumsfeld anyway. Not only does Rumsfeld have a long and fruitful relationship with Vice President Cheney (see 1969 ), but Rumsfeld, described as always an ingratiating courtier by author Craig Unger, plays on Bush’s insecurity about his lack of experience and his desire to be an effective commander in chief. Rumsfeld is also a key element of Cheney’s long-term plan to unify power in the executive branch (see 1981-1992 ), to the detriment of Congress and the judiciary.", "Because Powell was seen as more moderate than most figures in the administration, he was spared many of the attacks that have been leveled at more controversial advocates of the invasion, such as Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz. At times, infighting among the Powell-led State Department, the Rumsfeld-led Defense Department, and Cheney's office had the effect of polarizing the administration on crucial issues, such as what actions to take regarding Iran and North Korea.", "Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science. After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois' 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. He was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act. Rumsfeld reluctantly accepted an appointment by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed Counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he would also head up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed Ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford, and soon successfully urged Ford to veto an expansion of the Freedom of Information Act, though the veto was easily overridden. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated him Secretary of Defense in 1975.", "Barack Obama's vice presidential running mate had been a subject of speculation since the end of the primaries. As of August 2008, some of the most popular choices for VP included, but were not limited to, Clinton, Biden, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine, retired General and former Secretary of State Colin Powell, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, and retired General Wesley Clark.", "Former Vice President Dick Cheney served under Republican President George W. Bush. Brendan Hoffman / Getty Images Entertainment", "President George H. W. Bush nominated Cheney for the office of Secretary of Defense immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm John Tower for that position. The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0 and he served in that office from March 1989 to January 1993. He directed the United States invasion of Panama and Operation Desert Storm in the Middle East. In 1991, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bush. Later that year, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. ", "Yawn: \"The former vice president and conservative spokesman offers a personal account of his controversial years in the White House, from helping prosecute the war against Iraq to starting the 'Murphy Brown' debate over family values.\"", "Throughout his time as Defense Secretary, Rumsfeld was noted for his candor and quick wit when giving weekly press conferences or speaking with the press. U.S. News & World Report called him \"a straight-talking Midwesterner\" who \"routinely has the press corps doubled over in fits of laughter.\" By the same token, his leadership was exposed to much criticism through provocative books covering the Iraq conflict, like Bob Woodward's State of Denial, Thomas E. Ricks' Fiasco, and Seymour Hersh's Chain of Command.", "2011 62 Years Old In an October 3, 2011, interview with Fox News Channel's Fox and Friends, Williams referred to a June golf game in which President Barack Obama and Republican House Speaker John Boehner had teamed against Vice President Joe Biden and Ohio Governor John Kasich, saying that match was \"one of the biggest political mistakes ever\". … Read More", "* Joseph Biden — current Vice President of the United States, former U.S. Senator from Delaware", "In the 1996 vice presidential debate, sitting veep Al Gore faced Jack Kemp , a handsome former congressmen who had gone into politics after a career as a pro-football quarterback. Gore’s line poked fun at his own less-glamorous reputation as a wonkish environmental-policy advocate. Kemp’s response: “It’s a deal. I can’t even pronounce it.”", "In 1989, Tower was President George H. W. Bush's choice to become Secretary of Defense. But in a stunning move — particularly given that Tower was himself a former Senate colleague — the United States Senate rejected his nomination. The largest factors were concern about possible conflicts of interest and Tower's personal life, in particular allegations of alcohol abuse and womanizing The Senate vote was 47–53, and it marked the first time that the Senate had rejected a Cabinet nominee of a newly elected president.", "Former Nebraska Republican U.S. senator and incumbent Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, who has been critical of the Bush administration's adoption of neoconservative ideology, in his book America: Our Next Chapter wrote:", "With businessman Ross Perot capturing attention as an independent candidate in the 1992 election , his running mate, retired Navy admiral James Stockdale , won a seat at the vice presidential debate. Unfortunately, Stockdale’s self-deprecating attempt to address the public’s unfamiliarity with him only reinforced the impression that he didn’t belong on the stage.", "But Democratic leaders in the House have hinted privately that they would oppose a nominee who could be expected to confront their party three years from now as a Presidential candidate. Thus, others said to be under active consideration were such Republican elder statesmen as former Gov. William W. Scranton of Pennsylvania, former senator John Sherman Cooper of Kentucky and former Secretary of State William P. Rogers.", "After his retirement from government, Rumsfeld criticized former fellow Cabinet member Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State in his memoir, asserting that she was basically unfit for office. In 2011 she responded, saying that Rumsfeld \"doesn't know what he's talking about. The reader may imagine what can be correct about the conflicted matter. \" ", "Sarah Louise Palin (born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator, and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska, from 2006 to her resignation in 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 Presidential election, alongside Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party, and the first Republican woman nominated for the Vice Presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and starred in a reality television show, Sarah Palin’s Alaska.", "The senator’s background has prompted at least a few celebrities, including business mogul Donald Trump and pundit Ann Coulter, to question his eligibility.", "In 1980, he sought a second term. In something of a surprise, his Republican opponent was Colorado Secretary of State Mary Estill Buchanan, a moderate candidate who narrowly defeated the more conservative choice, Howard \"Bo\" Callaway, in the party primary, by less than 2,000 primary votes. Fourteen years earlier, Callaway had been the Republican gubernatorial nominee in his native Georgia. Callaway in the early 1970s had bought and run an elegant resort in Crested Butte. Buchanan had hit Hart hard for supporting the Panama Canal Treaties and for backing Jimmy Carter in 80 percent of his Senate votes. Buchanan charged in a campaign ad about Hart: \"He votes one way and talks another when he is back here. He is a liberal, McGovernite carpetbagger.\" Hart responded that Buchanan's charges reflected her narrow viewpoint and insisted that his campaign would rise above partisanship. Said Hart in a campaign ad: \"I will not ignore her. We will interact and debate, but I am going to run a campaign for the 1980s. What is her plan for the environment? For national defense? For the economy? It took me a year or so to formulate my ideas.\" ", "Embracing George W. Bush as a foreign-policy confidant is a risky and unexpected move for the former Florida governor as he readies for a likely presidential bid. While the former president’s approval ratings have improved since he left office in 2009, his foreign-policy legacy — particularly the long war in Iraq — remains deeply unpopular. He has also become anathema to some conservative activists for presiding over an increase in the federal debt, among other policies." ]

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[ "(FROM HOLLYWOOD REPORTER) ? A producer has picked up rights to Jim Croce’s classic pop song ”Bad, Bad Leroy Brown” with plans to turn it into a live-action comedy franchise. Warren Zide, whose credits include the American Pie and Final Destination movies, is working with Croce’s widow, Ingrid, on the project, which he has already sent to writers. The song, about a man named Leroy Brown, ”the baddest man in the whole damn town … badder than old King Kong … and meaner than a junkyard dog,” sees Brown make a pass at girl in a bar, then get beat up by her jealous husband. Ingrid says she hopes a movie will honor the memory of her husband, who died in a plane crash in 1973. ”We just want him and his memory and his music to live on,” she told Hollywood Reporter. ”Most importantly, it sounds like a lot of fun. And Jim liked to have fun.” ( Hollywood Reporter )", "The song's title character is a man from the South Side of Chicago who, due to his size and attitude, has a reputation as the \"baddest man in the whole damn town.\" One day, in a bar, he makes a pass at a pretty, married woman named Doris, whose jealous husband proceeds to beat Leroy brutally in the ensuing fight. In the end, Leroy Brown learns a lesson from this painful experience ( \"Leroy Brown looked like a jigsaw puzzle with a couple of pieces gone\"). During the lyrics about the fight, some background voices are heard quietly speaking.", "James Joseph \"Jim\" Croce (; January 10, 1943 – September 20, 1973) was an American folk and popular rock singer of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Between 1966 and 1973, Croce released five studio albums and 11 singles. His singles \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\" and \"Time in a Bottle\" both reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Like Sammy Davis Jr, Jim Croce is a famous convert. Raised in an Italian Catholic family, Croce horrified his parents when he fell in love with a very young folksinger named Ingrid Jacobson. He converted for her and married her in a traditional Jewish ceremony that was not attended by a single member of his family other than his brother. Croce released two well-received albums and had four hits, including \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown,\" which went to number one in 1973. Tragically, he died in a plane crash while finishing up a tour for his second record, Life and Times.", "Singer Jim Croce, known for hits such as \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown,\" was killed in a plane crash near Natchitoches, La., on Sept. 20, 1973.", "1973: Rock singer Jim Croce died in an airplane crash near Natchitoches, Louisiana. Croce, 30, was famous for his rock hit, \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown.\"", "Sept. 20, 1973 - Singer Jim Croce, known for hits such as Bad, Bad Leroy Brown, killed in plane crash near Natchitoches, La.", "Jim Croce - Died 9-20-1973 in Natchitoches, LA, U.S. - Plane crash ( Rock - Pop ) Born 1-10-1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. - Singer and guitarist - (He did, \"Time In A Bottle\", \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\" and \"You Don't Mess Around With Jim\") - Songwriters Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "In 1972, Croce signed a three-record contract with ABC Records, releasing two albums, You Don't Mess Around with Jim and Life and Times. The singles \"You Don't Mess Around with Jim\", \"Operator (That's Not the Way It Feels)\", and \"Time in a Bottle\" (written for his then-unborn son, A. J. Croce) all received airplay. Croce's biggest single, \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\", reached Number 1 on the American charts in July 1973. Also that year, the Croces moved to San Diego, California.", "Jim Croce Operator (That's Not The Way It Feels) Jim Croce was a popular folk rock singer originally from Philadelphia. This is a song from his huge hit album You Don't Mess Around with Jim 1972, released the year before he died in a plane crash at the age of 30. He's trying to find the phone number of his ex-girlfriend who moved to L.A. with his ex-friend. This song is probably incomprehensible to anyone born in the cell phone era who never talked with a telephone operator or used a pay phone that only cost a dime.", "By Paper Lace. Song is about the demise of notorious Chicago gangster Al Capone and his gang. \"...In the heat of a summer night, in the land of the dollar bill. When the town of Chicago died, and they talk about it still. When a man named Al Capone, tried to make that town his own...And the sound of the battle rang through the streets of the old east side. Till the last of the hoodlum gang had surrendered up or died...\"", "Jim Croce was one of the premier architects of the singer/songwriter movement in the early '70s, and during his much revered musical career, he managed to successfully cultivate his story telling, humor and heartfelt thoughts and heartbreak into some of the most memorable songs and melodies ever recorded in our lifetime. His legendary ABC recordings are the soundtrack to a generation of music enthusiasts that continues to this day and will forever stand the test of time.", "The song \"Time in a Bottle\" had been featured over the opening and closing credits and during a scene in which Desi Arnaz Jr. is opening the You Don't Mess Around With Jim album in the ABC made-for-television movie She Lives!, which aired on September 12, 1973. That appearance had generated significant interest in Croce and his music in the week just prior to the plane crash. That, combined with the news of the death of the singer, sparked a renewed interest in Croce's previous albums. Consequently, three months later, \"Time in a Bottle\", originally released on Croce's first album the year before, hit number one on December 29, 1973, the third posthumous chart-topping song of the rock era following Otis Redding's \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" and Janis Joplin's recording of \"Me and Bobby McGee\".", "The story of a widely feared man being bested in a fight is similar to Croce's earlier song \"You Don't Mess Around With Jim.\"", "After a few short lived careers in radio advertising, as well as being a truck driver and welder, Jim Croce was determined to score a hit recording career and went out as a solo artist, teaming up with his lead guitarist Maury Muehleisen. Friends Tommy West and Terry Cashman were soon a part of the mix as producers, and the hit records soon followed. His debut ABC Records single and album You Don�t Mess Around With Jim were a huge success for this legendary performer.", "Many songs are about famous criminals.  \"The Night Chicago Died\" was released in nineteen seventy-four by a British band called Paper Lace.  It is about the famous Chicago crime gang leader Al Capone and an imaginary gun battle in that city.", "According to Dylan writer Clinton Heylin , Dylan's \"true story\" songs were usually riddled with inaccuracies, with Dylan indifferently taking poetic license with the truth. In \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\", he wrote of William Zantzinger beating Hattie Carroll to death with a cane, when in fact she died of heart failure some time after she had been verbally abused and tapped on the rear end with a toy cane by an inebriated Zantzinger. In \"Hurricane\" (arguably his most famous \"true story\" song), Dylan and Jacques Levy got several facts about the case against former boxer Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter wrong, including false accusations of police corruption in the case, claiming without evidence that the witnesses to the crime were lying and claiming that Carter was an almost saint-like figure that \"coulda been the champion of the world\", when in fact Carter was long past his prime as a boxer and had been known throughout the area as a bully with a brutal, hair-trigger temper. In \"Joey\" (about murderous mob boss Joe Gallo ) and \"John Wesley Harding\" (about famous western gunfighter John Wesley Hardin ), Dylan spins the title characters into Robin Hood-like do-gooders, when in fact both men were known to be sadistic killers--Hardin once emptied his pistol through a hotel-room wall because the man on the other side was snoring and keeping Hardin awake. The man died instantly--and unrepentant thieves.", "The original context of the song, in the film Robin and the 7 Hoods, is the mob boss Robbo (Sinatra) having just been acquitted of murdering the sheriff, a crime for which he had been framed. He walks out of the courthouse and joyously sings the song in gratitude to the gathered crowd of Chicagoans. The people eventually join in the singing. Instrumental versions of the song make up the opening and closing credits, and a dance band also plays the song in Robbo's speakeasy.", "Gangster. Sam DeStefano, a.k.a. \"Mad Sam,\" was the most violent loanshark in Chicago's history. He grew up in Little Italy and fell in with the infamous 42er Gang. He served three years in prison for rape and eleven in Wisconsin for bank robbery. He was known as a \"six for five\" juice man in Chicago, and enjoyed torturing his victims when they didn't pay. He had a soundproof torture chamber built into the basement of his home. Mad Sam usually wore pajamas wherever he went, carried an ice pick... [Read More] (Bio by: Dennis Rice )", "Al Capone was a notorious gangster who ran an organized crime syndicate in Chicago during the 1920s, taking advantage of the era of Prohibition . Capone, who was both charming and charitable as well as powerful and vicious, became an iconic figure of the successful American gangster.", "The truth is that Capone was totally unworthy of admiration. He was a cold-blooded criminal who killed hundreds of people without a second thought. He paid off mayors, governors, and other elected officials to allow his crooked operations to continue. He could even influence elections by having members of his gang intimidate people into voting the way he wanted. Capone's reign of terror gave the city of Chicago a reputation as a gangster-infested place that it would hold for years, even after he was long gone.", "The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder of seven mob associates as part of a prohibition era conflict between two powerful criminal gangs in Chicago: the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone and the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran. Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were also suspected of having played a significant role in the incident, assisting Capone.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. TheChicago Outfit, which subsequently became known as the \"Capones\", was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such asprostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.", "It is hard for me to believe that in this day & age, idiots like fucks nuts are allowed to live and breathe. He comments on something , and though everyone is entitled to thier opinion, he clearly is only either A; crying out for attention, or B; his mom/sister and daddy/brother were inbred themselves and clearly were huffing toxic waste when he was concieved. this song is a classic, written by a man that never finished school and went on to entertain millions across the globe and over 5 decades. His charitable deeds and effort on behalf of our soldiers were well documented and his encouragement to young and inexperienced musicians was well noted. However, if one were to know me, they would be suprised to know that I am a punk rocker and an avid anarchist, so I do not give this comment lightly. Johnny Cash, aka \"the Man in Black\" was the true father of punk rock. It's an attitude, not a fad or style of music. we miss you Johnny!!!!", "Legendary Singer, Actor, and Comedian. Born Dino Paul Crocetti in Stuebenville, Ohio. Before achieving stardom, he performed various job duties, some of which were as a steelmill worker, a service station attendant, a gambler, and he also tried to be a professional boxer. As a boxer, he fought under the name of \"Kid Crochet.\" When asked about his boxing career, he said that he had won \"all\" but 11 of his 12 bouts. In 1946 his life would change forever when he met a very hard working young up-... [Read More] (Bio by: Paul Duncan )", "Gotti was one of the most powerful and dangerous crime bosses in America. During his era he became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style, which gained him favor with much of the general public. His peers avoided attracting attention, especially from the media, but Gotti became known as \"The Dapper Don\" for his expensive clothes and personality in front of news cameras. He was later given the nickname \"The Teflon Don\" after three high-profile trials in the 1980s resulted in his acquittal, though it was later revealed that the trials had been tainted by jury tampering, juror misconduct, and witness intimidation. Law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall.", "* Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. as James Aloysius \"Dandy Jim\" Buckley, a dapper and sophisticated con artist, who at times was both friend and foe to Bret but maintained a markedly warmer friendship with Bart.", "The O’Banion mob, known as the North Side Gang, now ruled the North Side and the Gold Coast, the wealthy area of Chicago situated on the northern lake-front. As O’Banion’s name grew in the underworld, he attracted more followers, including, Louis ‘Three Gun’ Alterie, Samuel “Nails” Morton, and Dan “Handsome” McCarthy.", "In Jailhouse Rock, he was everything rockabilly's about. Nah, nah, I mean, he is rockabilly: mean, surly, nasty, rude. In that movie, he couldn't give a fuck about nothin' except rockin' and rollin', livin' fast, dying young, and leaving a good-lookin' corpse, y'know?", "One �very close friend� from his days in Chicago was �Felix Alderisio, also known as Milwaukee Phil, who was arguably the most feared hit man in the country in the 1950s and 60s", "An episode of The Simpsons featured Homer forming a vigilante group to fight crime. At one point he recruits Jimbo (who calls the group \"the drunken posse\") on the basis that he can swing a sack full of doorknobs. Homer later gives an interview to the local news:", "opposite of Fats Domino. Had great charisma. Architect of Rock and Roll. Electric Blues. “Tutti Frutti” Born in GA and found voice in New Orleans. Very known for his dancing!" ]

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[ "The microprocessor is a computer chip that processes instructions and communicates with outside devices, controlling most of the operations of a computer through the central processing unit on a single integrated circuit. The first commercially available microprocessor was a silicon-based chip, the Intel 4004, co-invented in 1971 by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor for a calculator company named Busicom, and produced by Intel. ", "The first working silicon transistor was developed at Bell Labs on January 26, 1954 by Morris Tanenbaum. The first commercial silicon transistor was produced by Texas Instruments in 1954. This was the work of Gordon Teal, an expert in growing crystals of high purity, who had previously worked at Bell Labs. The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960. ", "The appearance of a new technology often results in the possibility of developing a whole range of new products. The invention of the transistor in the USA by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley in 1947 led to a vast market of improved consumer electronics goods such as portable radios, hi-fi and television. Later on, the related inventions of the integrated circuit in 1959 (by Jack St Clair Kilby at Texas Instruments) and the microprocessor in 1971 (by Marcian E. Hoff at Intel) allowed the development of personal computers.", "The microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit. The first microprocessor was the 4004, invented in 1971 by Ted Hoff for a calculator company named Busicom, and produced by Intel.", "William Shockley was a Bell Labs physicist and one of a group there who got a Nobel Prize for inventing the transistor. In 1956 he opened his own electronics company in Mountain View , the area he had grown up in. Only a year later, some of his young engineers (the \"traitorous eight\") left to found Fairchild Semiconductor in San Jose . Fairchild was the first company to use silicon rather than germanium for its transistors and the first to succeed in producing integrated circuits commercially. Like the other major players of the era — Texas Instruments and Motorola — Fairchild Semiconductor was a branch of a large firm well established in other areas of electronics.", "The American physicists Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen together with the English-born engineer William Shockley in 1947 at Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor, the semiconductor underlying virtually all modern electronic devices. The transistor opened up great possibilities for the miniaturization and improvement of electronics. Though electrically similar to a vacuum tube, it was much smaller and more reliable. Many historians rank the transistor as one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century. In 1958 and 1959 the engineers Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in the USA independently developed the integrated circuit or microchip, a system of interconnected transistors where several could be made at the same time on the same piece of semiconductor.", "It is commonly noted that the first venture-backed startup is Fairchild Semiconductor (which produced the first commercially practical integrated circuit), funded in 1959 by what would later become Venrock Associates . [12] Venrock was founded in 1969 by Laurance S. Rockefeller , the fourth of John D. Rockefeller's six children as a way to allow other Rockefeller children to develop exposure to venture capital investments.", "The first microcomputer chip, often called a microprocessor, was developed by Intel Corporation in 1969. It went into commercial production in 1971 as the Intel 4004. Intel introduced their 8088 chip in 1979, followed by the Intel 80286, 80386, and 80486. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the designations 286, 386, and 486 were well known to computer users as reflecting increasing levels of computing power and speed. Intel's Pentium chip is the latest in this series and reflects an even higher level.", "In 1968, the Intel Corporation, inventor of the microchip, was incorporated. In 1968, a Hungarian immigrant by the name of Andy Grove co-founded Intel with a collaboration of colleagues with the same interest, to revolutionize the computer world. In 1971, Intel released its first microprocessor, the 4004 designed for a calculator. In 1972 came the more powerful 8008. With the introduction of the 8080 in 1974, the first personal computers were made possible.", "1971 - 1st Microprocessor Chip - March, 1971: \"Intel Corporation delivers the first microprocessor chip, the 4004, with 2300 transistors and the computing power of the ENIAC - it was designed by Marcian Edward Hoff [b. 1937], and is announced commercially in November.\"", "Intel Corporation (better known as Intel, stylized as intel) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Intel is one of the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Samsung, HP and Dell. Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphics chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing.", "In 1958 and 1959, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Camera, came up with a solution to the problem of large numbers of components, and the integrated circuit was developed. Instead of making transistors one-by-one, several transistors could be made at the same time, on the same piece of semiconductor. Not only transistors, but other electric components such as resistors, capacitors and diodes could be made by the same process with the same materials.", "This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term \"microprocessor\", it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed and realized by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor at Intel.The Intel 4004 (1971) die was 12 mm2, composed of 2300 transistors; by comparison, the Pentium Pro was 306 mm2, composed of 5.5 million transistors, according to ", "An integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. On September 12, 1958, Jack Kilby developed a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached. While pressing a switch, the oscilloscope showed a continuous sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked. A patent for a \"Solid Circuit made of Germanium\", the first integrated circuit, was filed by its inventor, Jack Kilby on February 6, 1959. ", "Intel's first products were shift register memory and random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented Intel's first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company Busicom to replace a number of ASICs in a calculator already produced by Busicom, the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor)", "The first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was invented by Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor and was introduced by Intel in November 1971. The computer chip created the modern computer industry as we know it today which has changed business, industry and society.", "An integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. On September 12, 1958, Jack Kilby developed a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached. While pressing a switch, the oscilloscope showed a continuous sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked. A patent for a \"Solid Circuit made of Germanium\", the first integrated circuit, was filed by its inventor, Jack Kilby on February 6, 1959.[433]", "            1978-Tuesday- The first \"micro on a chip\" – microchip- was patented  by Texas Instruments.  This was a quantum leap forward from the previously used “potato chip” which crumpled easily and left the fingers, not to mention the chip, oily and greasy. Sort of like with the telephone (see 1876 above) two separate inventors, unaware of each other's activities, invented almost identical integrated circuits at nearly the same time.", "Personal Computers: At Texas Instruments, Jack Kilby (1923-2005) completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick.", "Another discovery made in Texas has led to the advancement of technology around the world. In 1958 Jack Kilby, an employee of Texas Instruments in Dallas, made a finding that led to the production of the silicon chip, enabling the development of handheld calculators, personal computers, and other miniaturized electronics.", "In 1948 an event occurred that was to forever change the course of computers and electronics. Working at Bell Labs three scientists, John Bordeen (1908-1991) (left), Waltar Brattain (1902-1987) (right), and William Shockly (1910-1989) (seated) invented the transistor.", "The transistor, the invention that marked the dawn of the information age, was invented by John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Laboratories. Bardeen, Shockley and Brattain were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the transistor effect.", "The invention of the transistor in 1947 led IBM to reengineer its early machines from electromechanical or vacuum tube to transistor technology in the late 1950s (although the UNIVAC Model 80, delivered in 1958, was the first transistor computer). These transistorized machines are commonly referred to as second-generation computers.", "Intel Corporation was founded on July 18, 1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability.", "In August 1974, a group of eight engineers and marketers, including Bill Mensch and Chuck Peddle, left Motorola to work for MOS Technology Inc., Pennsylvania. MOS Technology was, at the time, the world's largest manufacturer of calculator chips, and it decided to move up to microprocessors. Commodore International, the main client of 4-function-chips for pocket calculators by MOS Technology, bought the company the other day in October 1976, although Commodore was in financial troubles itself. The later 8-bit microprocessor MOS6502 started in October 1977 a revolution with the PET2001 (Personal Electronic Transactor), the best selling \"Personal Computer\".", "After the invention of the IC in 1959, the number of components and circuits that could be incorporated into a single chip doubled every year for several years. The first integrated circuits contained only up to a dozen components. The process that produced these early ICs was known as small scale integration, or SSI. By the mid-1960s, medium scale integration, MSI, produced ICs with hundreds of components. This was followed by large scale integration techniques, or LSI, which produced ICs with thousands of components and made the first microcomputers possible.", "The Microprocessor ( a miniature set of integrated circuits ) is invented opening the way for the computer revolution that followed", "An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (\"chip\") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of a human fingernail. The half-pitch between nodes in a circuit has been made smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers, and was reduced to around 14 nanometers in 2014. ", "Also in that year the first 'integrated circuits' were made in America, consisting of several electronic components on a single 'chip'. Up to this point each transistor (or 'crystal valve' as they were often called) had to be hand assembled by a technician in a 'glove box' as shown in the photo below.", "Shockley, angered by not being included on the patent applications, secretly continued his own work to build a different sort of transistor based on junctions instead of point contacts; he expected this kind of design would be more likely to be commercially viable. The point contact transistor, he believed, would prove to be fragile and difficult to manufacture. Shockley was also dissatisfied with certain parts of the explanation for how the point contact transistor worked and conceived of the possibility of minority carrier injection. On February 13, 1948 another team member, John N. Shive, built a point contact transistor with bronze contacts on the front and back of thin wedge of germanium, proving that holes could diffuse through bulk germanium and not just along the surface as previously thought. Shive's invention sparked Shockley's invention of the junction transistor. A few months later he invented an entirely new, considerably more robust, type of transistor with a layer or 'sandwich' structure. This structure went on to be used for the vast majority of all transistors into the 1960s, and evolved into the bipolar junction transistor. Shockley later admitted that the workings of the team were \"mixture of cooperation and competition.\" He also admitted that he kept some of his own work secret until his \"hand was forced\" by Shive's 1948 advance. Shockley worked out a rather complete description of what he called the \"sandwich\" transistor, and a first proof of principle was obtained on April 7, 1949.", "The first announcement of the invention of the transistor met with almost no fanfare.  The integrated circuit was originally thought to be useful only in military applications.  The microprocessor's investors pulled out before it was built, thinking it was a waste of money. The transistor and its offspring have consistently been undervalued -- yet turned out to do more than anyone predicted. ", "Personal Computers: The first transistorized computer is completed, the TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer), at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology." ]

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[ "On 1 October 2010, Bob Dudley replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. After the oil spill BP announced a divestment program to sell about $38 billion worth of non-core assets by 2013 to compensate its liabilities related to the accident.", "BP attained a negative public image from the series of industrial accidents that occurred through the 2000s, and its public image was severely damaged after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and Gulf Oil spill. In the immediate aftermath of the spill, BP initially downplayed the severity of the incident, and made many of the same PR errors that Exxon had made after the Exxon Valdez disaster. CEO Tony Hayward was criticised for his statements and had committed several gaffes, including stating that he \"wanted his life back.\" Some in the media commended BP for some of its social media efforts, such as the use of Twitter and Facebook as well as a section of the company's website where it communicated its efforts to clean up the spill.Christopher Beam for Slate. 5 May 2010 [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/05/oil_slick.single.html Oil Slick: How BP is handling its P.R. disaster] ", "(RNN) - Former BP CEO Tony Hayward may be widely known for his gaffe-prone response to one of the largest oil spills in U.S. history, but few can account for where he went after his high-profile exit.", "Tony Hayward Net Worth is $20 Million. Tony Hayward was at one time Chief Executive of BP oil, with a net worth of $20 million. Tony Hayward made his net worth through his years with BP. He was born in Slough, Berkshire, England UK and his active yea Anthony Bryan \"Tony\" Hayward is a British businessman, the former chief executive of oil and energy company BP. He replaced John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley on 1 May 2007. His tenure ended on 1 October 2010 in large part due to the circumstances of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. He was replaced by Bob Dudley.", "BP's chief executive Tony Hayward is grilled by a congressional committee. Andrew Clark follows his defence of his company's handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill", "BP assumed responsibility for the initial clean up and mitigation efforts. According to BP Chief Executive, Tony Hayward, “we are taking full responsibility for the spill and we will clean it up and where people can present legitimate claims for damages we will honor them.” On April 28, the U.S. military announced it was joining the cleanup operation.", "True, the company’s public relations since the explosion have been terrible: suppressing and lying about things that will become known eventually anyway, and ridiculous efforts to play down the seriousness of the oil spill. Tony Hayward, BP CEO, “ told Fox News sister network Sky News on Tuesday [May 18] that he is largely unconcerned:", "John Browne, Tony Hayward’s predecessor as chief executive of BP, has been appointed by the UK government to oversee moves to make Whitehall “more businesslike.” Lord Browne was the architect of the much criticised BP cost- and safety-cutting strategy implicated in the Texas City refinery disaster, which killed 15, and a sequence of other safety and environmental crimes.", "The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also known as the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spil or the BP Oil Spill) is a large ongoing oil spill caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform 40 miles southeast of the Louisiana coast on April 20, 2010. Most of the 126 workers on the platform were safely evacuated, and a search and rescue operation began for 11 missing workers. The Deepwater Horizon sank in about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water on April 22, 2010. On April 23 the U.S. Coast Guard suspended the search for missing workers who are all presumed dead.", "Like BP chief executive Tony Hayward, who said he would \"like his life back\" after BP leaked 5m barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the directors of Lonmin seemed tone deaf in the aftermath of the massacre. They looked more concerned about a plummeting share price than workers' conditions, as they insisted they would end the strike whatever it took.", "BP’s Deepwater Horizon -- a deepwater oil drilling rig 40 miles off the coast of Louisiana -- exploded April 20, 2010, killing 11 crewmen and sparking a fire that could be seen from the mainland. The fire burned for 36 hours before the rig sank to the ocean floor. The resulting oil spill continued until July 15, releasing nearly 5 million barrels, or 210 million gallons, of oil and gas into the environment.", "He pointed to the Deepwater Horizon accident in 2010, when a BP oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. It was the worst oil spill in US history and killed 11 people.", "BP has been involved in a number of major environmental and safety incidents, including the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , and received criticism for its political influence. In 1997 it became the first major oil company to publicly acknowledge the need to take steps against climate change , and in that year established a company-wide target to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases . [13]", "BP CEO Tony Hayward Apologizes For His Idiotic Statement: \"I'd Like My Life Back\" - Business Insider", "April 24, Gulf of Mexico: The Deepwater Horizon, a semi-submersible drilling rig, sank on April 22, after an April 20th explosion on the vessel. Eleven people died in the blast. When the rig sank, the riser—the 5,000-foot-long pipe that connects the wellhead to the rig—became detached and began leaking oil. In addition, U.S. Coast Guard investigators discovered a leak in the wellhead itself. As much as 60,000 barrels of oil per day were leaking into the water, threatening wildlife along the Louisiana Coast. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano declared it a \"spill of national significance.\" BP (British Petroleum), which leased the Deepwater Horizon, is responsible for the cleanup, but the U.S. Navy supplied the company with resources to help contain the slick. Oil reached the Louisiana shore on April 30, affected about 125 miles of coast. By early June, oil had also reached Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. It is the largest oil spill in U.S. history.", "Think Progress caught the latest insensitive comment made by BP CEO Tony Hayward on Sunday regarding the Gulf oil spill. After apologizing for the disaster, Hayward manages to bring it back to himself:", "A former oil executive criticised for his role in a deadly BP refinery explosion, and whose last oil company was fined over 50 health and safety violations connected with fracking, has been appointed the first chief executive of the Civil Service. While at BP, an internal company report published in 2007 found John Manzoni should be held accountable for the Texas City refinery blast that killed 15 people and injured 170.", "On April 20, 2010, an explosion and fire erupted on an offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico called the Deepwater Horizon, which had just completed an exploratory well 52 miles from shore in 4,992 feet of water. The incident led to the death of eleven workers. The fire destroyed the rig, which sank on April 22, 2010. The sinking rig damaged the oil well, and the oil spill resulted from the failure of the blowout preventer, a safety device intended to stop the flow of oil from the well. www.kosmix.com", "On April 20, 2010 BP’s Deep Horizon oil rig exploded, spilling more than 200 gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of... Mexico and killing 11 workers (“11 Facts about the BP Oil Spill”, 2013). BP’s manual and emergency prevention efforts failed, allowing oil to spill into the Gulf for 87 days, resulting in the largest U.S. oil spill in history (Brown, 2013). The spill hurt the company’s reputation and caused a company crisis that involved BP’s stock price to decrease from $57.45 before the disaster...", "It is the one year anniversary of the explosion on BP's Deepwater Horizon drill rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Since then we all came to realize the full, nightmarish extent of the oil spill catastrophe -- and the extent of political corruption, mismanagement and weak regulation in the offshore drilling industry.", "The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in April 2010 initiated a sharp decline in share prices, and BP's shares lost roughly 50% of their value in 50 days. BP's shares reached a low of $26.97 per share on 25 June 2010 totalling a $100 billion loss in market value before beginning to climb again. Shares reached a post-spill high of $49.50 in early 2011 and as of April 2012 shares remain down approximately 30% from pre-spill levels. ", "A summary of events on Monday, June 21, Day 62 of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill that began with the April 20 explosion and fire on the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, owned by Transocean Ltd. and leased by BP PLC , which is in charge of cleanup and containment. The blast killed 11 workers. Since then, oil has been pouring into the Gulf from a blown-out undersea well.", "The 20 April 2010 explosion on BP's offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the deaths of 11 people. [130] [131] [132] and injured 16 others; another 99 people survived without serious physical injury. It caused the Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink, and started a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . [133] [134] [132]", "The 2010 BP Oil Spill allowed about 5 million barrels of oil to flow into the Gulf of Mexico before the gush was... capped. Unfortunately, the explosion killed 11 people and injured several others (Benoit, 2011). To claim its ultimate negligence and reduce the pollution of the spill, BP created a multi-page website entitled “Gulf of Mexico Restoration” to communicate its message to the public. BP’s “Gulf of Mexico Restoration” website uses these three strategies to repair its reputation: displaying...", "The 2010 BP Oil Spill allowed about 5 million barrels of oil to flow into the Gulf of... Mexico before the gush was capped. Unfortunately, the explosion killed 11 people and injured several others (Benoit, 2011). To claim its ultimate negligence and reduce the pollution of the spill, BP created a multi-page website entitled “Gulf of Mexico Restoration” to communicate its message to the public. BP’s “Gulf of Mexico Restoration” website uses these three strategies to repair its reputation: displaying...", "BP’s carefully nurtured ethical reputation has been seriously damaged by a series of safety and environmental catastrophes. Athan Manuel, director of lands protection at the Sierra Club, a North American environmental network, said: “Their reputation is pretty much in the toilet.”", " BP Oil Spill 2010 Elizabeth Morton University of Phoenix SUS/300 3/9/15 Tereza Marks Gulf Oil... Spill Case BP Oil Spill 2010 BP is a world leading international oil and Gas Company. The BP Company however had an oil spill on April 20, 2010 due to a gas release in the Gulf of Mexico. A massive explosion followed the gas release on the Deep Water Oil rig that was working on the exploration of British Petroleum. The explosive gas leak resulted in eleven peoples dead and several other...", "Vice Admiral Thad Allen in 2005 was named Principal Federal Officer to oversee recovery efforts in the Gulf Region after Hurricane Katrina. After promotion to Admiral, on the eve of his retirement as Commandant, Allen again received national visibility after being named National Incident Commander overseeing the response efforts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.", "Under Salazar, MMS continued to issue categorical exclusions to companies like BP, even when they lacked the necessary permits to protect endangered species. A preliminary review of the BP disaster conducted by scientists with the independent Deepwater Horizon Study Group concludes that MMS failed to enforce a host of environmental laws, including the Clean Water Act. \"MMS and Interior are equally responsible for the failures here,\" says the former agency scientist. \"They weren't willing to take the regulatory steps that could have prevented this incident.\"", "Death in the Gulf - One year after the worst oil spill in history, a sorry legacy of enduring damage, a people wronged and a region scarred remains (NRDC.org). The BP oil explosion killed eleven employees and spewed approximately one-hundred-and-seventy-million gallons of toxic crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico (NRDC.org).The explosion was caused by a blowout preventer failure which was caused by a piece of drill pipe that resulted in the worst oil spill tragedy in American history. The Gulf of Mexico is the focal point of America’s southeastern region’s economic growth....   [tags: Disaster Management ]", "• The BP boss says the only knowledge he had of the Macondo well was in mid-April, when he was informed by the head of the company's exploration division that BP had made an oil discovery. He had no other \"prior involvement\" until the disaster.", "In March 2005, BP's Texas City, Texas refinery, one of its largest refineries, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes. [122] A 20-foot [123] column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London. [124]" ]

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[ "Sesame Street is a long-running American children's television series created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its educational content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Henson's Muppets, animation, short films, humor, and cultural references. The series premiered on November 10, 1969, to positive reviews, some controversy, and high viewership; it has aired on the U.S.'s national public television provider (PBS) since its debut, with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16, 2016. ", "Sesame Street is produced in the United States by Sesame Workshop , formerly known as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW). It premiered on November 10, 1969 on the National Educational Television network, and later that year it was moved to NET's successor, the Public Broadcasting Service. In 2015, Sesame Workshop struck a deal with HBO to air first-run Sesame Street episodes for the next five seasons, beginning with season 46 airing in January 2016. Re-runs will continue to air on PBS, though with a nine-month window between their debut on HBO. [1]", "These is in commemoration with the 40th anniversary of the world's legendary children educational show ~ The Sesame Street. Sesame Street premiered on November 10, 1969 and is the longest running children’s program on US television, with an amazing 39 seasons and 4,186 episodes aired.", "After her appointment, Cooney hired Bob Davidson as her assistant; he was responsible for making agreements with approximately 180 public television stations to air the new show. She assembled a team of producers: Jon Stone was responsible for writing, casting, and format; David Connell took over animation and volume production; and Samuel Gibbon served as the show's chief liaison between the production staff and the research team. Stone, Connell, and Gibbon had worked on another children's show, Captain Kangaroo, together. Cooney later said about Sesame Streets original team of producers, \"collectively, we were a genius\". CTW's first children's show, Sesame Street, premiered on 10 November 1969. The CTW was not incorporated until 1970 because its creators wanted to see if the show was a success before they hired lawyers and accountants. Morrisett served as the first chair of CTW's board of trustees, a position he held for 28 years. ", "Since 1969, children's television series Sesame Street has aired 4,300 episodes over 45 seasons (and counting) making it one of the longest-running TV shows of all time.", "Joan Ganz Cooney of the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop) created this hour-long PBS series in 1969. Initially, it was created as a means of preparing young inner-city children for kindergarten. Instead, it got to everybody and became one of the all-time great educational shows.", "From Season 1 to season 31, They would also end the show with the phrase Sesame Street is a production of The Children's Television Workshop!", "On August 13, 2015, HBO announced its re-entry into children's programming, when it reached a five-year programming and development deal with Sesame Workshop. Through the agreement, HBO obtained first-run television rights to Sesame Street, beginning with the January 2016 debut of its 46th season (with episodes being distributed to the program's longtime broadcaster, PBS, following a nine-month exclusivity window at no charge to its member stations); Sesame Workshop will also produce original children's programming content for the channel, which will also gain exclusive streaming rights to the company's programming library for HBO Go and HBO Now (assuming those rights from Amazon Video, Netflix and Sesame Workshop's in-house subscription streaming service, Sesame Go, the latter of which will cease to operate as a standalone offering). Although struck with the intent to having the show remain on PBS in some fashion, the nonprofit production company reached the deal due to cutbacks resulting from declines in public and private donations, distribution fees paid by PBS member stations and licensing for merchandise sales. ", "In 1972, the Government lifted the restrictions on TV broadcasting hours, prompting ITV to increase its output of children's programmes. The Basil Brush Show (1968), The Sooty Show (1955), Rainbow (1972) and Pipkins (1973) followed, both mixing puppets and presenters, Other favourites included Jamie and the Magic Torch and Chorlton and the Wheelies (both 1976). Back on BBC1, the serials were increasingly reflecting pop culture. Fingerbobs (1972) sat long-haired 'Yoffy' (Play School presenter Rick Jones) to work in a studio accompanied by his paper creations, while Bod (1975) - narrated in supremely measured tones by John Le Mesurier - sported jazzy songs courtesy of Derek Griffiths (another talented Play School Presenter), Other favourites from the 60s and 70s are The Clangers (1969), Mr Benn (1971), Roobarb (1974), The Wombles (1973), Ivor the Engine (1959), Bagpuss (1974), Paddington Bear (1975), Crystal Tipps and Alistair (1972) and Joe (1966).", "The Flintstones was the first, and the longest running, animated situation comedy shown in prime-time television. Premiering on ABC on 30 September 1960, it gained high ratings in its first season, thus establishing animation as a viable prime time format. Produced by Hanna-Barbera (Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera), The Flintstones was patterned after Jackie Gleason's The Honeymooners. Designed as a program for the entire family, the program did not appear as \"children's television\" until its rebroadcast by NBC in 1967. Its popularity with teenagers in its 8:30 P.M. Friday time slot, however, presaged the late 1960s move to animation as the preeminent format for children's programming.", "Children’s television underwent its own revolution with the premieres of Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood and Sesame Street on PBS. These groundbreaking programs would hit their strides in the 1970s and become educational staples for years to come.", "The adventures of Scooby and his friends Shaggy, Velma, Fred and Daphne first aired in 1969.", "The children’s television series Bagpuss began 40 years ago, in 1974. The pink-striped title character, “an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams,” is featured on the stamp. Bagpuss lived in a lost-and-found shop.", "Sesame Street is a production of Sesame Workshop, a nonprofit educational organization which also produces Pinky Dinky Doo, The Electric Company, and other programs for children around the world.", "The first cartoon series was produced from 1960 to 1961 by UPA. Tracy employed a series of cartoon-like subordinate flatfoots to fight crime each week, contacting them on his two-way wrist radio. Everett Sloane voiced Tracy and supporting characters and villains were voiced by Jerry Hausner, Mel Blanc, Benny Rubin, Johnny Coons, Paul Frees, and others. These subordinates included \"Go-Go\" Gomez, Joe Jitsu, Hemlock Holmes, and Heap O'Calorie. 130 five-minute cartoons were designed and packaged for syndication, usually intended for local children's shows.", "Running for 50 years and still going strong, it touches numerous generations of children with its intrepid presenters and characterful pets, it’s in studio 'makes', its charity appeals and its genuine engagement with younger viewers' lives and interests.", "Launched in 1964, Play School had the honour of being the first programme transmitted on BBC2. Amongst the many presenters, who could forget the toys? Big Ted and Little Ted, Jemima, Humpty and Hamble (later replaced by Poppy). The series notched up a total of 5739 episodes!", "Pre-dating The Simpsons by almost 30 years, The Flintstones was the first primetime animated show on TV and, until 1997 when The Simpsons stole the crown, The Flintstones aired the most episodes of any animated show in primetime, with 166 episodes between 1990 and 1966. The show was so successful, it established Hanna-Barbera as the largest producer of animated films.", "Wacky Races ran on CBS from September 14, 1968, to January 4, 1969. 17 episodes were produced, with each episode featuring two different races. Reruns of the series currently air several times a day on Cartoon Network 's classic animation network Boomerang.", "In the fall of 1960, ABC debuted the prime-time Television program The Bugs Bunny Show . This show packaged many of the post-1948 Looney Tunes shorts with newly animated wraparounds. After two seasons, it was moved from its evening slot to reruns on Saturday mornings. The Bugs Bunny Show changed format and exact title frequently, but remained on network Television for 40 years. The packaging was later completely different, with each short simply presented on its own, title and all, though some clips from the new bridging material were sometimes used as filler.", "In the fall of 1960, ABC debuted the prime-time television program The Bugs Bunny Show . This show packaged many of the post-1948 Looney Tunes shorts with newly animated wraparounds. After two seasons, it was moved from its evening slot to reruns on Saturday mornings. The Bugs Bunny Show changed format and exact title frequently, but remained on network television for 40 years. The packaging was later completely different, with each short simply presented on its own, title and all, though some clips from the new bridging material were sometimes used as filler.", "This TV series (which, by the way, was not made by the BBC and was instead shown on the British commercial channel ITV -- something that most North American video guides get wrong) was the brainchild of Richard Carpenter, a creator of many notable British children's series. Carpenter wrote all the episodes in the first two series and half of the third series. His writing is one of the show's many strengths.", "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions that premiered on CBS on September 13, 1969. The show ran for one season with a total of 17 half-hour episodes, the last first-run episode airing on January 17, 1970. Repeats aired on CBS until September 4, 1971. It is a spin-off of the Wacky Races cartoon, reprising the characters of Penelope Pitstop and the Anthill Mob. Rebroadcasts of the show air on the Cartoon Network-owned channel Boomerang.", "The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968 to September 5, 1970. The series costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals.The show was Hanna-Barbera's initial foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached the Krofft Brothers to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters.", "On the strength of this Australian sale and the optimism of covering the remaining costs from overseas, production started in earnest in 1967. With a few more episodes in the can, John McCallum and Bob Austin secured sales in Europe and the UK (but not America) and in April 1968 a second series commenced production. In 1970, a breakthrough in the United States came via breakfast cereal manufacturer Kellogg’s, who entered into a syndication deal which meant that the program screened on more than 160 American television stations. In total, 91 episodes over three series as well as a feature film,", "1959: Arthur Godfrey's last telecast of \"Arthur Godfrey and His Friends\" aired on CBS-TV. The show lasted ten years. ", "The Flintstones is Hanna Barbera's first primetime network show, and the very first animated sitcom. It ran from 1960 to 1966 on the  ABC  network, airing 166 episodes.", "In the fall of 1960, ABC debuted the prime-time television program The Bugs Bunny Show . This show packaged many of the post-1948 Warners shorts with newly animated wraparounds. After two seasons, it was moved from its evening slot to reruns on Saturday mornings. The Bugs Bunny Show changed format and exact title frequently, but remained on network television for 40 years. The packaging was later completely different, with each short simply presented on its own, title and all, though some clips from the new bridging material were sometimes used as filler.", "The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.", "1968 - \"The Archies\" premiered on CBS. The cartoon was based on the comic book series.", "The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.", "The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured both live action and animated segments and was Hanna-Barbera’s first foray into mixing live action with animation." ]

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[ "The poem states that Monday's child is fair of face and Tuesday's child is full of grace. It further states that Wednesday's child is full of woe and Thursday's child has far to go. The poem then goes on to state that Friday's child is loving and giving and Saturday's child works hard for a living. The poem finally concludes that the child that is born on the Sabbath day is bonny and blithe, and good and gay.", "Monday's Child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace, Wednesday's child is full of woe, Thursday's child has far to go, Friday's child is loving and giving, Saturday's child has to work for its living, But a child that's born on the Sabbath Day, Is fair and wise and good and gay.", "A THE rhyme, which dates back to the 1880s, reads: Monday's child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace, Wednesday's child is full of woe, Thursday's child has far to go, Friday's child is loving and giving, Saturday's child works hard for a living and the child that is born on the Sabbath day is bonny and blithe and good and gay.", "Prov. A child born on Monday will be good-looking. (This comes from a rhyme that tells what children will be like, according to which day they are born: \"Monday's child is fair of face, / Tuesday's child is full of grace, / Wednesday's child is full of woe, / Thursday's child has far to go, / Friday's child is loving and giving, / Saturday's child works hard for a living, / But a child that is born on the Sabbath day / Is blithe and bonny, good and gay.\") Joan is so pretty, she must be a Monday's child. Monday's child is fair of face.", "The traditional rhyme about the meaning of the day of your birth is \"Monday's Child is Fair of Face\" by Mother Goose. The words of the poem are used to associate people, especially children, with a personality or pattern according to the day of the week on which they were born.", "\"Monday's Child\" is one of many fortune-telling songs, popular as nursery rhymes for children. It is supposed to tell a child's character or future based on the day of birth and to help young children remember the seven days of the week. Of the seven days, all children those days represent have positive futures except for one – Wednesday. As with all nursery rhymes, there are many versions. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19526.", "The line \"Wednesday's child is full of woe\" is a part of a nursery rhyme known as \"Monday's Child,\" sometimes attributed to Mother Goose; it predicts that children born on Wednesday are sad.", "Will your child be fair, graceful, or woeful? Is your baby a Monday’s child? Tradition holds that you can predict your child’s temperament based on the day of the week they were born. Enter the Monday’s Child Poem.", "There was considerable variation and debate about the exact attributes of each day and even over the days. Halliwell had 'Christmas Day' instead of the Sabbath. Despite modern versions in which \"Wednesday's child is full of woe,\" an early incarnation of this rhyme appeared in a multi-part fictional story in a chapter appearing in Harper's Weekly on September 17, 1887, in which \"Friday's child is full of woe\", perhaps reflecting traditional superstitions associated with bad luck on Friday – as many Christians associated Friday with the Crucifixion. In addition to Wednesday's and Friday's children's role reversal, the fates of Thursday's and Saturday's children were also exchanged and Sunday's child is \"happy and wise\" instead of \"blithe and good\". ", "In The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, Iona and Peter Opie write that the rhyme has been tied to a variety of historical events or folklorish symbols such as the queen symbolizing the moon, the king the sun, and the blackbirds the number of hours in a day; or, as the authors indicate, the blackbirds have been seen as an allusion to monks during the period of the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, with Catherine of Aragon representing the queen, and Anne Boleyn the maid. The rye and the birds have been seen to represent a tribute sent to Henry VII, and on another level, the term \"pocketful of rye\" may in fact refer to an older term of measurement. The number 24 has been tied to the Reformation and the printing of the English Bible with 24 letters. From a folklorish tradition, the blackbird taking the maid's nose has been seen as a demon stealing her soul. ", "On the ninth day of Christmas O’Connell sent to me Nine drummed up lessons Eight biscuits (raisin) Seven Rinvolucris Six ponies prancing FIVE WRONG THINGS Four dolly birds Three red pens Two rubber gloves And a register from registry On the tenth day of Christmas James Shipton sent to me Ten pipers piping ( Amazing Grace ... ) Nine drummed up lessons Eight biscuits (raisin) Seven Rinvolucris Six ponies prancing FIVE WRONG THINGS Four dolly birds Three red pens Two rubber gloves And a register from registry On the eleventh day of Christmas Mike Gordon sent to me Eleven ladies leaping (for a chance) Ten pipers piping (Amazing Grace ...) Nine drummed up lessons Eight biscuits (raisin) Seven Rinvolucris Six ponies prancing FIVE WRONG THINGS Four dolly birds Three red pens Two rubber gloves And a register from registry On the twelfth day of Christmas Goreti sent to me Twelve hearts a-beating3 Eleven ladies leaping (for a chance) Ten pipers piping (Amazing grace) Nine drummed up lessons Eight biscuits (raisin) Seven Rinvolucris Six ponies prancing FIVE WRONG THINGS Four dolly birds Three red pens Two rubber gloves And a register from registry", "Once on a cold Christmas Eve night, a forester and his family were in their cottage gathered round the fire to keep warm. Suddenly there was a knock on the door. When the forester opened the door, he found a poor little boy standing on the door step, lost and alone. The forester welcomed him into his house and the family fed and washed him and put him to bed in the youngest sons own bed (he had to share with his brother that night!). The next morning, Christmas Morning, the family were woken up by a choir of angels, and the poor little boy had turned into Jesus, the Christ Child. The Christ Child went into the front garden of the cottage and broke a branch off a Fir tree and gave it to the family as a present to say thank you for looking after him. So ever since them, people have remembered that night by bringing a Christmas Tree into their homes!", "People who have real friends know the best there is in life, rather than reaching for rewards and yearnings elsewhere - real riches can be found in the treasures nearby. Mary looks up at George and is told: \"That's a Christmas present from a very dear friend of mine.\" Suddenly, a little bell on the Christmas tree begins to tinkle as it sways back and forth. Zuzu points to the bell, dutifully reciting what her teacher told her about the significance of a ringing bell:", "Tom Tom the Piper's Son is an English nursery rhyme which has been around since at least 1795.", "(Nightingale poem from her book of poems for children. The Nightingale is merry, except when naughty children rob her nest and theres the moral. The most Coleridgean of her fathers children, Sara was an opium addict and sufferer from ill health who spent her life editing her fathers works and defending his reputation, and moving in early Victorian literary circles.)", "And suddenly, the nightmare is over: George Bailey lives again to see another day; and all the townspeople who were the beneficiaries of his Building and Loan Company come through for him, as does an old friend, to keep the Building and Loan solvent. Reunited with his wife and family, with the townspeople singing \"Auld Lang Syne,\" his brother Harry alive, George is holding his little girl Zuzu in his arms, and a little bell rings on the Christmas tree behind him. Zuzu tells him that every time a bell rings, an angel gets his wings. He opens a gift, it's a book from Clarence, and in it, there is an inscription: \"No man is a failure who has friends.\"", "The words and lyrics of this  American nursery rhyme would appeal to a young child and introduces imagery and the use of similes (white as snow) as part of use of the English language. The words also convey the morale that love is reciprocated! We can find no specific connection in history for the origins of this nursery rhyme but the origins are American as the lyrics were written by ", "Children should learn God's ways in the home as Jacob did (Gen. 28:20-22). Remember, Jacob TITHED -- and PROSPERED!", "Music note: In the offertory anthem, searching is symbolized by the powerful pull between major and minor tonality heard in the opening triplet motive of the accompaniment. A variety of textures and moods suits the wide emotional range of Psalm 139 and pays homage to the long history of musical settings of the psalms, with solo, choral and chant sections. In the chant section, a duet between an adult and a child is based on the interval of the descending minor third, which research shows to be a remarkably constant first musical utterance of children around the world regardless of native cultural tradition. Is it not amazing that God would know us before we are born, each in our individualities, and also give us a common first voice? The communion anthem was written for the composer’s wedding and reflects the second lesson, expressing love (charity) as the centerpiece of God’s design.", "“Childless, yet on either side of me sits that good woman, my daughter, and the stalwart man, my son, and both have been and are more than son and daughter to me, and have brought into my life mirth and beauty.  Nor is this all.  There sits the bright boy dear to my heart, full of the flow and the spirits of boyhood, so that I can even know that for a time at least we have still the voice of a child in the house.”", "The popular song \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is usually seen as simply a nonsense song for children with secular origins. However, some have suggested that it is a song of Christian instruction, perhaps dating to the 16th century religious wars in England, with hidden references to the basic teachings of the Christian Faith.  They contend that it was a mnemonic device to teach the catechism to youngsters. The \"true love\" mentioned in the song is not an earthly suitor, but refers to God Himself. The \"me\" who receives the presents refers to every baptized person who is part of the Christian Faith. Each of the \"days\" represents some aspect of the Christian Faith that was important for children to learn.", "I was born on a Wednesday. According to a certain nursery rhyme, this makes me full of woe:", "The bond between mothers and their children is one defined by love. As a mother's prayers for her children are unending, so are the wisdom, grace, and strength they provide to their children. On Mother's Day, we are reminded of the great debt we owe to our Nation's mothers for their love and devotion to their sacred duty.", "“Pray calm yourselves. I have eleven children, and I am twenty-six times a grandma, and I have seen them all through their silly seasons, and when it come on them they will run the Devil bowlegged keeping up with their mischief. I think she’ll wake when she tires of it. A child’s spirit is like a child, you can never catch it by running after it; you must stand still, and, for love, it will soon itself come back.”", "We know not to whom we are indebted for the following description of that unwearied patron of music—that homely and delightful personage of parental kindness, Santa Claus, his costumes, and his equipage, as he goes about visiting the firesides of this happy land, laden with Christmas bounties; but from whomsoever it may have come, we give thanks for it. There is, to our apprehension, a spirit of cordial goodness in it, a playfulness of fancy and a benevolent alacrity to enter into the feelings and promote the simple pleasures of children which are altogether charming.", "On Wednesday William spoke fondly of his young son when he was presented with a set of Christmas bells and quickly saw their potential for helping keep track of his energetic son. As he accepted the gift from a group of schoolchildren at a charity dinner for SkillForce, William told them how useful the musical bells would be for his 16-month-old child.", "Emma: I was brought up within the Christian tradition, [but] I had a fairly secular upbringing. The guiding moral principles, the ethical principles, much of the philosophy, if properly applied, is very good. And I love Christmas. I know all the carols and all the songs, and Greg used to sing in the choir, so in spite of our secularism, we observe the Christmas tradition. And we talk about the [Christmas] story. It's a very great story, and I grew up with it. It's very interesting and full of metaphor.", "Children are like sponges, soaking up every thing around them. One of the greatest moments of my life happened when my son, Jack, was only one and a half years old. His preschool teacher came to my wife and me and told me about what happened in his class. They had snack time and prayed over the snack. Jack put his two little hands together in a prayer position and bowed his head. That was special, but he did it again.", "Children are named for a particular saint and celebrate their saint's day as if it were their own birthday.", "The Bible says that children are a heritage from the Lord (Psalm 127:3). They are a blessing or a gift from God.", "I must offer this poem by G.K. Chesterton, which alludes to the Litany of Loreto and evokes wonder at the relationship between Lord Jesus and His mother:", "\"Let your children be as so many flowers, borrowed from God.  If the flowers die or wither, thank God for a summer loan of them.\"" ]

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[ "Abstract: John Henry Holliday was born on August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia. After experiencing the South’s fall during the Civil War, Holliday traveled to Philadelphia as a student at the Pennsylvania Dental College of Surgery. He became a skilled dentist during his time, and soon decided to travel to the Western frontier. Holliday became a legend of the West due to his friendship with Wyatt Earp and his participation in the O.K. Corral fight. His eventful life came to a close on November 8, 1887 after suffering from tuberculosis for most of his life.", "John Henry “Doc” Holliday (August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887) was an American gambler, gunfighter and dentist of the American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", "John Henry \"Doc\" Holliday (August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887) was an American dentist, gambler and gunfighter of the American Old West , who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", "Doc Holiday - Huckleberry 11x17 Poster - John Henry \"Doc\" Holliday (1851-1887) was an American gambler, gunfighter and dentist of the American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Poster says: \"I'll be your Huckleberry,\" as featured in the popular movie, Tombstone.  ", "Although he carried no badge, Wyatt Earp became the unofficial Chief of Police of Tombstone, partly because of his astute business sense, partly because of his friendship with the rather successful gambler and well-connected John \"Doc\" Holliday and partly because his brother, Virgil Earp, was already a deputized U.S. Marshal. Together with their brother Morgan, the Earps and Holliday set out to rid the town of the outlaws, often provoking gunfights under the authority of Virgil's badge until one day, the outlaw bandits had had enough.", "It was in Dodge City that Holliday saved Wyatt Earp’s life, solidifying their friendship forever. Several criminals one day accosted Earp, the assistant marshal at the time. As an outlaw approached Earp with a pistol from behind, Holliday shot the man and saved Earp. As Bat Masterson stated in Human Life Magazine in 1907, “Damon did no more for Pythias than Holliday did for Wyatt Earp”—referring to the Greek legend that symbolizes loyalty between friends.", "Not long after, Leonard, Head and Crane were shot in unrelated incidents, and the deal was off by default. But Ike became obsessed with the fear that if Wyatt revealed Ike’s traitorous intents, the cowboys would murder him. Suspicion ran like poison through the town. Because Wyatt’s pal Doc Holliday had been a friend of Leonard’s and possibly went to visit him on the day of the stagecoach robbery, many Tombstoners suspected him of involvement. Behan went so far as to ply Doc’s common-law wife, Big Nose Kate, with alcohol and get her to sign an affidavit accusing Doc; the charges were later thrown out. Some people suspected Behan of conspiracy with the cowboys, while others suspected the Earps.", "Wyatt Earp, gambler-lawman, USA (1848-1929) & John 'Doc' Holliday, gambler-lawman-dentist, United States (1851-1887) – these two roaming gamblers met in Texas when Earp saved Holliday's life, they then became friends and lawmen. Both were known to deal (profitably and crookedly) faro. Years after the famous 'Gunfight at the O.K. Corral' and Holliday's death from tuberculosis, Wyatt Earp played a controversial role as the referee of a 'prize fight of the century' in 1896 between Bob Fitzsimmons and Tom Sharkey. Fitzsimmons, heavily favoured and dominating the bout, was disqualified by referee Earp for a punch below the belt. Few saw the disqualifying blow and later reports spread about a conspiracy to fix the match. Fitzsimmons filed a lawsuit to overturn the referee's decision, leading a California judge to avoid having to make such a decision by ruling prize fighting illegal in the state.", "Dr. John \"Doc\" Holliday was a private citizen -- dentist, gambler, drunkard, and gunfighter. With tuberculosis and a deathwish, Holliday came to Tombstone with a trunk full of reputations. He had made dozens of enemies by the time he got there and one friend; Wyatt Earp, whose life he had once saved. He was asked by Virgil to help disarm the Clantons. But as the Cowboy side of the streetfight story has it that Holliday and Morgan were first to draw. If Tom really had been unarmed at the fight, it can be said that Doc Holliday was the only murderer of the day.", "Doc Holliday’s story has been portrayed and embellished in many films and television shows. His legend can be seen in films such as Tombstone, Doc, and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Throughout all of these representations, the man remains something of a mystery. As Wyatt Earp best stated in the San Francisco Examiner in August 1896, “He was a dentist, but he preferred to be a gambler…He was a philosopher, but he preferred to be a wag. He was long, lean, an ash-blond and the quickest man with a six-shooter I ever knew.” John Henry “Doc” Holliday, the man and legend, will be with American culture forever.", "Wyatt and Holliday, who had been fast friends since Holliday saved Earp's life in Dodge City during 1878, [36] had a serious disagreement \"when Holiday said something about Earp becoming 'a damn Jew-boy.'\" They parted ways in Albuquerque. Holliday and Dan Tipton rode on to Pueblo, Colorado while the rest of the group headed for Gunnison. [113]", "On this day in 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, USA, the Gunfight at the OK Corral took place.   The brothers Wyatt, Morgan and Virgil Earp, together with their good friend Doc Holliday (is there anything more terrifying than a dentist with an attitude?) fought Frank and Tom McLaury, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Billy Claiborne.   Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed.   Morgan Earp, Virgil Earp, and Doc Holliday were wounded.   Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran away from the fight, unharmed, and lived to get shot dead another day.   Trouble had been brewing between the two groups for a long time.   The Earps represented the establishment, and were often accused of abusing their power.   The other faction were the �Cowboys�, often complained of as being rowdy and lawless.   Virgil Earp was the City Marshal and Deputy US marshal for the area, and Morgan Earp was also a City Marshal, but neither Wyatt Earp nor Doc Holliday were law officers, and had no real business being involved.   The two were later charged with murder, but not indicted.   Who was to blame for the gunfight and who precisely did what to whom are topics that have sustained historical controversy, and Tombstone�s tourist industry, to this day.", "     Another of the issues that would arise during the Spicer Hearing, that would also find voice in Judge Spicer’s decision, was the role that Doc Holliday played in antagonizing the situation. Few in Tombstone would enthusiastically refer to Holliday as a “peaceable and unoffending citizen.” The Earps’ friendship with Holliday, and his role in the lead-up to the fight, would remain an Earp liability throughout the proceeding, so much so that Wyatt Earp would explain during the Spicer Hearing how he became friends with Holliday and why he remained friends with him throughout his time in Tombstone.", "Wyatt staked mining claims, rode shotgun for Wells Fargo and began to be involved in political matters.  The following year in 1880 his brothers Morgan and Warren moved to Tombstone and his old friend Doc Holliday also joined him.  With the brothers working together and Doc on board, along with Wyatt’s poloitcal and business contacts, the Earp’s influence was growing in Tombstone.", "Think of Doc Holliday as the 19th-century equivalent of TV’s loveable misanthrope Dr. House – with a six-shooter and a knife named Hell Bitch. Wyatt Earp said of his best friend, “Doc was a dentist, not a lawman or an assassin, whom necessity had made a gambler; a gentleman whom disease had made a frontier vagabond; a philosopher whom life had made a caustic wit.”", "On March 5, 1879, when the city of Tombstone was founded, it had about 100 people living in tents and a few shacks. By the time the Earps arrived nine months later on December 1, it had grown to about 1,000 residents. Wyatt brought horses and a buckboard wagon, which he planned to convert into a stagecoach, but on arrival he found two established stage lines already running. In Tombstone, the Earps staked mining claims and water rights interests, attempting to capitalize on the mining boom. Jim worked as a barkeep. On December 6, 1879, the three Earps and Robert J. Winders filed a location notice for the First North Extension of the Mountain Maid Mine. When none of their business interests proved fruitful, Wyatt was hired in April or May 1880 by Wells, Fargo & Co. agent Frederick James Dodge as a shotgun messenger on stagecoaches when they transported Wells Fargo strongboxes. In summer 1880, younger brothers Morgan arrived from Montana and Warren Earp moved to Tombstone as well. In September, Wyatt's friend Doc Holliday arrived from Prescott with $40,000 in gambling winnings in his pocket. ", "Although Holliday died in 1887, his legend continued to grow. He was the quintessential man of the Wild West, whose gambling and gun fighting brought him renown. Despite his stoic exterior, Holliday was a Southern gentleman to all and a friend to many. This mysterious combination has made him an American icon.", "In an 1896 article, Wyatt Earp had this to say about Holliday, \"Doc was a dentist not a lawman or an assman, whom necessity had made a gambler; a gentleman whom disease had made a frontier vagabond; a philosopher whom life had made a caustic wit; a long lean ash-blond fellow nearly dead with consumption, and at the same time the most skillful gambler and the nerviest, speediest, deadliest man with a gun that I ever knew.\"[8]", "He was a farmer, teamster, sometime buffalo hunter, officer of the law in various Western frontier towns, gambler, saloon-keeper, and miner. He is best known for his participation in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, along with Doc Holliday, and two of his brothers, Virgil Earp and Morgan Earp.", "Holliday had saved Wyatt Earp's life at one time and had become a close friend. He had been living in Prescott, Arizona Territory and making a living as a gambler since late 1879. There, he first met future Tombstone sheriff Johnny Behan, a sometime gambler and saloon owner. In late September 1880, Holliday followed the Earps to Tombstone. ", "Virgil Walter Earp (July 18, 1843 – October 19, 1905) was Tombstone, Arizona City Marshal when he led his brothers Morgan and Wyatt and Doc Holliday in a confrontation with outlaw Cowboys at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. They killed brothers Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys who were upset by the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. All four lawmen were charged with murder by Ike Clanton, who had run from the gunfight. During a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer exonerated the men, concluding they had been performing their duty.", "Publicly, Holliday could be as fierce as was needed for a gambling man to earn respect, and his reputation as a skilled gunfighter is generally agreed upon by historians. According to Tombstone resident George W. Parsons, Holliday told Johnny Ringo in January 1882, \"All I want of you is ten paces out in the street.\" Ringo and he were prevented from a gunfight by the Tombstone police, who arrested both. During the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Holliday initially carried a shotgun and shot at and may have killed Tom McLaury. Holliday was grazed by a bullet fired by Frank McLaury, and shot back. The coroner's inquest found that Frank had been shot in the stomach and under his ear, which killed him. Holliday was also part of a group of men led by Wyatt Earp guarding Virgil Earp, who had been maimed in an ambush in January. Once in Tucson, they found Frank Stilwell in the rail yard, and Holliday may have been one of several men who shot him. Holliday joined Wyatt and other men as part of a federal posse who killed three other outlaw Cowboys during the Earp Vendetta Ride. Holliday reported that he had been arrested 17 times, four attempts had been made to hang him, and that he survived ambush five times.", "\"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\" derives from one of the most celebrated shoot-outs in Western history in Tombstone, Arizona, on October 26, 1881... The semi-legendary confrontation had made of Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday, men of exceptional quality...", "Wyatt Earp has been credited with many heroic deeds including a pivotal role in a gun battle that became known as “The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral”.  An event that is grounded in historical fact became the subject of rumour, inuendo, exaggeration, lies, deception, avarice, artisitc license and more.  It is now and always will be, one of the greatest legends of the old west.", "Filed Under   Billy Clanton , Doc Holliday , History , Ike Clanton , Old West , Tom McLaury , Tombstone , Virgil Earp , Wyatt Earp", "Former lawman, faro dealer, and gambler Wyatt Earp worked in or owned several saloons during his lifetime, outright or in partnership with others. He and two of his brothers arrived in Tombstone, Arizona on December 1, 1879 and during January 1881, Oriental Saloon owner Lou Rickabaugh gave Wyatt Earp a one-quarter interest in the faro concession at the Oriental Saloon in exchange for his services as a manager and enforcer. Wyatt invited his friend, lawman and gambler Bat Masterson, to Tombstone to help him run the faro tables in the Oriental Saloon. In 1884, after leaving Tombstone, Wyatt and his wife Josie, Warren, James and Bessie Earp went to Eagle City, Idaho, another boom town. Wyatt was looking for gold in the Murray-Eagle mining district. They opened a saloon called The White Elephant in a circus tent. An advertisement in a local newspaper suggested gentlemen \"come and see the elephant\".", "In the Tombstone area in the 1880s, the term \"Cowboy\" or \"cow-boy\" was used pejoratively to describe men who had been implicated in various crimes. One loosely organized band was dubbed \"The Cowboys,\" and profited from smuggling cattle, alcohol, and tobacco across the U.S./Mexico border. The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, \"Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country...infinitely worse than the ordinary robber.\" It became an insult in the area to call someone a \"cowboy,\" as it suggested he was a horse thief, robber, or outlaw. Cattlemen were generally called herders or ranchers. The Cowboys' activities ultimately ended with the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and the resulting Earp Vendetta Ride.", "James Butler \"Wild Bill\" Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876) was a folk character of the American Old West known for his skills as a scout, lawman, gunfighter and gambler. He told many outlandish tales about his life and was regarded as a liar by many of his contemporaries. Some contemporary reports of his exploits are known to be fictitious but along with his own stories are the basis for much of his fame and reputation.", "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876), better known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West. His skills as a gunfighter and scout, along with his reputation as a lawman, provided the basis for his fame, although some of his reported exploits are fictionalized.", "Another version of how Hickok obtained the \"Wild Bill\" title is given by Mr. George Hance, a resident of Rolla Missouri, who knew both Lorenzo and James Hickok. According to Hance, Lorenzo was known as \"Tame Bill\", and James as \"Wild Bill\". Although the true version of how, or when, Hickok acquired the sobriquet may never be known, it is known that in this area of the country, during this time period, James Butler Hickok began being known as \"Wild Bill Hickok\"!", "Another version of how Hickok obtained the \"Wild Bill\" title is given by Mr. George Hance, a resident of Rolla Missouri, who knew both Lorenzo and James Hickok. According to Hance, Lorenzo was known as \"Tame Bill\", and James as \"Wild Bill\". Although the true version of how, or when, Hickok acquired the sobriquet may never be known, it is known that in this area of the country, during this time period, James Butler Hickok began being known as \"Wild Bill Hickok\"!", "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876), better known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a legendary figure in the American Wild West. He is perhaps the best known figure from that era. After fighting in the Union army during the American Civil War, he became a legendary army scout, and later, lawman and gunfighter." ]

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[ "When I found out the bus was going to New Orleans, I was over the moon as the city is home to a very special sandwich: the muffuletta.  Not only does the muffuletta originate in New Orleans, but its creation is also specific to one grocery store, which is still open.  In the early 1900s, Central Grocery was a market that catered to the Sicilian farmers that worked nearby.  In traditional Sicilian fashion, the farmers would buy meats, cheese, and bread, and eat it all separately.  Now considering that the farmers weren’t having nice, sit-down lunches, but instead attempted balance all of these ingredients on their laps, the meal was a bit perilous.  Luckily, the owner of Central Grocery, Salvatore Lupo, noticed these lunchtime difficulties, and figured out that the whole meal could be combined into one, easy to eat sandwich.  This sandwich, a phenomenal composition of capicola, salami, pepperoni, ham, swiss, provolone, and marinated olive salad, gets its name from the round muffuletta loaf that its served on.  And though the bread plays a defining role, it is actually the olive salad that truly makes a muffuletta.  In fact, this is so much a part of the muffuletta that Central Grocery sells it by the jar, for your own sandwich making adventures.", "Gaining a reputation as the signature sandwich of New Orleans, the Muffuletta is made up of layers of marinated olive salad, capicola, salami, pepperoni, provolone, and emmental atop a round loaf of bread. If you still have some room for dessert, try a beignet; French for 'fried dough', this sweet and simple pastry is sprinkled with powdered sugar.", "The muffuletta is a type of Sicilian bread , as well as a sandwich in New Orleans , Louisiana , which is made with that bread. Like many of the foreign-influenced names found in New Orleans, the pronunciation of \"muffuletta\" has evolved from its phonetic forebear. Some locals pronounce the word \"muff-uh-LOT-uh.\" The proprietors of Central Grocery pronounce it \"moo-foo-LET-ta.\"  The bread is a large, round, and somewhat flat loaf, around 10 inches (25 cm) across. It has a sturdy texture, and is described as being somewhat similar to focaccia .  Most sources state that the muffuletta sandwich had its American debut in 1906 in the New Orleans French Quarter at Central Grocery , although others have claimed to have invented it. At the time Central Grocery was operated by Salvatore Lupo, a Sicilian immigrant. The sandwich is popular with city natives and visitors, and has been described as \"one of the great sandwiches of the world.\" ", "Now, I’m a big fan of the “italian sub.”  I love the combination of meats, and the fact that while it is a pretty common sandwich, many establishments manage to make it their own .  And though the muffuletta could easily fit into this category due to its origins and ingredients, it really is in a class of its own.  Yes, it has components that you won’t find in any other italian sub, and its own bread, but what truly sets the muffuletta apart is its place in New Orleans culture, as well as in the sandwich culture in America.  Search online for the best muffuletta in New Orleans, and you’ll find heated battles between die-hard fans.  Everyone has their favorite muffuletta joint, and there are quite a few places around New Orleans that specialize in this unique sandwich.  Furthermore, the muffuletta left the Crescent City and can now be found in sandwich shops all over the country.", "This has resulted in an environment where foods introduced by newly-arrived cultural groups are appreciated and readily accepted. Most families of the region also enjoy Italian pasta and stuffed artichokes. In New Orleans, every ethnic group claims the muffuletta, a large sandwich with several meats, cheeses, and olive salad.", "The cuisine of New Orleans encompasses common dishes and foods in New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States. Some of the dishes originated in New Orleans, while others are common and popular in the city and surrounding areas, such as the Mississippi River Delta and southern Louisiana. The cuisine of New Orleans is heavily influenced by Creole cuisine, Cajun cuisine, and soul food. Seafood also plays a prominent part in the cuisine. Dishes invented in New Orleans include po' boy and muffuletta sandwiches, oysters Rockefeller and oysters Bienville, pompano en papillote, and bananas Foster, among others.", "The forms muffoletta and its iterations are modern Italianisms of the original Sicilian. Like many of the foreign-influenced terms found in New Orleans, pronunciation has evolved from a phonetic forebear.", "The New Orleans muffuletta is made using a round loaf of soft white bread crusted with sesame seeds. The bread they use at Central is actually not that special: white soft french bread dough with sesame seeds on top. There are frankly many other Italian breads that have much more interesting taste. But, it is the ingredients that count! The bread at Central is round, and about 10 inches across, with mortadella, ham, genoa salami, mozzarella and provolone cheeses, and most importantly its signature olive salad. Overall, it is much richer in its ingredients than the Sicilian original. The best places to get a muffuletta like that are Central Grocery on Decatur Street, Napoleon House on Chartres Street, Liuzza's on Bienville Street, Arabi Food Store on Friscoville Avenue and Progress Grocery in Metairie.", "\"Certain dishes are so ingrained in this region's stew-pot cuisine that to eliminate them would be unthinkable. One is muffuletta, an Italian submarine-type sandwich with a distinctive olive salad. It was created at Central Grocery Store in the early 1900s and still is sold there. Marie Lupo Tusa, daughter of the grocery's founder, tells the story of the sandwich's origin in her cookbook, Marie's Melting Pot (1980). Sicilian farmers selling produce at the nearby Farmers' Market stopped at the grocery every day for lunch. \"They would order some salami, some ham, a piece of cheese, a little olive salad and either long braided Italian bread or round muffuletta bread,\" Tusa wrote. \"In typical Sicilian fashion they ate everything separately.\" Her father decided it would be easier for the farmers if he cut the bread and put everything on it like a sandwich. After experimenting, he determined that the softer muffuletta bread worked better than the crusty Italian loaves, Tusa says. Shortly, the farmers began asking simply for the \"muffuletta.\"", "A traditional-style muffuletta sandwich consists of a muffuletta loaf split horizontally and covered with layers of marinated olive salad, mortadella, salami, mozzarella, ham, and provolone. The sandwich is sometimes heated to soften the provolone. Quarter, half, and full-sized muffulettas are sold.", "The sandwich is built on a base of lightly buttered Cuban bread and contains sliced roast pork, thinly sliced Serrano ham, Swiss cheese, dill pickles, and yellow mustard. In Tampa, Genoa salami is traditionally layered in with the other meats, probably due to influence of Italian immigrants who lived side-by-side with Cubans and Spaniards in Ybor City. Tomatoes and lettuce are available additions in many restaurants, but these are considered by traditionalists as an unacceptable Americanization of the sandwich. ", "\"Phillufia, or Philly, which is what we kids called the city, was where the epicurean delight made with cold cuts, cheese, tomatoes, pickles, and onions stuffed into a long, hard-crusted Italian bread loaf was invented. The creation of that sandwich took place in tile Italian pushcart section of the city, known as Hog Island. Some linguists contend that it was but a short leap from Hog Island to hoagie. while others claim that the label hoagie arose because only a hog had the appetite or technique to eat one properly.\"", "\"Settlers from Naples, Sicily, Calabria and Abruzzo poured into South Philadelphia in the 1880's and 1890's, and in the 1950's singers like Mario Lanza, Frankie Avalon, Fabian and Bobby Rydell sprang from these hard streets...According to those who have explored the murky recesses of local food history, hoagies owe their name to the Hog Island shipyard on the Delaware River. During the Depression, or so the story goes, construction workers there used to buy Italian sandwiches from a luncheonette operated by one Al DePalma, who called them ''hoggies.'' Time changed the name to hoagies. Hoagies are not fundamentally different from New York's heroes or Boston's grinders or Everytown's submarines. Call them what you like, but Philadelphia must eat more per capita than anyplace else, and in a city where almost everybody, including Wawa convenience stores, fills eight-inch-long bread rolls with cold cuts, South Philadelphia fills them better than anyone. The bread is the key to quality. So who better to make a great hoagie than a great bakery? That would be Sarcone's, a fixture on Ninth Street, which a few years ago opened a tiny deli a few doors away. Its Old Fashioned Italian (Gourmet) hoagie is a minor masterpiece. A roll with a crunchy seeded crust and a soft, yet densely chewy, interior provides a solid base with plenty of absorptive power. Both are sorely needed after they pile on the prosciutto, coppa, spicy sopressata, provolone, oregano, tomatoes, onions, hot peppers, oil and vinegar.\"", "The term hoagie originated in the Philadelphia area. The Philadelphia Bulletin reported, in 1953, that Italians working at the World War I–era shipyard in Philadelphia known as Hog Island, where emergency shipping was produced for the war effort, introduced the sandwich by putting various meats, cheeses, and lettuce between two slices of bread. This became known as the \"Hog Island\" sandwich; shortened to \"Hoggies\", then the \"hoagie\".", "Having originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, created by the French, but enhanced by additions from other cultures, gumbo is the result of the melting of cultures in Louisianan history. For example, the dish itself is based on the French soup bouillabaisse , along with the \"Holy Trinity,\" which is of Spanish origin and the use of fil� powder (ground sassafras leaves) which is Native American. But the dish got its name from the French interpretation of the West African vegetable okra. Currently, the dish is very common in Louisiana , Southeast Texas , southern Mississippi and Alabama , and the Lowcountry around Charleston, South Carolina , near Brunswick, Georgia and among native Louisianians throughout the country. It is eaten year-round, but is usually prepared during the colder months.", "Fred Schmidt—the chef at Louisville, Kentucky's Brown Hotel—invented the Hot Brown in 1926 upon hearing that the Louisville party crowd was tired of the ham and eggs that the hotel served midnight snackers. The sandwich was an instant success with a Prohibition-era crowd that must have been dodging Prohibition. It's a slice of Texas toast topped with roasted turkey breast, creamy Mornay sauce, and cheese, then broiled until the cheese begins to bubble, topped with two slices of bacon, and served open-faced. Some people add chopped tomatoes to the Mornay sauce or ham to the toast.", "Tourists are also drawn to the city's culinary scene, which comprises a mix of urban establishments garnering national attention, ethnic restaurants serving cuisine from every corner of the world, and traditional eateries specializing in Southern dining. Since the turn of the 21st century, Atlanta has emerged as a sophisticated restaurant town. Many restaurants opened in the city's gentrifying neighborhoods have received praise at the national level, including Bocado, Bacchanalia, and Miller Union in West Midtown, Empire State South in Midtown, and Two Urban Licks and Rathbun's on the east side. In 2011, the New York Times characterized Empire State South and Miller Union as reflecting \"a new kind of sophisticated Southern sensibility centered on the farm but experienced in the city.\" Visitors seeking to sample international Atlanta are directed to Buford Highway, the city's international corridor. There, the million-plus immigrants that make Atlanta home have established various authentic ethnic restaurants representing virtually every nationality on the globe. For traditional Southern fare, one of the city's most famous establishments is The Varsity, a long-lived fast food chain and the world's largest drive-in restaurant. Mary Mac's Tea Room and Paschal's are more formal destinations for Southern food.", "In the 1950s, Jacksonville was home to Insta-Burger King, which sold $.18 hamburgers and milkshakes. Nowadays, the name is different, but their HQ is still in Miami. And lest you think it's all burgers and fries (and old people) in the Sunshine State, FL has also spawned the healthy Giardino Gourmet Salads, the chicken-forward joints PDQ and Pollo Tropical, the seafood-heavy Snappers, and the Tex-Mex-flavored Tijuana Flats. Florida is also home to some of the best fast-food from the South, like Bojangles, Whataburger, and Krystal.", "South Carolina's a tough call. Its signature cuisine teeter-totters between soul food and barbecue depending on who you ask, but the best bite for us has got to be the shrimp & grits at Hominy Grill. You'll be elbow to elbow with South Carolinians devouring the Charleston Nasty chicken biscuit sandwich, but don't veer from the all-important Southern staple, shrimp & grits. Hominy takes its name from the type of corn used in said grits, which come from a local water-powered mill, then are perfectly cheesed up and studded with a crown of shrimp, crispy bacon, and umami-enhancing veggies (mushrooms, scallions) that make these the kind of true grits even John Wayne couldn't top.", "Submarine sandwiches are properly called \"hoagies\" in Philadelphia (and other parts of Southeastern Pennsylvania, as well as South Jersey and most of New Castle County, Delaware), and are also properly made on the Philly-area Italian roll used for cheesesteaks.", "Dante & Luigi’s also serves up mob history. It has been a South Philadelphia landmark for generations. A great wine list and excellent pasta and seafood are the marks of this small, but comfortable, corner dining spot at 10th and Catharine.", "Capriotti's Sandwich Shop, founded in Wilmington, Delaware in 1976, harbors the king sandwich of Delaware for one GOOD reader. The Bobbie, Capriotti's all-time bestseller, is a Thanksgiving delight.", "Interestingly, the ancestors of most Italian Americans are from the South; the dire poverty of southern Italy led to large-scale emigration from regions like Campania , Calabria , and Sicily to the United States . It follows logically that Italian-American cuisine is mainly derived from the cuisines of southern Italy. Pizza, pastas with tomato sauce, organ meats, and eggplant-based dishes are all common components of both southern Italian and Italian-American cuisine. Southern Italy is a historically poor region, and so the population used what they had available—inexpensive ingredients like capers and olives, hot peppers, garlic, and anchovies—to create flavorful and unique dishes. Unlike the northern pastas from regions such as Emilia-Romagna, southern pastas are made without eggs and from harder flour and are often shaped rather than rolled, resulting in a chewier pasta like orecchiette (\"little ears\") from Apulia (Puglia) or conchiglie (shells) from Campania. These less-rich pastas need heavier sauces.", "Fried bologna sandwiches (that are actually grilled) can be found on many no-frills restaurant menus throughout the Natural State. But the best happens to be at this truck stop in Gurdon. Southfork’s ain’t fancy, but they serve up a mean version of this lowbrow lunch. Thick pieces of baloney are served on white bread with lettuce, tomato, pickle, onion and a generous slab of mayo. Just the way it should be.", "Mozzarella (;) is a southern Italian cheese traditionally made from Italian buffalo milk by the pasta filata method. Mozzarella received a Traditional Specialities Guaranteed certification from the European Union in 1998. This protection scheme requires that mozzarella sold in the European Union is produced according to a traditional recipe. The TSG certification does not specify the source of the milk, so any type of milk can be used. In Italy mozzarella made with the milk of the Italian water buffalo is an important variety. The Italian buffalo mozzarella sold as Mozzarella di Bufala Campana is protected under the EU's Protected Designation of Origin scheme and may only be produced in select locations in the regions of Campania, Lazio, Apulia and Molise.", "Middle Eastern and Greek foods are also becoming popular in the United States. The gyro (known as \"doner kebab\", \"shawarma\", \"gyros\" or \"souvlaki\" in Europe) is a popular Greek sandwich on a pita bread topped with lettuce, tomatoes and a yogurt-cucumber like tzatziki sauce. Hummus (a ground chickpea dip/spread) and baklava pastries are frequently found in supermarkets, along with an increasingly widespread and high-quality array of \"pita\" products.", "ocated 2 miles from downtown State College, at the corner of West College and Cato Avenues, Gigiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Restaurant, is the place where an upscale metropolitan atmosphere meets southern hospitality. At Gigiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, the American cuisine tradition is respected while the constantly evolving palate is explored. Our food and drinks are expressions of our experiences and visions. Gigiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s offers mid priced casual dining, â&#x20AC;&#x153;urban chicâ&#x20AC;? dĂŠcor, and is the perfect destination for lunch meetings, date night, happy hour, ladies night, dinner or private events. Locally owned and managed, Gigiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s serves classic American fare with a contemporary flair. Strongly influenced by Southern style cuisine and French culinary methods, Gigiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flavor combinations and plate", "Prolific food writer, cookbook author, and radio talk show host Arthur Schwartz brings his profound love of Southern Italian cuisine to center stage with this new cookbook. The result is a simultaneous ode and guide to the ingenuity, tradition, and soul of the region’s world-famous cooking, with a comprehensive recipe guide that covers everything from antipasti and insalate to pesce, carne, verdure, and dolci. Recipes are matched with their region of origin, providing cultural context to further enrich dishes like Aeolian Salad or Calabrian Pasta with Shrimp, Fennel Seed, and Arugula. What distinguishes Schwartz’s book is its intimate, personal approach, rendering the whole experience familiar, an authentic homage- rather than culinary exploitation - of rich, enduring, and delicious Southern Italian traditions.", "Visit the agritourismo of Masseria Montenapoleone in Pezze di Greco for an evening of traditional southern Italian cuisine. Here, local chefs will show you how to make fresh pasta and focaccia bread, which you'll taste alongside local olive oil and wine. After your cooking class, enjoy a three-course meal of local specialties—and more wine.", "huguenot torte – A southern dessert that is a baked apple, filled with a nut mixture and garnished with whipped cream and additional nuts.", "In a 2005 article from Il Golfo—a daily newspaper serving the Italian islands of Ischia and Procida—Annarita Cuomo asserted that sugo alla puttanesca was invented in the 1950s by Sandro Petti, co-owner of Rancio Fellone, a famous Ischian restaurant and nightspot. According to Cuomo, Petti's moment of inspiration came when—near closing one evening—Petti found a group of customers sitting at one of his tables. He was low on ingredients and so told them he didn't have enough to make them a meal. They complained that it was late and they were hungry. \"Facci una puttanata qualsiasi,\" or \"Make any kind of garbage,\" they insisted. Petti had nothing more than four tomatoes, two olives and some capers—the basic ingredients for the sugo, “So I used them to make the sauce for the spaghetti,” Petti told Cuomo. Later, Petti included this dish on his menu as spaghetti alla puttanesca.", "\"Red-eye gravy served with ham and grits is arguably the most \"Southern\" of any Southern breakfast combination. The origin of the name of this gravy, however, is somewhat mythical. According to one theory, Andrew Jackson once asked a cook for gravy as red as the cook's eyes. Another source purports that the appearance of a \"red eye\" in the middle of a pan of a correctly made ham gravy reduction is what gives this sauce its name. The propular way to make it is perhaps equally contentious...Served on hot toasted cornbread, this makes a delightful breakfast.\"" ]

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[ "Robert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 – March 12, 2001) was an American author of 27 thriller novels, best known as the creator of Jason Bourne from the original The Bourne Trilogy series. The number of copies of his books in print is estimated between 290 million and 500 million. They have been published in 33 languages and 40 countries. Ludlum also published books under the pseudonyms Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd.", "ROBERT LUDLUM was the author of twenty-one novels, each one a New York Times bestseller. There are more than 210 million of his books in print, and they have been translated into thirty-two languages. He is the author of The Scarlatti Inheritance, The Chancellor Manuscript, and the Jason Bourne series--The Bourne Identity, The Bourne Supremacy, and The Bourne Ultimatum--among others. Mr. Ludlum passed away in March, 2001.", "ROBERT LUDLUM was the author of twenty-seven novels, each one a New York Times bestseller. There are more than 225 million of his books in print, and they have been translated into thirty-two languages. He is the author of The Scarlatti Inheritance, The Chancellor Manuscript, and the Jason Bourne series--The Bourne Identity, The Bourne Supremacy, and The Bourne Ultimatum--among others. Mr. Ludlum passed away in March 2001. To learn more, visit www.Robert-Ludlum.com.", "Robert Ludlum 1927 � 2001) was an American author of 27 thriller novels. , the Bourne Identity, \"The Icarus Agenda\" published in 1988", "The best-selling suspense novel by late author Robert Ludlum comes to the screen for a second time, following a 1988 made-for-TV movie. Matt Damon stars as Jason Bourne, a barely alive amnesiac with a pair of bullet wounds in his back, pulled from the Mediterranean by Italian fishermen. Bourne's only clue to his own identity is a bank account number etched on a capsule implanted in his body. He quickly finds the Zurich bank where money, a gun, and a few identification documents await, but after he's pursued by security goons at the American consulate, Bourne realizes he can trust no one and offers a German gypsy named Marie (Franka Potente) ten thousand dollars for a ride to Paris. Encountering more professional killers bent on his destruction, Bourne discovers that he possesses a surprising degree of skill in combat, martial arts, and linguistics -- handy talents that clearly indicate his past includes work as a spy and assassin, but for whom? With Marie's reluctant help, Bourne edges closer to the truth, something CIA officials want concealed at all costs. The Bourne Identity co-stars Chris Cooper, Clive Owen, Brian Cox, and Julia Stiles. ~ Karl Williams, Rovi", "Among the most popular books by Robert Ludlum is the Bourne series. Although these books were not written and published one immediately after the other, they still form a trilogy sequel of one another. Even after his passing away, the legacy of Robert Ludlum’s Bourne trilogy has been propagated by the author Eric Van Lustbader in books such as The Bourne Betrayal and The Bourne Dominion among many others.", "Robert Ludlum has been dead for a decade and one-half, yet his Bourne series lives on. The Bourne Identity, released in 1980, is Book 1 in the 12 book series. It is an excellent espionage/spy thriller that has inspired two movies (the second is better than the first), however, Books 2 and 3 (The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum) are better than the Bourne Identity. Books 4 -12 in the series were written after Ludlum's death by Eric Van Lustbader and are all disappointing or worse.", "The series has included twelve novels which have been written by two authors, Robert Ludlum and Eric Van Lustbader. Ludlum's series include the first three books, better known as the Bourne trilogy. After Ludlum's death in 2001, Lustbader took over the character in his own series of novels, which span nine books so far, with a tenth (The Bourne Enigma) currently being completed.", "I suppose it’s because he shares so many traits with one of my own characters, Nicholas Linnear [from The Ninja ].  In fact these were the characters Bob [Ludlum] and I spoke about when we first met in the summer of 1980. Both The Bourne Identity and The Ninja were on the New York Times bestseller lists. Bob had read The Ninja, loved it, and wanted to meet me–a singular honor, since he was very private and not at all social.", "Alex Rider is a 14-year-old schoolboy who lives with his uncle Ian and their housekeeper Jack Starbright. Ian is supposedly a bank manager and is, much to Alex's regret, often away from home. One day, Alex is told that his uncle has died in a car crash, but quickly discovers that his uncle was in fact a spy working for MI6 and that he was killed by the assassin, Yassen Gregorovich.", "Description : From John Wilkes Booth to Lee Harvey Oswald, there have been more than two dozen assassination attempts on the President of the United States. Four have been successful. But now, Beecher White--the hero of the #1 New York Times bestseller The Inner Circle--discovers a killer in Washington, D.C., who's meticulously re-creating the crimes of these four men. Historians have branded them as four lone wolves. But what if they were wrong? Beecher is about to discover the truth: that during the course of a hundred years, all four assassins were secretly working together. What was their purpose? For whom do they really work? And why are they planning to kill the current President? Beecher's about to find out. And most terrifyingly, he's about to come face-to-face with the fifth assassin.", "Ambushed and nearly killed in Bali, Jason Bourne fakes his death and hunts the would-be assassin. Meanwhile, Soraya Moore, the CIA’s Middle East director, investigates the bombing of an American airliner over Egypt. Moore believes Bourne is dead—but then their missions overlap. Violence and strong language. Bestseller. 2009.", "Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Nykwana Wombosi: a deposed African dictator who was Bourne's last target prior to his amnesia.", "MI6 agent James Bond meets a Swiss banker in Bilbao, Spain to retrieve money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M. Bond tells the banker that King was buying a report stolen from an MI6 agent who was killed for it, and wants to know who killed him. The banker is killed by his assistant before he can reveal the assassin's name. Bond escapes with the money, but it is revealed to be booby-trapped, and Sir Robert is killed by an explosion inside MI6 headquarters back in London. Bond gives chase to the assistant/assassin on a boat on the Thames to the Millennium Dome, where she attempts to escape via hot air balloon. Bond offers her protection, but she refuses, then causes the balloon to explode, killing herself.", "The professional assassin called “The Jackal” is many men, his successive identities making him effectively invisible. In this carefully wrought tale of international suspense, Detective Claude Lebel discovers that the killer’s next target is Charles de Gaulle, President of France. A traditional political conspiracy thriller, author Frederick Forsyth also gives the reader a mystery to solve, as we move with Lebel through his desperate quest to uncover the executioner’s unknown identity in time to save the French leader. (1971)", "Martin Blank is a professional assassin. He is sent on a mission to a small Detroit suburb, Grosse Pointe, and, by coincidence, his ten-year high school reunion party is taking place there at the same time.", "Professional assassin Martin Blank finds himself depressed, disenchanted and bored with his work. A major problem is his chief rival Grocer, whose effort to cartelize the hitman business puts him at potentially lethal odds with the unaffiliated Martin. Following a botched contract, Martin receives an invitation to his 10-year high school reunion in his hometown of Grosse Pointe, Michigan. Initially reluctant to attend, he is pressured into it by both his therapist, Dr. Oatman, and his secretary, Marcella. She books him a contract in Michigan that coincides with the reunion, ostensibly to smooth things over with the client whose contract was botched.", "Fleming's third Bond novel, Moonraker, establishes M's initials as \"M**** M*******\" and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles. In the final novel of the series, The Man with the Golden Gun, M's full identity is revealed as Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG; Messervy had been appointed to head of MI6 after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk.", "Frederick Forsyth's classic contribution to the thriller genre is The Day of the Jackal, an electrifying story about a man who is known only as the Jackal, the world's most dangerous, enigmatic, and elusive assassin. The Jackal has a new and extremely dangerous contract: to kill Charles de Gaulle, the world's most heavily guarded man. Definitely among the all-time greats.", "A secretive hitman who was the most expensive assassin in the world, needing only a single bullet to complete each job, he liked to kill his targets with a gold-plated single-shot pistol which could be disassembled into a pen, a lighter, cuff links and a cigarette case for easy disguise. Played with nonchalent arrogance by Christopher Lee, a cousin of Ian Fleming.", "The “jackal” of the title is the code name for a man who may (or may not) be a British citizen specializing in professional assassinations. He allegedly killed Trujillo of the Dominican Republic in 1961 and, now, two years later, he has been hired by a group of Frenchmen who want de Gaulle assassinated. His price is $500,000; he says, “and considering that I’m handing you France, I wouldn’t call that expensive.” Zinnemann, working from Frederick Forsyth ’s bestseller, tells both sides of the story that unfolds during the summer of 1963. The jackal prepares two disguises and three identities, gets a legal passport by applying in the name of a child who died in 1931, and calls on European experts for his materials.", "MI6 agents James Bond (007) and Eve assist on a mission in Turkey in which an MI6 operative has been killed and a Solid State drive stolen. The drive contained details of all NATO agents operating undercover in terrorist organisations. Bond and Eve chase the assailant, the French mercenary Patrice , and attempt to recover the disk. During the chase, Bond is shot in the shoulder, but continues his pursuit, until he is shot from a train by Eve, who misjudged her shot as it was meant to hit Patrice. He is posted as \"missing, presumed killed\".", "Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing.", "Six Degrees Of Assassination is a gripping thriller about the murder of the British Prime Minister which is available to download from  Audible.co.uk  to a host of devices. The action follows an MI5 investigation into the assassination of the British Prime Minister. Six people, from assassin to mastermind, are unravelled from a web-like, complex chain of command — each of them a vital step towards uncovering the truth. It’s action-packed and, because it’s pumped right into your lug holes, unbearably tense.", "Ian Lancaster Fleming (May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, best remembered for the James Bond series of novels.", "Main protagonist (hero) in the above books. Works for CIA in various capacities. During earlier books exhibited a pathological fear of flying caused by severe injuries he sustained in a helicopter crash, magnified by the loss of his parents in an airplane crash. Made a large amount of money through LBO of Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. Was a broker at Merrill Lynch in Baltimore.", "Following Day 8 , Jack was forced to flee the United States , wanted by both the U.S. and Russian governments for killing several Russian diplomats involved in a terrorist conspiracy in revenge for the death of his loved one . After four years spent living in hiding in Eastern Europe , Jack resurfaced in London after receiving word of an assassination attempt against his former mentor, President James Heller and a possible prelude to a much more devastating attack. During the course of Day 9, Jack was given a full Presidential pardon for the crimes he committed four years prior, on Day 8, and for any crimes he had committed in assisting President James Heller to stop the drone attacks by Margot Al-Harazi ; freeing him of his fugitive status in United States. However, he later surrendered himself to the Russians in exchange for the life of his friend Chloe O'Brian .", "David John Moore Cornwell (born 19 October 1931), pen name John le Carr?, is a British author of espionage novels. During the 1950s and the 1960s, Cornwell worked for the Security Service and the Secret Intelligence Service, and began writing novels under a pen name. His third novel The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) became an international best-seller, and it remains one of his best-known works. Following the success of this novel, he left MI6 to become a full-time author.", "Through the 1980s, conspiracy theorists  and alleged intelligence experts speculated on the identity of the Fifth Man.  The book Spycatcher, written by retired MI5 senior officer Peter Wright in 1985, accused the former director of MI5 Roger Hollis of being the Fifth Man.  The book was banned in the U.K. but published in Australia, and it remained on the New York Times bestseller list for 8 months.", "Q2 In the novel “The Day of the Jackal” who is the target of The Jackal’s assassination attempt?", "George Smiley is a fictional character created by John le Carré. Smiley is a career intelligence officer with \"The Circus\", the British overseas intelligence agency.", "The Hunt For Red October  was written by Tom Clancy and published in 1984. A huge commercial and critical success, it is often mentioned as one of the best spy novels of all time. It was the basis for a successful movie starring Sean Connery and Alec Baldwin." ]

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[ "Super Size Me is a 2004 American documentary film directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, an American independent filmmaker. Spurlock's film follows a 30-day period from February 1 to March 2, 2003, during which he ate only McDonald's food. The film documents this lifestyle's drastic effect on Spurlock's physical and psychological well-being, and explores the fast food industry's corporate influence, including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit.", "His film Super Size Me debuted in 2004 at the Sundance film festival where it was nominated for the Grand Jury prize and won for Best Documentary director. The documentary followed Spurlock on a 30-day mission to show the effects McDonald's food can have on the human body. Every day for a month, Spurlock would eat food from McDonalds. He ate three full meals daily, and would supersize his fries and drink whenever asked.", "Super Size Me is a 2004 documentary film by Morgan Spurlock, which follows a 30-day time period in 2003 during which Spurlock eats only McDonald's food and increases body mass by 13%. In contrast, 2007 Johan Groundstroem on a hamburger-only diet lost 30% body mass. These culturally recognized events are not to be confused with clinical diet studies—where total caloric intake in addition to food types are monitored.", "Even if you have never tried to cure your cravings for fast food by overdosing on it, you may be getting a sense of déjà vu. That’s because Karimi was a volunteer in an experiment based on the 2004 documentary Super Size Me. In the movie, film-maker Morgan Spurlock spent 30 days eating exclusively at McDonald’s, never turning down an offer to “supersize” to a bigger portion, and avoiding physical exertion. Karimi followed a similar regime, gorging himself on energy- dense food and keeping exercise to a minimum.", "Analysis of Super Size Me - Analysis of \"Super Size Me\"      Morgan Spurlock decided to make this documentary to investigate the fast food companies, and the effects of certain fast food chains products, particularly McDonalds, on the health of society. This Documentary explores the United States growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes as well. Morgan decides to eat nothing but McDonald's food for thirty days. He must eat one of everything on the menu at least once, and when asked to super size his meal he must do so. Another stipulation of Morgan's experiment is that he can only take 5,000 steps a day to replicate the exercise that most average Americans get on a daily basis....   [tags: Film Movies McDonalds Obesity Essays Papers]", "Morgan Spurlock’s “Super Size Me,” which hilariously chronicles his monthlong feeding frenzy on an all-McDonald’s diet, was among the documentary nominees. Also nominated: “Born into Brothels,” “The Story of the Weeping Camel,” “Tupac: Resurrection,” and “Twist of Faith.”", "The film depicts an experiment he conducted in 2003, in which he ate three McDonald's meals a day every day (and nothing else) for 30 days. The film's title derives from one of the rules of Spurlock's experiment: he would not refuse the \"super-size\" option whenever it was offered to him and would never ask for it himself. The result, according to Spurlock, was a diet with twice the calories recommended by the USDA. Further, Spurlock attempted to curtail his physical activity to better match the exercise habits of the average American (he previously walked about 3 miles a day, whereas the average American walks 1.5 miles).", "Morgan Spurlock pledges to only eat McDonald’s and gains 25 pounds in 30 days. It took him 14 months to lose the weight.", "Plot Intro: A man eats three meals each day for 30 days at McDonalds. He orders the super-sized meal whenever the person asks him if he wants to \"super-size that.\" And he is monitored by a doctor and worried over by his vegan-girlfriend.", "Morgan Spurlock's ''Super Size Me,'' a chronicle of the filmmaker's fate when he went on an all-McDonald's diet, was among the nominees in the documentary category. (Mr. Moore asked that ''Fahrenheit 9/11'' not be considered in that category.)", "Spurlock's docudrama Super Size Me was released in the U.S. on May 7, 2004. This production was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary feature. He conceived the idea for the film when he was at his parents' house for Thanksgiving, and while watching TV saw a news story about a lawsuit brought against McDonald's by two teenage girls who blamed the fast food chain for their obesity.", "The case was in fact dismissed because the teens' attorneys failed to show that a McDonald's-only diet could alone cause serious health problems. When he heard about Pelman v. McDonald's on the news after a filling Thanksgiving feast, Morgan Spurlock decided to take the matter into his own hands. Maybe the lawyers couldn't prove beyond a reasonable doubt that McDonald's can be lethal, but then they probably weren't willing to eat nothing but McFood for 30 days. Well, Spurlock was. And lucky for us, and for the fat land we call America, he filmed it.", "Morgan Spurlock is a documentary filmmaker, humorist, television producer, screenwriter, and political activist, best known for the documentary films “Super Size” Me and “This Is Us”. Spurlock was the executive producer and star of the reality television series “30 Days”. As of June 2013, Spurlock hosts and produces the CNN show “Inside Man” and is the co-founder of short-film content marketing company cinelan, which produced the Focus Forward campaign for GE.", "Since it focuses on a fictional fast food chain called Hella-Burger, the slasher film Drive Thru features a lot of these, including one played by the director of Super Size Me .", "Spurlock ate at McDonald's restaurants three times per day, eating every item on the chain's menu at least once. Spurlock consumed an average of 20.9 megajoules or 5,000 kcal (the equivalent of 9.26 Big Macs) per day during the experiment. An intake of around 2,500 kcal within a healthy balanced diet is more generally recommended for a man to maintain his weight. As a result, the then-32-year-old Spurlock gained , a 13% body mass increase, increased his cholesterol to 230 mg/dL, and experienced mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and fat accumulation in his liver. It took Spurlock fourteen months to lose the weight gained from his experiment using a vegan diet supervised by his then-girlfriend, a chef who specializes in gourmet vegan dishes.", "Well, it is not recorded that he shrunk. In fact, Spurlock, forsaking his vegan girlfriend's healthy cuisine, gained about 25 pounds and saw his cholesterol level shoot up to dangerous levels as he huffed and puffed his way three times a day through myriad Big Macs and fillet o' fish sandwiches, milk shakes, sodas, fries and other not-so-delicate items from the menu of the world's largest purveyor of fast food. He had hired three doctors and a registered dietician to check his vital signs and give him a thorough physical exam prior to this experiment in not-so-fine dining. Before the gorging was done all three doctors and the dietician advised him in the most uncertain terms for the sake of his health to stop eating the sugar-laden, fat-smeared, nearly fiber-free \"diet.\" But Spurlock, trooper that he is, amid the McTingles and the McPukes, hung in there until the very end.", "Taco Bell is an American chain of fast-food restaurants based in Irvine, California . A subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. , they serve a variety of Tex-Mex foods, including tacos , burritos , quesadillas , nachos , other specialty items, and a variety of “ value menu ” items. Taco Bell serves more than 2 billion customers each year in 7,000 restaurants, more than 80 percent of which are owned and operated by independent franchisees and licensees.", "Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits (sometimes named Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen or Popeyes Chicken & Seafood; often referred to as just Popeyes) is a chain of fried chicken fast food restaurants, owned since 1993 by the Sandy Springs, Georgia -based AFC Enterprises , which was originally America's Favorite Chicken Company.  According to a company press release dated June 29, 2007, Popeyes is the second-largest \"quick-service chicken restaurant group, measured by number of units,\" with more than 1,800 restaurants in more than 40 states, the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and 20 countries worldwide including Turkey , China , Hong Kong , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , United Arab Emirates , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , Singapore , Canada , Jamaica , Mexico , Trinidad , Honduras , Vietnam and Panama . About thirty locations are company-owned, the rest franchised .", "Supersize me : A documentary of epicurean portions! A splendid documentary about the dangers of fast food. Morgan Spurlock (Writer, Director, Actor) embarks on a dangerous experiment. What would happen if he ate fast food for every meal? Is there any substance behind the claims that fast food is bad for you? This eye opening documentary is well crafted, well thought out, and well executed. An excellent effort. I give it a 5 out of 5.", "The result of the fast-food diet sent Spurlock into mental and physical health problems. After 30 days he had gained 25 pounds and been diagnosed with depression and was suffering from liver dysfunction.", "The world's largest chain of fast food restaurants that serve around 68 million customers each day in 119 countries began operation in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant run by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California. The original restaurant was named \"McDonald's Famous Barbeque\" and served over forty barbequed items.", "\"Super Size Me\" received rave reviews and earned Spurlock an Oscar nomination for Best Documentary, Features, and a Grand Jury Prize nomination at the Sundance Film Festival. He also took home Writers Guild of America (WGA)'s Documentary Screenplay Award, Sundance Film Festival's Directing Award--Documentary, Edinburgh International Film Festival's New Director's Award, and Full Frame Documentary Film Festival's MTV News:Docs:Prize.", "And the success of \"Super Size Me,\" Spurlock created the reality series \"30 Days.\" The show has been airing on FX since June 15, 2005, and its 3rd season premiered on June 3, 2008. He recently co-wrote, produced, directed and starred in the documentary \"Where in the World is Osama Bin Laden?\" which debuted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival.", "Sanders died, at the age of 90, in 1980; Harman, at 95, in 2014. Last week, with security guards on hand to manage the crowd of eager patrons, KFC opened the first U.S. fast-food-chain restaurant in Rangoon, Burma. That’s a long way, in time and place, from Corbin, Kentucky, where once, in the early 1930s, a travelling salesman exclaimed to a service-station manager, “Damn! There ain’t a decent place around here to eat!”", "You've got to feel at least a bit nostalgic for a time when a trip to McDonald's was an incredibly exciting and highly anticipated lunchtime event. As an adult, McDonald's is usually more of a convenience affair exclusive to travel and times when we're in such a rush we can't be bothered to consume anything with marginal nutritional value. As a kid, though, McDonald's was the be-all end-all of fine dining. Give us some nugs, some sweet n' sour sauce for dunking, and throw in a cheap plastic toy, and we'd be satiated for at least an afternoon. Our parents may have been the tiniest bit uneasy about feeding us such junk, but our immediate food coma-related nap was probably more than enough to justify their decision.", "Bernardin began experimenting with new menu items for his McDonald's franchises. According to a 1991 interview, Bernardin noted that he \"felt there was a void in our menu vis-à-vis the adult who wanted a higher ratio of meat to bun.\" In 1971, Bernardin introduced the first Quarter Pounders at his McDonald's in Fremont using the slogan, \"Today Fremont, tomorrow the world.\" His Quarter Pounder became a success and was added to the national American menu in 1972. ", "As the film begins, Spurlock is in physically above average shape according to his personal trainer. He is seen by three physicians (a cardiologist, a gastroenterologist, and a general practitioner), as well as a nutritionist and a personal trainer. All of the health professionals predict the \"McDiet\" will have unwelcome effects on his body, but none expected anything too drastic, one citing the human body as being \"extremely adaptable\". Prior to the experiment, Spurlock ate a varied diet but always had vegan evening meals to appease his girlfriend, Alexandra, a vegan chef. At the beginning of the experiment, Spurlock, who stood 6 feet 2 inches (185.42 cm) tall, had a body weight of 84 kg.", "Fast Food: Healthy - Menus - Commercials - Facts - Restaurants List - Mascots - Home", "(1980 interview with Roger Ebert ) \"When I'm on a location I pick a restaurant that's close and private and eat all my meals there. This table we're sitting at is directly above my room. That's all the farther I want to go. When I was a kid, my mother used to feed me mashed-potato sandwiches, brussels sprout sandwiches, my brain cells were starving from lack of food. I'll eat anything. I'll eat dirt.\"", "Series host Adam Richman grew up in Brooklyn, New York, completed his undergraduate degree in International Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and earned a master's degree from the Yale School of Drama. A self-educated food \"fanatic\", since 1995 he has kept a travel journal including each of the restaurants he visited and what he learned from the trip. Although described as \"a bit on the husky side\", to maintain his health while indulging for the show, Richman exercises twice a day while he's on the road. When the schedule permits, he does not eat the day before a challenge and he tries to stay \"crazy hydrated\" by drinking lots of water or club soda and forgoing coffee or soft drinks. After taping for a challenge is complete, Richman spends an hour or so on a treadmill, telling the Las Vegas Review-Journal, \"Being sedentary is incredibly uncomfortable. Despite the fact that the first 10 minutes or 15 minutes on the treadmill might suck, it actually does alleviate a lot of pressure, and you feel better.\"", "I watched this last night and does anyone know what chain restaurant previously occupied this place (what would have a drive up window and a big kitchen)?", "It was around 1987. They had a whole bunch of people ordering everything on the menu and it had a really catchy tune." ]

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[ "Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаил Тимофеевич Калашников; born 10 November 1919) is a Russian small arms designer, most famous for developing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles.", "Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаил Тимофеевич Калашников; 10 November 1919 -- 23 December 2013) was a Russian general and small arms designer, most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle,", "Lieutenant-General Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (; 10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian general, inventor, military engineer, writer and small arms designer. He is most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle and its improvements, the AKM and AK-74, as well as the PK machine gun.", " The AK47, introduced in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov, is the world's most successful and most widely distributed military rifle. It was designed during WW2 after the German MP44, the world's first assault rifle. 7.62 x 39 mm, weight 9 1/2 lbs,30 shot detachable box magazine, 600 rpm. More than 50 million AK47 's have been manufactured, many still in use globally. The weapon is extremely robust, reliable and is used in all climatic conditions.  ", "Kalashnikov was born on November 10, 1919, in the village of Kurya, Altai Territory, to a", "Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year of World War II (1945). In 1946, the AK-47 was presented for official military trials, and in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service with selected units of the Soviet Army. An early development of the design was the AKS (S—Skladnoy or \"folding\"), which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock. In 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.", "Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year of World War II (1945). After the war in 1946, the AK-46 was presented for official military trials. In 1947 the fixed-stock version was introduced into service with select units of the Soviet Army. An early development of the design was the AKS-47 (S—Skladnoy or \"folding\"), which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock. In 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.", "The AK-47 (also known as the Kalashnikov, AK, or in Russian slang, Kalash) is a selective-fire (semi-automatic and automatic), gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known in the Soviet documentation as Avtomat Kalashnikova ().", "Sixty years ago, a former tank sergeant named Mikhail Kalashnikov submitted an assault-rifle design to the Red Army for trials. It was selected as the new personal weapon for most Soviet soldiers, and designated Automat Kalashnikova 1947 - AK47 for short. That designation went out of official use in 1959, but to this day \"AK47\" is probably the world's most widely-known gun name. Just as open-source Linux - the \"communist\" software, according to Steve Ballmer - has made Linus Torvalds famous, the genuinely communist open-source AK has given Mikhail Kalashnikov ( http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/03/reg_meets_kalashnikov ) a profile at least as high. The AK47 and its successor designs are the most widely-used firearms on the face of the planet.", "                Due to production issues and shortages, nothing more happened until 1945, when Kalashnikov submitted his schematics for a machinegun design competition to suit the 7.62mm M43 round. Eventually Kalashnikov won the competition, the AK-47 was officially named and recommended for the Soviet Army. Pre-production started in 1948 in Izhevskiy Motozavod where the weapons are still made today. A legendary weapon was carved on history.", "With his shock of white hair, brown sandals and hearing aid, the designer of the world's deadliest assault rifle took a philosophical outlook as he celebrated his invention's 60th anniversary on Friday. \"It was the Germans who turned me into an arms designer,\" Mikhail Kalashnikov, 87, said at celebrations in Moscow of the 60th anniversary of the creation of his AK-47 automatic rifle. \"If I hadn't taken part in the war, I would probably have made technology to ease the tough work of the peasants,\" said Mr Kalashnikov, who grew up in a peasant family in the remote Altai mountain region by the Mongolian border. Instead, he created a rifle that has become an iconic brand, as symbolic of Russia as vodka and fur coats, and the weapon of choice of guerrillas and dozens of armies around the world. Mr Kalashnikov started working on his rifle in 1947, driven to design by Soviet defeats in the early years of World War II at the hands of far better-armed German soldiers. The Kalashnikov quickly became prized for its sturdy reliability in difficult field conditions. It can also be built relatively easily - \"in any workshop,\" he said. More than 100 million Kalashnikov rifles have now been sold worldwide.", "The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, first developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known as Avtomat Kalashnikova. It is also known as a Kalashnikov, an \"AK\", or, in Russian slang, Kalash.", "It was developed in 1947 by Soviet Lt Gen Mikhail Kalashnikov, and soon became one of the most widespread weapons of the modern era.", "Kalashnikov Alternative name for the AK-47 assault rifle (AK-47 short for Russian: Автома́т Кала́шникова образца́ 1947 го́да, Avtomat Kalashnikova obraztsa 1947 goda Automatic Kalashnikov rifle, invented by Soviet soldier and small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov and first adopted in 1947; the term \"kalashnikov\" was not used until 1970) A type of rifle or sub-machine gun of Soviet Union and used in most Eastern Bloc countries during the Cold War. The term later became associated with nationalist, guerrilla and terrorist groups who use it exclusively or extensively.", "Mikhail Kalashnikov has gone down in the history of small arms as the creator of the world's best assault rifle and also as the designer who was the first in the world to develop and make operational an array of unified automatic small arms models, based on the identical automatic action, design and operating principle. Characteristically, back in the early 1920s, the famous Russian designer V. G. Fedorov, creator of the world's first assault rifle (1916), assisted by young Soviet designers, substantiated theoretically and developed unified experimental models of light automatic machine-guns, aircraft machine-guns, an antiaircraft machine-gun, tank machine-gun and heavy machine-gun based on his assault rifle design. V.G. Fedorov's idea of unifying the automatic small arms was partially implemented in practice by V.A. Degtyarev, who developed two aircraft and one tank machine-gun, based on his DA light machine-gun and the machine-guns that entered service with the Russian Armed Forces.", "Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a weapon designer while in a hospital after he was shot in the shoulder during the Battle of Bryansk.[10] After tinkering with a sub-machine gun design, he entered a competition for a new weapon that would chamber the 7.62x41mm cartridge developed by Elisarov and Semin in 1943 (the 7.62x41mm cartridge predated the current 7.62x39mm M1943). A particular requirement of the competition was the reliability of the firearm in the muddy, wet, and frozen conditions of the Soviet front line. Kalashnikov designed a carbine, strongly influenced by the American M1 Garand, that lost out to the Simonov design that later became the SKS semi-automatic carbine. At the same time, the Soviet Army was interested in developing a true assault rifle employing a shortened M1943 round. The first such weapon was presented by Sudayev in 1944, but trials found it to be too heavy.[11] A new design competition was held two years later where Kalashnikov and his design team submitted an entry. It was a gas-operated rifle which had a breech-block mechanism similar to his 1944 carbine, and a curved 30-round magazine.", "Kalashnikov changed his design in 1944 to match the newer 7.62x39mm cartridges. He developed a selective fire carbine that used a rotating bolt operated by a cam lug moving in a groove in the bolt carrier. It had a fixed magazine, like the SKS, but it used many features which would later re-appear in the AK47. Kalashnikov's project died when the SKS was adopted by the Soviet Army as their semi-automatic battle rifle.", "In August 1941, Kalashnikov went to the front. Two months later he sustained a serious injury and was taken to the hospital, where he spent most of his free time working on plans and sketches for the future AK-47, which would eventually immortalize the name Kalashnikov.", "AK-47 is indisputably regarded as the best assault rifle of all time. When this rifle was invented, it produced very positive results for the security forces. It has the capability of quick reloading which gave this gun a considerable advantage over the other weapons during those times. It was produced by the USSR and was widely used after the times of 2nd World War.", "Kalashnikov, born into a peasant family in Siberia, began his working life as a railroad clerk. After he joined the Red Army in 1938, he began to show mechanical flair by inventing several modifications for Soviet tanks.", "MOSCOW—Mikhail Kalashnikov, whose work as a weapons designer for the Soviet Union is immortalized in the name of the world’s most popular firearm, died Monday at the age of 94.", "The creator of the legendary AK-47 assault rifle, better known as the Kalashnikov, is marking his 89th birthday.", "MOSCOW (AP) — Mikhail Kalashnikov, whose work as a weapons designer for the Soviet Union is immortalized in the name of the world's most popular firearm, died Monday at the age of 94.", "Top GUN - MIKHAIL KALASHNIKOV turns 93 \"Father of AK-47\" 93th BIRTHDAY on Saturday, November 10", "The INVENTOR of the legendary AK-47 ASSAULT RIFLE, Mikhail KALASHNIKOV turns 93 on 10th of November - YouTube", "* Mikhail Kalashnikov's AK-47 assault rifle is accepted as the standard small arm of the Soviet military.", "Defence analyst Dmitry Litovkin says that Kalashnikov was a living legend and a symbol of the fact that Russia is able to produce the best weapons in the world. Litovkin drew attention to the uniqueness of Kalashnikov’s invention, paying tribute to his role in military history. “Kalashnikov created an ideal and very effective weapon, which is first of all, simple to produce, second, cheap to manufacture, and third, does not require a major military training,” says Litovkin . “It's a weapon for the masses that has found a consumer. The Kalashnikov assault rifle can be drowned in water, in mud, it can remain unclean for a long time and it will still shoot. Even American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan, if there is a need and an opportunity, always use a Kalashnikov because it really is more efficient than the M-16.”", "To explain why the Kalashnikov is the most successful assault rifle of all time, Nicholas Cage's character in the movie Lord of War describes shooting an AK-47 by saying, \"It�s so easy a child can use it. And they do.\" According to Wikipedia, the nickname for the African boys who carry guns in that continent's numerous regional conflicts is \"kalash\".", "The ubiquitous AK has been seen as one of the most influential pieces of technology produced in the 20th century. People have made amazing claims for it: the Kalashnikov is said to have humbled US military and economic power, to have liberated the downtrodden and oppressed, to have changed the very face of warfare. Dozens of books have been written about the AK phenomenon, hundreds or perhaps thousands of articles.", "The firearm became an icon of the Soviet Union but also of insurgents around the world. Its low production cost –coupled with its ease of manufacture – made it easy for vast numbers of the AK-47 to be practically given away to revolutionary movements during the Cold War. It became such a symbol of world-wide revolution that it was on the Coat of Arms of East Timor and on the flag of Mozambique. Since the end of the Cold War the AK-47 brand – as well as its inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov’s name – was used on a variety of products, most notably vodka, including an AK-47-branded version that had the bottle shaped like the familiar assault rifle.", "The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers. The AK is included in the flag of Mozambique and its coat of arms. It is also found in the coat of arms of Zimbabwe and East Timor, the revolution era coat of arms of Burkina Faso, the flag of Hezbollah, and the logo of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. \"Kalash\", a shortened form of \"Kalashnikov\", is used as a name for boys in some African countries.", "During his life, Mikhail Kalashnikov wrote several autobiographies. He continued working at the plant as chief designer until an advanced age." ]

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[ "The Church of Scientology is a cult / religion created by science fiction author L. Ron Hubbard in the 1950s. It is a proselytic organization, drawing in new members through free \"personality tests\". Scientology is secretive group: most members are not aware of the entire dogma or practices of the organization. To progress within Scientology and become initiated into the core theology, expensive fees must be paid. When revealed, the core beliefs of Scientology read like a bad science fiction novel.", "Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), beginning in 1952 as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics.[6] Hubbard characterized Scientology as a religion, and in 1953 he incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.[7][8]", "Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986 [2] ), better known as L. Ron Hubbard ( / ɛ l r ɒ n ˈ h ʌ ˌ b ər d / , ELL-ron-HUB-ərd [3] ) and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American pulp fiction author and the founder of the Church of Scientology . After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories, he developed a self-help system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950. He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and rituals as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation .", "Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was a fiction writer who devised a self-help technique called Dianetics and philosophy known as Scientology , out of which grew a large organization later identifying itself as a religion: the Church of Scientology . In addition to fiction (most notably science fiction), Hubbard wrote a body of works comprising the Scientology doctrine [1] and is perhaps best known for having written Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1950.", "74 L. Ron Hubbard 3/13/1911 - 1/24/1986 American science fiction writer and found of Church of Scientology.", "The Church of Scientology is a cult created by L Ron Hubbard (Elron) in 1952 as an outgrowth of his earlier self-help system called Dianetics. Scientology and the organizations that promote it have remained highly controversial since their inception. Journalists, courts and the governing bodies of several countries have stated that the Church of Scientology is an unscrupulous commercial enterprise that harasses its critics and abuses the trust of its members. Journalists, governments, religious groups and other critics worldwide have often referred to the organization as a cult.", "Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 - January 24, 1986), Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, born in 1911, in Tilden, Nebraska was better known as L. Ron Hubbard and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American pulp fiction author and the founder of the Church of Scientology.", "Science fiction writer, L Ron Hubbard founded the Scientology antichrist cult religion. At the 1949 New Jersey science fiction convention, Hubbard said, �Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous. If a man really wanted to make a million dollars, the best way would be to start his own religion.� The following year, in May 1950, Hubbard released Dianetics: A Modern Science of Mental Health, which has become the entry book for converts to Scientology. Hubbard�s overnight success with Dianetics virtually gave him a new career in writing self-help and religious books. His first book on Scientology was published in 1951, and the Church of Scientology in California, was incorporated on February 18, 1954.", "Scientology has featured on a previous list, but if I didn’t include it here the comments would be inundated with “where’s scientology?” questions. The Church of Scientology is a cult created by L Ron Hubbard (Elron) in 1952 as an outgrowth of his earlier self-help system called Dianetics. The Church of Scientology holds that at the higher levels of initiation (OT levels) mystical teachings are imparted that may be harmful to unprepared readers. These teachings are kept secret from members who have not reached these levels. In the OT levels, Hubbard explains how to reverse the effects of past-life trauma patterns that supposedly extend millions of years into the past. Among these advanced teachings is the story of Xenu (sometimes Xemu), introduced as an alien ruler of the “Galactic Confederacy.” According to this story, 75 million years ago Xenu brought billions of people to Earth in spacecraft resembling Douglas DC-8 airliners, stacked them around volcanoes and detonated hydrogen bombs in the volcanoes. The thetans then clustered together, stuck to the bodies of the living, and continue to do this today. Scientologists at advanced levels place considerable emphasis on isolating body thetans and neutralizing their ill effects.", "As an advance over his theory of Dianetics, Hubbard later elaborated a theory attributing mental aberrations to engrams, that is prenatal impressions accumulated by the soul during past lives. Mixing ideas from Buddhist and Hindu religious philosophy, science fiction, and 20th-century Western concepts in psychology and science, Hubbard produced a religion that sees all human beings as immortal spirits, so-called Thetans, who have forgotten their identity and became deceived by the very universe they mentally emanated in order to amuse themselves. Scientology claims it can free the Thetan to realize his or her true nature and powers through through an expensive therapy called processing that neutralizes the engrams and thus heals the mind. Scientology claims to be the fastest growing religion with more that 15 million members in 65 countries. While it is not clear whether these numbers are exaggerated or not, Scientology, whose headquarters are now in Los Angeles, is certainly one of the wealthiest new religions with a lot of support. Celebrities such as Tom Cruise, John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, and Sonny Bono are only a few of the Hollywood faithful who actively endorse Scientology. In contrast to most cults, Scientology has not been weakened after the death of its founder in 1986, but has become very powerful in recent years.", "Later he developed Dianetics, something that he called \"the modern science of mental health\". He founded Scientology in 1952 and oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as \" Commodore \" of the Sea Organization , an elite inner group of Scientologists. His expedition came to an end when Britain, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Venezuela all closed their ports to his fleet. At one point, a court in Australia revoked the church's status as a religion. Similarly, a high court in France convicted Hubbard of fraud in absentia. He returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert. In 1983 L. Ron Hubbard was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in an international information infiltration and theft project called \" Operation Snow White \". He spent the remaining years of his life on his ranch near Creston, California , where he died in 1986.", "In late 1953, L. Ron Hubbard announced to the world that the Dianetics system was more than just a self-improvement mechanism -- it was also the key to understanding the source of mankind's spirituality. In other words, Dianetics was now a religion. Hubbard termed his new faith Scientology .", "L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of the \"applied religious philosophy\" known as Scientology, had a deep-rooted bigotry and cynicism toward Christianity that permeated all of his secret writings. When reading the following keep in mind that fewer than 2% of Scientology church members have any formal secret level technical training in Scientology and have never read Hubbard's secret views on Christianity.", "* Unless otherwise cited, this report has been excerpted and/or adapted from the following sources: (1) \" Church of Scientology ,\" Rick Branch (Watchman Fellowship Profile, 1996); (2) \"Scientology: Science or Science Fiction,\" G. Richard Fisher, PFO Quarterly Journal, Vol.17 No.3; (3) \"Lafayette Ronald Hubbard and the Theology of the Church of Scientology,\" The Discerner, and (4) \" Church of Scientology: A Religious Mafia? ,\" The Watchman Expositor (Vol. 15, No. 1, 1998, p. 5). [Christian books on the cults also have chapters or sections on Scientology. For example, The Kingdom of the Cults, 1997; Ruth A. Tucker, Another Gospel, 1989; William Watson, A Concise Dictionary of Cults and Religions, 1991; and J. Gordon Melton, Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America, 1986. Two works by secular writers are Bent Coryden's L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman?, 1992; and Russell Miller's Bare-Faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard, 1987. One is advised that in both of these works Hubbard frequently is quoted verbatim and any Christian will find his words vulgar, obscene, and offensive.]", "Arthur J. Burks , the President of the American Fiction Guild, wrote that an excited Hubbard called him and said: \"I want to see you right away. I have written THE book.\" Hubbard believed that Excalibur would \"revolutionize everything\" and that \"it was somewhat more important, and would have a greater impact upon people, than the Bible.\" [89] It proposed that all human behavior could be explained in terms of survival and that to understand survival was to understand life. [90] As Hubbard biographer Jon Atack notes, \"the notion that everything that exists is trying to survive became the basis of Dianetics and Scientology.\" [87]", "Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard, born in 1911 in Nebraska, had some talent as a writer and a good deal of personal charm. Though his life may have been spoiled by his own frailties, he apparently needed to see himself as a serious thinker, and maybe even was one.", "The essence of Hubbard's axioms of Scientology is that the universe was created not by God, but by a conglomeration of \"thetans\" who postulated the universe. Sometimes God is referred to as the \"Big Thetan,\" but many of the theories he propounds (polytheism, reincarnation, no repentance, man as a \"god\") are virtually the negation of orthodox Christian thought and doctrine.", "Hubbard claimed that a human body was actually a mass of alien BTs who were comatose and diseases were simply alien BTs who were acting against the person. Hubbard claimed that eradicating these alien BTs from on or near the body would result in the creation of a Supra-Human, an Operating Thetan, a new genetically pure from alien influences master race capable of telepathic and telekinetic powers, without the need for a human body. (For additional parallels on the occultism of Scientology read, \"The Occult and the Third Reich, by Dusty Skylar.)", "Hubbard expanded upon the basics of Dianetics to construct a spiritually oriented (though at this stage not religious) doctrine based on the concept that the true self of a person was a thetan —an immortal, omniscient and potentially omnipotent entity. [180] Hubbard taught that the thetans, having created the material universe, had forgotten their god-like powers and become trapped in physical bodies. [181] Scientology aimed to \"rehabilitate\" each person's thetan to restore its original capacities and become once again an \" Operating Thetan \". [179] [180] Hubbard insisted humanity was imperiled by the forces of \"aberration\", which were the result of engrams carried by the immortal thetans for billions of years. [175]", "In the book Scientology 8-8008: How to Increase Your Spiritual Ability from Zero to Infinity, after dealing with the early Greeks, Hubbard writes that \"modern man has fallen into the error of making God into the body of a homo sapiens and posting him somewhere on high with a craving for vengeance and a pettiness in punishment matched only by the degradation of homo sapiens himself. There are gods above all other gods, and gods beyond the gods of universes, but it were better, far better, to be a raving madman in his cell than to be a thing with the ego, cruelty and jealous lust that base religions have set up to make men grovel down.\" Hubbard clearly believed there were multiple Gods (or Thetans) in multiple universes:", "In addition to having visited Heaven, Hubbard has also rewritten Genesis. {33} \"Before the Beginning was a Cause and the entire purpose of the Cause was the creation of effect,\" etc. He has also rewritten the calendar {34} to read \"A.D. 1, A.D. 10,\" etc., (to stand for \"After Dianetics 1951,\" \"After Dianetics 1960\"), as if his discoveries were as important as the birth of Christ. When Hubbard first came out with Dianetics he wrote that it was a \"milestone for Man comparable to his discovery of fire and superior to his invention of the wheel and arch.\" {35} Now he sees Scientology as purer than Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity. {36}", "[In a brochure recommended by a German politician to warn citizens about Scientology] much is made of the fact that L. Ron Hubbard began his career \"writing Westerns, horror stories, and science fiction.\" Then he wrote a history of the world which smacks of science fiction, and which is taught to his disciples as the truth, in return for lots of money. But isn't it glorious that we live in a world in which a half-successful science fiction writer can earn hundreds of millions by explaining to his disciples that, 75 million years ago, an evil ruler named Xenu deposited billions of his subjects into volcanos and blew them up with hydrogen bombs?  And that the resteless souls of these murdered people are now the source of all our suffering on earth? The horribly boring pressure to conform that thrives everywhere in Germany these days will not tolerate this. It demands complete correctness in all aspects of life.", "Hubbard's \"major\" breakthrough in this period was his discovery that human bodies are actually the result of the melding of thetans (aliens from other planets) during a psychiatrically-inspired implant 76 million years ago. Hubbard wrote that a galactic despot, Xenu, rounded up the population of 76 planets in this sector of the galaxy and transported them to Earth, placed them in volcanoes, and exploded H-bombs, then subjected them to 36 days of electronic implanting, including the \"Christianity\" and \"Heaven\" implant. This incident created \"Body Thetans\" (BT/s), alien beings who were attached to other beings or human beings. They monitor one's thought and impede one's life. Hubbard developed a technique for exorcising these alien Body Thetans.", "Was Hubbard in Crowley's fold and his successor? Before Aleister Crowley died in his book called \"Moon Child: he predicted one of his members would form a new world religion. Is that world religion Scientology?", "Members of the science fiction community held varying opinions about Hubbard's Dianetics work. Isaac Asimov , a professor of biochemistry, criticized Dianetics' unscientific aspects, and veteran author and literature PhD Jack Williamson described Dianetics as \"a lunatic revision of Freudian psychology\", likening it to a scam. [42] Campbell and novelist A. E. van Vogt , on the other hand, enthusiastically embraced Dianetics. Campbell became Hubbard's treasurer, and van Vogt—convinced his wife's health had been transformed for the better by auditing —interrupted his writing career to run the first Los Angeles Dianetics center. [21] Dr. J. A. Winter, who supported Hubbard, submitted papers outlining the principles and methodology of Dianetic therapy to the journal of the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Psychiatry , but they were rejected. [43] Although Campbell was initially supportive of Dianetics, he reversed his position in 1951. [44]", "Beginning in late 1949, Hubbard sought to publicize Dianetics , the self-improvement technique. Unable to elicit interest from mainstream publishers or medical professionals, [65] Hubbard turned to the legendary science fiction editor John W. Campbell , who had for years published Hubbard's science fiction. The first article on Dianetics was published in Astounding Science Fiction . The science fiction community was divided about the merits of Hubbard's offering. Campbell's star author Isaac Asimov criticized Dianetics' unscientific aspects, and veteran author Jack Williamson described Dianetics as \"a lunatic revision of Freudian psychology\" that \"had the look of a wonderfully rewarding scam.\" [66] But Campbell and novelist A. E. van Vogt enthusiastically embraced Dianetics: Campbell became Hubbard's treasurer, and van Vogt—convinced his wife's health had been transformed for the better by auditing —interrupted his writing career to run the first Los Angeles Dianetics center. [10]", "Hubbard returned to writing fiction briefly for a few years after the war. He eventually sought to publicize Dianetics , a self-help technique. Unable to elicit interest from mainstream publishers or medical professionals,[ citation needed ] Hubbard turned to the science fiction editor John W. Campbell , who had for years published Hubbard's science fiction.[ citation needed ] Hubbard wrote the Ole Doc Methuselah series for Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction , and in 1949 published the first article on Dianetics in the magazine.[ citation needed ] Campbell referred to Dianetics in the preface of the article as a \"scientific method\" of mental therapy. [38]", "Hubbard is the Guinness World Record holder for the most published author, with 1,084 works, [310] most translated book (70 languages for The Way to Happiness ) [311] and most audiobooks (185 as of April 2009). [312] According to Galaxy Press , Hubbard's Battlefield Earth has sold over 6 million copies and Mission Earth a further 7 million, with each of its ten volumes becoming New York Times bestsellers on their release. [28] However, the Los Angeles Times reported in 1990 that Hubbard's followers had been buying large numbers of the books and re-issuing them to stores to boost sales. [313] Opinions are divided about his literary legacy. Scientologists have written of their desire to \"make Ron the most acclaimed and widely known author of all time\". [313] The sociologist William Sims Bainbridge writes that even at his peak in the late 1930s Hubbard was regarded by readers of Astounding Science Fiction as merely \"a passable, familiar author but not one of the best\", while by the late 1970s \"the [science fiction] subculture wishes it could forget him\" and fans gave him a worse rating than any other of the \"Golden Age\" writers. [314]", "Hubbard is the Guinness World Record holder for the most published author, with 1,084 works, [306] most translated book (70 languages for The Way to Happiness ) [307] and most audiobooks (185 as of April 2009). [308] According to Galaxy Press, Hubbard's Battlefield Earth has sold over 6 million copies and Mission Earth a further 7 million, with each of its ten volumes becoming New York Times bestsellers on their release. [26] However, the Los Angeles Times reported in 1990 that Hubbard's followers had been buying large numbers of the books and re-issuing them to stores to boost sales. [309] Opinions are divided about his literary legacy. Scientologists have written of their desire to \"make Ron the most acclaimed and widely known author of all time\". [309] The sociologist William Sims Bainbridge writes that even at his peak in the late 1930s Hubbard was regarded by readers of Astounding Science Fiction as merely \"a passable, familiar author but not one of the best\", while by the late 1970s \"the [science fiction] subculture wishes it could forget him\" and fans gave him a worse rating than any other of the \"Golden Age\" writers. [310]", "According to the Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States, \"even as Scientology raises questions about how and who gets to define religion, most scholars recognize it as a religion, one that emerges from and builds on American individualism and the spiritual marketplace that dominated 1950's America.\" David G. Bromley comments that Scientology “could gain strength by adding to the new perspective on existence, the hope and human meaning that only a transcendent creed can give.” ", "A central element of the second half of the novel is the religious movement founded by Smith, the \"Church of All Worlds.\" This church is an initiatory mystery religion, blending elements of paganism and revivalism with psychic training and instruction in the Martian language. In 1962, Oberon Zell-Ravenheart (then Tim Zell) founded the Church of All Worlds, a Neopagan religious organization modeled in many ways after the fictional organization in the novel Stranger in a Strange Land. This spiritual path included several ideas from the book, including polyamory, non-mainstream family structures, social libertarianism, water-sharing rituals, an acceptance of all religious paths by a single tradition, and the use of several terms such as \"grok\", \"Thou art God\", and \"Never Thirst\". Though Heinlein was neither a member nor a promoter of the Church, it was done with frequent correspondence between Zell and Heinlein, and he was a paid subscriber to their magazine Green Egg. This Church still exists as a 501(c)3 recognized religious organization incorporated in California, with membership worldwide, and it remains an active part of the neopagan community today.", "In 1962, Oberon Zell-Ravenheart (then still using his birth name, Tim Zell) founded the Church of All Worlds , a Neopagan religious organization modeled in many ways after the treatment of religion in the novel Stranger in a Strange Land. This spiritual path included several ideas from the book, including polyamory , non-mainstream family structures, social libertarianism, water-sharing rituals, an acceptance of all religious paths by a single tradition, and the use of several terms such as \"grok\", \"Thou art God\", and \"Never Thirst\". Though Heinlein was neither a member nor a promoter of the Church, it was done with frequent correspondence between Zell and Heinlein, and he was a paid subscriber to their magazine Green Egg . This Church still exists as a 501(C)(3) religious organization incorporated in California , with membership worldwide, and it remains an active part of the neopagan community today.[ citation needed ]" ]

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[ "Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–33). He was a professional mining engineer and was raised as a Quaker. A Republican, Hoover served as head of the U.S. Food Administration during World War I, and became internationally known for humanitarian relief efforts in war-time Belgium. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric \"economic modernization.\"", "Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover, born to a Quaker family, was a professional mining engineer. He achieved American and international prominence in humanitarian relief efforts in war-torn Belgium and served as head of the U.S. Food Administration before and during World War I. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric \"economic modernization\". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no elected-office experience. Hoover is the most recent cabinet secretary to be elected President of the United States, as well as one of only two Presidents (along with William Howard Taft) elected without electoral experience or high military rank. America was at the height of an economic bubble at the time, facilitating a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith.", "31. Herbert Hoover (March 4, 1929—March 4, 1933). Republican. One of Hoover’s strategies to garner votes was to appeal to white Southerners and ignored civil rights. Hoover was a professional mining engineer. His training and technical expertise led him to believe in the Efficiency Movement, which asserted that the economy and government were inefficient and wasteful and could therefore be improved by expert knowledge. Less than eight months in office Hoover had to face the Great Depression. By the end of his term his administration had yet to find a solution to the economic disaster.", "Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). Pres during Great Depression", "Before serving as America's 31st President from 1929 to 1933, Herbert Hoover had achieved international success as a mining engineer and worldwide gratitude as \"The Great Humanitarian\" who fed war-torn Europe during and after World War I.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945) also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit. He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight.", "HOOVER, HERBERT C. (August 10, 1874-October 20, 1964) mining engineer, humanitarian, U.S. secretary of commerce, and 31st president of the United States, was the son of Jesse Hoover, a blacksmith, and Hulda Minthorn Hoover, a seamstress and recorded minister in the Society of Friends (Quakers). Hoover was born in West Branch, Iowa, where he enjoyed fishing in the local creek and working in his father’s blacksmith shop.", "Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st president of the United States of America. It was during his term (March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1933) that the stock market crashed and led the country into the infamous Great Depression.", "Hoover, a good man with magnanimous instincts, was a successful mining engineer before he got into government. He believed that almost anything could be engineered, and he brought that philosophy to the economic crisis of 1929. As a result, he was the wrong man for the job at exactly the wrong time. For starters, Hoover distrusted the free market. He knew that unfettered competition forces companies to reduce prices; but, he believed, lower prices lead to lower wages.", "Herbert Hoover , 31st President of the United States (1929-33). Thanks to his belief in progressivism he made sure to give huge income tax increases for everyone (for the poor-from 1.5% to 4%, for millionaires-38% to 63%), taking a corporatist approach to the Great Depression by telling employers to Keep Wages High. He also signed... Anyone? Anyone? -- the Republican -backed Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which only helped sink the economy even faster. Well, he was an engineer, not an economist. Also refused to engage in Gunboat Diplomacy .", "As the presidential election of 1932 took place during the Great Depression, the economy was unsurprisingly the dominant issue. With the unemployment rate at nearly 24%, heavy industries barely functioning, and dramatically low prices of farm products, Herbert Hoover, the incumbent Republican president, faced unprecedented challenges. Although the Great Depression hit countries all around the world, Hoover was held largely responsible for the consequences of the crisis in the United States. His reelection became even more questionable when Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the successful and popular governor of New York, won the Democratic nomination. ", "Theodore Teddy Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 â January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901â1909).", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.", "NARRATOR: No president had ever helped the miners before, but Roosevelt would surprise them. ''Occasionally great national crises arise,'' he wrote, ''which call for immediate and vigorous executive action. In such cases, the President has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand.''", "Blaine Harden, Writer: FDR comes into office and the Great Depression bottoms out. The idea for the dam was floating around in Washington for years. The Army Corps of Engineers had written a report about how to dam the river all the way up and down. Roosevelt was desperately searching for shovel ready projects that could employ lots of people and have long-term use. The dam made a lot of sense then.", "Despite the worsening economic plight, Hoover still refused to provide any direct federal assistance to relieve the suffering. He even authorized the army to use force to remove 20,000 members of the “Bonus Army,” a group of World War I veterans and their families who marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding economic relief. By 1932, Americans, fed up with Hoover’s lack of economic assistance, voted him and his Republican counterparts out of office. The optimistic Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt of New York—a distant cousin of previous president Theodore Roosevelt—took office.", "As President, Roosevelt took a moral approach toward the nation's social problems. He used his Presidential powers as none before him had. He handled the coal miners strike of 1902 by appointing a commission to investigate.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "*The Great Engineer and The Great HumanitarianThe U.S. Department of the Interior's site for the Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region says that Hoover, \"known early in his career as \"The Great Engineer\", was now popularized as \"The Great Humanitarian\" for his \"relief efforts in America's stricken heartland\". He was a civil engineer of some distinction and when the Mississippi burst its banks in 1927, engulfing thousands of acres of agricultural land, he volunteered his services and did extensive flood control work. The latter nickname would later be used facetiously in reference to his perceived indifference to the hardships faced by his constituents during the Great Depression. However, the nickname dates back to 1921, when the ARA under Hoover saved millions of Russians suffering from famine. \"It was such considerations that Walter Lippmann took into account when he wrote of Hoover's Russian undertaking in the New York World in May 1922: 'probably no other living man could have done nearly so much.'\" ", "The landmark Coal strike of 1902, was called by anthracite miners across the region and led by the United Mine Workers under John Mitchell. It was settled by a compromise brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt. A statue of John Mitchell was installed in his honor on the grounds of the Lackawanna County Courthouse in Scranton, \"the site of the Coal Strike of 1902 negotiations in which President Roosevelt participated. Because of the significance of these negotiations, the statue and the Courthouse were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. John Mitchell is buried in Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton.\"", "1902 – President Theodore Roosevelt became the first president to personally intervene in a labor dispute when he met with miners and coalfield operators from the Pennsylvania anthracite coalfields in an attempt to end their five month strike.", "By 1936, the economy showed signs of improvement. Gross national product was up 34 percent, and unemployment had dropped from 25 percent to 14 percent. But Franklin Roosevelt faced criticism for increased government spending, unbalanced budgets, and what some perceived as moving the country toward socialism. During the mid-1930s, several New Deal acts were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt retaliated by proposing to \"pack\" the court with justices more favorable to his reforms. Many in Congress, including some Democrats, rejected the idea. By 1938, negative publicity, a continuing sluggish economy, and Republican victories in mid-term elections virtually ended Roosevelt's ability to pass more reform legislation.", "In 1902, 140,000 miners went on strike, wanting higher pay, shorter work hours, and better housing. They were led by John Mitchell, a fellow miner who formed the United Mine Workers (UMW). The mining companies refused to meet the demands of the UMW and contacted the Federal Government for support. Before Roosevelt, the government would send in military support to forcefully end the strike, but during Roosevelt's terms, this strategy was not used. After the companies called for assistance, Roosevelt, fearful of the effects a coal shortage would have on the economy of the time, decided to host a meeting in the White House involving representatives or delegates, of the miners and the leaders of the mining companies. Mitchell, after returning from the White House meeting, met with the miners, and drew a Consensus. The miners decided not to submit to political pressure, and continue on with the strike. Roosevelt then decided to bring in the military, but, instead of forcefully ending the strike and restoring power to the mining companies, he would use the military to run the mines in the \"public interest\". The mining companies, upset that they were no longer directly making a profit, then accepted the demands of the UMW. This policy was later referred to as the \"Square Deal\". ", "To help address the severe economic problems facing the mostly agrarian region, in 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska led the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which taught farmers how to improve crop yields, replanted forests, and created a series of dam systems to generate electricity and help control flooding.", "Just prior to the creation of the Fuel Administration, President Wilson imposed a price for coal that was lower than the price offered by the coal industry. This dissatisfied the mine owners, so Garfield adjusted the price of coal more to their liking. At the same time, he negotiated wage agreements with the United Mine Workers that would keep the mine operating. He invited representatives of the owners and of the miners to become part of the Fuel Administration, ushering in what Professor Cuff called “something of a golden age in the [coal] industry’s history.”", "President Theodore Roosevelt on a steam-powered digging machine during construction of the Panama Canal , 1908.", "Organized the coal miners strike and was the head of the United Mine Workers of America. Became a national hero after the strike.", "NARRATOR: In 1902, the men who mined America's coal threatened to go out on strike. Coal heated America's homes and powered its factories, and many feared a strike would cripple the country. When the miners finally walked off the job that spring, no one knew what the President would do, least of all the Mine Workers Union.", "Leader of United Mine workers of America and became national hero after 1919 Coal Miners' strike", "He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first \"hundred days,\" he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority.", "During the Great Depression, many workers and their families arrived long before work on the dam began in hopes of finding jobs. They lived in jerry-rigged dwellings in makeshift tent camps next to the river. Because the area was totally desolate, with recordings of 110 to 120 degrees in the canyon (later peaking at 140 in the airless portals of the diversion tunnels), much preparation was necessary, including rushing Boulder City, seven miles southwest of the dam site, to completion in fifteen months to provide suitable living conditions for workers. Railroad lines were built, as were highways, a construction camp, a gravel-screening plant, concrete-mixing plants, air compressor plants, a plate steel fabricating plant, and much more. The plan of attack was to drill four diversion tunnels through the canyon walls during the low-water season of 1932-33, divert the river through the tunnels, build earthen cofferdams above and below the dam site to block the river, de-water and excavate the site, and build the dam and power plant. The two outer tunnels would be outlets for huge spillways; the inner tunnels would convey water from intake towers in the reservoir to the power plant.", "American trade unionist. Growing up in Iowa, he was leader of the United Mine Workers Union for forty years, forming in 1935 the combined Congress of International Organizations. A skilled spokesperson, he made the Miner’s Union one of America’s most powerful." ]

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[ "A lively trading game, copyrighted by Parker Brothers in 1903. The deck consists of sets of cards representing various commodities. Older decks have 9 cards each of corn, wheat, oats, flax, rye, barley and hay; some new ones have 8 each of corn, oats, sugar, cocoa, barley and wheat. In addition there is a bull and a bear card. The game is played with one commodity per player; everyone trades cards at once and the aim is to collect a complete set of one commodity. The bull card is a wild card, and the bear card is a useless card which you must get rid of to form a set. The game is now produced by Winning Moves .", "This lively 1903 stock trading game, probably the inspiration for Parker Brothers' Pit , was reissued by Out of the Box Publishing in 2003. The deck consists of 49 cards: eight shares in each of six railroad companies, plus one telegram card. Players simultaneously trade cards or pairs of identical cards, sight unseen, aiming to collect all eight shares of a company, at which point they can shout \"Topeka\" to win.", "Pit has no turns, and everyone plays at once. Players trade commodities among one another by each blindly exchanging one to four cards of the same type. The trading process involves calling out the number of cards one wishes to trade until another player holds out an equal number of cards. The two parties then exchange the cards face down.", "In the original Parker Brothers game, there were no player tokens . Players were told to use common household items, such as buttons, as markers. Before long, wooden tokens shaped like chess pawns were included in the game.", "The first Monopoly game tokens, produced by Parker Brothers in 1935, were the thimble, ship, shoe, hat, cannon, and iron.  These tiny game pieces were made of metal.  Curiously, a few of the earliest tokens have been discovered to consist of a small hole.  It has been suggested by game historians these game tokens were actually charms intended for bracelets.  Before Parker Brothers had employed their own molds for tokens, the company may have utilized charms.  Since early players needed to supply their own game tokens, they had used charms.  Parker Brothers may have just followed suit.", "This is a quick card game in which by an original process of auctioning and trading players collect sets of three matching cards which they can then sell for chips. The set contains a pack of cards, chips of various denominations, and a plastic tray to hold the bank and the draw and discard piles. The 48 cards used for play have one of the four suits and one of four shapes on the front, and a chip worth 25, 50 or 100 is shown on the back. Three special \"BUX 1-2-3\" cards are shuffled into the deck to determine when the game ends, and four special cards with rules.", "Collectors should use copyright dates printed on the board to date their games. Even though Parker Brothers’ earliest date is 1935, they left “Charles Darrow 1933” on the jail square in eight successive sets. Earlier games didn’t have property prices printed on the board. Also, Chance, Community Chest, and Luxury Tax cards have only text and no illustrations. The property cards are also blank on older sets. Originally, the rent for Marvin Gardens was $22 but was later changed to $24.", "MONOPOLY, Waddington's, Parker Bros., Tonka and Hasbro and are Registered Trade Marks with Hasbro, 1935 2016, HASBRO, PARKER BROTHERS, Tonka, Waddington's, the MONOPOLY name and logo, the distinctive design of the game board, the four corner squares, the MR. MONOPOLY name and character, as well as each of the distinctive elements of the board and playing pieces are trademarks of Hasbro for its property trading game and game equipment. © 1935, 2016 Hasbro. The Winning Moves logo is the registered trademark of Winning Moves and the USAopoly logo is the registered trademark of USAopoly. All Rights Reserved. Used with Permission.", "The original Stock Exchange add-on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. of Rensselaer, New York in early 1936. It was marketed as an add-on for Monopoly, Finance, or Easy Money games. Shortly after Capitol Novelty introduced Stock Exchange, Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own, slightly redesigned, version as an add-on specifically for their \"new\" Monopoly game; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936. The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to \"Advance to Stock Exchange\". ", "Numerous official and unofficial add-ons have been made for Monopoly, both before its commercialization and after. The best-known expansion to the game is the Stock Exchange Add-On, published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook). The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a large number of new Chance and Community Chest cards.", "Darrow games did not include player pieces with the game but Parker Brothers figured that was a pretty important oversight so they bought metal tokens from the same folks who supplied metal tokens for Cracker Jack prizes. This game has 6 different player tokens, and each of these can also be found as period Cracker Jack prizes. As demand for the game increased, availability of metal player pieces dried up, so Parker Brothers used wooden pieces in some of these games.", "The original Stock Exchange add-on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. of  Rensselaer, New York  in early 1936. It was marketed as an add-on for Monopoly,Finance, or Easy Money games. Shortly after Capitol Novelty introduced Stock Exchange, Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own, slightly redesigned, version as an add-on specifically for their \"new\" Monopoly game; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936. The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to \"Advance to Stock Exchange\". [44 ] The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by  Chessex , this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. This version included ten new Chance cards (five \"Advance to Stock Exchange\" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five \"Advance to Stock Exchange\" and six other related cards; [45 ] the regular Community Chest card \"From sale of stock you get $45\" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the \"Advance to Stock Exchange\" cards to each deck).[ citation needed ]", "Each player is represented by a small pewter token which is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured to the left and are as follows (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999 editions onwards), a horse and rider, a car , a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a cannon (1937b edition), an old style shoe, a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat.", "The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 [36] . The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to \"Advance to Stock Exchange\".", "FIGS. 16-29 illustrate various playing pieces used to play the basic game and variations of the present invention. Playing pieces are of different kinds--various-colored chips, mini-cards, discs, 3-D figures, etc. The playing pieces used are always differentiated by way of symbolic indicia as to class, color, power, value, and role, and vary in size as per dimension of the receptacle areas of the playing field. Regular plastic and casino poker chips were used as playing pieces, with identifying characteristics on each face. Colors used were, in order of value, gold, silver, blue and red. Miniature cards used are much smaller and thicker than conventional American or westernized playing cards. Thus, so-called Machcala cards used were 1/10\" to 1/8\" thick, 2\" long and 11/2\" wide. For discs the dimensions are 1/16\" to 1/4\" in thickness, and 1\"-2\" in diameter. In the main, miniature 3-dimensional figures are 1\" wide and 2\"-3\" high and are usually magnetic-based.", "Classic Parker Brothers games include BOGGLE, CHIVALRY, FLINCH, THE MAD MAGAZINE GAME, MASTERPIECE, MILLE BOURNE (based on the game of TOURING acquired by Parker), OUIJA (an 1890s fortune-telling device acquired in 1966), PAYDAY, PENTE (an ancient game revived in 1977 and purchased by Parker in 1984), RISK, and SORRY, a PARCHEESI-variant acquired from England.", "The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 [33] . The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to \"Advance to Stock Exchange\".", "The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook ). The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to \"Advance to Stock Exchange\".", "The next largest and oldest game maker is Parker Brothers. Started in Salem, Massachusetts in 1883, they had several good-selling games that were based on important events of the day, such as Klondike, a game based on the Alaskan Gold Rush. But it was Monopoly, released during the Great Depression, that put Parker Brothers in the big leagues. The other Parker Bros. games you probably had in your closet are: Clue, Sorry, Aggravation and the Ouija Board, along with all the TV and movie titles that Milton Bradley didn’t get. They also launched the hugely successful Nerf family of toys in 1969. Parker Bros. was purchased by General Mills, (a cereal company!?) in 1968, then sold to Tonka in 1987 and finally to Hasbro in 1991.", "This included darrow's inventory of game parts. Pb immediately began selling monopoly games using the darrow game parts. The first games parker brothers made were marked trade mark.", "Free Parking card game: A more complex card game released by Parker Brothers, with several similarities to the card game Mille Bornes . Uses cards to either add time to parking meters, or spend the time doing activities to earn points. Includes a deck of Second Chance cards that further alter gameplay. Two editions were made; minor differences in card art and Second Chance cards in each edition.", "Parker Brothers and its licensees have also sold several games which are spinoffs of Monopoly. These are not add-ons, as they do not function as an addition to the Monopoly game, but are simply additional games in the flavor of Monopoly.", "[Another game, played exclusively by boys. Two, who are fixed upon for the purpose, leave the group, and privately arrange that the pass-word shall be some implement of a particular trade. The trade is announced in the dialogue, and then the fun is, that the unfortunate wight who guesses the \"tool\" is beaten with the caps of his fellows till he reaches a fixed goal, after which he goes out in turn.]", "Monopoly is a board game published by Parker Brothers , a subsidiary of Hasbro . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly , the domination of a market by a single entity.", "Monopoly is a board game published by Parker Brothers, a subsidiary of Hasbro . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly , the domination of a market by a single entity.", "The Monopoly game, Trivial Pursuit, Clue, Boggle, and Risk are more than games-they're part of Americana. All of these games were published by one company, Parker Brothers, which began as a dream inside the mind of a sixteen-year-old boy, over one hundred years ago.", "Build your fortune as you buy, sell and trade the world’s most famous properties. It’s classic Monopoly fun! Take a ride on Reading Railroad, build a house on Baltic Avenue, or buy up the whole neighborhood — it’s your turn to get rich! You’ll take a spin around the world’s favorite board with animated tokens, 3-D dice and customized game environments. Prove your skills as a deal maker in up to three levels of difficulty. Pass GO, take a Chance or head over to Community Chest as you wheel and deal your way to the top. But remember to stay out of Jail! Are you ready to own it all?", "Over the years, Parker Brothers and Hasbro have published many different editions of rules for the game.", "Early in 1936, Parker Brothers sued Rudy Copeland for patent infringement on a game Copeland had made and called \"Inflation.\" Copeland countersued, charging that Darrow's and therefore Parker Brothers' patent on Monopoly was invalid. The case settled out of court. Parker Brothers bought the rights to Copeland's Inflation for $10,000.", "* Tock, also known as Tuck, is a cards/board game in which players race their four marbles (or tokens) around the board, with the objective being to be the first to take all of one's marbles \"home\".", "The end of an era.  Parker Bros. remained a giant in the industry throughout the beginning of the television era.  In 1968, Parker Brothers was bought by General Mills.  The company changed hands a couple of times until it was purchased by Hasbro in 1991.  Hasbro, having ownership of the two largest game companies in the U. S., Parker and Milton Bradley, decided to consolidate and closed the Parker Brothers factory in Salem in 1991, ending a Parker legacy that had begun in that area 108 years before.", "Players become familiar characters from the Nintendo and DRAGON QUEST universes in a board game that challenges them to play the real estate and stock markets wisely to win. Players race around the board trying to accumulate wealth and hit a target value while buying, selling and trading property..." ]

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[ "The witching hour is the time when supernatural creatures such as witches, demons and ghosts are thought to be at their most powerful, and black magic at its most effective. This hour is typically midnight, and the term may now be used to refer to midnight, or any late hour, even without having the associated superstitious beliefs. The term \"witching hour\" can also refer to the period from midnight to 3am, while \"devils hour\" refers to the time around 3am.", "In European folklore, the witching hour is the time when supernatural creatures such as witches, demons and ghosts are thought to be at their most powerful, and black magic at its most effective. This hour is typically midnight, and the term may now be used to refer to midnight, or any late hour, even without having the associated superstitious beliefs. The term \"witching hour\" can also refer to the period from midnight to 3am, while \"devils hour\" refers to the time around 3am.", "In European folklore, the witching hour is the time when supernatural creatures such as witches, demons and ghosts are thought to be at their most powerful, and black magic at its most effective. This hour is typically midnight, and the term may now be used to refer to midnight, or any late hour, even without having the associated superstitious beliefs. The term \"witching hour\" can also refer to the period from midnight to 3am, while \"devil's hour\" refers to the time around 3am.", "Witching time of night. Spoken by Hamlet, in soliloquy. This phrase actually appears in several of Shakespeare’s plays, including  Macbeth , Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Ghosts and other supernatural phenomena take place around midnight in the plays, but the modern term \"witching hour\" never appears. It may be used to refer to any arbitrary time of  bad luck  or in which something bad has a greater likelihood to occur.", "Some relate it with the witches' work, usually done at night, but the real origin is that it was meant as opposite of the hour Jesus Christ was either put on the cross or He died.The Demonic Witching Hour is a legendary hour that mocks the Holy Trinity. It is 3:00 in the morning, which is believed to be the exact opposite of 3 PM, being the time of Jesus' death. It is when paranoia usually happens at night, whether is just a small occurrence or even a big thing happening. It's also believed that it is the time the demons \"come out to play\".", "In ancient Britain and Ireland, the Celtic Festival of Samhain was observed on October 31, at the end of summer…. The souls of the dead were supposed to revisit their homes on this day and the autumnal festival acquired sinister significance, with ghosts, witches, goblins, black cats, fairies and demons of all kinds said to be roaming about. It was the time to placate the supernatural powers controlling the processes of nature. In addition, Halloween was thought to be the most favorable time for divinations concerning marriage, luck, health, and death. It was the only day on which the help of the devil was invoked for such purposes.", "Walpurgis Night falls on the evening of April 30. In past times many people feared that witches were especially active on this day and evening (see also Easter Witches). Northern and central European folklore warned that these menacing figures prowled in the twilight dusk, waiting until the dark hours of the night to gather together for a wild feast and frolic. Rumors circulated as to the exact location of this fearsome gathering. Many believed that it might lie on Mount Brocken (Brockenberg), in Germany's Harz Mountains. On Walpurgis Night people took extra precautions to prevent passing witches from harming their families, homes, and fields. Folk tradition taught that loud noises frightened away witches. Therefore, people rang church bells, slammed doors, hit pots and pans, and cracked whips. They also lit bonfires and torches, raised crosses, and decorated their homes with rosemary and birch boughs, all of which were thought to repel witches. Little remains of these Walpurgis Night beliefs today. In past times, however, they were so common that they inspired the great German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) to depict a Walpurgis Night witches' sabbath in his famous play, Faust (1808-32). In the play the devil, who goes by the name of Mephistopheles, takes Faust to this sinister event. In addition, vivid images of a midsummer's night witches' festival on Mount Brocken spurred Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) to write his well-known piece, Night on Bald Mountain (1867), also known as Saint John's Night on Bare Mountain.", "Night of April 30, one of the two times of the year when mortal rules were believed to be suspended and supernatural occurrences were most common. Sometimes called May Day Eve. See Samhain Eve.", "This idea of Walpurgis Night as a dark time of witchery and horror comes from pre-Christian Germanic folklore. People believed that the 30th of April was a night of revelry for witches and evil spirits who gathered on Brocken, the highest peak in the Harz Mountains of Germany . The 1st of May was considered the first day of Spring and marked the commencement of the harvesting season. The 30th of April was therefore celebrated as “May Day Eve”, a night when bonfires were burned and a lot of clammer was made to ward off the winter witches and demons and scare off any predators that would attempt to eat the cattle that had been released into the fields for the summer. ", "May Eve also marked the time when the spirit world roamed free on the earth's surface, while witchcraft and sorcery is the most potent at this time. After midnight, bonfires were lit to celebrate beginning of summer (May Day or May 1), which also marked the end of the Wild Hunt .", "At the Forest of Pendle in North Lancashire, at Samhain a ceremony called the 'Lating the Witches' took place. Locals believed witches gathered here on this auspicious night, so lit candles were carried over the hills between 11 p.m and midnight - lighting the witches or 'lating' them. If a candle stayed lit then the witches' power was broken, but if it went out - blown out by a witch - bad luck may follow.", "The most common belief on which authors agreed is that Satan was present at the Sabbat, often as a goat or satyr, and many agreed that more demons were present. Another belief said that sometimes a person could offer his/her own body to be possessed by some demon serving as a medium (see demon possession). It was believed that the Sabbat commenced at midnight and ended at dawn, beginning with a procession, continuing with a banquet, then a Black Mass, and culminating with an orgy in which uninhibited sexual intercourse with demons in male or female form was practiced. Consumption of hallucinogens and sometimes alcohol was often reported.", "Witches were believed to meet weekly, at which time the devil presided. Saturday was commonly called \"the witches' sabbat,\" as their meetings were generally believed to be held on that day in a desolate place or possibly a ruined church building (a number of which had been left by the invading Vikings ). They rode to the gatherings through the air on broomsticks (see transvection ). If the devil was not present on their arrival, they evoked him by beating the earth with a fir stick and saying \"Rise up foul thief.\"", "\"Darkness falls across the land The midnight hour is close at hand Creatures crawl in search of blood To terrorize y'awls's neighborhood And whosoever shall be found Without the soul for getting down Must stand and face the hounds of h...", "The Scandinavian and German-speaking countries produced most of Europe's Walpurgis Night witch lore. Nevertheless, in some other European countries the evening was also thought to have an eerie quality about it. In England and Ireland, old folk traditions taught special methods for protecting oneself from witchcraft on this night. Irish lore hinted that the fairies fought one another over the ripening crops on this evening.", "To Wiccans, the second New Moon is called the Black Moon, and any magic worked during that period is deemed to be especially powerful.", "Back in the old days, or once upon a time, in the tradition of fairy tales, there were the Celtic people and their Druid priests. The Druids were believed to have the ability, among other skills, to commune with the dead. Their powers, it was rumored, were much more powerful on the day of Samhain (pronounced sow-en), which was the last day of the year in the Celtic calendar. But, before believing that the Halloween celebration came directly from Samhain, a day mistakenly attributed directly to the Wiccans rather than to the Celts, you must understand that it is a blend of Hallowmas, a celebration of Catholic origins, as well as the Roman festival called Feralia.", "\"The Burning Times\" are a period in the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era when Witches were persecuted fiercely throughout Europe. The phrase first appears in the writings of 20th century Witches. Historians generally refer to the Burning Times as \"the great European Witch hunt\" or \"the European Witch-craze\".", "In the eastern Alps, a tradition called Perchtenlaufen exists. Two to three hundred masked young men rush about the streets with whips and bells driving out evil spirits. In Nuremberg until 1616, children frightened spirits away by running through the streets and knocking loudly at doors. In some countries, the Twelfth Night and Epiphany mark the start of the Carnival season, which lasts through Mardi Gras Day.", "Another custom often associated with Halloween may find its roots in the religion of Druidism as well. Many children associate not only ghosts and goblins with Halloween, but also the witch and her black cauldron with it. There may be an historical reason for this.", "Samhainophobia, takes it’s name from the original Druidic celebration that took place on October 31st for centuries before the British Aisles heard about Christ – Samhain. Hundreds of years ago, many of the Christian settlers around the British aisles talked about relatives that got very scared around that time of year. These relatives believed that the Druids would rise up, or worse yet, the ancestors of the Druids. These are the first glimpses into the irrational fear of Halloween.", "In the midst of this beautiful time, things wizen and seem to begin to die. The air grows cooler, the earth stiffens, the trees tire of holding their leaves. And during this waning we remember our dead -- on 1 November, the victorious dead ( All Saints, or All Hallows Day ), and on 2 November, the dead being purified ( All Souls Day ). These Days of the Dead begin with the eve of All Hallows, or \" Hallowe'en ,\" an unofficial evening of remembering the frightening fate of the damned and how we can avoid it. There can't be a more appropriate time for such a night than Autumn, when foggy mists are likely, and bonfires helpful.", "The pagan Samhain festival (pronounced \"sow\" \"en\") celebrated the final harvest, death, and the onset of winter, for three days—October 31 to November 2. The Celts believed the curtain dividing the living and the dead lifted during Samhain to allow the spirits of the dead to walk among the living—ghosts haunting the earth.", "Samhain is known by most folks as Halloween, but for many modern Pagans it's considered a Sabbat to honor the ancestors who came before us, marking the dark time of the year. It's a good time to contact the spirit world with a seance, because it's the time when the veil between this world and the next is at its thinnest.", "The stigma of evil and supernatural power persisted through the centuries. Many people have feared the bird, some believing that the owl's cry foretold death and disaster. But since owls shared a fellowship with demons and witches, it was believed that they also had the power to ward off other bad spirits. For protection against lightning, the Chinese placed figures of owls on rooftops, and in Germany real owls were attached to doors.", "Thunder and lightning crash above a Scottish moor. Three haggard old women, the witches, appear out of the storm. In eerie, chanting tones, they make plans to meet again upon the heath, after the battle, to confront Macbeth. As quickly as they arrive, they disappear.", "In which country is it a tradition to hide all brooms in the house on Christmas Eve? Norway(according to legend, witches would steal them otherwise", "#* Elves appear as demonic forces widely in medieval and early modern English, German, and Scandinavian prayers. ", "When a candle flame flickers on Halloween night it is being touched by the spirits of dead ancestors.", "The evil spirits, to whom were ascribed the most malicious intent, were called pray, the most fearsome variety being the khmoc pray, or wicked dead, which included the spirits of women who died in childbirth. From their hiding places in the trees these spirits were said to torment inoffensive passers-by with their hideous laughter, and shower stones down upon them. These practices were, of course, calculated either to kill or to drive the unfortunate recipients of their attentions insane. Among the trees there were also supposed to be concealed mischievous demons who inflicted terrible and incurable diseases upon mankind.", "Read the following (4) links to the PBS video \"Secrets of the Dead: The Witches' Curse\" for more historical context, and an interesting scientific spin as to what may have caused the \"hysteria\" and \"witchcraft\":", "There is a demonic horned being said to bring death and disease to those who are unfortunate enough to see it, especially the Royal family. Other legends tell of witchcraft and suicide." ]

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[ "Webb died of a heart attack on December 23, 1982. He is interred at Sheltering Hills Plot 1999, Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles (), and was given a funeral with full police honors. On Webb's death, Chief Daryl Gates announced that badge number 714, which was used by Joe Friday in Dragnet, would be retired. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley ordered all flags lowered to half-mast in Webb's honor for a day, and Webb was buried with a replica LAPD badge bearing the rank of sergeant and the number 714.", "When real-life LAPD Sergeant Dan Cooke, Webb's contact in the department during production of the revived Dragnet series, was promoted to lieutenant, he arranged to carry the same lieutenant's badge, number 714, as worn by Joe Friday. Cooke was technical advisor to the KNBC documentary \"Police Unit 2A-26\", directed by John Orland. He brought that to the attention of Webb, who hired Orland to direct and film the \"This is the City\", a series of minidocumentaries about Los Angeles that preceded most TV episodes during the 1969 and 1970 seasons. The show had good ratings on NBC's schedule for four seasons, although its popularity did not exceed that of the 1950s version.", "\"Ladies and gentlemen, the story you are about to hear is true. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent...\" One of the most popular police dramas in the history of broadcasting, Dragnet aired on NBC Radio from June 10, 1949 through February 7, 1957 and on television from 1952-59 and 1967-72. Dragnet introduced a new era of documentary-style realism. \"We try to make cops human beings. We try to combine the best qualities of the men I�ve seen downtown, incorporate their way of speaking, make a composite.\" Jack Webb and Dragnet were strong supporters of police departments; following Webb�s death December 23, 1982, the LAPD ordered flags flown at half-mast and permanently retired Joe Friday�s badge number 714.", "Dragnet (1954, Warner Bros/Mark VII., dir. Jack Webb, 88 min, PG-13) was one of those movies kids weren't allowed to see. It is based on the famous TV detective series about Sgt. Joe Friday (Jack Webb). They always started with \"It was warm in Los Angeles\". It had that famous c-minor theme that sounds like a super abbreviation of the Beethoven 5th. It starts when crime boss Miller Starky is almost bisected by a shotgun. The production company has a famous hammer and anvil trademark.", "It was closely followed by “Dragnet,” which starred Jack Webb as Lt. Joe Friday and Ben Alexander as Sgt. Frank Smith. The original series ran from 1952 to 1959. It was reprised from 1967 to 1970, 1989 to 1991 and from 2003 to 2004. “Dragnet” competed with “I Love Lucy” for recognition as the most popular show on television.", "A paraphrasing of the introduction to the television series Dragnet (1951-1959, 1967-1970), spoken by Jack Webb in the role of Sergeant Joe Friday. “I don’t need no stinking badge” is a paraphrase of the famous line from the 1948 film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre: “Badges? We ain’t got no badges. We don’t need no badges. I don’t have to show you any stinking badges.”", "Webb produced a TV movie pilot for the new version of the show for Universal Television, although the pilot was not aired until January 1969. NBC bought the show on the strength of the movie and it debuted as a midseason replacement for the sitcom The Hero on Thursday nights in January 1967. To distinguish it from the original, the year was included in the title of the show (i.e., Dragnet 1967). Although Friday had been promoted to lieutenant in the final episode of the 1950s production, Webb chose to have Friday revert to sergeant with his familiar badge, \"714\".", "They had already played the roles on film but recreated them for radio in the 1940s. Of the 218 episodes they recorded only about 50 remain. Jeff Regan, played by Jack Webb, was another popular radio detective. Webb had previously played radio detectives Pat Novak and Johnny Modero. He later played Sergeant Joe Friday on the Dragnet radio and television series.", "The original Dragnet starring Jack Webb as Sergeant Joe Friday ran on radio from June 3rd, 1949 to February 26th, 1957; and on television from December 16th, 1951 to August 23rd, 1959, and from January 12th, 1967 to April 16th, 1970. All of these versions ran on NBC. There were two Dragnet feature films, a straight adaptation starring Jack Webb in 1954, and a comedy spoof in 1987. There were also television revivals, without Webb, in 1989 and 2003.", "1951 - Jack Webb did a summer switch -- from his Dragnet role of Sgt. Joe Friday to that of Pete Kelly. Pete Kelly�s Blues, a crime drama, was the summer replacement on NBC radio for Halls of Ivy (with Ronald Colman and Benita Hume). Webb also played Pete Kelly in the 1955 movie of the same name; then produced and directed a 1959 TV series, also titled Pete Kelly�s Blues, starring William Reynolds as Pete.", "Webb relaunched Dragnet in 1966, with NBC once again chosen to air the series. He tried to persuade Ben Alexander to rejoin him as Frank Smith. Alexander was then committed to an ABC police series, Felony Squad, and the producers would not release him. Webb reluctantly came up with a new character to take the role of Joe Friday's partner, calling upon his longtime friend Harry Morgan to play Officer Bill Gannon. Morgan had previously portrayed rooming house proprietor Luther Gage in the 1949 radio series episode \"James Vickers\". George Fenneman returned as the show's primary announcer with John Stephenson replacing Hal Gibney in the role of announcing the trial dates and subsequent punishments for the offenders. Fenneman replaced Stephenson in that role during the fourth season. Unlike the previous Dragnet series, the revival was produced and aired in color.", "Webb had begun working on a revival of Dragnet in 1982, writing and producing five scripts and keeping his role as Joe Friday. Once again he needed to create a new character for Friday's partner; Ben Alexander had died in 1969 and Harry Morgan was tied up with his commitments to M*A*S*H and its already greenlit followup AfterMASH. Webb decided on Kent McCord, the former Adam-12 star who had several guest appearances early in the 1967 revival series, to fill the undefined role; no indication was given whether McCord would be playing a totally new character or his Jim Reed character from Adam-12. Webb died suddenly from a heart attack on December 23, 1982, and the revival was scrapped.", "Webb, despite his string of short-lived series in the 1970s, still kept trying to recapture his previous success and decided to bring Dragnet back to television for a third series in 1983. Five scripts had been produced and Kent McCord, one of the stars of Adam-12, was cast as Joe Friday's new partner.", "Webb had a featured role as a crime lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night, based on the real-life murder of a California Highway Patrolman by Erwin Walker. The film was produced in semidocumentary style with technical assistance provided by Detective Sergeant Marty Wynn of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). He Walked By Night's thinly veiled fictionalized recounting of the 1946 Walker crime spree gave Webb the idea for Dragnet: a recurring series based on real cases from LAPD police files, featuring authentic depictions of the modern police detective, including methods, mannerisms, and technical language. ", "   In short, Dragnet was one of the most remarkable programs of its era. Webb and his Mark VII Productions went on to produce some of TV’s most successful procedural series (Adam-12, O’Hara U.S. Treasury, Emergency!).", "When I first saw Dragnet, I think in particular I underestimated the performance of Jack Webb, who seems to approach his suspects with a very human demeanour which is entirely realistic and such an antidote to the overplayed performances of many later TV cops. Webb produced and often wrote and directed the shows, and he displays a sure, experienced touch. Incidentally, the series didn't always take itself that seriously: look out for a wildly campy episode which alters the opening titles to read \"Badge 417\".", "Dragnet, the brainchild of Jack Webb , may very well be the most well-remembered, and the best, radio police drama series. From September, 1949 through February 1957, Dragnet's 30 minute shows, broadcast on NBC, brought to radio true police stories in a low-key, documentary style.", "Actor and producer Jack Webb's aims in Dragnet were for realism and unpretentious acting. He achieved both goals, and Dragnet remains a key influence on subsequent police dramas in many media.", "Although the cast varied over the years, the main characters included The Team Leader (Dan Briggs the first season, then Jim Phelps the other six), The Techno-Wizard (Barney Collier), The Strongman (Willy Armitage), The Master of Disguise (first Rollin Hand, then The Amazing Paris), and The Femme Fatale (Cinnamon Carter, Dana Lambert, Casey, Mimi Davis). The series is best known for its standard (but not invariable) opening mission contact (conducted by a pre-recorded message), the theme composed by Lalo Schifrin, the leader's selection of mission agents from a dossier, the opening briefing, the intricate use of disguises and a typical \"mask pulloff\" scene near the end of most episodes, and the relative lack of characterization of the characters.", "Veteran LAPD detective Thomas Jefferson \"T.J.\" Hooker (William Shatner) saw his partner murdered. The longtime plainclothes officer then returned to the beat as a uniformed sergeant to try and rid the streets of the same type of criminals that were responsible for crimes including his partner's death. In \"The Protectors,\" the series' pilot TV movie, Hooker trained a group of new police academy recruits, including those played by Richard Lawson (All My Children), Brian Patrick Clarke (The Bold and the Beautiful), Kelly Harmon (The Bay City Blues), and Adrian Zmed (Dance Fever). Hal Williams played a senior officer, and Richard Herd made a brief appearance as Captain Dennis Sheridan, Hooker's tough but understanding superior. Back in uniform, Hooker was assigned to train the academy recruits. During most of the series, Hooker was partnered with brash, sometimes hot-headed young rookie Vince Romano (Adrian Zmed). With Romano much his junior, Hooker acted as his mentor both professionally and socially. The age difference generally being the key hook of the partnership, the pair quickly became fast friends and a good team.", "Detective Sergeant Jack Vincennes (Kevin Spacey) is a narcotics detective who moonlights as a technical advisor on Badge of Honor, a popular TV police drama series. He is providing Sid Hudgens (Danny DeVito), publisher of the Hush-Hush tabloid magazine, with tips about celebrity arrests that will attract more readers to Hudgens' magazine. When he becomes involved in Hudgen's scheme to set up actor Matt Reynolds (Simon Baker) in a homosexual tryst with L.A. district attorney Ellis Loew (Ron Rifkin), and Reynolds is killed as a result, Vincennes becomes determined to find the killer.", "Police Surgeon [Canada] 1971-1974 (Syndicated in USA as Dr. Simon Locke; 22 Feb 1978-10 Oct 1981 (UK: London Weekend Television); 52 30-minute episodes; Low Budget forced shift from Hollywood to Toronto, about a country doctor who kept being drawn into solving murders in a small town. In Season 2, they moved to the big city and centered on a police emegency unit. Jack Albertson, in particular, nearly quit over pathetic production values and not being able to see rushes (daily rough cuts). Production Company: CIV; Executive Producer: Murray Chercover; Producers: Wilton Schiller, Chester Krunholz; Starring: SAM GROOM as Dr. Simon Locke; JACK ALBERTSON as Dr. Sellers; LEN BIRMAN as Detective Lieutenant Dan Plamer; LARRY D. MANN as Lieutenant Jack Gordon; Guest Starring: WILLIAM SHATNER (final season); LESLIE NIELSEN (final season).", "Dog and Cat 5 Mar 1977-14 May 1977 (ABC/Paramount); 10 60-minute episodes; \"Dog and Cat\" was the slang term for \"men and women's police teams.\" This lightweight Mystery/Detective/Police drama series starred Kim Bassinger, before she became a hot movie star, as gorgeous, hip, Officer J.Z. Kane, graduate of an unspecified college in the South. Plainclothes vet Jack Ramsey was the \"dog.\" This odd couple patrolled LAPD's 42nd Division. Creator: Walter Hill; Executive Producer: Lawrence Gordon; Producer: Robert Singer; Music: Barry De Vorzon; Starring: LOU ANTONIO as Det. Sgt. Jack Ramsey; KIM BASINGER as Officer J.Z. Kane; MATT CLARK as Lt. Arthur Kipling.", "Warren Beatty as Dick Tracy: Square-jawed detective sporting a yellow overcoat and fedora. He is heavily committed to break the organized crime that infests in the city. In addition, Tracy is in line to become the chief of police, which he scorns as a \"desk job\".", "The Plainclothesman 12 Oct 1949-19 Sep 1954 (DuMont); ??? 30-minute episodes; black and white; Producers: John L. Clark, John Clarol; We only once, in five years, see the nameless Lieutenant, and then only in a flashback. Otherwise, we only see his sidekick Sergeant Brady and other characters through the eyes of the Lieutenant. If he ducked under a car to escape bullets, we see up from street level. When he blinked, the screen went briefly dark. Hypermodern look at homicide investigations in the big bad city. Starring: KEN LYNCH as The Lieutenant; JACK ORRISON as Sgt.Brady.", "Chase 11 Sep 1973-28 Aug 1974 (NBC/Universal/Mark VII Ltd); 23 60-minute episodes; LAPD plainclothes squad for solving unique cases. Sam MacCray handled police dogs; Steve Baker was a high-speed driver; Fred Sing could work wonders with motorcycles; and Norm Hamilton brought home his Vietnam helicopter expertise. Executive Producer: Robert A. Cinader; Producer: James Schmerer; Music: Oliver Nelson; Starring: MITCHELL RYAN as Capt. Chase Reddick; REID SMITH as Officer Norm Hamilton; MICHAEL RICHARDSON as Officer Steve Baker; BRIAN FONG as Officer Fred Sing; WAYNE MAUNDER as Sgt. Sam MacCray; ALBERT REED as Chief Frank Dawson; FAROUK (German Shepherd) as Fuzz (this talented pooch had previously appeared on Ironside, Mission Impossible, and The Mod Squad!).", "HAWAII FIVE-O is the long-running (12 years) TV crime drama starring Jack Lord as Police Detective Steve McGarrett. It's the source of the common quote \"Book 'em, Danno\", said by McGarrett to his partner, Detective Danny Williams (James McArthur). The Main Title Theme by Morton Stevens is one of the best known themes in TV history. It was recently used, to hilarious effect, in the Aussie film, THE DISH .", "Billy Dee Williams starred as Billy Diamond, a professional thief based in San Francisco who is caught by Lt. Jennifer Warner (Janet Carroll) and agrees to work with the SFPD, along with his partner Sisko (Ken Wahl), as an alternative to serving a prison sentence. (Hour-long detective drama)", "3. Died aged 83, a US actor famous for his character of being a shabby and ostensibly absent-minded police detective lieutenant wearing an old raincoat in a celebrated 1970s TV series?", "Detective Inspector William Edward \"Jack\" Frost, GC, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, nine published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010.", "T. J. Hooker is an American police drama television program starring William Shatner in the title role as a 15-year veteran police sergeant. The series premiered as a mid-season replacement on March 13, 1982, on ABC and ran on the network until May 4, 1985. The show was then picked up for a further single season by CBS.", "Jack Lord portrayed Detective Captain Steve McGarrett, the head of a special state police task force which was based on an actual unit that existed under martial law in the 1940s. The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular. Many episodes would end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to \"Book 'em, Danno!\", sometimes specifying a charge such as \"murder one\"." ]

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[ "Jann Simon Wenner (born January 7, 1946) is the co-founder and publisher of the popular culture biweekly Rolling Stone, as well as the current owner of Men's Journal and Us Weekly magazines. Born in New York City, Wenner graduated from Chadwick School and later attended the University of California, Berkeley. He dropped out, but while at Berkeley he participated in the Free Speech Movement. Wenner, with his mentor Ralph J. Gleason, co-founded of Rolling Stone in 1967 with the help of a loan from family members and soon to be wife. Later in his career, several musicians alleged that Wenner was unfairly biased against their work, thus hindering their induction into the Hall of Fame. Wenner received the Norman Mailer Prize in 2010 for his work in the publishing industry.", "Rolling Stone Magazine 746 Brannan Street San Francisco, California It was in the loft here on November 9, 1967, that editor Jann Wenner (and staff) rolled out the very first issue of Rolling Stone magazine. Several years later, in 1975, Wenner moved his now hot publication to nicer offices in New York City.", "Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a cover date of November 9, 1967, and was in newspaper format with a lead article on the Monterey Pop Festival. The cover price was 35¢ (equivalent to $ today).", "In 1967, Wenner and Gleason founded Rolling Stone in San Francisco. To get the magazine started, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from family members and from the family of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. ", "Jann Wenner (7/11/74) - Owner of Rolling Stone magazine, consistently referred to as \"Yawn Wenner\". Appeared frequently during Uncle Duke's time as a writer for the magazine.", "Rolling Stone, the influential music industry journal, was founded, and has since been controlled and edited, by Jann Wenner. He is also Jewish. By 1989 Rolling Stone was worth $250 million. Once considered the \"voice of the counterculture,\" Associate Publisher Les Zeifman referred to it as \"the Wall Street Journal of rock and roll.\" [DRAPER, p. 15] In 1986 an advertising newsletter called Marketing Through Magazines was instituted by Rolling Stone to forge tobacco, beer, and other corporate sponsors of musical acts and the appropriation of famous songs for commercials. The driving force behind the \"counter-culture\" Rolling Stone, Jann Wenner, eventually developed an \"ostentatious lifestyle of private jets, country villas, and choice social connections.\" [DRAPER, p. 21] Robert Draper notes that in the early years of the paper Wenner�", "November 1, 1967 - Jann Wenner, of Straight Arrow Publishers (San Francisco), published first issue of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine.", "Also in 1970, Thompson began a five-year stint as the “national affairs editor” at Jann Wenner’s Rolling Stone, then a newspaper-style weekly. Many of his signature pieces were first published in the magazine through the years. Fear and Loathing in Las...", "Thompson’s heyday came in the 1970s, when his larger-than-life persona was gobbled up by magazines. His pieces were of legendary length and so was his appetite for adventure and trouble; his purported fights with Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner were rumored in many cases to hinge on expense accounts for stories that didn’t materialize.", "1967 – Rolling Stone, the American-based magazine devoted to music, liberal politics and popular culture, was first published.", "Fifty years ago Hefner started Playboy from his Chicago apartment. By the time the company went public in 1971, Playboy had grown into an empire, including nightclubs, hotels, casinos, a modeling agency, a record label, and a limousine service. Hefner's bunny logo has become so famous that there is a rabbit species--the now-endangered Sylvilagus palustris hefneri--named after him. And Playboy still outsells all other men's magazines. From the mansion he calls Shangri-la--which he shares with a few squirrel monkeys, 65 caretakers, seven scantily clad women, and one albino peacock--Hefner talks about the worldwide brand he has built and how he did most of it while wearing his pajamas. --CARLYE ADLER", "I think if you look at most women’s magazines and even men’s magazines, you see her influence. When she took over in 1965, there were a lot of comparisons between Cosmo and Playboy. Initially, Helen’s bosses tried to back away from those comparisons, but sex sells and it still sells.", "The magazine was considered by many to be at its creative zenith during this time. It should however be noted that the publishing industry's newsstand sales were excellent for many other titles during that time: there were sales peaks for Mad (more than 2 million), Playboy (more than 7 million), and TV Guide (more than 19 million).", "In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City. Editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become \"a cultural backwater\". ", "National Lampoon was a ground-breaking American humor magazine which ran from 1970 to 1998. The magazine started out as a spinoff from the Harvard Lampoon. National Lampoon magazine reached its height of popularity and critical acclaim during the 1970s, when it had a far-reaching effect on American humor and comedy. The magazine spawned films, radio, live theatre, various kinds of recordings, and print products including books. Many members of the creative staff from the magazine subsequently went on to contribute creatively to successful media of all types.", "1949 - Microfilm copies of Newsweek magazine were offered to subscribers for the first time. The weekly publication cost $15 a year.", "National Lampoon was a monthly magazine for most of its publication history. Numerous \"special editions\" were also published and sold simultaneously on newsstands. Some of the special editions were anthologies of reprinted material; others were entirely original. Additional projects included a calendar, a songbook, a collection of transfer designs for T-shirts, and a number of books. The magazine sold yellow binders with the Lampoon logo, designed to store a year's worth of issues.", "A weekly magazine, Go-Set, was published from February 1966 to August 1974, and was aimed at teenagers and twenty-year-olds. It quickly became the most influential and popular music-related publication, which chronicled major events, trends, fads and performers in local pop and rock music. Regular columnists included radio DJ Stan Rofe, fashion designer Prue Acton, and music journalist Ian Meldrum (later known as \"Molly\" Meldrum). Go-Set published the first national singles charts from October 1966 (prior charts were state-based, or radio station listings). It detailed international musical developments and the exploits of Australian artists overseas including Normie Rowe and Lynne Randell. It reported on Australia's annual rock band competition, Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds, which ran from 1966 to 1972. From 1967 Go-Set conducted a popularity poll which led to the King of Pop Awards starting with Rowe as King of Pop in 1967. Australian-raised critic and journalist, Lillian Roxon, wrote her Rock Encyclopedia in 1969, which is the first such encyclopaedia to detail rock music and its creators.", "People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine. People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine. In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $1.5 billion. It was named \"Magazine of the Year\" by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual \"A-list\" and #3 on Adweek's \"Brand Blazers\" list in October 2006.", "magazines. I think I saw one issue when I was a child, and it was and still is perfection to me—black and white naked beat women having sex, smoking cigarettes, or reading in New York City apartments, dirty stories, and real literature and culture. The first one I picked up in the Beat store felt just like the one I saw as a child and got my heart and cock going. It had a woman on the cover. I swear I’d still give it all up for an advertisement for Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention’s first album,", "October-November 1952 - Publisher Bill Gaines, editor Harvey Kurtzman introduced Mad, the comic book; December 1954 - face of Alfred E. Neuman, fictional mascot of EC Publications, debuted on cover of Ballantine's The Mad Reader, collection of reprints from early issues; July 1955 - converted to magazine with issue 24; December 1956 - Neuman became cornerstone character; September 1956 - Al Feldstein took over as editor (Don Martin debuted); early 1960s - acquired by Kinney National Company (subsequently acquired by Warner Bros.); 1974 - circulation grew from 325,000 to high of 2.1 million; 2001 - first accepted advertising.", "In World War II, YANK magazine was published weekly by the U.S. Army for all branches of the U.S. military. The writers were enlisted men and they wrote stories about World War II and sketched cartoons poking fun at service life like G.I Joe and Sad Sack. As a \"morale booster,\" one of the most popular parts of the magazine were photos of a pin-up girl usually clad in a bathing suit or some form of seductive attire. Rita Hayworth's picture appeared in the 7 July 1944 edition of the magazine.", "Larry Claxton Flynt (born November 1, 1942) is an American publisher, the head of Larry Flynt Publications (LFP). LFP mainly produces pornographic content, including videos and magazines, most notably Hustler.", "Life Magazine April 21, 1967 : Cover - Part 1 of a provocative new series : modern society's growing challenge : the struggle to be an individual.", "Good Housekeeping publishes its first issue in May 1885. The magazine's full title is Good Housekeeping: Conducted in the Interests of the Higher Life of the Household.", "Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview that is still published today. The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces. ", "Viz, a brilliant hybrid of punk fanzine and kids' comic, owes much of its success to a civil servant clerk called Chris Donald. When he, his 15-year-old brother Simon and schoolfriend Jim Brownlow published the first issue in November 1979, Chris was working as a wage mule for the DHSS. But even then it was clear that his talents weren't confined to administering National Insurance contributions. The comic strips he'd drawn at school had been a big hit in the playground (and the staff room); it was that behind-the-bike-sheds cheek that made Viz unique. It was full of the sort of stupid, crass and insensitive jokes you told at school, but until Chris Donald came along, nobody had dared to put them into print.", "A collection of articles and interviews from Leonard Maltin's 1960s/1970s magazine Film Fan Monthly .  Included are:", "Special Notes: This issue has a Atomic Bomb cover. When you buy something from us, you can expect the same great service as if you are buying from them. We are always buying! What you see in the pictu...", "The interrobang was in vogue for much of the 1960s, with the word interrobang appearing in some dictionaries and the mark itself featuring in magazine and newspaper articles.", "The \"Beezer Speaks, a quarterly newsletter is born with Regina as the Editor, Rosie as the publisher-treasurer and Stephie as the Art Director. The newsletter was the first of its kind with an original comic strip called \"Captain Starrider and his Asterettes\", loosely based on Barry in outer space.", "60 years of pop culture parodies are captured in the sublimely silly book Totally MAD . Take a look back at some of best vintage pop culture covers, from a selection by MAD editor John Ficarra. Vote for your favorite at the end!" ]

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[ "1982: Duk-koo Kim was carried from the ring in a coma after he was beaten by Ray Mancini for the WBA lightweight title. He died four days after the contest. Subsequently, world championship bouts were cut from 15 to 12 rounds.", "As was in the case of Duk Koo Kim who on November 13th 1982 was killed in the ring by Ray \"Boom Boom\" Mancini. [22]", "Whatever his atavistic fantasies, Tyson never faced the reality of killing an opponent, as Ray “Boom Boom” Mancini did after his 1982 fight with Duk Koo Kim. Of course, as Ralph Wiley points out in “Then All the Joy Turned to Sorrow”, his aptly titled report on the bout, many other fighters died before Kim—but not before a horrified network television audience. Kim’s mother committed suicide soon afterward, followed by the bout’s referee the following year.", "1982 – South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim suffered fatal brain injuries during a match with American Ray Mancini near Las Vegas' Caesars Palace, leading to significant rule changes in the sport.", "For decades, from the 1920s to the 1980s, world championship matches in professional boxing were scheduled for fifteen rounds, but that changed after a November 13, 1982 WBA Lightweight title bout ended with the death of boxer Duk Koo Kim in a fight against Ray Mancini in the 14th round of a nationally televised championship fight on CBS. Exactly three months after the fatal fight, the WBC reduced the number of their championship fights to 12 rounds. The WBA even stripped a fighter of his championship in 1983 because the fight had been a 15-round bout, shortly after the rule was changed to 12 rounds. By 1988, to the displeasure of some boxing purists, all fights had been reduced to a maximum of 12 rounds only, partially for safety, and partially for television, as a 12-round bout could be broadcast within an hour, while a 15-round bout could require up to 90 minutes to broadcast.", "Ray \"Boom Boom\" Mancini was in his salad days then as world lightweight champion. When Ray outfought and killed the Korean, Duk Koo Kim -- Ray killed Kim to keep Kim from killing Ray -- in Vegas, I was ringside. In the 15th round, passions and bloodlust ran high; the fighters were going at it toe-to-toe full-bore, flat-out, literal mortal combat, no bull. One of my sterling colleagues (who later apologized and said he'd had \"a Korean War flashback\") kept yelling, \"Kill that gook!\" as that fire got hotter and hotter. Stallone was around; him or Cantalito or both were at some of Mancini's title fights. Lee studied this whole possible death scenario, and decided that maybe acting, or stunt work, or even driving a FedEx truck, was a better career option.", "Rocky IV is a 1985 boxing film, the fourth and most financially successful movie of the Rocky franchise. [1] Rocky Balboa (played again by Sylvester Stallone ), plans to retire from boxing after regaining his title from James \"Clubber\" Lang in Rocky III . An unknown amateur boxer from the Soviet Union , Ivan Drago (played by Dolph Lundgren ), however, makes a bid to enter the U.S. boxing ranks. After an exhibition match with Apollo Creed goes horribly and tragically wrong, Rocky must step in and challenge the Russian boxer himself to avenge the passing of his friend.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), nicknamed Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer, Olympic gold medalist and undisputed world heavyweight champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981. Frazier was known for his sheer strength, durability, punch power and all-out relentless attack.", "Tyson made his professional debut as an 18-year-old on March 6, 1985, in Albany , New York. He defeated Hector Mercedes via a first round knockout . [6] He had 15 bouts in his first year as a professional. Fighting frequently, Tyson won 26 of his first 28 fights by KO/TKO – 16 in the first round. [16] The quality of his opponents gradually increased to journeyman fighters and borderline contenders, [16] like James Tillis , David Jaco , Jesse Ferguson , Mitch Green and Marvis Frazier . His win streak attracted media attention, leading to his being billed as the next great heavyweight champion. D'Amato died in November 1985, relatively early into Tyson's professional career; some speculate that his death was the genesis of many of the troubles Tyson was to experience later as his life and career progressed. [17]", "On this day in 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans to win the world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so. Following his victory, Ali retired from boxing, only to make a brief comeback two years later. Ali, who once claimed he could \"float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,\" left the sport permanently in 1981", "Tyson made his professional debut as an 18 year old on March 6, 1985, in Albany , New York. He defeated Hector Mercedes via a first round knockout . [6] He had 15 bouts in his first year as a professional. Fighting frequently, Tyson won 26 of his first 28 fights by KO/TKO – 16 in the first round. [15] The quality of his opponents gradually increased to journeyman fighters and borderline contenders, [15] like James Tillis , David Jaco , Jesse Ferguson , Mitch Green and Marvis Frazier . His win streak attracted media attention, leading to his being billed as the next great heavyweight champion. D’Amato died in November 1985, relatively early into Tyson’s professional career; some speculate that his death was the genesis of many of the troubles Tyson was to experience later as his life and career progressed. [16]", "At a January 24, 1974, rematch at New York City’s Madison Square Garden, Ali defeated Frazier by decision in 12 rounds. On October 30 of that same year, an underdog Ali bested George Forman and reclaimed his heavyweight champion belt at the hugely hyped “Rumble in the Jungle” in Kinshasa, Zaire, with a knockout in the eighth round. On October 1, 1975, Ali met Joe Frazier for a third time at the “Thrilla in Manila” in the Philippines and defeated him in 14 rounds. On February 15, 1978, Ali lost the title to Leon Spinks in a 15-round split decision. However, seven months later, on September 15, Ali won it back. In June 1979, Ali announced he was retiring from boxing. He returned to the ring on October 2, 1980, and fought heavyweight champ Larry Holmes, who knocked him out in the 11th round. After losing to Trevor Berbick on December 11, 1981, Ali left the ring for the final time, with a 56-5 record. He is the only fighter to be heavyweight champion three times. In 1984, it was revealed Ali had Parkinson’s disease.", "Berbick represented Jamaica at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal and settled in Canada for years. He turned professional the following year and won the World Boxing Council heavyweight title in 1986, when he defeated American Pinklon Thomas. He had a decent technique and solid punch, as well as a sound chin - all the ingredients a champion needs - but when he beat Ali it was one of boxing's saddest nights. Ali was ill advised to take the bout, having already lost to Larry Holmes the previous year, while descending into the early stages of Parkinson's Syndrome.", "On this day in 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans to win the world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so. Following his victory, Ali retired from boxing, only to make a brief comeback two years later. Ali, who once claimed he could “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,” left the sport permanently in 1981.", "Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American professional boxer who held the undisputed world heavyweight championship. At the age of 21, he became the youngest boxer to win the world heavyweight title, and was also the first heavyweight to regain the title after losing it. As an amateur he represented the United States at the 1952 Olympics, winning a gold medal in the middleweight division.", "Supremely gifted US boxer Roy Jones Junior pummelled Park Si-Hun for three rounds in the final of the 1988 Olympic light-middleweight competition, landing 86 shots to Park’s 32. However, the judges were clearly impressed by all the punches Park cunningly blocked with his face, awarding the decision to the Korean and setting a standard as the most heinous robbery in Olympic history. The judges were suspended afterwards, while Jones was awarded the trophy for best boxer of the Games – to go with the pure comedy value of his silver medal.", "Tyson, however, wasn't worried. He still had his millions, he still had his undefeated pro career, and he still had his title. In April, 1989, he successfully defended the latter two against England 's Frank Bruno, easily over-powering him in the fifth round. Then, on June 27 in Atlantic City, in what may have been his greatest night in the ring, he floored former champ Michael Spinks in all of 90 seconds. Then, on February 10, 1990, the unthinkable happened in Tokyo . James \"Buster\" Douglas, a 42-1 underdog who couldn't even get a photographer to come to his weigh-in, came back from an eighth round knockdown to fell the champ in the tenth. It was impossible, and at first, Don King wouldn't let it happen. He got representatives from the WBC, the WBA, and even the Japan Boxing Commission to declare that Douglas should have been counted out in the eighth round, awarding the fight to Tyson. But King too suffered a rare defeat, and in the face of enormous public outrage, the fight and the title were soon awarded to Buster Douglas.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer and Olympic and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.", "While the IBF had awarded recognition to Larry Holmes soon after its inception in 1983 (as they did with several established champions in the lower weight divisions), the WBO sanctioned a fight between two relatively unknown fighters, Francesco Damiani (winner of the super heavyweight silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles) and Johnny DuPlooy, to determine the initial holder of its heavyweight title in 1989. All other sanctioning bodies of boxing recognized the then-undefeated Mike Tyson as the heavyweight champion. Damiani went on to win the initial WBO heavyweight title. ", "Hogan \"Kid\" Bassey MBE (3 June 1932 – 26 January 1998) was a Nigerian - British boxer, he was the first man of Nigerian descent to become a world boxing champion.", "Hogan \"Kid\" Bassey MBE (3 June 1932 – 26 January 1998) was a Nigerian-British boxer, he was the first man of Nigerian descent to become a world boxing champion.", "Joe Frazier American boxer Joe Frazier knocks down compatriot Muhammad Ali on March 8, 1971, in one of the most publicized bouts in the history of boxing. Frazier had previously won the gold medal at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan.UPI/Corbis", "The former heavyweight champion has died after a brief final fight with liver cancer. He was 67.", "Charles \"Sonny\" Liston's life and death began and ended in the same manner: as a mystery. Liston, one of 25 children by his father, is reputed to have been born in May 1932, yet prison records show various birthdates, among them 1928. After a rough upbringing, with little formal education, Liston found himself in trouble with the law. He served brief prison terms and on one occasion was introduced to boxing by a prison chaplain. Liston excelled in his newfound love, boxing, and, after a short amateur career, turned professional. At 6 feet 1 inch and 217 pounds, Liston had devastating punching power, an iron chin, and lightning reflexes, along with a powerful jab. He quickly destroyed all the leading heavyweight contenders--Roy Harris, Zora Folley, Cleveland Williams--to earn a title shot against Floyd Patterson. Liston destroyed the champion in one round and destroyed him again in the rematch. Liston was the most feared man in the world, until Muhammad Ali arrived on the scene and knocked him out twice, ending his championship days and his reputation as the \"World's Baddest Man.\" Liston continued to box until the time of his death. His 17-year ring log was an impressive 50-4 with 39 knockouts. Outside of the ring, Liston had a charming personality. He was friendly with his fans and had a soft spot for children. He acted in a number of films, the most famous being Harlow with Carroll Baker. He died under mysterious conditions on December 30, 1970.", "He attempted a comeback to regain the title but, in 1979, he lost the first of his fights against Saad Muhammad on points after going the full 15 rounds. The following year he tried again, but was on the canvas five times before the referee stopped the fight in the fourth round. After this fight, he trashed his hotel room. He was living a rock star lifestyle after being an album star on a rock album. He attempted to fight on, but an irregularity was found at the base of his skull and his licence to fight was revoked.", "In the English town of Warwick, best known for its Medieval, Renaissance, and Elizabethan history, stands a bronze statue of the tragic World Middleweight Champion Randolph Turpin. The second man to beat Sugar Ray Robinson (after Jake LaMotta), Turpin suffered enormous financial strain after losing his title and his fame, committing suicide by gunshot at age 37. Here’s hoping the troubled champion would rest easier, knowing he has been immortalized in full action, prepping an uppercut in bronze.", "Higgins came to be known as the \"People's Champion\" because of his popularity, and is often credited with having brought the game of snooker to a wider audience, contributing to its peak in popularity in the 1980s. He had a reputation as an unpredictable and difficult character. He was a heavy smoker, struggled with drinking and gambling, and admitted to using cocaine and marijuana. First diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998, Higgins died of multiple causes in his Belfast home on 24 July 2010.", "On June 27, 1988, Tyson fought Michael Spinks. Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via a 15-round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. The fight ended after only 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round.", "Liston was accused of taking a dive in the rematch with Ali, perhaps at the order of the Mafia or out of fear of the Nation of Islam. After taking a year off from boxing, he failed to regain a chance for the heavyweight title and retired in 1969. Two years later, his wife discovered him dead after returning from a trip. The cause and exact date of his death are unknown.", "Midway through the first round, Ali landed a quick, downward right-hand punch to Liston's jaw, sending the former champion to the canvas, where he stretched out like a man taking a Sunday afternoon nap.", "Losing battle: Former heavyweight champion Joe Frazier died on Monday after being diagnosed with cancer last month", "Ali was stripped of his boxing title in 1967 for his opposition to the Vietnam War. He was drafted but refused to enter the armed services, saying, \"I ain't got no quarrel with the Vietcong. No Vietcong ever called me n*****.\"" ]

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[ "The 1972 CLIO Hall of Fame commercial \"I can't believe I ate the whole thing\" created for Alka-Seltzer by Howie Cohen and Bob Pasqualina.", "For its latest commercial, 75-year-old Alka-Seltzer reached back decades to resurrect perhaps the most famous slogan for the fizzy stomach remedy: \"I can't believe I ate the whole thing.\"", "A year after their “Try it, you’ll like it” triumph, Wells, Rich, Greene came up with another memorable phrase to promote Alka-Seltzer: “I can’t believe I ate the whole thing.” The line, moaned in the TV spot by poor, miserable Ralph to his sleepy wife, came to copywriter Howie Cohen after overindulging at a dinner party.", "* In 1972, an actor (Milt Moss) spent the commercial moaning, \"I can't believe I ate that who-o-o-o-o-ole thing,\" while his wife (Lynn Whinic) made sarcastic comments and finally advised him to take some Alka-Seltzer. In 2005, this ad was also remade, featuring Peter Boyle and Doris Roberts from the 1996–2005 TV sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.", "A long running advertising slogan for the product in the United Kingdom and Australia was, \"The sweet you can eat between meals without ruining your appetite\".[10] In 1991, the Health Education Authority and anti-sugar lobbyists both complained, without success, to the ITC that such advertising encouraged children to eat sweets between meals. The ITC agreed with Mars that its advertisements in fact encouraged restrained eating.[11]", "By 2001 PepsiCo, Inc., had long been suffering the effects of consumers' quest for healthier beverages. Though the company's offerings of Gatorade, Aquafina, Propel, and Tropicana Orange Juice, as well as its diet sodas, were experiencing growth, PepsiCo's signature cola sales had been on a steady decline. Yet PepsiCo was far from giving up on its star drink. The company turned to a multimillion dollar campaign, \"The Joy of Pepsi,\" that enlisted megastars Britney Spears, Beyoncé Knowles, and Shakira. Replacing \"The Joy of Cola,\" the new campaign, which was created by advertising agency BBDO New York, represented a major attempt to appeal to customers' tastes, especially those in the younger age brackets.", "In such an environment, standing still was tantamount to shrinking. \"A laurel rested upon quickly wilts\" was a favorite Kroc-ism. So aside from opening new restaurants at a breakneck pace, McDonald's added a new weapon to its arsenal: national advertising. Having labored mightily to create uniform standards throughout the system, Kroc expended capital to forge a uniform image. In 1967, McDonald's spent $2.3 million, or about 1 percent of its sales, on its first national advertising campaign, which was an unheard amount for a fast-food chain. \"What small businessman wouldn't cheerfully give up 1 percent of his gross to get our kind of commercials and things like sponsorship of The Sound of Music on network television to promote his store?\" Kroc asked rhetorically. Expanding the Ronald McDonald campaign created by the Washington franchises, the company outfitted the clown with a gaggle of kid-friendly characters such as Hamburglar, Mayor McCheese, and Grimace, a large purple creature who craved shakes and french fries. \"We're not in the hamburger business; we're in show business,\" Kroc liked to say.", "The death of Michele Ferrero, the owner of the giant Italian confectionery company, has started a wave of nostalgia not just for its key product, Nutella, but also its brilliantly awful advert for Ferrero Rocher. Here we round up some of the most memorable chocolate ads.", "During a weeklong Product Tampering scare, Pepsi-Cola suspends its advertising campaign after nationwide reports of customers discovering syringes in unopened cans of Diet Pepsi. In response, television host David Letterman suggests ten new slogans, including \"200cc's of great taste\" and \"Every can inspected by Ray Charles\" (the company's blind celebrity spokesman).", "Early in the 20th century, the Quaker Oats Company (formed in 1901 to replace the American Cereal Company) jumped into the world market. Schumacher, the innovator; Stuart, the manager and financial leader and Crowell, the creative merchandiser, advertiser, and promoter, doubled sales every decade. Alexander Anderson's steam-pressure method of shooting rice from guns created Puffed rice and puffed wheat. Crowell's intensive advertising campaign in the 1920s and 1930s featured promotions with such celebrities as Babe Ruth, Max Baer, and Shirley Temple. Sponsorship of the popular \"Rin-Tin-Tin\" and \"Sergeant Preston of the Yukon\" radio shows aided the company's expansion during the depression. Meat rationing during World War II boosted annual sales to $90 million, and by 1956 sales topped $277 million. By 1964 the firm sold over 200 products, grossed over $500 million, and claimed that 8 million people ate Quaker Oats each day. Expansion included acquisition of Aunt Jemima Mills Company in 1926, which continues as a leading brand of pancake mixes and syrup, the sport drink Gatorade in 1983, and in 1986, the Golden Grain Company, producers of Rice-A-Roni canned lunch food. In 2001 Quaker Oats was itself bought out by the much larger PepsiCo. ", "The company is known for its \"31 flavors\" slogan, with the idea that a customer could have a different flavor every day of any month. The slogan came from the Carson-Roberts advertising agency (which later merged into Ogilvy & Mather) in 1953. Baskin and Robbins believed that people should be able to sample flavors until they found one they wanted to buy, hence their famous small pink spoons. The company has introduced more than 1,000 flavors since 1945.", "In 1967, The Seven-Up Company introduced the UNCOLA advertising campaign, which sent 7UP sales rocketing nationwide. Consumers endorsed 7UP as a viable, thirst-quenching alternative to colas. The UNCOLA tag immediately joined the nation’s vernacular and remained synonymous with 7UP, despite subsequent campaigns that featured new slogans.", "In 2011, for New York Fashion Week, Diet Pepsi introduced a \"skinny\" can that is taller and has been described as a \"sassier\" version of the traditional can that Pepsi says was made in \"celebration of beautiful, confident women\". The company's equating of \"skinny\" and \"beautiful\" and \"confident\" is drawing criticism from brand critics, consumers who do not back the \"skinny is better\" ethos, and the National Eating Disorders Association, which said that it takes offense to the can and the company's \"thoughtless and irresponsible\" comments. PepsiCo Inc. is a Fashion Week sponsor. This new can was made available to consumers nationwide in March. [28]", "The phrase first came to public attention as a U.S. television commercial for the Wendy's chain of hamburger restaurants in 1984. In the ad, titled \"Fluffy Bun\", actress Clara Peller receives a burger with a massive bun from a fictional competitor which uses the slogan \"Home of the Big Bun\". The small patty prompts Peller to angrily exclaim, \"Where's the beef?\" The catch phrase was repeated in television shows, films, magazines, and other media outlets.", "Snapple, for instance, rode from obscurity to household name in the early 1990s based on its funky flavors and offbeat advertising campaign, which featured Wendy Kaufman, a heavyset employee of the company with a thick Long Island accent. The company's impressive growth attracted the attention of the conglomerate Quaker Oats Co., which paid a whopping $1.7 billion to buy Snapple in 1994.", "Advertising strategy at the start of the 21st century positioned Kellogg brands as adjuncts to a healthy lifestyle, a return to the company's wellness origins of a century earlier. An umbrella campaign was launched in 1999 with the tagline: \"With Kellogg's, a healthier life is within your reach. So tomorrow morning, help yourself.\" Meanwhile, the company in 2000 expanded into cookies and snacks with the purchase of Keebler Foods for $3.6 billion.", "Does anyone remember the McDonald's commercial from around '88 with the McDonald's Cheddar Melt? It showed a guy wearing a brown jacket walking by the docks with his duffel bag and the song went something like- \"It was the big, bold taste that brought the stranger to town- McDonald's Cheddar Melt!\"", "In 1969, KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett. John Hughes, later to become a filmmaker, worked as a copywriter on the account. A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the \"Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun\" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow.", "Some slogans become associated not only with a brand, but with a mascot. The phrase \"They’re G-r-r-r-eat!\" is identified not only with Kellogg's Frosted Flakes, but with the character Tony the Tiger. Kellogg's has used this phrase continuously since the 1950s, making it one of the longest running slogans in television history.", "Mountain Dew, like other soft-drink brands looking for renewed energy during what became a protracted industry downturn (a result of growing consumer preference for bottled water, teas, and other alternative beverages), pursued brand growth via new products beginning in 2001. That year's introduction of Code Red, a cherry-flavored version of Mountain Dew aimed chiefly at urban African-American and Hispanic youth, was the most successful of the new products. Advertisements in Code Red's first year included a teaser launch campaign tagged \"Do the New Do,\" a rap jingle called \"Crack the Code\" (performed by Busta Rhymes and Fatman Scoop), and graffiti-cartoon print ads in hip-hop-influenced magazines such as Vibe and the Source.", "In 1997,  Jack in the Box , an American fast-food chain restaurant, sought to capitalize on Spice Girl Mania in America, by launching a major  advertising campaign  using a  fictional musical group  called the 'Spicy Crispy Chicks' (a take off of the Spice Girls). The comedic national television commercials were used to promote the new 'Spicy Crispy Sandwich,' with the girls mimicking the Spice Girls, dancing in \"the Jack groove.\" The Spicy Crispy Chicks concept was used as a model for another successful advertising campaign called the 'Meaty Cheesy Boys.' At the 1998 Association of Independent Commercial Producers (AICP) Show, one of the Spicy Crispy Chicks commercials won the top award for humor.", "* A UK radio ad for Heinz Salad Cream ran the \"Stop the Pigeon\" theme song before ending with \"Any food tastes supreme with Heinz Salad Cream!\", implying Dastardly was intending to eat Yankee Doodle Pigeon.", "The American Dairy Association once ran a series of ads with the catchphrase \"Behold the power of cheese\" (Later changed to \"Ah, the power of cheese\"). While the various ads varied wildly in effectiveness, one particularly brilliant one started out by showing multiple scenes of a city being destroyed by aliens or Kaiju monsters. Halfway through one civilian mutters \"Isn't it time for 'here I come to save the day'?!!\" We then cut to a scene of Mighty Mouse calmly eating cheese while the city is being pummeled, and even at one point holding up a single finger while people pound on the window to get his attention. Cue the catchphrase.", "A Twinkie is an American snack cake, marketed as a \"Golden Sponge Cake with Creamy Filling.\" It was formerly made and distributed by Hostess Brands. The brand is currently owned by private equity firms Apollo Global Management and C. Dean Metropoulos and Company as the second incarnation of Hostess Brands. During bankruptcy proceedings, Twinkie production was suspended on November 21, 2012, and resumed after an absence of several weeks from American store shelves, becoming available again nationwide on July 15, 2013. ", "Fruit chews similar to Starburst. Orange and grape are two only flavors I can remember. The commercial showed people getting struck down by overgrown fruit with the catchy phrase \"Bonkers really bonks you out!\"", "Dunk, Crunch, Brains, Brian and Bixie, AKA the Weetabix bovver boys and girl, were determined to stamp out \"titchy breakfasts\". The brainchild of one Trevor Beattie, they starred in a long series of TV ads from March 1982 until November 1989.", "An obscure outdoor brand blew its entire ad budget on one of the weirdest Super Bowl commercials we've seen", "A subsequent advertisement, originally aired in 1995, plays on the over-the-top advertising style of the post-war era. To the tune of bright 50's era orchestration, a salesy narrator exhorts viewers to try a variety of chewy consumer items in the essential guide to a chewier chew. The ad shows the 'Monster Muncher' sampling items such as Wellington boots, a rubber boat and a rubber plant in order to be ready for the chewiest of chews - Chewits.", "The Sponsor : Fred Flintstone once joined Eaters Anonymous, and his sponsor would grab whatever food Fred got a hold on while giving the group's secret call, \"Gobble, gobble, gobble!\"", "Around 1986 was a commercial for Mighty Dog, a dog food in a can. Its promotion featured an offer for a stuffed brown dog with a little red cape, similar to the commercial's mascot that flew around on the screen, that one could order from the can's label.", "I know this ad is older than the 90s, but it was the best I could find. I think at a certain point, these defied advertising. They were pretty ubiquitous as a nutrition-free party snack food", "In the 1970s, the slogan “made to make your mouth water” was used to advertise which confectionary?" ]

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[ "Sherlock Holmes plays a violin, although his instrument in the popular television adaptation does not contribute to musical scores heard onscreen. Holmes is an exceptional violinist, although those skills reportedly do not transfer to actors playing his role, including Benedict Cumberbatch. However, television producers replicate the talents of Holmes and the unique look of his old instrument as closely as possible, recording musical scores from accomplished violinists and searching for replica violins matching the color of Holmes' Stradivarius.", "Sherlock Holmes, a fictional character created by author Sir Aurthur Conan Doyle, played the violin. Holmes was a detective known for his astute skills of observation and the ability to solve difficult cases. He is the main character in four novels and fifty-six short stories", "Sherlock Holmes was a Stradivarius-playing violinist who loved opera. Here are 10 musical facts as told by Holmes's sidekick, Dr. Watson. Listen to Tim Lihoreau at 6am for his Friday Five a Day: five pieces with a Holmesian theme...", "Holmes is most famous for his amazing feats of deductive reasoning, which are fueled by his keen observations. He has profound knowledge of chemistry and criminal cases and a solid understanding of British law, anatomy, poisons, and practical geology. He is also very good with disguises, such that Watson failed several times to see through them. He is an excellent violin player.", "Few characters have enjoyed as much reinvention as Arthur Conan Doyle 's sleuth Sherlock Holmes , an enduring icon who is as much bound up with the history of cinema (and indeed stage, TV and radio) as he is with literature. Indeed, adaptations of Holmes stories stretch right the way back to the earliest days of film at the start of the 20th century. Fittingly enough given Holmes' penchant for a violin serenade, the musical scores to his adventures are as richly varied as the outcomes to his mysteries are unexpected. Here are Holmes' musical highlights, from Buster Keaton through to Benedict Cumberbatch .", "Sherlock Holmes revealed during the investigation of The Cardboard Box case that he knew a great deal about Niccolo Paganini, the celebrated Italian violinist and generally considered to be the greatest master of violin technique who ever lived. Holmes discussed Paganini with Dr. Watson, sitting with him for an hour over a bottle of claret while he told anecdote after anecdote of that extraordinary man.", "A brilliant and eccentric \"consulting detective,\" Holmes is a rather enigmatic figure. His knowledge is specialized yet diverse. He is a talented violin player and chemist, and is well-versed in sensational literature. It is implied that he is involved in some drug usage, although this is never explicitly stated. His success in solving crimes stems from his ability to observe and deduce. He has a tendency to be moody and he sometimes experiences profound depression; he is also very solitary.", "Sinclair’s assessment of Holmes’s playing may well be based around the description in A Study in Scarlet that Holmes would ‘scrape carelessly at the fiddle which was thrown across his knee’. In our modern parlance, referring to a Stradivari as a ‘fiddle’ would be on a par with describing Holmes as a policeman – slightly inaccurate and certainly an understatement. And the idea of him ‘scraping carelessly’ sounds at odds with the descriptions of Holmes’s musical prowess put forward in other novels. However, the dates and sequence in which the stories were written have a role to play. A Study in Scarlet is the first story to feature Holmes. It describes several aspects of the detective’s skills and character that are contradicted in later novels, and Conan Doyle may have decided to elevate his creation’s musical skills as time went on.", "Arthur Conan Doyle did not create the detective story, even the British detective story - this predated Sherlock Holmes' earliest appearance (1887) by some 35 years (1) - but Holmes' personality and charisma, much more than anything else, brought about its remarkable popularity, a popularity which has scarcely diminished even today. One of Holmes' principal relaxations and certainly the only one mentioned other than perfunctorily, was music. (2) His two main passions in this field were opera and the violin. We hear of him going to hear the de Reszkes in Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots at the end of THE HOUND OF THE BASKERVILLES (Newnes 1902); in \"The Adventure of the Red Circle\" (3) he attends a Wagner opera at Covent Garden.", "Watson describes Holmes's personality as eccentric. He lives for his cases, and when he is working he will sometimes go for days without rest or food and drink. When not working on a case, he lapses into a state of depression, calming himself with drugs like cocaine. He sometimes goes for days without speaking, has a habit of storing tobacco in his slippers, and plays the violin.", "In the living room you can find many items that are often mentioned in the novels: Holmes felt hat, smoking pipes, Sherlock’s violin, a magnifying glass, notebooks, a variety of chemicals and equipment that Holmes used in the cases, Persian slippers (in which Holmes sometimes stored tobacco), etc", "During his discussion of music in The Cardboard Box, Holmes told Watson that he owned a violin made by the renowned violin maker, Antonio Stradivarius. Holmes believed it to be worth at least five hundred guineas, which he had purchased for some fifty-five shillings on Tottenham Court Road.", "Sherlock Holmes : My dear fellow, musical talent is hardly evidence of innocence. Moriarity was a virtuoso on the bassoon.", "As for Holmes’s own playing, he embarks on some of Mendelssohn’s Songs Without Words for Watson’s listening pleasure in A Study in Scarlet. In the only story where the violin plays a tangible part in the plot, The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone, Holmes fools his foes by telling them he is about to play the Barcarolle from Offenbach’s Tales of Hoffmann in an adjoining room. In fact he puts on a record of the same piece, but the villains of the story fail to notice that it is a recording rather than a live performance.", "Conan Doyle never gave much background about Holmes' family, but his hero was apparently born in 1854 (estimated from His Last Bow, 1917). He also has an eccentric older brother, Mycroft Holmes, a senior public servant and member of the Diogenes Club. As further indirect evidence that Holmes is an educated gentleman, Conan Doyle indicates that Holmes is fluent in Latin (A Study in Scarlet, 1887), and as the series continues his speech is replete with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, and even Goethe. Holmes had earlier attended university, where he began his detecting as an amateur (The Gloria Scott, 1893, and The Musgrave Ritual, 1893). A violinist himself, Holmes loves music (The Red-Headed League, 1890), sometimes to the point of eccentricity; in The Bruce-Partington Plans (1912), Watson reports that \"Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus.\"", "* Mr. Holmes, a 2015 film based on A Slight Trick of the Mind, shows a glass harmonica being played and mentions a fictional case report by Dr Watson, revolving around an attempted murder where lead poisoning is attempted on the player.", "Only small clues to Holmes’s musicianship can be found in Conan Doyle’s own life. The author claimed that his primary inspiration for Sherlock Holmes was Dr Joseph Bell, an eminent physician and amateur sleuth for whom Conan Doyle had worked in Edinburgh. Bell seems not to have had any musical inclinations of his own and although Conan Doyle’s detail of concerts and players of the time is accurate, most of the references could easily have been pulled together from concert flyers of the period. With the exception of a reference to a ‘little thing of Chopin’ played by Norman-Neruda in concert in A Study in Scarlet, there is little more than generic detail around Conan Doyle’s musical references.", "Sherlock Holmes (pronounced  /ˈʃɜrlɒk ˈhoʊ(l)mz/ ) is a fictional character of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who first appeared in  publication  in  1887 . He was the creation of Scottish  author  and  physician  Sir  Arthur Conan Doyle . A brilliant  London -based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his  intellectual prowess  and is renowned for his skillful use of astute  observation ,  deductive reasoning  and  forensic  skills to solve difficult  cases .", "Sherlock Holmes ( ) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first story, A Study in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the beginning of the first series of short stories in Strand Magazine in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published in serial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914.All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmes himself (\"The Blanched Soldier\" and \"The Lion's Mane\") and two others are written in the third person (\"The Mazarin Stone\" and \"His Last Bow\"). In two stories (\"The Musgrave Ritual\" and \"The Gloria Scott\"), Holmes tells Watson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first and fourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narration recounting events unknown both to Holmes and to Watson.", "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School. A London-based \"consulting detective\" whose abilities border on the fantastic, Holmes is known for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to adopt almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science to solve difficult cases. Holmes, who first appeared in print in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories.", "Watson is the assistant and companion to Sherlock Holmes. He accompanies Holmes on most of his cases, and offers assistance where he can, often in the form of medical expertise or back up. In most cases he is used as a sounding board, or left out of Holmes' deductions until the conclusion of the case, but occasionally he is instrumental in the conclusion. In almost all cases he later compiles the information into a short story narrating the events, which he has published.", " 1942 Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror (music: \"Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67\" - uncredited)", "[close] Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in publication in 1887. He was the creation of Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning and forensic skills to solve difficult cases.", "Sherlock Holmes (born William Sherlock Scott Holmes, pet named \"Sherl\" by Janine ) is the world's only consulting detective, a profession he created for himself. He is based in London and often consulted by Greg Lestrade of New Scotland Yard , usually taking his best friend and former flatmate, John Watson , on cases. He has a keen interest in unusual or bizarre crimes, without which he rapidly becomes bored, relying on nicotine to keep his brain active, although in the past he has dabbled in illegal drugs such as heroin for entertainment.", "NOTE // ABSTRACT --- // Review of The Science of Sherlock Holmes by E.J. Wagner. John Wiley & Sons, 244 pp., $24.95.", "In 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle/ created Sherlock Holmes, the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective, his name has become a byword for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell0, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary [ 11 ] 0. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\" residing at 221B Baker Street, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning, and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.", "In this sitting room, visitors will find the original wicker chair referenced by famed Holmes illustrator Sidney Paget in his portrayal of the seated detective. In a sense, it could be argued that this chair is Holmes’s chair. But while the flat includes many recognizable Holmesian artifacts and ephemera, certain inferences must be made to complete the fictional Victorian setting. Such a replica is essentially an architecture of deduction – a physical manifestation of Sherlock Holmes’s signature art form. But unlike Holmes’s brilliant deductions, the answer is never certain. The pipe and magnifying glass, the many newspapers and books and test tubes – these things are an index of the life of Sherlock Holmes. But the wallpaper selection, choice of period furniture, the selection of books on Holmes’s shelves – these are pure extrapolations that reflect that taste, style, and opinions of the collector. Indeed, when it comes to the mystery of 221B Baker Street, there are as many deductions as there are detectives.", "Doyle said that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell , for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary . Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. [1] Sir Henry Little-John, Lecturer on Forensic Medicine and Public Health at the Royal College of Surgeons , is also cited as a source for Holmes. Little-John served as Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health to the City of Edinburgh , Scotland, providing for Doyle a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime. [2]", "Doyle said that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. Sir Henry Littlejohn, Lecturer on Forensic Medicine and Public Health at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, is also cited as a source for Holmes. Littlejohn served as Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health of Edinburgh, providing for Doyle a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime.", "Conan Doyle, when asked if there was a real Sherlock Holmes, always maintained that Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Sherlock Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. Dr. Bell was also interested in crime and assisted the police in solving a few cases.", "Presents a short story on chemical adventures of Sherlock Holmes, relative to chemistry and qualitative organic analysis.", "108. ———. Detecting Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: a light & enlightening look. Raleigh, NC: Authors Ink, 2000. Sound Recording 1 sound cassette (48 min.)." ]

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[ "Veterans Day, formerly known as Armistice Day, was originally set as a U.S. legal holiday to honor the end of World War I, which officially took place on November 11, 1918. In legislation that was passed in 1938, November 11 was \"dedicated to the cause of world peace and to be hereafter celebrated and known as 'Armistice Day.'\" As such, this new legal holiday honored World War I veterans.", "Veterans Day: Originally called Armistice Day, this holiday was established to honor Americans who had served in World War I. It falls on November 11, the day when that war ended in 1918, but it now honors veterans of all wars in which the United States has fought. Veterans' organizations hold parades, and the president customarily places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.", "An Act (52 Stat. 351; 5 U. S. Code, Sec. 87a) was approved on May 13, 1938, which made November 11 in each year a legal holiday, known as Armistice Day. This day was originally intended to honor veterans of World War I. A few years later, World War II required the largest mobilization of service men in the history of the United States and the American forces fought in Korea. In 1954, the veterans service organizations urged Congress to change the word \"Armistice\" to \"Veterans\". Congress approved this change and on June 1, 1954, November 11 became a day to honor all American veterans, where ever and whenever they had served.", "Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday, observed annually on November 11, that honors military veterans, that is, persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. It coincides with other holidays, including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day, celebrated in other countries that mark the anniversary of the end of World War I; major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, when the Armistice with Germany went into effect. The United States previously observed Armistice Day. The U.S. holiday was renamed Veterans Day in 1954.", "Here in the United States, November 11 is Veterans Day,a national holiday honoring all who have served in the military. Older folks remember it as Armistice Day, which began as a commemoration of the formal ending of World War I, or the Great War, as it was known before World War II. It was to be the war to end all wars…. which, of course, has not been the case. Still, the armistice that ended that war, signed at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918, is, in countries on both sides of the Atlantic, remembered today. In 1954, Congress replaced the word “Armistice” with “Veterans,” and this is the name we have given this national holiday ever since.", "George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean conflict.", "In the U.S., the function of Veterans Day is subtly different from that of other 11 November observances. Instead of specifically honoring war dead, Veterans Day honors all American veterans living and dead. The official national remembrance of those killed in action is Memorial Day, originally called 'Decoration Day', from the practice of holding parades featuring veterans wearing their military decorations, which originated in the years immediately following the American Civil War.", "On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, an armistice, or temporary cessation of hostilities, was declared between the Allied nations and Germany in the First World War, then known as “the Great War.” Commemorated as Armistice Day beginning the following year, November 11th became a legal federal holiday in the United States in 1938. In the aftermath of World War II and the Korean War, Armistice Day became Veterans Day, a holiday dedicated to American veterans of all wars.", "Many states made it a legal state holiday, and in 1926 Congress passed a resolution calling for the flag to be displayed on government buildings every November 11. In 1938, Armistice Day was made a federal holiday. At that time the day was more devoted to peace and good will among the nations of the world, but in 1954—following the massive United States war effort in World War II and the subsequent engagement in the Korean War—Armistice Day was changed to become Veterans Day, a day to honor United States veterans of all wars.", "Veterans Day is an annual United States holiday honoring military veterans. A federal holiday, it is observed on November 11. It is also celebrated as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other parts of the world, falling on November 11, the anniversary of the signing of the Armistice that ended World War I.", "Veterans Day was originally called Armistice Day, and the date was chosen for its symbolic significance, John Raughter, communications director for the American Legion , an organization of veterans helping other veterans, said in 2010.", "In 1947, Raymond Weeks, of Birmingham Ala., organized a \"Veterans Day\" parade on November 11th to honor all of America's veterans for their loyal and dedicated service. Shortly thereafter, Congressman Edward H. Rees (Kansas) introduced legislation to change the name of Armistice Day to Veterans Day in order to honor all veterans who have served the United States in all wars.", "American effort during World War II (1941-1945) saw the greatest mobilization of the U.S. Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force in the nation’s history (more than 16 million people); some 5.7 million more served in the Korean War (1950 to 1953). In 1954, after lobbying efforts by veterans’ service organizations, the 83rd U.S. Congress amended the 1938 act that had made Armistice Day a holiday, striking the word “Armistice” in favor of “Veterans.” President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the legislation on June 1, 1954. From then on, November 11 became a day to honor American veterans of all wars.", "Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday which occurs every year on the final Monday of May. Memorial Day is a day of remembering the men and women who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. Formerly known as Decoration Day, it originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the Union and Confederate soldiers who died in the Civil War. By the 20th century, Memorial Day had been extended to honor all Americans who have died while in the military service. It typically marks the start of the summer vacation season, while Labor Day marks its end.", "Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May (May 31 in 2010). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates U.S. soldiers who died while in the military service. First enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War (it is celebrated near the day of reunification after the Civil War), it was expanded after World War I.", "Memorial Day is a federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May (May 30 in 2011). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates U.S. soldiers who died while in the military service. First enacted to honor Union and Confederate soldiers following the American Civil War, it was extended after World War I to honor Americans who have died in all wars.", "November 11th - Celebrated in the U.S. as Veterans Day (formerly called Armistice Day) with parades and military memorial ceremonies.", "AMERICA -- Today is Veterans Day. We encourage all Patriots to set aside time and reflect on the sacrifice of our Patriot veterans and those serving today, and honor them accordingly. More than a million Patriots stand ready, or are actively defending our nation today. These men and women were not drafted into service, but volunteered to serve. To all our veterans: Thank you for your dedicated service to the cause of liberty.", "In order to thank and honor veterans of the Korean War and their families, America will commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Korean War through November 11, 2003. Today, as the Republic of Korea stands as a strong, democratic, and progressive nation, we thank our Korean War veterans for serving our Nation and the world with courage and distinction.", "Veterans Day is an annual holiday in America honoring the 24.9 million military veterans in the United States. Veterans Day is both a federal and state holiday and is usually observed on November 11 each year.", "The president spoke of Americans who fought for freedom throughout U.S. history. \"Today we honor the men and women who wore the nation's uniform and were last seen on duty,\" Bush said, \"from the battles of Iraq and Afghanistan to the conflicts of Korea and Vietnam, to the trials of world wars and the struggles that made us a nation.", "Veterans Day continues to be observed on November 11, regardless of the day of the week on which it falls, preserving the significance of the date. It also focuses attention on the true purpose of Veterans Day:  a celebration to honor America's veterans for their patriotism, love of country, and willingness to serve and sacrifice for the common good.", "Memorial Day, once known as “Decoration Day,” has been celebrated nationally on the last Monday in May since an act of Congress in 1971, though it has its origins in the post–Civil War era. The first “Decoration Day” was proclaimed by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, on May 5, 1868 and was observed later that month on May 30. The first large observance was held that year at Arlington National Cemetery, across the Potomac River from Washington, DC.", "Memorial Day was started by former slaves on May, 1, 1865 in Charleston, SC to honor 257 dead Union Soldiers who had been buried in a mass grave in a Confederate prison camp. They dug up the bodies and worked for 2 weeks to give them a proper burial as gratitude for fighting for their freedom. They then held a parade of 10,000 people led by 2,800 Black children where they marched, sang and celebrated.", "Today, we take the charge of Veterans Day to heart and mark the day with celebration, honoring America’s veterans for their patriotism, love of country, and willingness to serve and sacrifice for the common good.", "* November 10 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the USMC War Memorial (Iwo Jima memorial) at the Arlington National Cemetery.", "U.S. veterans offer a wreath during a ceremony commemorating the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Iwo Jima on Iwo Jima, now known officially as Ioto, Japan Saturday, March 21, 2015. Associated Press", "What's more, some Americans don't know why we commemorate our Veterans on Nov.11. It's imperative that all Americans know the history of Veterans Day so that we can honor our former servicemembers properly.", "1971–1975 initially, all states observe the fourth Monday in october as Veterans day, except Mississippi and south dakota. in 1972, louisiana and Wisconsin change their Veterans day dates back to november 11. in 1974, Kentucky, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, south Carolina and West Virginia follow suit. in 1975, California, florida, idaho, illinois, iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, nebraska, new hampshire, oklahoma, oregon, south Carolina, utah, West Virginia and Wyoming also revert to november 11. 1975 based on popular sentiment throughout the country, legislation is passed to reinstate the federal observance of Veterans day to november 11. the law would go into effect in 1978. 1978 Veterans day is once again observed on november 11.", "The National Veterans Award was also created in 1954. Congressman Rees of Kansas received the first National Veterans Award in Birmingham, Alabama for his support offering legislation to make Veterans Day a federal holiday.", "As we celebrate Veterans Day this year, we remember the all servicemembers (famous and non-famous) who have served this country.", "Decoration Day - legal holiday in the United States, last Monday in May; commemorates the members of the United States armed forces who were killed in war" ]

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[ "In the most basic horizontal wager, an exacta, the bettor selects the first and second place horses in the exact order. Picking the first three finishers in exact order is called a trifecta and a superfecta refers to the specific finishing order of the top four horses. A quinella boxes an exacta, allowing the first two finishers to come in any order and still win.", "Exacta, perfecta, or exactor: the bettor must pick the two horses that finish first and second, in the exact order.", "At all tracks, bettors may wager on a horse to win (finish first), place (finish first or second), or show (finish first, second, or third). Other popular wagers are the daily double (picking the winners of two consecutive races), exactas (picking the first and second horses in order), quinellas (picking the first and second horses in either order), and the pick six (picking the winners of six consecutive races).", "* Exacta, perfecta, or exactor: the bettor must pick the two horses that finish first and second, in the exact order.", "Exacta - A wager in which a bettor calls the first and second place finishers of a race in order.", "Combination Bet – Selecting any number of teams/horses to finish first and second in either order.", "Combination bet – Selecting any number of teams/horses to finish first and second in either order.", "A Tote bet involving the forecast of the first and second horses in a race, either order.", "Quinella or quiniela – the bettor must pick the two horses that finish first and second, but need not specify which will finish first (similar to an exacta box)", "* Simple Placé (Place): The bettor must pick a runner that finishes either first, second or third in the race. If there are 7 or less starters in the race then third place is not counted and the bettor must pick a horse that finishes either first or second. This bet type is not available on events with 3 or fewer runners.", "Quinella or quiniela – The bettor must pick the two horses that finish first and second, but need not specify which will finish first (similar to an exacta box).", "Superfecta: This bet is on the first, second, third, and fourth places in a given race in the correct order.", "Combination Exacta (reverse forecast). Pick in either order the horses which will finish first and second. This bet is actually two bets in one, it is exactly equivalent to two straight forecasts, the first of which you select horse A to beat horse B, and then the second is for horse B to beat horse A. It's possible to specify more than two horses, at which point the bet becomes more complex, for example with three horses the individual bets are now a-b, a-c, b-a, b-c, c-a, c-b.", "Place. A wager for place means you collect if your selected horse finishes either first or second.", "A wager that involves correctly predicting the first, second and third place in a particular event. This wager can be permed. Normally offered on handicaps of eight or more declared runners and no fewer than six actual runners.", "quinella  � the bettor must pick the two horses that finish first and second, but need not specify which will finish first (similar to an exacta box).", "Quinella: The bettor must pick the two runners which finish first and second, but need not specify which will finish first.", "In horse racing, a placed horse is one that finishes second in a race (NAm),[202] or in the first three places (Au/NZ/UK),[203][204] A place bet is a bet that a horse will place.[193]", "The horses selected by a knowledgeable person (Tipster) to have the most likely chance of finishing in first, second and third place. This may also refer to a person's own selections - the horses they have chosen to back.", "Quinella: Similar to the Exacta, but this does not require the bettor to predict the order of the top two horses. Simply put, the bettor only has to pick the horses which will finish in the top two places, but does not have to predict which of those two will actually win the race. Since this is easier to predict than an Exacta, it also pays less than the Exacta (typically it pays about half of the Exacta payoff).", "This is a single-race exotic bet available on all races of six or more runners at every meeting, every day, players have to pick two horses to finish 1st, 2nd or 3rd in any order.", "Daily Double: This is a bet on the first place position in two consecutive races, generally the first two of the day. Bettor must correctly pick both races to win.", "Quinella – The bettor must pick the two runners which finish first and second, but need not specify which will finish first", "For a horse to Place it must finish the race either first or second. This bet generally pays less than the win bet but it gives you two chances to win instead of just one.", "In the Money - Describes the horses in a race that finish 1st, 2nd and 3rd (and sometimes 4th) or the horses on which money will be paid to bettors, depending on the place terms.", "Superfecta. A bet placed on four horses to cross the finish line in exact chosen order.", "Superfecta - A bet placed on four horses to cross the finish line in exact chosen order.", "This is a quick way to say that you want to bet a horse to finish in any of the first three positions and consists of three bets:", "Favourite: The horse thought most likely to be the winner, with the lowest odds as a result.", "to attempt to predict the winner of (a contest, especially a horse race), as by comparing past performances of the contestants.", "In the UK, this is a list of odds for a race. In the US it means a horse finishing third.", "The most popular horse in a race, which is quoted at the lowest odds because it is deemed to have the best chance of winning the race." ]

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