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[ "Alexander Calder (July 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976), also known as Sandy Calder, was an American sculptor and artist most famous for inventing the mobile. In addition to mobile and stabile sculpture, Alexander Calder also created paintings, lithographs, toys and tapestry and designed carpets.", "Alexander Calder was an American artist and sculptor who was born in Philadelphia, PA in 1898. He was the son of two artists and showed his artistic gifts at an early age. He is most famous for being the artist who invented the mobile. He later expanded the concept to large pieces of kinetic sculpture. He also created large sculptures that did not move which are called \"stabiles\". Alexander Calder's, work, \"Eagle\" is the centerpiece of the Olympic Sculpture Park. .", "Alexander Calder (; August 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor known as the originator of the mobile, a type of moving sculpture made with delicately balanced or suspended shapes that move in response to touch or air currents. Calder’s monumental stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced wire figures, which are like drawings made in space, and notably a miniature circus work that was performed by the artist.", "The Fine Arts Pavilion (later the Exhibition Hall) brought together an art exhibition unprecedented for the West Coast of the United States. Among the 50 contemporary American painters whose works shown were Josef Albers, Willem de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Philip Guston, Jasper Johns, Joan Mitchell, Robert Motherwell, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, Ben Shahn, and Frank Stella, as well as Northwest painters Kenneth Callahan, Morris Graves, Paul Horiuchi, and Mark Tobey. American sculptors included Leonard Baskin, Alexander Calder, Joseph Cornell, Louise Nevelson, Isamu Noguchi, and 19 others. The 50 international contemporary artists represented included the likes of painters Fritz Hundertwasser, Joan Miró, Antoni Tàpies, and Francis Bacon, and sculptors Henry Moore and Jean Arp. In addition, there were exhibitions of Mark Tobey's paintings and of Asian art, drawn from the collections of the Seattle Art Museum; and an additional exhibition of 72 \"masterpieces\" ranging from Titian, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rubens through Toulouse-Lautrec, Monet, and Turner to Klee, Braque, and Picasso, with no shortage of other comparably famous artists represented. ", "1 May–13 June: Frank Perls Gallery, Beverly Hills, exhibits \"Alexander Calder Mobiles,\" previously shown at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, from 22 March–19 April. (CF, exhibition file)", "Andrew Warhola, Jr. (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), known as Andy Warhol, was an American painter, printmaker, and filmmaker who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became famous worldwide for his work as a painter, avant-garde filmmaker, record producer, author, and member of highly diverse social circles that included Bohemian street people, distinguished intellectuals, Hollywood celebrities and wealthy patrons.", "The film Cradle Will Rock includes a dramatization of the controversy. American artists benefited from the presence of Piet Mondrian, Fernand Léger, Max Ernst and the André Breton group, Pierre Matisse s gallery, and Peggy Guggenheim s gallery The Art of This Century, as well as other factors. Post-Second World War American painting called Abstract expressionism included artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Arshile Gorky, Mark Rothko, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Franz Kline, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Tobey, Barnett Newman, James Brooks, Philip Guston, Robert Motherwell, Conrad Marca-Relli, Jack Tworkov, William Baziotes, Richard Pousette-Dart, Ad Reinhardt, Hedda Sterne, Jimmy Ernst, Bradley Walker Tomlin, and Theodoros Stamos, among others.", "Established in 1931 by the sculptor and art-collector Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the museum is dedicated to painting and sculpture by contemporary American artists, and now holds 18,000 items across a wide variety of media. Artists in the Whitney's permanent collection include: Josef Albers, Thomas Hart Benton, Louise Bourgeois, Charles Burchfield, Dan Christensen, Ronald Davis, Stuart Davis, Richard Diebenkorn, Arthur Dove, William Eggleston, Helen Frankenthaler, Arshile Gorky, Grace Hartigan, Marsden Hartley, Robert Henri, Eva Hesse, Hans Hofmann, Edward Hopper, Jasper Johns, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Ronnie Landfield, John Marin, Robert Motherwell, Louise Nevelson, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Man Ray, Morgan Russell, Mark Rothko, Cindy Sherman, Andy Warhol, and others. The Whitney's acquisitions policy is assisted by its renowned Annual and Biennial art exhibitions - see Contemporary Art Festivals - which provide an important showcase for lesser known contemporary painters and sculptors. For more, see: Whitney Museum of American Art .", "Artists: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Arshile Gorky, Josef Hoffmann, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still, William Baziotes, Adolph Gottlieb, Barnett Newman", "By the early 1960s, a cohort of Pop-style artists began to gain fame through solo exhibitions in places like New York and Los Angeles, several of whom used commercial printmaking techniques (eg. screen-printing ) to create their art, rather than traditional painterly methods. These new talents included: Jim Dine, Robert Indiana, Alex Katz, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, Tom Wesselmann, and Andy Warhol. Several works, later to become icons, were shown for the first time. They included Lichtenstein's comic strip oils, Warhol's silkscreen prints of Marilyn Monroe and Campbell's soup cans, and Oldenburg's monumental vinyl burgers and ice-creams.", "Noted for the unique glass architecture of its lobby, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the museum's underground galleries display an extensive range of modern 20th century art. Movements/periods represented include: Analytical and Synthetic Cubism, Expressionism, Abstract Expressionism, the Bauhaus and Surrealism, and features works by famous painters such as Pablo Picasso, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Joan Miro, Wassily Kandinsky and Barnett Newman.", "The American artist Emanuel Radinsky, better known by his artist's name Man Ray, is considered one of the most creative and versatile artists of the 20th century. In 1890, he was born in Philadelphia and earned later in New York as a publishing graphic artist his first merits Fascinated by the medium of photography and along with working in the darkroom Man Ray was experimenting with photograms in 1919/20 and developed thereof the 'rayography '. In 1921 Man Ray followed his friends Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia to Paris, where he met other grandeurs of European avant-garde movements of Dada and Surrealism. In the 1930s he moved to Los Angeles, but returned after the war to Paris. Man Ray used the diverse artistic mediums such as painting, sculpture, collage, printmaking, photography, film or poetry. As a photographer, he achieved worldwide fame, his surreal photographs like the famous nude back portrait of a woman as violin is known to a wide audience. His work influenced contemporary and subsequent generations of photographers. (fea)", "Abstract expressionism is the term applied to new forms of abstract art developed by American painters such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kooning in the 1940s and 1950s, often characterised by gestural brush-strokes or mark-making, and the impression of spontaneity", "15 May–11 September: Calder constructs his most ambitious mobile to date, International Mobile, for the Third International Exhibition of Sculpture, Philadelphia Museum of Art in collaboration with the Fairmount Park Art Association. (CF, exhibition file)", "* Abstract expressionism – Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell", "Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956), known professionally as Jackson Pollock, was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his unique style of drip painting.", "The American artist Emanuel Radinsky, better known by his artist’s name Man Ray, is considered one of the most creative and versatile artists of the 20th century. In 1890, he was born in Philadelphia and earned later in New York as a publishing graphic artist his first merits. Fascinated by the medium of photography and along working in the darkroom Man Ray was experimenting with photograms in 1919/20 and developed thereof the ‘rayography ‘. In 1921 Man Ray followed his friends Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia to Paris, where he met other grandeurs of European avant-garde movements of Dada and Surrealism. In the 1930s he moved to Los Angeles, but returned after the war to Paris. Man Ray used the diverse artistic mediums such as painting, sculpture, collage, printmaking, photography, film or poetry. As a photographer, he achieved worldwide fame, his surreal photographs like the famous nude back portrait of a woman as violin is known to a wide audience. His work influenced contemporary and subsequent generations of photographers.", "Man Ray is the quintessential modernist figure: photographer, painter, object maker and collagist, filmmaker and printmaker, poet, essayist and philosopher. Born Emanuel Radnitsky in 1890, he went on to become the leader of the \"American avant-garde\" and the most enigmatic of the Dada-Surrealists who transformed the Paris art world during the ferment of the 1920's and beyond. This profile follows the creative genius from his youth in Brooklyn to his glory days in Paris and, finally, to his impact on future generations of artists in a variety of fields. Also includes a never-before-seen interview with Man Ray in which he reminisces about his life and work. Based on the book: Man Ray: American Artist, Neil Baldwin (Art/Classics N6537.R3.B31 1988 Room 308G; Main Stack N6537.R3.B3 1988). Originally presented as a segment on the PBS television program American masters in 1997. 56 min. DVD 689", "An exhibit featuring John Lennon’s artwork will be in Seattle, Washington this weekend at Black Rapid Studio in the Queen Anne area. The exhibit, hosted by Pacific Edge Gallery and Black Rapid,...", "Jackson pollock 1920 to the 1950’s. (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist. - ppt download", "After World War II, the United States became the world center of painting. Arshile Gorky (1904-48) and Jackson Pollock (1912-56) were among the leaders who helped to create a new style called action painting or abstract expressionism. Instead of trying to represent specific objects, they were interested mainly in color, design, rhythm, and new ways of applying paint. Pollock experimented with flinging and dripping color on his canvases from sticks dipped into buckets of paint. Such a bold technique is just one example of the 20th-century artist's search for originality and freedom of expression.", "Roy Lichtenstein (October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was a prominent American pop artist. During the 1960s, his paintings were exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City and along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, James Rosenquist and others he became a leading figure in the new art movement. His work defined the basic premise of pop art better than any other through parody.  Favoring the old-fashioned comic strip as subject matter, Lichtenstein produced hard-edged, precise compositions that documented while it parodied often in a tongue-in-cheek humorous manner. His work was heavily influenced by both popular advertising and the comic book style. He described Pop Art as, \"not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting\".", "Hopper Drawing is the first major museum exhibition to focus on the drawings and creative process of Edward Hopper (1882–1967). More than anything else, Hopper's drawings reveal the continually evolving relationship between observation and invention in the artist's work, and his abiding interest in the spaces and motifs--the street, the movie theatre, the office, the bedroom, the road—that he would return to throughout his career as an artist. This exhibition showcases the Whitney's unparalleled collection of Hopper's work, which includes over 2,500 drawings bequeathed to the museum by his widow Josephine Hopper, many of which have never before been exhibited or researched. The exhibition surveys Hopper's significant and underappreciated achievements as a draftsman, and pairs many of his greatest oil paintings, including Early Sunday Morning (1930), New York Movie (1939), Office at Night (1940), and Nighthawks (1942), with their preparatory drawings and related works. This exhibition also features groundbreaking archival research into the buildings, spaces and urban environments that inspired his work.", "1904 Ledger art of Haokah (ca. New movements gained prominence some of which are: Postminimalism, Earth art, Video art, Installation art, arte povera, performance art, body art, fluxus, mail art, the situationists and conceptual art among others. However still other important innovations in abstract painting took place during the 1960s and the 1970s characterized by Monochrome painting and Hard-edge painting inspired by Ad Reinhardt, Barnett Newman, Milton Resnick, and Ellsworth Kelly.", "Presentation on theme: \"Jackson pollock 1920 to the 1950’s. (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist.\"— Presentation transcript:", "Mark Rothko, born Marcus Rothkowitz (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970), was a Russian-American painter. He is classified as an abstract expressionist, although he himself rejected this label, and even resisted classification as an “abstract painter”. Full Wikipedia Article", "Earlier in the fall of 1962 an historically important and ground-breaking New Painting of Common Objects exhibition of Pop Art, curated by Walter Hopps at the Pasadena Art Museum sent shock waves across the Western United States. While in the downtown scene in New York City s East Village 10th Street galleries artists were formulating an American version of Pop Art. Robert Delaunay was a French artist who is associated with Orphism, (reminiscent of a link between pure abstraction and cubism).", "In 1950 an exhibition entitled Symbolic Realism in American Painting was held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, which was a retrospective of Wyeth's art from the previous decade. In 1954 he participated in a group exhibition at the Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, which focused on a comparison of Realism and Abstract American art. Wyeth was an avid sketcher, and an exhibition of his drawings, watercolours and tempera works were exhibited in 1967 at the Oklahoma Museum of Art. In 1976 he was greatly honoured with a retrospective at the prestigious Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York . In 1978 he represented the States at the Biennale Internationale d'Art in Paris. In the late 1980's Wyeth's 'Helga' paintings and sketches were exhibited in museums worldwide, including the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco and the Palazzo Reale, Milan. In 1995 a major retrospective of the artist's work was held at the Aichi Perfectural Museum in Japan, and again in 2009 after the artist's death.", "Ellsworth Kelly is an American Color Field and Hard edge painter. Kelly got his start in the late 1950s with showings at the Betty Parsons Gallery and the Whitney Museum. His work often consists of shaped canvases, simple geometric shapes, and large panels of uniform color.", "Century 21 Exposition (Seattle World's Fair), Seattle Center. American Sculpture Since the 1950s. Exhibition catalogue. 1962.", "Joan Miró i Ferrà  (April 20, 1893 – December 25, 1983) was a Spanish Catalan painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his birth city in 1975.", "In 1959, an unlikely artist was inspired by the Stuttgart Tower in Germany and sketched a vision of a dominant central structure for the 1962 Seattle World’s Fair on a napkin in a coffee house." ]

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[ "Dire Straits' biggest selling album, 1985's Brothers in Arms has sold over 30 million copies, and was the first album to sell a million copies on the then new compact disc (CD) format. They also became one of the world's most commercially successful bands, with worldwide record sales of over 100 million. Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards—winning Best British Group twice, two MTV Video Music Awards, and various other music awards. The band's songs include \"Money for Nothing\", \"Sultans of Swing\", \"So Far Away\", \"Walk of Life\", \"Brothers in Arms\", \"Private Investigations\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"Tunnel of Love\", \"Telegraph Road\", and \"Lady Writer\".", "Dire Straits' biggest selling album,1985's Brothers in Arms has sold over 30 million copies, and was the first album to sell a million copies on the then new CD format. They also became one of the world's most commercially successful bands, with worldwide records sales of over 100 million. Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards—winning Best British Group twice, two MTV Video Music Awards, and various other music awards.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8394556.stm \"Dire Straits given plaque honour\"]. BBC News, 4 December 2009. Retrieved: 14 January 2015. The band's songs include \"Money for Nothing\", \"Sultans of Swing\", \"So Far Away\", \"Walk of Life\", \"Brothers in Arms\", \"Private Investigations\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"Tunnel of Love\", and \"Telegraph Road\".", "In 1985 Dire Straits' Brothers In Arms became the first CD to sell more than one million copies. It is still the world's most successful CD album.", "In 1985 Dire Straits' “Brothers in Arms” became the first CD to sell more than one million copies. It is still the world's most successful CD album. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA in February 1985, along with 4 Greatest Hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world. With the launch the MP3 in the 2000, the sales of CDs have dropped in seven out of the last eight years. In 2008, CD sales dropped 20%.", "After cutting a demo tape, Dire Straits found a champion in BBC disk jockey Charlie Gillett, who began playing their demo on his show, attracting the attention of manager Ed Bicknell and Polygram A&R man John Stainze. Bicknell took Dire Straits under his wing and Stainze signed the group to Polygram's progressive and hard rock subsidiary Vertigo Records; Warner Bros. picked up the band for the United States. Dire Straits' self-titled debut album was released in the fall of 1978, and the song \"Sultans of Swing\" became a surprise hit single in both America and the U.K., with the album following it into the charts, as the group's clean, expert playing, and Knopfler's deft lead guitars, Dylanesque vocals, and evocative songs won the band airplay on pop and classic rock playlists. It was the first of a long string of successes for Dire Straits, and while the lineup would shift frequently over the group's lifespan -- Mark Knopfler and John Illsley would prove to be the group's only constants -- between 1978 and 1995 the group was a top concert draw and a frequent presence on radio and record charts; their landmark 1985 album Brothers in Arms sold over nine million copies in the United States alone, and was the top-selling CD of the '80s in the U.K.", "Dire Straits  came out of nowhere when their debut album was released in 1978. Really. They had formed only the year before and hadn’t gigged much before they recorded a demo tape that caught the attention of record-company execs. They were an immediate hit, especially with rock radio, which embraced their clean, guitar-based sound. After a few stumbles — a boring second album, a great but unheralded third one — frontman  Mark Knopfler  led them to the top of the charts in 1985 with ‘Brothers in Arms,’ one of the decade’s biggest sellers. They made only one more album after that before calling it quits in 1995. The Top 10 Dire Straits Songs celebrate their best.", "Few groups can claim to be synonymous with a lifestyle, but Dire Straits are an exception, whether they like it or not. Brothers In Arms, released in 1985, established them as the first real darlings of the compact disc 20-something generation that grew out of the boom years of the 80s. Their accessible, traditional blues-based music made them perfect for the massive, mature, relatively wealthy strata of the public that likes its music tightly performed and readily digestible. The album was number 1 in the US charts for nine weeks and spent three years in the UK chart.", "Mark Knopler was always a Person of the Book. The son of a Hungarian refugee whose Jewish faith and communist sympathies led him to flee to Scotland, Knopfler majored in English in college and worked as a rock critic before founding Dire Straits. As the band’s songwriter, Knopfler remained wordy and clever, gaining attention for writing literate lyrics. Dire Straits had their first hint of success when the single \"Sultans of Swing\" was picked up from their demo by a London DJ. On the strength of the airplay, the band wrangled a recording contract and released their self-titled debut, which entered the Top Ten in both the US and the UK. Their second album sold three million copies worldwide, and their third, Making Movies, had a major hit with \"Romeo and Juliet.\" It wasn’t until their sixth album, 1985’s Brothers in Arms, though, that Dire Straits really became megastars. With the video for \"Money for Nothing,\" they became one of the bands to embody the feel of early MTV. Meanwhile, Knopfler began writing scores for movies, including The Princess Bride (1987).", "Dire Straits continued to perform and record between Mark Knopfler’s other projects. They released Love Over Gold in 1982, Twisting by the Pool, an EP, in 1983. They also released Alchemy: Dire Straits Live in 1984. Then, the group hit huge worldwide success in 1985 with the release of Brothers in Arms. The album and the single “Money for Nothing” soared to the top of the charts all over the world, and the album sold more than 15 million copies. The band won several awards for the album, single, and video. Their notoriety landed Knopfler and John Illsley an invitation to perform in the fourth annual Prince’s Truse Grock Gala concert in London, with such", "In 1985 rock’s social consciousness—personified by Bob Geldofs Live Aid, Willie Nelson’s Farm Aid, the Lionel Richie-Michael Jackson anthem, “We Are the World,” for USA for Africa, and Bruce Springsteen’s gritty working-class persona—captured international attention, propelling the phenomenon of rock and roll beyond its immediate audience and into the daily lives of millions worldwide. But 1985 was also the year that Dire Straits received the kind of attention in the United States that it had garnered in the rest of the world since its founding in 1977. Dire Straits’ fifth studio album, Brothers in Arms, earned Knopfler and the band eight Grammy nominations, the most for any single individual or group, winning for best rock performance by a group for the song “Money for Nothing” and for best engineered album. Knopfler also made the cover of Rolling Stone and Musician.", "In 1985, Dire Straits' single \"Money for Nothing\" gained massive exposure on MTV thanks to its innovative computer-animated music video, propelling the single to #1 in the US. They scored two more US Top 20 hits with \"Walk of Life\" and \"So Far Away\" and the album Brothers in Arms was a phenomenal success—it went to #1 in the USA, Australia and most European countries and sold in colossal numbers—by 1996 it had been certified at 9× platinum in the USA and it is currently ranked at #25 in the list of best-selling albums of all time, with sales of more than 30 million copies worldwide.", "Brothers in Arms was among the first albums recorded on digital equipment due to Knopfler pushing for improved sound quality. The album's title track is reported to be the world's first CD single. It was issued in the UK as a promotional item distinguished with a logo for the tour, Live in '85, while a second to commemorate the Australian leg of the tour marked Live in '86. Containing just four tracks, it had a very limited run. \"Walk of Life\" meanwhile was nearly excluded from the album when co-producer Neil Dorfsman voted against its inclusion, but the band members out-voted him. The result was Dire Straits' most commercially successful hit single in the UK, peaking at number two. \"Money for Nothing\", \"Walk of Life\", and \"Brothers in Arms\" immediately became live concert favourites.", "Dire Straits were a British rock band, formed in 1977 by Mark Knopfler, his younger brother David Knopfler, John Illsley, and Pick Withers. Dire Straits' sound drew from a variety of musical influences, including jazz, folk, blues, and came closest to beat music within the context of rock and roll.", "Mark Knopfler announced the official dissolution of Dire Straits in September 1988. He told Rob Tannenbaum in Rolling Stone: \"A lot of press reports were saying we were the biggest band in the world. There's not an accent then on the music, there's an accent on popularity. I needed a rest.\" The tremendous success of the Brothers in Arms album and the tour that went with it left the band members under a significant amount of stress, and Knopfler announced that he wanted to work on more personal projects. A greatest hits album, Money for Nothing, was released in October 1988 and reached the number one position in the United Kingdom. Also in 1988, John Illsley released his second solo album, Glass which featured Mark Knopfler, Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher and Chris White.", "On its initial release, Dire Straits received little fanfare in the UK, but when \"Sultans of Swing\" was released as a single, it became a chart hit in the Netherlands and album sales took off — first across Europe, and then in the United States and Canada, and finally the UK. The group's second album, Communiqué, produced by Jerry Wexler and Barry Beckett, followed in 1979, reaching number one in France while the first album was still at number three. ", "Dire Straits were a british rock band from Newcastle, United Kingdom, \\ formed in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (guitar and vocals), his brother David Knopfler (guitar), John Illsley (bass), and Pick Withers (drums), and subsequently managed by Ed Bicknell. Dire Straits emerged during the post-punk era of the late '70s, and while their sound was minimalistic and stripped down, they owed little to punk. If anything, the band was a direct outgrowth of the roots revivalism of pub rock, but where pub rock celebrated good times, Dire Straits were melancholy.", "In 1990, Dire Straits performed alongside Elton John and Eric Clapton at Knebworth Festival, playing three songs: \"Solid Rock\", \"Money for Nothing\" and a song which Knopfler prefaced as an experimental song, unsure if they should record it on a following record. The song, titled, \"I Think I Love You Too Much\", a blues rock piece with solos by both Knopfler and Clapton; this song also appeared on the 1990 album Hell To Pay as a gift to Canadian blues/jazz artist Jeff Healey from Knopfler. This was prior to the time that Knopfler, Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform the band the following year.Tobler, John. (1991) Who's Who in Rock & Roll, p. 1988. Crescent Books.", "That same year, Dire Straits began a tour as opening band for Talking Heads after the re-released \"Sultans of Swing\" finally started to climb the UK charts. This led to a United States recording contract with Warner Bros. Records; before the end of 1978, Dire Straits had released their self-titled debut worldwide. They received more attention in the United States, but also arrived at the top of the charts in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Dire Straits eventually went top 10 in every European country.", "The band played a slightly shorter version of the song on their 1984 album Alchemy: Dire Straits Live and a remixed version of that performance was included in their 1988 greatest hits album Money for Nothing. The original studio album version was included as the opening track on The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations.", "Dire Straits' final album, Live at the BBC, was a collection of live recordings spanning the years 1978–81, which mostly featured the original line-up of the band. Released in June 1995, their third and final live album was a contractual release to Vertigo Records (now a division of Mercury Records).[https://books.google.com/books?idwAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg", "Dire Straits were a British rock band, formed by Mark Knopfler (vocals and lead guitar), his younger brother David Knopfler (rhythm guitar and vocals), John Illsley (bass guitar and vocals), and Pick Withers (drums and percussion), and managed by Ed Bicknell, active between 1977 and 1995. Although the band was formed in an era when punk rock was at the forefront, Dire Straits played a more conventional style, albeit with a stripped-down sound that appealed to audiences weary of the overproduced stadium rock of the 1970s. In their early days, Mark and David requested that pub owners turn down their sound so that patrons could converse while the band played, an indication of their unassuming demeanor. Despite this oddly self-effacing approach to rock and roll, Dire Straits soon became", "Brothers in Arms was certified nine times platinum in the US in August 1996. During that year, the entire Dire Straits catalogue was remastered by Bob Ludwig and re-released on CD on Mercury Records, in most of the world outside the United States. The remasters were released in September 2000 in the United States, on Warner Bros.", "Love over Gold is the fourth studio album by the British rock band Dire Straits released on 20 September 1982 by Vertigo Records internationally and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States. The album produced two singles, \"Private Investigations\", which reached #2 on the UK Singles Chart, and \"Industrial Disease\", which reached #9 on Billboards Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the United States. The fourteen-minute opus \"Telegraph Road\" has gone on to become a favorite on FM radio worldwide. The album reached #1 on album charts in Australia, Austria, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom, and #19 in the United States. Love over Gold was later certified gold in the United States, platinum in France and Germany and double-platinum in Canada and the United Kingdom.", "Love Over Gold album for sale by Dire Straits was released Sep 19, 2000 on the Warner Bros. label. All tracks have been digitally remastered. Love Over Gold CD music contains a single disc with 5 songs.", "Communiqué is the second studio album by the British rock band Dire Straits released on 15 June 1979 by Vertigo Records internationally and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States. The album p...", "Dire Straits released one last album in 1995 before disbanding. Live at the BBC was released as a contractual album release to Vertigo Records. The group's third and final live album was a collection of live recordings spanning the years 1978-81, which mostly featured the original lineup of the band.", "\"Telegraph Road\" is a song by British rock band Dire Straits and written by Mark Knopfler. It appeared on their 1982 album Love over Gold. ", "Dire Straits performing in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, (now Serbia) on 10 May 1985. L To R: Mark Knopfler, Clark, and Jack Sonni", "The album was remastered and released with the rest of the Dire Straits catalogue in 1996 by Vertigo Records internationally, and in 2000 by Warner Bros. records in the United States. The remastered CD features slightly altered cover art; the album title is rendered underneath the band name, both in larger type, rather than arranged across the top. The image of lightning is also somewhat zoomed in and made brighter, making for a more purple colour. It is the only remastered Dire Straits CD with altered cover art.", "\"Sultans of Swing\" was the first single release of the British rock band Dire Straits .", "This album was remastered and released with the rest of the Dire Straits catalogue in 1996 for most of the world, except for the United States, where it was issued on 19 September 2000.", "Once Upon a Time is the seventh studio album by Scottish rock band Simple Minds, released in October 1985 by record label Virgin (A&M in the US)." ]

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[ "On this day in 1979, hundreds of Iranian students storm the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. The students, supporters of the conservative Muslim cleric Ayatollah Khomeini, were demanding the return of Iran's deposed leader, the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, who had fled to Egypt in January 1979 and by November was receiving cancer treatment in the United States. After the student takeover, President Jimmy Carter ordered a complete embargo of Iranian oil.", "February 10 – February 11 – The Iranian army mutinies and joins the Islamic Revolution. February 11 – Ayatollah Khomeini seizes power in Iran, overthrowing Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi. February 12 – Prime Minister Hissène Habré starts the Battle of N'Djamena in an attempt to overthrow Chad's President Félix Malloum. February 13 – The intense February 13, 1979 windstorm strikes western Washington and sinks a 1/2-mile-long section of the Hood Canal Bridge. February 14 In Kabul, Muslim extremists kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police. Following her 1972 sex reassignment surgery, musician Wendy Carlos legally changes her name from Walter. She later reveals this information in an interview in the May 1979 issue of Playboy magazine.", "On 4 November 1979 militant students loyal to the Muslim leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, fearing a U.S. plot to restore to power the recently deposed shah, Reza Pahlavi, stormed the U.S. embassy in Teheran and took sixty-five Americans hostage. When Khomeini endorsed the action and provided Iranian government support, the stage was set for a prolonged international crisis. President James Earl Carter's administration attempted to free its diplomats by several methods, including an abortive rescue mission, all to no avail. The crisis lasted over a year and Carter paid a heavy political price for the failures in the 1980 election campaign, which he ultimately lost to Ronald Reagan. As a final humiliation for Carter, the hostages were finally released on 20 January 1981, only hours after Reagan was sworn in as president.", "On 4 November 1979, after the shah had been allowed entry into the United States for medical care, militant Iranians stormed the US embassy in Teheran, taking 66 Americans hostage. The militants demanded that the shah be turned over to face trial and that billions of dollars he had allegedly took abroad be returned. Thirteen of the hostages were soon released, but another 53 were held until an agreement was negotiated that freed the hostages on 20 January 1981.  Unable to persuade Iran to release them, President Carter ordered a military rescue mission, which failed, resulting in the deaths of eight American servicemen when their aircraft collided in the Iranian desert.", "1979 - Hostage Crisis  / Iran - November 4th, 1979: \"Although the United States had no intention of helping the return of the Shah to power, in October 22, 1979, they did allow the Shah to enter the United States for medical reasons. The Iranians saw this as an indication that the United States still supported their old friend the Shah. On November 4, 1979, 3,000 Iranian students stormed the American Embassy and took the 66 Americans who were inside hostage. Blacks and women hostages were released. The students justified this because they felt that Blacks had suffered from oppression in the United States and that they did not wage war against women.\" [Links: 1 ]", "Anger at the U.S. military presence and the Shah's dictatorial rule culminated in a national uprising in 1979. It was Iran's last modern revolution, like previous ones, a rebellion against a regime that was seen to have sold out to a foreign power. Nearly every important group in Iranian society joined the anti-Shah uprising. Muslim clerics were prominent among its leaders, but so were others ranging from pro-Soviet communists to democrats who had supported Mossadegh in the 1950s. In one of the most astonishing political turnarounds of the 20th century, the Shah, who many in Washington and elsewhere had come to see as invulnerable, was overthrown and forced to flee. He left Iran on January 16, 1979, and after stays in Egypt, Morocco, the Bahamas and Mexico, was admitted to the United States for medical treatment on October 22 of that year. Many Iranians saw this as evidence that the Carter administration was plotting to place him back in power. Thirteen days later, militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Fundamentalist Shiite clerics used the crisis to crush moderate factions, consolidate control over the new government and transform Iran into a theocratic state under Ayatollah Khomeini, who had returned from exile in Paris on February 1, 1979.", "In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president", "Despite his initial refusal to admit the Shah into the United States, on October 22, 1979 , Carter finally granted him entry and temporary asylum for the duration of his cancer treatment; the Shah left for Panama on December 15, 1979 . In response to the Shah's entry into the U.S., Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Tehran , taking 52 Americans hostage. The Iranians demanded:", "Despite having previously denied the Shah entry into the United States for medical treatment, on October 22 , 1979, Carter finally granted him entry and temporary asylum for the duration of his cancer treatment; the Shah left for Panama on December 15 , 1979 . In response to the Shah's entry into the U.S., Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Tehran , taking 52 Americans hostage. The Iranians demanded (1) the return of the Shah to Iran for trial, (2) the return of the Shah's wealth to the Iranian people, (3) an admission of guilt by the United States for its past actions in Iran, plus an apology, and (4) a promise from the United States not to interfere in Iran's affairs in the future. Though later that year the Shah left the U.S. and died in Egypt , the hostage crisis continued and dominated the last year of Carter's presidency, even though almost half of the hostages were released. The subsequent responses to the crisis—from a \" Rose Garden strategy\" of staying inside the White House , to the unsuccessful attempt to rescue the hostages—were largely seen as contributing to defeat in the 1980 election.", "1980 - In Iran, a commando mission to rescue hostages was aborted after mechanical problems disabled three of the eight helicopters involved. During the evacuation, a helicopter and a transport plan collided and exploded. Eight U.S. servicemen were killed. The mission was aimed at freeing American hostages that had been taken at the U.S. embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979. The event took place April 24th Washington, DC, time.", "1967 AD - Cosmonaut killed in Soyuz. China tests first H Bomb. First heart transplant. 3 astronauts killed on launch pad in U.S. Martin Luther King leads antivietnam marches. Six day war between Israel and Arabs.", "* August 19 – Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran, and retain Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on the throne (see Operation Ajax).", "Styron: Sophie's Choice Shaffer: Amadeus Films: Apocalypse Now, Kramer v. Kramer 1980 US attempt to rescue Iranian hostages fails Gdansk, Poland is site of Solidarity Union work stoppage which eventually forces major change in Polish government Iran/Iraq war Mt. Saint Helens volcano erupts Who Shot JR?: Dallas frenzy sweeps US US Hockey Team stuns world by defeating USSR Team in 1980 Winter Olympics Mailer: Executioner's Song Wolfe: The Right Stuff Films: Ordinary People, Airplane! 1981 Ronald Reagan becomes 40th US President US hostages held in Iran released USSR invades Afghanistan and US boycotts Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest Marriage of Charles & Diana Assassination attempts on President Reagan and Pope John Paul II First flight of US space shuttle Columbia Growing awareness of AIDS IBM introduces the 'personal computer' (PC) Toole: A Confederacy of Dunces Films: Chariots of Fire, Raiders of Lost Ark 1982 Falkland War (Argentina/UK) Israel begins seige of Beirut, Lebanon AT&T divests 67% of its assets as result of 7-year anti-trust suit First surface pictures of Venus First appearance of USA Today newspaper Films: E.T., Ghandi, 48 HRS, Tootsie 1983 US Embassy in Beirut bombed USSR shoots down Korean air liner, 269 die Former Solidarity Union chief, Lech Walesa, receives Nobel Peace Prize Pioneer 10 leaves solar system First compact disc manufactured Final episode of M*A*S*H Walker: The Color Purple Films: The Big Chill, Terms of Endearment", "1990 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein urged for a Holy War against the West and former allies. 1991 - Soviet lawmakers created an interim government to usher in the confederation after dissolving the U.S.S.R. The new name the Union of Sovereign States was taken. 1992 - A General Motors Corporation strike ended with a new agreement being approved. Nearly 43,000 workers were on strike. 1995 - France set off an underground nuclear blast in the South Pacific. 1996 - The play \"Summer and Smoke\" opened at the Criterion Theatre. 2001 - Fox News Channel terminated Paula Zahn for breach of contract. 2003 - In London, magician David Blaine entered a clear plastic box and then suspended by a crane over the banks of the Thames River. He remained there until October 19 surviving only on water. Britain and France declared war on Germany 3rd of September 1939.", "1998 - Mac Davis received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1998 - U.S. President Clinton met with members of his Cabinet to apologize, ask forgiveness and promise to improve as a person in the wake of the scandal involving Monica Lewinsky. 1998 - Northwest Airlines announced an agreement with pilots, ending a nearly two-week walkout. 1999 - A bronze sculpture of a war horse just over 24 feet high was dedicated in Milan, Italy. 2002 - Florida tested its new elections system. The test resulted in polling stations opening late and problems occurred with the touch screen voting machines. 2002 - The \"September 11: Bearing Witness to History\" exhibit opened at the Smithsonians National Museum of American History.", "In 1960, four black students staged the first of the Greensboro sit-ins at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina . 1964,  The Beatles have their first number one hit in the United States with \" I Want to Hold Your Hand .\" 1965, the Hamilton River in Labrador , Canada was renamed the Churchill River in honour of Winston Churchill . 1968,  Vietnam War : The execution of Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem by South Vietnamese National Police Chief Nguyen Ngoc Loan  was videotaped and photographed by Eddie Adams . This image helped build opposition to the Vietnam War . Also 1968, Canada's three military services, the Royal Canadian Navy , the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force , were unified into the Canadian Forces . Also 1968, the New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad  were merged to form Penn Central Transportation . 1972,  Kuala Lumpur becomes a city by a royal charter granted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia . 1974, a  fire in the 25-story Joelma Building in Sao Paulo , Brazil killed 189 and injured 293. Also 1974,  Kuala Lumpur  was declared a Federal Territory . 1978, director Roman Polanski skipped  bail and fled the United States to France after pleading guilty to charges of having sex with a 13-year-old girl. 1979, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Tehran , Iran after nearly 15 years of exile.", "Iran Iraq war (until 1988), Tanzania invades Uganda to overthrow Idi Amin, Moscow Olympics with widespread boycott, Strike in PolandJohn Lennon is murdered in New York, Staying on", "1990 - The U.S. State Department ordered the expulsion of 36 Iraqi diplomats. 1991 - The Soviet republic of Moldavia declared its independence. 1996 - California Governor Pete Wilson signed an order that would halt state benefits to illegal immigrants. 1998 - James Brolin received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1999 - The final crew of the Russian space station Mir departed the station to return to Earth. Russia was forced to abandon Mir for financial reasons. 2001 - The U.S. military announced that an Air Force RQ-1B \"Predator\" aircraft was lost over Iraq. It was reported that the unmanned aircraft \"may have crashed or been shot down.\" 2001 - Work began on the future site of a World War II memorial on the U.S. capitals historic national Mall. The site is between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.", "1980: \"Star Wars Episode V: Empire Strikes Back\" is released. ( Watch this movie on TNT )", "File:1980s replacement montage02.PNG|thumb|400px|From left, clockwise: The first Space Shuttle, Columbia, lifted off in 1981; American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev eased tensions between the two superpowers, leading to the end of the Cold War; The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 is considered to be one of the most momentous event of the 1980s; In 1981, the IBM Personal Computer is released; In 1985, the Live Aid concert was held in order to fund relief efforts for the famine in Ethiopia during the time Mengistu Haile Mariam ruled the country; Ukraine and much of the world is filled with radioactive debris from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster; The Iran–Iraq War leads to over one million dead and $1 trillion spent.", "Front de liberation du Quebec (FLQ); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Wichita State University football team's plane crashes; National Weather Service; Public Broadcasting Service begins; October Crisis in Montreal, Quebec; Doonesbury; Anwar Sadat; Salvador Allende; Mekong Delta; My Lai massacre trial; Hafez al-Assad; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Beatles disband; Nigerian civil war; Diana Ross and The Supremes farewell concert; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; Earth Day; Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act; Apollo 13; Elton John; Kent State Shootings; Let It Be ; anti-Vietnam War demonstrations; Tommy at the Metropolitan Opera House; Penn Central declares bankruptcy; Riverfront Stadium opens; Three Rivers Stadium opens; American Top 40 debuts; Thalidomide; Venera 7; Isle of Wight Festival 1970; The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; Chevrolet Vega; Ford Pinto; The first New York City Marathon; The Mary Tyler Moore Show debuts; Monday Night Football debuts; The Partridge Family debuts", "On May 11 1647 Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam (New York) to become governor. 1858 Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state. 1866 Confederate President Jefferson Davis becomes a free man after spending two years in prison for his role in the American Civil War. 1927 The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded. 1944 A major offensive was launched by the allied forces in central Italy. 1995 The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty was extended indefinitely. The treaty limited the spread of nuclear material for military purposes. 1996 An Atlanta-bound ValuJet DC-9 caught fire shortly after takeoff from Miami and crashed into the Florida Everglades. All 110 people on board were killed.", "1990 - Angry smokers blocked a street in Moscow to protest the summer-long cigarette shortage. 1991 - It was announced by Yugoslavia that a truce ordered on August 7th with Croatia had collapsed. 1991 - Mikhail S. Gorbachev returned to Moscow after the collapse of the hard-liners coup. On the same day he purged the men that had tried to oust him. 1992 - In Rostock, Germany, neo-Nazi violence broke out against foreigners. 1996 - U.S. President Clinton signed legislation that ended guaranteed cash payments to the poor and demanded work from recipients. 1998 - \"The Howard Stern Radio Show\" premiered on CBS to about 70% of the U.S. 2004 - In Oslo, Norway, a version of Edvard Munchs \"The Scream\" and his work \"Madonna\" were stolen from the Munch Museum. This version of \"The Scream,\" one of four different versions, was a tempera painting on board.", "* January 23 – North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying.", "* July 3 – Iran Air Flight 655 is shot down by a missile launched from the USS Vincennes.", "�  Ann Boleyn is beheaded ... �  Report on Bacon's Rebellion ... �  Spanish Armada ... �  Ho Chi Minh is born ... �  Pol Pot is born ... �  Ogden Nash dies ... �  Court: Protocols of Elders of Zion a forgery ... �  Free~state men massacred ... �  Girl captured by Comanches ... �  Condamnés à mort par la Révolution ... �  Gustav Line collapses ... �  South Vietnamese push towards An Loc ... �  Air reconnaissance over Laos ... �  No nukes in space ... �  Wilde released ... �  Battle of Spotsylvania ends ... �  Siege of Vicksburg begins ... �  Oyster ban ... �  Ohio Company chartered ... �  Lawrence of Arabia dies ... �  US embassy found bugged ... �  D~Day planned ...", "covered by Charles Messier. And the electric generator at Hoover Dam goes into full operation. And Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces after the Battle of Iron Bridge. And Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 90 000 people. And a tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 people. And a deadly earthquake rocks Shemakha in the Caucasus, killing 80 000 people. And the second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire. And Peggy Guggenheim dies, And the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, And the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins. And Zimbabwe gains independence from the United Kingdom, And Robert Mugabe becomes Prime Minister. And Yugoslav President Tito dies. And Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back is released, And Syracuse is captured by the Mus lim Sultan of Sicily And an earthquake destroys Quetta, killing 40 000, And Titus and his legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem, And a devastating fire destroys onethird of Moscow, And the Big Ben is damaged and stops running for over 9 months. And after a downfall of rain, the dark clouds break and the sun appears surrounded with scarlet flames, a spinning disk in the sky, and with whirling motion approaches the", "Terrorism and kidnappings occur worldwide; USA withdraws troops from Vietnam; home videotape systems (VCRs) are developed in Japan by Sony (Betamax) and Matsushita (VHS); Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft take off for a US-Soviet link-up in space.", "1. Don Larsen pitches a perfect game in World Series. 2. Goldwater selects Miller as his running mate. 3. Liz and Dick get married. 4. Mary Martin flies on stage in Peter Pan. 5. James Dean dies in crash. 6. Lights are still out in New York City. 7. Braves move to Atlanta. 8. Blue laws end in Massachusetts. 9. South Pole exploration successful. 10. Soviet Union puts a dog in space.", "Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1. Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons (such as RDS-37 and Upshot-Knothole), this created a politically conservative climate. In the United States, the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade. The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade.", "Although those were important aspects of this decade, other events occurred as well. For instance, the Berlin Wall was built, the Soviets launched the first man into space, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, the Beatles become popular, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made his \"I Have a Dream\" speech, and so much more!", "No program or arrangements had been made for the celebration on either the 8th or the 10th; only two things seem to have been previously determined: the Western Union broadcast of the blows and that this should be at noon. As already noted and for the reasons given, a postponement of 2 days had been made. The rivalry of the roads was well known � to the extent that in their building they overlapped parallel tracks some 200 miles before a junction point could be agreed upon and settled by congress. It was reported that Edgar Mills for the Central Pacific and General Dodge of the Union Pacific conferred for over an hour and a half on the 10th in a vain attempt to agree on a joint program, Dodge insisting on having his own, separate celebration of driving the last spike. The impass was broken by Stanford and Durant, highest ranking officials of the 2 lines, about five minutes before the ceremony began. This delay did not interfere with the wiring of the sledge and spike and the preparation for the broadcasting of the blows. 18" ]

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[ "Lionel Hutz is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He was voiced by Phil Hartman, and his first appearance was in the season two episode \"Bart Gets Hit by a Car\". Hutz is a stereotypical ambulance chasing lawyer in Springfield with questionable competence and ethics. He is nevertheless often hired by the Simpsons. Following Hartman's murder in 1998, Hutz was retired out of respect; and his final speaking role was in the season nine episode \"Realty Bites\" five months earlier.", "The consummate voice actor, Phil Hartman first appeared as the voice of shifty lawyer Lionel Hutz , but was best known for voicing the egocentric B-movie actor Troy McClure . Before his untimely death in 1998, Hartman was considered by the creators of The Simpsons to be an unofficial cast member, and proved it by calling on Hartman for the voice of several other memorable characters like crooked monorail salesman Lyle Lanley.", "Hartman also did voice work on cartoons such as DuckTales, Captain Planet and the Planeteers, and Darkwing Duck. His most notable voice work was with The Simpsons, playing Springfield’s down-and-out lawyer Lionel Hutz (a.k.a. Miguel Sanchez) and washed-up actor Troy McClure.", "The character was retired after Hartman's death (by homicide) in 1998, and since then has only appeared in crowd scenes. This has been inconvenient for the show; lawsuits are frequent in The Simpsons and since Hutz was retired, a different cheap lawyer has had to be used to represent the Simpson family each time. (For example, in Sweets and Sour Marge, Gil steps in.)", "An aging actor who starred in an incredibly wide variety of B-movies, short-lived TV shows, and other projects (like telethons, funerals, medical education films, infomercials, self-help videos, TV retrospectives, Broadway shows, and automated welcome messages for museums, airports, and Nordstrom department store), who frequently reminds people of the works he's been in and clings to his stardom. Voiced by Phil Hartman .", "Recurring Characters: Maggie Roswell (Maude Flanders, Helen Lovejoy, Miss Hoover, and others), Russi Taylor (Martin Prince, Sherri, Terri and others), Pamela Hayden (Milhouse Van Houten, Rod Flanders, Jimbo Jones, and others), Phil Hartman (Lionel Hutz, Troy McClure and Additional Voices), Marcia Wallace (Edna Krabappel).", "Although Hutz loses most of his cases, he does win several cases for the Simpsons. In \"New Kid on the Block\", he represents Homer in his case against the Sea Captain and the Frying Dutchman restaurant over its \"All You Can Eat\" offer (\"The most blatant case of fraudulent advertising since my suit against the film The Never Ending Story\"). He also wins a case for Bart Simpson in \"The Day the Violence Died\", by proving that Itchy was created by an old man named Chester J. Lampwick—though the deciding factor of the case is mainly proven by Bart's footwork to collect the crucial piece of evidence, rather than Hutz's competence. Hutz initiates the trial with zero credible evidence. In \"'Round Springfield\", Hutz successfully sues Krusty the Clown after Bart consumes a jagged metal Krusty-O from a box of cereal, resulting in an inflamed appendix. After winning the case, Hutz gives Bart only $500 of the $100,000 settlement. In \"Sideshow Bob Roberts\", Hutz wins a case against Sideshow Bob, who was mayor at that time, for electoral fraud, in which Bart and Lisa found evidence connected to it.", "Phil Hartman: Lionel Hutz, Troy McClure; (both characters were \"retired\" after Hartman's death) as well as one-shot characters Lyle Lanley, Evan Conover, and others. (1991�1998)", "In \"Treehouse of Horror IX\", he was supposed to host a special on executions. When he was replaced with guest star Ed McMahon after Hartman died, we get this greeting:", "In addition to his work with Reubens, Hartman recorded a number of voice-over roles. These included appearances on The Smurfs, Challenge of the GoBots, The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo, and voicing characters Henry Mitchell and George Wilson on Dennis the Menace. Additionally Hartman developed a strong persona providing voice-overs for advertisements.", "Beginning with this series, Frank Welker took over as Scooby's voice actor, while continuing to provide the voice of Fred as well. Casey Kasem returned as Shaggy, on the condition that the character be depicted as a vegetarian like Kasem himself. [18] Grey DeLisle continued as the voice of Daphne, and former Facts of Life star Mindy Cohn voiced Velma. The series was produced by Chuck Sheetz , who had worked on The Simpsons .", "Cartoonist Matt Groenig (Life in Hell) created this outlandish series based on the adventures of an exuberantly blue-collar family who are just about everything that most television families are not-crude, loud, obnoxious and sloppily dressed characters, with bizarre hairdos and severe overbites. The characters were originally featured in brief segments on Fox Network's The Tracy Ullman Show before the network spotlighted them in their own weekly series. From the series inception in 1989, independent cartoon studio Klasky Csupo animated each episode through the 1991-92 season. Film Roman, producers of TV's Garfield and Friends, took over production of the series in March of 1992, in time for the 1992-93 season.", "* Phil Hendrie (multiple characters on The Phil Hendrie Show, multiple characters on King of the Hill and Futurama, multiple characters in Team America: World Police)", "The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, and aired on ABC in 1980. The show features the voices of Don Messick (Boo Boo from Yogi Bear) as Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Casey Kasem (Robin from the Superfriends, and original host of the long-running radio show American Top 40) as Shaggy, Sparky Marcus as Richie Rich, Stanley Jones (Lex Luthor from Challenge of the Superfriends) as Cadbury, Joan Gerber (Mrs. Beakley from DuckTales) as Irona, Bill Callaway (Aquaman from the Superfriends, and Square Bear from Help! It's the Hair Bear Bunch) as Professor Keenbean, Frank Welker (Dr. Claw from Inspector Gadget) as Dollar, Dick Beals (Birdboy from Birdman & the Galaxy Trio) as Reggie Van Dough, and Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson from The Simpsons) as Gloria Glad.", "Other recurring cast members include Adam West as the eponymous Mayor Adam West; Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson; John G. Brennan as Mort Goldman and Horace the bartender; Carlos Alazraqui as Jonathan Weed; Adam Carolla and Norm Macdonald as Death; Lori Alan as Diane Simmons; and Phil LaMarr as Ollie Williams and the judge. Fellow cartoonist Butch Hartman has made guest voice appearances in many episodes as various characters. Also, writer Danny Smith voices various recurring characters, such as Ernie the Giant Chicken.", "The Addams Family is a sitcom based on the characters in Charles Addams' New Yorker cartoons that aired for two seasons on ABC from 1964 to 1966. It is often compared to its working-class rival, The Munsters, which ran for the same two seasons, and achieved somewhat higher ratings. The show is the first adaptation of the characters to feature \"The Addams Family Theme\".", "Following the success of the 1991 movie version of The Addams Family, Hanna-Barbera began the development of a second animated series based around the characters. The series ran for two seasons on ABC between September 12, 1992 and November 6, 1993. A total of twenty-one half hour episodes were made, most of which are made up of three different self-contained stories. John Astin reprised his role as Gomez from the 196os TV series. Morticia was voiced by Nancy Linan, Uncle Fester by Rip Taylor, Grandmama by Carol Channing, Lurch by Jim Cummings, Wednesday by Debi Derryberry, Pugsley by Jeannie Elias, Cousin Itt by Pat Fraley, Norman Normameyer by Rob Paulsen, Normina Normameyer by Edie McClurg and NJ Normameyer by Dick Beals.", "Night Court is an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 4, 1984, to May 31, 1992. The setting was the night shift of a Manhattan municipal court, Criminal Court Part 2, presided over by a young, unorthodox judge, Harold T. \"Harry\" Stone (played by Harry Anderson). The series was created by comedy writer Reinhold Weege, who had previously worked on Barney Miller in the 1970s and early 1980s.", "The remake series ran on Saturday mornings from 1992–1995 on ABC after producers realized the success of the 1991 Addams Family movie. This series returned to the familiar format of the original series, with the Addams Family facing their sitcom situations at home. John Astin returned to the role of Gomez, and celebrities Rip Taylor and Carol Channing took over the roles of Fester and Grandmama, respectively, while veteran voice actors Jim Cummings, Debi Derryberry, Jeannie Elias and Pat Fraley did the voices of Lurch, Wednesday, Pugsley and Cousin Itt. New artistic models of the characters were used for this series, though still having a passing resemblance to the original comics. Two seasons were produced, with the third year containing reruns. Oddly in this series, Wednesday maintained her macabre, brooding attitude from the Addams Family movies, but her facial expressions and body language conveyed the happy-go-lucky, fun attitude of her portrayal in the original television show. The original Vic Mizzy theme song, although slightly different, was used for the opening.", "King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. The main characters are Hank Hill, Peggy Hill, Bobby Hill, Luanne Platter, Dale Gribble, Bill Dauterive, Boomhauer, Kahn Souphanousinphone, and Elroy \"Lucky\" Kleinschmidt.", "The character of Tex Tucker was voiced by Nicholas Parsons, who had worked for years with Arthur Haynes as his ‘straight man’ on Haynes’ hit comedy series and Kenneth Connor returned once again to voice Rocky, Dusty, Marvin Jackson, Doc Haggerty, Slim Jim, Chief Kallamakooya and the villain, Pedro. Parsons also supplied the voice of Dan Morse. Denise Bryer was Little Jake, Ma Jones and Makooya. During the series another actor joined to give voice to Grandpa Twink, Fernando, Big Ben and Indian Chief Red Scalp. He was a friend of Gerry Anderson from his days working at Elstree Studios and he stayed with Anderson for many years. His name was David Graham.", "Night Court is an sitcom that aired on NBC from 1984 to 1992 about night shift of a Manhattan court, presided over by the young, unorthodox Judge Harold T. \"Harry\" Stone (Harry Anderson). It was created by comedy writer Reinhold Weege, who had previously worked on Barney Miller in the 1970s and early 1980s.", "Night Court is an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 1984 until May 1992. The setting was the night shift of a Manhattan court, presided over by the young, unorthodox Judge Harold T. \"Harry\" Stone (played by Harry Anderson).", "It featured vocals from the series' cast of voice actors, including Mike Judge. Besides the main game, four mini-games are featured, called Hock-A-Loogie, Court Chaos, Bug Justice and Air Guitar.", "The series ended with a 75 minute episode (cut down to 60 minutes in syndication, two parts) in which the \"New York Four\" are sentenced to one year in prison in Latham County, Massachusetts. After Jerry accepts a sitcom deal with NBC, the four decide to take NBC's private aircraft to Paris as a \"last hurrah\". They are delayed in Latham County after engine trouble (caused by Kramer hopping up and down, trying to get water out of his ears), and while killing time in town, they witness a fat man being robbed. Instead of helping him, they make wisecracks about his weight while Kramer videotapes the robbery. The victim sees them doing this, and mentions it to the reporting officer. All four are arrested for breaking a fictional Good Samaritan law that requires citizens to assist in such a situation. A lengthy trial ensues, bringing back many characters from past shows as character witnesses testifying against the group for their \"selfish\" acts from throughout the series. The Virgin, the low talker, the Bubble Boy, Babu Bhatt, the Soup Nazi, and Susan Ross' parents are called to the witness stand, among many more enemies and acquaintances. The four are eventually found guilty, and sentenced to a year in prison, with Judge Arthur Vandelay proclaiming: \"I can think of nothing more fitting than for the four of you to spend a year removed from society so that you can contemplate the manner in which you have conducted yourselves.\"", "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\" moved to ABC-TV in the fall of 1952. The show ran fourteen seasons with four hundred an thirty five episodes.", "In 1995, a Hanna-Barbera-produced animated series aired on ABC, as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup; Matt Frewer provided the voice of Lloyd, while Bill Fagerbakke voiced Harry. In the cartoon, Harry and Lloyd have reacquired their van, now named \"Otto\". The cartoon also features a new character, Kitty, a female pet purple beaver who appears to be smarter than both men. The animated series was written by Bennett Yellin, co-writer of the film. The show was short-lived and was shelved after one season.", "* Waldo (voiced by Jerry Hausner from 1949 to 1955 and in the 1960s series, Casey Kasem in the 1970s series, and Daws Butler on the 1957 record and from 1956-1959) — Quincy Magoo's nephew.", "Waldo (voiced by Jerry Hausner from 1949 to 1955 and in the 1960s series, Casey Kasem in the 1970s series, and Daws Butler on the 1957 record and from 1956-1959) — Quincy Magoo's nephew.", "Voiced by: Bob Holt . Born December 28, 1928. Died August 2, 1985. Image via Behindthevoiceactors .", "This was Riddler's first appearance in animated form. He was voiced by Ted Knight & is a regularly used villain in the series.", "Roger Meyers, Jr. (voiced by Alex Rocco) is the current Chairman of I&S Studios, and is the son of Roger Meyers, Sr. He distributes the cartoon, which is frequently criticized by parents because of its violent nature. He is a jaded and selfish businessman who has nothing but contempt for the children who comprise his audience. In the episode The Day the Violence Died, when I&S Studios is bankrupted following their trial against Chester J. Lampwick, when Bart and Lisa are too late in providing information that could save the company, he tells them condescendingly, \"Great, mail it to last week when I might have cared. I've got cartoons to make.\"" ]

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[ "Wheel of Fortune (often known simply as Wheel) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel.", "\"Wheel of Fortune,\" which averages 11.4 million viewers daily, is currently celebrating its 32nd season, while \"JEOPARDY!\" is in its 31st season on the air and brings in 10.7 million viewers daily.", "Wheel of Fortune is the long-running daytime network and syndicated game show in which three contestants spin a giant wheel and solve Hangman-type word puzzles to win thousands of dollars in cash & prizes. Currently in syndication, the show is commonly known as \"America's Game\". Keep in mind that this is completely unrelated to the original short-lived 1952-53 CBS daytime and primetime game show of the same name.", "Wheel of Fortune is a British television game show created by Merv Griffin. Contestants compete to solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes. The title refers to the show's giant carnival wheel that contestants spin throughout the course of the game to determine their cash and/or prizes. The programme aired between 19 July 1988 and 21 December 2001 and was produced by Scottish Television (STV) for the ITV network - having effectively replaced Now You See It as STV's prime time game show offering for the ITV network. It mostly follows the same general format from the original version of the programme from the United States, with a few minor differences.", "WHEEL OF FORTUNE and JEOPARDY!, television’s top two game shows each averaging more than 10 million viewers daily, have been renewed through the 2017-2018 season, it was announced today by Joe DiSalvo, President of Sales for CBS Television Distribution.", "Jeopardy! is an American television quiz show created by Merv Griffin, in which contestants are presented with trivia clues in the form of answers and must phrase their responses in the form of a question. The show has experienced a long life in several incarnations over the course of nearly a half-century, spending more than 11 years as a daytime network program and having currently run in syndication for 30 seasons. It has also gained a worldwide following with a multitude of international adaptations.", "Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune - Both of Sony's signature game shows have been renewed through 2017-2018, so they'll be with us for a couple more seasons yet. These games both have had solid ratings since they began.", "Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S. syndicated television. It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season (2010–11). The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy! in 2011, and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993, 1997, and 1998. In a 2001 issue, TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and in 2013, the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, second only to Jeopardy! In August 2006, the show was ranked number 6 on GSN's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows. ", "Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6, 1975, at 10:30 am (9:30 Central) on NBC. Lin Bolen, then the head of daytime programming, purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy! series, which had one year remaining on its contract; Jeopardy! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere. The original Wheel aired on NBC, in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon, until June 30, 1989. Throughout that version's run, episodes were generally 30 minutes in length, except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length. NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980, but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes. The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17, 1989, and remained there until January 14, 1991. After that, it briefly returned to NBC, replacing Let's Make a Deal, but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year.", "Wheel of Fortune is in its 26th season (2008-2009 Season) with Pat Sajak & Vanna White. Wheel debuted in 1982.Wheel of Fortune has been renewed through the 2011-2012 season.", "EISENBERG: We are paying tribute to all great TV game shows on this show. First \"Jeopardy\" and now we take on \"Wheel of Fortune.\" Maybe one day we'll be an answer on their show.", "“JEOPARDY!”, America’s Favorite Quiz Show® and its host, Alex Trebek, began their 31st season September 15, 2014. “Jeopardy!” holds the Guinness World Records® title for the most Emmy® Awards won by a TV game show (31 Emmys), including the 2014 Emmy® for Outstanding Game Show. In 2014,“JEOPARDY!” won the inaugural Writers Guild of America award for Outstanding Writing for Quiz and Audience Participation; it is also the recipient of a 2011 Peabody Award.", "Hosted by Alex Trebek, JEOPARDY! is the #2 game show in syndication. JEOPARDY!, holds the Guinness World Records® title for the most Emmy Awards won by a TV game show (31 Emmys), including the 2014 Emmy for Outstanding Game Show. In 2014,JEOPARDY! won the inaugural Writers Guild of America award for Outstanding Writing for Quiz and Audience Participation; it is also the recipient of a 2011 Peabody Award.", "The Jeopardy! contract, subject to end in January 1976, was terminated. The remainder was given to Wheel, which began taping in December. Two promos for the show's debut aired the week of December 30, one for the show itself and another for the new lineup beginning January 6, both showing clips of the premiere.", "On January 2, 2007 one third of subscribing stations originally renewed Jeopardy! through Season 28 (2011–12), but by April 8, 2010 Jeopardy! was given an additional two-year renewal through Season 30 (2013–14). Then in 2012, Trebek and Wheel personalities Pat Sajak and Vanna White renewed their respective contracts when the shows' ABC-owned affiliates renewed both game shows through the 2015–16 season. ", "The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise, with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States. Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as \"Wheel Around the World\", the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12, 2005. ", "Wheel of Fortune begins its syndicated version, which still churns out new episodes to this very day.", "* ''Series/{{Jeopardy}}'' (12 years with Art Fleming {1964-75 and 1978-79}, 31 years and counting in syndication with AlexTrebek {1984-Present})", "With 7,000 episodes aired, the daily syndicated version of Jeopardy! has won a record 31 Daytime Emmy Awards and is the only post-1960 game show to be honored with the Peabody Award. In 2013, the program was ranked No. 45 on TV Guides list of the 60 greatest shows in American television history. Jeopardy! has also gained a worldwide following with regional adaptations in many other countries. The daily syndicated series' 32nd season premiered on September 14, 2015.", "Following the success of the nighttime syndicated version of Wheel which had premiered in 1983, Griffin sold a new syndicated version of Jeopardy!, hosted by Canadian-born TV personality Alex Trebek, to its same distributor, King World Productions (which much later folded into CBS Television Distribution). The Trebek version officially premiered on September 10, 1984, and introduced updated technology to the program, replacing the former manually operated game board featuring clues printed on pull cards with television monitors to display clues. The main difference from the 1964–75 versions was that only the winning contestant kept his or her earnings, while the runners-up were awarded higher-end consolation prizes instead (changed in later years to $2,000 for second place and $1,000 for third).", "A DVD titled Jeopardy!: An Inside Look at America's Favorite Quiz Show, released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on November 8, 2005, features five memorable episodes of the Trebek version (the 1984 premiere, Jennings' final game, and the three finals matches of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions) and three featurettes discussing the show's history and question selection process. Other products featuring the Jeopardy! brand include a collectible watch, a series of daily desktop calendars, and various slot machine games for casinos and the Internet.", "Syndication Wheel of Fortune's phenomenal run in syndication almost never happened. As early as the fall of 1975, there was interest in producing a weekly nighttime show, but few syndicators were wanting to try and even fewer stations willing to buy, particularly because there were other powerhouse game shows airing (either Match Game PM or Family Feud, depending on the year) that were seen as insurmountable in the ratings.", "The category is \"game shows for $100.\" The answer is \"the smartest, best, most entertaining game show of all time.\" The question, of course, is \"What is Jeopardy!?\" No contest. ...", "Since Jeopardy! debuted in 1964, the series has had different theme songs. The most well-known tune is \"Think!\" which serves as the countdown music during the Final Jeopardy! round. Since the syndicated version premiered in 1984, a rendition of \"Think!\" has served as the show's main theme. During the first 13 seasons of the syndicated version, the original 1964 recording of \"Think!\" was retained for the Final Jeopardy! round, but since 1997, there have been different arrangements and re-orchestrations of both the main theme and \"Think!\" music.", "The daily syndicated version debuted on September 10, 1984, and was launched in response to the success of the syndicated version of Wheel and the installation of electronic trivia games in pubs and bars. This version of the program has met with greater success than the previous incarnations; it has outlived 300 other game shows and become the second most popular game show in syndication (behind Wheel), averaging 25 million viewers per week. The show's most recent renewal, in April 2015, extends it through the 2017–18 season. ", "In 1980, Jeremy competed on the game show Wheel of Fortune as Ron Hyatt. Among his winnings was a trip to Mazatlán. ", "Today's the big day. IBM's Jeopardy!-playing supercomputer Watson plays the first of three nights against the game's two greatest champions, Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, on ABC at 7 p.m. Eastern. The winner gets $1 million. The victory will decide once and for all whether a sizable computer can deracinate humans from a game only they (well, Merv Griffin) could invent.", "Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter have competed against each other in a record eight episodes of Jeopardy!, with Brad defeating Ken in the finals of both the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades, while both lost to the Watson supercomputer in The IBM Challenge. However, as both are elite level ''Jeopardy! contestants, their own knowledge bases and buzzer skills are arguably more to blame than fate.", "This game show was presented by Merv Griffin, and it was aired from 1964 to 1975, including a one-year run of a night-time syndicated edition. Later on, the show was run from 1978 to 1979. The latest season of the show was hosted by Alex Trebek. It was a kind of quiz show where questions of general knowledge were asked. This show got several accolades and awards including 31 Daytime Emmy Awards.", "This show was created by Merv Griffin. Its theme is to solve some interesting word puzzles in Hangman. In this 1975 show, the contestants were given the chance to spin a giant carnival wheel for winning cash and different prizes. The show was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford. Later version was hosted by Pat Sajak and Vanna White. It has over 6000 episodes in 32 seasons.", "Merv Griffin created the show with the basic concept of solving word puzzles in Hangman. In the 1975 show, gives the opportunity to the contestants to solve word puzzles and spin a giant carnival wheel to win cash and prizes. It was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford. Currently, the syndicated version of the show is hosted by Pat Sajak and Vanna White. The huge popularity of “America’s game” led to its nightly syndicated edition, and it is the longest running syndicated game show in the United States, having aired more than 6000 episodes in 32 seasons.", "If time ran short (signified by a series of \"dings\"), a \"speed up\" round was played, wherein the host gave the wheel one final spin, with vowels worth nothing and all consonants worth whatever the host landed on. The top-winning contestant after so many rounds completed within each show was the day's champion. In case of a tie, one of several things happened, depending on the year:" ]

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[ "Sir Augustine Danger \"Austin\" Powers, KBE, is a fictional character from the Austin Powers film series, and is created and portrayed by comedian Mike Myers. He is the protagonist of Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). He is a womanizing, hard-partying British spy embodying the Swinging London mod culture and hippie culture of the 1960s who, with his nemesis Dr. Evil, was frozen in a cryogenics experiment until being eventually awakened in 1997. The series' humor follows his attempts to adjust to the modern world as he continues to try to save it from terrorism. In the final film, he is revealed to be Dr. Evil's twin brother.", "Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (commonly referred to as just Austin Powers) is a 1997 American spy action comedy film and the first installment of the Austin Powers series. It was directed by Jay Roach and written by Mike Myers, who starred as both the title character Austin Powers and main antagonist Dr. Evil, Powers' arch-enemy. The film co-stars Elizabeth Hurley, Robert Wagner, Seth Green and Michael York. The film also includes appearances by Will Ferrell, Mimi Rogers, Carrie Fisher, Tom Arnold, Neil Mullarkey and Burt Bacharach.", "Austin Powers is a British secret agent, an \"international man of mystery.\" He works as a fashion photographer by day and a British Intelligence agent by night, and always becomes extremely excited when an attractive woman is working with him or is simply nearby. He is the main protagonist of the series.", "Sir Austin Danger Powers, KBE, is a fictional character from the Austin Powers series of films. He first appeared in the 60s-themed Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) & is portrayed by Mike Myers. ", "He was originally born Douglas Powers, son of Nigel Powers and twin brother to Austin Powers. He has a son with Frau Farbissina named Scott Evil, who is also the grandson of Nigel Powers and the nephew of Austin Powers.", "In Goldmember, Nigel Powers reveals that Dr. Evil is Austin Powers' twin brother and that his real name is Douglas (\"Dougie\") Powers. He was born on November 12, 1939. Douglas and Austin were separated as babies following a car explosion, and that he thought that only Austin had survived. Douglas was raised by Belgians, which is what made him so complex and evil. His home town is Bruges, a Dutch-speaking town (despite this, he claims to not know how to speak \"Freaky-Deaky Dutch\").", "•    Mr. Bigglesworth in Austin Powers, International Man of Mystery (1997). Although most remember the Sphynx that played this role, Mr. Bigglesworth appeared early on in the movie with all his hair, aptly portrayed by a Persian.", "Powers was born on 12 November 1939, son of Nigel Dick Powers (Michael Caine), & brother of Douglas \"Dougie\" Powers, also known as Dr. Evil. Austin & Dougie's mother died in an assassination attempt when they were babies, separating them in the process. Austin grew up with his father, & went on to attend an espionage boarding school with Dougie (now known as Dr. Evil), his roommate &, unbeknownst to him,", "Austin Powers [7] Austin \"Danger\" Powers (Mike Myers) is a '60s British superspy-agent who's arch enemy, Dr. Evil (Mike Myers), narrowly escapes capture by freezing himself in a cryogenic pod and launching himself into orbit aboard a Bob's Big Boy rocket in 1967. Determined to be there when Dr. Evil returns, Powers has himself cryogenically frozen as well, and when in 1997 Dr. Evil returns, so does Powers", "Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (which co-starred Mimi Rogers and Elizabeth Hurley ) was a surprise hit and introduced pop culture catch-phrases like “Groovy, baby!” and “Behave!” It was followed by the sequels The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999, with Heather Graham) and Goldmember (2002, with Beyoncé Knowles as Foxxy Cleopatra).", " 1997 Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (writer: \"What the World Needs Now Is Love\", \"The Look of Love\")", "In 1967, British spy Austin Powers (Mike Myers) thwarts an assassination attempt by his nemesis Dr. Evil (also played by Mike Myers) in a London nightclub. Dr. Evil escapes in a space rocket disguised as a Big Boy statue, and cryogenically freezes himself. Powers volunteers to be placed into cryostasis in case Dr. Evil returns in the future.", "In a self-parody of the Austin Powers series, there is a film within the film in the opening. Austin Powers is featured in a bio-pic called Austinpussy (a parody of the James Bond film Octopussy) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Cruise as Austin Powers, Gwyneth Paltrow as Dixie Normous, Kevin Spacey as Dr. Evil, Danny DeVito as Mini-Me, and John Travolta as Goldmember.", "Powers' flamboyant appearance and overt flirtation is probably based on the early 1970s TV character \"Jason King,\" who originally appeared in the ITC Entertainment program Department S and later in his own spin-off show. The name \"Austin Powers\" may have either been inspired by Austin-Healey, a British sports car builder or possibly after actor Austin Pendleton who has crooked teeth and wears glasses similar to Powers in the 1972 theatrical release, What's Up, Doc?", "He is present during one of the most famous scenes of the first Austin Powers movie. When Austin is sitting on a toilet in a stall at the casino restroom, he appears out of a vent above Austin and sneakily tries to strangle him with his charm bracelet. Austin traps him in-between his legs and asks him, \"Do you work for Number 2?\" (\"Who does Number 2 work for?\" in later pressings of the film) The man in the adjacent stall (who thinks Austin is having trouble defecating), says, \"You show that turd who's boss!\" O'Brien is killed in the situation, having been drowned in the toilet, and his charms are later seen on the restroom floor.", "Johann van der Smut, aka \"Goldmember\" is the main antagonist of Austin Powers in Goldmember. He is a rather peculiar and repulsive Dutch man, who wears a completely golden outfit and is the owner of a roller disco club. He teams up with Dr. Evil to kill Austin Powers and to take over the world, but is defeated and arrested by Foxxy Cleopatra.", "Austin Powers, in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) written Written by Mike Myers .", "He resembles Alec Trevalyan/Agent 006 in some ways, as Dr. Evil and Austin Powers were raised as brothers (before the car explosion), much like James Bond and Alec Trevelyan, who were raised at the same orphanage before being recruited by MI6. Also, Dr. Evil and Austin Powers attended the same spy academy together.", "Sightings:   Look for a mention of this legend in the 1997 film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and in the 1996 film Beautiful Thing .", "actor: St. Elmo�s Fire, About Last Night, Suddenly, Last Summer, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, Contact, Atomic Train, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, The West Wing", "In the 1990s, Austin Powers (Mike Myers) was seen enjoying sex with his wife Vanessa (Elizabeth Hurley) in his honeymoon suite. However, when she began acting strangely and responded to his TV remote, she was revealed to be an android Fembot (with \"machine-gun jubblies\"), a \"kamikaze bride\" on a suicide mission to kill Austin, but she self-destructed. Austin briefly mourned the loss of his \"one true love\" - but overjoyed that he was single again (\"Oh, Behave!\"), he proceeded naked into the hotel's lobby.", "In the second movie, he infiltrates the British Intelligence as a Scottish piper and steals Austin's mojo, which is later taken back by his enemies. Later, Felicity Shagwell sleeps with him in the line of duty to place a tracking device on him. (See Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me).", "Elvis Costello - Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) DVD X845; No Surrender (UK, 1985) DVD X6537", "This article is about the Austin Powers character. For the dancehall reggae artist, see Mr. Evil.", "Gillian Shagwell, Manny Stixsman, Sid Belvedere, and Trevor Aigberth compose Ming Tea, Austin's band. In Austin Powers in Goldmember, Austin sings with his band the song \"Daddy Wasn't There\" (as shown in the respective music video, interspersed with other clips from the film) at his pad after Austin's disappointing knighting, in which his father did not show up for him.", "Steven Spielberg's cameo is arguably an in-joke reference to the fact that Spielberg had always wanted to direct a James Bond movie. In this film he directs the cinematic version of Austin Powers' life with Tom Cruise as Powers.", "Random Task is Dr. Evil's finest killer, but dies after attempting to kill Austin Powers with his shoe. Instead of slicing through his jugular as intended, the shoe just causes a minor annoyance, to which Austin replies \"Honestly, who throws a shoe?\". Random Task didn't return for any of the Austin Powers sequels.", "The 1998 movie Ringmaster starred Jerry playing, essentially (but not in name), himself; the next year, he also showed up in the second Austin Powers movie, with Dr. Evil and Scott as guests.", "Austin Powers was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, played by Jeanette Charles, in “Austin Powers in Goldmember.”", "The soundtrack to Austin Powers in Goldmember (in which Caine co-stars) contains a song entitled \"Alfie (What's It All About Austin)\" performed by Susanna Hoffs. This song is a cover of the original film's title song, with all occurrences of \"Alfie\" replaced with \"Austin\".", "As with the other Austin Powers films, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me is a parody of spy movies, particularly the James Bond series of films. Specifically, the film's title was a play on the Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. Graham's characterisation was based largely on Sharon Tate's similar character, Freya Carlson, in The Wrecking Crew (1969), a film that also parodied Bond films.", ", (July 1, 1920 – July 29, 1982) was an American Olympic weightlifter, professional wrestler, and film actor. He won a silver medal for the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London in weightlifting. He was also an actor, with his most famous role as the villain Oddjob in the James Bond film Goldfinger." ]

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[ "John Allen Muhammad, the \"Beltway sniper\" who went on a two-week shooting spree in the Washington, D.C., area in 2002 * , was scheduled for execution in Greensville, Va., Tuesday night. (Update: Virginia executed Muhammad at 9:06 p.m. Tuesday.) In death row tradition, Muhammad requested a special last meal, but he asked the Virginia Department of Corrections not to announce the menu. Can a death row inmate request anything he wants for his final meal?", "Jon Sheldon (C), attorney for DC sniper John Allen Muhammad, makes a statement to the media after Muhammad was pronounced dead outside the Greensville Correctional Center November 10, 2009 near Jarratt, Virginia. Muhammad was executed at the center by lethal injection at 9 p.m. tonight for the shooting death of Dean Harold Meyers at a gas station in the Manassas area of Virginia on October 9, 2002. (Alex Wong/Getty Images)", "      In a courtroom in Manassas, Va., John A. Muhammad, who terrified the Washington, D.C., area in October 2002 with a series of sniper killings, is sentenced to death.", "A vehicle carrying the body of executed sniper John Allen Muhammad departs the Greensville Correctional Center in Jarratt, Virginia, November 10, 2009. Muhammad was sentenced to die for the murder of Dean Harold Meyers, one of 10 people left dead in a shooting spree by Muhammad and younger accomplice Lee Boyd Malvo that terrorized the Washington, DC, area in October 2002. (REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst)", "John Allen Muhammad (December 31, 1960 – November 10, 2009) was an American convicted murderer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He, along with his seventeen-year-old partner, Lee Boyd Malvo, carried out the Beltway sniper attacks of October 2002, killing at least 10 people. Muhammad and Malvo were arrested in connection with the attacks on October 24, 2002, following tips from alert citizens. Although the pairing's actions were classified by the media as psychopathy attributable to serial killer characteristics, whether or not their psychopathy meets this classification or that of a spree killer is debated by researchers. ", "Law enforcement officers hold an item after lifting up the backseat of the car which John Allen Muhammad and John Lee Malvo were in when police arrested them at a rest stop near Myersville, Maryland October 24, 2002. Former U.S. soldier John Allen Muhammad, a Gulf War veteran, and John Lee Malvo, were arrested at the rest stop in rural Maryland early Thursday in the hunt for suspects in 10 sniper-style slayings in the Washington, D.C., area. (Brendan McDermid/Reuters photo)", "In 2002, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo were responsible for a co-ordinated shooting spree that took place over three weeks in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. The attacks are now known as the “The Washington Sniper attacks” or “The Beltway sniper attacks”. Ten people were killed and three other victims were critically injured. All their victims were killed with a stolen .223 semi-automatic Bushmaster XM-15 assault rifle.", "ATF agent Walter A. Dandridge Jr., holds the bushmaster rifle used in the sniper shootings during his testimony during his testimony in the trial of sniper suspect John Allen Muhammad in courtroom 10 at the Virginia Beach Circuit Court November 6, 2003 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Muhammad is on trial in a capital murder case for the shooting death of Dean Meyers, 53-years-old, at a gas station October 9, 2002 in Manassas, Virginia. (Tracy Woodward/Getty Images)", "Montgomery Police Chief John Wilson (L) and Montgomery Mayor Bobby Bright (R) answer questions at a news conference 25 October 2002 in front of the ABC store on Zelda Road in Montogomery in the southern US state of Alabama. Accused sniper John Allen Muhammad was also charged with capital murder for his part in a robbery in which one woman was killed and another seriously wounded last September outside the ABC store. (Mickey Welsh/Getty images)", "Sniper Killer Muhammad Sentenced to Death Tue Mar 9, 1:03 PM ET By MATTHEW BARAKAT, Associated Press Writer MANASSAS, Va. - A judge rejected John Allen Muhammad's insistence of innocence and sentenced him to death Tuesday, saying his actions in the Washington-area sniper shootings that left 10 people dead were \"so vile that they were almost beyond comprehension.\" Circuit Judge LeRoy F. Millette Jr. also turned aside a plea from Muhammad's lawyers to spare their client's life. He ordered that Muhammad be executed on Oct. 14, but that date likely will be postponed to allow appeals. Muhammad, 43, was convicted...", "The trunk of the 1990 Caprice used by convicted sniper John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo is seen at the Montgomery County Judicial Center after it was entered into evidence in the murder trial of Muhammad Wednesday, May 17, 2006 in Rockville, Md. There was a hole cut in the back of the trunk and the rifle was shot out of the hole. Muhammad, who is representing himself is on trial on six murder charges for killings in Maryland during the Oct 2002 Washington area sniper spree.(Chris Gardne/AP photo)", "John Allen Muhammad pleaded innocent to murder as the first trial in the deadly Washington-area sniper rampage got under way in Virginia Beach, Va. Muhammad was later convicted and sentenced to death for killing Dean Harold Meyers.", "Wikipedia  Beltway sniper attacks  The Beltway sniper attacks were a series of coordinated shootings that took place during three weeks in October 2002 in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia. A series of trial exhibits suggested Malvo and Muhammad were motivated by an affinity for Islamicist  Jihad . [31]", "Defense attorney Peter Greenspun loads files into the back of his vehicle after after the jury failed to agree on the death penalty or prison for convicted sniper John Allen Muhammad at the Virginia Beach Circuit Court November 21, 2003 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Deliberations will continue on November 24. (Jeff Caplan/Getty Images)", "* October 2002 Beltway sniper attacks: During three weeks in October 2002, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo killed 10 people and critically injured 3 others in Washington D.C., Baltimore, and Virginia. The pair were also suspected of earlier shootings in Maryland, Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, and Washington state. No motivation was given at the trial, but evidence presented showed an affinity to the cause of the Islamic jihad.", "The car that John Muhammad and his stepson were in when Police surprised them at a rest stop along Route 70 near Myersville, Maryland sits surrounded by law enforcement officers October 24, 2002. Muhammad was picked up in relation to the Washington area sniper case. (Brendan McDermid/Reuters photo)", "Convicted Beltway sniper John Allen Muhammad is filing last-minute appeals, trying to avoid a Tuesday appointment in Virginia's death chamber. The legal scramble is reviving memories for countless in the D.C. region who lived through the three weeks in October 2002 when Muhammad and his ward, Lee Boyd Malvo, went on a rampage that terrorized the capital region. Picking out strangers at random, they opened fire from a hole cut in an old car, leaving notes behind to taunt police and to celebrate the carnage they inflicted. By the time the pair was finished, 10 were dead, three were wounded...", "Washington-area sniper John Allen Muhammad does not deserve a new trial in Maryland, a state appeals court ruled Monday in a sharply worded unanimous decision that compared Muhammad to Jack the Ripper. The state Court of Special Appeals said Muhammad terrorized the Washington region in a rampage similar to that of the notorious Victorian serial killer who murdered at least five East London prostitutes in 1888. But the three-judge panel noted one distinction: \"Jack the Ripper has never yet been brought to justice. The Beltway snipers have been.\" Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo were convicted last year on six counts...", "Photo shows US sniper suspect John Allen Muhammad, also known as John Allen Williams (R), with John Lee Malvo (L). Police arrested the pair while they were sleeping in their car at a Maryland rest area, north of Washington DC, early 24 October. The arrest came in connection with the Washington-area sniper investigation which left 10 people dead and three injured. (Getty image)", "Maryland agreed to transfer Muhammad and Malvo back to the Commonwealth of Virginia after their trials. A date for Muhammad's pending execution in Virginia had been set for November 10, 2009. ", "2002 - Police arrest spree killers John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, ending the Beltway sniper attacks in the area around Washington, DC.", "Flowers rest on a bench below a bullet hole in a window in a strip mall October 5, 2002 in Silver Spring, Maryland. The bullet hole is from the sniper who is being blamed for six shootings in Montgomery County, Maryland and Washington, D.C. The sniper is still at large. (Stefan Zaklin/ Getty Images)", "MANASSAS, Va. -- A judge will decide Tuesday whether convicted sniper mastermind John Allen Muhammad should die for his role in the October 2002 killing spree that left 10 people dead in the Washington, D.C., area.�A jury recommended in November that Muhammad be sentenced to death for the murder of Dean Harold Meyers at a gas station near Manassas, one of 13 shootings that terrorized the region during a three-week span.�Circuit Judge LeRoy F. Millette Jr. has the option of reducing that sentence to life in prison without parole when Muhammad is formally sentenced Tuesday.�Defense motions filed Friday urge leniency,...", "• In the Washington, D.C. area serial sniper case, John Allen Muhammad, a former U.S. Army Staff Sergeant, and Lee Boyd Malvo killed primarily for anger and thrill motivations. They were able to terrorize the greater Washington, D.C. metro area for three weeks, shooting 13 victims, killing 10 of them. They communicated with the police by leaving notes, and they attempted to extort money to stop the shootings. They are suspected in a number of other shootings in seven other states.", "Muhammad was tried next for Capital Murder in a case that occurred in Prince William County, Virginia, which resulted in a death sentence. Malvo, pursuant to a plea agreement, then plead guilty to one count of murder and one attempted murder in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and was sentenced to life without parole.", "CBS : November 10, 2009, 9:37 PM D.C. Sniper John Allen Muhammad Executed. Mentions extortion, no motive, and custody as motives, but no mention of Nation of Islam, Osama bin Laden, or black nationalist beliefs.", "A Maryland State Trooper watches over children leaving school in Montgomery County, Maryland October 23, 2002. Police recently revealed that the Washington, DC area sniper has threatened children in a letter left a shooting scene. (Brian Snyder/Reuters photo)", "The Washington, D.C. Beltway sniper attacks serve as an excellent example of multi-jurisdictional prosecutorial considerations. The Beltway serial sniper attacks took place during three weeks of October 2002, in the Washington, D.C. metropolitian area. Ten people were killed and three others critically injured, in various locations throughout the metropolitan area. The killings actually began the month prior to the D.C. rampage, with these offenders committing a number of murders and robberies in several other states.", "Daniel Pipes  The Beltway Snipers' Motives Evidence has emerged linking Washington sniper John Allen Muhammad, reports  reports London's Evening Standard today , with Al-Fuqra, the violent Islamist organization with a history of violence on U.S. soil and also linked to shoe bomber Richard Reid and the murderers of Daniel Pearl. Investigators are said to suspect that Muhammad is \"an Islamic terrorist and believe his insanity plea is a cover story to disguise his support for fundamentalists.\" The report even connects Muhammad's actions to 9/11, noting that \"He bought his Chevrolet Caprice car used in the attacks on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks.\" ", "Accused sniper John Lee Malvo walks out of the Fairfax County Juvenile Court House after appearing with his attorneys November19, 2002 in Fairfax, Virginia. Malvo was sentenced December 23 to life in prison without the possiblity of parole for the murder of FBI analyst Linda Franklin. (Mark Wilson/Getty Images)", "*Muhammad is portrayed by Bobby Hosea in the 2003 film, D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear.", "Arthur Herman Bremer (born August 21, 1950) is an American convicted for an assassination attempt on U.S. Democratic presidential candidate George Wallace on May 15, 1972 in Laurel, Maryland, leaving Wallace permanently paralyzed from the waist down. Bremer was found guilty and sentenced to 63 years (53 years after an appeal) in a Maryland prison for the shooting of Wallace and three bystanders." ]

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[ "You have to go back to the old RCA Victor company and its dog “Nipper” to find a canine logo as famous as the bulldog that adorns Mack Trucks .", "A central element of the new brand expression is a sleeker, more modern logo, featuring the iconic Mack Bulldog symbol poised confidently above the Mack word mark, shining a light on elements that have always been core to the brand and present on the product. At the same time, the new mark is an expression of Mack’s present-day, forward-thinking approach to the heavy-duty truck industry and customer.", "To this day, the tiny dog remains a handle on Mack’s current production models. However, even as its functionality changed, the ornament is still a powerful symbol of American trucking with a history that links back to a vehicle that’s as tenacious as a bulldog.", "The bulldog symbol originated in the trenches of World War I* not only because he embodied the spirit of hard work but, like him, Mack trucks in the field were always up for the job. He was patented in 1932 as the official Mack hood ornament, where he remains virtually unchanged to this day.", "Mack trucks earned this nickname in 1917, during World War I, when the British government purchased the Mack AC model to supply its front lines with troops, food and equipment. British soldiers dubbed the truck the \"Bulldog Mack\", because they said it had \"the tenacity of a bulldog.\" Its pugnacious, blunt-nosed hood, coupled with its incredible durability, reminded the soldiers of the tenacious qualities of their country's mascot, the British Bulldog.[http://www.macktrucks.com/default.aspx?pageid", "There’s no debating the iconic status of the dog, whose popularity can be traced back to the First World War—and specifically — the Mack AC truck.", "Peckinpah has a cameo as a sound gaffer during an interview scene. Rubber Duck's truck is generally represented in the film as a 1977 Mack RS712LST although several other Mack RS700L series trucks were used as a double and as stationary props. The original 1977 Mack truck, its on-road movie double and the only original remaining tank trailer are in St. Louis, Missouri on display at the Museum of Transportation.", "The griffen logo, featuring the head of a mythological beast that had a body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle, came from Vadis-Scania, a truck manufacturer that merged with SAAB (airplane) company. The griffen was a coat of arms of the province Scania.", "Jaguar is widely used as a product name, most prominently for a British luxury car brand. The name has been adopted by sports franchises, including the NFL's Jacksonville Jaguars and the Mexican soccer club Chiapas F.C. The crest of Argentina's national federation in rugby union features a jaguar; however, because of a journalist error, the country's national team is nicknamed Los Pumas. In the spirit of the ancient Mayan culture, the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City adopted a red jaguar as the first official Olympic mascot.", "The Puma logo first appeared in 1948, and the company still continues with the same logo with minor alterations. The logo has an image of the leaping puma, otherwise known as cougar or panther, which is a powerful beast and an active hunter. The Puma logo gives a powerful identity to its products. It characterizes the brand’s integrity and the product’s proficiency in the market.", "The truckers drive across Arizona and New Mexico, with Wallace in belated pursuit. The initial police pursuit is foiled when Duck leads the truckers off the main highway and down a rough dusty desert trail, causing several of the police cars to crash. Wallace commandeers the vehicle of one of the state troopers, but is also thwarted when Pig Pen and Spider Mike crush his vehicle between their rigs while in motion. Additional independent truckers join them to form a mile-long convoy in support of the Rubber Duck's vendetta against the abusive Wallace. The truckers communicate with each other via CB Radio, and much CB jargon is sprinkled throughout the film. As the rebellious truckers evade and confront the police, Rubber Duck becomes a reluctant folk hero.", "LAS VEGAS, Nev. – Mack Trucks has given its 114-year-old brand a touch-up, debuting a new logo and slogan at the ConExpo construction trade show.", "The Cheetos brand is commonly recognized by association with its mascot, an anthropomorphic cartoon cheetah named Chester Cheetah. Chester first appeared in television commercials in 1983 as an animated cartoon character, adopting a sly, smooth-voiced personality. This character became the focus of more Cheetos commercials, eventually becoming the brand's official mascot. Chester has become known for concluding Cheetos advertisements with slogans, which have evolved over time. Chester was preceded by an earlier mascot—the Cheetos Mouse, which debuted in 1971 using the slogans “ Cheese that goes crunch” and \"Hail Chee-sar!\". The slogan \"it ain't easy bein' cheesy\" was used in the late 1980s and early 1990s, followed once again by “the cheese that goes crunch” until 1996, when it became “Dangerously cheesy.” In 2003, Chester was first rendered as a computer-generated character in the United States; while continuing to appear in an animated form in some other countries where the brand is sold.", "The vehicle was painted brown and tan two-tone; it had an eagle painted on the hood with the phrase \"Fall Guy Stuntman Association\" underneath. The truck was very often involved in high-speed chases and huge jumps. As a result, it became very popular, especially with children, and numerous toy and model versions were produced.", "In 1924, Davis quit the chili business when his ranch was found to have lots of oil.  He sold his operations to J. C. West and Fred Slauson, two Corsicana businessmen.  To draw attention to the Wolf Brand Chili, the new owners had Model T Ford trucks with cabs shaped like chili cans and painted to resemble the Wolf Brand label.  A live wolf was caged in the back of each truck.  Today the company is owned by Stokley-Van Camp in Dallas, Texas.", "In the Arizona desert, truck driver Martin \"Rubber Duck\" Penwald is passed by a woman in a Jaguar E-Type, which leads to an encounter with a sheriff's deputy. Proceeding on his way, Rubber Duck runs into fellow truck drivers Pig Pen/Love Machine and Spider Mike, when another \"trucker\" informs them over the C.B. that they are okay to increase their speed. The \"trucker\" turns out to be cold county Sheriff \"Dirty Lyle\" Wallace, a long-time nemesis of the Duck, who extorts them for $70 each. ", "* Dodger – a pickup truck, who looks similar to the 1930s Ford truck due to his shape. Dodger is owned by Meg. He has a crane with a grabber that lifts the milk. His horn makes strange honking sounds that the rest of the team find funny.", "Aflac has chosen to reject the solid image cultivated by other companies, instead focusing on a branding logo design that is friendly and extremely recognizable. The duck that is commonly seen on Aflac commercials is prominently displayed in this logo, with the company name written in rounded, blue letters. Because blue is a calming color and rounded letters less formal than sharper ones, the image is that Aflac is both friendly and easy to deal with.", "Mack is a 1980s-era Mack Super-Liner truck bearing license plate \"RUSTEZ3\" who inadvertently sets up the predicament suffered by Lightning McQueen throughout the movie. Mack is voiced by John Ratzenberger . A dedicated member of the Rust-eze Medicated Bumper Ointment Team, Mack pulls Lightning McQueen 's trailer to his races. After McQueen's entire pit team quits, Mack remains as the rookie racer's only friend. McQueen exhorts Mack to drive through the night to his tiebreaker race with Chick Hicks and Strip Weathers in Los Angeles, hoping to reach the venue first and to hang out with the Dinoco team. During the long drive, Mack falls asleep and falls victim to the Delinquent Road Hazards , a group of reckless street racers. The Delinquent Road Hazards knock Mack all over the road, causing one of McQueen's bobble heads to fall off its perch and hit a button, opening his trailer door and dump a sleeping McQueen onto the road.", "*1956: Mack buys the tooling of the Ahrens-Fox Fire Engine Co. and introduced the Mack C Model cab forward fire engine which was an Ahrens-Fox design and the first of the \"Cincinnati Cabs\" ( later built by the Truck Cab Manufacturing Co. an OEM vendor builder of Cincinnati, Ohio), that have been the staple of the American fire service to this day.", "CAMELBACK 1992 MACK CH612 10’ DUMP, E7 250HP diesel, 7 spd, leaf springs, S/A, 12K F/A, 23K R/A, pintle hitch, Stk#2842, $11,500", "It’s a little disconcerting that the logo for Chevrolet—the company that identified itself with baseball, hot dogs, and apple pie—was inspired by (gulp) the French! Several stories about the emblem’s history exist. But according to the most popular version, Chevrolet cofounder William Durant was inspired by a pattern he saw on wallpaper in a Paris hotel. It’s enough to make Hank Hill shudder.", "*1990: Mack Trucks becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Renault Véhicules Industriels when remaining publicly traded shares acquired at $6.25 per share.", "*1962: The Second of the COE (cab-over-engine) family of trucks is introduced: The F Model all steel sleeper (FL) or non sleeper (F) is the first of this family of models for Mack.", "This equipment-loaded 1970 era Mack truck is nearly enveloped by weeds in southeastern North Carolia. (Photos by Ralph Gable)", "*1979: Medium-duty model Mid-Liner introduced, built by Renault Véhicules Industriels in France. This lighter truck filled a gap at the lower end of Mack's spectrum, as they were almost unrepresented in the Class 6 segment. Before the introduction of the Mid-Liner, the smallest engine made by Mack had been the 210 hp diesel inline-six ETZ 477.", "The Ford Bronco is a sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufactured and marketed by Ford from 1966 to 1996, over five generations.", "The Chicken Tax directly curtailed importation of German-built Volkswagen Type 2 vans in configurations that qualified them as light trucks — that is, commercial vans and pickups. [33] \"In 1964 U.S. imports of \"automobile trucks\" from West Germany declined to a value of $5.7 million—about one-third the value imported in the previous year. Soon after, Volkswagen cargo vans and pickup trucks, the intended targets, \"practically disappeared from the U.S. market.\" [32]", "In mid 1996, Ford officially made the decision to discontinue the Bronco. On Wednesday, June 12, 1996 the last Bronco ever built rolled off the assembly line at Michigan's Ford Truck Plant. The last Bronco was escorted by Jeff Trapp's 1970 Ford Bronco during a Drive-Off Ceremony. It was replaced by the Ford Expedition, which was introduced as the successor to the Bronco, and more effectively competed with GM's Chevrolet Tahoe. The Bronco name was reused a few years later for a similar concept car.", "Kenworth is an American manufacturer of medium and heavy-duty Class 8 trucks with its corporate office and engineering headquarters in Kirkland, Washington, United States, a suburb of Seattle, Washington. It is a subsidiary of Paccar, and is also a former manufacturer of transit buses and school buses.", "Based in Dearborn, Michigan, the Ford Motor Company is a pillar of the US corporate community. Despite recent money woes and scattered layoffs, Ford continues to turn out some of the market's most popular products. Ford's pickup trucks, especially the sales juggernaut F-150 line, are ubiquitous on farms and ranches across the US and Canada.", "This used up 1941 International pickup truck was found near Trapper Creek, Alaska, its bed now used for growing weeds — or perhaps flowers of some variety. (Photos by Jerry Brown)" ]

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[ "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc.[2] Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.[3]", "Bugs Bunny (short for George Washington Bunny [1] , as given in an old comic) is a fictional character who appears in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1945. In 2002, he was named by TV Guide as the greatest cartoon character of all time, an honor he shares with Mickey Mouse . [2] [3] Currently, he is the corporate mascot for Warner Brothers , especially its animated productions . Bugs starred in 163 shorts in the Golden Age of American animation, and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films.", "Warner Brothers, as a company, goes back to 1918, when four brothers (Jack, Albert, Harry, and Samuel Warner) opened their first Warner Brothers studio. They incorporated as a production and distribution entity five years later under the name Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc. In 1944, they purchased Leon Schlesinger's cartoon studio, Looney Tunes, and became the owners of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, and the rest. The Warner Brothers animation division then churned out high quality cartoons, comic books, and shorts for decades, until it was closed in 1963. Meanwhile, Warner Brothers continued to be one of the big Hollywood players in the movie industry.", "Bugs has had several comic book series over the years. Western Publishing had the license for all the Warner Brothers cartoons, and produced Bugs Bunny comics first for Dell Comics , then later for their own Gold Key Comics . Dell published 58 issues and several specials from 1952 to 1962. Gold Key continued for another 133 issues. DC Comics , the sister/subsidiary company of Warner Bros., has published several comics titles since 1994 that Bugs has appeared in. Notable among these was the 2000 four-issue miniseries Superman & Bugs Bunny, written by Mark Evanier and drawn by Joe Staton . This depicted a crossover between DC's superheroes and the Warner cartoon characters.", "Bugs Bunny is an American animated character created in 1938 at Leon Schlesinger Productions, later Warner Bros. Cartoons. Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or", "Warner Brothers Cartoons continued, with intermittent interruptions, until 1969 when it was dissolved as the parent company ceased film shorts entirely. Characters such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety Bird, Sylvester, and Porky Pig became central to the company's image in subsequent decades. Bugs in particular remains a mascot to Warner Bros., its various divisions and Six Flags (which Time Warner once owned). The success of the compilation film, The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1980, featuring the archived film of these characters prompted Warner Brothers to organize Warner Bros. Animation as a new production division to restart production of original material.", "Bugs appeared mostly in the color Merrie Melodies and formally joined the Looney Tunes crew with the release of Buckaroo Bugs. Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color Looney Tunes with the 1942 cartoon The Hep Cat. The final black-and-white Looney Tune was Puss n' Booty in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in the Blue Ribbon Classics series of Merrie Melodies. Bugs Bunny made a cameo appearance in 1942 in the Avery/Clampett cartoon Crazy Cruise and also at the end of the Frank Tashlin 1943 cartoon Porky Pig's Feat which marked Bugs' only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tune. Schlesinger sold his interest in the cartoon studio in 1944 to Warner Bros. and went into retirement, he would die five years later.", "Ron Snyder, CEO of Crocs, said, “We are extremely pleased to have extended our licensing agreement with Warner Bros. which now provides us access to many of the most famous animated characters of all-time such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety, The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, Scooby-Doo, The Jetsons, and Tom and Jerry, to name a few. We believe the universal appeal of Warner Bros. portfolio of cartoon personalities combined with the growing worldwide popularity of Crocs affords our company another compelling growth vehicle for the future.”", "Bugs appeared mostly in the color Merrie Melodies and formally joined the Looney Tunes crew with the release of Buckaroo Bugs . Schlesinger began to phase in the production of color Looney Tunes with the 1942 cartoon The Hep Cat . The final black-and-white Looney Tune was Puss n' Booty in 1943 directed by Frank Tashlin. The inspiration for the changeover was Warner's decision to re-release only the color cartoons in the Blue Ribbon Classics series of Merrie Melodies. Bugs Bunny made a cameo appearance in 1942 in the Avery/Clampett cartoon Crazy Cruise and also at the end of the Frank Tashlin 1943 cartoon Porky Pig's Feat which marked Bugs' only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tune. Schlesinger sold his interest in the cartoon studio in 1944 to Warner Bros. and went into retirement, he would die five years later.", "Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Warner and Disney signed an agreement stating that each character had exactly the same amount of screen time, right down to the micro-second.", "There's some cosmic irony that a man like Edward Selzer would reign over Warner Brothers animation division during it's heyday. When Warner Brothers bought the studio in 1944, Selzer was assigned as studio head, essentially replacing former owner Leon Schlesinger . Whereas Schlesinger was undeniably cheap and disdainful of animation as art, Selzer proved to be a humorless interfering bore who had no knowledge or love of animation. In fact, the crew sometimes got story ideas from him out of defiance. For example, Selzer ordered the crew never to make any cartoons about bullfighting. Jones was immediately inspired by this idea and created Bully for Bugs , which is considered one of the best of the Bug's Bunny shorts. Despite their loathing for him, Chuck Jones valued him in retrospect as an essential nemesis that inspired them to do their best, if only to oppose him.", "Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, in a historic moment in motion picture history, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had exactly the same amount of screen time, right down to the frame.", "• Tex Avery directs \"A WILD HARE\" for Warner Bros. where he defines the character of Bugs Bunny. There were three previous Bugs, but this was the film where the real Bugs was born. This was the start of Warners' supremacy in animated humor.", "In the 1970s through the early 1990s, several feature-film compilations and television specials were produced, mostly centering on Bugs Bunny or Daffy Duck, with a mixture of new and old footage. In 1976, the Looney Tunes characters made their way into the amusement business when they became the mascots for the two Marriott's Great America theme parks (Gurnee, Santa Clara). After the Gurnee park was sold to Six Flags , they also claimed the rights to use the characters at the other Six Flags parks, which they continue to do presently. In 1988, several Looney Tunes characters appeared in cameo roles in Disney and Amblin 's Oscar -winning epic, Who Framed Roger Rabbit . The more notable cameos featured Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Yosemite Sam, Sylvester, and Tweety. It is the only time in which Looney Tunes characters have shared screen time with their rivals at Disney (producers of the film)—particularly in the scenes where Bugs Bunny and Mickey Mouse are skydiving, and when Daffy Duck and Donald Duck are performing their \"Duelling Pianos\" sequence.", "Lantz... Pretty much inbetween Disney & Warner Bros., though read that animators & directors from both studios have worked for Lantz. Woody Woodpecker is just as funny like Bugs Bunny, though Ben Hardaway was one of the people in WB that worked on a prototype rabbit that became the wascally wabbit, and the swing symphonies were quite good. Chilly Willy and Andy Panda were also popular characters.", "While Porky's Hare Hunt was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs (both redesigned by Bob Givens) are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" A Wild Hare was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. ", "\"Knights Must Fall,\" Warner Bros., 1949. Bugs Bunny in a version of Connecticut Yankee without the time-travel frame.  ", "The following are the various vocal artists who have voiced Bugs Bunny over the last 75-plus years for Warner Bros.' animated productions:", "In the 1988 live-action/animated movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Blanc reprised several of his classic \"Looney Tunes\" roles (Bugs, Daffy, Porky, Tweety, and Sylvester), but left Yosemite Sam to Joe Alaskey (who later became one of Blanc's regular replacements until his death in 2016). As Disney produced the film, the company had to earn the blessing of Warner Bros. (and other rival studios) to feature the various non-Disney characters in the movie. The film was also notably the only other Disney film Blanc was involved in after Pinocchio more than 45 years prior. Blanc died just a year after the film's release. His final recording session was for Jetsons: The Movie (1990). ", "The studio’s successes included cartoons – the ever-popular Bugs Bunny – and unforgettable movies such as Casablanca (1942), the Dirty Harry films, and the Harry Potter series. Today the company is a leader in the entertainment industry. The company’s vast library consists of more than 6,650 feature films, 50,000 television titles and 14,000 animated titles.", "1938: Warner Bros. director Ben \"Bugs\" Hardaway remakes the cartoon with a rabbit instead of a duck, as \"Porky's Hare Hunt\". Says one of Bugs' creators: \"That rabbit was just Daffy Duck in a rabbit suit.\"", "Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Batman, Superman, Histeria!, Xiaolin Showdown, Looney Tunes, Loonatics Unleashed, Batman Beyond, Beetlejuice, Mucha Lucha, Freakazoid, Krypto the Super Dog, Osmosis Jones, Road Rovers, Rover Dangerfield, Miss Congeniality, and Racing Stripes, were all made by Warner Bros., which owns the current rights for Tom and Jerry and Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School.", "Roger Rabbit is an anthropomorphic Toon rabbit. He was described as a frantic over-anxious type who often stutters (even while he's screaming). The character first appeared in the book, Who Censored Roger Rabbit? by Gary K. Wolf. Mixing both live action and animation to create a \"toon\" universe for the film, the Walt Disney Animation Studios set up an animation studio in Camden Town, London, while the live action was shot at Elstree film studios. Both the animation and live action were then composited by ILM fx studios in LA. In the book, Roger is a sidekick in a popular comic strip called \"Baby Herman\", his murder is being investigated by a detective named Eddie Valiant and a slowly evaporating stunt doppelganger of himself that he created hours before being shot. In the film version, he is re-envisioned as a 1940s character in animated cartoons and a resident of the fictional Los Angeles enclave Toontown. He is framed for a murder and seeks out Valiant to help clear his name. In the film, the voice of Roger is performed by comedian Charles Fleischer, who was known for electing to wear an actual rabbit costume on the set to get into the role.", "A younger version of Bugs is the main character of Baby Looney Tunes, which debuted on Kids' WB in 2001. In the action comedy Loonatics Unleashed, his definite descendant Ace Bunny is the leader of the Loonatics team and seems to have inherited his ancestor's Brooklyn accent and comic wit. ", "Warner Bros produces “GOLD DIGGERS OF ’49″ Tex Avery’s first film for them. He was an animator working at Walter Lantz’s studio from1930 to 1935. Chuck Jones, Bob Clampett, and Bo Cannon also work at Warner Bros. They dub the animation unit “Termite Terrace.” Frank Tashlin (1913-1972) directs “PORKY IN THE NORTH WOODS.” Carl Stalling joined the studio and set the style of “cartoon music” going on to compose music for over six hundred films. Mel Blanc joined the studio as well either in1936 or 1937.", "During his inception, Bugs director I. Freling decided the rabbit’s voice would be similar to Daffy’s, since the duck was already a popular character. The voice actor who played Bugs, Mel Blanc , also provided the voice for Daffy Duck, as well as most other Looney Tunes favorites like Tweety Bird, Speedy Gonzales, and Marvin the Martian. ", "Bugs Bunny This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources", "Friz and Robert soon set Sylvester up as Speedy's regular nemesis in a series of cartoons, much in the same way Chuck Jones had paired Wile E. Coyote and The Road-Runner in his Road-Runner cartoons. Sylvester (often called \"El Gringo Pussygato\" by Speedy) is constantly outsmarted and outrun by The Fastest Mouse In All Of Mexico, causing the cat to suffer all manner of pain and humiliation from mousetraps to accidentally consuming large amounts of Tabasco hot sauce and everything in-between. Other cartoons pair the mouse with his cousin, Slowpoke Rodriguez , The Slowest Mouse In All Of Mexico. Slowpoke regularly gets into all sorts of trouble that often require Speedy to save him—=but one cat in Mexicali Shmoes says that as if to compensate for his slowness, \"he pack a gun!\" In the mid-1960s when DePatie-Freleng Enterprises took over the production of Looney Tunes, Speedy's main nemesis became Daffy Duck .", "* The 1949 cartoon \"Bowery Bugs\" tells a fictionalized version of the Steve Brodie story, with Bugs Bunny as Brody's tormenter.", "In \"Eight-Ball Bunny\", Bugs Bunny and a penguin are caught by a South American tribe and put on a pot. They are saved when the natives are scared away by \"el bwana\", a No Celebrities Were Harmed version of Humphrey Bogart as Fred Dobbs from The Treasure of the Sierra Madre .", "Bewitched Bunny (US animated short, 1954), with voices of Mel Blanc, June Foray.  Bugs Bunny takes it upon himself to rescue Hansel and Gretel from Witch Hazel. ", "Bugs Bunny : [voiceover] Extra! Read all about it! Tweety Boid missing! Boid gets the boi-d! Read all about it! Million dollar boid gone!" ]

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[ "Brass is made up of Copper and Zinc. The Chemical compound is Cu3Zn2. Thanks for using ChaCha! [ Source: http://www.chacha.com/question/what-2-elements-make-up-brass ]", "Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure.", "Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and contains lead which is used to combine the two elements. Historically, brass has been used for items such as pumps, pipe fitting, and goblets. All 3 constituents are subject to leaching when they contact acidic foods, and food poisoning has resulted from such contact.", "Brass is defined as any metal alloy that consists primarily of copper in combination with zinc. There are many different kinds of brass. Admiralty brass consists of 30 percent zinc and one percent tin, while Aich's alloy consists of exactly 60.66 percent copper, 36.58 percent zinc, 1.02 percent tin and 1.74 percent iron. High brass is a type of brass with a very high tensile strength, and it is made with 65 percent copper and 35 percent zinc.", "Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties.  In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes. Brass is a substitutional alloy. It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like appearance; for applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears, bearings, ammunition, and valves; for plumbing and electrical applications; and extensively in musical instruments such as horns and bells for its acoustic properties.", "A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in color. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper.", "Brass – A combination of copper and zinc, usually in the proportions of 65% to 35% respectively. Is used for ornamental purposes and within electrical fittings.", "Brass : An alloy metal composed of various proportions of copper and zinc- an average formula is 65 parts copper and 35 parts zinc.", "Brass is conventionally described as ‘% copper/ % zinc’ but also has many other industrial designations and specifications mentioned.", "Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940 °C, 1652 to 1724 °F, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The density of brass is approximately .303 lb/cubic inch, 8.4 to 8.73 grams per cubic centimetre. ", "A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc, usually 67 percent copper and 33 percent zinc. It sometimes includes small amounts of other metals. Brass is characterized by being strong and ductile, and by being resistant to many forms of corrosion.", "Brasses and Bronzes are probably the most well-known families of copper-base alloys. Brasses are mainly copper and zinc. Bronzes are mainly copper along with alloying elements such as tin, aluminum, silicon or beryllium.", "But the most visible example of zinc at work doesn't give any indication of this greyish metal - instead it's in an alloy that mixes the sheen of gold with the common touch. When molten zinc and copper are mixed together, the result is bold as brass. In fact, it is brass. Everything from door fixings to decorative plaques for horse collars have been made in this flexible alloy. Any orchestra would be much poorer without its brass instruments. It's even likely to turn up in the zips on your clothing.", "Brass - Made of Copper and Zinc, this metal is widely found in costume and vintage jewelry . When Brass is polished it bears a striking resemblance to yellow gold .", "Brass is the generic term for a range of copper-zinc alloys with differing combinations of properties, including strength, machinability, ductility, wear-resistance, hardness, colour, antimicrobial, electrical and thermal conductivity, and corrosion-resistance.  Read more.", "Brass was produced by the cementation process where copper and zinc ore are heated together until zinc vapor is produced which reacts with the copper. There is good archaeological evidence for this process and crucibles used to produce brass by cementation have been found on Roman period sites including Xanten and Nidda in Germany, Lyon in France and at a number of sites in Britain. They vary in size from tiny acorn sized to large amphorae like vessels but all have elevated levels of zinc on the interior and are lidded. They show no signs of slag or metal prills suggesting that zinc minerals were heated to produce zinc vapor which reacted with metallic copper in a solid state reaction. The fabric of these crucibles is porous, probably designed to prevent a buildup of pressure, and many have small holes in the lids which may be designed to release pressure or to add additional zinc minerals near the end of the process. Dioscorides mentioned that zinc minerals were used for both the working and finishing of brass, perhaps suggesting secondary additions. ", "One widely used alloy which contains a large amount of zinc is brass. Brass is an alloy of copper mixed with 3% to 45% zinc, depending on the type of brass. Brass is superior to copper in areas like ductability, strength and corrosion resistance. This makes it useful in water valves, musical instruments and communication equipment.", "Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent and self-healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use especially in seawater applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and tear resistant. ", "A form of brass , an alloy of copper and zinc , mixed in proportions so that it closely resembles gold in appearance. It was invented in the 18th century by Christopher Pinchbeck, a London clockmaker.", "Brass made during the early Roman period seems to have varied between 20% to 28% wt zinc. The high content of zinc in coinage and brass objects declined after the first century AD and it has been suggested that this reflects zinc loss during recycling and thus an interruption in the production of new brass. However it is now thought this was probably a deliberate change in composition and overall the use of brass increases over this period making up around 40% of all copper alloys used in the Roman world by the 4th century AD. ", "Alpha-beta brass        Brass containing over 36% of zinc or with other additions usually has two phases present in the crystal structure, alpha and beta.  They are used for castings, extrusions and for hot stampings.", "The two best known alloys of copper are the bronzes, which contain tin, and the brasses, which contain zinc .", "Common names for brass alloys may be misleading, so the Unified Numbering System for metals and alloys is the best way to know the composition of the metal and predict its applications. The letter C indicates brass is a copper alloy. The letter is followed by five digits. Wrought brasses, which are suitable for mechanical forming, begin with 1 through 7. Cast brasses, which may be formed from molded molten metal, are indicated using an 8 or 9.", "Alpha-beta brass ( Muntz metal ), also called duplex brass, is 35-45% zinc and is suited for hot working. It contains both α and β' phase; the β'-phase is body-centered cubic and is harder and stronger than α. Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot.", "High copper brass with aluminium added for improved corrosion resistance. This is often used for condenser tubes.", "CDA, along with its brass and bronze ingot-producing member companies, has developed lead-free brass casting alloys. The alloys, called EnviroBrass I, II and III, employ a combination of selenium and bismuth to provide good castability and free-machining performance while offering significant environmental, health and safety benefits to foundrymen, machine shops, plumbing manufacturers and end users.", "The chemical element of atomic number 30, a silvery-white metal that is a constituent of brass and is used for coating (galvanizing) iron and steel to protect against corrosion", "Brass : a wide range of alloys containing 50-90% Cu by weight. Made into everything from ammunition cartridges to doorknobs.", "The ä constituent has the crystal structure of a-brass. It has a narrow range of composition corresponding approximately to the formula Cu3lSn8 and, like all intermetallic compounds, is extremely hard and brittle. The ä -> (á + l) change at 350°C does not occur in commercial practice, though alloys richer in tin may contain the a constituent, which corresponds to Cu3Sn, and the ç solid solution, which approximates to the composition CuSn.", "Black Oxidized: Elements are made from brass that is chemically treated to a black matte finish", "Brasses are versatile and cost-effective materials, ideal for designing complex and long lasting components. Article by Ken Kempson in May/June 2004 issue of Engineering Designer. 2004. 4pp.", "Uses of brass include musical instruments, firearm cartridge casing, radiators, architectural trim, pipes and tubing, screws, and decorative items." ]

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[ "Washington is admitted as the 42nd state to the United States of America on November 11, 1889.", "On November 11, 1889, Washington was admitted to statehood as the 42nd state of the Union by the United States Congress, with the same boundaries as at present. Washington extends from the Pacific Ocean on the west to Idaho on the east, and from Oregon on the south to the Canadian Province of British Columbia on the north.", "Washington is admitted as the 42nd state to the United States of America on November 11, 1889. - HistoryLink.org", "Washington entered the Union as the 42nd state on November 11, 1889. Elisha P. Ferry, a former territorial official, became the first state governor. That year witnessed major fires in Seattle and Spokane, both of which rebuilt their cores with brick and stone structures.", "Washington was given statehood designation on November 11, 1889, as the forty-second (42nd) state to enter the Union.", "When Harrison took office, no new states had been admitted in more than a decade, owing to Congressional Democrats' reluctance to admit states that they believed would send Republican members. Early in Harrison's term, however, the lame duck Congress passed bills that admitted four states to the union: North Dakota and South Dakota on November 2, 1889, Montana on November 8, and Washington on November 11. The following year two more states held constitutional conventions and were admitted – Idaho on July 3 and Wyoming on July 10, 1890. The initial Congressional delegations from all six states were solidly Republican. More states were admitted under Harrison's presidency than any other since George Washington's.", "On November 11, 1889, U.S. President Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901) signed the bill admitting Washington to the United States.", "In the late 1880s and 1890s, several former territories became states. In 1889 alone, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington all became states. The 1890s saw the addition of Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah.", "On 2 Nov., 1889, the Dakotas came into the Union as states; Montana was admitted on 6 Nov., and three days later the Territory of Washington became a state. In 1907 Oklahoma was admitted as the forty-sixth state. In 1912 Arizona and New Mexico were admitted as states. The accession of new states suggests the territorial expansion of the original Union. It does not, however, give one a definite idea of the national increase in population, in wealth , and in power since 1789.", "            1889 –Thursday-  President Grover Cleveland signed a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. This was the Enabling Act, an act to provide for the division of Dakota Territory into two states and to enable the people of", "Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, when the railroads were constructed into the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota , Montana , and Washington , titled the Enabling Act of 1889 , was passed on February 22, 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland . His successor, Benjamin Harrison , signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889. [20]", "KNOW-VEMBER: FUN NOVEMER FACTS - \"11/8/1889 - Montana becomes 41st State\" - Stylish Life for Moms", "Oh, Washington State’s forty-second And Idaho’s state forty-three The next state to join was Wyoming It’s the forty-fourth state don’t you see? The forty-fifth state was Utah Oklahoma the forty-sixth state New Mexico was forty-seventh Arizona was state forty-eight", "Early in the session of the 50th Congress, which met in December, 1887, a bill was introduced \"To provide for the formation and admission into the Union of the States of Washington, Dakota, Montana and New Mexico.\" Accompanying this bill was a very voluminous report, or series of reports, covering 145 pages and regarding the four territories affected by it. The minority report, presented by Mr. Struble of Iowa, attracted much attention, and aroused great indignation in New Mexico, on account of its violent opposition to our admission to statehood, and the bitter attack on the territory and its people.", "The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the legislatures of the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 2d day of March, 1932, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day of February, 1933, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932; Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932; California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri, January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933.", "Wyoming, nicknamed the \"Equality State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 10, 1890, becoming the Nation's 44th state. The reverse of Wyoming's quarter features a bucking horse and rider with the inscriptions \"The Equality State,\" \"Wyoming\" and \"1890.\"", " 1859, 1912 -- Two new states are added to the Union on February 14th : Oregon in 1859, the 33rd state and Arizona in 1912, the 48th state.", "Vermont became the 14th state in 1791, and Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio (states where trans-Appalachian overflow was concentrated) became states soon after.", "Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water rights. Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.", "1836: The Wisconsin Territory is organized. Arkansas is the 25th state admitted to the Union despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory of Arkansas was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "New State: Idaho is admitted to the Union as the 43rd state and Wyoming is admitted as the 44th state in the Union.", "Idaho is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The estimated population is 1,654,930 and the state has an area of 83569 sqmi. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "On Oct. 31, 1864, Nevada was admitted to the Union as the 36th state. An article in the August 25, 1865, edition of “The New-York Daily Tribune,” published by Horace “Go West, Young Man” Greeley, refers to California and Nevada as “the Golden and the Silver State.”", "1791 – Vermont is admitted as the 14th U.S. state. It was the first outside the original thirteen colonies.", "On September 17, 1907 the people of the Indian and Oklahoma Territories voted favorably on statehood. The vote was certified and delivered to the President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt and on November 16, 1907, Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation 780 admitting Oklahoma as the forty-sixth state. In his annual message on December 3, 1907—just a few weeks later—President Roosevelt announced to Congress, \"Oklahoma has become a state, standing on full equity with her elder sisters, and her future is assured by her great natural resources.\"", "67. Along with New Mexico which US state joined the Union in 1912? Doing so on February 14th and so gaining its nickname, the Valentine State.", "Wyoming became known as The Equality State . The national suffrage convention in 1891 included this tribute: “Wyoming, all hail; the first true republic the world has ever seen!”", "# North Carolina — February 7, 1795As there were 15 States at the time, the ratification by twelve States added the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution. It was subsequently ratified by:", "On July 26, 1788, New York , one of the thirteen colonies, became the 11th state.", "68 Which state became the first to ratify the United States constitution in 1787, hence its official nickname of The First State?", "name of the new country formed by eleven states that seceded from the United States of America", "           1795 –Saturday The 11th Amendment to the U.S constitution, which limits Supreme Court jurisdiction was ratified as" ]

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[ "Where's George? is a website that tracks the natural geographic circulation of American paper money. Its popularity has led to the establishment of a number of other currency tracking websites (among which it remains the most popular by far), and sites that track other objects such as used books. Statistics generated by the website have been used in at least one research paper to study patterns of human travel in the United States. ", "Where’s George? is an interactive website (www.WheresGeorge.com) where users can register their cash and track its journey across the globe.", "The site was established in December 1998 by Hank Eskin, a database consultant in Brookline, Massachusetts. Where's George? refers to George Washington, whose portrait appears on the $1 bill. In addition to the $1 bill, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 denominations can be tracked. The $1 bill is by far the most popular denomination, accounting for over 70% of bills with \"hits\" (explained below), followed by $20 bills, and the $5 bill a close third. ", "Where's George? - n. A Web site located at www.wheresgeorge.com at which users enter the denominations, serial numbers, and series years of U.S. paper money into the database (along with the zip/post code where they are), mark the bills with the Web site address and spend the bills, hoping people will see their bills and do the same. This page contains a list of terms used by Where's George users. The site is named for George Washington, the first president of the United States, who appears on the $1 bill. Also: Where's George, WG, WG?. [Term invented by Kendall Chun.]", "Where's George? includes a community of users that interact via forums. The forums are divided into several categories, ranging from regional to new-member-help threads. Some members of the site also participate in gatherings, held in various cities around the United States. Several of these gatherings have become annual events, and can vary widely in scope and size. ", "In April 2000, the site was investigated by the United States Secret Service, which informed Eskin that the selling of \"Where's George?\" rubber stamps on the web site is considered \"advertising\" on United States currency, which is illegal under . The site's administrators immediately ceased selling the rubber stamps; no further action against the site was taken. At least one spokesperson for the US Secret Service has pointed out in print that marking US bills, even if not defacement, can still be illegal if it falls under \"advertisement\". However, a Secret Service spokesman in Seattle, Washington, told The Seattle Times in 2004: \"Quite frankly, we wouldn't spend too much looking into this.\"", "Where's Willy? - n. A Web site located at www.whereswilly.com at which users enter the denominations, serial numbers, and series years of Canadian paper money into the database (along with the zip/post code where they are), mark the bills with the Web site address and spend the bills, hoping people will see their bills and do the same. This page contains a list of terms used by Where's George users, but many of them also apply to Where's Willy. The site is named for Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the first prime minister of French descent, who appears on the $5 bill. Also: Where's Willy, WW, WW?. [Term invented by Kendall Chun (by extension!).]", "APO - n. On Where's George? bill reports that have been hit at military sites abroad, an abbreviation for Army Post Office.", "George - n. A one-dollar bill. v. tr. To enter a bill or bills in the Where's George? database.", "hit - n. A bill which is re-entered into the Where's George? database. v. tr. To give a user a hit.", "Prodigal Georger - n. A registered user who has not been active on Where's George? for a long time, then returns and becomes very active. [Term invented by Rochester Mike .]", "A Web browser has the option to keep track of pages recently visited in the history list.", "* George Allen Smith (26) of Greenwich, Connecticut, in the United States, went missing in the eastern Mediterranean from the Royal Caribbean International cruise ship Brilliance of the Seas on July 5, ten days after his wedding. He was last known to be in his cabin; some evidence found the next day suggests he went overboard but if he did, his body has not been found.", "We may collect information about your computer, including where available your IP address, operating system and browser type, for system administration and to report aggregate information to our advertisers. This is statistical data about our users' browsing actions and patterns, and does not identify any individual.", "A special \"person finder\" established by Google, the search engine giant, said it was currently tracking more than 3600 \"records\".", "Hacker's chaffeur, George ( Arthur Cox), appeared in five episodes. He is a character who is always more in touch with current events than the Minister. This often irritates Hacker, who when asking George where he got the information, is usually told that it is common knowledge among the Whitehall drivers.", "If the subject of the image is inferred to be an item of food (e.g., if the image is associated with food-related metadata), three different screens of information can be cached on the user's phone. One starts an online purchase of the depicted item at an online vendor. (The choice of vendor, and payment/shipping details, can be obtained from user profile data.) The second screen shows nutritional information about the product. The third presents a map of the local area—identifying stores that sell the depicted product. The user switches among these responses using a roller wheel 124 on the side of the phone (", "There was a email address for him showing on a website a year or so ago. I think he was possibly living in Southsea, but I didn't make a note at the time and I haven't been able to find any more information since.", "Just click on \"Prince, the Search Dog\" to find things on our site. He's on every page and he'll take you directly to our search form where you can see if we've written about whatever it is you're interested in. Prince has a great memory; he always remembers where things are!", "So if things are named well, you can use search to find them wherever they are.", "Geo-George - n. A marked bill left or found in a Geocache . [Term submitted by Joe in Grand Prarie, TX.]", "At 7.09 pm on February 26 2012 George began a 911 call. In it he is describing a hooded youth he has noticed wandering around his neighborhood. In the eyes of Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch coordinator, he is profiling a suspect. That same month one of his genuine tip offs had escaped, after George had followed protocol and kept his distance. Circumstance was already delivering the invitation for what was to follow.", "You might also like to look at my Birkenhead history page, chrisryall.net home page , and the Upton based local history Web ring", "The following comes from the Internet Archive web version of a copy of The Dictionary of National Biography in the University of Toronto Library. — George P. Landow ]", "Singer Boy George, whose real name is George O'Dowd, arrives for his sentencing at Snaresbrook Crown Court in east London Photo: GETTY", "Well firstly how was the Wikipedia or linked site's data obtained? ShakespeareFan00 14:00, 30 March 2009 (UTC)", "Ominous threats of impending darkness started surfacing as early as 1997. While every celebrity receives threats, to George Harrison, the receipt of such missives proved to be excessively-troubling. London police wound up arresting a man that year who was suspected of sending death threats to George with lines like “Time you went,” “Goodbye George,” and “Get ready to visit John.” He had been sending them to Harrison’s estate for a full year, but George’s staff, not wishing to upset their employer, simply had been burning the letters without notifying him of their arrival.", "No relative of the Georges , far as I know. Yes, Bush was his surname. I just put an entry here for your convenience .", "George was tried at the Old Bailey, convicted, and on 2 July 2001 he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Concern about this conviction was widespread on the basis that the case against George appeared thin. Two appeals were unsuccessful, but after discredited forensics evidence was excluded from the prosecution's case, George's third appeal succeeded in November 2007. The original conviction was quashed and a second trial lasting eight weeks ended in George's acquittal on 1 August 2008. ", "Search by city or zip code. Press enter or select the go button to submit request", "Have you ever wondered where your ISP's computer is physically located? Click Locate My ISP's Computer to find out.", "Please email me if you thin you might be able to help Jack to find Barry.  Thank you" ]

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[ "The current Vice President of the United States and President of the United States Senate is Joe Biden.", "The 47th and current Vice President of the United States is  Joe Biden . He was sworn in for his second, four-year term on January 21, 2013. ", "* Joseph Biden — current Vice President of the United States, former U.S. Senator from Delaware", "Joseph Biden Jr., Vice President of the United States (and President of the Senate) - GovTrack.us", "Upon President Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford assumed the presidency and on August 20 he nominated Rockefeller to be the next Vice President of the United States. In considering potential nominees, Rockefeller was one of three primary candidates. The other two were then-United States Ambassador to NATO Donald Rumsfeld, whom Ford eventually chose as his Chief of Staff, and then-Republican National Committee Chairman George Bush, who would eventually become Vice President in his own right.", "U.S. Vice President Joe Biden talks to Stephanie Carter as her husband, Ashton Carter, delivers a speech Tuesday, February 17, at the White House. Ashton Carter had just been sworn in as the country's new Secretary of Defense, but it was Biden's hands-on whisper that went viral on social media.", "The Vice President has continued to draw upon his years in the United States Senate to work with Congress on key issues including the 2013 reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act. As a longtime advocate against sexual assault and domestic violence, the Vice President appointed the first-ever White House Advisor on Violence Against Women . The Vice President has also been tasked with convening sessions of the President’s Cabinet and leading interagency efforts, particularly to reduce gun violence and raise the living standards of middle class Americans in his role as Chair of the Middle Class Task Force . Vice President Biden has traveled to 48 states as part of the Administration’s continuing efforts to focus key priorities such as college affordability and American manufacturing growth.", "The speech was well received by the convention audience and praised for being well-delivered. Some fact-checkers noted that there were important factual omissions and that he presented details out of context. Conservative media (including Jennifer Rubin of The Washington Post, the Investor's Business Daily, and Fox News) disputed some of the fact-checkers' findings. Politifact.com rated 33 of Ryan's statements which it suspected of being false or misleading as True: 10.5%, Mostly True: 18%, Half True: 21%, Mostly False: 36%, False: 9%, and Pants on Fire: 6%. On October 11, 2012, Ryan debated his Democratic counterpart, incumbent Vice President Joe Biden, in the only vice presidential debate of the 2012 election cycle.", "15 January 2009: Senator and Vice President-elect Joseph R. Biden (Democrat, Delaware) resigns his Senate seat (to which he had been re-elected in the 4 November 2008 election).", "Vice President Joe Biden hugs President Barack Obama after being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction during a tribute in the State Dining Room of the White House, Jan. 12, 2017. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)", "*October 7 — Vice-Presidential debate conducted by Democracy Now! featuring Pat LaMarche (Green), Peter Camejo (Independent Ralph Nader's running mate), and Richard Campagna (Libertarian).", "The Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of State is John Kerry. The Secretary of State is the second Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the Vice President of the United States.", ", there are five living former vice presidents of the United States, the oldest being George H. W. Bush (1981–1989, born 1924). The most recent death of a former vice president was that of Gerald Ford (1973–1974), on December 26, 2006. The most recently serving vice president to die was Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) on January 26, 1979. Pictured below, listed in order of service:", "Figure 8.51 Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice During the US Presidential Administration of George W. Bush", "\"Some historians have begun calling Biden the most powerful vice president of modern times.\" —  Washington Post, May 2  ", "11: Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney names Rep. Paul Ryan (R.-Wisc.) as his vice-presidential running mate.", " Appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Joseph Robinette \"Joe\" Biden, Jr., effective 15 January 2009 after having been elected Vice President; appointed 15 January 2009 and sworn 16 January 2009", "Albert Arnold Gore, Jr., commonly known as Al Gore (born March 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician , teacher , businessman and environmentalist who was the 45th Vice President of the United States in the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. Previously, he had served in United States House of Representatives (1977-85) and United States Senate (1985-93) for Tennessee .", "The 2012 Republican presidential nominee, Mitt Romney , announced he had chosen his vice presidential running mate on Aug. 11, 2012. He was U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan of Wisconsin. Romney's announcement came about two weeks before that year's Republican National Convention. More »", "The 2000 Democratic presidential nominee, Vice President Al Gore, announced he had chosen his vice presidential running mate on Aug. 8, 2000. He was U.S. Sen. Joe Lieberman of Connecticut. Gore's choice was announced less than a week before the start of that year's Democratic National Convention.", "ST. PAUL, July 12 - Walter F. Mondale today named Representative Geraldine A. Ferraro of Queens as his running mate, the first woman selected to run for Vice President on a major party ticket. Mr. Mondale, the probable Democratic Presidential nominee, announced his historic step before an ebullient crowd at the State Capitol. He introduced Mrs. Ferraro by saying: ''I looked for the best Vice President and I found her in Gerry Ferraro.'' ''This is an exciting choice,'' he said, with Mrs. Ferraro by his side.", "James Danforth \"Dan\" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the forty-fourth Vice President of the United States under George H. W. Bush (1989–1993).", "In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Republican Party nominee for the presidency, chose Quayle as his vice presidential running mate. The Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen.", "NOVEMBER 10, 2013 — Today's \"Meet the Press\" featured an exclusive interview with Secretary of State John Kerry; interviews with Republican Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie and Senator Bob Corker (R-TN); a political roundtable featuring Host of MSNBC's \"Morning Joe\" Joe Scarborough, Presidential Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Senior Political Analyst...", "Washington Post, Trump’s pick to lead EPA is part of group suing the agency , Chris Mooney, Brady Dennis and Steven Mufson, Dec. 7, 2016. Donald Trump’s selection of Oklahoma", "The vice president is also president of the United States Senate and in that capacity only votes when it is necessary to break a tie. While Senate customs have created supermajority rules that have diminished this constitutional tie-breaking authority, the vice president still retains the ability to influence legislation; for example, the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 was passed in the Senate by a tie-breaking vice presidential vote. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College.", "• The US Vice President highlighted Colombia’s international leadership in the hemisphere on topics such as trade, investment, energy, environment, and human rights, as well as in the political and security fronts.", "Saturday, February 7, 2009: The Vice President will address the Annual Munich Conference on Security Policy at 12:20 PM LOCAL TIME in Germany/6:20 AM EDT. The speech is open to credentialed press in Munich and will be covered by the Vice President’s traveling pool. The print pooler is David S. Cloud with Politico; the network pooler is ABC.", "10) Which American Vice-President said: “the world is on an irreversible path to democracy – but that could change”?", "\"I don't share the view of the existence of a vacuum, because the Vice President clearly has the same number of votes as the President. They enjoy a joint mandate.\"", "Which of the following is true? - Vice presidents are chosen based on what they stand for", "GAO's Final Energy Task Force Report Reveals that the Vice President Made A False Statement to Congress" ]

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[ "The Niagara Falls is the largest waterfall (by volume) in North America. The falls actually consists of three separate components – Horseshoe Falls, American Falls, and Bridal Veil Falls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The Canadian “Horseshoe” Niagara Falls are 60 meters high (180 feet) and 833 meters (2,500 feet) wide. The Falls at Niagara are about 12,000 years old and they were formed when melting glaciers formed massive fresh-water lakes (the Great Lakes) one of which (Lake Erie) ran downhill toward another (Lake Ontario). In 1848, Niagara Falls actually stopped flowing for 30 hours when ice fields from Lake Erie jammed at the source of the river.", "With a water trail that looks like a bride’s veil, the flowing waters of the Bridal Veil Falls in Niagara Falls, New York is a popular tourist attraction. The Niagara Falls consists of three falls–the mighty, crescent shaped Horseshoe Falls, the equally voluminous American Falls and the smallest of the lot, the Bridal Veil Falls. In the past, this waterfall has also been called Luna Falls and Iris Falls.", "Niagara Falls is a set of massive waterfalls located on the Niagara River in eastern North America, on the border between the United States and Canada. Niagara Falls comprises three separate waterfalls: the Horseshoe Falls (sometimes called the Canadian Falls), the American Falls, and the smaller, adjacent Bridal Veil Falls. While not exceptionally high, Niagara Falls is very wide, and is by far the most voluminous waterfall in North America.", "One of the the most famous waterfall in the world, Niagara Falls is the collective name for three waterfalls (the American Falls, Bridal Veil Falls and Horseshoe Falls) that straddle the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. They form the southern end of the Niagara Gorge. Horseshoe Falls is located on the Canadian side while the other are located in New York. With more than 14 million visitors each year it is one of the most visited tourist attraction in the world.", "Niagara Falls, more specifically, is the name of three waterfalls - the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls. The Canadian side of Niagara Falls located between Goat Island and Table Rock is known as the Horseshoe Falls. With the highest flow rate and beauty, Horseshoe Niagara Falls becomes a holiday spot for millions of people every year.", "There are few sights in North America that are more majestic than Niagara Falls, and people from the USA, Canada and all over the world have been coming to witness the natural wonder of the three waterfalls (the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls) that comprise the landmark for centuries. These falls have been such an iconic part of the New York landscape that as early as 1885 the area around the falls became the first state park in the United States. Even as early as the 1860s Niagara Falls was regarded as the nation’s most popular tourist destination. Once you’ve experienced the falls for yourself, you’ll understand why the area remains one of the most-visited sites in North America to this day.", "Niagara Falls is the largest and most attractive falls in the world. They are located at the border of Canada and New York State of the United States of America , but are considered a tourists attraction in Canada though Canada and USA share this magnificent huge water feature. Niagara Falls is a group of three waterfalls starting from the largest of the group to the minor ones are: Horseshoe Falls, American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls. These falls position themselves at the mouth of the Niagara River where there is a steep cliff along which the river drains water from Lake Erie to the lower Lake Ontario.", "The American, Bridal Veil and Horseshoe falls are on the border between the United States and Canada between the same cities of Niagara Falls in the U.S. state of New York and Niagara Falls in the Canadian province of Ontario. The cities are connected by the Rainbow Bridge, a bridge over the Niagara River, below the falls.", "The Niagara River also features two large islands and numerous smaller islands. Grand Island and Navy Island, the two largest islands, are on the American and Canadian sides of the river, respectively. Goat Island and the tiny Luna Island split Niagara Falls into its three sections, the Horseshoe Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and American Falls. Unity Island lies further upstream, alongside the city of Buffalo.", "The Niagara Falls are voluminous waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The falls are 17 miles (27 km) north-northwest of Buffalo, New York and 75 miles (121 km) south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario, between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York. Niagara Falls is divided into the Horseshoe Falls and the American Falls. The Horseshoe Falls drop about 173 feet (53 m), the height of the American Falls varies between 70锟紺100 feet (21锟紺30 m) because of the presence of giant boulders at its base. The larger Horseshoe Falls are about 2,600 feet (790 m) wide, while the American Falls are 1,060 feet (320 m) wide.", "Niagara Falls is a set of three waterfalls on the United States/Canada border. Collectively, they have the highest flow rate of any waterfall in the world, with over 2,400 cubic meters (or about 600,000 gallons) of water going over the edge every second. Horseshoe Falls, pictured right in the above photograph, is the largest of the three, while American Falls and the relatively small Bridal Veils Falls are the ones on the left. (Bridal Falls is the smaller, somewhat isolated waterfall to the right of the larger American Falls.) In the late 1960s, American Falls was exhibiting some rock building at its base, caused by decades if not centuries or millennia of rockslides. Officials were concerned that a rock buildup could cause American Falls to turn into rapids, as the upper shelf's floor tumbled below. But surveying the erosion was impossible given the massive amount of water flowing over the edge every second. So the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers needed a work-around.", "Niagara Falls consists three waterfalls, straddling the international border between Canada and the United States; more specifically, between the province of Ontario and the state of New York.  They form the southern end of the Niagara Gorge.", "Niagara Falls, city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara, southeastern Ontario, Canada, a port on the Niagara River opposite Niagara Falls, New York. The city overlooks the Horseshoe, or Canadian, Falls cataract of Niagara Falls; the crescent-shaped cataract is 54 M (177 ft) high and carries nine times more water than its United States counterpart. Niagara Falls is an enormously popular tourist destination, and it also serves as a major source of electricity for Ontario.", "Niagara Falls is one of the most popular destinations in Canada, situated on the border between the states of New York and Ontario. The Canadian side of the Niagara River features some of the best views of the Horseshoe and American waterfa… read more", "Niagara Falls is one of the most popular tourist destinations in North America. The stunning beauty of this natural wonder never fails to impress visitors. While most people tend to travel to Niagara Falls in the summer, you can also enjoy… read more", "Niagara Falls is renowned for its beauty, and is  a valuable source of hydroelectric power. A popular tourist site for over a century, the Falls are shared between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, New York and Niagara Falls, Ontario.", "This is probably the best known and most popular waterfall in the world. It is 51 m high and 1203 m wide. The falls is actually formed of two major sections separated by an island: the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the American side. 90% of the entire water flow actually goes over the Horseshoe Falls. The fall is thought to have appeared some 10.000 years ago and has been brought to european attention from as early as 1677. Unlike other waterfalls, this one has been put to economy’s use, with power stations generating up to 4.4 gigawatts of power. The annual rate of visitors by 2009 was expected to be around 28 million tourists a year which makes it the most visited waterfall in the world.", "Niagara Falls is renowned for its beauty, and is both a valuable source of hydroelectric power and a challenging project for environmental preservation. A popular tourist site for over a century, the natural wonder is shared between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, New York and Niagara Falls, Ontario.", "Comprised of three waterfalls on United States and Canadian territory, Niagara Falls attracts 12 million visitors each year. The American Falls, in New York, are nearly 180 feet high and 1,100 feet long. The Niagara River produces enough hydroelectric power to supply more than a quarter of all power used in the state of New York and Ontario.", "<p><a href=\"http://traveltips.usatoday.com/niagara-falls-camping-provincial-ontario-61159.html\"><img src=\"http://traveltips.usatoday.com/DM-Resize/photos.demandstudios.com/getty/article/88/240/92849079_XS.jpg?w=110&h=75&keep_ratio=1\"></a><p>Niagara Falls is a group of three waterfalls, each at least 160 feet high. New York State forms the eastern border of the falls, while the province of Ontario makes up the western border. The Canadian community surrounding the waterfalls is home to other attractions as well, including Marineland Canada, the Whirlpool Golf Course and Casino Niagara. Travelers desiring camping sites near Niagara Falls can choose from four campgrounds in Provincial Ontario within six miles of this natural attraction.</p>", "The majority of the Horseshoe Falls lies within Canadian Territory today. It used to be 90% Canadian and 10% American until remedial work done at the American end extended the land mass outward (essentially narrowing the Falls and covering that part of the American zone with earth). The American Falls is entirely in the USA (includes the Bridal Veil Falls as well).", "Niagara Falls is a set of massive waterfalls located on the Niagara River on the border between Canada and the United States. In October 1829, Sam Patch jumped from a high tower into the gorge below the falls and survived; this began a long tradition of daredevils trying to go over the Falls. In 1901, 46-year-old school teacher Annie Edson Taylor was the first person to go over the Falls in a barrel as a publicity stunt", "Is the oldest State Park in New York having been established in 1885 and is located in Niagara Falls, New York. This Park is site of the world famous American Falls and Bridal Veil/Luna Falls. Breathtakingly beautiful and natural, tourists walk among the many tree lined paved pedestrian pathways and bridges to Prospect Point, Green Island, Luna Island, Goat Island, the Three Sister Islands and Terrapin Point. All year round. Cost is FREE. Wheelchair accessible.", "The three waterfalls known collectively as Niagara Falls are located on the borders of New York and Ontario, Canada. They are part of a 400-acre protected wilderness area. Aside from taking in the Falls with one of the many boat tours offer… read more", "Located on the United States side of the border, Bridal Veil Falls flows between Goat Island and Luna Island, placing it right in the centre of the total Niagara Falls crest. Goat Island is a large tourist attraction in its own right, providing spectacular vantage points of the water cascading over Niagara Falls from the edge. Goat Island also provides access to Bridal Veil Falls from the top of the gorge.", "in the Niagara River, W N.Y. and S Ont., Canada; one of the most famous spectacles in North America. The falls are on the international line between the cities of Niagara Falls, N.Y., and Niagara Falls, Ont.", "Before the late 20th century the northeastern end of the Horseshoe Falls was in the United States, flowing around the Terrapin Rocks, which was once connected to Goat Island by a series of bridges. In 1955, the area between the rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating Terrapin Point. In the early 1980s the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. Altogether 400 ft of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated, including 100 ft on the Canadian side. According to author Ginger Strand, the Horseshoe Falls is now entirely in Canada. Other sources say \"most of\" Horseshoe Falls is in Canada. ", "In the early 1980s, the United States Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. All together 400 ft of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated, including 100 ft on the Canadian side. According to author Ginger Strand, the Horseshoe Falls is now entirely in Canada. Other sources say \"most of\" Horseshoe Falls is in Canada. ", "Straddling the Canadian-United States International Border and both in the Province of Ontario and the State of New York, Niagara Falls attracts some 12 Million tourists to her majestic awesome beauty each year.", "The rims of the Falls were originally located between Lewiston, New York and Queenston, Ontario; about seven miles north of its current position. Erosion has led to Niagara Falls being considered one of the fastest-moving waterfalls in the world.", "Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, and New York, USA - Beautiful Places to VisitBeautiful Places to Visit", "Fun Things To Do in Niagara Falls - Attractions & Must See - VirtualTourist - Page 8" ]

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[ "Big Brother is an originally Dutch reality game show franchise created by John de Mol. In the show, a group of people called \"housemates\" or \"house guests\" live together in a specially constructed large house that is isolated and cut off from the outside world. During their stay in the house, contestants are continuously monitored by live, in-house television cameras, as well as personal audio microphones. Each season lasts for about three months, with at least ten contestants entering the house during this time. To win the final cash prize, a contestant must survive periodic (usually weekly) evictions and be the last housemate or house guest remaining in the compound by the series' conclusion. In English-speaking countries, the program is often referred to as \"BB\". ", "Jordan Hailie Lloyd (born November 21, 1986) is an American reality television participant, and the winner of the 11th season of Big Brother. Lloyd has also participated in reality shows including The Amazing Race 16, Big Brother 13 and Marriage Boot Camp.", "In January, Gest was a contestant on the British reality show Celebrity Big Brother, in which participants live together in a house, isolated from the outside world, their every move recorded by cameras. Each week, audiences vote one contestant off the show. Gest left after 13 days for unexplained medical reasons.", "The Surreal Life was a reality television series that sets a select group of past-their-prime celebrities and records them as they live together in Glen Campbell's former mansion in the Hollywood Hills for two weeks. The format of the show resembles that of The Real World and Road Rules, in that the cameras not only record the castmates' participation in group activities assigned to them, but also their interpersonal relationships and conflicts. The series is also likened to The Challenge in that previously known individuals from separate origins of entertainment are brought together into one cast. The show's first two seasons aired on The WB, and subsequent seasons were shown on VH1.", "Big Brother is probably the best known program of this type in the world, with around 50 international versions having been produced. Other shows in this category, such The 1900 House, involve historical re-enactment, with cast members living and working as people of a specific time and place. 2001's Temptation Island achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples' commitment to each other. U8TV: The Lofters combined the \"special living environment\" format with the \"professional activity\" format noted below; in addition to living together in a loft, each member of the show's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel.", "Lloyd was chosen to be a houseguest on the eleventh season of the CBS reality show Big Brother in the summer of 2009. As part of the season's high school cliques twist, Lloyd was placed in the popular clique, alongside Braden Bacha and Laura Crosby.", "\"Jersey Shore\" is yet another reality TV series, on MTV. The first season featured a group of eight friends sharing a house on the Jersey shore, and the second season had the same cadre tanning themselves in a house down in Miami.", "The participants in the Channel 4 survival show have had no contact with the outside world since they went in March.", "He also signed up for reality shows including The Farm (which he won) and Celebrity Big Brother.", "Just as with the recently-launched Indian version, 'Big Boss', the housemates are meant to live under relentless 24/7 public scrutiny, in a time-free zone, whilst getting up the worst shenanigans they can. Members of the public vote to evict the celebrities one by one from the house. ", "Stranded is an all-new reality series that documents an unconventional - and terrifying - paranormal and psychological experiment. Each episode features the self-recorded footage of a diverse group of every-day paranormal enthusiasts - from newlyweds and a brother-in-law to a trio of roommates. Each team of three will be stranded at one of the most haunted locations in America and record the entire experience with hand-held cameras creating a suspenseful, completely unscripted first-hand account of each group's stay. Over the course of the confinement, the group will cope with increasingly pervasive feelings of fear and desolation, resulting in an experiment that represents a unique combination of psychology and the paranormal.", "Of course, far from having a one-to-one, the poor housemates were actually confessing themselves directly to the millions of viewers at home, often with jaw-dropping candidness – and so the image of the Big Brother contestant in the Diary Room chair quickly became the emblem of the show. The changing design of the room and the chair can be seen as reflecting the evolution – or, arguably, the terrible decline – of the biggest and most important reality show of them all. Here are some of the more notable ones…", "In the first week, Lloyd formed a close friendship with house outsider Jeff Schroeder, leading to a long-lasting alliance between the pair. When her clique member and friend Braden was nominated for eviction, Jordan was instrumental in the attempt to save him, seemingly gathering the votes to evict Chima Simone. However, on eviction night, Ronnie Talbot betrayed the alliance, forcing a tie that caused Braden's eviction. Jordan was nominated in the following two weeks, but was spared on both occasions as she was considered less of a threat than her fellow nominees Laura and Casey - both members of her initial alliance.", "Overwhelmingly popular light reality series in which viewers watch various families, couples and housemates as they react to what they see on television. This series, the Michael family returned to the programme after father Andrew failed in his election bid to become a UKIP candidate. Won this award in 2014.", "Runaway success K evin Lloyd, from ITV's 'Constant Hot W ater', and his wife Lesley have quite a handful at home with (left to right) Henry, James, Mark, Poppy and Sophie.", "In UK. Entered the Celebrity Big Brother (2001) house on January 3rd. Hopes to stay for up to 25 days in this Reality TV Show. See more »", "Another variation appeared in the UK in early 2008, entitled Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack. This temporarily replaced the 2007 Celebrity Big Brother in the wake of a racial-abuse incident. Instead of celebrities playing housemates the celebrities became Big Brother himself, creating tasks and holding nominations with the help of Big Brother. The housemates were considered by the producers \"Britain's most exceptional and extraordinary\" 18- to 21-year-olds. The prize for the winner of the series was £50,000. ", "Ulrika Jonsson caused 'the biggest shock in reality tv history' by winning Celebrity Big Brother 2009 Photo: GETTY", "During the first Big Brother 12 eviction show, nominee Annie Whittington cited Lloyd and Schroeder's relationship as an example of why her fellow houseguests should evict fellow nominee Rachel Reilly, who had become involved in a relationship with housemate Brendon Villegas. Lloyd and Schroeder later appeared in the fifth week of the season as hosts of a veto competition.", "While “The Challenge” living accommodations look glamorous, rooms often sleep 10 or more people, there are typically only one or two toilets for 30 people, and the showers are completely open (and have a ceiling camera pointed at them). There are also dozens of production people working in the house filming at all times.  While most of us knew what we were getting into when we signed on for the show, it does not make the conditions any more enjoyable.", "Things went quiet for several months, though there were occasional flickers of life - Channel 5 showed a number of documentary series following 2010 winner Josie Gibson and her paramour John James Parton, and contestant Shabby Katchadourian. Endemol and Channel 5 resumed negotiations in 2011, and after much speculation, a two-year deal was announced on 5 April 2011 to broadcast a series each per year of Big Brother and its celebrity spin-off on the channel from August 2011. Buoyed by respectable ratings, further deals were subsequently struck, and the programme will now remain on air until at least the end of 2018.", "Lloyd, 23, and fellow evictee Jack Tweed were greeted with heavy booing as they left the house in the first round of evictions held during the final show last night.", "The Celebrity Big Brother housemates are usually a motley crew. Past housemates have included Daily Mirror agony aunt Coleen Nolan, racing pundit John McCririck, comedian Jack Dee, boxer Chris Eubank and Big Brother contestant Jade Goody. Apprentice star James Hill won the most recent series beating Austin Armacost for the crown.", "For the first series, the House was located in Bow, London near the 3 Mills Studios. The House used was a one story house with two bedrooms, a kitchen and dining room, and one bathroom. Throughout the House, there were cameras and microphones spread throughout the rooms, making all areas of the House visible to the cameras. During their stay in the House, the housemates were required to wear microphones at all times, ensuring everything they said in the House was heard. Throughout the House there were two way mirrors lined against the walls, with a production team filming behind them. The bedrooms featured infrared imaging cameras, allowing the cameras to continue filming while the lights were off. The bedrooms in the house were divided amongst the men and women. The Diary Room was where housemates were required to share their thoughts on the events in the house, and were often given tasks. The backyard of the house featured a patio area where the housemates could sit outside. The backyard also featured a chicken coop, and the housemates were able to use the eggs from the chickens as food. The housemates discovered a jacuzzi in the garden several weeks into the series. ", "It will be the 13th series of the smash hit reality show. Last year's show was won by EastEnders actress Charlie Brooks .", "Having a look at the line up, I spotted a programme called The Fixer with Alex Polizzi on BBC Two. Mmm, I thought to myself, that rings a bell. A bridal shop. A mum with two daughters. More bells ringing. Then I recalled, last summer we were approached by Alex on behalf of Twofour to lend a hand in the making of a reality show. It was meant to screen this summer – So I was not exactly expecting my mug to be splashed across my Samsung in high definition. Does everyone look so, mmm, shiny?", "Housemates are filmed 24 hours per day with edited highlights broadcast during prime time slots every evening.", "The series that is responsible for catapulting unknown reality TV stars to even higher echelons of fame is back for its 14th year.", "Jack Dee won the first ever Celebrity Big Brother back in the day when the celebrities competed for charity rather than a lump sum to keep for themselves. Series one lasted just eight days and featured Anthea Turner, Chris Eubank, Claire Sweeney, Keith Duffy and Vanessa Feltz.", "All the drama from the CBB House, which has been given a colourful pop-art makeover. How will the All Stars and the New Stars get on? (S1 Ep 19)", "*Or so she would have you believe. Chantelle was not a celebrity at all, but was put into the house anyway under orders to pretend to be a celebrity, and in so doing, earn celebrity status (do you see?). The real celebrities in the house didn't spot the bluff, and in a task ranked her more famous than two of their own, so Chantelle was allowed to remain in the house and went on to win the series.", "Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which house on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and so on. It is in this area that the families and friends of the celebrities bide their time each morning during evictions – awaiting the fate of their loved ones. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios. The road then heads down into a valley via four-wheel drive access to the set of the show." ]

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[ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun to recognize and archive the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures, who have each had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fame's permanent home. Since opening in September 1995, the \"Rock Hall\" – part of the city's redeveloped North Coast Harbor – has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion. ", "Initially considered a passing fad and vilified as the devil's music, this now highly varied musical form is well entrenched and widely popular around the world among all ages. In 1995, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum was opened in Cleveland, Ohio, where it receives thousands of visitors each year.", "In 1995, when the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened its museum in Cleveland, Ohio, the M.G.'s served as the house band for the opening ceremonies, playing behind Aretha Franklin, Sam Moore, John Fogerty, and Al Green, as well as performing themselves.", "The Year in Music As celebrates its 20th anniversary this year, we hope you’ll enjoy a monthly peek back at the world in 1995! This month, the notable music events of 1995: • Designed by architect I.M. Pei, the 150,000-square-foot Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum opens in Cleveland. • Tejano singer Selena is shot and killed by Yolanda Saldivar, her former personal assistant and former fan club president, who had recently been fired for embezzling money from the fan club. • Michael Jackson released his first double-album, HIStory, which became the bestselling multiple-album of all time. • The Grateful Dead performs its final show with Jerry Garcia at Soldier Field in Chicago. Garcia would die Aug. 9 of a heart attack at age 53. • The Beatles release their first new single in more than 20 years, “Free As a Bird.”", "The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame threw open its doors on September 2, 1995, and celebrated with a blockbuster benefit concert at nearby Cleveland Municipal Stadium. This marathon show featured once-in-a-lifetime pairings (for example, Chuck Berry's mischievous onstage collaboration with Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band ) and performances by greats such as James Brown, Bob Dylan, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Johnny Cash and Booker T. and the M.G.s. Besides the Municipal Stadium concert, the Rock Hall's festive opening weekend featured a downtown Cleveland parade and a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Little Richard and Yoko Ono.", "Although the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland, the induction ceremony usually is held at the Waldorf Astoria in New York, the city where the hall's foundation is based. The foundation tentatively has agreed to let Cleveland host the event every three years, if this year's ceremony is successful and funding is available. The last time Cleveland hosted the ceremony was in 1997.", "In 1986, Joel was on the site selection committee for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame board. Seven members of the committee voted for the Hall to be located in San Francisco, and seven voted for Cleveland, Ohio; this tie was broken when Joel voted for Cleveland. Joel was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland in 1999 by one of his chief musical influences, Ray Charles.", "Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization's site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, \"It was $65 million... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money.\" Co-founder Jann Wenner later said, \"One of the small sad things is we didn't do it in New York in the first place,\" but then added, \"I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland.\"", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland showcases famous musicians ranging from Ray Charles to John Lennon to Run DMC to Madonna. (Courtesy photo)", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30, 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York. The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis, U2, Patti Smith, Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, Simon & Garfunkel, Dion DiMucci, Metallica, James Taylor, Bonnie Raitt, Fergie, Mick Jagger, Lou Reed, Ray Davies, Ozzy Osbourne, Paul Simon, Jeff Beck, Buddy Guy, Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Sting, Little Anthony & the Imperials, and Crosby, Stills and Nash. The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty, Darlene Love, Tom Morello, Sam Moore, Jackson Browne, Peter Wolf, and Billy Joel. ", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio was built there, in part, because it was the city where Freed began to play the music that is immortalized in it. As an honor to the man that gave us Rock 'n Roll, Freed was one of the original inductees to the Hall of Fame in 1986. In 1991 Freed received a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame.", "1986: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame chairman Ahmet Ertegen announces that Cleveland, Ohio has been chosen as the city where the Hall will be built.", "On March 10, Joel inducted his friend John Mellencamp into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. During his induction speech, Joel said:", "JC Unit One, Johnny Cash's private tour bus from 1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2007. The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter months and not exhibited during those times).[ citation needed ]", "From July 2006 until 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio featured an exhibit of Tom Petty items. Much of the content was donated by Petty himself from a visit to his home by some of the Rock Hall curatorial staff.", "JC Unit One, Johnny Cash's private tour bus from 1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2007. The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter months and not exhibited during those times). ", "On September 21, 2006, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers received the keys to the city of Gainesville, Florida, where he and his bandmates either lived or grew up. From July 2006 until 2007 the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio featured an exhibit of Tom Petty items. Much of the content was donated by Petty himself during a visit to his home by some of the Hall's curatorial staff.", "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, 1100 Rock and Roll Blvd. (East Ninth Street at Lake Erie), (216) 781-ROCK", "Ertegun received an honorary doctorate in music from the Berklee College of Music in Boston in 1991, and was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in 1993. At the tenth annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Dinner in 1995, it was announced that the museum's main exhibition hall would be named after him.", "Tomorrow, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame will hold its induction ceremonies in the city where it is based for the first time in more than a decade. A week's worth of events are leading up to the induction of heavy metal band Metallica, rap pioneers Run-DMC, soul singer Bobby Womack, guitarist and former Yardbirds member Jeff Beck, and rhythm & blues doo-wop group Little Anthony and the Imperials.", "Welcome to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame | Rock & Roll Hall of Fame", "Eric Burdon and The Animals were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. Eric then participated in the HBO Concert for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame where he and Jon Bon Jovi sang \"It's My Life\" and \"We Gotta Get Outta This Place\". Also that year he participated in the Bumpershoot Jimi Hendrix Tribute Concert. By the end of the year, a 30-minute special on Eric Burdon and The Animals was aired on the \"My Generation\" television series in the UK.", "to see.  The building  was designed by architect, I. M. Pei, the Rock Hall as it is known locally, honors performers, producers, and songwriters from throughout the Rock and Roll era", "Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on March 14, 2011. The other inductees were Darlene Love , Neil Diamond , Leon Russell , Tom Waits and 'Dr. John'.", "The museum dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others.", "On April 10, Nirvana will finally be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. KISS will also be inducted.", "Elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as a member of Simon & Garfunkel ) in 1990.", "Beck was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 4 April 2009, as a solo artist. The award was presented by Jimmy Page. Beck performed \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\" along with Page, Ronnie Wood, Joe Perry, Flea, and Metallica members James Hetfield, Robert Trujillo, Lars Ulrich, Kirk Hammett and Jason Newsted. ", "In 1985, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of its first members.", "Palmer was inducted with his bandmates into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.", "I'm interested in more information about the induction ceremony into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Transcripts of the speeches would be great, but even just a description of the ceremony would be nice. Who played what songs? Did Rick & Garth play with Robbie?", "In 1987, she is the first female artist to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 1994 she receives a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award." ]

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[ "\"The Colonel's secret flavor recipe of 11 herbs and spices that creates the famous \"finger lickin' good\" chicken remains a trade secret . [14] [15] Portions of the secret spice mix are made at different locations in the United States, and the only complete, handwritten copy of the recipe is kept in a vault in corporate headquarters. [16]", "The Colonel's secret recipe of 11 herbs and spices that creates the famous 'finger lickin' good' chicken remains a trade secret held in this safe .", "We are passionate about serving our customers freshly prepared, great tasting food with a key part of this being The Colonel's signature blend of 11 herbs and spices. Even today these remain a secret with the original recipe under lock and key in our headquarters in Kentucky, USA.", "The Colonel's secret flavor recipe of 11 herbs and spices that creates the famous \"finger licking good\" chicken remains a trade secret. Portions of the secret spice mix are made at different locations in the United States, and the only complete, handwritten copy of the recipe is kept in a room in corporate headquarters. In 2008, the one complete copy was temporarily moved to an undisclosed location under extremely tight security while KFC changed the security at its headquarters. Before the move, KFC disclosed that the recipe, which includes exact amounts of each component, is written in pencil on a single sheet of notebook paper and signed by Sanders.", "\"KFC is famous world over for the distinct taste of the delicacies served by them. This taste was developed nearly half a century ago by Colonel Harland Sanders. This recipe is a well guarded secret for all restaurants of KFC located all over the world. The magic behind this secret recipe is the mix of eleven herbs mixed together to arrive at the distinct taste developed by the KFC. Till the present day this recipe is a closely guarded secret. We have tried out with the combination of various herbs and at last able to locate the combination of the herbs. For your benefit we are giving below the names and quantity of each herb required for coming to the magic taste developed by KFC: ", "\"That is the original 11 herbs and spices that were supposed to be so secretive,\" he says with conviction.", "This copycat recipe actually does contain 11 herbs and spices. The two main secrets behind the delicious flavor are the monosodium glutamate (MSG)  and the use of a pressure fryer .", "Sanders' Original Recipe of \"11 herbs and spices\" is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry. Franchisee Dave Thomas, better known as the founder of Wendy's, argued that the secret recipe concept was successful because \"everybody wants in on a secret\" and former KFC owner John Y. Brown, Jr. called it \"a brilliant marketing ploy.\" The New York Times described the recipe as one of the company's most valuable assets. The recipe is not patented, because patents eventually expire, whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity. ", "It is well attested that Harland Sanders asked Bill Summers of Marion-Kay Spices in Brownstown, Indiana, US to recreate his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices. While alive, Sanders recommended the Marion-Kay seasoning to franchisees over the corporate version, as he believed the latter had been made inferior by its owners. In 1982, after Sanders' death, KFC brought a lawsuit against Marion-Kay and the latter was barred from selling its mixture to KFC franchises. The Marion-Kay seasoning is still sold under the name \"99-X,\" and according to Sanders biographer Josh Ozersky, it is indistinguishable from the original KFC recipe.", "One of the biggest trade secrets in the world is my 11 herbs & spices for my Original Recipe chicken. There is simply no way I am going to let it fall into the hands of my lazy imitators, so I have taken a lot of intense precautions to ensure it never does. You can read the specifics of how you will never be able to steal it below.  ", "The recipe of Don Bernardo Vincelli was said to have restored listless brothers and countered illnesses of the stomach. It is made from 27 herbs and spices, among them thyme, cinnamon, coriander, nutmeg and other more exotic ingredients such as hyssop, angelica and cardamom. These are pre-combined in four different combinations which are macerated in spirit, distilled in copper stills, and aged separately in oak for three months. The final Liqueur is made by marrying the four extracts in a certain proportion and then aging some more.", "In 1983, William Poundstone conducted laboratory research into the coating mix, as described in his book Big Secrets, and claimed that a sample he examined contained only flour, salt, monosodium glutamate and chili pepper. KFC maintains that it still adheres to Sanders' original 1940 recipe. In Todd Wilbur's television program Top Secret Recipe, the Colonel's former secretary, Shirley Topmiller, revealed that Sanders learned from his mother that sage and savory are good seasonings for chicken. Also, Winston Shelton, a former friend of the Colonel's, revealed that the secret recipe contains Tellicherry black pepper.", "2 garlic cloves, minced 1 cup dry white wine 3 tablespoons gin 7 cups Ham Stock (page 20), Chicken Stock (page 14), or purchased stock 2 russet potatoes, peeled and diced 1 tablespoon fresh thyme leaves 1 teaspoon caraway seeds 1 bay leaf Salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste", "It is based on an original 1605 recipe for an 'elixir of life', and is said to contain 130 different herbal extracts.", "The ingredients of a traditional bottle of Worcestershire sauce sold in the UK as ``The Original & Genuine Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce`` are malt vinegar (from barley), spirit vinegar, molasses, sugar, salt, anchovies, tamarind extract, onions, garlic, spice, and flavouring. The ``spice, and flavouring`` is believed to include cloves, soy sauce, lemons, pickles and peppers. Notes from the 1800s were found by company accountant Brian Keogh dumped in a skip, which he rescued. The documents are to be placed on display at the Worcester Museum.[5] Apart from distribution for its home market, Lea & Perrins supplies this recipe in concentrate form to be bottled abroad.", "Now an American classic, country captain is said to have taken its name from a British army officer who brought the recipe back from his station in India. It consists of chicken, onion, tomatoes, green pepper, celery, currants, parsley, curry powder and other seasonings, all slowly cooked together over low heat in a covered skillet. The finished dish is sprinkled with toasted almonds and usually served with rice.", "Procedure. The infusion must be made without haste so that the ingredients have time to impart their flavor. It can be prepared well in adv ance and kept in a cup untilyu are ready to make the sauce. In a small pan, combine: white wine, vinegar, coarse ground pepper, minced shallot, minced tarragon, and chervil. Slowly bring to a boil, uncovered, so that the liquid is thoroughly impregnated with the flavor of the aromatics, reducing it gradually, until there are only 2 full tablespoons. strain through a fine strainer, pressing on the herbs to extract all their essence. If it is to be used immediately, let it cool", "INGREDIENTS: 5 large beets, 3 spoons vinegar, 1-2 spoons oil, 2 carrots, 2 onions, 2-3 small mushrooms, 1 spoon flour, 1/2 parsley root, 1/2 celery root, 1/2 leek, bay leaves, allspice, greens.\"", "The holy trinity of spices is the name given to the spice mixture common in Creole and Cajun cuisine. The spice blend consists of three ingredients: chopped onions, bell pepper, and celery. The holy trinity forms the flavor base for many Creole and Cajun dishes, including gumbo and jambalaya.", "1 ½ tsp mixed spice (or ½ tsp cinnamon, ½ tsp allspice, pinch of ground clove and a pinch of ground ginger)", "Pepperpot Ingredients 3 lbs of meat: beef and/or (lamb, pork or goat optional) 1 cup casareep 4 cinnamon sticks (not ground) 1 1/2 inch orange peel", "Spiced beef was often prepared in large households in the Lowlands of Scotland to cater for unexpected guests. Skirt of beef, boned and rolled and spiced with salt, black pepper, cloves, thyme, marjoram, cayenne pepper and paprika.", "When I compiled this list of spices and herbs I faced a great multitude and had to limit myself leaving quite a few out. If you feel that I have left out ot forgotten an important one just let me know, contact me through the “Suggestion” button on your left. I have focused on the real origins since it serves the purpose of this site. Most of these have several names, some alternate names you find in parenthesises. Below is a search function for this page where you can find words. If the first match is not correct, press enter to go to the next. If there is no match this page does not contain that term.", "Mushrooms, white wine vinegar, black sugar, garlic, oregano, thime, bay leaf, salt, black peppers. It can be eaten with other pickled dishes. It goes well with sweet and sour sauces. It can dress salads.", "Colonel Mustard is the stock character of a great white hunter and colonial imperialist. He is usually a military man both dignified, dapper and dangerous. Originally patented as Colonel Yellow, his name was changed prior to the first edition of the game. He rolls second in the game.", "\"The main ingredient is white pepper,\" he says. \"I call that the secret ingredient. Nobody (in the 1950s) knew what white pepper was. Nobody knew how to use it.\"", "Ingredients of Interest: potato maltodextrin, potato starch, dried cider vinegar, dried spirit vinegar, sugar, dried malt vinegar, apple powder", "Pork.Chops may be rubbed with lemon juice, powdered sweet marjoram, and a few seeds of caraway before cooking, and topped with dill butter after cooking. Fresh ham rubbed with powdered sage before cooking and served with a pan of dressing flavored with poultry seasoning creates an illusion of turkey. Sausage and other ground or chopped meats are usually flavored with sage, either alone or in combination with other herbs.", ", gog-chu [སྒོག་ཆུ་]. This consists of very slightly crushed garlic cloves that are left to macerate with water, sometimes in combination with dried Sichuan pepper . A few drops of vinegar may be added for preservation. The water acquires only a mild garlic flavour and may be sprinkled over salads; in Ladakh, it was also served to the national noodle dish, momo [མོག་མོག་] (see Sichuan pepper ).", "Horseradish is one of the traditional spices that is relished even today in the countryside. Fresh root grated directly on the recipes to add special jest.", "There are certain secret ingredients to the best char siu, which I am happy to share here.", "Term used extensively by the military in Robert O'Connors novel \"Buffalo Soldiers\" about US Soldiers stationed in Germany. Originates probably with the food which is a staple of southern cooking." ]

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[ "In Disney’s latest animated film Wreck-It Ralph , the (not so) bad guy, Ralph (John C. Reilly) – the brick-throwing menace of the Fix-It Felix Jr. videogame – has grown tired of people not liking him for being the bad guy. He leaves his own videogame looking to become a hero like Sergeant Calhoun (Jane Lynch) from the new Hero’s Duty game.", "Wreck-It Ralph is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated fantasy-comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 52nd animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. The film was directed by Rich Moore, who has directed episodes of The Simpsons and Futurama, and the screenplay was written by Phil Johnston and Jennifer Lee from a story by Moore, Johnston and Jim Reardon. John Lasseter served as the executive producer. The film features the voices of John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, and Jane Lynch. The film tells the story of the eponymous arcade game villain who rebels against his role and dreams of becoming a hero. He travels between games in the arcade, and ultimately must eliminate a dire threat that could affect the entire arcade, and one that Ralph himself inadvertently started.", "The 2012 hit Disney movie Wreck-It Ralph was largely inspired by Donkey Kong, centred around a similar arcade game called Fix-It Felix where the characters Felix and Ralph play similar roles roles to that of Mario and Donkey Kong, respectively.", "On November 2, 2012, the studio would break the box-office record for the most money made on opening weekend for the entire Disney animated canon with the computer animated Wreck-It Ralph , based on the concept of centering a film around video games that dates all the way back to the 1980s, and was greenlit by Lasseter in 2009. [9] . Along with Ralph, the short Paperman was released, which broke ground with the use of the Meander software, which is a literal blend of traditional and computer animation. Wreck-It Ralph would go on to win numerous accolades for the studio, while Paperman became the first Walt Disney Animation Studios short to win the Academy Award for Best Short since 1969 's It's Tough to Be a Bird .", "* Bowser appears in the Disney film Wreck-It Ralph. He appears as one of the video game villains that attend the villain support group Bad-Anon. When Wreck-It Ralph mentions his interest into not being a villain anymore, Bowser reacts to this by breathing fire similar to a spit take since he was drinking something at the time. Later near the end of the film, Ralph expresses his success of being a real hero and gaining some respect from Bowser and the other villains, who applaud him.", "* John C. Reilly as Wreck-It Ralph, a large hillbilly brute who is the villain of the game Fix-It Felix, Jr.", "When Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade closes at night, the various video-game characters leave their normal in-game roles and are free to travel to other games. Within the game Fix-It Felix, Jr., the characters celebrate its titular hero but ostracize the game's villain character, Wreck-It Ralph. At a support group for video-game antagonists, Ralph reveals his desire to stop being the bad guy. Back home, Ralph finds the other characters celebrating their game's 30th anniversary without inviting him. Felix reluctantly invites Ralph to join them, but the others isolate him. They tell him that if he won a medal, just as Felix does in their game, they would respect him.", "In the fictional arcade video game, Fix-It Felix, Jr., Ralph, serving as the game's antagonist, is in a rage of his forest home being destroyed by construction of a new apartment building. Ralph shouts out \"I'm gonna wreck it!\" and begins to demolish the building by destroying the windows, as revenge. As Felix comes in to save the day, Ralph throws down bricks, attempting to stop the hero from undoing his immense damage. However, Felix succeeds in repairing the apartment building and, at the end of the game, the Nicelanders who live in the apartment throw Ralph off the top of the building, sending him falling into a puddle of mud.", "Disney's Wreck-It Ralph is the computer-animated story of a video game villain who wants to become a hero.", "In addition to the spoken roles, Wreck-It Ralph contains a number of other video game references, including characters and visual gags. The video game villains at the support meeting, in addition to those mentioned above, include: Bowser from the Mario franchise, Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Neff from Altered Beast. ", "Ralph returns to Sugar Rush, finds Felix and Vanellope, and asks Felix to fix the wrecked kart. As the race proceeds, the hatched Cy-Bugs attack and Felix, Calhoun, and Ralph battle them. When Vanellope catches up to King Candy, her glitching reveals that he is actually Turbo, a rogue character from an old game, Turbo Time, who sabotaged a newer game out of jealousy, causing both to be unplugged. Vanellope escapes from Turbo, who is consumed by a Cy-Bug. The group flees the doomed game, but Vanellope finds she cannot pass through the exit. Calhoun says the game cannot be saved without a beacon to attract and kill the Cy-Bugs.", "Ralph heads to Diet Cola Mountain, where he plans on collapsing its Mentos stalactites into the cola at the bottom, causing a blinding eruption that would attract the bugs. Before he can finish, Turbo, merged with the Cy-Bug that had consumed him, attacks and carries Ralph away. Ralph breaks free and dives toward the mountain, intending to sacrifice himself to start the eruption on impact. Vanellope in turn uses her glitching abilities to save Ralph. The eruption starts and draws the Cy-Bugs and Turbo to their destruction. Vanellope crosses the finish line, restoring her memory and status as Princess Vanellope, the game's ruler and lead character, while keeping her advantageous glitching ability. Felix and Ralph return to their game in time for Litwak to see it still works, sparing it from being unplugged. Calhoun and Felix marry, and the characters of Fix-It Felix, Jr. gain a new respect for Ralph.", "Several officially-licensed video games based on the film have been produced. One of the first was Gremlins, released by Atari, Inc. for their 2600 console.", "Ralph, in a last-ditch effort, heads to Diet Cola Mountain, where he plans on collapsing its Mentos stalactites into the cola at the bottom, causing an eruption that would attract the bugs. While on top of the mountain, he pounds the mentos into the diet cola below from the top. Before he can finish, however, Turbo fused with the Cy-Bug that devoured him, stops him. Turbo declares that he has become \"the most powerful virus in the arcade\" and reveals that he plans to get revenge and use his new powers to take over the entire arcade, but not before to killing Ralph as a way of \"thanking\" him. Turbo and Ralph engage eachother in a fierce battle, Turbo quickly overpowers Ralph, carrying him above the mountain. Ralph breaks free and dives toward the mountain, hoping his impact will start the eruption. Seeing Ralph dive towards the mountain, Vanellope in turn uses her glitching abilities with the goal of catching Ralph. Ralph breaks through the roof of the mountain, but before he is killed in the eruption, Vanellope catches him in another racer's cart (because she crashed her kart).", "In Wreck-It Ralph, a billboard with artwork of Mickey can be seen in the background of Litwak's Arcade.", "In the Disney film Wreck-It Ralph, the character Fix-it Felix possesses a magical golden hammer that fixes everything it hits (including his injuries), in opposition to the title character who has the capacity to destroy anything he hits. The hammer fails Felix late in the film when he finds himself in jail - an attempt to knock loose dungeon bars out of place instead reinforces them.", "Wreck It Ralph Meet & Greet, Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World - Ralph, Vanellope - Duration: 4:07. MouseSteps / JWL Media 1,260,282 views", "San Fransokyo, the fictional metropolis in which the film is set, is actually based on a caricature of property data collected from maps obtained from San Francisco's Assessor-Recorder's office. Three times as complex as any setting from previous Disney animated films, San Fransokyo features 83,000 buildings, 216,000 street lights, and hundreds of thousands of residents. The setting is so large, in fact, that the environments from all three of Disney's previous animated films (Tangled, Wreck-It Ralph and Frozen) can fit into the city of San Fransokyo.", "Wreck-It Ralph : A number of villains get together for a support group, and among them is Zangief , who isn't a villain in the games - though he is often a victim of this trope, being a villain in both the first live-action Street Fighter movie and Street Fighter American cartoon. This makes his comments toward Ralph during his sole scene all the more poignant.", "A late 1990's game release to compliment the movie. It is often sold in a pack with \"Bugs Life Action Game\" and \"Toy Story Game\".  ", "Mickey makes a small cameo in Wreck-It Ralph. His picture appears on a sign above Litwak's Arcade.", "Ralph and Vanellope make appearances in Disney Infinity , and both become playable characters with the use of their respective figurines.", "Check out some of the cool graffiti covering the walls of Game Central Station in Disney's Wreck-It Ralph.", "the screams including the villagers in the Turtle Village level can be heard from this movie are featured in this game", "\"Wreck-It Ralph is a bouncy, hilarious and heart-warming, game-trotting trip. Unlike a sugar rush, it provides lasting enjoyment.\" - Claudia Puig", "* Played straight in one of the levels in ''VideoGame/KidIcarusUprising''. The level begins with Pit singing. Then, after Palutena asks about the moon, Pit responds that it looks beautiful, the screen pans over to a second one, which is actually a giant base you have to invade, and Palutena asks for his opinion on that one. It then proceeds to shoot at you.", "In the video game of Tim Burton's Charlie the oompa loompas are used as workers and can be commanded by the only playable character Charlie.", "An adventure game developed by Creative Capers Entertainment and published by Disney Interactive Studios. It stars a ten-year old boy,  Ned Needlemeyer, who finds himself home alone from school one day, and slips into a nightmare after a power outage. One must guide Ned, armed with his yo-yo, through five nightmare worlds to conquer monsters and complete tasks in order to fully reveal the monsters. Although the game seems geared for children, it is somewhat creepy and haunting, and the music is moody and quite nice.  ", "A video game based on the film entitled, 101 Dalmatians: Escape from DeVil Manor was released in 1996.", "Mickey's Toontown opened in 1993 and was partly inspired by the fictional Los Angeles suburb of Toontown in the Touchstone Pictures' 1988 release Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Mickey's Toontown is based on a 1930s cartoon aesthetic and is home to Disney's most popular cartoon characters. Toontown features two main attractions: Gadget's Go Coaster and Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin. The \"city\" is also home to cartoon character's houses such as the house of Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse and Goofy, as well as Donald Duck's boat. The gauge Jolly Trolley can also be found in this area, though it closed as an attraction in 2003 and is now present only for display purposes.", "The demolition company that is seen in the game is called \"Bay Demolition\", a reference to Michael Bay , who directed the film version. See more »", "In March 2012, Jennifer Lee, one of the screenwriters of Wreck-It Ralph, was brought in as the film's screenwriter by Del Vecho. Lee later explained that as Wreck-It Ralph was wrapping up, she was giving notes on other projects, and \"we kind of really connected with what we were thinking.\" " ]

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[ "Seattle is a coastal seaport city of the State of Washington in the United States. The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. Seattle is a major gateway for trade with Asia. The Seattle area had previously been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush.", "The Seattle area had previously been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and named \"Seattle\" in 1852, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.", "The Seattle area was previously inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, Oregon, on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named it \"Seattle\" in 1852, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.", "In 1851, a large party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River ; they formally claimed it on September 14, 1851. [16] Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party. [17] Members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28, 1851. [18] The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland , Oregon and landed on Alki point during a rainstorm on November 13, 1851. [18]", "The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and named \"Seattle\" in 1853, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.", "The Seattle area has been inhabited for at least 4,000 years, but European settlement began only in the mid-19th century. The first permanent white settlers-Arthur A. Denny and those subsequently known as the Denny party-arrived November 13, 1851. Early settlements in the area were called \"New York-Alki\" (\"Alki\" meaning \"by and by\" in the local Chinook Jargon) and \"Duwamps\". In 1853, Doc Maynard suggested that the main settlement be renamed \"Seattle,\" an anglicized rendition of the name of Sealth, the chief of the two local tribes. In 2006, the city had an estimated population of 582,174 and an estimated metropolitan area population of approximately 3.3; million. Seattle is the hub and largest city of the Seattle metropolitan area, often called Puget Sound, which also includes Tacoma, Bellevue, and Everett. From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". Seattle's current official nickname is the \"Emerald City,\" the result of a contest held in the early 1980s; the reference is to the lush evergreen trees in the surrounding area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska,\" \"Rain City,\" and \"Jet City,\" the latter from the local influence of Boeing. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.", "On the Map: On May 23, 1853, pioneers Arthur Denny, Carson Boren, and David \"Doc\" Maynard filed the street plans for the \"Town of Seattle\" along Elliott Bay. There was just one little problem: Their streets did not mesh along the diagonal line of Mill Street, now Yesler Way. Denny and Maynard argued over whether the street system should follow the topography or obey the compass. Maynard -- \"stimulated by liquor,\" according to Denny -- refused to compromise and the resulting gridlock in Pioneer Square endures to this day.", "In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres (4 ha) site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and Mary Terry donated two acres to the university [8] at a site on Denny's Knoll in downtown Seattle . This tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south.", "David Swinson (\"Doc\") Maynard, one of the village's founders, was the primary advocate for renaming the village to \"Seattle\" after Chief Sealth (si'áb Si'ahl) of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Doc Maynard's advocacy bore fruit, because when the first plats for village were filed on May 23, 1853, it was for the Town of Seattle. In 1855, nominal legal land settlement was established and the city was incorporated in 1865 and again in 1869, after having existed as an unincorporated town from 1867 to 1869.", "Alki: Can refer to either Alki Point, where the first Seattle settlers first landed and settled, or to Alki Beach. Alki Beach is the most popular summer hang-out and sunbathing spot for Seattle's teenagers.", "Fort Nisqually, a farm and trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company and the first European settlement in the Puget Sound area, was founded in 1833. Black pioneer George Washington Bush and his Caucasian wife, Isabella James Bush, from Missouri and Tennessee, respectively, led four white families into the territory and founded New Market, now Tumwater, in 1846. They settled in Washington to avoid Oregon's discriminatory settlement laws. After them, many more settlers, migrating overland along the Oregon trail, wandered north to settle in the Puget Sound area.", "Main article: History of Seattle ===[ edit ] Founding=== [2] [3] The Battle of Seattle (1856) Archaeological excavations confirm that the Seattle area has been inhabited by humans for at least 4,000 years. [11 ] By the time the first European settlers arrived in the area, the people (now called the Duwamish Tribe ) occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay . [30 ]", "Between the years of 1906 and 1916, Seattle grew significantly in size and recognition. Part of the re-growth of Seattle became apparent when, in 1906, the Schwabacher Company constructed a new eight-story building at First and Jackson in Seattle. In 1908, the Alaska Club and Arctic Club merged in Seattle, bringing together as one group the Seattle and Alaskan businessmen. The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition was a world's fair held in Seattle on the grounds of the University of Washington , in 1909, publicizing the development of the Pacific Northwest. The grounds design was achieved by the Olmsted Brothers . Also in 1909, the Statue of William Seward was placed in Seattle's Volunteer Park .", "The 1850 U.S. census showed that Oregon Territory north of the Columbia River had more than 1,000 persons; most were Americans from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. A few claims were platted on the site of the present-day city of Seattle in 1850. By 1855, Seattle reported a population of 500.", "Grant, Frederic James, editor. History of Seattle, Washington: with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. New York, NY: American Publishing and Engraving Co., 1891. Pages 78-79.", "Seattle kept his people out of the Battle of Seattle in 1856. Afterwards, he was unwilling to lead his tribe to the reservation established, since mixing Duwamish and Snohomish was likely to lead to bloodshed. Maynard persuaded the government of the necessity of allowing Seattle to remove to his father's longhouse on Agate Passage, 'Old Man House' or Tsu-suc-cub. Seattle frequented the town named after him, and had his photograph taken by E. M. Sammis in 1865. He died June 7, 1866, on the Suquamish reservation at Port Madison, Washington. ", "The oldest extant record of this document is a transcript published in the Seattle Sunday Star in 1887, in a column by Henry A. Smith, a poet, doctor, and early white settler of the Seattle area.Henry A. Smith, [http://courses.washington.edu/spcmu/speeches/chiefsealth.htm \"Early Reminiscences. Number Ten. Scraps From a Diary. Chief Seattle – A Gentleman by Instinct – His Native Eloquence. Etc., Etc.\"], Seattle Sunday Star, Oct. 29, 1887, p.3. Smith provides a transcript of a speech made by Chief Seattle 30 years earlier, which Smith had attended and taken notes from. The occasion of the speech was a visit by the newly appointed Governor, Isaac Stevens. The governor's visit to a council of local tribal chiefs that year is corroborated by the historical record. Chief Seattle was the most influential chief in the area, so it is likely he would have been in attendance.", "Why, however, did Smith wait thirty years to publish his transcript of the speech? It seems most likely that Smith's reason for publishing the speech was political. Newly arrived immigrants were starting to overpower the original pioneers who had dominated local politics. There was a bitterly contested election, with one newspaper claiming these new immigrants wanted \"the overthrow of our institutions, ... rob you ... of home, of country and of religion.\" When Smith had Chief Seattle waxing rhetorical about the demise of the native peoples, was he also talking about the demise of the original pioneers who found themselves denounced as \"obstacles in the way of progress,\" as \"old mossbacks\", with some even calling for their hanging?", "In 1844 a wagon train of settlers arrived in the western district of what was to become Washington. Among them was George W. Bush, a wealthy African American. When he and the wagon train with which he was traveling arrived in Oregon Territory, they were refused settlement south of the Columbia River. Because of his kindness and help to members of the wagon train during their journey, they all decided to stay together and settle north of the Columbia River. This settlement was the start of Tumwater and marked the beginning of serious settlement by Americans north of the Columbia River. Soon afterward, the California gold rush, beginning in 1849, provided a market for lumber products needed to build the mushrooming San Francisco area. This industry brought settlers and prosperity to the Puget Sound area.", "FRANK H. OSGOOD: Osgood is perhaps the father of Seattle's public transportation system. His horse-drawn trolleys moved slowly along Second Avenue beginning in 1884. Three years later he used electricity to power his trolleys, thereby beginning a trend by entrepreneurs to extend tracks to every real-estate development in the city.", "During the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi , who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , who is believed to be of Haitian and French descent. [12] In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over by some Native Americans in the Treaty of Greenville to the United States for a military post.", "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, an immigrant from Saint-Domingue (now the Republic of Haiti), founded the first nonindigenous settlement in what is now Chicago, Illinois, the third largest city in the United States. The state of Illinois and city of Chicago declared du Sable the founder of Chicago on 26 October 1968.", "On January 22, 1855, Chief Si’ahl of the Duwamish, along with other chiefs and delegates of tribes, bands, and villages in the Puget Sound region, and Isaac Stevens (1818-1862), Governor of Washington Territory, signed the Point Elliott Treaty.  Through the […]", "In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago.\"", "Milwaukee has three \"founding fathers\": Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker. Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler (Alexis Laframboise settled a trading post in 1785) but founded a town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. In competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River, and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today. Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or the river's east side was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent builder was George H. Walker. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point.", "SAM HILL: Raised in North Carolina, Hill settled in Seattle after a long career as a lawyer for several railroads. He planned, inspired, and often helped pay for such monuments as the Columbia River Gorge scenic highway, and the Peace Arch at Blaine, Washington, the Gorge's Maryhill Museum (a large scale version of his Capitol Hill home), Seattle's first Quaker Meeting House and the headstone as Chief Joseph's grave, Colville, Washington.", "Large-scale settlement of the West began in the 1840s. Many of these early pioneers headed toward Oregon. A united flock streamed steadily into Utah; at first a trickle and then a raging flood of travelers poured into California as it became “The Golden State.”", "Chicago is the largest city of the State of Illinois in the United States. Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed, and experienced rapid growth in the mid-nineteenth century. Today, the city is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation, with O'Hare International Airport being the busiest airport in the world; it also has the largest number of U.S. highways, and railroad freight entering its region. Chicago's culture includes contributions to the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy, and music, particularly jazz, blues, soul, and the creation of house music.", "January 26, 1856: In the first Battle of Seattle, settlers drove Indians from their land so that a little town of white folks could prosper. The sloop Decatur fired its cannon, routing the \"Indians.\" Two settlers were killed.", "Thanks to the Alaskan and Canadian Gold Rush and the rebuilding of Seattle and San Francisco, the annual volume of business in Seattle topped out at more than $50 million. Gold was discovered in the Tanana Valley of Alaska, and the city of Fairbanks was established. The Alaska Club, a Seattle organization of miners who had struck it rich in the Alaskan and Canadian gold territory and other Alaskan businessmen, was created.", "With fertile rivers, dense forests, and a natural harbor, the land offered riches to those willing to work. Yet, the region gained slowly in population. Friction with the Cayuse Indians discouraged some settlers while discovery of gold in California lured others. By 1850, natural resources and ready access to California’s growing market spurred migration to Washington. Officially a part of Oregon Territory, popular agitation resulted in the organization of Washington Territory in 1853.", "In 1853 Washington Territory was formed from part of Oregon Territory. In 1888 the Northern Pacific railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to eastern states. " ]

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[ "Dave Thomas, the founder of Wendy's restaurant, opened his first restaurant on November 15, 1969 in Columbus, Ohio. Dave was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey on July 2, 1932. He was adopted at six weeks old by Rex and Auleva Thomas. Dave moved from state to state with his father when his mother passed at the age of 5. At the age of 12, Dave obtained his first job at a restaurant in Knoxville. Thus, he began his love for the restaurant business. At the age of 15, Dave dropped out of high school to work full time in the restaurant business. While working full-time at the Hobby House restaurant, Dave met Colonel Sanders, the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (now KFC). In 1962, Dave was offered the opportunity to turn around four failing Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants in Columbus, Ohio. Utilizing his past experience, Dave turned the restaurants around, sold them back to KFC, and immediately became a millionaire all at the age of 35. He then co-founded Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips.", "R. David Thomas started work at the age of 12 and has been in the restaurant business since his days as a busboy in Fort Wayne at 15. After his employer became an early Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise in 1956, Mr. Thomas worked closely with Colonel Sanders, instituting now-famous innovations and acquiring his own hugely successful Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise in Columbus, Ohio, from stores he ‘turned around.' He later returned to KFC management, in charge of 300 stores. After helping launch Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips as an original investor, he opened the first Wendy's in Columbus on November 15, 1969. “My first love has always been hamburgers,” he states. His dedication to quality, efficiency, flexibility, development of managerial talent and customer relations sparked the growth of Wendy's to its present 3,300 + stores and sales of over $2.4 billion. Mr. Thomas is a dedicated civic leader and free enterpriser. “My daughter went to Northwood … that's how much I think of this college.”", "Wendy's is an international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of 2016, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with 6,482 locations, following Burger King's 15,003 locations and McDonald's' 36,525 locations. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc Companies Inc., a publicly traded company and the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquarters remained in Dublin. ", "After complaining that he couldn't find a good hamburger in Columbus, Ohio, Dave Thomas opened his own restaurant on November 15, 1969: Wendy's, named after Thomas's 8-year-old daughter. Wendy's quickly caught on, and within less than a decade, had grown into a 1,000-store franchise. In 1989, Thomas took on the role of television spokesman for the company with a series of hugely successful commercials. He died in Florida in 2002.", "Ever since he was a child, Dave dreamed of opening a hamburger restaurant. Over the years, this dream never faded and on November 15, 1969 it became a reality when he opened the first Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers restaurant in Columbus, Ohio. Named for one of his daughters, Wendy's was everything Dave dreamed of: an old fashioned, homey place where families could be together and enjoy great tasting, made-to-order hamburgers.", "After complaining that he couldn't find a good hamburger in Columbus, Thomas decided to open his own restaurant. On November 15, 1969, he opened the first Wendy's restaurant, named for his eight-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou, known as Wendy. She was the youngest of his five children with his wife Lorraine, whom he married in 1956. Known for its square hamburgers and choice of toppings, Wendy's quickly caught on and within less than a decade grew into a franchise of 1,000 stores.", "Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou (nicknamed \"Wendy\" by her siblings).", "Rex David “Dave” Thomas (July 2, 1932 – January 8, 2002) was an American businessperson and philanthropist. Thomas was the founder and chief executive officer of Wendy’s , a fast-food restaurant chain specializing in hamburgers . He is also known for appearing in more than 800 commercial advertisements for the chain from 1989 to 2002, more than any other company founder in television history. [1]", "Dave Thomas was the founder of Wendyâs a fast food restaurant chain. Go through this biography to know in details about his life, childhood, profile and timeline.", "...Pam Powers MBA 516 Case Study: Wendy’s Chili: A costing Conundrum Dave Thomas was a man with a vision. He began his career in Columbus, Ohio in 1969 when he purchased a Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) franchise that was unprofitable. Dave turned that franchise into a profitable business and sold it back to KFC at a substantial profit. Dave had also co-founded Arthur Treacher’s Fish &amp; Chips and was very familiar with the quick-service industry. However,...", "Mr. Thomas's greatest fame came from his Horatio Alger-style success story in building an empire of Wendy's restaurants, a dream that began with his frustration at being unable to find a good hamburger in downtown Columbus, Ohio. When he opened his first restaurant, on Nov. 15, 1969, his biggest ambition was that he might eventually expand so he could give each of his five children a place to work in the summer.", "Today Wendy's is in 34 countries with 5,000 US restaurants. Dave Thomas died January 8, 2002, but there's no danger he'll be forgotten --- at least not on one particular corner in downtown Columbus. The corporation has added many more items to its Home of the First Wendy's Restaurant. The walls of the dining room and ordering area are covered with displays, photographs, and artifacts.", "In 1968, at the age of 35, Dave sold his KFC restaurants back to Kentucky Fried Chicken and the following year, finally realized his long cherished dream of opening his very own restaurant. In 1969, Wendy’s Old-Fashioned Hamburger Restaurant was opened in Columbus, Ohio.", "Through his work at the Hobby House, Dave met Colonel Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (now KFC) and the man who became one of the greatest influences in his life. In 1962, Dave had a chance to turn around four failing KFC restaurants in Columbus, Ohio owned by his Hobby House boss, Phil Clauss. Four years later, by using his experience and determination, he turned the stores around, sold the restaurants back to KFC and received a percentage of the sale - a millionaire at age 35.", "Peller was soon after replaced by Wendy's founder Dave Thomas himself. Soft-spoken and bashful, the \"Dave\" ads generally focused on Thomas praising his products and offering a commitment to quality service, although there would occasionally be \"wackier\" ads as well. Thomas ultimately appeared in more than 800 commercials, more than any other company founder in television history. ", "Thomas served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War as the manager of an enlisted-men's club. Upon returning to Fort Wayne, Thomas found his former boss at the Hobby House restaurant, Phil Clauss, owned some of the first franchises of the budding Kentucky Fried Chicken chain. Clauss offered Thomas the opportunity to move to Columbus, Ohio, to turn around the restaurants, which were failing. Colonel Sanders's signature chicken had been a big hit for the Hobby House and Thomas thought he could sell it in Ohio. By 1968, a few short years later, a 35-year-old Thomas sold the franchises back to the headquarters for $1.5 million.", "In 1953, Dave returned to his job and restaurant family at the Hobby House. A new waitress, Lorraine Buskirk, caught his eye; they married in 1954. Dave also met Colonel Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (now KFC) and one of his strongest mentors. When Phil Clauss bought a KFC franchise, Dave was in the chicken business.", "Clauss offered Dave a chance to revive his four failing Kentucky Fried Chicken carryouts in Columbus, Ohio. Against even the Colonel's advice, Dave took the challenge and succeeded. He trimmed the menu and used creative promotions - swapping chicken for radio time and making an illuminated sign that looked like a rotating bucket of chicken. Clauss later sold the carryouts, making Dave a millionaire and launch his career in hamburgers.", "Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken and is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is the world's second largest restaurant chain (as measured by sales) after McDonald's, with almost 20,000 locations globally in 123 countries and territories . The company is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut and Taco Bell chains.", "Thomas was born on July 2, 1932 in Atlantic City, New Jersey to a young unmarried woman he never knew. He was adopted at six weeks by Rex and Auleva Thomas, [2] and as an adult became a well-known advocate for adoption , founding the Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption . After his adoptive mother’s death when he was 5, his father moved around the country seeking work. Thomas spent some of his early childhood near Kalamazoo, Michigan with his grandmother, Minnie Sinclair, who he credited with teaching him the importance of service and treating others well and with respect, lessons that helped him in his future business life. [3]", "After serving in the Army as the manager of an enlisted-men's club, he returned to Fort Wayne, where his former boss owned some of the first franchises for a new product known as Kentucky Fried Chicken. But the restaurants were floundering, and Mr. Thomas was told that he could earn a 40 percent ownership share by turning them around.", "Chain restaurants sprang up with pizza's rising popularity. Leading early pizza chains were Shakey's Pizza, founded in 1954 in Sacramento, California, Pizza Hut, founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, and Josey's Pizza founded in Newnan, Georgia in 1943. Later entrant restaurant chains to the dine-in pizza market were Bertucci's, Happy Joe's, Monical's Pizza, California Pizza Kitchen, Godfather's Pizza, and Round Table Pizza.", "The second Wendy's opens in Columbus, featuring a quick-service restaurant industry innovation -- a Pick-Up Window with a separate grill.", "KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger.[31] In 1960 the company had around 200 franchised restaurants; by 1963 this had grown to over 600, making it the largest fast food operation in the United States.[21] In 1963, Sanders met John Y. Brown, Jr, a young Kentucky encyclopaedia salesman, who explained that he was keen to join the company.[32][33] Sanders instead proposed the sale of the company, as business skills did not come naturally to him, and he lacked an obvious or willing heir among his relatives.[32][34][35] Lacking sufficient funds himself, Brown convinced the financier Jack C. Massey to provide 60 percent of the acquisition capital, and provided a major contribution himself, with smaller contributions from franchise holder Pete Harman and company officials Lee Cummings and Harlan Adams.[36] Sanders then began to have doubts about selling the company, as some members of his family were against it.[37][38] The group acquired the company in 1964 for US$2 million (around US$15 million in 2013).[12] The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement that he would be the company’s quality controller and trademark.[39]", "KFC was founded by Harland Sanders, an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky, during the Great Depression. Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first \"Kentucky Fried Chicken\" franchise opened in Utah in 1952. KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. By branding himself as \"Colonel Sanders\", Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history, and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising. However, the company's rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and, in 1964, he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown, Jr. and Jack C. Massey.", "Did you know that Kentucky Fried Chicken was founded in Kentucky??? Did you?!? Well, now you do, and it’s safe to say that the country’s biggest fast-food purveyor of poultry is its biggest and most important claim to fame. Primarily because the Double Down is a thing that exists there. It doesn’t stop there though. While their smaller, more unique chains are few and far between -- they include Wingstop and Wingzone (do you think Kentuckians like chicken?) -- they’ve got five Tom + Chee locations, which is a chain literally based on fancy grilled cheeses & tomato soup, aka a chain that should seriously be everywhere immediately. Factor in the the presence of Southern stars like Krystal, Bojangles, Cook-Out, and Raising Cane's, and the Derby is no longer the main reason to visit KY.", "Louie's Texas Red Hots, [197] . Founded in 1967, Louie's Texas Red Hots is a locally-owned chain of five restaurants that is probably the best-known place in Buffalo that specializes in Texas hots (see description in the beginning of this section). Louie's menu also includes other standard fast-food staples such as regular hot dogs, burgers, milkshakes, chicken fingers, French fries, and the like; the origin of Texas hots among Buffalo's Greek immigrant community manifests itself on the menu as well (cheeseburgers made with feta are an interesting option, pita bread is listed as a side order, and Greek desserts such as rice pudding and baklava are available). Louie's has two locations in the city of Buffalo (in North Buffalo and Kensington-Bailey), as well as three suburban locations (West Seneca, Depew, and Orchard Park).   edit", "Louie's Texas Red Hots . Founded in 1967, Louie's Texas Red Hots is a locally-owned chain of restaurants that is probably the best-known place in Buffalo that specializes in Texas hots (see description in the beginning of this section). Louie's menu also includes other standard fast-food staples such as regular hot dogs, burgers, milkshakes, chicken fingers, French fries, and the like. The origin of Texas hots among Buffalo's Greek immigrant community manifests itself on the menu as well — cheeseburgers made with feta are an interesting option, pita bread is listed as a side order, and Greek desserts such as rice pudding and baklava are available. Louie's has three locations in the city (in North Buffalo, Kensington-Bailey, and the Elmwood Village), as well as four suburban locations (West Seneca, Depew, Orchard Park, and North Tonawanda ). ", "Until the late 2000s, a chili parlor dating to 1904, O.T. Hodge, continued to operate in St. Louis. It featured a chili-topped dish called a \"slinger\": two cheeseburger patties, hash browns, and two eggs, and smothered in chili. As of 2014 no O.T. Hodge-branded locations remain, though one still exists under the name Chili Mac's. ", "“I decree: let there be a coney joint on every corner,” Mitten State founder Steve Michigan didn’t say, because he isn’t real. But the coney thing, well, that’s very, very real, as you can find a Michigan-made dog pretty much everywhere. And when your state’s as long as Michigan from wrist to the tip of the Upper Peninsula, “everywhere” means a lot of land. But it’s not just hot dogs that make Michigan’s fast food exemplary: it’s also the abundance of local chains. Starting with National and other cultishly beloved fast spots in the D (what up, Travis burgers!), a trip North gets you something different in every part of the state, from Halo Burger to Big John Steak & Onion and Freeway Fritz (selling Frankenmuth fried chicken) all the way up to grab-n-go pasties above the Mackinac. Michigan takes its car food seriously (understandable, given the automotive history).", "Until the late 2000s, a chilli parlour dating to 1904, O.T. Hodge, continued to operate in St. Louis. It featured a chilli-topped dish called a “slinger”: two cheeseburger patties, hash browns, and two eggs, and smothered in chilli. As of 2014 no O.T. Hodge-branded locations remain, though one still exists under the name Chilli Mac’s.", "Rarely found outside Ohio, Cherikee Red is a cherry-flavored drink that was first produced there back in 1969." ]

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[ "Semper fidelis is a Latin phrase that means \"always faithful\" or \"always loyal\". In the United States it is best known as the motto of the United States Marine Corps. Elsewhere, it is a common motto for towns, families, schools, and military units. ", "Below reads the phrase “Semper Fidelis”. This is a Latin phrase meaning “Always Faithful” which has been the motto for the US Marine Corps since 1883. All around the black granite base you can find inscriptions of battle in which the Marine Corps have served.", "Semper Fidelis is Latin for \"Always Faithful\" or \"Always Loyal.\" Well known in the United States as the motto of the United States Marine Corps (and often shortened to Semper Fi in Marine contexts), Semper Fidelis has served as a slogan for many families and entities, in many countries, dated no earlier than the 16th century. Within the groups below, users are listed in chronological order according to when they are believed to have adopted the motto; however, in many cases dates of adoption are not well established.", "USMC History, Traditions, and Merchandise » Semper Fidelis (“Always Faithful”) The Marine Corps Motto Semper Fi", "the motto of the US marine corps since 1871, when it superseded the previous \"first to fight\" [always faithful].", "We celebrated the United States Marine Corp's 233rd birthday on Nov. 10, an organization committed to action, whose motto Semper Fidelis, bespeaks utter and enduring loyalty to the nation. Likewise, the city of San Diego's motto, is Semper Vigilas, which might well be amended to include the notion that with true knowledge, action. Without action, vigilance is the lonely awareness of a paralyzed patient, unable to speak or defend, frozen for lack of ability or of courage. As for Semper Veritas, the 312th Military Intelligence Battalion adopted that phrase in 1982 as its motto, a testament to the pragmatic military importance of truth.", "Semper Fidelis, Semper Vigilas, Semper Veritas are Latin for \"Always Faithful,\" \"Ever Vigilant\" and \"Always the Truth,\" respectively. While Semper Veritas is less often noted than its party-animal variant, \"In vino veritas\" -- in wine comes truth, \"truth always\" is ultimately more useful than deception. Truth, however, is not always rewarded, but neither is deception.", "A Chinese language version of Semper fidelis has been the motto of the Republic of China Marine Corps since April 1, 1947. The motto is not in Latin and translates as \"loyalty forever\". Their motto is specifically modeled on the US marine motto.", "* Semper Fi is a common greeting among serving and veteran Marines. It is short for the Marine Corps Motto \"Semper Fidelis\"", "Semper Fidelis was adopted about 1883 as the motto of the Corps. Before that, there had been three mottoes, all traditional rather than official. The first, antedating the War of 1812, was “Fortitudine” (“With Fortitude”). The second, “By Sea and by Land,” was obviously a translation of the Royal Marine’s “Per Mare, Per Terram.” Until 1848, the third motto was “To the Shores of Tripoli,” in commemoration of O’Bannon’s capture of Derna in 1805. In 1848, after the return to Washington of the Marine battalion that took part in the capture of Mexico City, this motto was revised to: “From the Halls of the Montezumas to the Shores of Tripoli\" – a line now familiar to all Americans. This revision of the Corps motto in Mexico has encouraged speculation that the first stanza of “The Marines’ Hymn” was composed by members of the Marine battalion who stormed Chapultepec Castle.", "At the time of the Vera Cruz landing in 1914, a more distinctive standard was carried by Marines. The design consisted of a blue field with a laurel wreath encircling the Marine Corps emblem in the center. A scarlet ribbon above the emblem carried the words \"U.S. Marine Corps,\" while another scarlet ribbon below the emblem carried the motto \"Semper Fidelis.\"", "“The Marines I have seen around the world have the cleanest bodies, the filthiest minds, the highest morale, and the lowest morals of any group of animals I have ever seen.  Thank God for the United States Marine Corps !!” (Eleanor Roosevelt 1945) …..  Forever Faithful ….. Once and always — 1963-1967 – Phu Bai/Hue", "Motto of Exeter and several other cities; more recently has become the motto of United States Marine Corps and the Swiss Grenadiers . Also the motto of the Rot-Weiss Oberhausen and Plymouth Argyle football clubs. The US Marines often abbreviate it to Semper Fi.", "Motto semper fidelis Mascot english bulldog Colors scarlet and gold Song “Marines’ hymn” From the Halls of Montezuma, To the shores of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land, and sea; First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean: We are proud to claim the title Of United States Marine. Our flag’s unfurled to every breeze From dawn to setting sun; We have fought in every clime and place Where we could take a gun; In the snow of far-off Northern lands And in sunny tropic scenes; You will find us always on the job The United States Marines. Here’s health to you and to our Corps Which we are proud to serve; In many a strife we’ve fought for life And never lost our nerve; If the Army and the Navy Ever look on Heaven’s scenes; They will find the streets are guarded By United States Marines.", "Until 1871 it was \"First to Fight\", a motto that still applies. Through the years, Marines have shortened it to Semper Fi, and \"Semper Fi, Marine\" is the universal Marine Greeting.", "On the United States Marine Corps Seal, the symbols of the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor emblem holds a ribbon emblazoned \"Semper Fidelis\".", "Is the motto of the Corps. That Marines have lived up to this motto is proved by the fact that there has never been a mutiny, or even the thought of one, among U.S. Marines.", "“The Marine Corps has no ambition beyond the performance of its duty to its country. ~Gen Cates”", "The motto of the shield is Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum. This is Latin and means 'no stepping back'.", "\"Semper fidelis\" is the motto of the town of St. Malo, in Brittany, France; the date of its adoption is not known, but it appears to have been in use in the 17th century, [11] replacing an earlier motto, Cave canem.", "Legio Patria Nostra (The Legion is our Fatherland) is the Latin motto of the Foreign Legion. The adoption of the Foreign Legion as a new \"fatherland\" does not imply the repudiation by the legionnaire of his original nationality. The Foreign Legion is required to obtain the agreement of any legionnaire before he is placed in any situation where he might have to serve against his country of birth.", "On the subject of military services, the Marines have had the slogan \"The Few. The Proud. The Marines.\" for some years.", "“In 150 years they (U.S. Marines) have never been beaten. They will hold. ~Col. Brown USA, 1918”", "“Every Marine who ever lived is living still, in the Marines who claim the title today.”", "“It is that pride which sets a Marine apart from the men of other armed services.”", "\"Semper fidelis\" is the motto of the town of St. Malo, in Brittany, France. The date of its adoption is not known, but it appears to have been in use in the 17th century, replacing an earlier motto, \"Cave canem\".", "\"'Dura virum nutrix' was the original motto, which Morton would not have to translate but I will; it means 'a harsh nurse of men' and is a quotation from Virgil. After a lot of hard and skilled consulting, it was replaced with, wait for it, 'Learning and Beyond.'", "Each year, Marines all over the world celebrate the birth of the Marine Corps on November 10th, 1775. No matter where they're stationed, whether they're forward deployed or in combat, Marines take time to remember the honor, courage and commitment of their fellow Marines and listen to the Commandant's birthday message to the Corps.", "\"Always prepared\" — the motto of the United States Coast Guard and the United States Cavalry 's 12th Regiment.", "semper anticus always forward Motto of the 45th Infantry Division (United States) and its successor, the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States).", "Every campaign the Marines have taken part in gives birth to an unofficial verse. For example, the following from Iceland:", "alenda lux ubi orta libertas \"Let learning be cherished where liberty has arisen.\" The motto of Davidson College." ]

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[ "Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also known as Naval Station Guantanamo Bay or NSGB, (also called GTMO because of the airfield designation code or Gitmo because of the common pronunciation of this code by the U.S. military ) is a United States military base located on 45 sqmi of land and water at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, which the US leased for use as a coaling and naval station in 1903 (for $2,000 per year until 1934, when it was increased to $4,085 per year). The base is on the shore of Guantánamo Bay at the southeastern end of Cuba. It is the oldest overseas U.S. Naval Base. Since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the Cuban government has consistently protested against the U.S. presence on Cuban soil and called it illegal under international law, alleging that the base was imposed on Cuba by force. At the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013, Cuba's Foreign Minister demanded the U.S. return the base and the \"usurped territory\", which the Cuban government considers to be occupied since the U.S. invasion of Cuba during the Spanish–American War in 1898. ", "The U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, was selected by President George W. Bush’s administration to house some of the worst of Osamma bin Laden’s al-Queda terrorists and their Taliban supporters from Afghanistan. It is one of the few military bases outside of the United States totally and unequivocally under U.S. control, a critical issue in the administration’s “war on terror.”", "U.S. Naval Base Guantanamo Bay is the oldest U.S. base overseas and the only one in a Communist country. Located on the southeast corner of Cuba, in the Oriente Province, the base is about 400 air miles from Miami, Florida. The terrain and climate of Guantanamo Bay make it a haven for iguanas and banana rats.", "The US maintains a naval base at Guantánamo Bay in southeastern Cuba, under a 1934 leasing treaty. The US government considers the base to be of some strategic and training significance in the Caribbean and has refused to give it up, despite demands by the Castro regime that it do so. About 2,000 military personnel are stationed at Guantánamo.", "Guantánamo Bay detention camp, also called Gitmo, U.S. detention facility on the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, located on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in southeastern Cuba . Constructed in stages starting in 2002, the Guantánamo Bay detention camp (often called Gitmo, which is also a name for the naval base) was used to house Muslim militants and suspected terrorists captured by U.S. forces in Afghanistan , Iraq , and elsewhere (see also Iraq War ). The facility became the focus of worldwide controversy over alleged violations of the legal rights of detainees under the Geneva Conventions and accusations of torture or abusive treatment of detainees by U.S. authorities.", "There are now 91 prisoners at the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Most have been held without charge or trial for more than a decade, drawing international condemnation.", "Guantanamo is controversial United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, 2002. In Obama’s speech-- doesn’t like it (plays as limbo or purgatory) Not US… just the military. No judicial process. Wanted to close Guantanamo. Rendering people to their home countries or prosecute them in regular judicial system, go to jail. JUSTICE DELAYED IS JUSTICE DENIED. Some prisoners who have been put there because cannot be convicted cause evidence against them was gotten from torture.", "The detention camp at the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo, Cuba, was established after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks to hold suspects in the war on terror.", "Christopher Columbus landed at Guantanamo Bay in 1494, calling it \"Puerto Grande.\" The area was first leased to the United States in February 1903 as a fuel station. Today, Guantanamo Bay is the location of a controversial U.S. military base, the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station. The naval station is now used as a detention center for detainees of U.S. wars, and the current government of Cuba views the U.S. military presence in Cuba as illegal.", "Guantánamo Bay Naval Base at the southeastern end of ► Cuba (19°54′N 75°9′W) has been used by the United States Navy for more than a century. The United States controls the land on both sides of the southern part of Guantánamo Bay under a lease set up in the wake of the 1898 Spanish-American War. The Cuban government denounces the lease on grounds that article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties voids treaties procured by force or its threatened use. Since 2001, the naval base has contained a military prison, the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, for persons alleged to be militant combatants captured in Afghanistan and later in Iraq. Prior to 11 July 2006, the U.S. maintained that these detainees are not protected under the Geneva Convention.", "The Bay itself is surrounded by large mountain ranges, which isolate it from the rest of the country. The name ‘Guantanamo’ is the original name for the area, first used by the indigenous Taino tribe, which inhabited the island before Spanish colonization. The naval base that exists today was established there in 1902, after the US invasion of Cuba in the 1898 Spanish-American War. The United States would be allowed continued use of the naval base in return for its withdrawal of troops from all other parts of the country. This agreement was called the Cuban-American Treaty, signed in 1903. In 1934 the Avery Porko Treaty was signed, granting Cuba access to the bay itself, as well as increasing the lease fee from $2,000 to $4,085 in today’s money. The Cuban Revolution in the 1950s changed the relatively little, with the US arguing that the base’s status was unaffected by a new regime – a stance opposed by the new leader, Fidel Castro. Since then, only one cheque has been cashed by the Cuban government as a mark of protest against the continued American presence. Cuba, for its part, claims that the agreements signed in both 1903 and 1934 were forcibly imposed on the country, and in any case violate modern international law. The issue is still a thorn in the relationship between Cuba and the United States.", "The other historical remnant from this period is the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay which was leased from Cuba. A treaty in 1934 made the lease period indefinite and set the monthly payments at $4,085. The figure was never indexed for inflation so the amount has never changed even though the value would have been the equivalent of $69,000/month in 1934 dollars.", "1903 - The new Republic of Cuba leases 45 square miles of land in Guantánamo Bay to the US for construction of a naval station. Building on the naval station begins that same year.", "Far from being a point of strategic naval importance, the US government have found alternative uses for the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay in recent years. During a period of mass exodus of Cuban citizens to Florida in the 1990’s, the government decided to use Guantanamo Bay as a holding point for Cubans who were found at sea by the US coastguard. Many of these Cubans were later voluntarily repatriated to Cuba. Most recently, the US government have been able to use Guantanamo Bay as a detention centre for detainees in its war on terror, which enables it to employ practices that would be deemed illegal if they took place on the US mainland.", "ORIGIN: Guantánamo, which occupies 45 square miles (117 km) of Cuban territory, was taken by the U.S. after it fought in the Cuban War of Independence in 1898. Afterwards, the U.S. established a naval base on the land, and a 1934 treaty between Cuban President Fulgencio Batista and the U.S. determined that the lease could not be terminated without the agreement of both parties. After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro asked for the land back, but President Dwight Eisenhower refused, and the dispute exacerbated already high tensions between the two countries. Since the beginning of the U.S. War on Terror in 2001, the base has been used as a detention center. Its use and procedures have been widely criticized by Cuba, the United Nations and human rights groups.", "The United States pays Cuba approximately $4,085 a year to lease the 45 square miles that the Guantánamo Bay Naval Station occupies. Cuba has not accepted the payment since 1959.", "In 1991, the naval base's mission expanded as some 34,000 Haitian refugees passed through Guantanamo Bay. The refugees fled Haiti after a violent coup brought on by political and social upheaval in their country. The naval base received the Navy Unit Commendation and Joint Meritorious Unit Award for its effort.", "This is not the first time the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base has been used to detain individuals, but it is the first time known terrorists have been imprisoned there. Cuban and other refugees were held within the base during the 1990s, but the amount of security necessary for that operation pales in comparison to housing and controlling the current group from Afghanistan.", "CUBA disputes the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, leased to the US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment", "Today, the base remains an entangled balancing act of political and national control. But with the recent international focus on 21st century detentions, new obscurities arise from questions over human rights violations and democracy. Does Guantánamo Bay’s exceptional legal status justify the use of the naval base as a detention camp? How many times has the base been “closed,” and what does closure ultimately mean for those who viewed the naval base as important versus those who have been “freed?” These are among the many questions that expose the need for a closer interpretation of the allure of the Cuban landscape, and what makes U.S. control over Guantánamo Bay still vital today. With the changing contexts of Guantánamo’s centrality in world focus, it is important to view the Cuban landscape as a continued narrative of imperial expansion that is evolving with new meanings of global political economy.", "The area surrounding Guantanamo bay was originally inhabited by the Taíno people. On 30 April 1494, Christopher Columbus, on his second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay Puerto Grande. The bay and surrounding areas came under British control during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Prior to British occupation, the bay was referred to as Walthenham Harbor. The British renamed the bay Cumberland Bay. The British retreated from the area after a failed attempt to march to Santiago de Cuba.", "Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay was leased in 1902, and a treaty reaffirmed the lease in 1934. The site occupies 45 square miles (117 sq. km.) of land and water around the mouth of Guantanamo Bay, which is an excellent deep-water harbor. Much of the land on the base was low and swampy, but the U.S. military’s drainage and filling projects have greatly expanded the useable land.", "As a military installation, though, Guantanamo -- Gitmo is its nickname -- is no longer essential in a modern era of aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines and drones, Stavridis said. “You wouldn’t launch a large-scale military operation from there,” he explained, adding that many of the other uses Guantanamo provides could be fulfilled by existing U.S. military facilities in Puerto Rico or south Florida.", "The base is divided into two distinct areas by the 2 1/2 mile-wide Guantanamo Bay. The airfield is located on the Leeward side and the main base is on the Windward side. Ferry service provides transportation across the bay. The primary mission of Guantanamo Bay is to serve as a strategic logistics base for the Navy's Atlantic Fleet and to support counter drug operations in the Caribbean.", "In February 1903, the United States leased 45 square miles of land and water at Guantanamo Bay for use as a coaling station. As technology advanced, it evolved into a refueling station. The treaty was finalized, ratified by both governments and signed in Havana in December 1903.", "In 1903, the United States received bases at Guantanamo and Bahia Honda, agreeing to pay an annualrent of $2000. in 1912 the US surrendered the right to Bahia Honda in returned for an enlarged area at Guantanamo, agreeing to raise the rent to $5000.", "The outside of the ''Camp Five'' detention facility is seen at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay December 10, 2008 in this pool image reviewed by the U.S. military.", "The naval complex is located on the east side of the harbor between Fisherman Point (1 3/4 miles north of Windward Point) and Granadillo Point, abut 2 3/4 miles northeastward. The area contains many coves and peninsulas and a few islands. Much of the land here is elevated well above water level. The western side of Guantanamo Bay, generally low and mangrove-covered, contains many mud flats.", "Manfred Nowak , one of five of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture , says that credible evidence exists supporting allegations that ships serving as black sites have used Diego Garcia as a base. [63] The human rights group Reprieve alleges that United States-operated ships moored outside the territorial waters of Diego Garcia were used to incarcerate and torture detainees. [64]", "Alias 'Dolphin' or 'Maximo'. Chief of the Navy Mechanics School (ESMA) in Buenos Aires, one of the most notorious secret detention centers, as Navy captain. Was later promoted to Rear Admiral under the Navy commander-in-chief Emilio Massera . During his time as Navy Mechanics School commander Chamorro and his staff were responsible for thousands of tortures, lootings of detainees homes, and murders. The Navy Mechanics School came to the headlines in 1995 when retired Navy personnel who were serving in that base, started a series of confessions about throwing hundreds of live detainees from Navy planes into the Atlantic ocean.", "December 19, 2008 - The Defense Dept. formally approves war crimes charges against Abd al Rahim al-Nashiri. Al-Nashiri has been imprisoned at Guantanamo since 2006.", "Manfred Nowak , one of five of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture , says that credible evidence exists supporting allegations about the use of Diego Garcia as a prison black site for alleged terrorists.[ citation needed ] The human rights group Reprieve alleges that US-operated ships moored outside the territorial waters of Diego Garcia were used to incarcerate and torture detainees. [56]" ]

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[ "A wah-wah pedal (or just wah pedal) is a type of guitar effects pedal that alters the tone of the signal to create a distinctive effect, intended to mimic the human voice. The pedal sweeps the peak response of a filter up and down in frequency to create the sound (spectral glide), also known as \"the wah effect.\"", "For the uninitiated of those potential guitar heroes out there, a \" wah-wah pedal \" is a pedal that lets you manipulate the tone of your guitar, allowing it to mimic the human voice.", "A wah-wah pedal (or just wah pedal) is a type of guitar effects pedal that alters the tone of the signal to create a distinctive effect, mimicking the human voice. The pedal sweeps the peak response of a filter up and down in frequency to create the sound (spectral glide), also known as \"the wah effect\". The wah-wah effect originated in the 1920s, with trumpet or trombone players finding they could produce an expressive crying tone by moving a mute in the instrument's bell. This was later simulated with electronics for the electric guitar, controlled by movement of the player's foot on a rocking pedal connected to a potentiometer. Wah-wah effects are used when a guitarist is soloing, or creating a \"wacka-wacka\" funk-styled rhythm. ", "A wah-wah pedal is a moving bandpass filter whose frequency center is controlled by the musician via a rocker pedal. This filter boosts the frequencies in the instrument signal around the moving frequency center, allowing the musician to emphasize different areas of the frequency spectrum while playing. Rocked to the bass end of the spectrum, a wah-wah pedal makes a guitar signal sound hollow, without upper harmonics. On the other end of the sweep, the filter emphasizes higher-end harmonics and omits some of the low-end \"growl\" of the natural instrument sound. Rocking the pedal while holding a note creates a sound that goes from growl to shriek, and sounds like a crying baby, which is how the effect got its name and also the reason behind the Crybaby line of wah-wah pedals. The wah-wah pedal, used with guitar, is most associated with 1960s psychedelic rock and 1970s funk. During this period wah-wah pedals often incorporated a fuzzbox to process the sound before the wah-wah circuit, the combination producing a dramatic effect known as fuzz-wah.", "A guitar effect that alters the tone of the sound. Wah is used via a pedal to allow sudden or fluctuating changes in tone. It gets its name from the sound that can be made by wobbling the pedal back and forth.", "If you're the bass player, you're probably not going to make a lot of use out of a guitar wah-wah pedal, as much as you might like to try it.  Of course, any band is free to try out its own sounds, but wah-wah pedals are usually reserved for the lead guitar, since most bands want to feature the distinctive wah-wah sound.  You'll also notice that the human-friendly sound of the wah-wah works well with an audience's ears.", "An effects unit or pedal is an electronic device that alters how a musical instrument or other audio source sounds. Some effects subtly \"color\" a sound while others transform it dramatically. Musicians use effects units during live performances or in the studio, typically with electric guitar, electronic keyboard, electric piano or electric bass. While most frequently used with electric or electronic instruments, effects can also be used with acoustic instruments, drums and vocals. Examples of common effects units include wah-wah pedals, fuzzboxes and reverb units. ", "A variety of mutes can be used with the trombone to alter its timbre. Many are held in place with the use of cork grips, including the straight, cup, harmon and pixie mutes. Some fit over the bell, like the bucket mute. In addition to this, mutes can be held in front of the bell and moved to cover more or less area for a wah-wah effect. Mutes used in this way include the “hat” (a metal mute shaped like a bowler) and plunger (which looks like, and often is, the rubber suction cup from a sink or toilet plunger), a sound featured as the voices of adults in the Peanuts cartoons.", "Effects units are electronic devices that alter how a musical instrument or other audio source sounds. Some effects subtly \"color\" a sound, while others transform it dramatically. Effects can be used during live performances (typically with electric guitar, keyboard, or bass) or in the studio. While most frequently used with electric or electronic instruments, effects can also be used with acoustic instruments and drums. Examples of common effects units include wah-wah pedals, fuzzboxes, and reverb units.", "Wah-wah spectral modulation, i.e. tone color spectral glide obtained by sweeping the peak of a bandpass filter up or down in frequency, e.g. according to the position of a pedal, by automatic modulation or by voice formant detection; control devices therefor, e.g. wah pedals for electric guitars [2013-01]", "Another famous style of wah-wah playing is utilizing it for a percussive \"wacka-wacka\" effect by muting strings and moving the pedal at the same time. This was first heard on the song \"Little Miss Lover\" (1967) by the Jimi Hendrix Experience. One of the most famous uses of this effect is heard on Isaac Hayes's \"Theme from Shaft\" (1971), Charles Pitts playing the guitar.", "The device is operated by a foot treadle that opens and closes a potentiometer. Wah-wah pedals are often used by funk and rock guitarists. ", "Effects Pedals are electronic devices that modify the tone, pitch, or sound of an electric guitar. Effects can be housed in effects pedals, guitar amplifiers, guitar amplifier simulation software, and rackmount preamplifiers or processors. Electronic effects and signal processing form an important part of the electric guitar tone used in many genres, such as rock, pop, blues, and metal. All these are inserted into the signal path between an electric instrument and the amplifier. They modify the signal coming from the instrument, adding \"effects\" that change the way it sounds in order to add interest, create more impact or create aural soundscapes.", "Snarling Dogs - If you saw a wah pedal that has a foot-shaped footpad, then you are looking at a Snarling Dogs' designed wah. They also offer various types of guitar and bass strings. Their products are now available from D'Andrea.", "Kazoos are played through the human voice humming sound, relying on its own diaphragm and resonance tube for sound amplification. It creates a hoarse tone, somewhat similar to the saxophone. If you li...", "Other controllers include: Theremin, lightbeam controllers, touch buttons (touche d’intensité) on the Ondes Martenot, and various types of foot pedals. Envelope following systems, the most sophisticated being the vocoder, are controlled by the power or amplitude of input audio signal. A musician uses the Talk box to manipulated sound using the vocal tract, though it is rarely categorized as a synthesizer.", "The vibraphone is very similar in appearance to the xylophone and glockenspiel but it uses aluminum bars instead of wooden bars. Each bar is coupled with a resonator. The resonator has a motor drive butterl valve at its top end, producing a tremolo/vibrato effect while spinning. The vibraphone also has a sustain pedal similar to that of a piano.", "A Delay or Echo pedal creates a copy of an incoming sound and slightly time-delays it, creating either a \"slap\" (single repetition) or an echo (multiple repetitions) effect. Delay pedals may use either analog or digital technology. Analog delays often are less flexible and not as \"perfect\" sounding as digital delays, but some guitarists argue that analog effects produce \"warmer\" tones. Early delay devices actually used magnetic tape to produce the time delay effect. U2's guitarist, The Edge, is known for his extensive use of delay effects. Some common Delay pedals are:", "Equalization-related effects pedals include Wah, Auto-Wah, and Phase Shifter. Most EQ pedals also have an overall Level control distinct from the frequency-specific controls, thus enabling an EQ pedal to act as a configurable level-boost pedal. Some EQ pedals include:", "Indeed, when we change from one vowel to another in speech, e.g. singing ooo-aaa, we change the formants (in the ooo-aaa case, going from nearly closed mouth to wide open mouth raises the frequency of the first formant greatly). When you move your hand over the end of an open mute, you are changing the frequency of the instrument's formant, and so removing your hand from over such a mute can sound a little like ooo-aaa, ooo-aaa, which (say it quickly) is probably the origin of the name wah-wah.", "device that can change the timbre of an instrument when it is inserted in or applied to the instrument ", "Guitar amplifiers and electronic keyboards may have switch pedals for turning built-in reverb and distortion effects on and off; the pedals contain only a switch, with the circuitry for the effect being housed in the amplifier chassis. Some musicians who use rackmounted effects or laptops employ a MIDI controller pedalboard or armband remote controls to trigger sound samples, switch between different effects or control effect settings. ", "Also referred to as a Munchkiniser, it's a piece of equipment designed to change the pitch of the voice-usually upward.", "Many electric guitars are fitted with a vibrato and pitch bend device known as a \"tremolo bar (or arm)\", \"sissy bar\", \"wang bar\", \"slam handle\", \"whammy handle\", and \"whammy bar\". The latter two terms led  stompbox  manufacturers to use the term 'whammy' in coming up with a pitch raising effect introduced by popular  guitar effects  pedal brand  Digitech .", "A zither-like musical string instrument having a series of chord bars attached to dampers which, when depressed, mute all the strings other than those that form the desired chord", "Masking auditory feedback (MAF), which produces a synthesized sine wave in the user's ear at the frequency at which the user's vocal folds are vibrating.", "There exists a need for more expressive electronic musical instruments, particularly those that emulate strings and related playing techniques. The Instrument disclosed herein satisfies this need through an integration of previously distinct components as well as novel development and adaptation of several new components. The Instrument comprises a universal string-like electronic instrument capable of being played in multiple positions and with multiple triggering techniques. Its distinct innovation is the ability to be played in a variety of ways that are similar to many traditional and non-traditional stringed musical instruments. Its features are listed here, and more details of embodiment options are discussed below.", "The nay is blown using a unique lip technique called bilabial blowing, with both upper and lower lip used to partially close the end of the bevelled tube. The 2nd and 3rd registers are overblown a fifth and an octave higher than the 1st register respectively. Some of the tone-holes are assigned to certain microtonal steps, although microtonal variations can also be achieved by partially opening a tone-hole, changing the blowing angle or a combination of the two.", "In order to fill each of these needs described above, an electronic instrument is needed which (1) may interface with multiple types of software, (2) has tactile pseudo-strings, (3) replaces strings with pseudo-strings, but maintains a natural, expressive string-like user interface, (4) shares ergonomics with various stringed instruments, (5) allows for multiple playing techniques and (5) allows a user to switch between instrument configurations, both in playing technique and sound output. Additionally, the instrument may allow a user to perform, record, mix and play back performances.", "The goal of the project by Wake et al. [ 71 ] is to enable users to edit the characteristics of a sampled sound by using vocalizations as a tool to transform its pitch and amplitude envelope. The changes in vocal pitch and amplitude are in fact used to process the base sound. The purpose is to enable sound editing without dealing with visual waveform representation. It is meant to be a tool for sound designers, who often produce various sounds with different timbre but the same outward form (length, rhythm, pitch etc.) for comparison. The time required for producing such test sounds is sensibly reduced in comparison to traditional wave editors.", "Sibilance refers to the high frequency components of certain vocal sounds, especially “s” and “sh”. Sibilance lives in the 5 to 10 kHz frequency range, and can cause problems if over-emphasized in a recording. While it is possible to use a graphic or parametric EQ to correct for sibilance, this is often an unsatisfactory approach. Often the overall track will begin to sound dull before the sibilance is corrected. A better solution is to use a dedicated de-esser, or use an EQ in the sidechain input on a compressor to perform de-essing (see “sidechain” in the inSync Word For The Day archives for more on this). Since a de-esser dynamically corrects for sibilance (only processes where necessary), the resulting track will sound much more natural.", "provides a schematic of a color-coded retrofit system for a conventional stringed instrument in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;" ]

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[ "Tootsie Pops are known for the catch phrase \"How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?\". The phrase was first introduced in an animated commercial which debuted on U.S. television in 1969. In the original television ad, a questioning boy poses the question to a cow, a fox, a turtle and an owl. Each one of the first three animals tells the boy to ask someone else, explaining that they'd bite a Tootsie Pop every time they lick one. Eventually, he asks the owl, who starts licking it, but bites into the lollipop after only three licks, much to the chagrin of the boy, who gets the empty stick back. The commercial ends the same way, with various flavored Tootsie Pops unwrapped and being \"licked away\" until being crunched in the center. ", "(Feb. 11, 2015) – Mr. Owl said it takes three licks to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop.", "Boy: Mr. Turtle, how many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?", "Personally, I was not very satisfied with the owl's answer of “3,” so I decided to continue the little boy’s quest to find the number of licks required to reach the center of a Tootsie Pop.", "Questioning Boy: Mr. Fox, how many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?!!", "In 2014 the Tribology Laboratory at the University of Florida published a study examining the coupled effects of biology, corrosion, and mechanical agitation on the wear of Tootsie Roll Pops. Self reported wear data from 58 participants was used in conjunction with statistical analysis of actual lollipop cross-sectional information in a numerical simulation to compute the average number of licks required to reach the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Roll Pop. The number of licks required to reach the center, based on equatorial cross-section data, was found to be nearly independent of the licking style with the one-sided approach requiring 195±18 licks and the full-surface approach requiring 184±33. Detailed examination of the lollipops indicates that the minimum candy shell thickness is rarely (if ever) located along the equator. Using the global minimum distance resulted in a calculated 130±29 licks to reach the center, independent of licking style. ", "Mr. Owl was wrong. Scientists have determined the number of licks it takes to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop, and it’s not three.", "One doctorate student at the University of Michigan created his own licking machine and came up with an average of 411 licks to reach the center of the Tootsie Pop.", "A student study at the University of Cambridge concluded that it takes 3,481 licks to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop. Another study by Purdue University concluded that it takes an average of 364 licks to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop using a \"licking machine\", while it takes an average of 252 licks when tried by 20 volunteers. Yet another study by the University of Michigan concluded that it takes 411 licks to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop. A 1996 study by undergraduate students at Swarthmore College concluded that it takes a median of 144 licks (range 70–222) to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop. Nolan Walker personally found that it takes 1,139 licks as documented in a home experiment on December, 1997. Harvard Grad students created a rotating mechanical tongue and concluded it took 2255 licks. It took 2256 licks on one attempt for a normal raspberry Tootsie Pop to get the center showing. YouTube star Ryan Higa found out that it took 700 licks to get to the center of the Tootsie Pop. ", "Based on the wide range of results from these scientific studies, it's clear there remains a mystery when it comes to licks and reaching the Tootsie roll center of a Tootsie Pop. The only way to really know is to try it for yourself. Can you resist the temptation of biting your lollipop and tasting the Tootsie roll in the center, unlike Mr. Owl?", "Mr. Owl (Paul Winchell): A good question. Let's find out. (He takes the Tootsie pop and starts licking) A One... A two-HOO... A tha-three..", "It takes this many links to get to the Tootsie roll center of a Tootsie pop, and it’s a lot more than three. Time", "How Many Licks Does It Take To Get To The Center Of A Tootsie Pop? - Duration: 12:37. MrBeast 50,155 views", "“We’re thrilled that New York University has conducted a study to help find out how many licks it really takes to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop.”", "Tootsie Pop Mystery Solved: How Many Licks It Takes To Get To The Center, Based On Science", "Almost all of us have tried a Tootsie Pop at some point. I’m willing to bet that most of us also thought, “I wonder how many licks it does take to get to the center of the Tootsie Pop?” If you haven’t wondered about this, here’s the classic commercial that may get you more curious:", "isPangram$(\"the Quick brown FOX jumps over the lazy do\") no isPangram$(\"the Quick brown FOX jumps over the lazy dog\") yes isPangram$\"My dog has fleas.\" no isPangram$\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" yes isPangram$\"Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.\" yes isPangram$\"What's a jackdaw?\" no isPangram$\"Lynx c.q. vos prikt bh: dag zwemjuf!\" yes", "What’s the Word Answers: Level 492 – PET – Close-up of a dog, a cat, dog/cat treats, chew toy (blue with yellow, white and red bones on it)", "How many licks does it take? Scientists claim they’ve solved Tootsie Pop mystery | Fox 59", "Hot Dog — Dennis's rarely seen cat, who usually commiserates with him while he sits in the corner and reflects on his wrongdoings. Dennis gave the kitty this name after the cat ate a package of hot dogs.", "Hot Dog – Dennis' rarely seen cat, who usually commiserates with him while he sits in the corner and reflects on his wrongdoings. Dennis gave the kitty this name after the cat ate a package of hot dogs!", "*Hot Dog — Dennis's rarely seen cat, who usually commiserates with him while he sits in the corner and reflects on his wrongdoings. Dennis gave the kitty this name after the cat ate a package of hot dogs.", "Woodstock is a bird who quickly became Snoopy’s best friend. The only non-bird character who can understand Woodstock’s speech is Snoopy. When depicted in the comic strip, his speech is rendered almost entirely in \"chicken scratch\" marks, with Snoopy either directly translating or allowing the reader to deduce Woodstock's meaning in the context of Snoopy's replies. Woodstock does make nonverbal noises such as yawns (November 23, 1972), laughter, sighs (November 22, 1972) and \"Z\"s or snores to indicate sleep. He also uses punctuation marks like \"!\" or \"??\" to indicate emotions. In the movies and television specials, the chicken scratches are rendered audibly as a staccato series of high-pitched honks and squawks by Snoopy's voice actor, Bill Melendez. Woodstock often works as Snoopy's secretary (most notably when the latter was appointed \"Head Beagle\"), and caddies for him when he plays golf (usually with some difficulty). Woodstock also plays American football with Snoopy, usually attempting to catch the ball but, due to his size, he is simply hit by it; sometimes getting embedded into the ground a short distance. Woodstock also claims to have contact lenses (June 8, 1995).", "Sometimes the food an animal eats is available but it is difficult to reach. The echidna is an excellent example of an animal that has adapted to be able to catch and eat its favourite food, ants. The echidna has a long snout and powerful front arms that it uses to dig into hollow logs or anthills. It also has a long and sticky tongue that can extend about 15 centimetres past the end of its snout. See image 2", "There was once an Ass whose Master also owned a Lap Dog. This Dog was a favorite and received many a pat and kind word from his Master, as well as choice bits from his plate. Every day the Dog would run to meet the Master, frisking playfully about and leaping up to lick his hands and face.", "Boasting itself as \" America's favorite, #1-selling gumdrop brand \" since its introduction in 1945, these chewy little guys have been beloved for over six decades. Tootsie makes over 4 billion DOTS each year and they still come in the same original flavors today as they did in the 1940s: cherry, strawberry, lemon, lime, and orange.", "Some predators use their tongues as effective weapons. A chameleon has one of the fastest tongues. It shoots its sticky tongue, which is coated with a glue-like substance, out towards the prey to capture it for swallowing. Did you know anteaters have tongues as long as a person's arm? This adaptation helps an anteater to reach areas where he or she needs to reach.", "* Tootsie, directed by Sydney Pollack, starring Dustin Hoffman, Jessica Lange, Dabney Coleman, Charles Durning, Bill Murray, Teri Garr", "Fuzzy Snuggums from Spliced as his name suggests exists purely to be cute and the resident Chew Toy . However, what he is on an island of Mix-and-Match Critters isn't ever explained.", "Its tongue is like a feather that is used to catch food and flick it down its throat.", "Here's a game to play while waiting at a stoplight or when emptying litterboxes: What other animals have scuts?*", "\"Next question, and we're nearing your destination. How many different animal shapes are there in the \"Animal Crackers\" cookie zoo?\"" ]

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[ "Charles Manson and three of his followers (Krenwinkel, Atkins, Van Houten) were charged with the Tate/LaBianca murders. The trial was spectacular. Manson spent much of the time with his back to the judge; his actions were repeated by his co-defendants and other followers. He shaved his head and carved an swastika on his forehead; his \"family\" followed suit. All four were found guilty and sentenced to execution. Manson and other family members later received death sentences for the Hinman and Shea killings. The death penalties were commuted to life imprisonment in the 1970's when California law was changed.", "In the 1980s, Manson gave four notable interviews. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired June 13, 1981, was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin Prison and aired March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch; it won the national news Emmy Award for \"Best Interview\" in 1987. The third, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of that journalist's prime-time special on Satanism. At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a swastika, in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been. ", "On the night of August 8, 1969, Charles Manson and friends committed several brutal and bloody murders of actress Sharon Tate and four other people in Hollywood. The leader, ex-con and failed musician, was later found to be responsible for ordering the murder spree—his name was Charles Manson. During the trial, which started on June 15, 1970, Manson’s followers—followed his every move, even carving swastikas into their foreheads. After the longest trial in US history, the members of Manson’s group were found guilty and sentenced to death, but in 1972 California revoked the death penalty—before Manson or the murderers could be executed. Right after the trial, there were a number of articles written that were favorable to Manson and his followers. For a while, it appeared that he might become some sort of cult hero. While that never really materialized, Manson still receives a large amount of mail, much of it from young followers. There have been several plays about him, movies and documentaries– even an opera.", "Manson, who first appeared to the jury with a bloody X that he had carved into his forehead, insisted on defending himself. He was assisted by an older lawyer named Irving Kanarek, who was legendary for his attention to detail (much to the frustration of witnesses, judges and juries) and Ronald Hughes, \"the hippie lawyer\" who was Leslie Van Houten's attorney.", "In March 2009, a photograph taken of a 74-year-old Manson, showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray beard and hair and the swastika tattoo still prominent on his forehead, was released to the public by California corrections officials. ", "Manson is described in the interview exactly as he would be imagined: blazing eyes, unkempt hair and beard, rotten teeth - with a swastika tattooed on his forehead.", "Charles Milles Manson (born Charles Milles Maddox, November 12, 1934) is an American criminal who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in the California desert in the late 1960s. Manson and his followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations over a period of five weeks in the summer of 1969. In 1971 he was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of seven people — most notably of the actress Sharon Tate — all of which were carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He is currently serving nine concurrent life sentences at Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, California.", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American convict and career criminal, most known for his participation in the Tate-LaBianca murders of the late 1960s. Manson had spent most of his adult life in prison, initially for offenses such as car theft, forgery and credit card fraud. He also worked some time as a pimp. In the late 1960s, he became the leader of a group known as \"The Family\", and masterminded several brutal murders, most notoriously that of movie actress Sharon Tate (wife of the Polish movie director Roman Polanski), who was eight and a half months pregnant at the time. He was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder in what came to be known as the \"Tate-La Bianca case\", named after the victims, although he was not accused of committing the murders in person.", "In March 2009, a photograph taken of a 74-year old Manson, showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray beard and hair and a forehead swastika, was released to the public by California corrections officials.", "In 1989, Nikolas Schreck conducted an interview of Manson, cutting the interview up for material in his documentary Charles Manson Superstar. Schreck concluded that Manson was not insane, but merely acting that way out of frustration. ", "In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island. Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. His September 1961 annual review noted he had a \"tremendous drive to call attention to himself,\" an observation echoed in September 1964. In the interval, in 1963, Leona was granted a divorce, in the pursuit of which she alleged that she and Manson had had a son, Charles Luther.", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s.:163�4, 313 He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's objective.", "Manson: I cut the dude's ear off because he was fucking over Bobby. And Bobby was a youngster and really didn't know what the hell he was doing, and he was a kid and he never had no man show him nothing, see, so I was telling the boy, I said, uh, uh , the guy says \"You got my money?\", I said \"go over there and get your money or leave him alone.\"", "Contrary to popular lore, Manson has not had any ribs removed for the purpose of autofellatio. \"If I really got my ribs removed,\" he said in the The Long Hard Road Out of Hell autobiography, \"I would have been busy sucking my own dick on The Wonder Years instead of chasing Winnie Cooper.\"", "\"Born in Kentucky in 1934, Charles Manson is the man responsible for the serial killings of Sharon Tate and her friends. In 1967, after spending most of his adult life in prison, Manson moved to the San Francisco area in California and gathered a group of followers, which he referred to as \"the family.\" Inspired by the Beatles song \"Helter Skelter\" -- a song actually about an amusement park ride -- he became convinced of an impending race war and nuclear assault. It was August 9, 1969 when four Family members, Tex Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, Susan Atkins, and Linda Kasabian, entered the house at 10050 Cielo Drive in Beverly Hills, California and killed Sharon Tate, pregnant wife of Roman Polanski, along with four friends, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, Voytek Frykowski and Steven Parent. Manson himself wasn't present for the killings. Manson was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder on January 15, 1971.\" Original Wikipedia entry 3.3.2002", "Contrary to what some may deem \"common knowledge\", Manson has not had any ribs removed for the purpose of autofellatio. \"If I really got my ribs removed,\" he said in the The Long Hard Road out of Hell autobiography, \"I would have been busy sucking my own dick on The Wonder Years instead of chasing Winnie Cooper.\"", "In 1967, Manson, a lifetime criminal, was released from a federal penitentiary in Washington State and traveled to San Francisco, where he attracted a following among rebellious young women with troubled emotional lives. Manson established a cult based on his concept of “Helter Skelter”–an apocalyptic philosophy predicting that out of an imminent racial war in America would emerge five ruling angels: Manson, who would take on the role of Jesus Christ, and the four members of the Beatles. Manson convinced his followers that it would be necessary to murder celebrities in order to attract attention to the cult, and in 1969 they targeted Sharon Tate, a marginally successful actress who was married to Roman Polanski, a film director.", "Manson had been rejected by the music industry and wanted revenge. One suggestion is that he targeted the Tate house because it represented his rejection by the show business community he wanted to enter, and that it was of no interest to him who his actual victims would be.", "Manson is associated with \"Helter Skelter,\" the term he took from the Beatles song of that name and construed as an apocalyptic race war the murders were putatively intended to precipitate. This connection with rock music linked him, from the beginning of his notoriety, with pop culture, in which he became an emblem of insanity, violence, and the macabre. Ultimately, the term was used as the title of the book that prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi wrote about the Manson murders.", "In later years Manson became inspired by a belief in \" Helter Skelter ,\" a term taken from The Beatles' song of the same name, which signified an apocalyptic race war he believed would arise between blacks and whites. As well as the music of The Beatles, Manson's scenario was also inspired by the New Testament's Book of Revelation.", "Manson named his self-proclaimed art movement Celebritarian Corporation. He has coined a slogan for the movement: “We will sell our shadow to those who stand within it.” In 2005 he said that the Celebritarian Corporation has been \"incubating for seven years\" which if correct would indicate that Celebritarian Corporation, in some form, started in 1998. ", "Manson named his self-proclaimed art movement the Celebritarian Corporation . He has coined a slogan for the movement: \"We will sell our shadow to those who stand within it.\" In 2005 he said that the Celebritarian Corporation has been \"incubating for seven years\" which if correct would indicate that Celebritarian Corporation, in some form, started in 1998.", "Manson was thirty-five years of age, and had no college education. He was an extroverted, persuasive individual who served as absolute ruler of the group marriage commune. What he sanctioned was approved by the rest of the group, but what he disapproved was forbidden. (16)", "Near the end of 1959, Manson conned a young woman out of $700 in savings to invest in his nonexistent company. To make matters worse, he got her pregnant and then drugged and raped her roommate. He fled to Texas but was arrested and put in prison to serve out his ten-year sentence. \"If there ever was a man who demonstrated himself completely unfit for probation, he is it,\" the judge said. Eventually at the age of 26 he was sent to the U.S. Penitentiary at McNeil Island , Washington .", "Manson, whose messianic visage once dominated the covers of such esteemed magazines as Life and Rolling Stone, hasn't gotten much publicity this century.", "* April 9 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death; in 1972, the sentence for all California Death Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.", "I remember another flag of Marilyn Manson, by the way. It was a long vertical hanging in black with a white circle with red bordure in centre. In the white circle was a back symbol which I am not sure of, but if I recall correctly it was one lightningbolt looking almost like the S used in the emlem of Nazi-German SS; perhaps it was a stylized M though. Manson had this on stage at some show.", "Four decades after what Bugliosi calls an \"orgy of murder,\" the legacy of Manson looms disturbingly over pop culture and an entertainment capital that still seems to be coming to grips with the madness of the convicted mass murderer.", "Marilyn Manson was one of the most controversial figures of the '90s, although the debate over his music didn't boil over until the latter half of the decade. From his \"Antichrist Superstar\" album to his iconic style, Manson became both the poster child -- and scapegoat -- for disaffected youth.", "Before Carlos Lehder began serving a 135-year (later reduced to 55-year) sentence for drug trafficking, he was living the high life (literally) as a Colombian drug lord. When he wasn’t drug-lording, however, Lehder was running a German-themed resort in Pereira, Colombia. Being both a Nazi sympathizer and a Beatles fan, Lehder decided his resort needed a statue of a nude John Lennon, clutching a guitar and wearing a Wehrmacht helmet at a jaunty angle. The finishing touch was a hole in his back. This is what your brain does on drugs, it would seem.", "Many factors. The single most important is that the murders were probably the most bizarre in American crime, and people are fascinated by things that are strange and bizarre. It's not the brutality -- they were extremely brutal murders, but like you say, there have been more brutal murders. Not the prominence of the victims. Another reason -- the very name \"Manson\" has become a metaphor for evil, and evil has its allure.", "Controversy erupted in July 2009 when a monument to Cobain in Aberdeen along the Wishkah River included the quote \"... Drugs are bad for you. They will fuck you up\". The city ultimately decided to sandblast the monument to replace the expletive with \"f---\", but fans immediately drew the letters back in. " ]

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[ "Kitchen Stadium once again opens its doors to find a new culinary warrior in the sizzling primetime series The Next Iron Chef. Ten top chefs from around the country will compete to join the ranks of Mario Batali, Cat Cora, Bobby Flay, Masaharu Morimoto and Michael Symon and be launched into instant fame. Hosted by Alton Brown (Good Eats, Iron Chef America), the reality show will force the contestants into a series of challenging situations that test their culinary skills and mental toughness. As they travel near and far, the chefs must demonstrate their speed, artistry, innovation and leadership as they strive to attain greatness and become America’s Next Iron Chef. Premieres: October 2009.", "\"Iron Chef America\": Based on the Japanese cult sensation, this FN show carries on the legend of Kitchen Stadium and the famed \"secret ingredient.\" Each week, world-class chefs battle the legendary Iron Chefs of America: Mario Batali, Cat Cora, Bobby Flay, Marc Forgione, Jose Garces, Alex Guarnaschelli, Masaharu Morimoto, Michael Symon, and Geoffrey Zakarian. Brown serves as commentator and Mark Dacascos is chairman.", "Alton Crawford Brown (born July 30, 1962) is an American television personality, food show presenter, author, actor, and cinematographer. He is the creator and host of the Food Network television show Good Eats (14 seasons), host of the mini-series Feasting on Asphalt and Feasting on Waves, and host and main commentator on Iron Chef America, Cutthroat Kitchen and Camp Cutthroat. Brown is also the author of several books on food and cooking.", "On Anthony Bourdain: “I don’t have to defend my skills against anybody. I’ve got 14 years and 252 episodes of a show called Good Eats that I’m pretty sure I can use as a résumé for my skills. When was the last time you saw Anthony Bourdain actually cook anything? I’ve spent 14 years cooking my own food on television and I’ve never seen him cook a meal. I will say this: I think that [he] is probably the best writer about food. I’m jealous of his work. He pokes a lot of things and that’s fine; you have to have critics, issue provocateurs, so to speak […] I’m a fan, and the few times I’ve gotten to work with him I enjoyed it immensely.”", "ICA will occasionally stage special themed battles, generally during the holiday period. The first of these was held on November 12, 2006. A special 90-minute episode of Iron Chef America pitted two guest Food Network personalities, Giada De Laurentiis and Rachael Ray , the latter of whom does not consider herself a chef, against each other after they each received tips and training from Iron Chefs Bobby Flay and Mario Batali, respectively. While the early part of the episode made it appear as though it would be a head-to-head battle, the Chairman announced just prior to the secret ingredient reveal that it would in fact be a tag-team battle, with each of the women joined by the Iron Chef who trained her. The secret ingredient for the special was cranberries . The expanded timeframe allowed for longer cuts of the competition hour and the tasting segments to be presented, and the show as a whole had a more laid-back feel than regular ICA episodes. Plenty of joking and good-natured ribbing took place on both sides of the kitchen, such as Batali's effort to \"bribe\" the judges with cranberry bellini cocktails. The battle was won by Iron Chef Batali and guest chef Ray.", "James Trevor Oliver, (born 27 May 1975), known as Jamie Oliver, is a British celebrity chef and restaurateur. He is most known for his typical healthy English cuisine that has garnered him numerous television shows and restaurants.", "In the modern era since the advent of television several chefs have been attributed the title of the \"first celebrity chef\", including Julia Child in the United States and Fanny Cradock in the UK. While television is ultimately the primary way for a chef to become a celebrity, some have achieved this through success in the kitchen and achieving such awards as Michelin stars while others are home cooks.", "Dedicated food related television channels have also become a medium for chefs to become household names, for example in the United States, the Food Network features shows from celebrity chefs such as Paula Deen and Bobby Flay. While in the UK, the Good Food Channel has shows with chefs such as Rick Stein and Jamie Oliver. Certain chefs, such as Nigella Lawson have had shows featuring on channels in more than one country.", "Marco Pierre White (born 11 December 1961) is a British chef, celebrity, restaurateur and television personality. He is noted for his contributions to contemporary British cuisine. White has been dubbed the first celebrity chef, and the enfant terrible of the UK restaurant scene. He was called the godfather of modern cooking by Australian MasterChef (Season 4, Episode 53). White was, at the time, the youngest chef ever to have been awarded three Michelin stars. He has trained chefs including Gordon Ramsay , Curtis Stone and Shannon Bennett.", "Celebrity chefs have changed the style of food that the general public consume. For example, despite the fact that Asian cuisine had been available in the UK since before the Victorian era, it was only due to the influence of chefs like Ken Hom and Madhur Jaffrey in the early eighties that the public became aware that these anglicised meals were not the authentic article. Tying into his first television series in 1984, the book Ken Hom's Chinese Cookery sold 1.2 million copies in the UK alone. Chef Jamie Oliver ran a campaign in the UK in his television show Jamie's School Dinners to introduce better eating habits in school dinners for schoolchildren. The campaign saw a change in food standard requirements across the UK, and the show was exported to the United States for the same purpose. ", "Flay is an Iron Chef on the show Iron Chef America. In 2000, when the original Iron Chef show traveled to New York for a special battle, he challenged Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto to battle rock crab. After the hour battle ended, Flay stood on top of his cutting board and raised his arms in what one journalist wrote was \"in premature victory\". As Morimoto felt that real chefs consider cutting boards and knives as sacred, and being offended by Flay's flamboyant gesture, he criticized his professionalism, saying that Flay was \"not a chef\". Flay went on to lose the battle. Flay challenged Morimoto to a rematch in Morimoto's native Japan. This time, Flay won.", "Oliver is the second British celebrity chef (after Robert Irvine) to appear as a challenger on Iron Chef America. In 2012, Oliver appeared during Week 6 of the series on MasterChef.", "Graham Kerr, The Galloping Gourmet was indeed Televisions 1st Celebrity Chef. In the 1960’s and through the 70’s and 80’s  his shows captured a world wide audience. Born into a hotel family he traveled to work with Europe’s finest chefs. Among many stints in the kitchens he was Head Chef at The Royal Ascot Hotel. He moved to New Zealand in 1958 and there began his broadcasting career.", "Jamie Oliver, the Naked Chef, is a culinary star and one of the world’s hottest young chefs. His audience appeal around the world keeps growing as he teaches everyone the secret behind fresh, simple, delicious cooking. With two best-selling books, a third on the way, and an extremely successful TV series he has won many awards including “Most Stylish Male TV Personality”, “Best TV Cook”, and “Best Presenter” at the GQ Man of the Year Awards", "HE RACES around the place coaxing us into cooking healthy food. He's on TV every five minutes. He writes all those bestselling cookbooks (17 so far). How does Jamie Oliver do it all? One word: Jools.", "Iron Chef placed world famous chefs from around the world in head to head cuisine competition. Other great series that are featured on this top 1990s reality shows list include Candid Camera, Blind Date and Road Rules.", "His engaging personality has made Bourdain a popular guest on many shows; both reality and fiction. He has appeared as guest judge on Top Chef and The Taste, as guest commentator on Andrew Zimmern’s Bizarre Foods: America, as “Dr Tony” in Yo Gabba Gabba!, as himself on The Simpsons and on the animated show Archer as the voice of “Chef Lance Casteau”, a parody of Bourdain and other aggressive chef personalities. He also appeared as himself in the 2015 movie The Big Short, in which he uses seafood stew as an analogy for a collateralised debt obligation.", "Concurrently with his restaurant and catering operations, Wolfgang Puck has made a name for himself as a communicator. He has written six cookbooks and has been a regular guest on ABC's Good Morning America since 1986, the year he also produced his first instructional cooking video, Spago Cooking with Wolfgang Puck. His Emmy Award-winning television series, \"Wolfgang Puck,\" debuted on The Food Network in 2000 and aired for five seasons. Wolfgang also has made guest appearances on a multitude of television shows including The Late Show with David Letterman, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The Ellen De Generes Show, Entertainment Tonight, E! Entertainment Television, Hollywood Squares, Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, Frasier, The Simpsons, The History Channel, Wheel of Fortune, Las Vegas, Shark and What's My Line. In 2001, the A&E Network featured the life of Wolfgang Puck on their popular Biography series.", "Guy Fieri (born Guy Ramsay Ferry on 22 January 1968) looks and sounds like the kind of tattooed, bottle-blond creep you pray your daughter will never date. Despite his Bozo-like persona, Fieri is a successful restaurateur, author and television personality; reportedly worth $8.5m. He co-owns six restaurants in California and is widely known for his television series on the Food Network. In 2010, the Food Network had made Fieri the \"face of the network\". The New York Times gushed that Fieri brought an \"element of rowdy, mass-market culture to American food television\", and that his \"prime-time shows attract more male viewers than any others on the network.” There is clearly no accounting for taste – millions of Americans want Donald Trump to be their next president!", "I know that you must be the most intelligent human being in the world. I realize this because my last name is also Adams. I've also read \"The Prince\" by Machiavelli and understand that flattery will get me everywhere. Oh great one, what became of the greatest and most drunk TV cook commonly referred to as the Galloping Gourmet? I vaguely remember watching this cullinary giant at the tender age of 7. I also recollect that he gained much of his inspiration by drinking large quantities of wine while on the air. What was his name? What became of him? Finally, but least of all, may I become a great chef by drinking large quantities of alcohol on television?", "Almost forgotten by the turn of the 2000s, Graham Kerr was the celebrity chef of the 1970s. He became famous for his one show, the \"Galloping Gourmet.\" 455 episodes were filmed in all.", "In addition to being a successful cookbook author, Marcus released his New York Times bestseller and James Beard–wining memoir,Yes, Chef, in 2012 to rave reviews. He has been featured on a number of media platforms including Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, The Martha Stewart Show, Today Show, Regis and Kelly, and Charlie Rose. He was the winner on Bravo’s Top Chef Masters Season Two as well as the second season of Chopped All-Stars. Marcus also serves as a recurring judge for Chopped, one of Food Network’s highest-rated series with a following of over 20 million viewers a month, and is a judge on the second season of ABC’s The Taste, guiding a team of new culinary talent through a series of challenges.", "Alongside his acting career, he has also ventured behind the camera, working as an editor, producer and indie filmmaker with credits such as \"My Sweet Killer\", \"Hard Luck\", \"Valentina's Tango\", as well as behind-the-scenes DVD content for Sony Pictures' \"Underworld\" franchise and Showtime's \"Californication\". Another life long passion behind the camera was food and he was invited to cook alongside Bobby Flay on the Food Network hit \"Grill It with Bobby Flay\" where he displayed a family recipe for Thai BBQ Chicken and a flair for Food TV.", "foodies. He is a pioneer in the celebrity chef realm – one of the originals.  With nearly two dozen restaurants, and countless Wolgang Puck Express locations, his brand management employs three distinct culinary corporations to stay on top of daily operations:", "Cook Like an Iron Chef, a Cooking Channel show starring Symon, debuted in July 2010. He described it as \"a show for the people who've watched Food Network forever and are ready to learn something more advanced or more creative.\" ", "No Reservations: Around the World on an Empty Stomach is a book by Anthony Bourdain and a companion to the television show of the same name. The book serves as a scrap book of the previous three seasons of the television show and has extensive photographs of Bourdain and his crew at work filming the series.", "Wolfgang has changed the way Americans cook and eat by mixing formal French techniques and Asian- and California-influenced aesthetics with the highest quality ingredients. He also has changed the face of dining in cities throughout the nation, first in Los Angeles, then in Las Vegas, where he was the first star chef to create a contemporary fine dining restaurant, paving the way for other celebrated chefs and the city's metamorphosis into a dining destination.", "In 2012, Orlando chef Emily Ellyn was among the 15 contestants hoping to win her own cooking show on the eighth season of \"Food Network Star.\" Ellyn was mentored by Brown. Her retro-rad culinary style did not earn her a series, but she did return to the network to assist Hollis Wilder (Sweet By Holly) on an episode of \"Cupcake Wars.\"", "* In 2009 and 2011, Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations won a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming.", "* In 2013 and 2014, Bourdain was Emmy nominated for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program for The Taste.", "There was butter, cream, wine and laughter. During the run of \"The Galloping Gourmet\", Weight Watchers named him \"public enemy number one\" and sent him a broken spoon. He was considered outrageous for the times. While making a chicken dish, he'd say \"All right, ladies! Throw your breasts into the pan.\" He joked, played camp and laughed with his viewers, and never minded making himself the object of laughs. His episodes went so fast that no one was ever really able to write the recipes down.", "Flay has hosted several Food Network television programs, appeared as a guest and hosted a number of specials on the network. Flay is also featured on the Great Chefs television series. " ]

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[ "Edward Cullen and Jacob Black are fictional characters from the Twilight series who compete for the love of Bella Swan . While Edward Cullen is a vampire, Jacob Black is a werewolf.", "Edward Cullen (né Edward Anthony Masen) is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series. He is featured in the books Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn, and their corresponding film adaptations, and the as yet unfinished novel Midnight Sun—a re-telling of the events of Twilight from Edward's perspective. Edward is a telepathic vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan, a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well. In the Twilight film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson.", "Edward Cullen (Edward Anthony Masen) is a fictional character in Stephanie Meyer's Twilight series. He is featured in the books Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn, and their corresponding film adaptations, and the as yet unfinished novel Midnight Sun - a re-telling of the events of Twilight from Edward's perspective. Edward is a telepathic Vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan, a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well. In the Twilight film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson.", "Jacob Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer . He is described as an attractive Native American of the Quileute tribe in La Push, near Forks, Washington. In the second book of the series, he discovers that he can shapeshift into a wolf. For the majority of the series, Jacob competes with Edward Cullen for Bella Swan's love. In the films Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn Part 1 and Breaking Dawn Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner .", "Twilight is a series of four vampire-themed fantasy romance novels by American author Stephenie Meyer. It charts a period in the life of Isabella \"Bella\" Swan, a teenage girl who moves to Forks, Washington, and falls in love with a 104-year-old vampire named Edward Cullen. The series is told primarily from Bella's point of view, with the epilogue of Eclipse and Part II of Breaking Dawn being told from the viewpoint of character Jacob Black, a werewolf. The unpublished Midnight Sun is a retelling of the first book, Twilight, from Edward Cullen's point of view. The novella The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner, which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in Eclipse, was published on June 5, 2010 as a hardcover book and on June 7 as a free online ebook.", "Edward Cullen-(né Edward Anthony Masen) a fictional character from Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series. He features in the Twilight book and film series as well as the unpublished Midnight Sun.", "Twilight by Stephenie Meyer is the first book in the Twilight Saga . It was originally published in hardcover in 2005. It is a young adult/fantasy/romance novel about a human girl ( Isabella \"Bella\" Marie Swan ) who falls in love with a vampire ( Edward Cullen ). The story is told from Bella’s perspective. The unfinished and unreleased companion novel, Midnight Sun , features the story told from Edward’s perspective, which was illegally leaked out onto the internet.", "�� Whilst Bella Swan is arguably active in terms of sexual advances throughout the Twilight saga, there is plenty of evidence in the text to suggest that the crux of Edward Cullen�s desire towards her is innately cruel. Kraft-Ebing refers to violent, lustful men as �monstrous� and the Twilight saga centres around the apparent humanity of mythical monsters. In fact, much of Edward and Bella�s discourse in Twilight is littered with thinly veiled threats alluding to Bella Swan�s death:", "Jacob Black is Bella’s best friend. He is a Quileute Native American and a werewolf. In Twilight, Jacob plays the minor role of a forgotten childhood friend of Bella’s, and he develops a crush on her. In an attempt to learn more about Cullens, Bella flirts with Jacob, and he tells her tribe legends about “the cold ones”, or vampires. After Edward leaves Bella in New Moon, she spends much of her time with Jacob. Though she only considers him a friend, Jacob falls in love with Bella. Although he spends most of his time in Eclipse trying to win Bella, inBreaking Dawn he imprints— an involuntary process in which a werewolf finds their soul mate— on Bella and Edward’s daughter, Renesmee.", "In Twilight, Edward meets Bella Swan, a human girl whose thoughts he is unable to read, and whose blood smells overwhelmingly sweet to him. He fights a growing attraction to her, but after saving her life on several occasions, he succumbs and eventually falls in love with her. Edward admits to Bella that he is a vampire, and that although he retains the physical body of a seventeen-year-old, he was actually born on June 20, 1901. His adoptive father, Carlisle Cullen, transformed him into a vampire in 1918 to prevent him from dying in the Spanish influenza epidemic in Chicago, Illinois by the request of Edward's mother who begged him to do whatever it took to save him. Carlisle instilled in him a sense of morality uncommon in most vampires, and central to his way of life is the refusal to consider humans as food.", "Billy Black is Jacob Black's father, born and raised in La Push, and an elder of the Quileute tribe. He is described as being heavyset, having a wrinkled face and russet skin, and having black hair and black eyes. His other family members include his two daughters, Rachel and Rebecca, and his deceased wife, Sarah. Billy Black is directly descended from the last chief of the Quileute tribe, Ephraim Black, who was his grandfather. Among Billy's best friends in Forks is Bella Swan's father, Charlie Swan. Billy, who has diabetes and uses a wheelchair, sells his truck to Charlie to give to Bella. At the end of Twilight, he employed Jacob to persuade Bella to break up with Edward Cullen. He becomes a semi-regular character throughout the remaining series.", "* Jacob Black: A minor character in the first novel, Jacob is introduced as a member of the Quileute tribe. He resurfaces in New Moon with a larger role as Bella's best friend as she struggles through her depression over losing Edward. Although he is in love with Bella, she initially sees him as just her best friend. He and other tribe members can shape-shift into wolves. In Eclipse Bella realizes that she loves Jacob, though her feelings for him are overpowered by her love for Edward Cullen. In Breaking Dawn, Jacob finds a soul mate in Bella and Edward's baby daughter, Renesmee, ridding him of his heartache for Bella.", "In Stephanie Meyer's Twilight saga, gender roles are switched--the protagonist, Bella Swan, wants to be with Edward (mysterious, pale, creepy) but Jacob (long-time best friend, genuinely cares about her), who she does have some romantic feelings for, wants to be with her.", "�This is the same love that is propagated in the Twilight saga. Edward�s love for Bella isn�t a safe or reliable love- it�s one with sharp edges and the tendency to burn. But the burns Bella is on the receiving end of often manifest themselves in Cullen�s controlling nature and his desire to drain her of her blood. Consequently, Bella Swan often appears to exhibit conflicting emotions when referring to Edward- as well as love, she also expresses sentiments of fear or depression- �I tried to keep my eyes away from his perfection as much as possible, but I slipped often. Each time, his beauty pierced me through with sadness� (Twilight 225).", "��� Bella Swan is a victim, a character that is in a constant state of suffering and pain. In the saga this pain alternates between the emotional and the physical. As Jacob Black, Bella�s forbidden love interest, accurately defines in Eclipse, Edward Cullen is Bella�s drug- an addiction that eases her pain. Bella falls into a catatonic state of depression when Edward leaves her and she does not recover until another strong male figure enters her life.� Meyer uses the physical, hard copy of the text to illustrate the blank despair Bella experiences. Meyer�s intent seems to have strived to take the notion of first person protagonist to an emotional extreme.", "In Twilight, Bella moves to her father's home in Forks, Washington, meets the mysterious Cullen family, and falls in love with Edward Cullen. However, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires. Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, against Edward's wishes. In the second novel, New Moon, Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black, a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form, comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella. She comes to care deeply for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward. At the end of Eclipse, Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn. On their honeymoon, she becomes pregnant by Edward and, due to the peculiar nature of her baby, Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter, Renesmee Cullen. Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life.", "    The second novel in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series starts off with the Cullen family throwing Bella Swan an 18th birthday party.  At the party, Bella accidentally cuts her finger on one of the gifts she is opening and Jasper Cullen, attracted to the scent of her blood,  attempts to attack her.  Luckily, Bella's boyfriend and Jasper's brother, Edward, is able to protect her.  After this incident, the Cullens decide that it is safest for Bella to move away from Forks.  This leaves Bella sulking and moping around.  Eventually, she finds that her only way to cope with her depression is to put herself in danger as when she is in harm's way she hears Edward's voice in her head trying to stop her.  She goes to Jacob Black, an old family friend, to help her out with this, and he helps her restore a couple of old motorcycles.  Jacob and her become very close as the story progresses and she discovers more and more about him including that he has a secret of his own... he's a werewolf.  How will this secret affect Bella's feelings for Jacob when she knows that the werewolves are the Cullen's biggest enemy?", "In Forks, Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson) proposes Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) that actually wants to become immortal and is divided between her love for Edward and her friendship with Jacob Black (Taylor Lautner). Meanwhile, in Seattle, Victoria (Bryce Dallas Howard) is raising an army of newborn vampires to destroy Bella and revenge the death of her beloved James, who was destroyed by Edward. However the killings are calling the attention of the fearful Volturis that are coming to Forks. Edward and his clan and Jacob and his pack are forced to join forces to destroy Victoria and her army.", "* Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan, a seventeen-year-old girl who moves to the small town of Forks, Washington from Phoenix, Arizona and falls in love with Edward Cullen, a vampire. Her life is endangered after James, a sadistic vampire, decides to hunt her.", "Embry Call has gray fur with dark spots on his back, and is another one of Jacob's \"wingmen\". He appears briefly in  New Moon  and  Eclipse . Embry calls  Bella Swan  \"vampire girl\" because she hangs out with the Cullen family. His mother was a woman of the Makah tribe, not the Quileutes; since the werewolf traits are inherited from father to son, he is therefore the half-brother of either Quil Ateara, Jacob Black, or Sam Uley. This causes some stress within the pack, since all of these men's fathers were married before and at the time of his birth.", "Larry Carroll for MTV Movies deemed Edward and Bella \"an iconic love story for a whole generation\", while Kirkus cited Edward's portrayal in Twilight as being \"overly Byronic\". Edward Cullen was also ranked #5 on the Forbes list of Hollywood's 10 Most Powerful Vampires. Entertainment Weekly named him \"one of the greatest characters of the last 20 years\" and described him as a \"literary influence and love of girls and women everywhere for a long time to come\". ", "Isabella Swan grew up as the best friend of Alice Cullen, younger sister of Edward Cullen, who was never nice to Bella despite her being an \"honorary Cullen.\" Everything changes when Edward is sent to prison for the murder of Bella's mother. AU-Human", "After being dragged to a baseball game by her best friend, Bella Swan meets handsome first baseman, Edward Cullen with the help of a rogue foul ball. There's something about him that she can't put out of her head, and apparently neither can he. E/B AU AH", "Bella Swan is getting married in two months. But nothing seems right. Jake's not the man she loves... Turns out she's already married to Edward Cullen, a man she can't remember after her accident, and when they meet again, he's not letting her go twice.", "In her suffocating small hometown, Bella Swan meets widowed Edward Cullen. Can she pull him from the depths of his grief? Is there enough of him left to soothe her clawing loneliness? AUAH E&B.", "After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child—a creation forbidden in the vampire world—the Volturi arrive to destroy the Cullens. Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child and poses no threat to their existence. Once the Volturi leave, Edward and Bella feel free to live their lives in peace with their daughter. ", "After Bella Swan's best friend releases a portrait of her it is purchased an an auction by Edward Masen, one of society's elite photographers, who seems to have an irresistible draw to Bella. Can Bella accept Edward's attention? Originally by xx.Nikteche", "Edward is the oldest son of Carlisle, King of Volterra. Bella is an American woman on a three month trip with her stepsister, Rose, and her boyfriend, Emmett. What happens when Bella and Edward meet? Will Edward choose love or his duty? ALL HUMAN.", "Bella's first year of college started out great. Her best friend Alice was with her and she was on her own for the first time. But one awful night threatens to take it all away. Will the one she has a crush on, Edward Cullen, be the one to save her?", "Epilogue posted! Completely alternate universe. No vampires, but lots of Edward and Bella. Lord Edward is the second son of a duke and on one mistaken night, his fate and the fate of a Viscount's daughter is forever intertwined. Set in 19th century London.", "This is certainly true of Bella Swan. She is wholly undeterred by Edward Cullen�s desire to feed upon her blood. And it isn�t just Bella that recognises this:", "*Pick a Pic Challenge Entry* It was just a bit of fun, a chance for an all-expenses paid vacation, and a favor for her bestie. Never in a billion years could Bella have imagined just how much meeting Edward Cullen would invert her world." ]

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[ "Poppin' Fresh, more widely known as the Pillsbury Doughboy, is an advertising icon and mascot of the Pillsbury Company, appearing in many of their commercials. Many commercials from 1965 until 2004 (returned in 2009 to 2011 and 2013 in a Geico Commercial) conclude with a human finger poking the Doughboy's stomach. The Doughboy responds when his stomach is poked by giggling (Hoo-Hoo!, or earlier on, a slight giggle \"tee hee\").", "Perz originally conceived the Doughboy as an animated figure, but changed his mind after seeing a stop motion titling technique used in the opening credits for The Dinah Shore Show. A three-dimensional Doughboy puppet was then created at a cost of $16,000. Veteran cartoon voice actor Paul Frees was chosen to be Fresh's voice. Veteran stop-motion animator George Pal was hired to animate him. The first Poppin' Fresh commercials aired in October 1965. Since then, Pillsbury has used Poppin' Fresh in more than 600 commercials for more than fifty of its products. He also appeared in a MasterCard commercial, with the Jolly Green Giant, the Morton Salt Girl, the Vlasic stork, and Count Chocula, as some of the ten merchandising icons, depicted as having dinner together. He even appears in ads for the Got Milk? ad campaign and the Sprint Phone Company.", "October 1965 - Pillsbury debuted 14-ounce, 8 3/4-inch Poppin' Fresh Doughboy character in a Crescent Roll commercial; actor Paul Frees performed original voice of the Doughboy ( (voice of Boris Badenov in \"The Adventures of Bullwinkle and Rocky\"); conceived by Rudy Perz, copywriter at Leo Burnett advertising agency; August 4, 1970 - Pillsbury registered \"Poppin' Fresh\" trademark first used June 1966 (dolls); 1972 - named \"Toy of the Year\" by Playthings Magazine.", "As successful as Pepsi was during the 1960s, it was still trailing behind Coke. In response, Kendall thought it was important to expand the company' product line beyond soft drinks. At a grocer's convention in 1960, he met Herman W. Lay, the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Frito-Lay, the nation's leading manufacturer of such snack foods as Lay's potato chips, Cheetos, Ruffles, and Rold Gold pretzels. The two decided to merge companies, and in 1965, PepsiCo, Inc. became the name of the new company. A year later they introduced Doritos, which eventually became the most popular snack chip in the United States.", "Tony the Tiger is the advertising cartoon mascot for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes (also known as Frosties) breakfast cereal, appearing on its packaging and advertising. More recently, Tony has also become the mascot for Tony's Cinnamon Krunchers and Tiger Power. Since his debut in 1951, the character has spanned several generations and become a breakfast cereal icon.", "An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets. Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. Created in 1963, the cartoon character's voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. ", "From a comic-strip format that ran in newspapers and featured Keystone Kop-like characters named Pepsi and Pete to radio spots that featured the famous \"Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot\" jingle, the company's advertising continued to evolve and its budget to grow. McDonough said that following World War II Pepsi had an advertising budget that approached $4 million. Pepsi pushed for a more glamorous image in the 1950s with themes such as \"More Bounce to the Ounce,\" which McDonough said was a veiled reference to a well-known television actress of the time who favored low-cut necklines and plenty of exposed cleavage, and \"Reduced Calories,\" before diet drinks were the rage. The tagline \"Say Pepsi Please\" was introduced in 1957 and lasted through the end of the decade. In 1960 BBDO took over Pepsi's advertising.", "Cocoa Krispies first appeared in the United States in 1958, represented by a chimpanzee named Jose. He was quickly replaced by Coco the Elephant in 1959 when Mexican-Americans complained. In 1963, the Hanna-Barbera character Snagglepuss took over as the mascot. Ogg the Caveman took over in 1968. In 1971, Tusk the Elephant became the mascot of the cereal, and he remained until 1982. Snap, Crackle and Pop (the mascots of Rice Krispies) also became the mascots for Cocoa Krispies starting in 1982. In 1991, the mascot became Coco the Monkey. In 2001, Snap, Crackle, and Pop returned, and they remain the product's mascots.", "Companies like General Mills and Kellogg's tend to have a mascot for each of their brands of breakfast cereals, some of whom spend their lives chasing a Cereal Vice Reward . A few examples:", "Over the years, the Peanuts characters have appeared in ads for Dolly Madison snack cakes, Chex Mix , Bounty , Cheerios , A&W Root Beer , Kraft Foods , and Ford automobiles. [3] [3] [3] Pig-Pen appeared in a memorable spot for Regina vacuum cleaners. [3]", "* In 1966, the duo appeared between show segments in ads for General Mills' Frosty O's cereal and Kendall \"Curad Comic Strips\" plastic bandages ", "Pepsi proved to be a cutting-edge self-promoter early on in the company's history, always with a youthful consumer in mind. The late 1930s and early 1940s saw the advent of popular cartoon characters Pepsi and Pete, a pair of Keystone Kop imitators who promoted Pepsi with the slogan \"Cost small! Liked by all! Bottle tall!\" in Sunday comic strip form and an animated short film. In this era, with Walter Mack at the helm of Pepsi, media usage was becoming a key tool. It was then that Pepsi became a radio-jingle pioneer with the hugely successful \"Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot,\" which soared to the top of the popular-music charts.", "Over the years, the Peanuts characters have appeared in ads for Dolly Madison snack cakes, Chex Mix , Bounty , Cheerios , A&W Root Beer , Kraft Foods , and Ford automobiles. [27] [28] Pig-Pen appeared in a memorable spot for Regina vacuum cleaners . [29]", "Many television commercials for Cheerios have targeted children featuring animated characters (such as an animated Honeybee). Bullwinkle was featured in early 1960s commercials; being his usual likably klutzy self; the tag line at the end of the ad being \"Go with Cheerios!\" followed by Bullwinkle, usually worse for wear due to his Cheerios-inspired bravery somewhat backfiring, saying \"...but watch where you're going!\" Also, Hoppity Hooper was featured in ads in the mid-1960s, as General Mills was the primary sponsor of his animated program.", "126#more-126 1938 Kellogg's Rice Krispies Vernon Grant Prints] The original gnome-like Snap! first appeared in 1933 on a package of Kellogg's Rice Krispies. Crackle! and Pop! came later, and since 1939, the three have been together in many forms of advertising, including radio, movie shorts, and comic strips. An updated version of the elf-like Snap, Crackle, and Pop appeared for the first time on television in 1960; before that it was advertised by Woody Woodpecker. They are the first and longest-running cartoon characters to represent a Kellogg's product. ", "Competition with Kelloggs who had a strong popularity and a loyal following required innovative thinking and General Mills under the direction of the company owner James Bell were inspired to sponsor a radio show aimed at children yet with a moral story to every episode, by a happy coincidence the creator of the Lone Ranger was in need of a sponsor to get the show organized throughout the United States beginning in 1949. The association with the Lone Ranger continued for 20 years and helped drive Cheerios into the top spot as the most popular breakfast cereal.", "Pepsi-Cola makes advertising history as Michael Jackson and his brothers usher in a new generation of Pepsi advertising in two of the most eagerly awaited television commercials featuring music marketing. Pepsi becomes \"The Choice of a New Generation.\"", "The Bassett's company mascot is Bertie Bassett, a figure made up of liquorice allsorts, which has become a part of British popular culture. The character's origins lie with advertising copywriter Frank Regan, who used the sweets and a number of pipe-cleaners to construct what was the original version of Bertie. One of the sweets in the modern day allsorts mix is a liquorice figure shaped like Bertie.", "The United Biscuit Company of America updated its corporate structure throughout the first years of the 1960s. The bakeries adopted one brand name for their products in 1966. The corporation hoped to establish national recognition for its products. The name that it chose for its brand was Keebler.", "Throughout the 1950s the company extended its cereals product line and started to create more powerful and enduring brands such as: Kellogg's® Corn Pops®, Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®, Kellogg's® Honey Smacks™, Kellogg's® Cocoa Krispies™ and Kellogg's® Special K®, (which was the first high-protein breakfast cereal ever offered to consumers). Sales of Kellogg's Frosted Flakes were boosted by the introduction of its ‘spokesperson’ Tony the Tiger® who made his first appearance in the 1950s. In the 1960s Kelloggs strengthened its position with the introduction of even more new consumer products: Froot Loops®, Kellogg's Apple Jacks®, Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats®, Kellogg's Bran Buds®, Kellogg's Product 19®, Kellogg's Pop-Tarts®, and Kellogg's® Croutettes™ croutons.", "When Kellogg's Rice Krispies first hit the market in 1928, it was hard to miss the distinctive crackling sound the cereal made when mixed with milk. In 1933, a tiny gnome named Snap! appeared on the box wearing a baker's hat and carrying a spoon; by 1939, Crackle! and Pop! joined him. Ten years later, the three gnomes had a complete makeover, resulting in slimmer noses and ears, individual hats and distinctive personalities. Photo: Courtesy of Kellogg's", "So-called \"reverse product placement\" creates real products to match those seen in a fictional setting. For example, in 2007, 7-Eleven rebranded 11 of its American stores and one Canadian store as \"Kwik-E-Marts\", selling versions of products seen in episodes of the The Simpsons, such as Buzz Cola and Krusty-O's cereal. In 1997, Acme Communications was created as a chain of real television stations; the firm is named for the fictional Acme Corporation of Warner Brothers fame. Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) led to a real Willy Wonka candy company, established soon after the film's release.", "The marketing of Cheerios was done in quite aggressive way as Cheeri Oats, but another company was already using the name and after a short dispute General Mills management agreed in 1945 to change the name to Cheerios, this name has been kept to the present day. Beginning in the early 1940s, around the time the Cheerios brand was being marketed the company created a cartoon character named Cheeri O’Leary as its brand icon. At that time television had not reached critical mass yet so the character was used in both animated form and printed form proving popular with children.", "Rocky and Bullwinkle (voiced by June Foray and Bill Scott respectively) represented a number of General Mills cereals from 1959 to 1970. Rocky is a smart flying squirrel, and Bullwinkle is a dimwitted moose. A number of the Cheerios spots in the mid-to-late 1960's were written by Tony Jaffe, and produced by Jay Ward Studios.", "When General Foods introduced Crispy Critters in its line of Post Cereals back in 1963, its spokescharacter, Linus the Lionhearted, would get stampeded by the cereal's animal shapes whenever he said \"Cripsy Critters.\" Similarly in 1966, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops, and Toucan Sam (voiced then by Mel Blanc ) insisted that it be verbally called out in Pig Latin (\"Oot-fray Oops-lay\"). Not doing so gave him conniptions, and one of his nephews would yank Sam's chain by deliberately saying \"Froot Loops.\"", "Various clowns served as the advertising mascot from 1953 to 1956, including Cliffy the Clown. Ads with these clowns were known for showing them do the \"Sugar Smack Swing\". ", "February 7, 1891 - Bartlett Arkell, Walter H. Lipe, David Zielley, Jr., John D. Zielley, and Raymond P. Lipe incorporated Imperial Packing Co. in Canajoharie, NY (latter three left in few months); family business, smoking ham and bacon; products called \"Beech-Nut\" brand (to evoke feeling of wholesomeness, freshness, purity of the country); 1898 - company reorganized, name changed to Beech-Nut Packing Co.; 1911 - peppermint gum introduced; December 31, 1912 - Beech-Nut Packing Company registered \"Beech-Nut\" trademark first used in 1899 (cured ham, bacon, beef and myriad other food products); 1931 - 13 varieties of strained baby foods introduced; first company to put baby food in glass jars (vs, lead-soldered metal cans); 1938 - chopped (\"junior\") foods launched; early 1950s - demand for baby food increased 98% in three years; 1956 - merged with Life Savers; 1968 - merged with Squibb, Inc.; 1973 - acquired by Baker Corporation; 1977 - name changed to Beech-Nut Foods Corporation; November 1979 - acquired by Nestle S.A.; February 1982 - name changed to Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation; 1989 - acquired by Ralston Purina Company; 1994 - spun-off to form Ralcorp Holdings, Inc.; September 1998 - acquired by The Milnot Company (privately held, St. Louis manufacturer of branded and private-label food products).", "As the first television generation, the Boomer Generation grew up with a steady diet of Saturday morning cartoons, many of which featured anthropomorphic animals as the main characters. Mighty Mouse, Felix the Cat, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Woody Woodpecker, Huckleberry Hound, Rocky and Bullwinkle, Yogi Bear… the list goes on and on throughout the 1950s and ’60s. Therefore it probably shouldn’t come as a surprise that marketers tried to get us to coax our parents into buying their products by appealing to us with cartoon animal spokescharacters. Looking back, what is somewhat surprising is how these characters became famous in their own right, in our hearts and minds, as their names and mannerisms entered our daily vocabulary.", "2. What food manufacturer headquartered in Battle Creek MI’s cereal said: “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” (Kellogg’s Rice Krispies)", "In 1945, the Frito Company granted the H.W. Lay & Company an exclusive franchise to manufacture and distribute Fritos in the Southeast. The two companies worked toward national distribution and developed a close business affiliation. In September 1961, The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company merged to become Frito-Lay, Inc., combining their headquarters in Dallas, Texas. At this point, the company's annual revenues totaled $127 million, largely generated from sales of its four main brands at the time: Fritos, Lays, Cheetos and Ruffles. ", "Kix® (stylized as KiX) is a brand of American cold breakfast cereal introduced in 1937 by the General Mills company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The product is an extruded, expanded puffed-grain cereal made with cornmeal.", "(technically referred to as marbits) were invented in 1963 by John Holahan. The cereal is marketed using a leprechaun character named Lucky (L.C. " ]

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[ "The coccyx ( ; plural: coccyges or coccyxes), commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in humans and apes, and certain other mammals such as horses.", "The coccyx, more commonly known as the tailbone, is the last part of the human vertebrae. It consists of five separate or fused vertebrae and is the remnant of the vestigial tail. However, the coccyx isn’t completely useless. It does allow many different ligaments, tendons, and muscles to attach. It is also helpful when it comes to weight-bearing. In any case, the coccyx is generally much more important in those mammals with tails.", "Coccyx — A vestigial remnant of a tail, the coccyx is commonly known as the “tailbone.” Many essential ligaments and muscles attach to this bone.", "The coccyx, sometimes known as the tailbone , marks the bottom of the vertebral column in humans as well as in some apes. This area is comprised of three to five very small vertebra and is believed to be the remnant of a tail structure. Although these bones are no longer needed to support a tail, the tailbone helps bear weight and provide balance, especially when sitting or leaning backward.", "The tailbone (also known as the coccyx) is often dismissed by some as a vestige of our prehistoric ancestors. Whether or not that is true, this is a bone that we need to examine further in order to appreciate. Not only is it a major attachment site for the pelvic floor muscles, but it can also become a huge source of discomfort if injured. More often than not a patient will tell me that they hurt their tailbone and went to see a doctor, only to be given a donut cushion and sent on their way. This is not the way to effectively manage and resolve tailbone pain, but I am getting ahead of myself…", "The bone immediately below the sacrum, called the coccyx, is essentially the representative of the tail in man.", "The coccyx is made up of three small, loosely fused bones that are attached to the sacrum and located just above the cleft of the buttocks. It is sometimes called the 'tailbone' because it’s considered the remnant of the full tail of our ape-like ancestors. However, it does have useful functions, including:", " A number of tumors are known to involve the coccyx; of these, the most common is sacrococcygeal teratoma. Both coccydynia and coccygeal tumors may require surgical removal of the coccyx (coccygectomy). One very rare complication of coccygectomy is a type of perineal hernia known as a coccygeal hernia. ", "Found at the very end of vertebral column, the coccyx is comprised of three to five vertebrae below the sacrum that are either separate or fused together. The coccyx, or tailbone, is a vertebrae leftover from when our distant ancestors were walking around with tails.", "First, let’s learn the anatomy: The coccyx extends off of a large triangular bone at the base of the spinal column called the sacrum. It is made up of 3 to 5 bony segments which are connected to each other by ligaments, joint capsules, and fascia. There is a nerve that runs through the coccyx called the sacrococcygeal nerve which innervates the skin above the coccyx and sacrum. The tailbone serves as a bony attachment site for the entire deep layer of pelvic floor muscles (levator ani) and some of the superficial layer muscles (urogenital diaphragm) as well.", "Coccygectomy is a surgical procedure during which the coccyx, is removed. It can be performed for many reasons for instance in patients with coccyx pain (tailbone pain), however it is typically reserved for patients with malignant cancer or for patients whose tailbone pain has failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment (such as medications by mouth, use of seat cushions, and medications given by local injections done under fluoroscopic guidance).[1]", "Your coccyx is made up of four fused vertebrae. It is an evolutionary remnant of the tail found in most other vertebrates", "Yet another human vestigial structure is the coccyx, the four fused caudal vertebrae found at the base of the spine, exactly where most mammals and many other primates have external tails protruding from the back. Humans and other apes are some of the only vertebrates that lack an external tail as an adult. The coccyx is a developmental remnant of the embryonic tail that forms in humans and then is degraded and eaten by our immune system (for more detail see the sections on the embryonic human tail and the atavistic human tail ). Our internal tail is unnecessary for sitting, walking, and elimination (all of which are functions attributed to the coccyx by many anti-evolutionists). The caudal vertebrae of the coccyx can cause extreme and unnecessary chronic pain in some unfortunate people, a condition called coccydynia . The entire coccyx can be surgically removed without any ill effects (besides surgical complications), with the only complaint, in a small fraction of patients, being that the removal of the coccyx sadly did not remove their pain ( Grossovan and Dam 1995 ; Perkins et al. 2003 ; Postacchini Massobrio 1983 ; Ramsey et al. 2003 ; Shaposhnikov 1997 ; Wray 1991 ). Our small, rudimentary, fused caudal vertebrae might have some minor and inessential functions, but these vertebrae are useless for balance and grasping, their usual functions in other mammals.", "While I was not impressed with the undocumented mention of “more than 100 vestigial structures,” I was curious about the examples this textbook used. I endeavored to seek the truth concerning these alleged vestigial structures, beginning with the coccyx. According to the evolutionary faithful, the human tailbone or coccyx is supposed to be a vestige of our common ape-like ancestors.", "Besides os cuculi, os caudae, with caudae, of the tail is attested. This Latin expression might be the source of the English, French language, German and Dutch terms tailbone, l'os de la queue, Schwanzbein and staartbeen. In the current official anatomic Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, coccyx and os coccygis is used.", "With the exception of the singular sacrum and coccyx, each vertebra is named for the first letter of its region and its position along the superior-inferior axis. For example, the most superior thoracic vertebra is called T1 and the most inferior is called T12.", "The lateral borders are thin and exhibit a series of small eminences, which represent the transverse processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. Of these, the first is the largest; it is flattened from before backward, and often ascends to join the lower part of the thin lateral edge of the sacrum, thus completing the foramen for the transmission of the anterior division of the fifth sacral nerve; the others diminish in size from above downward, and are often wanting. The borders of the coccyx are narrow, and give attachment on either side to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, to the coccygeus in front of the ligaments, and to the gluteus maximus behind them.", "Childbirth: during delivery, the baby’s head is positioned against the coccyx, and the pressure created during labor and pushing can result in injury to the tailbone and its surrounding structures. In rare cases, the coccyx can fracture.", "A radiogram of the sacral region of a six-year old girl with an atavistic tail. The tail was perfectly midline and protruded form the lower back as a soft appendage. The five normal sacral vertebrae are indicated in light blue and numbered; the three coccygeal tail vertebrae are indicated in light yellow. The entire coccyx (usually three or four tiny fused vertebrae) is normally the same size as the fifth sacral vertebrae. In this same study, the surgeons reported two other cases of an atavistic human tail, one with three tail vertebrae, one with five. All were benign, and only one was surgically \"corrected\" for cosmetic reasons (image reproduced from Bar-Maor et al. 1980 , Figure 3.)", "Postacchini, F., and Massobrio, M. (1983) \"Idiopathic coccygodynia. Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx.\" J Bone Joint Surg Am 65: 1116-1124. [PubMed]", "The anterior surface is slightly concave and marked with three transverse grooves that indicate the junctions of the different segments. It gives attachment to the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament and the levatores ani and supports part of the rectum. The posterior surface is convex, marked by transverse grooves similar to those on the anterior surface, and presents on either side a linear row of tubercles–the rudimentary articular processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. Of these, the superior pair are the largest, and are called the cornua coccygeum they project upward, and articulate with the cornua of the sacrum, and on either side complete the foramen for the transmission of the posterior division of the fifth sacral nerve.", "My friend suffered a bruised coccyx while giving birth to her daughter. She had to take laxatives for weeks afterward just to be able to have a bowel movement without extreme pain. This gave her coccyx time to heal without placing strain on it.", "The Latin name for the buttocks is nates (modern pronunciation, classical pronunciation nătes ) which is plural; the singular, natis (buttock), is rarely used. There are many colloquial terms to refer to them, including:", "Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones – ilium, ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above bones is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh bone articulates. The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage.", "2. Etymology: pelvic refers to the \"basin-like cavity formed by the bones of the pelvic girdle\" from Modern Latin which came from Latin pelvis, \"basin, laver\" (borrowing of Latin lavare, \"to wash\").", "In Classical Greek the bone was known as κλόνις (Latinized clonis); this term is cognate to Latin clunis \"buttock\", Sanskrit ' \"haunch\" and Lithuanian šlaunis \"hip, thigh\". The Latin word is found in the alternative Latin name of the sacrum, ossa clunium, as it were \"bones of the buttocks\". Due to the fact that the os sacrum is broad and thick at its upper end, the sacrum is alternatively called os latum, \"broad bone\".", "Callipygian – Having well-shaped beautiful buttocks. This fascinating obscure term (thanks S Marcus, PhD) – indeed the OED categorises the adjective as ‘rare’ – deserves wider exposure. Callipygian is pronounced ‘Kallipijian’ with the emphasis on the ‘pij’ syllable. A more recent variation is Callypygous (‘kallipijus’). The word came into English in the late 1700s from Greek, kallipugos, which was used to describe a statue of Venus (the 1922 OED says it was actually the name of a statue of Venus), from kallos meaning beauty, and puge, meaning buttocks. Kallos is also a root of the word calligraphy (decorative handwriting/lettering), and callisthenics (graceful gymnastics).", "the pronunciation of the word allows a pun on \"arse\", suggested by Bottom's name. (He is called \"Bottom\", as he is a weaver; \"weaver's bottom\" like \"housemaid's knee\" was a well-known medical condition. It is a kind of reptitive strain injury - ischial bursitis in Latin);", "  The internal surface (Fig. 236) of the ala is bounded above by the crest, below, by the arcuate line; in front and behind, by the anterior and posterior borders. It presents a large, smooth, concave surface, called the iliac fossa, which gives origin to the Iliacus and is perforated at its inner part by a nutrient canal; and below this a smooth, rounded border, the arcuate line, which runs downward, forward, and medialward. Behind the iliac fossa is a rough surface, divided into two portions, an anterior and a posterior. The anterior surface (auricular surface), so called from its resemblance in shape to the ear, is coated with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulates with a similar surface on the side of the sacrum. The posterior portion, known as the iliac tuberosity, is elevated and rough, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and for the origins of the Sacrospinalis and Multifidus. Below and in front of the auricular surface is the preauricular sulcus, more commonly present and better marked in the female than in the male; to it is attached the pelvic portion of the anterior sacroiliac ligament.", "The turtle's common name comes from the leathery texture and appearance of its carapace. Older names include \"leathery turtle\" and \"trunk turtle\". ", "The word synovia came to English from New Latin, where it was coined by Paracelsus. Several dictionaries indicate that the -ov- syllable of the word reflects the Greek ᾠόν and Latin ovum, cognates that both mean \"egg\" (which seems appropriate given the egg white–like nature of synovial fluid)—thus syn- + oo-/ovo- + -ia—although several others omit that aspect of the etymology, and one states, \"probably formed arbitrarily by Paracelsus.\" Whether true or false, the connection to ovum is still helpful to students as a memory device.", "erector muscle of spine  a name given the fibers of the more superficial of the deep muscles of the back, originating from the sacrum, spines of the lumbar and the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebrae, and the iliac crest, which split and insert as the iliocostal, longissimus, and spinal muscles." ]

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[ "Bicycles can be categorized in many different ways: by function, by number of riders, by general construction, by gearing or by means of propulsion. The more common types include utility bicycles, mountain bicycles, racing bicycles, touring bicycles, hybrid bicycles, cruiser bicycles, and BMX bikes. Less common are tandems, low riders, tall bikes, fixed gear, folding models, amphibious bicycles and recumbents.", "Cycling: bicycles of whatever form � racing, mountain, touring, hybrid, track, utility, cruiser, fixed-wheel, dirt-jumper, porteur, BMX � all derive from the Rover Safety Bicycle of 1885; this was a low-mount equal-wheeled diamond-framed bicycle, with pedals and a chain drive attached to the rear wheel, freeing up the font one for steering, plus sprung saddle; tensioned spoke wheels were used and rubber tyres [see Bicycle ]; in 2012 Bradley Wiggins, an Olympic track cycling gold medalist, became the first Briton to win the Tour de France, the world's toughest and most famous cycling race; also in 2012 the Tour of Britain was won by Jonathan Tiernan-Locke; with abundant success in London at the 2012 Olympics (8 cycling golds, including two by track legend Chris Hoy) & Paralympics (8 cycling golds, including four by Sarah Storey), a fabulous year for British cycling included an Antarctic exploit - Helen Skelton became the first person to ride a bike to the South Pole; 2013 saw the 100th staging of the Tour de France; the race was won by Chris Froome; during Stage 20 (of 21), the British rider felt obliged to punch a spectator out of the way [see Boxing]", "The BA-GB provides good info about the different types of bicycles (BMX, touring, mountain), where to ride and bike distributors.", "Like BMX, mountain biking is a young sport that developed in California and is now popular around the world. Races are held on rough and hilly countryside. The bicycles are built for speed, durability, and comfort.", "Touring bicycles are another special type of road bike. They are designed to be ridden on pavement, but are more durable for use on self-supported long-distance riding. They have all of the necessary mounting bolts for cargo racks and fenders, and although they still have a drop handlebar, they usually have a more relaxed frame design so that the rider is more upright, for more comfort when riding long distances for multiple days at a time. They have a lower gear range compared to regular road bikes, to allow for carrying heavy loads up steep hills. They also make good commuter bicycles, because of their durability and ability to carry heavy loads.", "The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle touring, mountain biking, physical fitness, and play. Bicycle competition includes racing, BMX racing, track racing, criterium, roller racing, sportives and time trials. Major multi-stage professional events are the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, the Vuelta a España, the Tour de Pologne, and the Volta a Portugal.", "The fourth category of mountain-biking to be addressed here is the newer classification of touring and mountain-biking. This class came about due to the fact more and more bikers started experiencing levels of frustration due to the fact the industry was becoming too specialized. In order to take measures against the limiting effects of specialization, the touring/mountain biking category was born. Certain manufacturers are now addressing this more diversified category by offering bikes that can be used for touring as well as travel on exceptionally rugged terrains.", "In 1981, the first mass-produced mountain bike appeared, intended for use off-pavement over a variety of surfaces. It was an immediate success, and examples flew off retailers' shelves during the 1980s, their popularity spurred by the novelty of all-terrain cycling and the increasing desire of urban dwellers to escape their surroundings via mountain biking and other extreme sports. These cycles featured sturdier frames, wider tires with large knobs for increased traction, a more upright seating position (to allow better visibility and shifting of body weight), and increasingly, various front and rear suspension designs. By 2000, mountain bike sales had far outstripped that of racing, sport/racer, and touring bicycles.", "The Repack Downhill race in San Francisco is generally considered to have been the first official mountain biking race. Much like BMX, Mountain Biking is a young sport that has risen to worldwide popularity at an amazing rate. Fast, furious and occasionally downright terrifying, the sport developed in northern California during the 1970s. Rocky paths, tricky climbs and technical descents will provide plenty of challenges for riders in the Mountain Bike competition. At London 2012, the Mountain Bike competition will take place at Hadleigh Farm in Essex. The newly constructed course, built especially for the Olympic Games, will provide a tough test for competitors from all over the world.", "BMX bikes are made for competition biking on trails and courses. These single-gear bikes feature a lower profile than most bikes and include knobby tires with cable-operated caliper brakes on the front and rear. While they are great for street riding, dirt racing, and jumping ramps, the low seat position is generally uncomfortable for commuting over any distance.", "Mountain biking is becoming more popular with dedicated trail centers in Wicklow, Dublin, Galway and Tipperary. For competitive mountain bikers, there is a National Cross-Country series, a National Downhill series and a National Enduro series. BMX is also becoming more popular with the completion of construction of the Ratoath BMX track in County Meath, and an indoor BMX track in Cherry Orchard in County Dublin.", "All Mountain - Term for a type of mountain bike that normally has 5+ inches of suspension travel and is designed to work well on all parts of a mountain from climbing fire roads to steep downhill descents.", "Cycling- BMX, The first official Mountain Bike World Championships were held as recently as 1990. A mere six years later, cross-country Mountain Biking made its Olympic debut in Atlanta., Venue: Hadleigh Farm, Essex Dates: Saturday 11 – Sunday 12 August Medal events: 2 Athletes: 80 (50 men, 30 women)", "There are several disciplines of mountain biking besides downhill. Cross country, often referred to as XC, all mountain, trail, free ride, and newly popular enduro.", "All-terrain mountain biking is another typical category of the sport. The all-terrain variety of bike offers the rider five to seven inches of front and rear suspension. Also, the bike provides the biker enough weight in order that he or she may adequately address ascents and descents on different types of paths.", "Also called a \"dirt-jumper,\" a type of BMX or mountain bike built tough for jumping and stunt riding.", "BMX biking is otherwise known as \"bicycle motocross,\" and was influenced heavily by the motorcycle motocross of the early 20th-century. Below is a brief history of BMX biking and its many forms.", "BMX racing is growing up at the Summer Olympics. Its that extreme sport where cyclists pedal on bikes", "An off-road bike designed to be ridden and/or raced over a mountainous course. Common features include low gearing, durable components, suspension and great handling.", "(Say: A - T - B) - For All Terrain Bike (another term for a mountain bike).", "Street Riding, Park Biking, Urban Biking and Free ride Biking The other extreme mountain biking varieties include street biking, park biking, urban biking and free ride mountain biking. Extreme mountain biking is not meant for beginners. Once you develop your interest in extreme mountain biking it means you should start with practice, practice and practice to gain skills in this sport, you also need prepare the perfect shape when you start extreme mountain biking for competitions.", "2008 - Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) debuts as an Olympic event, for both men and women.", "adj. most common type of brake found on mountain bikes today. Named for the two cantilever arms that pivot on the forks (front) or seat stays (rear).", "CyclingCycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Persons engaged in cycling are cyclists or bicyclists.", "Giant’s high-end mountain bikes use Maestro technology, a full suspension platform with six travel/frame configurations for various trail conditions. They have different bikes for novices and pros (competition, trail, freeride or sport) and options for the kind of ride you favour be it cross-country, downhill or freestyle. Mountain bikes cost from USD $500 to USD $8,000.", "06-30-2016 - * UCI News:- Final List Of Starting Slots Allocated For MTB and BMX At Rio 2016 Olympic Games.", "; Gravel bike: A type of racing bicycle similar to one used in cyclo-cross but geared towards gravel roads common in the United States and Europe. ", "At mid-century there were two predominant bicycle styles for recreational cyclists in North America. Heavyweight cruiser bicycles , preferred by the typical (hobby) cyclist, [39] featuring balloon tires, pedal-driven \"coaster\" brakes and only one gear, were popular for their durability, comfort, streamlined appearance, and a significant array of accessories (lights, bells, springer forks, speedometers, etc..). Lighter cycles, with hand brakes, narrower tires, and a three-speed hub gearing system, often imported from England, first became popular in the United States in the late 1950s. These comfortable, practical bicycles usually offered generator-powered headlamps, safety reflectors, kickstands, and frame-mounted tire pumps. In the United Kingdom, like the rest of Europe, cycling was seen as less of a hobby, and lightweight but durable bikes had been preferred for decades. [39]", "* Pro BMX rider, Mat Hoffman, was born and raised in Edmond and has broken many world records on Edmond soil including the highest BMX vertical jump.", "Cross Country Mountain Biking Cross country mountain biking is the form of race that covers 30 miles and can be perform on several rough and rugged land surfaces. The cross-country mountain biking racers start off together just as the participants of marathons race do.", "27.5\" Mongoose Aluminum Frame Men's Mountain Bike, Blue/Green. 21-speed twist shifters with Shimano rear. Aluminum full suspension frame and fork. Mountain style athletic seat. Alloy linear pull brakes.", "Ten of this year's stages take place on \"flat\" roads. This doesn't mean they are without undulation (in fact, they often include climbs that would terrify a club cyclist). But they invariably feature most of the competitors riding together in a big \"peloton\" (or pack) for 200km (or 125 miles) and can end in one of two ways: with a breakaway victory by an individual or small group; or, typically, with a hair-raising bunch sprint." ]

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[ "The word sampan comes from two Chinese words san and pan, meaning “three boards.” This refers to the hull construction in a small skiff or boat. The sampan is smaller than the type of boat called a junk, with which it is often compared and sometimes confused. Different styles of sampan have developed to fit different purposes, meaning that a sampan is not one, specific type of boat, but a group of boats that may have modifications to fit their locale or use. The most well-known sampan, however, is one that is rather long and flat with ends that slightly curve up from the water and a some kind of roof that can provide shelter to the passengers. The sampan originated in China, but more recently, use of this type of boat has spread to other countries in East Asia and beyond.", "Sampan is a traditional Chinese wooden boat that has a flat bottom and in some cases can have a shelter on it. There are many of them that are used as houses on inland waters.", "A sampan () is a relatively flat bottomed Chinese wooden boat. Some sampans include a small shelter on board, and may be used as a permanent habitation on inland waters. Sampans are generally used for transportation in coastal areas or rivers, and are often used as traditional fishing boats. It is unusual for a sampan to sail far from land as they do not have the means to survive rough weather.", "Sampans have a particular type of hull construction that is referred to by several experts as “Chinese hull design.” The hull design generally includes three vertical partitions that create separate compartments on a vessel. The bulkheads are watertight, and the first and last may be allowed to fill with water to act as temporary ballast, steadying the boat in heavy seas. Sampans also feature a characteristic flat bottom without a keel. The traditional model is propelled by an oar or a sail and steered with a rudder.", "Hong Kong Boat or Sampan porridge is not supposed to be a luxurious version of porridge ..。。 It is supposed to be a humble  down to earth porridge that was served by family who lives in the boats in Hong Kong. It has been popularized in Hong Kong and Guangzhou and become a fast food item for those who are looking for a quick serving of porridge. There is a plain porridge based and the side ingredients being served apparently is based on what is available at the time of serving. As this porridge originated from the inhabitants in the boat, it is logically that most ingredients are seafood though there are also beef and pork.", "Guangzhou (Canton) is the first stop on any gastronomic tour of China. Cantonese food or yuecai is celebrated as the king of Chinese cuisines, but most of the stuff that passes for Cantonese food outside China would end up in the garbage can of any self-respecting Cantonese native. But what exactly is good Cantonese food? Here is a guide to the basics of this complicated cuisine, kindly provided by chef Ou (pronounced Oh!) Weiliang of the Sampan Seafood Restaurant. The Sampan has earned a reputation as one of the finer Cantonese restaurants in Beijing, and it takes only a few mouthfuls of chef Ou's steamed prawn dumplings to see that this reputation is well deserved.", "They are preferably built of Foochow pine, but if this is unavailable, softwood from Ningpo is used. The bulkheads are made of hsiang-chang , a hardwood from Kiangsi. The timber is supplied by the merchants in the form of chang-pa-t'ung, that is to say, poles of 1 chang 8 ch'ih. These sampans are all built in or near Shanghai.", "Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese wu shu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges. Traditional karate kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; pronounced \"Gōjūken\" in Japanese).[15] Further influence came from Southeast Asia— particularly Sumatra, Java, and Melaka[citation needed]. Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have originated in and around Southeast Asia.", "The Chinese hot pot has a history of more than 1,000 years. Hot pot seems to have originated in Mongolia and the Jin Dynasty where the main ingredient was meat, usually beef, mutton or horse. It then spread to southern China during the Song Dynasty and was further established during the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty. In time, regional variations developed with different ingredients such as seafood. By the Qing Dynasty (AD 1644 to 1912), the hot pot became popular throughout most of China. Today in many modern homes, particularly in larger cities, the traditional coal-heated steamboat or hot pot has been replaced by electric, propane, butane gas, or induction cooker versions.", "Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese wu shu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges. Traditional karate kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane , Five Ancestors , and Gangrou-quan ( Hard Soft Fist; pronounced \"Gōjūken\" in Japanese). [14] Further influence came from Southeast Asia — particularly Sumatra , Java , and Melaka . Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai , tonfa , and nunchaku may have originated in and around Southeast Asia .", "clay pitchers and bowls. Most of the best, early pottery comes from a place called Ban'po and it is named after that place. Sung dynasty porcelain objects were made of fine-grained white clay porcelain called kaolin. Work in porcelain reached its highest point during the Ming dynasty. Today tombs full of clay sculptures are being discovered. Japan also adopted Buddhism as a its major religion. Until the end of the ninth century, Japanese artists copied the art styles of China in other Asian countries. Then Japanese artists began to develop a style uniquely their own. Many different subjects are shown in Japanese painting and printmaking and woodblock print.", "The work is the most important utensil in the Chinese kitchen. Traditionally made of heavy iron or steel and equipped with two handles, this versatile, concave-shaped pan is used for stir-frying, deep-frying, pan-frying, steaming, and stewing. Its ancient design has been adapted for modern use with a metal ring, which the pan sits in on the burner. Even more contemporary are the stainless-steel woks with flat copper bottoms that rest directly on the burner. These usually have a single long handle similar to that on a skillet and are lighter and easier to use than the classic two-handled pan.", "Porcelain is believed to have its origins in China, being manufactured during the Tang Dynasty and then exported to the Islamic world, where the material was a luxury. Some claim that the person who invented porcelain was Tao-Yue. The inventor made use of kaolin (also known as white clay) which he discovered along the Yangzte River, near his birthplace.", "The pipa is one of the most popular Chinese instruments and has been played for almost two thousand years in China. Several related instruments in East and Southeast Asia are derived from the pipa; these include the Japanese biwa, the Vietnamese đàn tỳ bà, and the Korean bipa. The Korean instrument is the only one of the three that is no longer widely used; examples survive in museums, but recent attempts to revive the Korean instrument have been partially successful in recent years.", "In the 17th century, conditions in China drove some of its potters into Japan, bringing with them the knowledge to make refined porcelain. From the mid-century, the Dutch East India Company began to import Japanese porcelain into Europe. At this time, Kakiemon wares were produced at the factories of Arita, which had much in common with the Chinese Famille Verte style. The superb quality of its enamel decoration was highly prized in the West and widely imitated by the major European porcelain manufacturers. In 1971 it was declared an important \"intangible cultural treasure\" by the Japanese government.", "We’ve discussed the story of the knife and fork, but there’s another set of utensils used by billions of people around the world—and it has a truly ancient past. The Chinese have been wielding chopsticks since at least 1200 B.C., and by A.D. 500 the slender batons had swept the Asian continent from Vietnam to Japan. From their humble beginnings as cooking utensils to paper-wrapped bamboo sets at the sushi counter, there’s more to chopsticks than meets the eye.", "Anpan is another type of sweet roll that is has a red bean paste filling. The bread’s history can be traced back to the Meiji Period (1868-1912) when Yasubei Kimura, a samurai who lost his job and wanted to create a bread that was more to Japanese tastes. Anpan was then born and made still popular until today.", "A European-style smoked savory hóng cháng ( red sausage) is produced in Harbin, China's northernmost major city. It is similar to Lithuanian and Polish sausages including kiełbasa and podhalańska, and tends to have a more European flavour than other Chinese sausages. This kind of sausage was first produced in a Russian-capitalized factory named Churin sausage factory in 1909. Harbin-style sausage has become popular in China, especially in northern regions.", "Essentially the Chinese tradition of blue and white porcelain began in the 1300¨s and continues today. Their wares were prized by Moslem rulers, and made their way to European courts in the 1500¨s. In the same way, the taste moved eastwards, first to Korea and then to Japan.", "Chanpon is sort of the weird cousin to ramen that the rest of the family members don't like to talk about. It comes from Nagasaki and is made by boiling thick noodles directly in a viscous soup made from pork and seafood. It's considerably thicker and more stew-like than regular ramen.", "Different cultures adopted different chopstick styles. Perhaps in a nod to Confucius, Chinese chopsticks featured a blunt rather than pointed end. In Japan, chopsticks were 8 inches long for men and 7 inches long for women. In 1878 the Japanese became the first to create the now-ubiquitous disposable set, typically made of bamboo or wood. Wealthy diners could eat with ivory, jade, coral, brass or agate versions, while the most privileged used silver sets. It was believed that the silver would corrode and turn black if it came into contact with poisoned food.", "Deep-fried sticks of dough, known as youtiao in Chinese, are eaten in many East and Southeast Asian cuisines.", "In the mid-17th century there were also a lot of Chinese refugees in Northern Kyushu due to the turmoil on Chinese continent, and it is said one of them brought coloring technique to Arita. Thus Shoki-Imari developed into Ko-KutaniImari. Ko-Kutani was produced around 1650 for both export and domestic market. Blue and white porcelain continued to be produced and they are called Ai-Kutani. Ko-Kutani Imari for the export market usually adopted Chinese design structure such as kraak style, whereas Ai-Kutani for the domestic market were highly unique in design and are accordingly valued very much among collectors.", "Known as Belachan in Malayasia, a paste of shrimp which is pressed into a block. It has an unpleasant pungent smell unroasted but once roasted the flavour isn't as strong. For best results, wrap a small amount in foil and put into a hot oven or hold over flame using tongs. Then cool and crumble.", "A versatile pan that traditionally has a rounded bottom and high, gradually sloping sides. It may have a long stick handle or two loop handles. (aka stir-fry Pan)", "Majolica teapot/kettle by Minton, circa 1877. The bamboo theme is an example of Chinese and Japanese influence on fashionable home décor.", "Pottery was produced at several hamlets in Bizen as far back as the 14th century, but ware worthy of artistic notice did not make its appearance until the close of the 16th century, when the Taikō himself paid a visit to the factory at Imbe. Bizen. Thenceforth utensils for the use of the tea clubs began to be manufactured. This Bizen-yaki was red stoneware, with thin diaphanous glaze. Made of exceedingly refractory clay, it underwent stoving for more than three weeks, and was consequently remarkable for its hardness and metallic timbre. Some fifty years later, the character of the choicest Bizen-yaki underwent a marked change. It became slate-coloured or bluish-brown faience, with pâte as fine as pipe-clay, but very hard. In the ao-Bizen (blue Bizen), as well as in the red variety, figures of mythical beings and animals, birds, fishes and other natural objects, were modelled with a degree of plastic ability that can scarcely be spoken of in too high terms. Representative specimens are truly admirable—every line, every contour faithful. The production was very limited, and good pieces soon ceased to be procurable except at long intervals and heavy expense. The Bizen-yaki familiar to Western collectors is comparatively coarse brown or reddish brown, stoneware, modelled rudely, though sometimes redeemed by touches of the genius never entirely absent from the work of the Japanese artisan-artist. Easy to be confounded with it is another ware of the same type manufactured at Shidoro in the province of Tōtōmi.", "The three other tsuba are decorated with inlay of two distinct kinds. The design on Fig. 3 is brought out by the process known as honsogan (\"true inlay\"). There is first cut into the metal foundation a groove or patch, as the case may be, in the form of the decoration to be inlaid.", "The wok, pots for hot pots and cooking some soups, tom yum, are also important. For steaming the sticky rice they use a specific bamboo basket. ", "Distinctive blue-and-white porcelain was exported to Japan where it is known as Tenkei blue-and-white ware or ko sometsukei. This ware is thought to have been especially ordered by tea masters for Japanese ceremony.", "JUKEN-DO: (Japanese-Force on Force-Hard art). The way of the bayonet it evolved from halberd and spear fighting and was adopted for more modern militaries that use bayonets.", "In Java, Gong making is a religious ritual. Seven men are needed, they take mythological names and undergo rites of purification. A special bronze alloy called gongon is needed and details are at above. However today, they prefer to melt down old gamelan instruments.." ]

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[ "The Seal of the State of Washington contains a portrait of George Washington, as painted by Gilbert Stuart. The outer ring contains the text \"The Seal of the State of Washington\" and \"1889\", the year Washington state was admitted to the Union. The seal is featured as the main element on both sides of the flag of Washington.", "The Legislative Building houses the chambers of the Washington State Legislature and offices of several elected officials. This building is the dominant feature of the capitol grounds, with its dome 287 ft high, making it the tallest self-supporting masonry dome in the United States, and fourth tallest in the world, surpassed only by St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. A number of features in the structure commemorating Washington’s addition to the Union as the 42nd state—42 steps lead to the building’s North entrance and one of the four 42-star flag owned by the state is displayed in the State Reception Room. Flags with this number of stars were never official because of the admission of Idaho shortly after Washington.", "Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the nation would be properly symbolized.", "The Stars and Stripes changed on May 1, 1795, when two more stars and two more stripes were added to reflect the admission to the union of Vermont (1791) and Kentucky (1792). (One such flag was the 1,260-square-foot [117-square-metre] “Star-Spangled Banner,” made by Mary Pickersgill, that Francis Scott Key saw at Fort McHenry in September 1814, inspiring his patriotic poem .) In 1818, after five more states had been admitted, Congress enacted legislation pertaining to a new flag, requiring that henceforth the number of stripes should remain 13, the number of stars should always match the number of states, and any new star should be added on the July 4 following a state’s admission. This has been the system ever since. In all, from 1777 to 1960 (after the admission of Hawaii in 1959) there were 27 versions of the flag—25 involving changes in the stars only. An executive order of Oct. 29, 1912, standardized the proportions and relative sizes of the elements of the flag; in 1934 the exact shades of colour were standardized.", "Washington entered the Union as the 42nd state on November 11, 1889. Elisha P. Ferry, a former territorial official, became the first state governor. That year witnessed major fires in Seattle and Spokane, both of which rebuilt their cores with brick and stone structures.", "Washington was given statehood designation on November 11, 1889, as the forty-second (42nd) state to enter the Union.", "The State of Washington was organized as territory on March 2, 1853 and entered the union as the 42th state on November 11, 1889. It has 39 Counties .", "Washington State is located in Northwestern United States. It was the 42nd state to be admitted to the U.S. on November 11th, 1889. The state has a population of 6.9 million people and an area of 71,303 sq. miles. The state capital is Olympia and the largest city is Seattle.", "The First flag resolution read: \"That the Flag of the United Sates be thirteen stripes alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. The thirteen states referred to and the date each ratified the Constitution are listed as:", "The 1880s also saw an increase in population in Washington Territory. One hundred thousand people are estimated to have arrived between 1887 and 1890, most arriving by railroad. Washington was admitted to the Union on 11 November 1889. Washington entered the twentieth century with a population of 518,000.", "HistoryLink Staff, “Washington is admitted as the 42nd state to the United States of America on November 11, 1889,” http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5210", "It was not until June 14, 1777, almost a year after the adop tion of the Declaration of Independence, that the Continental Congress adopted a design for the national flag. It resolved that \"The flag of the United States shall be thirteen stripes, alter nate red and white, with a union of thirteen stars of white on a blue field, representing a new constellation.\" It was explained by a contemporary commentator that the blue in the field was taken from the edge of the Covenanters' banner of Scotland, significant of the covenant of the United States against oppression, that the arrangement of the stars in a circle symbolized the perpetuity of the Union, the ring signifying eter nity, and that the 13 stripes indicated the subordination of the States to the Union and their equality among themselves. The red was said to denote daring, and the white purity. The adop tion of this resolution was not officially announced until Sep tember 3, almost two months after its passage.", "This is a list of US states by name of statehood, that is, the date when each US state joined the Union. Although the first 13 states can be considered to have been members of the United States from the date of the Declaration of Independence - Thursday, July 4, 1776 - they are presented here as being \"admitted\" on the date each ratified the present United States Constitution; most other such lists, including the 50 State Quarters program, do the same. The admission dates for later states were set by either the act of admission or a later resolution issued under that act, except for Ohio, whose date of admission was determined by act of Congress in 1953", "        1777: June 14 -- Continental Congress adopts the following: Resolved: that the flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. (stars represent Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island)", "The Constitutional Convention of 1849 adopted the Great Seal of the State of California. The seal was designed by Major R. S. Garnett of the United States Army, and proposed by Caleb Lyon, a clerk of the convention. The Roman goddess of wisdom, Minerva, has at her feet a grizzly bear and clusters of grapes representing wildlife and agricultural richness. A miner works near the busy Sacramento River, below the Sierra Nevada peaks. The Greek word \"Eureka\" meaning \"I have found it\", probably refers to the miner's discovery of gold. Near the upper edge of the seal are 31 stars representing the number of states with California's anticipated admission. Just as Minerva sprung full-grown from the head of Jupiter, California became a state on September 9, 1850, without having to go through a territorial stage.", "A flag of thirteen stripes, red and white, and a blue canton with stars forming the dates 1776 and 1876 was made for the first United States centennial. Each of the stars on this flag has five broad points and five narrow rays set between them.", "During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress adopts a resolution stating that \"the flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white\" and that \"the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.\" The national flag, which became known... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-adopts-the-stars-and-stripes?et_cid=76233566&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fcongress-adopts-the-stars-and-stripes", "1848: The California gold rush results in Chinese and Latin American immigrants coming to the west coast. The China Emigration and Immigration page explains in more detail the impact the Chinese had with this part of the Nation's growth. Mexico and the United States sign the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , ending the Mexican-American War. The United States gains what is now California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . German political refugees emigrate following the failure of a revolution. Wisconsin is the 30th state admitted to the Union [16] The United States annexes the Oregon Territory containing what is now Idaho, part of Montana, Oregon, Washington, part of Wyoming.", "On June 14, 1777, in order to establish an official flag for the new nation, the Continental Congress passed the first Flag Act: “Resolved, That the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.”", "The modern United States receives its crowning star when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a proclamation admitting Hawaii into the Union as the 50th state. The president also issued an order for an American flag featuring 50 stars arranged in staggered rows: five six-star rows and four five-star rows. The new flag became official July 4, 1960.", "One of the conditions established for statehood was approval of a state constitution. The 75 men  elected to the State Constitutional Convention included 21 lawyers, 13 farmers, 6 merchants, 6 doctors, 5 bankers, 4 cattlemen, 3 teachers, 2 real-estate agents, 2 editors, 2 hop farmers, 2 loggers, 2 lumbermen, 1 minister, 1 surveyor, 1 fisherman, and 1 mining engineer. Between July 4 and August 24, 1889, delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Olympia drafted the state constitution. On October 1, 1889, Washington citizens approved the State Constitution by a vote of 40,152 to 11,879.", "State Flag: Washington adopted its official flag, featuring the State Seal on a green background, in 1923.", "32. This is the 42nd state of the USA. It was admitted to statehood on November 11th 1889. Its state capital is Olympia & it is nicknamed the \"Evergreen State\".", "The 50 U.S. states (in alphabetical order), along with state flag and date each joined the union:", "Idaho, nicknamed the \"Gem State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the Nation's 43rd state. The reverse of Idaho's quarter features the Peregrine Falcon imposing its presence above an outline of the State of Idaho. The coin bears the inscriptions \"Esto Perpetua\" (the State motto which means, \"May it be Forever\"), \"Idaho\" and \"1890.\"", "Washington is popularly known as \"The Evergreen State.\" This nickname, coined by Seattle realtor C.T. Conver and adopted by the state in legislature in 1893, was given because of the large fir and pine trees in the state. Washington is always green, a color echoed in the State Flag.", "The flag of the state of Nevada consists of a cobalt blue field with a silver star in the upper left hand corner, surrounded by the state name \"Nevada.\" Above this is a golden-yellow scroll with the words \"Battle Born,\" indicating that Nevada became a state during the American Civil War. Below the star are two sprays of green sagebrush (the state flower) with yellow flowers.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "This essay offers a brief introduction to the state of Washington, its jurisdictional development and government, and its official symbols.", "The state of Washington is the only state to be named after a United States president.", "A few interesting facts about the University of Washington: When the University was founded in 1861, Seattle’s population was 250. The UW…", "In 1853 Washington Territory was formed from part of Oregon Territory. In 1888 the Northern Pacific railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to eastern states. " ]

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[ "Manufacturers use refined white sugar to make it brown sugar. This is done by reintroducing molasses, mostly keeping it to 3.5% to 6.5% by volume. The light brown sugar contains up to 3.5% molasses. Dark brown sugar contains up to 6.5% molasses. Remember, the brown sugar so produced is not natural as opposed to common perception that it is natural.", "Regular “Brown Sugar” (the kind you get in the box at the grocery store) is usually just refined table sugar with a small amount (3.5% to 6.5%) of added molasses (which is a byproduct of the sugar-making process in the first place).  The molasses imparts a unique flavor and texture, but it doesn’t make it more healthful.", "Brown /Brownulated sugar less refined, used in baking and spice cakes. Used to season ham and pork. Generally contains molasses which gives it its brown color. Brown sugar contains from 3.5% molasses (light) to 6.5% molasses (dark). Recipes that call for \"brown sugar\" generally mean light brown sugar.", "After harvesting, the plants are shredded and pressed to remove the juices. Insoluble matter is removed and water is added. This syrup is boiled in large steam evaporators. The substance that remains is crystallized in heated vacuum pans and the liquid, now called molasses, is separated from the crystals by spinning it in a centrifuge. At this stage the sugar is known as raw sugar and contains 3 percent impurities. The raw sugar crystals are washed with steam and are called turbinado sugar, which is 99 percent pure sucrose. Although turbinado closely resembles refined white sugar in sweetening ability and composition, it cannot always be substituted in recipes. Its moisture content varies considerably which, coupled with its molasses flavor and coarse granulation, can affect a recipe without careful adjustment.", "Equal volume of either type of brown sugar has the same sugar content as refined white sugar, but brown sugar must be measured by packing it firmly into the cup (therefore weighing is much easier). Dark brown sugar weighs the most because of its added molasses. Molasses also adds extra moisture to the sugar (light molasses contains 24 percent water). Dark brown sugar contains 6.5 percent molasses and a total of 2.1 percent water. Light brown sugar contains 3.5 percent molasses and a total of 1.3 percent water. (Plain white sugar contains only 0.5 percent water.)", "Brown Sugar: Most brown sugar is ordinary refined sucrose with some of the molasses returned to it (3.5 percent for light brown sugar, 6.5 percent for dark brown). When a recipe calls for brown sugar, it refers to light brown sugar unless otherwise specified.", "Refined brown sugar, such as beet sugar, which must have its molasses removed as it is not deemed fit for human consumption, however, has had all the molasses removed and then other molasses added back, at the expense of considerable depth of flavor. This is partially because an inferior grade of industrial molasses is often used and the molasses merely coats the outside of the sugar crystal and is no longer part of the crystal itself. In some cases food color, which is flavorless, is used instead of molasses to recreate the original brown appearance. This process is known as painting. A simple test to determine if the molasses has been removed and then added back is to add a spoonful of sugar to a glass of water. After just a few minutes, the water in the \"painted\" sugar will turn a pale brown and the sugar crystals will be clear. With partially refined sugar that still contains its natural molasses the water will remain clear and the sugar crystals brown. (Note, all sugar and sugar syrups are considered Kosher.)", "All brown sugars are sugar crystals that contain molasses, a dark syrup that’s a by-product of sugar refining, says Melanie Miller, vice president of public relations for the Sugar Association . The differences between various brown sugars lie, primarily, in how much molasses each contains.", "There are many different names for sugar. Examples of common names are table sugar, brown sugar, molasses, honey, beet sugar, cane sugar, confectioner's sugar, powdered sugar, raw sugar, turbinado, maple syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, agave nectar and sugar cane syrup.", "Molasses is a viscous byproduct of the processing of sugar cane or sugar beets into sugar . The word molasses comes from the Portuguese word melaço, which ultimately comes from mel , the Latin word for \" honey \". [1] The quality of molasses depends on the maturity of the sugar cane or sugar beet, the amount of sugar extracted, and the method of extraction. Sweet sorghum syrup is known in some parts of the United States as molasses, though it is not true molasses.", "Molasses from the sugar beet is different from cane molasses. Only the syrup left from the final crystallisation stage is called molasses; intermediate syrups are referred to as high green and low green. It is about 50% sugar by dry weight, predominantly sucrose but also containing significant amounts of glucose and fructose. The non-sugar content includes many salts such as calcium, potassium, oxalate and chloride. As such, it is unpalatable and is mainly used as an additive to animal feed or as a fermentation feedstock. It is possible to extract additional sugar from beet molasses through a process known as molasses desugarisation. This technique exploits industrial scale chromatography to separate sucrose from non sugar components. The technique is only economically viable in areas where the price of sugar is supported above the world market e.g. in areas with trade barriers, and is prevalent in the US and is also seen within the European Community. From Wikipedia .", "Black Treacle: Containing 18 percent water, this dark, thick liquid is obtained from the residual molasses which is drained from the molds used in the sugar refining process. The flavor of molasses varies considerably depending on the source and origin of the raw sugar. It is generally considered too bitter or pronounced for culinary use but by blending with other intermediate refinery liquors and then evaporated and filtered it is valued in the U.K. for baking and the confectionery where a rich flavor, dark color, and moist texture are required such as in gingerbread and fruit cakes, and liquorice, which contains 20% or more treacle for flavor, moisture and sheen. As it contains only about 65% sugars and 4 to 9 percent minerals, it is far less sweet than sugar. It is considered to be of a higher quality than molasses. (It is a good source of iron, containing more than spinach and also calcium, containing more than milk. it is also high in potassium.)", "Molasses is a byproduct of the cane and beet sugar refining process. Cane or beet juice is boiled into a syrupy mixture before the sugar crystals are removed, and the color and flavor of the resulting molasses depends on how many times the sugar is extracted.", "\"Molasses...as sweetener made from refined sugar, including cane sugar, sugar beets, and even sweet potatoes. The word is from the Portuguese 'melaco', derived from the Latin 'mel' for honey. The first use of the word was in Nicholas Lichefield's 1582 translation of Lopez de Castanheda's First Booke of the Histoire of the Discoverie and Conquest of the East Indias, which described 'Melasus' as a 'certine kind of Sugar made of Palmes of Date trees'. Molasses became the most common American sweetener in the eighteenth century because it was much cheaper than sugar and was part of the triangular trade route that brought molasses to New England to be made into rum, which was then shipped to West Africa to be traded for slaves, who were in turn traded for molasses in the West Indies...By the end of the [19th] century molasses vied with maple syrup and sugar as the sweetener of choice, but when sugar prices dropped after World War I, both molasses and maple fell in popularity, so that today both are used as sweeteners in confections only when their specific taste is desirable, as in Boston baked beans.\"", "Scientifically, sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. Monosaccharides are also called \"simple sugars,\" the most important being glucose. Almost all sugars have the formula (n is between 3 and 7). Glucose has the molecular formula . The names of typical sugars end with -ose, as in \"glucose\" and \"fructose\". Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water. The acyclic mono- and disaccharides contain either aldehyde groups or ketone groups. These carbon-oxygen double bonds (CO) are the reactive centers. All saccharides with more than one ring in their structure result from two or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds with the resultant loss of a molecule of water () per bond.", "After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon. Bone char or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role. Some remaining color-forming impurities adsorb to the carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce brown sugar. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 20–30 percent sucrose and 15–25 percent glucose and fructose.", "Molasses or treacle is a thick, syrupy derivative of the juice of the sugarcane plant or the processing of sugar beet. The quality of molasses depends on the maturity of the sugar cane or beet, the amount of sugar extracted, and the method of extraction.", "A sucrose sugar product brown in color, made with a combination of white sugar and molasses. Available in grocery stores.", "To make molasses, sugar cane is harvested and stripped of leaves. Its juice is extracted usually by cutting, crushing, or mashing. The juice is boiled to concentrate it, promoting sugar crystallization. The result of this first boiling is called \"first syrup\", and it has the highest sugar content. First syrup is usually referred to in the Southern states of the U.S. as \"cane syrup\", as opposed to molasses. \"Second molasses\" is created from a second boiling and sugar extraction, and has a slight bitter taste.", "Molasses is a thick, syrupy byproduct of the refining of sugar cane or beets into table sugar.  Since the whole point is to extract the sugar — and this is what’s left over — there’s significantly less sugar in this resulting syrup.", "Thick, black syrup, produced from sugar cane. In the UK and Australia, simply known as molasses. It produces a bitter flavor.", "Molasses contains no protein or dietary fibre and close to no fat. Each tablespoon (20 g) contains 58 kcal, 14.95 g of carbohydrates, including 14.94 g of sugar divided between sucrose, glucose and fructose in rough proportions of 2:1:1.", "Sucrose: Composed of one glucose unit and one fructose unit bonded together. It is commonly referred to as table sugar.", "115 g demerara sugar, or palm sugar (this is what I use, for its lower GI)", "The different butts of Aszďż˝ also mean distinction according to remaining sugar content: the 3-butt Aszďż˝ contains 60ďż˝90 g/l, the 4-butt Aszďż˝ 90ďż˝120 g/l, the 5-butt Aszďż˝ 120ďż˝150 g/l, and the 6-butt Aszďż˝ 150ďż˝180 g/l of leftover sugar.", "it is then processed to extract sugar. This first boiling and processing produces what is called first molasses, this has the highest sugar content of", "Molasses: A by-product of the sugar refining process that appears as dark brown to black and color and comes in several grades; it is about 75% fermentable but this can vary.", "In addition to sugars, molasses contains significant amounts of potash, sulfur, and a variety of micronutrients. Because molasses is derived from plants,", "What is the common word for the monosaccharide substance found in certain fruit, flower nectar and honey, with the chemical formula C6H12O6? Fructose", "A pomegranate molasses that is used for salad dressings and marinades and has a savoury, semi sweet taste.", "A thick syrup, the by-product of the processing of sugar cane, grapes or sugar beets into sugar. Available in grocery stores.", "Robert, I also notice that your syrup is tan.  What kind of sugar do you use to make it? " ]

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[ "share the border with Bhutan. The border with Nepal runs 1751 km along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim are the States, which share the border with Nepal. The Siliguri Corridor, narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh, connects peninsular India with the northeastern states.", " File:NASA Landsat 7 Nepal.png|NASA Landsat-7 Image of Nepal. Nepal shares its boundaries with India and China", "Nepal's extreme poverty and its economic and political relationship with India have facilitated the trafficking of Nepali women and girls to brothels in India. Nepal is a small, landlocked country that shares borders with two powerful nations -- China and India -- and depends on them for development assistance and trade; it also borders the tiny kingdom of Bhutan, approximately one sixth of whose population of some 600,000 currently reside as refugees in eastern Nepal. 1 Nepal is mountainous, with little infrastructure or industry. Ninety percent of its population of some nineteen million people reside in rural areas, dependent on subsistence agriculture. 2", "The Nepal-China border extends along the whole length of northern border of Nepal and the starting and ending point of Nepal-China boundary is the tri-junction of the boundary between Nepal, China and India. However, because of the Sino-Indian boundary dispute as well as Nepal-India dispute over the Kalapani on the source of the Mahakali River, the demarcation started 5 kilometers ahead of the tri-junction in the west and 5 kilometres behind the tri-junction in the east. There is no man-made boundary demarcation on land as indicated in the boundary treaty maps, except for the boundary pillars. Along the whole length of Nepal China boundary, there are 79 boundary pillars, only as against more than 1000 boundary pillars along Nepal India border with 10 yards no-man, land on either side of Nepal India boundary. Under the protocol signed and exchanged between Nepal and China on January 20,1963, the contracting parties agreed to maintain and adopt necessary measures to prevent the removal, damage or destruction of boundary pillars as far as possible, to prevent the boundary rivers from changing their course and to make a joint inspection of the entire boundary every five years. Accordingly, in 1979 a new agreement was signed between the two countries after detailed mapping and demarcation of the boundary.", "Bordering the highest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, the country of Nepal is isolated from any seacoast and buffered from the outside world by India and China. Nepal is about the same size in physical area as Bangladesh, and is home to almost thirty million people. More than 80 percent of its people work the land in a region that is suffering from severe deforestation and soil erosion. Trees are cut down to build houses, to cook food, and to keep warm. Without trees to hold the soil, the monsoon rains wash soil from the mountain fields into the valleys. The combination of the fast-growing population with the loss of food-growing capacity means it is only a matter of time before a major crisis occurs in Nepal. Nepal’s best farmland is in the Tarai lowlands of southern Nepal, while the north is quite mountainous. The towering elevation of the Himalayas restricts human habitation in the north. High population growth has also been outstripping the country’s economic growth rate in recent years.", "Nepal is located in South Asia and is bordered by China to the North and India to the East, West and South. Nepal is also country of World highest peak Mt. Everest.", "Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbours, India and China. In accordance with a long-standing treaty, Indian and Nepalese citizens may travel to each other's countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may work in India without legal restriction. Although Nepal and India typically have close ties, from time to time Nepal becomes caught up in the problematic Sino-Indian relationship. India considers Nepal as part of its realm of influence, and views Chinese aid with concern. Some Indians consider Nepal to be part of a greater pan-Indian state, an attitude that has caused Nepalese antagonism towards India. In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India, the US, and the UK worsened. These three foreign countries were vociferous opponents to the crackdown on civil liberties in Nepal.", "Published by the Survey of Nepal, this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1:50,000 scale “attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey, 1979–80, Nepal-China border.” In the top center, note the boundary line, identified as separating “China” and “Nepal”, passing exactly through the summit contour. The boundary here and for much of the China-Nepal border follows the main Himalayan watershed divide.", "11 Contemporary relations between India and Nepal developed out of post-World War II India's concern about the possible spread of communism. In 1949 China declared its intent to \"liberate\" Tibet and re-establish China's \"traditional\" boundaries in the frontier region. Newly independent India recognized China's claim to Tibet, but sought to limit Chinese communist influence on Nepal and the neighboring Himalayan kingdoms of Bhutan and Sikkim by strengthening the \"Himalayan frontier policy\" introduced by the British and signing treaties of peace and cooperation with the three kingdoms. The 1950 treaty was signed by the Rana regime soon before it was overthrown and included a mutual security agreement.", "There are only two immigration points along the Nepal China border. They are Kodari with road connections from Kathmandu and Nara Nangla in Humla with mule track from Simikot. The border checkpost of Nara Nangla, however, lies several kilometres south inside Humla. As for the immigration points along Nepal India border, they are connected by road. Tribhuvan international airport in Kathmandu is the only immigration point for foreingn nationals coming by air.", "Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefs until the early 17th century, when the lama and military leader Ngawang Namgyal, the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche, who was fleeing religious persecution in Tibet, unified the area and cultivated a distinct Bhutanese identity. Later, in the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire and retained strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, based on a global survey, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in India officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.sia and the eighth-happiest in the world.", "Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. The national symbols of Nepal are:", "* 8.848 km – height of Mount Everest, highest peak on Earth, on the border between Nepal and China", "Sandwiched between India and China, impoverished, mountainous Nepal has long been a proxy battleground for influence among those powers, often cracking down on Tibetan refugees at the behest of its neighbor to the north. Nepal’s biggest problem is that it just can’t seem to form a government. A 2008 power-sharing agreement appointed Prachanda (“the Fierce One”), the head of the Maoist rebel group, as the country’s prime minister, but he resigned a year later when the president sacked his army chief. As recently as May, another attempt at forming a legislature failed; meanwhile, Nepal remains one of the poorest countries in Asia.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 22,641,061 (1997 estimate). Kingdom in the Himalaya Mountains between India and Tibet. United in 1768, Nepal remained independent during the British occupation of India and has since maintained that independence, enjoying good relations with both India and China.", "Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia located at the eastern end of the Himalayas. It is bordered to the north by China and to the south, east and west by India. Further west, it is separated from Nepal by the Indian state of Sikkim, while further south it is separated from Bangladesh by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal. Bhutan's capital and largest city is Thimphu.", "Nepal and India sign a commercial treaty; a British Resident is sent to reside at Katmandu but is recalled two years later.", "(Placename) a kingdom in central Asia: disputed by Tibet, China, India, and Britain since the 18th century but most closely connected with India; contains inaccessible stretches of the E Himalayas in the north. Official language: Dzongka; Nepali is also spoken. Official religion: Mahayana Buddhist. Currencies: ngultrum and Indian rupee. Capital: Thimbu. Pop: 725 296 (2013 est). Area: about 46 600 sq km (18 000 sq miles)", "The Gorkha dominion reached its height when the North Indian territories of the Kumaon and Garhwal Kingdoms in the west to Sikkim in the east came under Nepal rule. At its maximum extent, Greater Nepal extended from the Teesta River in the east, to Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, across the Sutlej in the west as well as further south into the Terai plains and north of the Himalayas than at present. A dispute with Tibet over the control of mountain passes and inner Tingri valleys of Tibet forced the Qing Emperor of China to start the Sino-Nepali War compelling the Nepali to retreat and pay heavy reparations to Peking.", "Apart from tampering with the Nepal India border by the local people in the Indian side, the Indian government itself has been involved in the violating the norms of international boundary treaty. The construction of dams on the rivers flowing from Nepal just across the Nepal India boundary on Indian side has resulted in flooding and submergence of large tracts of Nepalese territories. It started with the Bagmati river. Recently, the construction of dm over the Mirchiya river in India has submerged a large tract of Nepalese territory and threatened the submergence of the international heritage site of Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha.", "All the South Asian countries border India by either a physical or a marine boundary. The Himalayas form a natural boundary between South Asia and East Asia (China). The realm is surrounded by deserts, the Indian Ocean, and the high Himalayan ranges.", "The fault lies in the historical understanding that treats Nepal more as ‘buffer state’ to protect Indian security concern in the Himalayan region. In fact, overt security concern is one of the reasons that Indian state can use to explain away any interference in the domestic affairs of Nepal. For instance, in 2009 when the Prime Minister of Nepal, Prachanda, sacked Army Chief General Rukmangad Katuwal for gross subordination, India intervened to revert the decision. The stated reason to do so was simple: that Maoists had plans to capture army by collaborating with China. This story that China has pushed Prachanda into sacking of army chief was carried in a leading English daily", "The national flag of Nepal () is the world's only non-quadrilateral national flag. The flag is a simplified combination of two single pennons, the vexillological word for a pennant. Its crimson red is the colour of the rhododendron, the country's national flower. Red is also the sign of victory in war. The blue border is the colour of peace. Until 1962, the flag's emblems, the sun and the crescent moon, had human faces. They were removed to modernize the flag.", "At its maximum extent, Greater Nepal extended from the Tista River in the east, to Kangara, across the Sutlej River in the west as well as further south into the Terai plains and north of the Himalayas than at present. A dispute and subsequent war with Tibet over the control of mountain passes forced the Nepalese to retreat and pay heavy reparations to China.", "Nepal is multicultural and multiethnic country because it became a country by occupying several small kingdoms such as Mustang, Videha (Mithila), Madhesh, and Limbuwan in 18th century. The oldest settlements in Mithila and Tharuhat are indigenous Maithil and aboriginal Tharu people. Northern Nepal is historically inhabited by Kirants Mongoloid, Rai and Limbu people. The mountainous region is sparsely populated above , but in central and western Nepal ethnic Sherpa and Lamapeople inhabit even higher semi-arid valleys north of the Himalaya. Kathmandu Valley, in the middle hill region, constitutes a small fraction of the nation's area but is the most densely populated, with almost 5 percent of the nation's population.", "The national flag of Nepal is a red flag with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles. ", "The national emblem of Nepal consists of the Rhododendron flower followed by a white cow. In the left are a green Pheasant and two Gorkha soldiers. One of the soldiers is carrying a Khukri, a bow, and an arrow and the other has a modern rifle. In the background are the various peaks of the Himalayas Mountain. It also has the moon and the sun, both with faces showing caste marks. In the foreground are two crossed Nepalese Flags and Khukri, the footprints of Gorakhnath, the guardian deity of the Gorkhas, wearing the royal headdress. At the base of the design a red scroll carries the national motto in Sanskrit \" Janani janmabhumis cha, swarga tapi gariyase\" (The mother and the motherland are both dearer than heaven).", "Its most significant contribution has been of peace and stability in Africa. It has demonstrated its capacity of sustaining large troop commitments over prolonged periods. Presently, Nepal is ranked as the fourth largest troop contributing country (TCC) to the UN.", "India is a signatory to most international human rights instruments relevant to trafficking in women and girls, including the Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (The Trafficking Convention), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and antislavery conventions. While Nepal has not ratified the Trafficking Convention, it is a party to the ICCPR and to the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (1956). Both governments have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which obligate states parties to ensure protection against discrimination and to take all appropriate measures to suppress all forms of trafficking in women and children.", ". However, the inability of the Indian state to understand its role and limitations in Nepal has affected bilateral ties. The first set of differences appeared in 2008 when Indian intervention in the constitution-making process was questioned by the Maoist leadership in Nepal", "Many of Australia's neighbours are South-East Asian nations. These form part of the South-East Asian region which physically stretches from the south-eastern peninsula to the East Asian archipelago. It is also roughly bounded by the Indian subcontinent to the west, China on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. The region also includes the Indochina Peninsula, which juts into the South China Sea, the Malay Peninsula, and the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos. It can be further divided into the regions of Peninsular South-East Asia, which is bounded by mountains and great rivers such as the Thanlwin, Ayeyarwady, Chao Phraya, and Mekong, as well as Insular South-East Asia, which is made up of numerous volcanic and coral islands. The boundary between Australia and this region is commonly placed between the island of Papua New Guinea and the northern Australian coastline.", "Fast-forward to 2015. The earthquakes put Nepal under the international klieg lights. In a sense, the country had two runaway trains to deal with. One was created by Mother Nature. The other was man-made, spearheaded by the leaders of the three main political parties, carving the country into federal states." ]

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[ "Diabetes mellitus ( IPA : /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/ or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/, /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/), often simply diabetes (Greek: διαβήτης), is a syndrome characterized by disordered metabolism and inappropriately high blood sugar ( hyperglycaemia ) resulting from either low levels of the hormone insulin or from abnormal resistance to insulin's effects coupled with inadequate levels of insulin secretion to compensate. [2] The characteristic symptoms are excessive urine production (polyuria), excessive thirst and increased fluid intake (polydipsia), and blurred vision; these symptoms are likely absent if the blood sugar is only mildly elevated.", "Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.", "Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus. ", "Diabetes is a condition in which the body does not produce enough, or properly respond to, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy.", "Diabetes, when the body cannot produce sufficient amounts of the hormone insulin to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.", "Diabetes, either of two disorders of the endocrine system . For information about the disorder caused by the body’s inability to produce or respond to insulin and characterized by abnormal glucose levels in the blood, see diabetes mellitus . For information about the disorder characterized by excessive thirst and dilute urine, caused by lack of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, see diabetes insipidus .", "Insulin is a hormone which plays a key role in the regulation of blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin, or an inability to adequately respond to insulin, can each lead to the development of the symptoms of diabetes .", "After you eat or drink, your body breaks down the sugars in your blood and turns it into glucose. The glucose travels through your bloodstream and provides your body with energy. To accomplish this, your pancreas needs to produce a hormone called insulin. In a person with diabetes (diabetes mellitus), the pancreas either produces too little insulin or none at all, or the insulin can’t be used effectively. This allows blood glucose levels to rise while the rest of your cells are deprived of much needed energy. This can lead to a wide variety of problems affecting nearly every part of your body.", "Diabetes mellitus, usually called diabetes, is a disease in which your body does not make enough insulin or cannot use normal amounts of insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in your blood. A high blood sugar level can cause problems in many parts of your body.", "The most common islet cell, the beta cell, produces insulin , the major hormone in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Insulin is crucial in several metabolic processes: it promotes the uptake and metabolism of glucose by the body’s cells; it prevents release of glucose by the liver; it causes muscle cells to take up amino acids, the basic components of protein; and it inhibits the breakdown and release of fats. The release of insulin from the beta cells can be triggered by growth hormone (somatotropin) or by glucagon, but the most important stimulator of insulin release is glucose; when the blood glucose level increases—as it does after a meal—insulin is released to counter it. The inability of the islet cells to make insulin or the failure to produce amounts sufficient to control blood glucose level are the causes of diabetes mellitus .", "Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin. The main cause of this beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. [4] There is no known preventative measure that can be taken against type 1 diabetes, which comprises up to 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and Europe (though this varies by geographical location). Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed \"juvenile diabetes\" because it represents a majority of cases of diabetes affecting children.", "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a disease characterized by alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, and a deficiency of insulin secretion, with varying degrees of resistance to it (Ellenberg & Rilkin, 1990). Diabetes-related disability and mortality, particularly in adults and older adults, \"occupy much of the health resources of countries\" (MINSAL, 2006, p. 4).", "Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. It is a condition where your own immune system attacks certain cells called beta-cells. Beta-cells help you produce a hormone called insulin. You need insulin to help your body manage glucose you get from food and turn it into energy for your body to use.", "After eating a meal, the food is broken down by the digestive system and blood sugar (or glucose) rises. The pancreas is an organ near the stomach, which produces a hormone called insulin. With the help of insulin, the body's cells take up the glucose and use it for energy.  When your body does not produce enough insulin and/or does not efficiently use the insulin it produces, sugar levels rise in the bloodstream. When this happens, it can cause two problems:", "hormone that cannot be consumed in tablet form. Why not? The digestive process renders it inactive. As a result, insulin must be delivered via a shot. Type 2 is more common and is characterized by insufficient insulin production and body cells that ignore or are insensitive to insulin. Insulin is necessary for cells to use glucose and to synthesize protein and lipid. Transport of glucose across cell membranes and into the interior of the cell where energy production takes place requires insulin. In the absence of glucose, cells starve. In uncontrolled diabetes, glucose remains outside the cells and accumulates in the blood. Persistent high blood glucose levels damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. While diabetes occurs in people of all ages and races, some groups have a higher risk for developing Type 2 than others. Type 2 is more common among African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, than it is among Anglos. Obesity contributes to chronic disease risk for people of all ages. In addition, the incidence of diabetes increases with age, regardless of ethnic origin or race. Gestational Diabetes Pregnant women without a prior history of diabetes but who develop high blood glucose levels during pregnancy experience gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women. Pregnancy increases insulin needs by a factor of three. Hormones from the placenta", "due to deficient secretion of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreas. See diabetes mellitus type I (above).", "Hormone deficiencies. Certain disorders of the adrenal glands and the pituitary gland can result in a deficiency of key hormones that regulate glucose production. Children with these disorders are more prone to hypoglycemia than are adults.", "Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:", "In some people, the pancreas is unable to make enough insulin, for example, in a condition called type 1 diabetes . This condition is caused when the beta cells that produce insulin have been destroyed. With too little insulin, the body can no longer move glucose from the blood into the cells, causing high blood glucose levels. If the glucose level is high enough, excess glucose spills into the urine. This drags extra water into the urine causing more frequent urination and thirst. This leads to dehydration which can cause confusion. In addition, with too little insulin, the cells cannot take in glucose for energy. Other sources of energy (such as fat and muscle) are needed to provide this energy. This makes the body tired and can cause weight loss. If this continues, patients can become very ill. This is because the body attempts to make new energy from fat and causes acids to be produced as waste products. Ultimately, this can lead to coma and death if medical attention is not sought.", "Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by deficiency of insulin or, more commonly, by a decreased responsiveness to insulin in target cells, due to some change in insulin receptors.", "Diabetes mellitus similar but not identical to human Type I (insulin deficiency): The disease occurs in middle-aged Samoyeds, the mean age at diagnosis is seven years. The cause is a chronic inflammation of the pancreas and / or autoimmune destruction of beta cells ofislets of Langerhans. Moreover, in affected dogs autoantibodies were found to insulin. Currently, several genetic markers are discussed as possible causes.", "Metabolic safety of growth hormone in type 1 diabetes and idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. - PubMed - NCBI", "Type 1 diabetes . Previously known as juvenile diabetes, this condition happens when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin. In children and teens, it's usually the result of an autoimmune disorder in which specific immune system cells and antibodies produced by the immune system attack and destroy the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. Symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, urination (peeing), and weight loss.", "In some cases, the glands of the endocrine systems are impaired and this can result in \"the imbalance of hormone\". The imbalance of hormone or condition of endocrine system can affect the health of the individuals in various ways and some of this endocrine conditions are vary serious. These imbalance hormone or endocrine system conditions are the growth disorder, the menopause, hormone abuse, the glandular problem, the Addison's, Cushing's polycystic ovarian, pituitary disorder, diabetes and among others.", "It turns out insulin in the brain has a lot of functions, very few of which we understand well. Mice that lack insulin and leptin receptors in their brains, however, exhibit insulin resistance that is characteristic of diabetes . Strangely, though, they have a lot of reproductive deficiencies, too – the females have poor fertility, high testosterone levels and deformed ovaries, for example. Why insulin has these effects on reproduction is unknown, but it just goes to show that insulin does a lot more than regulate blood sugar levels, and is far more important in our bodies than we once thought.", "Permanent hormone deficiency. The presence of a pituitary tumor or the removal of one may permanently alter your hormone supply, which may need to be replaced with hormone medications.", "pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body.", "the hypoglycemia induced by insulin fails to return to the normal level in the required time, usually because of hyperinsulinism, or hypopituitarism or hypoadrenalism.", "Bao J, Gilbertson HR, Gray R, et al. Improving the Estimation of Mealtime Insulin Dose in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: The Normal Insulin Demand for Dose Adjustment (NIDDA) study. Diabetes Care. 2011 Oct. 34(10):2146-51. [Medline] . [Full Text] .", "This is commonly seen in people with diabetes and is caused by different pathways in type 1 diabetics compared with type 2 diabetics.", "When the levels of these critical hormones fall below the minimum levels required for basic body function, the organs become severely compromised. Pump failure starts to occur and attempts to prime the pump to regain the footing become very difficult. The threshold level of each hormone varies from person to person. No laboratory test is currently available to help determine this with accuracy. The key to help prevent or reverse this state lies in understanding the patient’s history and observing the clinical presentations with careful attention to minute detail. The patient is often incapacitated and bedridden, requiring assistance to conduct daily activities such as driving, shopping and preparation of meals. The low energy state renders the patient bed-ridden most of the time.", "Updated by: Brent Wisse, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team." ]

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[ "A greave (from the Old French greve \"shin, shin armour\" from the Arabic jaurab, meaning stocking ) is a piece of armour that protects the leg.", "A greave (from 12th century French greve \"shin\", of uncertain origin) is a piece of armour that protects the leg. Often in matched pairs (a pair of greaves), greaves may be constructed of materials ranging from padded cloth to steel plate. Some designs protect only the lower leg (a half-greave) or extend upwards to protect the thigh.", "A greave is a piece of armour that protects the leg. Often in matched pairs (a pair of greaves), greaves may be constructed of materials ranging from padded cloth to steel plate. Some designs protect only the lower leg (a half-greave) or extend upwards to protect the thigh. In the Middle Ages greaves eventually developed to protect the back of the legs as well and these were called full greaves (the style which only covered the front became known as half-greaves or demi-greaves).", "The full equipage of arms and armor were the helmet with colored crest and face protectors, breastplates or chain mail (if you could afford it), greaves, the parma (a round shield), the scutum, an oblong wrap-around of hide on a wood frame, edged with metal, with the insignia of the legion painted on, the pilum, the hasta velitaris, a light javelin of about 3 feet with a 9-inch metal head, and a short sword they borrowed from Spanish tribes, the gladius. It was both pointed for thrusting and edged for slashing.", "Epitomizing the classic look of a medieval knight, the Traditional Knights Full Suit of Armor is a wearable set of fine steel armor that emulates the legendary styling of Milanese master armorers from the early 16th century.", "Single plates of metal armour were again used from the late 13th century on, to protect joints and shins, and these were worn over a mail hauberk. Gradually the number of plate components of medieval armour increased, protecting further areas of the body, and in barding those of a cavalryman's horse. Armourers developed skills in articulating the lames or individual plates for parts of the body that needed to be flexible, and in fitting armour to the individual wearer like a tailor. The cost of a full suit of high quality fitted armour, as opposed to the cheaper munition armour (equivalent of ready-to-wear) was enormous, and inevitably restricted to the wealthy who were seriously committed to either soldiering or jousting. The rest of an army wore inconsistent mixtures of pieces, with maille still playing an important part.", "A pauldron (sometimes spelled pouldron or powldron) is a component of plate armour, which evolved from spaulders in the 15th century. As with spaulders, pauldrons cover the shoulder area. Pauldrons tend to be larger than spaulders, covering the armpit, and sometimes parts of the back and chest. Pauldrons typically consists of a single large dome-shaped piece to cover the shoulder (the \"cop\") with multiple lamés attached to it to defend the arm and upper shoulder. On armours designed for mounted combat, whether in the tournament or the field, the pauldrons would be usually be asymmetrical, with one pauldron sporting a cut-away to make room for a lance-rest.", "chain mail—thousands of small iron rings riveted or welded together. Because chain mail by itself was often insufficient to deflect an arrowhead or spear point, coats of mail were usually worn over a leather tunic. Helmets came in a variety of styles, from simple conical iron affairs to more sophisticated models with articulated visors. Chain mail was hardly lightweight (a typical coat weighed 30 pounds), but it offered the wearer relative freedom of movement. In the late medieval era, however, the introduction of weapons like the longbow and crossbow, whose arrows and bolts could penetrate mail, led European warriors to adopt armor made of overlapping plates of iron or steel. At their most sophisticated, suits of plate armor afforded the wearer full-body protection. The trade-off was their heavy weight—if a knight was knocked off his feet or his horse, he would be at a disadvantage.", "The almost universal usage throughout this century was that the cuirass was worn covered. Thus, the globose form of the breast-armour of the Black Prince, in his effigy in Canterbury Cathedral, 1376, intimates that a cuirass as well as a hauberk is to be considered to have been covered by the royalty-emblazoned jupon of the prince.", "Plate armour is a historical type of personal body armour made from iron or steel plates, culminating in the iconic suit of armour entirely encasing the wearer. While there are early predecessors such as the Roman-era lorica segmentata, full plate armour developed in Europe during the Late Middle Ages, especially in the context of the Hundred Years' War, from the coat of plates worn over mail suits during the 13th century.", "Pure gold, once secured over shoulder of leather body armor. Decorated by garnet and blue checkered glass cut into geometric shapes. Boars on sides represented strength and bravery, important virtues in warlike Anglo-Saxon society.", "This includes a padded aketon (a garment that covers the torso and arms), a steel mail hauberk (a garment that overlies the aketon), a coat-of plates (that covers the front and sides of the torso), rigid or semi-rigid upper leg and arm armour, pair of mail or plate gauntlets (gloves), a mail coif (or hood) with padded liner, a full face metal helmet and a wooden shield, this being the basic armour used by knights in the late 13th/early 14th centuries. ", "F - Chest piece also known as the Cuirass. Typically it was in two halves. One half in the front and one half in the back. The back piece would be called the Back Plate.", "Variations on chain mail—usually consisting of overlapping metal plates—were worn by warriors in nations all over the world, from Persia and India to China and Japan. The suits of armor used by the samurai of medieval Japan were particularly fine and, like the best of European plate-armor suits, were magnificent examples of craftsmanship. In many cultures the wearing of armor was largely limited to the warrior elite (they were the only ones able to afford these expensive items, for one thing), but in India and elsewhere foot soldiers used garments of leather or heavily padded fabric for protection. Among the most interesting nonmetal forms of armor were the raw silk shirts worn by Mongol horsemen. Because of silk’s strength, if an enemy arrow pierced the horseman’s body, the silk would be driven into the wound along with the arrowhead, allowing the arrow to be more easily removed than if it had torn through another type of material.", "This impressive medieval suit of armour is styled after those crafted in Europe during the mid 1500s. The suit of armour features a fine decorated breastplate, broad guarded pauldrons, and an antiqued finish for an aged appearance.", "Gradually, small additional plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. Hardened leather and splinted construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The coat of plates was developed, an armour made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat.", "With so many separate pieces of plate mail armour in action, it was a small step to reach full plate. This is the armour in which knights are most often shown in modern popular culture, the all-enshrouding suit that hid the wearer’s face and transformed the shape of their body, turning them into a figure at once both more and less than human.", "There are of course a whole lot of variations in armor and it changed a lot over the centuries. But when we think of armor we think of a full suit of plate armor as shown in the picture below. Something like this was the typical armor around the 13th to 15th centuries.", "The effect of arrows and bolts is still a point of contention in regards to plate armour. Some argue that longbows and/or crossbows could regularly pierce plate armour and some contend that they could do so only rarely. Fluted plate was not only decorations, but also reinforced the plate against bending under slashing or blunt impact. This offsets against the fact that flutes could sometimes catch piercing blows. In armoured techniques taught in the German school of swordsmanship, the attacker concentrates on these \"weak spots\", resulting in a fighting style very different from unarmored sword-fighting. Because of this weakness most warriors wore a mail shirt (haubergeon or hauberk) beneath their plate armour (or coat-of-plates).", "Later the 'backbone' of Medieval armies was the armored knight mounted on a horse. Norman knights wore chain mail, armor made of iron rings joined together. In the 14th century chain mail was replaced by plate armor. Metal plates were attached to each part of the body. Norman knights carried kite shaped shields. Later in the middle Ages shields became smaller.", "From the helmet hangs the mantling, or lambrequin. When worn, that was made of linen or other cloth and performed the useful function of shielding the wearer from the sun’s rays; it also served to snare or deflect sword cuts. The mantling, or mantle, is painted with the principal colour of the arms, while its lining is of the principal metal. More elaborately styled mantles are used for kings and sovereign princes.", "Parallel with the body space on the right hand lay a set of spears, tips uppermost, including three barbed angons, their heads thrust through a handle of the bronze bowl in the northeast corner. Nearby was a wand with a small mount depicting a wolf. Closer to the body lay the magnificent sword with gold and garnet-cloisonné pommel (85 cm or 34in long), its pattern-welded blade within its sheath. Attached to this and lying towards the body was the sword harness and belt, fitted with a suite of solid gold mounts and strap-distributors of extremely intricate garnet cellwork ornament. The scabbard-bosses of domed cellwork and pyramidal mounts with faceted stones in the angles are also superlative.", "An excavated burial in Deal, Kent discovered the \"Deal warrior\" a man buried around 200–150 BCE with a sword and shield, and wearing a unique crown, too thin to be a helmet. The crown is bronze with a broad band around the head and a thin strip crossing the top of the head. It was worn without any padding beneath, as traces of hair were left on the metal. The form of the crown is similar to that seen in images of Romano-British priests several centuries later, leading to speculation among archaeologists that the man might have been a druid. ", "One of the most iconic forms of medieval chainmail armor, the hauberk offers protection to the torso, arms, and upper legs. This Riveted Aluminum Chainmail Hauberk has short sleeves and falls to just above the knees.", "Plate armor is one of the most recognized styles, and is oftentimes seen as the quintessential armor of knights, although it was favored by many warriors. With protection like this Gothic Suit of Armor, it is not hard to see why.", "Fig. 17An example of Persain mail and plates (qeiebe/joshan) where the mail armour is augmented with iron plates protecting the torso", "Mail (also maille, often given as chain mail or chain maille) is a type of armour or jewelry that consists of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. Mail armour provided a highly effective defense against the weapons of the Medieval Period. Tests conducted by the Royal Armoury at Leeds concluded that, \"it is almost impossible to penetrate using any conventional medieval weapon.\" This construction can ward off a slashing blow by an edged weapon and penetration by thrusting and piercing weapons, preventing the point from cutting through to the skin. The flexibility of mail meant that a blow would often injure the wearer, potentially causing fractures or serious bruising. It is to be considered however, that most Medieval physicians and physicians of earlier time periods could usually set broken bones, and the mail prevented more serious, infection-prone injuries. However, fractures and extensive bruising did kill warriors as well. The word chainmail is of relatively recent coinage, having been in use only since the 1700s, prior to this it was referred to simply as mail.", "Quilted garment worn under armor from the early fifteenth century, equipped with points to attach mail gussets and pieces of armor. See also arming points.", "Armor did appear on other individuals, and there were differences in the styles worn by guards in each city.", "During the Middle Ages metal Armour and chain mail protected against the blows of edged weapons and blocked arrows and other projectiles. Solid metal maces and war hammers proved able to inflict damage on well armoured knights, as the force of a blow from a mace is large enough to cause damage without penetrating the armour.", "Guard attached to a helmet which offers some protection to the neck. Normally of mail but could be of articulated plates", "Plate armour was virtually invulnerable to sword slashes. It also protected the wearer well against spear or pike thrusts and provided decent defense against blunt trauma." ]

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[ "Miso: Miso is a paste that comes from fermented soybeans. It is an excellent source of bacteria and enzymes that aid digestion and has a really great flavor. Soy Milk has as much protein as cows milk but is lower in fat and has no cholesterol. Many people like to give it to infants in place of cows milk as it is easier for them to digest. Soy milk, easy to make at home, can then be made into tofu. As mentioned above for tofu, you can make your own soy milk from soybeans for a tiny fraction of what it costs to purchase it in the store.", "The world's most important bean is the low carbohydrate, high-protein soybean. This inexpensive, yet nutritious legume is used to make soybean oil, soy flour, soy sauce, miso, tamari, and tofu. Can also be used like any other bean. Soybean are round, under one-half inch in diameter, and usually yellowish, although the may be other colors.", "The white beans, called “miso mame” meaning “miso beans”, can be eaten boiled, but they are also the main ingredient of miso, shoyu (soya sauce), tofu (bean curd), natto (fermented soya beans), yuba (tofu skin) and kinako (soya bean flour).", "We encourage you to think about miso made from soybeans as part of your legume intake. Like other legume-based foods, soy miso is a good source of fiber and protein and a great way to increase your overall nourishment.", "Popular in Asian cooking, both products are made from fermented soybeans and have a salty bean flavor. Japanese bean paste is called miso.", "Miso is a Japanese word for fermented soybean paste. Miso is not usually consumed by itself, but is dissolved in water as a base for soup or used as a flavoring agent. Miso fermentation consists of washed, polished rice, which is steamed and inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae. The inoculated rice is incubated for 48 to 50 hours at 40 C or below, resulting in rice koji. The carbohydrates and proteins of the inoculated rice are digested by the fungus and converts it to sugars and amino acids. The rice koji is then inoculated by yeasts and bacteria and allowed to ferment for about a week at 28 C and then raised to 35 C for about seven months.", "miso - A thick fermented soy bean paste used for soups and as a flavoring agent. Miso is made from fermented soybeans, rice, barley and salt.", "Miso's unique properties and flavour profile can be attributed to the compounds produced through the fermentation process. Miso, depending on the variety, consists a starter culture called Koji, soybeans, and usually a grain (either rice, barley, or rye). The miso goes through a two step process; first creating the koji, and second the koji is combined with the other components and the mixture is left to be enzymatic digested, fermented and aged.", "Miso: In Japanese, literally fermented soybean paste. Used in making soup base, or flavoring agent. Requires the addition of Aspergillus oryzae.", "What is Miso? Miso is a fermented paste made from the following ingredients: mashed soybeans, rice or barley, salt, water and a mold called Aspergillus Oryzae (also known as “Koji”). As a staple in the traditional Japanese fermentation process, A. Oryzae is also an ingredient in the production of Japanese beverages including sake and shuchu, as well as common table top items including soy sauce and rice vinegar. Carrying the stigma of a mold, A. Oeyzae has been safely used in industrial production for thousands of years and actually has a pleasant aroma similar to chestnuts.", "The ingredients used to produce miso may include any mix of soybeans, barley, rice, buckwheat, millet, rye, wheat, hemp seed, and cycad, among others. Lately, producers in other countries have also begun selling miso made from chickpeas, corn, azuki beans, amaranth, and quinoa. Fermentation time ranges from as little as five days to several years. The wide variety of Japanese miso is difficult to classify, but is commonly done by grain type, color, taste, and background.", "Tofu or bean curd is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is of Chinese origin, and it is also a part of East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and others.", "It all starts with the beans.  We contract with growers who can guarantee us the best quality organic soybeans on the market.  And because they are organic, we are assured that the beans have not been genetically modified.  We conduct rigorous and regular testing to make sure we are getting exactly what we want. Unlike edamame, the popular green soybeans that people love to munch, soybeans used for tofu are a unique variety that arrives dried, similar to most beans you buy at the market.  The first step is to soak the beans until they are at the perfect level of hydration. ", "Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin : dòufurǔ, or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called “preserved tofu” or “fermented tofu,” consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment with the help of aerial bacteria. [43] The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles , or in a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus ) is added for color. [44] In Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called “tofu no misodzuke,” which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto . In Okinawa , pickled and fermented tofu is called “tofuyo”(豆腐餻). It is made from “Shima-doufu” (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori .", "Shōyu is traditionally divided into five main categories depending on differences in their ingredients and method of production. Most, but not all Japanese soy sauces include wheat as a primary ingredient, which tends to give them a slightly sweeter taste than their Chinese counterparts. They also tend towards an alcoholic sherry-like flavor, sometimes enhanced by the addition of small amounts of alcohol as a natural preservative. The widely varying flavors of these soy sauces are not always interchangeable, some recipes only call for one type or the other, much as a white wine cannot replace a red's flavor or beef stock does not make the same results as fish stock.", "Legumes are among the oldest foods known to mankind and can be traced as far back as the Bronze Age. In biblical lore, a dish of lentils and rice that is still a favorite in the Middle East is said to be the infamous \"mess of pottage\" for which Esau sold his birthright. Before the extensive cross-pollination of foodstuffs that took place worldwide during the Age of Discovery, each portion of the globe cultivated its own types of beansâsoy and mung in Asia, chick-peas, lentils, and fava beans in the Mediterranean, and all types of haricots (kidney beans, pintos, navy beans) in the Americas.", "* Pickled tofu ( in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. \"tofu dairy,\" or fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called \"preserved tofu\" or \"fermented tofu,\" this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu ( in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called \"tofu no misodzuke,\" which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called \"tofuyo\"(豆腐餻). It is made from \"Shima-doufu\" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.", "Okara (from the Japanese, , okara; known as , xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. \"snowflake vegetable\"; , dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. \"tofu sediment/residue\"; and , kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as \"soy pulp\" or \"tofu lees\", consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.", "Tofu has its origins in China. It has high protein content. To make tofu, fresh soya beans are soaked, ground, boiled and strained.Soy milk undergoes a process of coagulation and the curd formed is pressed into blocks. These blocks of cheese are called Tofu. Tofu does not have any flavor on its own. Tofu is kept immersed in water. Water should be changed daily.", "Misozuke--Rich and intensely savory, tofu misozuke is wildly simple: Tofu is cured in miso for two months. The miso enzymes break the proteins down into short amino acids, creating an opulent texture similar to foie gras. 18th-century Japanese cookbooks. The humble tofu is packed with creamy fattiness and has an added wallop of miso essence. Vegan health food for cheese lovers? This is the Holy Grail.", "Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called “tofu” even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin . Some foods, such as Burmese tofu, are not coagulated from the “milk” of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta , Korean muk , or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China .", "Soy beans are essential nutrition in many parts of the world, but are not inherently great eating (though some new types are said to be comparable to many common beans--but we'll wait for more reports before jumping in). But we think everyone who can should at least try a little of one of the edamame types; these can be consumed as a green vegetable, typically in stir frys, but their most interesting use--lightly cooked, out of the pod--is, in Japan, as a snack with beer, much as Americans eat peanuts. These are not just any old soys, but are types bred for this special use. A WSU report summarizing five years of trialling (in Lewis County, southwest Washington State) said:", "Originating in Asia, the black-eyed pea is thought to have been introduced to the United States through the African slave trade. This small beige bean has a black circular \"eye\" at its inner curve. It can be purchased fresh or dried. Though originally cultivated for animal fodder, black-eyed peas are now a popular LEGUME (particularly in the South) and are essential in the traditional dish HOPPIN' JOHN. Also called cowpea� and, if the \"eye\" is yellow, yellow-eyed pea�.", "In Japan , ginger is pickled to make beni shoga and gari or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles . It is also made into a candy called shoga no sato zuke .", "The recipe for shoyu was thought to have been discovered over a long period of time. In preparation for winter, people of prehistoric Asia would preserve meat and fish by packing them in salt. The liquid by-products that leeched from the preserved meat were subsequently used as a base for savory broths and seasonings.", "The Japanese suffix \"take\" means mushroom and the Shiii tree is the tree on which these lovely mushrooms grow naturally. They are indigenous to Korea and Japan and for years were available around the world in dried form but are now widely cultivated and available fresh.", "Tofu originated in the Han dynasty in ancient China. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in Bencao Gangmu. Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea, then Japan during the Nara period. It also spread into other parts of East Asia as well. This spread likely coincided with the spread of Buddhism as it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism.", "In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as \"yudofu,\" which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.", "House Foods America Corp. has tofu plants in California and New Jersey with a combined capacity of manufacturing 350,000 pieces of tofu per day. Other major brands are Vitasoy, a subsidiary of a Hong Kong based company, which also manufactures the brands Nasoya and Azumaya; and Mori-Nu (Morinaga Nutritional Foods), a subsidiary of Morinaga Milk Industry (森永乳業) of Japan, which pioneered the sale of shelf-stable, aseptically packaged tofu.", "In Japan , a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko ( 冷 奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, scallions, and soy sauce. In many parts of China , fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs ( 皮 蛋), and sesame seed oil.", "Mitsuba (Cryptotaenia japonica) - Also known as trefoil, Japanese parsley, and Japanese chervil, mitsuba is highly valued in Japanese cooking for its subtle flavor with hints of celery, sorrel, and cloves. It is used to season mushroom and egg dishes, and is often battered and fried for tempura. The compact perennial is native to the woodlands of Japan and prefers a shady location.", "Sukiyaki is a type of nabe (Japanese hot pot) where deliciously thin-sliced beef is quickly seared, combined with a medley of other nourishing and tasty vegetables and other ingredients, and then simmered in a broth of sake, soy sauce and sugar." ]

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[ "A. Reflexology is a separate practice with its own origin, history, vocabulary, techniques and books. Its techniques are applied to reflex maps resembling the human body, which are believed to exist on the feet and hands and outer ears in order to help bring the body into balance through the relaxation process, thus promoting stress reduction and well-being. It works primarily with reflexes through the nervous systems versus the musculature. The effect of Reflexology is seen at a distance from where the pressure is applied; its intent is not to change the soft tissue of the body.", "It is well known that Reflexology is a science that deals with the principal that there are reflex areas in the hands, ears and feet that correspond to all glands, organs, and parts of the body. Using the thumb and fingers, a certified reflexologist can stimulate natural surfaces to these reflex areas thereby inducing relief to the corresponding glands, organs or parts of the body. In the same way one would feel sensation in ones own ear, hand or foot, and would be drawn to touch, scratch or rub the area in order to dissipate the congestion in the tissue, Reflexology takes this scenario to new heights as we think of the body in a brand new way.", "Reflexology is a science that deals with the principle that there are reflex areas in the feet and hands which correspond to all of the glands, organs and parts of the body. Stimulating these reflexes properly can help many help problems in a natural way, a type of preventative maintenance. Reflexology is a serious advance in the health field and should not be confused with a massage. The Ingham Method®of reflexology is used primarily for releasing tension. Doctors agree that over 75% of our health problems can be linked to nervous stress and tension. Reflexology improves nerve and blood supply, and helps nature to normalize.", "By working all of the points, the reflexologist addresses internal organs and glands as well as muscle groups, bones, nerve ganglions (solar plexus, brachial plexus) and nerves (sciatic) during a session.", "Reflexologists divide the body, from head to toe, into ten zones. Each of these zones is reflected in a particular area on the bottom of the foot. For instance, reflexes on the toes correspond to the brain, the center of our sleep, so those reflex points are given special attention when treating insomnia. The skilled use of thumb and finger pressure on reflex points stimulates blood circulation and increases oxygen absorption.", "Our veteran therapists are able to sense even the most subtle changes in your body’s energy flow and will react accordingly.  While our full body reflexology therapy is exactly that, depending on your body’s specific needs we may focus on key areas such as your legs, arms, shoulders, forehead, hands, or feet.", "Reflexology is the application of appropriate pressure to specific points and areas on the feet, hands, or ears. Reflexologists believe that these areas and reflex points correspond to different body organs and systems, and that pressing them has a beneficial effect on the organs and person's general health. For example, reflexology holds that a specific spot in the arch of the foot corresponds to the bladder point. When a reflexology practitioner uses thumbs or fingers to apply appropriate pressure to this area, it affects bladder functioning.", "Reflexology is the science or method of stimulating reflexes of the foot, hand or ear that correspond to each gland, organ and part of the body. Stimulation of these reflexes serves to relax and normalize all functions of the body in order to promote a natural balance and revitalization. In ancient times, walking barefoot over rocks and hard ground naturally stimulated these reflexes every day.", "Reflexology, a health system developed in China 4,000 or more years ago, is widely practiced today around the world. Practitioners believe that a normal, healthy body exists in a state of balance. Energy flows freely though the body. This energy is channeled through the nervous system, with the brain and spinal cord sending messages directly to all parts of the body, directing them to act properly. As we all know, the normal stresses of daily life can cause imbalances. An energy blockage or congestion can cause an illness or discomfort, such as insomnia. The reflexologist detects and relieves these imbalances by applying special types of touch or pressure to designated reflex points.", "Reflexology is a natural healing modality based on the principle that there are reflex areas in the feet and hands which correspond to all of the glands, organs, and parts of the body.   When pressure is applied to these reflex areas, it stimulates the movement of energy along the nerve channels, and helps to restore homeostasis (balance) in the whole body. ", "Reflexology is an alternative medicine involving application of pressure to the feet and hands with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on a system of zones and reflex areas that reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, with the premise that such work effects a physical change to the body. Reflexology was introduced to the United States in 1913 by William H. Fitzgerald, M.D. (1872-1942), an ear, nose, and throat specialist, and Dr. Edwin Bowers. Fitzgerald claimed that applying pressure had an anesthetic effect on other areas of the body.", "There is no consensus among reflexologists on how reflexology is supposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these one can improve health through one's qi. Reflexologists divide the body into ten equal vertical zones, five on the right and five on the left.", "A reflexology session involves pressure treatment that is most commonly administered in foot therapy sessions of approximately 40–45 minutes in duration. The foot therapy may be followed by a brief 15-minute hand therapy session. No artificial devices or special equipment are associated with this therapy. The human hand is the primary tool used in reflexology. The therapist applies controlled pressure with the thumb and forefinger, generally working toward the heel of the foot or the outer palm of the hand. Reflexology therapy is not massage, and it is not a substitute for medical treatment.", "If the reflexologist chooses to work on your feet, you will lie or sit down, remaining fully clothed except for your shoes and socks. The practitioner may wash your feet and soak them in warm water, then position them at his or her chest level.", "Reflexology, or zone therapy, is an  alternative medicine  involving the physical act of applying pressure to the feet, hands, or ears with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. ", "A: It is an art of stress reduction based on the work of two American physicians , Dr. William Fitzgerald and Dr. Joe Shelby Riley in the 1920's. Foot and Hand Reflexology is a scientific art based on the premise that there are zones and reflex areas in the feet and hands which correspond to all body parts. The physical act of applying specific pressures using thumb, finger and hand techniques result in stress reduction which causes a physiological change in the body.", "Reflexology: Reflexology is a scientific method of treatment where pressures applied at specific regions on the sole of the foot to cure a specific disease by stimulating the reflex zone systematically to get the therapeutic effects", "Foot Reflexology is a system of applying non-invasive pressure to certain points on the feet. It is based on the same theories that stem from traditional Chinese medicine, such as acupressure, and has been used for over 5,000 years to activate healing and stress reduction within the body. Reflexology is considered to be a gentle and holistic healing technique that aims to treat the individual as a whole, in order to induce a state of balance and harmony in body, mind and spirit – also known as homeostasis.It is widely believed that there are reflex areas on the feet corresponding to all the parts of the body including major organs. Students will learn a brief history of reflexology, as well as procedural guidelines and appropriate warm-up techniques. They will also learn how to work 9 different body systems as they relate to the reflex points on the feet (to achieve a therapeutic response), and a reflexology routine to work the feet both efficiently and effectively.", "In short, massage therapists work “from the outside in,” manipulating specific muscle groups or fascia to release tension. Reflexology practitioners see themselves as working “from the inside out” — stimulating the nervous system to release tension.", "In short, massage therapists work \"from the outside in,\" manipulating specific muscle groups or fascia to release tension. Reflexology practitioners see themselves as working \"from the inside out\" -- stimulating the nervous system to release tension.", "Since reflexology treats the whole person, not the symptoms of disease, most people benefit from treatment. The therapy brings relief to a wide range of acute and chronic conditions, and is suitable for all ages.", "Although reflexology is not used to diagnose or cure health disorders, millions of people around the world use it to complement other treatments when addressing conditions like anxiety , asthma, cancer treatment, cardiovascular issues, diabetes , headaches , kidney function, PMS, and sinusitis.", "Although reflexology is not used to diagnose or cure health disorders, millions of people around the world use it to complement other treatments when addressing conditions like anxiety, asthma, cancer treatment, cardiovascular issues, diabetes, headaches, kidney function, PMS, and sinusitis.", "Lotion or oil may be used, and the reflexologist may also use instruments like balls, brushes, and dowels. ", "People with serious and long-term medical problems are urged to seek the advice of a physician. A consultation with a reflexologist is recommended in order to determine the safety and appropriateness of reflexology therapy for a specific health problem or condition.", "Reflexology. The American Reflexology Certification Board (ARCB) certifies reflexologists who undergo 100 hours of training and pass an exam. To find a qualified reflexologist go to www.arcb.net .", "According to several studies, the practice of reflexology in Denmark has resulted in reduced sick leave and absenteeism (and significant economic savings for the employers). Employees have consistently reported complete or partial improvement in conditions where they sought reflexologists' help and even relief for additional problems related to stress. In one municipal district, almost one-third of the employees reported greater satisfaction with their jobs after completing six sessions with a reflexologist.", "Reflexology is growing increasingly popular across Europe and Asia as both a complement to other treatments and as a preventive measure. One example is Denmark, where various municipalities and companies have employed reflexologists since the early '90s.", "Because reflexology is an ancient practice, its origin and history is difficult to track. However, reflexology is thought to have been passed down through an oral tradition, and possibly first recorded as a pictograph on the Egyptian tomb of Ankhamor in", "A. The ARCB website, www.arcb.net , provides referrals to nationally certified reflexologists as does the Reflexology Association of America, the national membership association, at infoRAA@reflexology-usa.org .", "Although recently becoming much more popular and accepted in Western society, Reflexology has been practiced for thousands of years by Egyptians, Native American cultures and Mayan and Incan civilizations.  It is widely accepted in many European countries as an accepted therapy.  Modern Reflexology has its origins in the late 1930's, thanks to Eunice Ingham.", "Although recently becoming much more popular and accepted in Western society, Reflexology has been practiced for thousands of years by Egyptians, Native American cultures and Mayan and Incan civilizations. It is widely accepted in many European countries as an accepted therapy. Modern Reflexology has its origins in the late 1930's, thanks to Eunice Ingham." ]

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[ "The World’s second most circulated magazine is a religious magazine. Awake! is a monthly American magazine considered to be the companion magazine of The Watchtower. It is an illustrated magazine, first published in 1919. It is published by the Jehovah’s Witnesses through the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Its original purpose, as given in a statement until 1982 was: “this magazine builds confidence in the Creator’s promise of a peaceful and secure new order before the generation that saw 1914 pass away”. It is published in 99 languages with a total circulation of around 43.5 million copies.", "The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom is an illustrated religious magazine, published monthly in 274 languages by Jehovah's Witnesses via the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Along with its companion magazine, Awake!, Jehovah's Witnesses distribute The Watchtower—Public Edition in their door-to-door ministry. ", "The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom is an illustrated religious magazine , published semimonthly in 243 languages [1] by Jehovah's Witnesses via the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania and printed in various branch offices around the world. Along with its companion magazine, Awake! , Jehovah's Witnesses distribute The Watchtower—Public Edition in their door-to-door ministry. [2] [3] The Watchtower—Public Edition is the most widely circulated magazine in the world, with an average print run of nearly 53,000,000 copies per month; [4] [5] The Watchtower—Study Edition is used at congregation meetings, with an average monthly print run of nearly 15,000,000. [6]", "The Watchtower is the world’s most popular/circulated magazine which is considered to be a nonpolitical religious magazine. It is a monthly magazine that was first published in 1879. It is presently published in 209 languages around the globe with total circulation of 45 million copies. The Watchtower is a magazine that honors Jehovah God, the Ruler of the Universe. It comforts people with the good news that God’s heavenly kingdom will soon end all wickedness and transform the earth into a paradise. It also promotes faith in Jesus Christ, who died so that we might gain everlasting life and who is now ruling as King of God’s Kingdom.", "The organization publishes a significant amount of literature as part of its evangelism activities. The Watch Tower Society has produced over 200 million copies of the Bible in whole or part in over 120 languages. The Watchtower and Awake! are the most widely distributed magazines in the world. Translation of Witness publications is done by over 2000 volunteers worldwide, producing literature in over 760 languages. ", "The World’s most circulated magazine is an illustrated religious magazine. It is a monthly American magazine, first published in 1879. It is published in 209 languages around the globe with a monthly circulation of a massive 45 million copies. It is published by the Jehovah’s Witnesses through the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society Pennsylvania. Its purpose is given in its mission statement: “This magazine, The Watchtower, honors Jehovah God, the Ruler of the universe. It comforts people with the good news that God’s heavenly Kingdom will soon end all wickedness and transform the earth into a paradise. It promotes faith in Jesus Christ, who died so that we might gain everlasting life and who is now ruling as King of God’s Kingdom. This magazine has been published continuously since 1879 and is nonpolitical. It adheres to the Bible as its authority.”", "The Watchtower is the primary means of disseminating Jehovah's Witness beliefs, and includes articles relating to biblical prophecies, Christian conduct and morals, and the history of religion and the Bible.", "Known for their persistent door-to-door missionary work and handout magazine called “The Watchtower,” ” Jehovah’s Witnesses ” have repeatedly predicted the “end of the world” with a sense of urgency to anyone willing to listen.", "Awake!, a 32-page general interest magazine, with a wider scope than The Watchtower, usually including articles on science, nature, and geography, usually with a religious slant. Earlier titles for this magazine were The Golden Age (1919–1937) and Consolation (1937–1946). Until 2005, Awake! was published on the 8th and 22nd of each month; from 2006 onwards, one issue is published each month. It is available in 81 languages.", "Jehovah's Witnesses faithfully go door-to-door preaching the \"Kingdom of God\" that is taught them via the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. They are usually quite polite and sincere in their efforts of communicating \"Jehovah's Good News.\" As always, they carry with them several books and magazines, some of which are the New World Translation (their Bible, which has been altered in many places), the Awake Magazine, and, of course, the ubiquitous Watchtower Magazine.", "The Watchtower, a 32-page magazine, published since 1879, for use in the public ministry; published twice per month, on the 1st and a 15th of each month. From 2008 onward, the issue published on the 15th of each month is a Study Edition for use at the Watchtower Study and not used in the public ministry. It is available in 171 languages.", "THIS MAGAZINE, The Watchtower, honors Jehovah God, the Ruler of the universe. It comforts people with the good news that God's heavenly Kingdom will soon end all wickedness and transform the earth into a paradise. It promotes faith in Jesus Christ, who died so that we might gain everlasting life and who is now ruling as King of God's Kingdom. This magazine has been published continuously since 1879 and is nonpolitical. It adheres to the Bible as its authority.", "The Jehovah's Witnesses in my S.F. neighborhood are seriously badass. The little old Filipino ladies knock and knock and knock at the door on Saturday mornings for up to five minutes, then leave copies of Awake! and The Watchtower in English and Tagalog on the doorstep. Meanwhile, the little old African-American ladies stand in a line outside the local Baptist church, as if they're picketing it.", "The magazine is distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses in the course of their house-to-house ministry. They are also distributed by approaching people in public places, given informally to acquaintances and professionals, or left as reading material in places such as bus terminals and laundromats. ", "Jehovah's Witnesses are probably best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs throughout the world. They do this mainly by visiting people from door to door. Free home Bible studies are offered to any people who show interest in their beliefs, which they present with the aid of their publications, such as The Watchtower. Witness literature is published in many languages through a wide variety of books, magazines and other publications, with a small selection available in over 440 languages. Witnesses are instructed to devote as much time as possible to preaching activities, and are required to submit a monthly report to their congregation on their 'witnessing' activity.", "The publication was started by Charles Taze Russell on July 1, 1879 under the title Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence. According to its first issue, the magazine's purpose was to draw attention to Russell's belief that people of the time were \"living 'in the last days' 'the day of the Lord'—'the end' of the Gospel age,\" and that \"the dawn of the 'new' age, are facts not only discernible by the close student of the Word, led by the spirit, but the outward signs recognizable by the world bear the same testimony.\" [7]", "Presently, Watchtower of NY publishes The Watchtower magazine while Watch Tower of PA holds the copyright; but it wasn’t always that way. Some time during 1988, Watch Tower of PA ceased publishing The Watchtower, and Watchtower of NY became the publisher.", "1943 \"The Watchtower is a magazine without equal in the earth, and is conceded this rank by all that have been faithful readers thereof during its more than sixty years of publications.... This is not giving any credit to the magazines publishers, but is due to the great author of the Bible with its truths and prophecies, and who now interprets its prophecies. He it is that makes possible the material that is published in the columns of this magazine and who give promise that it shall continue to publish the advancing truths as long as it continues to exist for the service of the interests of his Theocratic Government. (Watchtower, April 15, 1943, p. 127) ", "Since the first issue of The Watchtower in 1879, with 6,000 copies printed, circulation of The Watchtower continued to increase, and the magazine has not missed an issue. [23] The magazine is printed in nineteen different countries; [24] about 25% of the total is printed at one of the organization's printeries in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.", "At the same time, members of the 120-year-old evangelical Christian sect, who preach door to door about \"God's word\" and an imminent Apocalypse, have forged a certain, though uneasy, coexistence with their neighbors in Brooklyn Heights.", "The latest edition of the organization's publication What Is Scientology? lists 373 churches and missions (plus hundreds of \"related organizations\" which are not directly comparable to congregations) in 129 countries. (Four new countries, for a total of 133, have been opened since the publication of the book, according to a church spokesperson.) According to church officials, this publication states that in 1997 the number of people who participated in Scientology services for the first time was 642,596 internationally and that the circulation of internal Church magazines which are sent to their members was 6,630,000. Hartley Patterson, a critic of Scientology, has speculated that the circulation figure may be based on the total press run for three publications.", "Christian publishing is made up of Christian people. That in itself ought to tell you a lot about it. If you're been involved in a church over the years, especially if you've been in leadership in any capacity, you've seen that Christians are (usually) well-meaning people who are committed to a good cause and yet have a bunch of problems of their own and don't ever seem to reach perfection.", "Recently a couple, from the Watchtower Society knocked on our door. After some small talk, they offered to do a Bible study with me so I agreed and invited them in. Then the truth came out, they did not want to study the Bible, they wanted to study a book about the Bible. I challenged them on this, and now I do not expect to see them again for a long while.", "Publishers and Pioneers. These are members of both genders and all ages who actively go from door to door, attempting to share the Bible with the public in their communities. Those who are dedicated, full-time preachers are given the title Regular Pioneer. They commit to preach for 840 hours per year. Auxiliary Pioneers do 50 hours a month for one or more consecutive months. Special Pioneers are selected from among the Regular Pioneers and are sent to go wherever the need is greatest. Publishers typically go door-to-door once per week, often on Saturdays. If a publisher does not turn in her/his time for six months in a row, they are considered inactive. The congregation elders give all members \"shepherding calls\" to encourage them in their spirituality and assist them in their ministry.", "_____. Televangelism and American Culture: The Business of Popular Religion. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1991.", "The organization has affiliates in several Southern cities. Most of them are operated through church groups.", "Under the leadership of Board of Directors Chairman Virginia Harris, the CCS has embarked on an aggressive, multi-faceted marketing program designed to mainstream itself and to attract new members. For example, the CCS is finding new ways to promote itself in light of our society's current interest in self-awareness, spirituality, mind/body connections, alternative medicine, and women's issues. The CCS's weekly magazine has been redesigned to include quotes from New-Age proponent Oprah Winfrey. Church representatives are also turning up at medical conferences and other places.", "�The man who brought us the week's papers came up from Norwalk, and drove through this section with newspapers for subscribers and pins and needles for customers. He was called Uncle SILLIMAN. I can remember well his weekly visit through Bethel, and his queer cry. On coming to a house or village he would shout, 'News! News! The Lord reigns!' One time he passed our school-house when a snow storm was prevailing. He shouted: 'News! News! The Lord reigns � and snows a little.'", "An outspoken Christian, Norris is the author of several Christian-themed books, such as The Justice Riders. He has also been in a few TV commercials promoting Bible study and prayer in public schools, in addition to efforts to reduce drug use. In his WorldNetDaily columns, he has expressed his belief in Biblical creationism, that those who are troubled should turn to Jesus, and is quoted as saying \"true patriots\" do not stay clear of discussing religion and politics. ", "As the Sandinista-Contra war intensified, Christians were using active nonviolence for peace and justice. Father Miguel D'Escoto, Nicaraguan foreign minister in the mid-1980s, led this nonviolence movement. In 1985, D'Escoto launched a nonviolence campaign, Evangelical Insurrection, with a month-long fast during Lent. It was an insurrection, he explained, because Christians of all persuasions could rise up against war, repression, hatred, violence, external intervention-from wherever they came. It was evangelical because he believed nonviolence to be the essence of the Gospel. After Easter, D'Escoto spread his campaign through the Via Crucis (Way of the Cross), a two-week, two-hundred-mile walk across Nicaragua. Its purposes were to heal conflict internal to Nicaragua and to move U.S. Americans to work for a conciliatory U.S. policy. As D'Escoto told one interviewer: \"This uprising, this protest, uses a different arsenal, with weapons different from the traditional, conventional. . . . The weapons that the Lord wants us to use are nonviolent weapons. The most obvious ones are fasting, prayer, and walking.\"17", "The 1970s saw the emergence of a national movement in which members lived communally and proselytized heavily. Converts actively worked on fundraising for the Church, primarily through selling candles and flowers on the street. Youth from the counter-culture movement were attracted to the movement in large numbers, and as a result the media and counter-cult organizations began to pay close attention to the group.", "I read the article, and the only thing that was partially true is that 30% of the church attends 95% of the time. I also went to that church growth site. Neither of the sites said anything about:" ]

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[ "Fred Waldron Phelps, Sr. (November 13, 1929 – March 19, 2014) was an American pastor who headed the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an independent church based in Topeka, Kansas. Phelps attained notoriety primarily from his vehemently anti-gay activism and his picketing of funerals of homosexuals and soldiers.", "Part of the Westboro Baptist Church as it appears in recent years. The URL “godhatesamerica.com” is written on a banner hanging in front of the church. [Source: Ask (.com)]The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) in Topeka, Kansas, holds its first services under the auspices of Pastor Fred Waldron Phelps. Phelps, his wife, nine of his 13 children, and their spouses and children make up the core of the WBC’s small congregation. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) will describe the church as a virtual cult led by Phelps. Phelps and his extended family members live in houses on the WBC compound in Topeka, with the houses arranged in a box formation and sharing a central backyard.", "Fred Phelps, pastor of the Westboro Baptist Church in the Kansas capital of Topeka, since 1990 has also been an unsuccessful candidate for mayor, governor, and United States Senator. Currently he is negotiating his own radio show-one that will be heard throughout the Midwest.", "Anti-gay activist Fred Phelps, pastor of the controversial Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) of Topeka, Kansas (see November 27, 1955 and After ), announces his candidacy for governor. Phelps intends to run as a Democrat. Phelps ran for governor of Kansas in 1990 and won less than seven percent of the Democratic primary vote (see 1990 ). In 1992, he ran for Senate, again unsuccessfully, and used anti-gay slurs against his opponent (see 1992 ). He has also run unsuccessfully for mayor of Topeka. Phelps says Governor Bill Graves (R-KS) is wrong for allowing thousands of tax dollars to be wasted at state universities on “seminars taught by militant homosexual activists spreading gay propaganda.” Phelps says, “As governor, I would promptly close down all illegal gay and lesbian activity in Kansas, beginning with the regents schools.” He says he would eliminate all property taxes and close Washburn University’s School of Law. Aside from being a minister, Phelps is a disbarred lawyer.", "Topeka, Kansas, police chief Gerald Beavers resigns after a public outcry over his alleged “coddling” of the anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC—see November 27, 1955 and After ) and its pastor, Fred Phelps. The public is not pleased to learn that Beavers has issued a no-arrest order on the church’s behalf. Beavers is replaced by Dean Forster, who previously won a lawsuit filed against him by Phelps.", "The virulently anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) of Topeka, Kansas (see November 27, 1955 and After ), which conducts what it calls its “picketing ministry” against churches, businesses, organizations, and individuals it does not like (see June 1991 and After ), defames the rabbi of a Topeka synagogue at which it is protesting. In a press release, the WBC’s Fred Phelps says: “Rabbi Lawrence Karol is an apostate Jew who denies the faith of his fathers, militantly promotes the anal-copulating agenda of Topeka’s filthy fag community, and persecutes the Lord’s people just as his vermin ancestors did in killing the Lord Jesus Christ and their own prophets and persecuting the apo[s]tles of Christ. Hence they live filthy lives of sexual perversion, greed, violence, and oppression of the Lord’s people. This is why the vile Jews of Temple Beth Sholom promote sodomy and persecute Baptists.”", "Nine federal judges in Kansas sign a disciplinary complaint against Reverend Fred Phelps, the head of the virulently anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) of Topeka, Kansas (see November 27, 1955 and After ). Phelps, as are many of his children and in-laws, is a lawyer. The judges add five of his children and a daughter-in-law to the complaint. The complaint alleges that the seven Phelps family members made false accusations against the judges. In 1987, Phelps’s position is weakened when he is censured for writing abusive letters to potential defendants threatening lawsuits if his demands are not met. In 1989, Phelps agrees to stop practicing law entirely in federal court, in return for his family members’ continuing privilege to practice law in those courts. His daughter Margie Phelps is suspended for practicing law in federal and state courts for one year, and his son Fred Phelps Jr. is suspended from those courts for six months.", "In 1954, the East Side Baptist Church in Topeka hired Phelps as an associate pastor, and then promoted him to be the pastor of their new church, Westboro Baptist, which opened in 1955. Soon after Westboro was established, Phelps broke all ties with East Side Baptist.", "Following up on his 2007 documentary, The Most Hated Family in America, Louis Theroux returns to Topeka, Kansas, for a week-long visit with the Westboro Baptist Church.", "The late Pastor Fred Waldron Phelps Sr., the vitriolic, outspoken and reviled former face of Westboro Baptist Church who died this week, won’t be memorialized by family members. There will be no funeral.", "This file photo shows Fred Phelps, founder of Westboro Baptist Church, displaying one of his many infamous protest signs. Phelps died Wednesday at the age of 84.", "Things went swimmingly. The Eastside congregation was planning to open a new church across town, and it seemed natural when their pastor, Leaford Cavin, asked Fred to fill the job. The Eastside church issued bonds to purchase the property at 3701 12th Street. To help Brother Phelps get underway, the congregation re-roofed the building, painted it, and bought the songbooks necessary. A start-up group of about 50 former members of Eastside volunteered to attend services at Westboro. The church formally opened on May 20, 1956. Fred had it all. A fine church and a congregation of his own. What went wrong?", "The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) describes the Westboro Baptist Church as \"virulently homophobic\", saying its anti-homosexual rhetoric is often a cover for anti-Semitism, anti-Americanism, racism, and anti-Catholicism. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has added the Westboro Baptist Church to its list of hate groups. Jerry Falwell referred to Phelps as \"a first-class nut\". WBC picketed Falwell's funeral service on May 22, 2007. ", "Albert Snyder. [Source: Associated Press]The virulently anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC—see November 27, 1955 and After ) pickets the funeral of Matthew Snyder, a Marine slain in Iraq (see June 2005 and After ). WBC protesters display signs with slogans such as “Thank God for Dead Soldiers,” “You’re Going to Hell,” and “Semper Fi Fags,” while another signs depicts two stick figures engaging in what appears to be sodomy. The church also posts derogatory statements about Snyder and his father, Albert Snyder, on its Web site. In response, Albert Snyder sues the church in a Baltimore court for defamation, invasion of privacy, and emotional distress.", "Members of the virulently anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC—see November 27, 1955 and After ) of Topeka, Kansas, are charged with eight counts of criminal defamation and other charges by Shawnee County District Attorney Joan Hamilton, charges stemming from a number of what Hamilton says are abuses and crimes committed during protests held by WBC members (see June 1991 and After ). WBC leader Fred Phelps, himself a lawyer (see 1985-1989 ), responds by filing three lawsuits against Hamilton alleging wrongful prosecution. A court invalidates the state defamation statute, blocks further prosecution of the WBC members in the cases, and awards the church $43,000 in legal fees. Years later, an appeals court will reinstate the defamation statute, but the statute of limitations will preclude most of the charges from being refiled. All of Phelps’s lawsuits against Hamilton will eventually be thrown out of court. A second set of defamation charges filed by Hamilton in 1996 will be dropped for technical reasons.", "In the movie Hatemongers, members of the Westboro Baptist Church state their children were being \"accosted\", i.e. molested by homosexuals in Gage Park, about from the Phelps' home (and a mile (1.5 km) northwest of the Westboro Church). Shirley Phelps-Roper says that, in the late 1980s, Fred Phelps witnessed a homosexual attempting to lure her then five-year-old son Joshua into some shrubbery. After several complaints to the local government about the large amount of homosexual sex occurring in the park, with no resulting action, the Phelpses put up signs warning of homosexual activity. This resulted in much negative attention for the family. When the Phelpses called on local churches to speak against the activity in Gage Park, the churches also lashed out against the Phelps family, leading to the family protesting homosexuality on a regular basis.", "Later, he called the pastor to ask for bail: apparently separation of church and state didn't apply to assault and battery. Phelps paid the confused Christian's bail, but stuck to his guns: a former members of the early Westboro community remembers the following Sunday Pastor Fred was fiery in his message that a good left hook makes for a right fine wife: \"Brethren,\" preached Phelps, \"they can lock us up, but we'll still do what the Bible tells us to do. Either our wives are going to obey, or we're going to beat them!\" \"Leaders,\" observes B.H. McAlister, the minister who ordained Fred, \"break down into shepherd and sheep-herders. The first lead, the second drive the sheep. If love is absent, the pastor is one who drives the flock; with love, he leads it.\"", "Mr. Hockenbarger's shared concern with his pastor for the plight of Kansas blacks may not be as deep as it appears: Police surveillance of the Westboro community has allegedly tied Hockenbarger to white supremacist groups like the Posse Comitatus and the Ku Klux Klan. \"Civil rights lawsuits presented a vast opportunity to make money back then,\" says Nate Phelps. \"My father used to say he had a huge target and all he had to do was shoot. I don't blame him for choosing a lucrative area of the law, it's just that he was not motivated by some noble, altruistic desire \"to champion the case of the downtrodden.\" Asked if he filed \"nuisance lawsuits\" once, Pastor Phelps replied: \"They think it's a nuisance if you call a black man a nigger. That's just trivial to them, bit it's not trivial to him, and it's not trivial to his children.\"", "On March 10, 2006, WBC picketed the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Matthew A. Snyder in Westminister, Maryland. The picket was held in a location cordoned off by the police, approximately 1000 ft from the Church, for about 30 minutes before the funeral began. On June 5, 2006, the Snyder family sued for defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The lawsuit named Albert Snyder, Matthew Snyder's father, as plaintiff and Fred W. Phelps, Sr.; Westboro Baptist Church, Inc.; Rebekah Phelps-Davis; and Shirley Phelps-Roper as defendants, alleging that they were responsible for publishing defamatory information about the Snyder family on the Internet, including statements that Albert and his wife had \"raised [Matthew] for the devil\" and taught him \"to defy his Creator, to divorce, and to commit adultery\". Other statements denounced them for raising their son Catholic. Snyder further complained the defendants had intruded upon and staged protests at his son's funeral. The claims of invasion of privacy and defamation arising from comments posted about Snyder on the Westboro website were dismissed on First Amendment grounds, but the case proceeded to trial on the remaining three counts. At the trial, Albert Snyder testified:", "Protesters from the virulently anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC—see November 27, 1955 and After ) in Tokepa, Kansas, become part of a riot when angry passersby take umbrage at the extreme rhetoric of the protesters. Eight WBC members are hospitalized with a variety of minor injuries. The riot takes place outside the Vintage Restaurant. The WBC dubs the event “The Vintage Massacre” and begins picketing the restaurant every day, as well as places of business where Vintage employees go after leaving the restaurant in an attempt to escape the picketing. The WBC will hold a “memorial service” every March 26 hereafter in honor of the “massacre.”", "Timothy James \"Tim\" McVeigh was a Christian American domestic terrorist who detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Commonly referred to as the Oklahoma City Bombing, the attack killed 168 people and injured over 800. It was the deadliest act of terrorism within the United States prior to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.…  Read More", "Fred continues: \"Anytime a famous fag dies of AIDS, we're going to picket his funeral, wherever it is.\" He adds he subscribes to the New York Times because it identifies gays who've died of AIDS. Phelps is literally giggling now, able to appear on shows like Jane Whitney, Ricki Lake, and 20/20 and talk dirty to gays. On top of the verbal abuse the pastor heaps from the television screen, he claims he's doing gays a favor by disrupting their funerals, outraging their mourners, and picketing the businesses that employ them. Raising this kind of ruckus is...well...a bit of necessary bad taste to get the \"good word\" out. Interviewed on KBRT radio in Los Angeles, Phelps was asked: \"What about the Bible advice that Christians are to have the wisdom of serpents and the meekness of doves?\"", "The UCC is considered by many to be the most liberal of all Christian denominations today. The most famous of UCC current events is the Reverand Jeremiah Wright of the Trinity United Church of Christ in Southside Chicago. He repeatedly preached tirades against the evils of all white people, and the evils of the United States in particular. Wright considered the attacks of 9/11 to be some sort of righteous punishment on an evil nation, “The chickens have come home to roost” is a direct quote from a sermon given only 5 days after the horrific loss of life. His fanatical racist preaching of this UCC minister would have gone largely unnoticed were he not the pastor for 20 years to a man named Barrack Hussein Obama who would eventually be elected the 44th President of the United States. Barrack Obama distanced himself from the preacher and left the Chicago church only after the racist doctrine of his church was exposed by the mainstream media - Wright and Obama Controversy .", "(December 2, 1993) Next to the headline, \"FAGS: GOD'S HATE SPEAKS LOUDEST\", is the text: \"Fag Bishop Fritz Mutti...confessed his sins to ANTICHRIST CLINTON: He raised 2 fag sons for the Devil; they died of AIDS. GOOD RIDDANCE!\"", "“The Lord your God is ramping up the issues, is smiting this nation,” she says. “What he did with one stroke on that day, sending a pervert in—because America is a nation of perverts—it’s appropriate he sent a pervert in to shoot those children. The Amish people were laid to an open shame because they are a false religion.” Phelps-Roper says that the girls also deserved to die because Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell had committed “blasphemous sins” against the WBC. Rendell had criticized the church for protesting at the funerals of soldiers killed overseas (see June 2005 and After ) and has signed legislation restricting protests at funerals.", "In September 2008, following a complaint by Islamic creationist Adnan Oktar, a court in Turkey blocked access to Dawkins' website richarddawkins.net. The court decision was made due to \"insult to personality\".During the 2010 Global Atheist Convention in Melbourne, Australia Dawkins was criticised for his use of the phrase \"Pope Nazi\" in reference to wartime Pope Pius XII, whose actions during the Holocaust have been a matter of controversy.", "This comment is simply deranged. It makes Lee’s hysterical reaction to a very mild and general criticism of Christianity look almost sane in comparison. Comparing what I said to the odious, disgusting, despicable people behind that campaign? Seriously, fuck you. You’re a fucking idiot.", "The website godhatesfags.com was prominently featured in The Jeremy Kyle Show, a talk show aired on the ITV network in the United Kingdom on June 5, 2007. Shirley Phelps-Roper and her daughters had been invited to express their beliefs live via satellite. On the show, Kyle criticized the Phelps for their beliefs and referred to the Phelps' children as \"completely and utterly brainwashed\", and to Phelps-Roper herself as \"deranged\". ", "81, Feb. 8 | College professor turned Campus Crusade for Christ staffer who helped found the Christian World Liberation Front, and later helped start the Evangelical Orthodox church.", "It is special to say about Norris that he is very religious Christian. He has authored many books related to Christianity and has given them to Republican causes. He delivered speeches on behalf of former Arkansas Governor, Mike Huckabee in 2007 and 2008. Mike contested from the republican side for President in the year 2008. The conservative website called WorldNet Daily was contributed with the columns from Norris.", "In 1971 Gary formed the \"United Church of the Ministries of God\" of which he was an ordained minister. The church served as a tax shelter as well as a way to meet black retarded women form a local institute which he enjoyed sexually. Curiously, he hated black and spewed out racist diatribes to anyone who cared to listen about the impending race war.", "A video clip of an interview between Koresh and an Australian television station notes that he was accused of impregnating the aged widow of the founder of Branch Davidianism. He sarcastically said that if the charges were true, if he had \"made a 62 year-old woman pregnant... I do miracles, I'm God!\" He also stated at that time that he had not had any relationships with her, and called her \"an ugly old hag\"." ]

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[ "PETA. The animal rights campaign group are renowned for their highly visible, frequently controversial campaigns. From young women dressed in lettuce bikinis to the annual “ Running of the Nudes ” PR stunt which sees PETA activists run naked through Pamplona, Spain in a parody of the bull run tradition. The organisation has managed to win the celebrity vote – as such Christy Turlington, Eva Mendes and Naomi Campbell have posed naked on billboards supporting the slogan “I’d Rather Go Naked than Wear Fur.”", "PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) had a campaign with the message of ‘Be comfortable in your own skin. Let animals keep theirs’. The had many models, including celebrities pose nude and then placed these photographs on billboards. The point was to show that these people would rather go naked than wear fur!", "Kardashian appeared in one of PETA ‘s “I’d Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur” campaigns. [12]", "One of Anderson's campaigns as a member of PETA has been against the use of fur . In 1999, Anderson received the first Linda McCartney Memorial Award for animal rights protectors, in recognition of her campaign against fur. In 2003, Anderson stripped down for PETA's \"I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur\" advertising campaign. On June 28 , 2006 , Anderson posed naked with other protesters on a window display of the Stella McCartney boutique in London , England . It was a PETA gala event before the PETA Humanitarian Awards. Anderson went inside the boutique and said she would take her clothes off if the event raised enough money for PETA , which it did. She took off her clothes and went to stand on a pedestal at the window display. Of course, Anderson covered her breasts. They wore a banner that read:We'd rather bare skin than wear skin.\" The event sparked a media frenzy in London. [9]", "The ads featuring barely clad or naked women have been criticized by some feminist animal rights advocates. When Ronald Reagan's daughter Patti Davis posed naked for Playboy, donating half her $100,000 fee to PETA, the group issued a press release saying Davis \"turns the other cheek in an eye-opening spread,\" then announced she had been photographed naked with Hugh Hefner's dog for an anti-fur ad. In 1995, PETA formed a partnership with Playboy to promote human organ donation, with the caption \"Some People Need You Inside Them\" on a photograph of Hefner's wife. The long-standing campaign, \"I'd rather go naked than wear fur,\" in which celebrities and supermodels strip for the camera, generated particular concern. ", "Guardian 12.11.02 Pop star backs anti-fur campaign - Charlie Porter, deputy fashion editor - The singer Sophie Ellis Bextor has become the latest celebrity to pose for the anti-fur organisation People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Peta). The advertising campaign, which features the singer holding up a skinned fox with the caption: \"Here's the rest of your fur coat,\" was shot by Stella McCartney's sister, Mary McCartney Donald� (story)", "PETA opposes the use of animals for producing clothing made with fur, leather, wool, or silk. It also opposes the use of down from birds and the use of silk from silkworms or spiders. The group notes on its website: \"Every year, millions of animals are killed for the clothing industry—all in the name of fashion. Whether the clothes come from Chinese fur farms, Indian slaughterhouses, or the Australian outback, an immeasurable amount of suffering goes into every fur-trimmed jacket, leather belt, and wool sweater.\" The group's ongoing campaigns against the use of animals for clothing include \"Ink, Not Mink,\" which highlights images of celebrities with tattoos, including Brandon Flowers of the San Diego Chargers and many others. ", "The organization is known for its aggressive media campaigns, combined with a solid base of celebrity support—in addition to its honorary directors, Paul McCartney, Alicia Silverstone, Eva Mendes, Charlize Theron, Ellen DeGeneres, and many, many others have appeared in PETA ads. Every week, Newkirk holds what The New Yorker calls a war council, with two dozen of her top strategists gathered at a square table in the PETA conference room, with no suggestion considered too outrageous. PETA also gives an annual prize, called the Proggy Award (for \"progress\"), to individuals or organizations dedicated to animal welfare or who distinguish themselves through their efforts within the area of animal welfare. ", "She also posed naked for a I'd Rather Go Naked anti-fur campaign poster for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals last year, and graced the pages of the final issue of Jane magazine last summer.", "Anderson became the center of controversy when she posed in a bikini nearly nude for a PETA ad that was banned in Montreal, Quebec, on grounds that the ad was sexist. Anderson retorted saying, \"In a city that is known for its exotic dancing and for being progressive and edgy, how sad that a woman would be banned from using her own body in a political protest over the suffering of cows and chickens. In some parts of the world, women are forced to cover their whole bodies with burqas – is that next? I didn't think that Canada would be so puritanical.\" ", "As a further indication of his crossover celebrity status, Jeremy has posed in an advertisement for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) to raise awareness of the overpopulation of domesticated animals. In the poster, he lies partially nude on a bed, a pair of handcuffs on his wrists. Poking fun at his notoriety, the title of the advertisement exclaims, \"Too much sex can be a bad thing. Spay and neuter your cats and dogs.\" Jeremy also appeared in a 2008 video for PETA, explaining why in his view, more humane slaughter practices by KFC would be \"not just a moral thing but also a smart business move\", quipping that \"The Colonel might get a promotion and become a General\" as a result. ", "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA; stylized PeTA) is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president. A nonprofit corporation with 300 employees, it claims that it has 3 million members and supporters and is the largest animal rights group in the world. Its slogan is \"animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way.\" ", "Wearing an \"Eat No Turkey\" t-shirt, Paul McCartney is telling people to go vegetarian for the holidays in a new ad for PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "A lacto-ovo-vegetarian [5] , McCartney does not use fur or leather in her designs and supports PETA . [6] Some of McCartney's designs have text that elaborates on her \"no animal\" policy; for example, one of her jackets for Adidas says, \"suitable for sporty vegetarians\" on the sleeve. Her father is also known for supporting PETA by protesting against designers who use animal fur and those who wear it. Stella does use wool, silk, and other animal-derived fabrics in her designs.", "Western Daily Press 16.11.02 FUR FLIES AS PROTESTERS TARGET SUPERMODEL New York Supermodel Gisele Bundchen's love of fur made her the target for animal rights protesters as she strutted her stuff in sexy underwear on a catwalk� Four women members of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) leaped on to the catwalk as supermodels Bundchen, Naomi Campbell, Tyra Banks and Karolina paraded� (story)", "Liddell and David LaChapelle to shoot a bondage-themed print advertising campaign. . . . The ads include models, including celebrities . . . in various forms of bondage as a symbol of reducing one’s voice by failing to register as a voter.” 79 A critically important component of this campaign is the “Declare Yourself ” tagline, which reads, “Only you can silence yourself.” The motto presumably was inspired by the statistics from the 2000 presidential election, which revealed the large number of young voters, and especially single women, who did not vote. 80 The explicit message is that young voters limit their own political agency.", "In a letter of support to the association People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), she took a position against fur in fashion. [42]", "Winfrey was named as the 2008 Person of the Year by animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) for using her fame and listening audience to help the less fortunate, including animals. PETA praised Winfrey for using her talk show to uncover horrific cases of cruelty to animals in puppy mills and on factory farms, and Winfrey even used the show to highlight the cruelty-free vegan diet that she tried. Winfrey also refuses to wear fur or feature it in her magazine. ", "Gervais has always been a proponent of animal rights. He supports an animal welfare organisation, the WSPA, and has shared his views against fox-hunting and bull fighting on several occasions. He has also written to Prime Minister Gordon Brown urging him to implement a fur-free policy at the Ministry of Defence. Gervais is against the use of real Canadian black bear fur in the Bearskins used by the Foot Guards. The letter can be found on the PETA website . Gervais has also been involved with the Wildlife Aid organisation that serves to rescue, rehabilitate and release wildlife in the UK. [7]", "Outside the spotlight, the actress, who was the 36th actor in VH1�s �100 Greatest Kid Stars,� has her own clothing line called �Linda Blair�s Wild West Collection.� The vegan actress also wrote a book titled �Going Vegan!� Additionally, she is an active member of P.E.T.A., an organization protecting animal rights. She has taken home numerous awards for her work as an animal rights activist, as well as lent her name to help the worldwide effort in stopping animal abuse. Blair actively participated in efforts to stop animal/pet theft after one of her dogs was stolen. She also has more than 75 charities to which she is devoted.", "Henson joined PETA again for a 2013 campaign stating \"Be an Angel for Animals\". In the ad Henson poses with her family dog Uncle Willie. The ad highlights the issue that, \"Chained dogs suffer day in and day out. They are cold, hungry, thirsty, vulnerable, and lonely. Keep them inside, where it's safe and warm.\" ", "Some media sources proposed that the dress could be interpreted as anti-vegan. Vegetarian singer Morrissey stated that he felt the dress was acceptable as long as it was a social or political statement, and not just a \"loony idea\", pointing out that artist Linder Sterling had previously worn a meat dress in 1982 to protest against what she believed to be the perception of women by men (specifically a dress of chicken meat stitched onto black net). Ellen DeGeneres presented Gaga with a bikini made of vegetables when the singer appeared on her talk show, and the singer used the platform to respond to the controversy surrounding the dress saying, \"... it has many interpretations. For me this evening, if we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights pretty soon, we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones. And, I am not a piece of meat.\" She explained further that she was also using the dress to highlight her distaste for the US military's \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy.", "The agency encourages applicants to engage in sexually explicit conversations with customers and to perform \"activities that you feel comfortable with\" when naked in front of a camera, the newspaper says.", "In 1990, Bobby Berosini, a Las Vegas entertainer, lost his wildlife license as well as (on appeal) a later lawsuit against PETA, after the group broadcast an undercover film of him slapping and punching orangutans in 1989. In 1997, a PETA investigation inside Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), a contract animal-testing company, produced film of staff in the UK beating dogs, and what appeared to be abuse of monkeys in the company's New Jersey facility. After the video footage aired on British television in 1999, a group of activists set up Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty to close HLS down, a campaign that continues. ", "I wouldn't do nudity in films. To act with my clothes on is a performance. To act with my clothes off is a documentary.", "In November 2014, an advertising campaign for the brand featuring pin-up girls covered in milk, with the taglines on the ads claiming the milk contained \"50% more protein & calcium,\" was launched in the brand's Minneapolis and Denver test markets. Business Insider reported that some Twitter users criticized the advertisements. Laura Bates of The Guardian criticized the ads, claiming they sexualized women for commercial purposes and noting, \"seeing these images of women’s bodies being used, once again, to advertise an unrelated consumer product ('Drink what she’s wearing') is a tedious reminder that when it comes to the objectification of women in advertising, we seem to be slipping backward instead of moving forward.\" Chris Plante of The Verge commented, \"at worst the ad is selling consumers on the idea of drinking ultra-filtered milk off an ultra-sexualized woman, and at worst it's selling you 2% part milk. The remaining Fairlife ads are equal parts awkward and demeaning.\" Plante, however, adds,\"otherwise Fairlife has honed its pitch as a healthy, natural dairy product,\" mentioning the brand's marketing sheet. ", "Ingrid Newkirk, Director of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Quoted by Charles Oliver. \"Liberation Zoology.\" Reason Magazine, June 1990, pages 22 to 27.", "In 2008, Judd supported Barack Obama's presidential campaign. In 2009, she appeared in a one-minute video advertisement for the Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund, in which Judd condemned Alaska governor Sarah Palin for supporting aerial wolf hunting. In response, Palin stated the reason these wolves are killed is to protect the caribou population in Alaska, ignoring independent studies showing that wolves are not a danger for the caribou population in their balanced natural habitat, as well as omitting the fact that the killing campaign was financially supported by caribou hunting groups; Palin called the Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund an \"extreme fringe group\". In 2010, Judd signed the Animal Legal Defense Fund's petition to urge Governor Steve Beshear to protect Kentucky's homeless animals through tough enforcement of the state's Humane Shelter Law. ", "Grossed out? Horrified that humans think nothing of killing innocent beings so we can dress ourselves in their fur and flavor our candies with their secretions? I have a solution for you: Go vegan – really vegan. Don’t use cosmetics that are made using animal products, read the ingredients on food packages, call customer support when you see those scary words, ‘natural flavors’, and guess what? You’ll never eat anyone’s anal fluid again.", "2009: An anti-meat video featuring Paul McCartney debuts. “If slaughterhouses had glass walls, everyone would be vegetarian,” McCartney says during the graphic video.", "In December 2008, Lawson caused controversy and was featured in various newspapers for publicly advocating wearing fur. She also remarked that she would love to kill a bear and then wear it. ", "\"I am not a vegetarian because I love animals. I am a vegetarian because I hate plants.\" (A. Whitney Brown)" ]

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[ "Henry Cavill, who plays Superman in the 2013 film Man of Steel and the 2016 sequel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, has said that he does not believe there is a Superman curse, and that incidents thought to be evidence of it are explained by bad luck.", "In 2006, Bryan Singer directed the feature Superman Returns, starring Brandon Routh. In 2013, director Zack Snyder rebooted the film franchise with Man of Steel, starring Henry Cavill. Snyder also directed its 2016 sequel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, which featured Superman alongside Batman and Wonder Woman for the first time in a live-action movie. Cavill will reprise his role as Superman in the 2017 film Justice League. Tyler Hoechlin is set to play Superman in the second season of the Supergirl TV series. ", "He also starred in Blood Creek (2006) and Woody Allen's comedy film Whatever Works (2009). On January 30, 2011, it was announced that Henry Cavill had been cast as the next Superman in Man of Steel (2013), making him the first non-American actor to play Superman. Man of Steel (2013) was directed by Zach Snyder , produced by Christopher Nolan , and scripted by David S. Goyer .", "Man of Steel (2013) Man of Steel is an upcoming superhero film under the development of Zack Snyder, Christopher Nolan, and David S. Goyer. Based on the DC Comics character Superman, the film will be a reboot of the Superman film series. Using Chicago and Vancouver as a backdrop, with production to be based in west suburban Plano, Illinois, the film entered principal photography in August 2011, for a planned theatrical release on June 14, 2013 by Warner Bros., which also includes IMAX venues. Clark Kent is a journalist in his twenties who was adopted as a child by Martha and Jonathan Kent when he was transported to Earth from the dying alien planet Krypton. Kent, raised with the values of his adoptive parents, feels alienated because of his unique super abilities and struggles to find his place in life. When the world is attacked, he becomes the hero, Superman, to protect its people. British actor Henry Cavill will be the first non-American actor who played Superman.", "On March 25, Henry Cavill will reprise his role as Clark Kent/Superman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , which will be the first major step towards the eventual Justice League film and the larger DC Extended Universe. Given the fact that Batman and Superman have never appeared together in a live-action film before, Batman v Superman should easily be one of the more successful movies of the year.", "On 30 January 2011, it was announced that Cavill had been cast in the role of Clark Kent/Superman in director Zack Snyder's Man of Steel. Snyder called Cavill \"the perfect choice to don the cape and S shield.\" Entertainment media applauded Henry Cavill on his road to success. On being chosen for the role, Cavill commented, \"In the pantheon of superheroes, Superman is the most recognized and revered character of all time, and I am honoured to be a part of his return to the big screen.\" Cavill reprised the role of Superman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a 2016 sequel which featured a crossover with Batman and Wonder Woman. Cavill will reprise the role of Superman for the upcoming Justice League film.", "The 21st century also saw a dramatic increase in the presence of Superman in other media. The live-action young adult drama Smallville (2001–11) traced the life of Clark Kent (Tom Welling) during his formative years in Smallville, Kansas. The animated Superman figured prominently in Cartoon Network’s Justice League (2001–04) and Justice League Unlimited (2004–06) as well as in numerous direct-to-video features. In 2006 Bryan Singer, director of the first two X-Men movies, helmed Superman Returns, starring newcomer Brandon Routh as Superman, Kate Bosworth as Lois Lane, and Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor. The film was a box-office disappointment, and Warner Brothers canceled its plans for a sequel. The studio turned to director Christopher Nolan and screenwriter David S. Goyer, the creative minds behind the highly successful relaunch of the Batman film franchise, to reconceive and reboot the Superman saga in film. The result was Man of Steel (2013), directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill as Superman. Although the film was a critical disappointment, it grossed over $600 million worldwide. The sequel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), earned more than $800 million globally, but the film’s grim depiction of two of pop culture’s most recognizable heroes drew ire from critics and comic fans alike.", "Despite being third billed on Superman and second billed on Superman II, after Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve was the undoubted star of the Superman series. Reeve was the third, to date, of nine actors to physically and substantially play Superman on film or television 10 . Of these actors, Reeve has the second least screen time, with only Brandon Routh, the star of Superman Returns (2006) and Henry Calvill in Man of Steel (2013) have appeared as Superman for a shorter time than Reeve 11 . Despite the brevity of his role, his interpretation is considered definitive and the standard by which all others are judged. It was Reeve's portrayal of Superman that Brandon Routh based his performance on in Superman Returns. Reeve would also cameo in episodes of Smallville.", "Henry Cavill , the man tasked with portraying a reimagined version of Superman in Zack Synder's new movie Man of Steel, says he refused to get hung up on the pressures of donning the famous suit and potentially letting down a legion of fans. Cavill was the surprise choice to play the superhero in the big-budget movie - likely to form part of a franchise if successful - though he took things firmly in his stride.", "Henry Cavill as Superman in \"Man of Steel\" (2013). The British actor's previous credits include \"The Count of Monte Cristo,\" \"Immortals,\" and the TV series \"The Tudors.\"", "Indeed, the performance gained plenty of positive reviews and was seen as strong enough to build an entire interconnecting filmic universe on top of, with its follow-up Batman V Superman: Dawn Of Justice leaving Superman in, er, a 'difficult place'. Cavill will next reprise the role in Justice League.", "A reboot of the Superman movie franchise, this film once again serves as an origin story for Superman with Henry Cavill starring as the Man of Steel. Directed by Zack Snyder, of 300 and Watchmen fame. Michael Shannon was cast as Superman's nemesis Zod in the film and Amy Adams was cast as Superman's love interest and Daily Planet reporter Lois Lane. The script was written by David Goyer and produced by Christopher Nolan, director of The Dark Knight Trilogy. The film was released on June 14, 2013.", "Truly Superman is too super to kill (but it took several decades to change his red underpants).note Chronologically from top left: George Reeves in The Adventures of Superman , Christopher Reeve in Superman , Brandon Routh in Superman Returns , Henry Cavill in Man of Steel .", "In film, Superman has been portrayed by Christopher Reeve, Brandon Routh and, most recently, Henry Cavill. Cavill will be taking up the role once again, after his well-liked performance in Man of Steel, to battle Ban Affleck’s Batman mano-a-mano in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Is there any way Superman can lose this battle? We don’t know, but we’re dying to find out!", "In 2005, Henry became a young contender for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale (2006), and performed in a final screen test. However, the producers believed Henry was too young for the role, and gave it to Daniel Craig . He also under heavy consideration and auditioned for the role of Superman in Superman Returns (2006), but eventually the role was given to Brandon Routh . Due to all this, Empire Magazine dubbed Henry Cavill \"the most unlucky man in Hollywood\" in December 2005.", "Man of Steel was by far the most successful film of Cavill’s career to date, and it gave birth to the DC Extended Universe and Warner Bros.’ grand ambitions to build towards a Justice League movie. That said, there is still considerable controversy about Man of Steel and Cavill’s depiction of Superman. Not everyone was happy with it, especially hardcore Superman fans.", "First he played Superman, now he takes a lead role as Napoleon Solo in Guy Ritchie’s reboot of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. It seems like Henry Cavill is fast cornering the market in iconic heroes…", "He might currently be setting box offices alight with his role in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as the world’s greatest superhero, but Henry Cavill has revealed he’d “love” the opportunity to play the world’s greatest spy.", "Director Zack Snyder has said he has no idea yet if the next cinema outing for Superman will be CInEMas showInG FIlMs In EnGlIsh filmed in 3D but it is under consideration. The last film in the franchise, Superman Returns, was a hit with critics but did not do as well as hoped at the box office. Warner Studios looked likely to drop Brandon Routh from the role of Man of Steel as a consequence, despite his remarkable similarity to Christopher Reeve, and a nuanced", "And then, of course, it looks like moviegoers will be getting an updated origin story by the looks of the new trailer for Man of Steel. That Superman reboot, directed by Zack Snyder, is due out next summer.", "The lukewarm reception of Superman Returns kept Superman off the big screen for seven years. Cavill had actually been up for the role of Superman in Superman Returns before it ultimately went to Brandon Routh. By the time that Man of Steel was casting, Cavill received another opportunity to play Superman.", "Superman has found his sidekick. Sam Huntington has been cast as Daily Planet cub reporter Jimmy Olsen in Bryan Singer 's Superman Returns movie. The cast includes Brandon Routh as Clark Kent/Superman, Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor, Hugh Laurie as Daily Planet editor-in-chief Perry White and James Marsden as Richard White. Kate Bosworth is in negotiations to play Lois Lane. Olsen was a wide-eyed photographer who even had a watch with a Superman signal. Olsen had his own comic in the 1960s and '70s titled Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen. Since the late '80s, the comics have portrayed Olsen in a more serious light. »", "Actors Brandon Routh, Tom Welling, Joe Manganiello, Patrick Wilson, Erryn Arkin and Sam Worthington have all been rumored to star in the movie. The part of Superman ultimately went to Henry Cavill . Cavill was the front runner to play Superman in another Superman movie but Routh was cast instead.", "BREAKING: Henry Cavill Lands Superman; Macho British Actor To Play American Icon; Past Contender For Batman & James Bond", "Of course, the iconic Christopher Reeve holds the record for most filmic appearances, and remains to many film fans The Superman. Henry Cavill is surely after both of those accolades, even if the former seems the more likely goal.", "Sidney J. Furie Christopher Reeve not only dons the title hero's cape for the fourth time but also helped develop the movie's provocative theme: nuclear disarmament. \"For me, it's the most personal of the entire series,\" Reeve said. \"It directly reflects what Superman should be, and should be doing.\" Superman does a lot this time around. To make the world safe for nuclear arms merchants, Lex Luthor (Gene Hackman) creates a new being to challenge the Man of Steel: the radiation-charged Nuclear Man (Mark Pillow). The two foes clash in an explosive extravaganza that sees Superman save the Statue of Liberty, plug a volcanic eruption of Mount Etna and rebuild the demolished Great Wall of China. Your quest for excitement is over!", "This star-packed extravaganza brings the comic book legend to the screen in grand style. It begins with Superman's scientist dad sending the infant superhero down to Earth just as the home planet, Krypton, explodes into a zillion pieces. Taking up permanent residence on Earth, the young Superman grows up into supernormal reporter Clark Kent, wooing winsome colleague Lois Lane and keeping his true identity hidden from the world. But when three villains come up with a dastardly real estate scheme that involves shoving California into the ocean, Clark Kent decides it's time to don his cape and fight the forces of evil.", "Based off of the Grant Morrison comic of the same name, this animated film revolves around Superman and his attempts to achieve a variety of different tasks before his impending death due to an overexposure of yellow sun radiation caused by Lex Luthor. The film was released on February 22, 2011.", "Cage met his third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She bore their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name) on October 3, 2005. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on July 30, 2004.", "Both director Bryan Singer and actor Brandon Routh expressed interest in reprising their positions from Superman Returns (2006) on this film; Singer had originally outlined several sequels to follow his story, and Routh was contracted as well. When Warner Bros. announced this film as a \"clean reboot\" from Singer's film, Routh still expressed interest in returning before Zack Snyder declared that this movie would have no ties to any previous cinematic incarnation of the character.", "Cage met his third and current wife Alice Kim, a former waitress who previously worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She bore their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name) on October 3, 2005. Cage was once considered for the role of Superman in a film to be directed by Tim Burton. Alice had a minor role in the 2007 film Next, which Cage produced. They were married at a private ranch in Northern California on (July 30, 2004).", "He is the first actor since Christopher Reeve to play the role of Clark Kent/Superman in more than one film." ]

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[ "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za Hejjihoggu ? , born June 23 [6] ) is the title character and main protagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series and Sega 's mascot. He is an anthropomorphic hedgehog born with the ability to run faster than the speed of sound, hence his name, and possesses lightning fast reflexes to match. As his species implies, Sonic can also roll up into a concussive ball, primarily to attack enemies.", "Sonic the Hedgehog, first introduced in 1991, is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog which is the title character in several videogames, comic strips and animated cartoons by Sega.", "Sonic is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog who has the ability to run at supersonic speeds and the ability to curl into a ball, primarily to attack enemies. Throughout the course of the video games, Sonic most commonly has to race through levels, collect power up rings and survive against a host of natural obstacles and minions to achieve his goal. While many individuals at Sega had a hand in Sonic's creation, programmer Yuji Naka and artist Naoto Ohshima are generally credited with the creation of the character. ", "Sega’s first mascot, Alex Kidd, first featured in the 1987 platformer Alex Kidd in Miracle World on the Sega Master System, did not become the cultural mainstay it needed to combat the juggernaut plumber at Nintendo. So, looking for a new mascot, Sega of Japan held an internal competition, allowing its employees to submit ideas for character designs. Designer and artist Naoto Ohshima came up with an idea of a blue hedgehog named \"Sonic\" that had fangs and a human girlfriend named Madonna and that fronted a rock band with a monkey on bass and an alligator on keyboard.", "* Sega's official logo color is cobalt blue. Sonic the Hedgehog, Sega's current mascot, was colored to match. ", "The same year, Sega of America's leadership passed from Michael Katz to Tom Kalinske, who further escalated the \" console war \" that was developing. [11] As a preemptive strike against the release of the Super Nintendo, Sega re-branded itself with a new game and mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog . With his hip attitude and style, he was marketed to seem \"cooler\" than Mario , Nintendo's mascot. [12] This shift led to a wider success for the Genesis and would eventually propel Sega to 65% of the market in North America for a brief time. [13] Simultaneously, after much previous delay, Sega released the moderately successful Sega CD as an add-on feature, allowing for extra storage in games due to their CD-ROM format, giving developers the ability to make longer, more sophisticated games, the most popular of which was Sega’s own Sonic the Hedgehog CD . [14] Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was also released at this time, and became the most successful game Sega ever made, [15] selling six million copies as of June 2006. [15]", "Sonic the Hedgehog received positive reviews from critics, who praised the game's visuals. It was commercially successful, increasing the popularity of Sega's 16-bit console and establishing Sonic the Hedgehog as the company's mascot character. Its success led to the development of subsequent games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as the creation of a media franchise of spin-off products featuring the character.", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za hejjihoggu ? ) is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis . Featuring the new mascot of Sega , the titular Sonic the Hedgehog , this game served as the launch title for the famous video game franchise known as the Sonic the Hedgehog series .", "* Sonic the Hedgehog (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) - The heroes' leader of the series, a blue hedgehog with super speed. Sonic has good intentions and is heroic, but can be shortsighted of others' feelings and impatient. He also enjoys the benefits of being a hero and dislikes competition. Unlike most incarnations, the Sonic Boom version of Sonic has blue-furred arms and wears a brown neckerchief around his neck and athletic sports tape on his wrists.", "Artist Naoto Ōshima , designer Hirokazu Yasuhara and programmer Yuji Naka are generally credited with the creation of the character, a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog, whose ability to run faster than the speed of sound is a major part of the game play of the series. Sonic is the 18th best selling franchise of all time.", "Sonic the Hedgehog, a game released in 1991, features a speedy blue hedgehog as the protagonist. This series' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes, cats, and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans. As with most anthropomorphisms of animals, clothing is of little or no importance, where some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves.", "Sonic's success sparked a flood of comparably zoomorphic avatars featuring in their own releases, ostensibly much the same gameplay wise as Sega's breakthrough, featuring a whole lot of leaping, landing, and enemy lamping. On the Mega Drive itself, Aero the Acrobat (a bat) and Bubsy (a bobcat) in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind both came out in 1993, made by Iguana and Accolade respectively, looking to cash in while platforming games featuring attitude-laden mascots were in their post-Sonic pomp. Both were decent and enjoyed some commercial success, but neither could step out from the spiky shadow of SEGA's market leader. And so, while sequels followed each debut, both Aero and Bubsy remain relics of the 1990s, with the latter last seen in action during the days of the original PlayStation.", "Which makes you wonder how a hedgehog, above any other, more exotic creatures, became the standout character amid a zoological cornucopia of contenders. Playing the original Sonic today, though, makes it abundantly clear how this game stole a march on so many other platform titles of the time, and why it formed the foundations of a franchise that, while not flourishing in the 21st century, remains a presence in gaming's middle-mainstream firmament. From the very beginning of Sonic's development, its makers at Sega's AM8 department—later renamed Sonic Team—placed their gameplay emphasis on speedy traversal, while the character design aimed to mix approachability and aggression. Ideas for vampire-like fangs and Sonic being the frontman of a rock band were ditched, thankfully, but he still bears the mark of pop culture: His red shoes were supposedly inspired by Michael Jackson.", "is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. Released on October 18, 1994, it is the fourth installment in the main Sonic the Hedgehog series and a direct sequel to Sonic the Hedgehog 3. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna in their respective quests to save Angel Island; Sonic tries to prevent Dr. Robotnik from relaunching his orbital weapon, the Death Egg, while Knuckles scuffles with Robotnik's minion, EggRobo.", "Sonic the Hedgehog received positive reviews from critics, who praised the game's visuals and its sense of speed. It was commercially successful, increasing the popularity of the Mega Drive/Genesis and establishing Sonic the Hedgehog as the company's mascot. Its success led to the development of subsequent games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as the creation of a media franchise of spin-off products featuring the character.", "Sonic retains most of his normal abilities and personality in this form as well as the ability to speak, though with more of a growl than normal. It appears, however, that Sonic gains some minor bestial behavior while in this form, as he howls like a real wolf at the beginning of a night stage, during the Dark Gaia Phoenix boss fight, or upon getting an A-rank or S-rank. He can also run on all fours like a real wolf and fight in a more vicious way than his normal self. Therefore, it can basically just be considered a darker, more feral form of Sonic rather than as a split-personality monster like other interpretations of werewolves. Despite this, however, Sonic the Werehog still has Sonic the Hedgehog's good heart. This is primarily due to his will, which is too strong for Dark Gaia to control in any way.", "The game's success led Sega to develop an extensive media franchise. A 1992 sequel, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, gave Sonic a best friend (and sidekick) named Miles \"Tails\" Prower and continued the fight against Dr. Robotnik. Sonic has generated dozens of additional games and a large cast of recurring characters (keeping Sonic and Robotnik as mainstays), surviving the end of Sega console manufacturing after the Dreamcast. The series has ventured from platformers to fighting, racing, role-playing, and sports games, and has expanded into anime and manga, cartoons and comic books, novels, and toys. Sonic the Hedgehog has become one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time, with over 150 million copies sold by May 2014. The game's first stage, Green Hill Zone, has also been re-purposed for use in several other titles such as Sonic Adventure 2, Sonic Generations and the Super Smash Bros. series. ", "is a video game character and the main antagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series, created by Sega. He is a rotund mad scientist who plans to conquer the world in order to build his own Eggman Empire, and is the archenemy of Sonic the Hedgehog. His original character designer was Naoto Ohshima, and while he has gone through several major and minor appearance changes throughout the series, his in-game designs retain several basic characteristics, such as his egg-shaped body, red-black-yellow clothing, pince-nez sunglasses, and large mustache.", "Sonic the Hedgehog in particular led to the creation of an entire subtype of Mascot: the Mascot with Attitude .", "Sonic the Hedgehog is a 16-bit platformer released for the Sega Genesis . It was the first game in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise , and also the first game developed by Sonic Team . It was released in 1991 in North America, Europe and Japan. It is one of the best selling video games of all time, and thus a giant money maker for Sega , creating a popular evergreen franchise and also propelled the Genesis to widespread popularity.", "Darkspine Sonic (ダークスパインソニック, Dākusupain Sonikku ? ) is one of Sonic the Hedgehog 's transformations, appearing in Sonic and the Secret Rings . Rather than using the Chaos Emeralds , he uses the World Rings of rage, hatred and sadness to transform. In this form, Sonic is slightly more sinister and violent due to the influence of the World Rings' sealed feelings. He is playable in the final battle against Alf Layla wa-Layla , an enhanced form of Erazor Djinn .", "Knuckles the Echidna (Japanese: ナックルズ・ザ・エキドゥナ, Romaji: Nakkurusu Za Ekiduna), a red-quilled echidna , is a character from the Sonic the Hedgehog series of video games and related media. First introduced in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 , his existence was heavily advertised in the promotional material leading up to its release. The popularity of Knuckles met with such success that in the lock-on capable second half of the game released less than six months later, they gave the character second billing, calling the title Sonic & Knuckles . Since his introduction, Knuckles maintains a strong fan following, and appeared in nearly every main Sonic title since.", "Knuckles the Echidna (ナックルズ・ザ・エキドゥナ, Nakkuruzu za Ekiduna?) is a video game character and a hero of the Sonic The Hedgehog game series, as well as some spin-off games and comics. His first appearance was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 , released in 1994 to introduce a new rival for Sonic , presented as an antagonist who was tricked by Dr. Eggman into fighting Sonic. Knuckles is a 16 year old red anthropomorphic echidna , who is both physically powerful and highly resilient. In most of the Sonic games, he has also had the abilities to climb ledges or walls, and also to glide in the air for short periods of time. He has a white crescent on his chest and four knuckles, two on each hand, which are actually sharp spikes. He is both a friend and a rival to Sonic.", "Why is Sonic blue? (Well, other than his hamster wheel sneaker accident of course.) The answer is simple: Blue is the color of the SEGA logo and SEGA wanted their mascot to be the same color. In addition, Blue apparently stands for peace and SEGA wanted Sonic’s color to reflect his good-guy with a bad-attitude nature.", "Knuckles the Echidna is a character from the Sonic the Hedgehog series. He was first introduced in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 as a new rival for Sonic the Hedgehog . He was presented as an antagonist and was tricked by Dr. Eggman into fighting Sonic. Knuckles is 16-years old and is a red anthropomorphic echidna, who is powerful and highly resilient. His skills include climbing ledges and walls and gliding in the air for short periods of time. He has a white cresent on his chest and for sharply pointed knuckles. He shown to be both a rival and friend to Sonic.", "Throughout the original Sonic game, and in several subsequent titles, Sonic’s task is to free his animal friends from metal cages and robotic enemies – successfully defeating a badnik will see one of several small creatures bursting forth and escaping from within the enemy.", "For Sonic’s demeanor, Sega borrowed inspiration from then-Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, specifically his ‘can-do’ attitude. Sega wanted a character that could be cheeky and sarcastic while still getting the job done.", "In 2008, Jazwares released a Sonic the Werehog action figure. This figure was the only one that was discontinued, due to the yellow card.[ citation needed ]", "An early version of the Sega logo and title screen. Instead of its short, fading animation, the Sega logo would have had Sonic leaning on it. The logo would have slid over to the left, making Sonic fall back. After this, the screen would have been covered in stripes (?) brought in by Robotnik and Sonic's bandmates, and the giant Sonic emblem falls in place from the top of the screen.", "The character design for the 1� Sonic game, is based on cartoon characters (Dr. Eggman wears Mickey Mouse's pants in black) so Sonic and others share this signature that represents a cartoon character.", "At the time when Sega were looking to create a new mascot for their company, they took inspiration from a variety of sources. Most notably, the company found that their main rival, Nintendo, had a winning mascot with Mario, and Sega wanted to find a way to measure up against this stiff competition.", "Former sega mascot vs current sega mascot! Place your votes in the comments now! The character with the most votes wins the round!" ]

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[ "Arsenic is a chemical that has been in use since ancient Greece, Egypt, and China, to strengthen alloys. It is poisonous and so is its compounds but has been used for many purposes in manufacturing and agriculture, and is also being looked at for medicinal use today despite its toxicity. Arsenic's atomic number is 33 and its symbol is As. The word Arsenic is derived from the Persian word 'Zarnikh' which means 'yellow orpiment.' The arsenic element was isolated for the first time in 1250 by Albertus Magnus, a German philosopher. While arsenic is usually gray and brittle there are also yellow, and black allotropes (different modified types).", "Arsenic is the element with the symbol As and atomic number 33 . It is an example of a metalloid or semimetal , with properties of both metals and nonmetals. It is found in nature as a single stable isotope, arsenic-75. At least 33 radioisotopes have been synthesized. Its most common oxidation states are -3 or +3 in compounds. Arsenic also readily forms bonds with its own atoms.", "\"Arsenic\" : \"Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid.\",", "Arsenic has a deeper etymology. 'Arsenic' is derived from the Greek word arsenikon which in its turn is derived from the Persian word az-zarnikh with zar meaning 'gold'. Gold? Az-zarnikh probably means 'gold pigment' which in Latin is auripigmentum - this later mutated to orpiment. Yellow orpiment is the name of the yellow arsenic containing mineral (arsenic sulphide) which the Greeks, Romans and Persians used as a dye and for medicinal purposes. The element arsenic was probably isolated for the first time from this mineral in 1250 by Albert von Bollstadt (aka Albertus Magnus).", "Arsenic gets its name from a Persian word for the yellow pigment now known as orpiment. For keen lexicographers apparently the Persian word in question Zarnikh was subsequently borrowed by the Greeks for their word arsenikon which means masculine or potent.", "a grayish-white element having a metallic luster, vaporizing when heated, and forming poisonous compounds. Symbol: As; atomic weight: 74.92; atomic number: 33.", "1. (Elements & Compounds) a toxic metalloid element, existing in several allotropic forms, that occurs principally in realgar and orpiment and as the free element. It is used in transistors, lead-based alloys, and high-temperature brasses. Symbol: As; atomic no: 33; atomic wt: 74.92159; valency: –3, 0, +3, or +5; relative density: 5.73 (grey); melting pt: 817°C at a pressure of 3MN/m2 (grey); sublimes at 613°C (grey)", "a toxic metalloid element, existing in several allotropic forms, that occurs principally in realgar and orpiment and as the free element. It is used in transistors, lead-based alloys, and high-temperature brasses. Symbol: As; atomic no: 33; atomic wt: 74.92159; valency: –3, 0, +3, or +5; relative density: 5.73 (grey); melting pt: 817°C at a pressure of 3MN/m² (grey); sublimes at 613°C (grey)", "They are the elements Fluorine, ( atomic number 9 ),  Chlorine, ( atomic number 17 ), Bromine ( atomic number 35 ), Iodine ( atomic number 53 ), Astatine  ( atomic number 85 ), and a newly discovered element not yet given a name, that has an atomic number of 117, ( Discovered in 2010).", "17. Bismuth is a  chemical element  with the symbol Bi and the  atomic number  83. Bismuth, a  pentavalent   post-transition metal , chemically resembles  arsenic  and antimony . Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The  free element  is 86% as dense as  lead . It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but is often seen in air with a pink tinge owing to surface  oxidation . Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic  element, and has one of the lowest values of  thermal conductivity  among metals. Bismuth metal has been known since ancient times, although it was often confused with lead and tin, which share some physical properties. The etymology is uncertain, but possibly comes from Arabic bi ismid, meaning having the properties of antimony [3]  or German words weiße Masse or Wismuth (\"white mass\"), translated in the mid-sixteenth century to  New Latin  bisemutum. [4]  Bismuth has long been considered the element with the highest atomic mass that is stable. However, in 2003 it was discovered to be weakly radioactive: its only primordial isotope ,  bismuth-209 , decays via  alpha decay  with a  half life  more than a  billion  times the estimated  age of the universe . [5]", "atomic number 83 ; Bi ; bismuth (a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals)", "atomic number 30 ; zinc ; Zn (a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs as zinc sulphide in zinc blende)", "astatine ; At ; atomic number 85 (a highly unstable radioactive element (the heaviest of the halogen series); a decay product of uranium and thorium)", "Symbol W A hard, gray to white metallic element that is very resistant to corrosion. It has the highest melting point of all elements. Tungsten remains very strong at high temperatures and is used to make light-bulb filaments and to increase the hardness and strength of steel. Atomic number 74. Also called wolfram. See Periodic Table .", "Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable.  more from Wikipedia", "Osmium ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-black transition metal in the platinum family and is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of (slightly greater than that of iridium and twice that of lead). It is found in nature as an alloy, mostly in platinum ores; its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen tips, electrical contacts, and other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed. ", "Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium) based on measured density, although calculations involving the space lattices of the elements show that iridium is denser. It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable.", "atomic number 30 - a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs naturally as zinc sulphide in zinc blende", "Iridium ( ) is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element (after osmium) and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable.", "n. A rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. It has both acid and basic properties. When alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. Symbol W (Wolframium). Atomic weight, 183.6. Specific gravity, 18.", "Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. It is never found as a native metal; it is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon, which can be purified with chlorine. Zirconium was first isolated in an impure form in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. Zirconium has no known biological role. Zirconium forms both inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride, respectively. There are five naturally occurring isotopes, three of which are stable. Short-term exposure to zirconium powder causes minor irritation, and inhalation of zirconium compounds can cause skin and lung granulomas. Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to corrosive agents, such as surgical appliances, explosive primers, vacuum tube getters and filaments. Ninety percent of all zirconium produced is used in nuclear reactors (in the form of zircaloys) because of its low neutron-capture cross-section and resistance to corrosion. Short-term exposure to zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention.", "Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a \"rare earth element\". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. Its only stable isotope, 89Y, is also its only naturally occurring isotope. In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite, after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttriu ... (展开) um's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. The most important use of yttrium is in making phosphors, particularly the red phosphors used in television set cathode ray tube (CRT) displays and in LEDs. It is also used in the production of electrodes, electrolytes, electronic filters, lasers and superconductors; various medical applications; and the tracing of various materials to enhance their properties. Yttrium has no known biological role, and exposure to yttrium compounds can cause lung disease in humans.", "atomic number 21 ; Sc ; scandium (a white trivalent metallic element; sometimes classified in the rare earth group; occurs in the Scandinavian mineral thortveitite)", "\"Terbium\" : \"Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite.\",", "Lutetium ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is the last element in the lanthanide series, which, along with the lanthanide contraction, explains several important properties of lutetium, such as it having the highest hardness or density among lanthanides. Unlike other lanthanides, which lie in the f-block of the periodic table, this element lies in the d-block; however, lanthanum is sometimes placed on the d-block lanthanide position. Chemically, lutetium is a typical lanthanide: its only common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds. In an aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble lutetium compounds form a complex with nine water molecules.", "\"Osmium\" : \"Osmium (from Greek osme (ὀσμή) meaning \"smell\") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 7004225900000000000♠22.59 g/cm3.\",", "for bromine just the first letter of its name? What other element preempts the symbol B?", "Bohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.", "Bohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.", "\"Bohrium\" is a chemical element with symbol \"Bh\" and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270 Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.", "A notation that uses the atomic symbol and (sometimes) a numerical subscript to denote how atoms are bonded in an element.", "Each element has been assigned a number, called its atomic number. In the Chem Time clock, the numbers have been replaced by the symbols of the corresponding element." ]

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[ "Sally Hemmings: An American Scandal (2000) - An account of the historical and controversial relationship between President Thomas Jefferson and his slave Sally Hemings. Drama, 173 min., VHS, dir: Charles Haid.", "The first American presidential sex scandal never went on trial, but rumors have persisted to this day that President and founding father Thomas Jefferson had an illicit relationship with his slave mistress, Sally Hemings, that bore him children. Jefferson never responded publicly to this attack on his character nor denied the accusations.", "The Jefferson–Hemings controversy is related to the question of whether, after Jefferson became a widower, he had an intimate relationship with Sally Hemings, resulting in his fathering her six children of record. The controversy dates from the 1790s. A relationship between Jefferson and Hemings was first reported in 1802, by one of Jefferson’s enemies, a political journalist named James T. Callender, after he noticed several light skinned slaves at Monticello. However, Jefferson never publicly denied this accusation. In the late 20th century, historians began reanalyzing the body of evidence. In 1997, Annette Gordon-Reed published a book, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy, that analyzed the historiography of the controversy, demonstrating how historians since the 19th century had accepted early assumptions. They favored Jefferson family testimony while criticizing Hemings family testimony as \"oral history\", and failed to note all the facts. A consensus began to emerge after the results of a DNA analysis in 1998, which showed no match between the Carr male line, proposed for more than 150 years as the father(s), and the one Hemings descendant tested. It did show a match between the Jefferson male line and the Eston Hemings descendant. ", "Hyland, William G., Jr. In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2009.", "Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, was most likely the father of all of Sally Hemings' children, genealogist Helen F. M. Leary, an expert on early families of the Upper South, reported at the Library's 2002 Judith P. Austin Memorial Lecture on April 16. Leary's talk was based on her research into the available genealogical evidence concerning Hemings' children, the results of which were published in a September 2001 issue of The National Genealogical Society Quarterly.", "William Jefferson \"Bill\" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946)[1] served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He was the third-youngest president; only Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy were younger when entering office. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and as he was born in the period after World War II, he is known as the first Baby Boomer president.[2] His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. She was previously a United States Senator from New York, and also candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008. Both are graduates of Yale Law School.", "Leary began her lecture by observing that the complex character of Thomas Jefferson as both public leader and private individual has challenged historians and biographers over the years. She said the Jefferson-Hemings relationship most likely began in Paris in the late 1780s; Jefferson traveled to France as American envoy in 1784 with his elder daughter Martha. Three years later, Sally Hemings (1773-1835), a young Monticello slave, accompanied Jefferson's younger daughter Maria to France to join her father.", "In 2005 there was a TV series entitled \"The Greatest American\". The American public voted on 100 great Americans selected by a panel of experts. This was the final result (Top 10): 1. Ronald Reagan 2.Abraham Lincoln 3. Martin Luther King , Jr. 4. George Washington 5.Benjamin Franklin 6. George W. Bush 7. Bill Clinton 8. Elvis Presley 9. Oprah Winfrey 10. Franklin D. Roosevelt If there is one person you could vote off the list, who would it be?", "Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American activist, television personality, fashion designer, and former White House intern with whom President Bill Clinton admitted to having had what he called an \"inappropriate relationship\" while she worked at the White House in 1995 and 1996. The affair and its repercussions, which included Clinton's impeachment, became known as the Lewinsky scandal. <br /><br />As a result of the scandal, Lewinsky gained worldwide celebrity status; she subsequently engaged in a variety of ventures including designing a line of handbags under her name, being an advertising spokesperson for a diet plan, working as a television personality, and then leaving the public spotlight to pursue a master's degree in psychology in London. Read Less", "*1998 – Lewinsky scandal: On American television, U.S. President Bill Clinton denies having had \"sexual relations\" with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.", "* Then-US President Richard Nixon can be heard discussing the show (specifically the 1971 episodes \"Writing the President\" and \"Judging Books by Covers\") on one of the infamous Watergate tapes.[14]", "On the other hand, many believe that President Lyndon B. Johnson’s image was damaged because of his pets. He was photographed picking his two Beagle dogs named Him and Her up by their ears. Much of the public was outraged and animal lovers spoke out against it. Others, however, did not understand the basis of the uproar and former President Harry S. Truman was even reported to have said, \"What the hell are the critics complaining about; that's how you handle hounds.\" While it may not have hurt his presidency, this scandal shed a new light on the president's image.", "The U.S. President, Andrew Shepherd (Michael Douglas), heads into his reelection campaign with high approval ratings in public opinion polls, and a delighted staff which is looking forward to the forthcoming battle with his likely opponent, Senator Bob Rumson (Richard Dreyfuss).49 Then Shepherd, widowed just before his election, meets Sydney Ellen Wade (Annette Bening), a spunky lobbyist for an environmental organization. Taken with her almost immediately, he invites her to be his date at a state dinner, his first date since he has been in office. Problems arise as both the scandal-hungry media and the President’s political opponents use the White House romance as a means to sway public opinion against the Commander-in-Chief.", "FILE - In this Thursday, Nov. 9, 2000 file photo, President Bill Clinton, left, escorts first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and former first lady Lady Bird Johnson, followed by former President Gerald R. Ford with former first lady Betty Ford, former President Jimmy Carter with former first lady Rosalynn Carter, and former President George Bush with former first lady Barbara Bush, as they make their entrance into the East Room during a dinner in honor of the 200th Anniversary of the White House in Washington. (AP Photo/PabloMartinez Monsivais)", "On January 20th, 1993, William Jefferson Clinton became the 42nd President of the United States. At the time, most Americans were not aware of the extent of Clinton's criminal background, nor were they aware of the media blackout which kept this information from the public.", "1998: Clinton admits Lewinsky affair. President of the United States, Bill Clinton, admits having an inappropriate relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.  ", "1998 - The videotaped grand jury statement that U.S. President Bill Clinton made concerning the Monica Lewinsky case was made public.", "DNA evidence has, in modern times, suggested which US President fathered a child with the slave Sally Hemings?", "On December 19th of 1998, Congress passed two articles of impeachment against our then president, William Jefferson Clinton. These actions taken by the house were a result in Clinton having an inappropriate sexual relationship with his intern, Monica Lewinsky. This investigation spear-headed at Cl ... One week later Clinton was on television, where he gave his most famous line from the Monica Lewinsky scandal, \"I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky\". Through Kenneth Starr's accomplance, Linda Tripp's recorded conversations with Monica Lewinsky, Clinton was forced to admit that he did \"have an inappropriate relationship\" with Monica Lewinsky. ... The first allegation was that Clinton and his friend Vernon Jordan had tried to influence Monica Lewinsky to lie about her relationship with the President in court. ... Lewinsky by President Clinton and his cons...", "1998 President of the United States Bill Clinton admitted having an inappropriate relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. (inappropriate? Hmmm)", "President Bill Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton, and their daughter Chelsea depart the White House with their dog Buddy on their way to a two-week vacation in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Clinton gave a televised address the evening before to the American people from the White House in which he admitted to an improper relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.", "Former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson seated between President Bill Clinton and former President George Bush at a 2000 White House dinner. (Clinton Presidential Library)", "May 16 - US President Bill Clinton issues a formal apology to the surviving victims of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and their families, 25 years after the 40 year \"study\" was exposed by reporter Jean Heller .", "Clinton is the first president to testify before a grand jury in his own defense. During the four-hour testimony he admits for the first time that he had \"inappropriate intimate contact\" with Lewinsky. Clinton's testimony is most famous for his saying \"it depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is.\"", "Soon after another scandal disrupted Clinton's presidency. This controversy stemmed from charges that he had an improper relationship Monica Lewinsky, and then tried to cover it up. Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, who had been investigating the Whitewater case, launched an inquiry. His probe focused on whether Clinton had committed perjury by denying the affair with Lewinsky in a sworn deposition in the Paula Jones case, and also whether Clinton had tried to get Lewinsky to lie in her own sworn statement in the Paula Jones lawsuit. At first Clinton denied the charges, but when Lewinsky confirmed the affair in testimony before a grand jury, he was forced to admit he had not told the truth. Starr meanwhile issued a report, contending that the president's actions could be grounds for impeachment. Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. After a trial in the Senate, the president was acquitted on both the impeachment and perjury charges. Despite these difficulties, Clinton was able to reach an agreement with Congress on a program designed to bolster the Social Security system in the long run. In 2000 the Clintons were cleared of any wrongdoing in the Whitewater matter.", "Grace Coolidge figured in one so-called “scandal” which was, in truth, a minor incident which the press sensationalized until it had wider repercussions. During the presidential vacation in the Black Hills of South Dakota in the summer of 1927, Grace Coolidge took a hike deep into the woods with her unmarried Secret Service agent James Haley but they lost their bearings and were away for several hours longer than intended. The long delay to her scheduled lunch with the President, combined with his natural concern for her safety led him to angrily order Haley off the First Lady’s protective detail. Reporters on the scene reported this with the suggestion of some vaguely romantic nature to the genuine and warm friendship between Haley and his charge. Not until many decades later, as documented in letters now in the Coolidge Presidential Center archives, was it revealed that Grace Coolidge felt so strongly that her husband’s rash decision had unfairly reflected poorly on Haley’s professionalism that it led her to assert this to the head of the Secret Service, with no indication that the President ever knew she did this.", "1998/08/17 24 - In televised address, President Clinton admits having had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky.", "The former president delivers an unexpectedly engrossing rehash of what he considers to be the pivotal moments of his eight years in office.", "Now just so that you can see for yourself what the president testified to in the grand jury on this subject, I want to play about three or four minutes of that testimony for you.", "PA72 One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History]", "Served as a delegate at the Republican National Convention in 1992. In 2000, he was unable to narrate a biographical film of previous presidents to be shown at the RNC due to scheduling conflicts.", "Who was the first daughter of a U.S. president to pose nude for a Playboy video?" ]

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[ "1307 – William Tell, a legendary marksman in Switzerland, is said to have successfully shot an apple on his son's head with a single bolt from his crossbow.", "November 18, 1307, is supposedly the date that William Tell shot the apple off his son's head at the command of the evil Austrian governor of his province in Switzerland. Though the incident, and Tell himself, may both have been completely fictitious, the legend appears to have contributed to Switzerland's winning independence from Austria.", "William Tell was a crossbowman who would not salute the symbol of oppression, a hat on a stick. He was therefore compelled by Gessler, a wicked bailiff, to show his skill with a crossbow by shooting an apple off the head of his son. William Tell took two bolts in his hand, shot, and split the apple on his boy's head. When the oppressor asked why he had taken two bolts in his hind, he replied, \"Tyrant, that second bolt was for you if I had struck my child.\" The hero was arrested and transported in chains across Lake Lucerne. A great storm arose, and Tell was freed to steer the boat to safety. Leaping to the shore, he lay in wait until the boat should reappear, and when the wicked Gessler came past William Tell let fly the bolt that he had dedicated to his country's freedom. The Swiss people lost their fear and rose up against Austria, and to this day jealously guard their freedom.", "The William Tell Overture was written to open an opera by Gioachino Rossini. The opera is based on a legend about the Swiss hero William Tell. According to the legend, William Tell was an expert with a bow and arrow who shot an apple off his son's head. You can hear the political turmoil in William Tell's Switzerland in Rossini's music.", "This series follows the legend of Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (William Tell), who, as the stories say, shot an apple off of his son's head and lead the rebellion to free Switzerland.", "On November 18, 1307, William Tell took aim at the apple on his son Walter’s head. Before he shot, William Tell removed two crossbow bolts from his quiver, took aim, and split the apple on Walter’s head. Gessler asked why he had removed two crossbow bolts from his quiver and William Tell told him that if he had killed his son, he had been prepared to use the second bolt on Gessler.", "Gesler notices the affection Tell has for his son, and has Jemmy seized. Inspired, he devises his test: Tell must shoot an arrow through an apple balanced on Jemmy's head � should he refuse, both of them will die. The assembled Swiss are horrified at this cruelty, but Jemmy urges his father to courage, and refuses to be tied up for the challenge. Resigned, Tell retrieves his bow from the soldiers, but takes two arrows from his quiver and hides one of them. He sings an anguished aria to Jemmy, instructing him (Sois immobile � \"Stay completely still\"), and the two separate. Finally, Tell draws his bow, shoots, and drives the arrow through the apple and into the stake. The people acclaim his victory, and Gesler is enraged. Noticing the second arrow, he demands to know what Tell intended for it. Tell confesses his desire to kill Gesler with the second arrow, and both he and Jemmy are seized for execution.", "William Tell (in the four languages of Switzerland: ; ; ; ) is a folk hero of Switzerland. His legend is recorded in a late 15th-century Swiss illustrated chronicle. It is set in the time of the original foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. According to the legend, Tell—an expert marksman with the crossbow—assassinated Gessler, a tyrannical reeve of Habsburg Austria positioned in Altdorf, Uri.", "Generations can recognize the \"William Tell Overture\" within a few notes of its launch, thanks to its lasting association with vintage Lone Ranger reruns and a 2013 cinematic remake of the same name. But who was William Tell, and did he really shoot an apple off his son's head?", "While the uprising against Austria is steeped in reality, the addition of Tell's daring feat probably comes from a remarkably similar story originating in 18th-century Denmark. In it, a Viking chief boasting of his marksmanship to a king, who promptly ordered the Viking to prove it. The king placed an apple on the Viking man's son and ordered the Viking to shoot it off his head with a single arrow. The Viking did so, and when asked why he had another arrow in his vest, replied, \"To kill you, sire, had I killed my son\" [source: Wernick ]", "Tell had been promised freedom if he shot the apple. On November 18, 1307, Tell split the fruit with a single bolt from his crossbow, without mishap. When Gessler queried him about the purpose of the second arrow in his quiver, Tell answered that if he had ended up killing his son in that trial, he would have turned the crossbow on the reeve. Gessler became enraged at that comment, and had Tell bound and brought to his ship to be taken to his castle at K�ssnacht. In a storm on Lake Lucerne, Tell managed to escape. On land, he went to K�ssnacht, and when Gessler arrived, he shot him with a crossbow bolt.", "The Swiss folk hero William Tell is sometimes likened to Robin Hood, as he's also an expert marksman (though with a crossbow). The main difference is that William Tell isn't a thief who acts Just Like Robin Hood , as he is a patriotic La R�sistance figure during the Austrian rule of Switzerland. Some interpretations of Robin Hood similarly make him champion the Saxon cause in the face of Norman rule, but this wasn't in his original legends.", "A legend, by definition, is \"an unverified story handed down from earlier times, especially one believed to be historical.\"(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/legend). Upon researching the Swiss legend of William Tell, we have concluded that there is no reliable evidence to support this legend, and all sources are based off another, and the only thing you can conclude is that there is little information on the story of William Tell that isn't almost exactly the same as the last account. The modern versions all give reference to Gessler, the hat in the square, Tell refusing to bow, the apple shot, Tell being taken across the lake in a boat, being allowed to steer in a storm, and escaping and killing Gessler, and then inciting the rebellion.", "On 18 November 1307, Tell split the fruit with a single bolt from his crossbow, without mishap. When Gessler queried him about the purpose of a second bolt in his quiver, Tell answered that if he had killed his son, he would have turned the crossbow on Gessler himself. Gessler became enraged at that comment, and had Tell bound and brought to his ship to be taken to his castle at Küssnacht. But when a storm broke on Lake Lucerne, Tell managed to escape. On land, he went to Küssnacht, and when Gessler arrived, Tell shot him with his crossbow.", "William Tell 's picture is inscribed on the back of Swiss coins, and also there is a monument for William Tell in Altdorf (Uri). Centuries ago, Chronicle there was a Chapel after his name near Sisikon, where he have escaped from Gessler's boat. 'White Book of Sarnen' was a Chronicle which praised the saga of William Tell .Tell's Apple-Shot, escape from Gessler and his rebellion towards tyranny made him the Hero of Switzerland. During the period of World War II, William Tell is considered as the prominent insurgent against despotism in both Switzerland and Europe. So his fame is not circumscribed in Switzerland but also in Europe. Another William Tell is a musician of recent times who is engaged to Lauren Conrad having net worth of 25 milion USD.", "Tell ran cross-country to Küssnacht. As Gessler arrived, Tell assassinated him with the second crossbow bolt along a stretch of the road cut through the rock between Immensee and Küssnacht, now known as the Hohle Gasse.Tell's blow for liberty sparked a rebellion, in which he played a leading part. That fed the impetus for the nascent Swiss Confederation. He fought again against Austria in the 1315 Battle of Morgarten. Tschudi also has an account of Tell's death in 1354, according to which he was killed trying to save a child from drowning in the Schächenbach river in Uri.[3]", "It is set in the period of the original foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. According to the legend, Tell — an expert marksman with the crossbow — assassinated Gessler, a tyrannical reeve of Habsburg Austria positioned in Altdorf, Uri.", "William Tell is a historic figure associated with the entire events that surrounded the Rütli oath. William supposedly defied and killed Gessler, the wicked bailiff, whom the overlords of Habsburg had installed for managing their affairs and taking away the local populationâs freedom. There is a considerable doubt on the legitimacy of this tale. However, it does have a reflection of the concerns in contemporaries of Tell. His name has been associated with the Swiss freedom. A public vote was held on September 26, 1993 following which it was made an official national holiday on 1994.", "William Tell lives on as a hero in popular culture. He is still a powerful identification figure, and according to a 2004 survey, 60% of the Swiss believe that he existed. ", "Tell's feat of archery supposedly took place around 1300, when Switzerland was under Austrian rule. The independent-minded Tell refused to salute an Austrian official, who then ordered Tell to take the nerve-wracking shot. Afterward, the official spotted a second arrow. Tell said that if his first arrow had missed, he would have used the second one to kill the official. As punishment, Tell was sent to prison, but he escaped and killed the Austrian official. This act inspired the rebellion that eventually ended Austrian rule in Switzerland. Some accounts name Tell a leader in that fight.", "The tradition dates the heroic action of William Tell and the oath of the Swiss confederates against the counts of Habsburg on the Rütli back to 1307 (see above, date on monument). But one cannot find any document concerning a person named Wilhelm Tell nor the assassination of a bailiff in central Switzerland. Only in 1470, more than a century after the alledged events, a chronicle named the \"White Book of Sarnen\" reports the legend for the first time. A few years later, William Tell takes a prominent role in a ballad singing the praises of the beginnings of the Swiss Confederation. One generation later, a drama (Urner Tellspiel) is played in Central Switzerland. Centuries later, William Tell is mentioned in the standard history book Chronicon Helveticum (1734) by Aegidius Tschudi. In the 19th and 20th centuries the legend was severely questioned by historians.", "William Tell was known as a strong man, a mountain climber, and an expert shot with the crossbow. In his time, the Habsburg emperors of Austria were seeking to dominate Uri, and Tell became one of the conspirators of Werner Stauffacher, vowing to resist Habsburg rule. Gessler, the newly appointed Austrian Vogt of Altdorf, raised a pole under the village lindentree, hung his hat on top of it, and demanded that all the townsfolk bow before the hat. ", "Actually subverted in the live-action series Crossbow, which is a fictionalised version of Tell's legend. How so? Tell (Will Lyman) faints after passing the test, thus in a Kick the Dog moment Gessler (Jeremy Clyde) makes him and everyone else believe that his son Walter (David Barry Gray, who is here renamed Matthew) is dead, via having the the kid taken away and slandering Tell to Hell and back. It'll takes a while to see that it's not true.", "This view remained very unpopular, however. Friedrich von Schiller used Tschudi's version as the basis for his play Wilhelm Tell in 1804, interpreting Tell as a glorified patriot assassin. This interpretation became very popular especially in Switzerland, where the Tell figure was instrumentalised in the early 19th century as a \"national hero\" and identification figure in the new Helvetic Republic and also later on in the beginnings of the Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, the modern democratic federal state that developed then. When the historian Joseph Eutych Kopp dared in the 1830s to question the veracity of the legend his effigy was burnt on the R�tli, the meadow above Lake Lucerne where�according to the legend�the oath was sworn that concluded the original alliance between the founding cantons of the Swiss confederacy.", "One local resident was a man who distinguished himself by both his virtuosity with a crossbow and his contemptuous hostility toward bullies. Trying to force him to genuflect before another man, let alone his empty cap, would be a bit like trying to relocate the Matterhorn one shovel-full at a time. So while others prostrated themselves before Gessler's headwear, William Tell stood erect, burly arms folded across his broad chest, slowly shaking his head as his derisive laughter echoed through the town square.", "William Tell may not have really existed.  His legend also tends to lose just a bit of context when transmitted outside of Switzerland.  However, this legend continues to inspire an entire nation.  And it’s that ability to inspire that really make William Tell The Stuff of Legends!", "Detail from the Statue of William Tell and his son in Altdorf, Switzerland ( Richard Kissling , 1895)", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Schärer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern Dällikon in the Canton of Zurich). “Gorkeit” is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Schärer’s hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right sometimes, denouncing its rejection by academia as an “internationalist” conspiracy.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Schärer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern Dällikon in the Canton of Zurich). \"Gorkeit\" is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Schärer's hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right, who denounce its rejection by academia as an \"internationalist\" conspiracy.", "The fullest contemporary account of the death of William II of England, while hunting in the New Forest, comes from William of Malmesbury, a monk who was the leading chronicler of his day. He says that the King had an ominous dream the night before and felt uneasy, but in the afternoon he set out into the forest with a few companions. One of them was a Frenchman named Walter Tirel, Lord of Poix, a close friend of the King and the only one who stayed with him when the party scattered in the chase. The King shot an arrow at a stag, wounded it and shielded his eyes with his hand against the rays of the declining sun to watch where it went. At this point another stag burst on the scene and Tirel impetuously fired at it. He missed and, entirely unintentionally, his arrow pierced William’s chest. The King immediately broke off the shaft which was sticking out of his body, but then collapsed and fell on the rest of the arrow, driving it further in. Tirel rushed to him, but finding the King unconscious and beyond aid, leapt on his horse and fled for dear life.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Sch�rer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern D�llikon in the Canton of Zurich). \"Gorkeit\" is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Sch�rer's hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right sometimes, denouncing its rejection by academia as an \"internationalist\" conspiracy.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Sch�rer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern D�llikon in the Canton of Zurich). \"Gorkeit\" is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Sch�rer's hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right, who denounce its rejection by academia as an \"internationalist\" conspiracy." ]

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[ "Idaho, nicknamed the \"Gem State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the Nation's 43rd state. The reverse of Idaho's quarter features the Peregrine Falcon imposing its presence above an outline of the State of Idaho. The coin bears the inscriptions \"Esto Perpetua\" (the State motto which means, \"May it be Forever\"), \"Idaho\" and \"1890.\"", "Boise, the largest and capital city of Idaho, the \"Gem State,\" lies in the eastern-central region of the territory. The state was the 43rd admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on July 3, 1890. Tourism supplements the mining, lumbering and agricultural industries, with an abundance of streams and lakes providing ample fishing, camping and boating opportunities. Popular attractions in Idaho include the Nez Perce National Historic Park and Craters of the Moon National Monument.", "\"�The third commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2007 honors Idaho, and is the 43rd coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters� Program. Idaho, nicknamed the \"Gem State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming our Nation's 43rd state. The reverse of Idaho's quarter features the Peregrine Falcon imposing its presence above an outline of the State of Idaho. The coin bears the inscriptions \"Esto Perpetua\" (the State motto which means, \"May it be Forever\"), \"Idaho\" and \"1890.\"", "Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "Twenty-three states remained loyal to the Union: California , Connecticut , Delaware , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas, Kentucky, Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri, New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , and Wisconsin . During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union. Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war.", "Twenty-three states remained loyal to the Union: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union. Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war.", "Union: Also called the North or the United States, the Union was the portion of the country that remained loyal to the Federal government during the Civil War. Union states were: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. West Virginia became a Northern state in 1863 and California and Oregon were also officially Northern but they had little direct involvement in the War.", "1. In 1890 ______________ and ______________ joined the union. 2. ________________ was mined in the Rocky Mountain States. 3. California Gull is the state bird of ____________________. 4. In 1922, the ____________________ was invented in Idaho. 5. Montana’s state flower is ______________________. 6. One of Wyoming’s main industries is ________________. 7. Colorado’s capital city is _______________________. 8. The _____________________ state is the nickname of Utah. 9. Idaho’s state flower is ______________________.", "1890 - Wyoming, the state with the smallest population entered the Union this day. The 44th state was named after an Algonquin Indian word meaning �large prairie place�. Appropriately, the Indian paintbrush that covers much of the large prairie is the state flower and the meadowlark, frequently seen circling the prairie land, is the state bird. Another Indian term, Cheyenne, is also the name of the state capital. Wyoming is called the Equality State because it is the first state to have granted women the right to vote (1869).", "In July 1890, the Territory of Wyoming, which allowed women to vote, was admitted as a state.  Wyoming became the first state with women suffrage.  By 1900, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho joined Wyoming in allowing women to vote.", "Michigan Territory petitioned the U.S. Congress for statehood in 1833. A petitioning territory would typically begin writing a state constitution after Congressional approval (This came in the form of an “enabling act.”). Michigan, however, gained no such approval. In May 1834, Congress tabled the matter. Two issues delayed the process: 1) Michigan’s boundary dispute with Ohio (For more on this dispute, click: Toledo War.), and 2) the fact that Michigan statehood would upset the balance between free state and slave state Senators (Eventually, this matter would be resolved when Arkansas, a slave state, entered the Union around the same time as Michigan.). The Territory decided not to wait for Congress. In January 1835, the Michigan territorial legislature called for the aforementioned constitutional convention. Michigan looked to Tennessee for precedence. In 1796, Tennessee wrote a constitution and then demanded statehood, claiming statehood as a right that Congress couldn’t deny. For Tennessee, the tactic worked.", "Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.", "New Jersey places third into the union and as one of the original thirteen colonies. New Jersey is dubbed “The Garden State” and officially became a state on December 18, 1787.", "Georgia ( ) is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South. Atlanta is the state's capital and its most populous city.", "Vermont became the first state added to the Union following the 13 colonies on March 1, 1791. Until statehood, had been a region claimed by both New York and New Hampshire", "Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.", "Wyoming became known as The Equality State . The national suffrage convention in 1891 included this tribute: “Wyoming, all hail; the first true republic the world has ever seen!”", "The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Kentucky is normally included in the group of Southern states, but it is sometimes included, geographically and culturally, in the Midwest Kentucky is one of four U.S. states to be officially known as a commonwealth. Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 it became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th largest state in terms of land area, and ranks 26th in population.", "New Hampshire, one of the 13 original colonies, was the 9th state to join the union on June 21st, 1788. It is located in the New England region of the U.S. The state has a population of 1.3 million people and an area of 9,351 sq. miles, making it the 5th smallest U.S. state. The state capital is Concord and the largest city is Manchester.", "67. Along with New Mexico which US state joined the Union in 1912? Doing so on February 14th and so gaining its nickname, the Valentine State.", "Indiana is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.", "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. It was the 41st state to join the union.", "In 1795, there were enough people in the Southwest Territory to petition for statehood. Then Governor Blount (appointed by George Washington) convened a constitutional convention and its delegates drafted a state constitution. The Southwest Territory was the first federal territory to petition to join the Union; after some conflicting opinions in the U.S. Congress, Tennessee was finally admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state.", "Illinois was admitted to the Federal Union as the twenty-first state on December 3, 1818. Since that historic date, Illinois has been governed from three different cities and from six Capitol buildings, one leased and the rest state-owned.", "8. I am also called “The Bluegrass State”. My capital is Frankfort. I joined the union in 1792. Which state am I?", "Nicknamed 'The Constitution State', is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is the third smallest state by area and the fourth most densely populated state in the US.", "Florida became a state on March 3, 1845. It was the 27th state to join the union.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Nevada became a state on Oct. 31, 1864. It was the 36th state to join the union.", "Admission to the Union on the 8th November 1889, it was admitted as the 41st state.", "name of the new country formed by eleven states that seceded from the United States of America", ", by George Earlie Shankle. 522 pages. Reprint Services Corp; Revised edition (June 1971) Reprint of the 1938 revised edition. The first comprehensive book about our state symbols! From the preface: \"This book grew out of the desire of its author to know, about his native state, a great many facts which he found exceedingly difficult to obtain. After three years of research in the Library of Congress, he is able to give to the public this storehouse of information, which could have been gathered from not library less fertile in source material...\"" ]

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[ "The British Columbia Lions won the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the sixth time with a 34–23 Grey Cup victory over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers on Nov. 27, 2011, at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver. The Lions were the fourth team to win the Grey Cup at home but the first in CFL history to capture a championship after having started the season with five straight losses. Lions quarterback Travis Lulay, the Grey Cup MVP, completed 21 of 37 passes for 320 yd and threw a pair of touchdowns in the second half. During the regular season Lulay had earned the CFL Most Outstanding Player honours as he passed for 4,815 yd and 32 touchdowns in helping B.C. win 11 of its final 13 games to finish first in the West Division at 11–7. B.C. reached the Grey Cup with a 40–23 victory over the Edmonton Eskimos (11–7) in the Playoffs Finals. Winnipeg (10–8) topped the East Division and beat the Hamilton Tiger-Cats (8–10) by a score of 19–3 in the other Playoffs Final.", "As a purely Canadian league, the CFL is relatively small, with teams in just eight cities or provinces: the B.C. Lions , the Edmonton Eskimos , the Calgary Stampeders , the Saskatchewan Roughriders , the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , the  Hamilton Ti-Cats , the Toronto Argonauts and the Montreal Alouettes . Once a year, two teams will duke it out for the Canadian Football’s highest prize, the Grey Cup, a gift of former governor-general Earl Grey (1851-1917) which has been awarded annually since 1909. Every year, the Grey Cup and Super Bowl finals are usually the single-most watched events on Canadian television.", "The BC Lions are Vancouver’s professional football team. The team is part of the Canadian Football League and it has enjoyed greater success than its predecessors, the Vancouver Grizzlies, a defunct football team. Since their first season game in 1954 the Lions have taken home the Grey Cup six times. Their most recent championship occurred in 2011.", "The Grey Cup (French: La Coupe Grey ) is the name of both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing Canadian football. It is contested between the winners of the CFL's East and West Divisional playoffs and is one of Canadian television's largest annual sporting events. The Toronto Argonauts have 16 championships, more than any other team. The latest, the 103rd Grey Cup, took place in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on November 29, 2015, when the Edmonton Eskimos defeated the Ottawa Redblacks 26–20.", "Edmonton's championship run came to an end in 1983 when they failed to reach the final; the Argonauts defeated the BC Lions to win the championship. [24] Despite Toronto's win, the CFL felt that the overall quality of play in the East Division had deteriorated compared to that of the West. In 1986, it altered the playoff format to allow the first non-playoff team in one division to take the last playoff spot, but stay in their division if they had a better record. The consequences of the new rules were felt immediately, as the league gave a playoff spot to the Stampeders having a better record than the Alouettes, and decided the East Division Final would be a 2-game-total-point Final between the Toronto Argonauts and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, who finished first and second, respectively. The crossover, if necessary, would begin in 1987. In financial difficulty, the loss of the playoff spot was disastrous for Montreal, which ceased operations one year later. Reduced to eight teams, the CFL shifted Winnipeg to the East Division, making the 1988 Grey Cup between the Blue Bombers and Lions the first championship game between two western Canadian teams.", "Competition for the Grey Cup was limited to member unions of the CRU, the champions of which petitioned the league body for the right to challenge for the national championship. [4] [5] The Western Canada Rugby Football Union joined in 1921, allowing the Edmonton Eskimos to challenge. [6] Facing the Argonauts in the 9th Grey Cup , the Eskimos became the first western team – and the first from outside Toronto or Hamilton – to compete for the trophy. [7] The Argonauts entered the game with an undefeated record, having outscored their opposition 226 to 55 during the season. They dominated Edmonton, recording the first shutout in Grey Cup history with a 23–0 victory. Multi-sport star Lionel Conacher was Toronto's top player, scoring 15 of his team's points before leaving the game after the third quarter to join his hockey team for their game. [7] Edmonton challenged for the trophy again in 1922 , but lost 13–1 to their eastern opposition, the Queen's University Golden Gaels . For Queen's, it was the first of three consecutive titles.", "Competition for the Grey Cup was limited to member unions of the CRU, the champions of which petitioned the league body for the right to challenge for the national championship. The Western Canada Rugby Football Union joined in 1921, allowing the Edmonton Eskimos to challenge. Facing the Argonauts in the 9th Grey Cup, the Eskimos became the first western team – and the first from outside Toronto or Hamilton – to compete for the trophy. The Argonauts entered the game with an undefeated record, having outscored their opposition 226 to 55 during the season. They dominated Edmonton, recording the first shutout in Grey Cup history with a 23–0 victory. Multi-sport star Lionel Conacher was Toronto's top player, scoring 15 of his team's points before leaving the game after the third quarter to join his hockey team for their game. Edmonton challenged for the trophy again in 1922, but lost 13–1 to their eastern opposition, the Queen's University Golden Gaels. For Queen's, it was the first of three consecutive titles. ", "The Lions played their first season in 1954, and have played every season since. As such, they are the oldest professional sports franchise in the city of Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia. They have appeared in the league's Grey Cup championship game 10 times, winning six of those games, with their most recent championship occurring in 2011.", "In the Grey Cup game, star running back Willie Fleming was injured after he received a late, out-of-bounds hit by Tiger-Cat defensive tackle Angelo Mosca. This proved to be a huge blow to the Lions' chances of victory. Hamilton won the Grey Cup with a 21–10 victory, but the following year, the Lions would get their revenge.", "The league approached the 1996 Grey Cup in dire financial straits: the American expansion had been a failure, the 120-year-old Ottawa Rough Riders franchise ceased operations at the conclusion of the regular season, and out of the eight remaining teams, seven had lost money and two required direct assistance from the league to stay afloat. The Edmonton Eskimos could not afford to bring their players' families to the championship game. The Toronto Star echoed fears spoken by fans and media across the country when it asked if the 1996 championship, won by Toronto over Edmonton, would be the final Grey Cup.", "Members of the winning teams are allowed time to celebrate with the trophy in their own fashion, often taking it to their home towns or tours in locations across Canada. [3] The board of directors for the Canadian Football Hall of Fame act as the Grey Cup's trustees and control its rental for events. The trophy is accompanied by a designated representative of the Hall of Fame at all times. [3]", "Canadian football is played at several levels in Canada; the top league is the professional nine-team Canadian Football League (CFL). The CFL regular season begins in June, and playoffs for the Grey Cup are completed by mid-November. In cities with outdoor stadiums such as Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Regina, low temperatures and icy field conditions can seriously affect the outcome of a game.", "Main Rivals: Toronto Argonauts (see Labour Day Classic), Winnipeg Blue Bombers (met eight times in Grey Cup games, seven other times in playoffs)", "Losing to each of the other 3 Western teams in successive games meant BC finished fourth and last. However, Hamilton defeated Winnipeg in their last game of the season, enabling the Lions to cross-over to the Eastern Division's play-off format (ahead of both Winnipeg and Toronto). The Lions faced the Tiger-Cats in the Eastern semi-final in Hamilton on November 15 and won in overtime. The Lions then advanced the eastern final against the Montreal Alouettes, but lost 56–18.", "Image:BlueBombersgame.jpg|Blue Bombers game at Canad Inns Stadium with temporary seating set up in the endzone for the 2006 Grey Cup", "In the Canadian Football League, the playoffs begin in November. After the regular season, the top team from each division has an automatic home game berth in the Division Final, and a bye week during the Division Semifinal. The second-place team from each division hosts the third-place team in the Division Semifinal, unless the fourth-place team from the opposite division finishes with a better record. This \"crossover rule\" does not come into play if the teams have identical records—there are no tiebreakers. While the format means that it is possible for two teams in the same division to play for the Grey Cup, so far only one crossover team has won the divisional semifinal game. The winners of each Division's Semifinal game then travel to play the first place teams in the Division Finals. Since 2005, the Division Semifinals and Division Finals have been sponsored by Scotiabank and are branded as the \"Scotiabank East Championship\" and \"Scotiabank West Championship\". The two division champions then face each other in the Grey Cup game, which is held on the third or fourth Sunday of November.", "Canada's annual professional competition is known as the Amway Canadian Championship. The five competing teams are Toronto FC, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Impact de Montréal, FC Edmonton, and Ottawa Fury FC. The national champion qualifies for the CONCACAF Champions League from which a confederation champion then qualifies for the annual FIFA Club World Cup.", "2007 – November 25 – Rogers Centre plays host to the 95th Grey Cup , the first in Toronto in 15 years. The Saskatchewan Roughriders defeat the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 23-19 in the game.", "From approximately the founding of the Western Interprovincial Football Union in 1936 until the early 1970s, multi-game playoffs series were a regular fixture of professional Canadian football playoffs. Over the years, both the WIFU (later the Western Football Conference) and the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (later the Eastern Football Conference) used a combination of best-of-three series, three game total points series and two game total points series to determine both conference final participants and conference champions. The Grey Cup itself has always consisted of a single game.", "The CFL employs a two-possession overtime (shootout style or modified Kansas Plan ) where teams alternate possessions from the 35-yard line and attempt to outscore their opponents in a series in order to win the game. Starting in 2010, teams are required to attempt a two-point convert after scoring a touchdown on any possession. In the regular season, a tied score after two possessions by each team results in a tie game and each team being awarded 1-point in the standings. The playoffs and Grey Cup feature the same overtime rules, however teams continue to play a series of possessions until a winner is decided.", "Vancouver is home to a 4-team league for Australian football, the British Columbia Australian Football League, one of several Canadian Australian football leagues.", "The Canadian season runs roughly June-November with each team playing 18 games and getting two bye weeks (weeks without a game). The championship game, the Grey Cup, is usually played in late November.", "Since 1909, the Grey Cup championship game has crowned a national champion for Canada''s distinctive brand of football, which emerged from a strictly amateur, rugby-like sport developed in the last half of the 19th century and evolved into the highly exciting sport played in communities, schools and professionally across Canada at the dawn of the 21st century. Initially confined to eastern Canadian teams, the Grey Cup game, as it came to be known, soon evolved into a truly national championship with an East versus West format. Traditionally contested at the end of November, the Grey Cup has produced such memorable games as the \"Mud Bowl,\" the \"Fog Bowl,\" and the \"Ice Bowl.\" Since 1958, the Grey Cup game has been exclusively contested by teams belonging to the Canadian Football League, the second oldest, continuously operating gridiron football league in North America, and the highest level of competition in Canada. On 25 November 2012, the 100th Grey Cup game will be played in Toronto.", "Saturday’s results Calgary 32 Winnipeg 21 Edmonton 37 Saskatchewan 20 Sunday’s result Montreal 24 Toronto 12", "The city is represented in the Canadian Football League by the Toronto Argonauts, who have won 16 Grey Cup titles. Toronto played host to the 95th Grey Cup in 2007, the first held in the city since 1992. Later in 2012, while hosting and participating in the 100th Grey Cup, they won the game to the delight of the home fans. In addition, the city has hosted several National Football League exhibition games. Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013. The Argonauts play their home games at BMO Field, while NFL exhibition games have been traditionally held at Rogers Centre.", "Name: the team is named for the Lions, a pair of mountain peaks overlooking the team's home city of Vancouver", "The city and metro region has hosted high-profile sports events including the 1994 Commonwealth Games, the 2009 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship tournament, and 2006 Skate Canada. Victoria co-hosted the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup at Royal Athletic Park, and is the venue for the Bastion Square Grand Prix Criterium road cycling race. The city is also a destination for conventions, meetings, and conferences, including a 2007 North Atlantic Treaty Organization military chief of staff meeting held at the Hotel Grand Pacific. Every year, the Swiftsure International Yacht Race attracts boaters from around the world to participate in the boat race in the waters off of Vancouver Island, and the Victoria Dragon Boat Festival brings over 90 teams from around North America. The Tall Ships Festival brings sailing ships to the city harbour. Victoria also hosts the start of the Vic-Maui Yacht Race, the longest offshore sailboat race on the West Coast.", "represent the 8th - Semi Finals Sun., March Province of BC If 2 or more tiebreakers at Nationals! required 9:30 am Finals 2:30 pm", "WEEK 17 Friday’s games — All Times Eastern Winnipeg at Toronto, 7 p.m. Edmonton at B.C., 10 p.m. Saturday’s games Montreal at Saskatchewan, 3:30 p.m. Hamilton at Calgary, 7 p.m.", "* In Canada the final was broadcast simultaneously by the major terrestrial network Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.", "Round 4 of the 2017 AFL season will see the mighty Brisbane Lions take on Richmond Football Club at The Gabba. Come down and enjoy some Sunday afternoon footy.  More info >", "In 2009, Metro Vancouver hosted the World Police and Fire Games. Swangard Stadium, in the neighbouring city of Burnaby, hosted games for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. " ]

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[ "John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States. He has served since 2005, having been nominated by President George W. Bush after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist. He has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy in his jurisprudence.", "John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States. He has served since 2005, having been nominated by President George W. Bush after the death of former Chief Justice William Rehnquist. He is usually considered to be a judicial conservative.", "John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States. He took his seat on September 29, 2005, having been nominated by President George W. Bush after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist. He has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy in his jurisprudence.", "In 2005, Chief Justice Pat Robertson passed away at the hands of a Venezuelan Assassin. George W. Bush nominated John Roberts to replace him, forming the Roberts Court.", "Nevertheless, Bush�s second term gave him an historic opportunity to realign the Supreme Court in a more conservative direction. With the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist and the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O�Connor, Bush succeeded in winning the Senate confirmation of two conservative jurists, John Glover Roberts, Jr., who succeeded Rehnquist as chief justice, and Samuel A. Alito, Jr., who succeeded O�Connor. With Justice Anthony Kennedy often filling the role of a swing voter and with some uncertainty about the judicial philosophies of the new appointees, however, it was unclear if Bush�s new appointments would lead to the overturning of significant precedents, such as Roe v. Wade.", "2005 – Supreme Court Justice John Glover Roberts Jr., confirmed by the Senate to lead the Supreme Court, became the 17th Chief Justice of the US by a vote of 78-22.", "2005 – President Bush nominated White House counsel Harriet Miers (b.1945) to the Supreme Court, turning to a lawyer who has never been a judge to replace Sandra Day O’Connor and help reshape the nation’s judiciary.", "After one year of service on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, Bush nominated Thomas to fill the seat on the United States Supreme Court being vacated by Thurgood Marshall. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering around accusations that he had sexually harassed a subordinate at the EEOC, attorney Anita Hill . Thomas was ultimately confirmed by a vote of 52–48, the narrowest Supreme Court confirmation vote of the 20th century. [4]", "George W. Bush takes the oath of office from Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist in 2001. Standing with Bush, from left, are daughter Jenna, wife Laura and daughter Barbara. Bush, the eldest son of former President George H.W. Bush, served two terms.", "A notable ruling (2006) of the new Court determined that the president could not use military commissions that had not been authorized by Congress to try foreign terror suspects. The judgment appeared to undermine the Bush administration's long-standing but legally untested assertion that the president's constitutional powers to defend the United States were not subject to congressional legislation. The 5–3 decision overturned an appeals court ruling that had been decided in part by the new chief justice, who did not participate in the ruling. President Barack Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor to the Court in 2009; regarded as a liberal, she succeeded Justice Souter and became the Court's first Hispanic-American member. In 2010 Elena Kagan was named to the Court, succeeding the retiring Justice Stevens. Subsequent notable and controversial decisions include the Court's narrow upholding, in large part, of the Affordable Care Act (known as Obamacare) in 2012, and two 5–4 decisions, written (2013, 2015) by Justice Kennedy, that extended constitutional recognition and protection to same-sex marriage.", "WASHINGTON — President Bush named federal appeals court judge John G. Roberts Jr. to a seat on the Supreme Court today", "Twenty-four years later, when Justice Marshall decided to retire, a decidedly more conservative political atmosphere dominated national politics. Republican President George Bush was in the White House following the eight-year administration of President Ronald Reagan. President Bush saw Justice Marshall's retirement as an opportunity to appoint a more conservative judge to the Supreme Court. His choice was Clarence Thomas, a forty-three year old, conservative, African-American from Pinpoint, Georgia. Thomas would maintain the racial makeup of the Court, yet would add another conservative voice on decisions involving Affirmative Action and abortion.", "However, Rehnquist died on September 3 (she spoke at his funeral). Two days later, Bush withdrew Roberts as his nominee for her seat and instead appointed him to fill the vacant office of Chief Justice. O'Connor agreed to stay on the Court until her replacement was confirmed. On October 3, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor. After much criticism and controversy over her nomination, on October 27, Miers asked Bush to withdraw her nomination. Bush accepted her request later the same day. Read Less", "As some may remember, the Supreme Court appointed George W. Bush as president, on a 5/4 vote on pure party lines. Retired Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, in recent public revelations has “strongly hinted” at the court’s legal misconduct in 2000.", "President Obama commissioned Sotomayor on the day of her confirmation; Sotomayor was sworn in on August 8, 2009, by Chief Justice John Roberts. Sotomayor is the first Hispanic to serve on the Supreme Court. Some attention has been given to Justice Benjamin Cardozo – a Sephardic Jew believed to be of distant Portuguese descent – as the first Hispanic on the court when appointed in 1932, but his roots were uncertain, the term \"Hispanic\" was not in use as an ethnic identifier at the time, and the Portuguese are generally excluded from its meaning. Sotomayor is among four women to have historically served on the Court, together with Sandra Day O'Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan, the last of whom won confirmation a year after Sotomayor by a comparable 63–37 vote. Sotomayor's appointment gives the Court a record six Roman Catholic justices serving at the same time. Sotomayor became one of the three youngest of the justices sitting on the Court, along with John Roberts and Elena Kagan. ", "In 2003, he was appointed as a judge of the D.C. Circuit by President George W. Bush, where he served until his nomination to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. When Chief Justice Rehnquist died before Roberts’s confirmation hearings, Bush renominated Roberts to fill the newly vacant center seat.", "Marshall retired from the Supreme Court in 1991 due to declining health. In his retirement press conference on June 28, 1991, he expressed his view that race should not be a factor in choosing his successor, and he denied circulating claims that he was retiring because of frustration or anger over the conservative direction in which the Court was heading.\" He was reportedly unhappy that it would fall to President George H. W. Bush to name his replacement. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Marshall.", "Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger announces his retirement; Regan elevates Justice William Rehnquist to the position of chief justice and nominates Anthony Scalia as an associate justice. June 17, 1986", "     The extraordinary U.S. Supreme Court's decision of December 12th, reversing the Florida Supreme Court's decision that had previously ordered new recounts for Vice President Al Gore, meant that Florida's 25 electoral votes were subsequently given to Governor George W. Bush. Hence, the Governor now became \"President-Elect\" Bush. Despite the lingering bitter allegations by Gore supporters (the Reverend Jesse Jackson asserted that the \"Supreme\" Court had placed itself above the \"Supreme\" American voter) that blatant partisanship by the highest court in the land had wrongfully deprived the American people of having all the votes in Florida counted, the Vice President's remaining legal options had truly disappeared. After Gore's concession, a divided nation awaited a Bush transition and presidency.", "Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice. Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history. ", "The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed with the “advice and consent” (majority vote) of the Senate. Once appointed, Justices effectively have life tenure, serving “during good Behavior”, which terminates only upon death, resignation, retirement, or conviction on impeachment. The Court meets in Washington, D.C. in the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court is primarily an appellate court, but it has original jurisdiction over a small range of cases.", "Four months after being sworn in as the first African- American president, Barack Obama made history again on May 26, 2009 when he nominated U.S. Court of Appeals Judge Sonia Sotomayor to be the first Hispanic justice and only the third woman on the U.S. Supreme Court. After a relatively brief but intense confirmation process, on August 8, Sotomayor became the Court’s 111th justice.", "RATIFIER OF THE U. S. CONSTITUTION; ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NORTH CAROLINA; U. S. SUPREME COURT JUSTICE APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON", "In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the United States courts of appeals and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Each of these numbers, along with his total of 324 judicial appointments, is third in American history, behind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies. Debate during one confirmation session lasted \"39 stupefying hours\" according to The New York Times. On August 3, 2001, the Senate did not consent to keep existing nominations in status quo, returning 40 judicial nominations, and 164 total nominations. ", "Sonia Sotomayor (born June 25, 1954) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving since August 2009. Sotomayor is the Court’s 111th justice, its first Hispanic justice, and its third female justice.", "Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by Democratic President Bill Clinton with the support of Republican Judiciary Chairman Senator Orrin Hatch in 1993 and generally votes with the liberal wing of the court. She is the second female Justice — Sandra Day O’Connor being the first — and the first Jewish woman to serve on the Court.", "Who was the only man to serve as both President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?", "Bush called the selection of a nominee to the high court \"one of the most consequential decisions a president makes.\"", "For the first few years after his appointment, Thomas tended to keep a low public profile. Starting in 1996, however, he began to make occasional appearances before conservative political groups. Since the election of George W. Bush (1946–) as president in 2000, he has been increasingly hailed as a judicial hero by American conservatives.", "1958-1981 Potter C. Stewart, Associate Justice. S.C.J. Confirmed Mason. Also Skull and Bones . Nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Roe vs. Wade's Dirty Little Secret", "In 1789, after the present-day Constitution went into effect, George Washington nominated Jay as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court. Jay’s most notable case was Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), in which Jay and the court affirmed the subordination of the states to the federal government. Unfavorable reaction to the decision led to adoption of the Eleventh Amendment , which denied federal courts authority in suits by citizens against a state.", "Stephen G. Breyer – Justice Stephen G. Breyer was appointed to the court in 1994 by President Bill Clinton and is part of the court's liberal wing." ]

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[ "About half an hour to the south is the city of Tacoma (the \"Tac\" in SeaTac, which is a geographic area as well as the nickname for Seattle-Tacoma International Airport). It used to be a fairly industrial town, infamous for the horrible \"Tacoma Aroma\" produced by the city's paper mills, but has undergone revitalization in recent years due to increased port traffic, various downtown renewal projects, and an influx of consumer dollars from troops stationed at the burgeoning Joint Base Lewis-McChord, an Army/Air Force facility just to its south. Even the former site of the ASARCO smelting plant is being turned into luxury housing (why anyone would want to live over a former toxic waste site is another question). Its most famous son is arguably the one-eyed glass artist Dale Chihuly, whose works are all over the city (from Seattle's Benaroya Hall to one of the McDonald's ). Unlike Seattle, Tacoma hosts no major league teams of its own, though the Mariners' triple-A affiliate (the Tacoma Rainiers) is regionally popular, and the Tacoma Dome (in addition to being an occasional WWE venue) has occasionally hosted Seattle's teams while their home venues were being renovated. Its other famous piece of architecture is Stadium High School", "ierce County is located south of Seattle and King County. Rising from the shores of South Puget Sound to the summit of Mount Rainier, it covers 1,794 square miles – 217 miles of which are saltwater shoreline. From Mount Rainier’s densely forested foothills, to the fertile Puyallup River Valley, to the deep-water port on Commencement Bay, Pierce County offers diverse economic, cultural, recreational and living opportunities. During WWI, Fort Lewis Army Base was established just south of Tacoma. In 1935, McChord Air Force Base was added nearby. Today, US Joint Base Lewis-McChord is the County’s largest employer. Other important industries include agriculture, government service, healthcare, international shipping, manufacturing, wood products, and wholesale and retail trade. Development centers mainly around the I-5 corridor, the Port of Tacoma and the County’s western half where most major population centers are located. The County’s eastern half contains quiet 66", "In 2004, there were 37,906 active-duty military personnel and 23,433 civilian personnel stationed in Washington, nearly half of whom were at Fort Lewis near Tacoma. Other chief facilities in Washington include a Trident nuclear submarine base at Bangor, Whidbey Island Naval Air Station, McChord Air Force Base (Tacoma), and Fairchild Air Force Base (Airway Heights). In 2004, federal defense contract awards totaled more than $3.3 billion, and defense payroll outlays were $5.3 billion.", "Nov. 8: The US transferred control of its second-largest base to the Iraqi government. Joint Base Balad, an Army and Air Force complex north of Baghdad, housed 28,000 troops and 8,000 contractors at the height of the war and saw 27,500 takeoffs and landings in one month in 2006, making it one of the world’s busiest airports. Eleven bases remained in US hands. [RFE/RL, AFP, 11/9]", "Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac , is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners.", "Area 51 is a nickname for a military base that is located in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. Situated at its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large secretive military airfield. The base’s primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.", "Area 51 is a military base, and a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base. It is located in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. Situated at its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large military airfield. The base's primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.", "Fort Kamehameha, now part of Hickam Air Force Base, was part of that fortification. Fort Barrette, in Kapolei, followed in the 1930s. During World War II the military engaged in another big building wave, adding radar operations tunnels, ammo storage depots and underground command posts. The Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility, completed in 1943, includes enormous fuel tanks and seven miles of tunnels.", "The United States Air Force facility commonly known as Area 51 is a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base, within the Nevada Test and Training Range. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the correct names for the facility are Homey Airport and Groom Lake, though the name Area 51 was used in a CIA document from the Vietnam War. Other names used for the facility include Dreamland, and nicknames Paradise Ranch, Home Base and Watertown. The special use airspace around the field is referred to as Restricted Area 4808 North (R-4808N). ", "Since the early 1950s the US Army has maintained Camp Darby just outside Pisa which is used by many US military personnel as a base for vacations in the area. ", "*Vance Air Force Base (KEND) (1,307 feet above mean sea level) is located four miles (6 km) south of the city at 36 degrees 20.21 north latitude and 97 degrees 54.59 west longitude. It was founded in 1941 on land leased by the city of Enid to the United States Army Air Forces, now the United States Air Force. Vance also uses the KWDG facility for military training flights. Since its establishment the base, named after Lt. Col Leon Robert Vance, Jr., has been a major employer in the area.", "During World War II the field became a military base. Its name was changed to Paine Field in honor of Lt. Topliff Olin Paine, pioneer aviator from Everett killed in a 1922 Air Mail Service crash. An Army Air Corps unit moved in and stayed for five years. Runways were improved and fueling capabilities added for certain aircraft types. Alaska Airlines started a presence. The military returned during the Korean War (1950-1953) taking over the control tower, but withdrew in 1968. This opened the way for Boeing Corporation. Already owners of acreage north of the airfield, Boeing built the world’s largest building by volume (472 million cubic feet) for their radically new 747 jetliner.", "Avon Park - Air Force gunnery range, Avon Park has an on-base \"correctional facility\" which was a former WWII detention camp. Camp Krome - DoJ detention/interrogation center, Rex 84 facility Eglin AFB - This base is over 30 miles long, from Pensacola to Hwy 331 in De Funiak Springs. High capacity facility, presently manned and populated with some prisoners. Pensacola - Federal Prison Camp Everglades - It is believed that a facility may be carved out of the wilds here.", "The United States Government still owns the land, under an arrangement by which the state of Michigan administers and manages the property. The base, which is still mostly undeveloped, wooded land, takes up a sizable portion of Battle Creek's land area. The part of the base in Battle Creek that is now the industrial park measures in area, which is approximately 10.6% of the city's area. A much larger part of the base lies in Kalamazoo County. The adjoining W.K. Kellogg Airport is a joint civilian-Air National Guard facility.", "To the east of the air base, at Oxnard Field, the U.S. Army also acquired 1,100 acres of land to develop a school for aircraft mechanics. An Air Depot Training Station, it was unofficially referred to as “Sandia Base”. After various other incarnations—as a convalescent center and aircraft burial ground—Sandia Base became the precursor to Sandia National Laboratories when the Manhattan Project’s Z Division relocated from Los Alamos to continue top-secret work development of atomic weapons.", "Nebraska, like most states, became the site of a number of military installations during World War II. There were ordnance depots and plants, and prisoner-of-war camps, but most numerous were airfields. Nebraska eventually became home to 12 air bases. Activated on April 1, 1943, the McCook Army Air Base was originally designated as a satellite field, but later became an independent facility and under the command of the 2nd Air Force, provided training for B-17 , B-24 and B-29 crews. Eight different bomb groups representing the 8th, 15th and 20th Air Forces trained at the base. A total of 15,000 servicemen and 500 civilians were stationed at the field during the war. The McCook Base was deactivated on December 31, 1945, and is now in private ownership.", "Construction of the modern USAF base near Kaiserslautern began in April 1948 under the provisions of a Franco-American reciprocal agreement. Two separate, but adjoining bases were designed. A headquarters base for Twelfth Air Force, along with several NATO organizations, designated as Ramstein Air Station; and an operational fighter base, designated as Landstuhl Air Base. What is today known as Kisling Memorial Drive would separate the two facilities.", "* Fort Nisqually is a prominent local attraction featuring historical reenactments. The Tacoma Police Department is the site of a public memorial for officers, dominated by the sculptures \"Memories in Blue\" and \"For All They Gave\", by James Kelsey.", "Robins Air Force Base, the largest single-site industrial complex in the state of Georgia, is just south of Macon, next to the city of Warner Robins.", "Fort George G. Meade is a United States Army installation that includes the Defense Information School, the Defense Media Activity, the United States Army Field Band, and the headquarters of United States Cyber Command, the National Security Agency, the Defense Courier Service, and Defense Information Systems Agency headquarters. It is named for George G. Meade, a general from the U.S. Civil War, who served as commander of the Army of the Potomac. The fort's smaller census-designated place includes support facilities such as schools, housing, and the offices of the Military Intelligence Civilian Excepted Career Program (MICECP).", "Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force base in Rhineland-Palatinate, a state in south-western Germany. It serves as headquarters for the United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) and is also a North Atlantic Treaty Organization installation. Ramstein is located near the town of Ramstein-Miesenbach, in the rural district of Kaiserslautern. The Air Base is used to coordinate and execute most of the United States global Drone program. ", "Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called \"Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats.\" By the end of the decade it covered a six block area and, like Seattle's Hooverville, included a large number of little houses that residents had built out of scrap materials and steadily improved over the years. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the \"Hollywood\" shacks. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II.", "a semipermanent field headquarters (HQ); a logistical and administrative center for a unit, usually within that unit's tactical area of responsibility (TAOR). A unit may operate in or away from its BASE CAMP. BASE CAMPS usually contain all or part of a given unit's service support elements. See LSA, FOB, FSB, STRONGPOINT, CP, JUMP CP, AOB, MOB, ADVANCED BASE, COMPOUND, BIVOUAC, PERIMETER, RESERVATION, LITTLE AMERICA.", "Naval Base San Diego, California, is the main homeport of the Pacific Fleet (although its headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii). NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific, the bulk of the Pacific Fleet's helicopter squadrons, and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet. NAB Coronado is located on the southern end of the Coronado Island and is home to the navy's west coast SEAL teams and special boat units. NAB Coronado is also home to the Naval Special Warfare Center, the primary training center for SEALs.", "Fort Polk was established in 1941 and named in honor of the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk, the first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana. On March 12, 1993, Fort Polk officially became the home of the Joint Readiness Training Center.", "Umnak does not have a harbor. It does, however, have an airstrip, Nikolski Airport. Building an airport runway in the hilly terrain was a unique engineering achievement of the Army Engineers, commanded by Colonel Benjamin B. Talley. The construction work of the runway was proposed at Otter Point on the northeastern end of Umnak. Construction was started in the middle of January 1942 and was commissioned by April of the same year, being given the name Fort Glenn. of Marsden Matting, a perforated-steel plating (PSP), was assembled along with other steel plates and created a flat surface for aircraft to take off and land. The runway was completed on March 31, 1942 by the 807th Unit of the Army Engineers. It was 3000 ft long with a width of 100 ft sufficient for Capt. John S. Chennault's P-40 fighter aircraft in the 11th Fighter Squadron to land.", "Pearl Harbor is on the south side of the Hawaiian island of Oahu and is the home to a U.S. naval base.", "The official commissioning of the 13th Naval District Band took place in 1953 at Pier 91 in Seattle. The band moved to Naval Air Station Sand Point in the fall of 1970 where its name was changed to Navy Band Northwest and then to Navy Band Seattle. In April 1985, the band moved into Building 30, a remodeled portion of the hangar where the Hellcat Band welcomed home the World War II heroes of Carrier Aircraft Support Unit 7. Naval Station Puget Sound closed in 1995 as a result of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission. In February 1995, Navy Band Seattle moved across the Puget Sound to a new facility at Naval Submarine Base Bangor in Silverdale. Navy Band Seattle officially changed its name to Navy Band Northwest on April 1, 1999 as a result of the Navy Regionalization Initiatives.", "Construction on Naval Station Everett began in November 1987. In January 1994, Navy personnel moved into the completed Fleet Support and Administration buildings and officially began operations. Currently, Everett is home to three frigates, one nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, one destroyer, and a Coast Guard buoy tender. It is the United States Navy’s most modern base.", "By Air- Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) and Spokane International Airport (GEG) are two major airports in the state.", "advanced base â A base located in or near an operational area whose primary mission is to", "Ft. Campbell - Next to Land Between the Lakes; adjacent to airfield and US Alt. 41." ]

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[ "The same might be thought of rice and the landscape of paddies stretching as far as the eye can see across Asia. But instead, the most produced cereal crop worldwide is actually corn (also known as maize), a cereal native to the Americas. It outstrips both rice and wheat in terms of global production (Table 1).", "Cereal crops are interchangeably called grain crops. In many publications and correspondence, they are simply called grains or cereals. As of 2012, the top 5 cereals in the world ranked on the basis of production tonnage are maize (corn), rice (paddy), wheat, barley and sorghum. These crops are also among the top 50 agricultural commodities in the world with maize ranking second next to sugarcane.  Rice (paddy) ranks third, wheat - 4th, barley - 12th, and sorghum - 30th. Another cereal, millet, ranks no. 42 (FAOStat 2014, updated Aug. 18, 2014).", "Maize, wheat, and rice together accounted for 89% of all cereal production worldwide in 2012, and 43% of all food calories in 2009, [3] while the production of oats and triticale have drastically fallen from their 1960s levels. Other grains that are important in some places, but that have little production globally (and are not included in FAO statistics), include:", "This grain is grown on more land area than any other commercial food. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food, having a higher protein content than the other major cereals maize (corn) and rice. In terms of total production tonnages used for food, it is currently second to rice as the main human food crop and ahead of maize, after allowing for maize's more extensive use in animal feeds. The archaeological record suggests that this first occurred in the regions known as the Fertile Crescent.", "The most commonly produced cereal is teff (Eragrostis abyssinica ), which is used to make the Ethiopian unleavened bread called injera. Corn and barley are the next most important grains, with an annual gross production of at least 1 million tons each. Sorghum, wheat, millet, peas, beans, lentils, and oilseeds are produced in substantial quantities; sugarcane and cotton are also grown. Production in 2004 included corn, 2,744,000 tons; wheat, 1,618,000 tons; sorghum, 1,784,000 tons; barley, 1,087,000 tons; dry beans, 175,000 tons; potatoes, 400,000 tons; yams, 310,000 tons; millet, 305,000 tons; and sugarcane, 2,454,000 tons.", "Of the major cereal and vegetable crops, the United States, China, India and Russia frequently appear as leaders. It probably won't surprise readers that China is the leading worldwide producer of rice, but it's also the leading producer of wheat and the number two producer of corn, as well as the largest producer of many vegetables including onions and cabbage. In terms of total production, the United States is third in wheat and first in corn and soybeans.", "In addition to rice and wheat, corn is one of the three most important grain crops in the world. It is a tall cereal plant (growing to a height of up to 10 feet) that is immediately recognizable because of its long, drooping leaves extending from an inner stalk and strong jointed stems supporting large ears ranging in length from a half foot to one foot, which contain the corn kernels. Corn is native to the Western Hemisphere and most of the world's production occurs in the Midwest and Plains states of the United States. In most of the world, corn is known as maize. Outside the United States, the word corn is often used as a generic term to describe any type of cereal grain grown in a particular region. The different varieties of corn are usually among one of the following main types:", "Today grains/cereals are a large part of North American’s daily food intake. As infants cereal is our first introduction to solid food, and from there onwards, cereals increase significantly in what we consume on a daily basis. According to McGee, there are three basic categories of grain/cereal: major, minor and pseudo-cereals. The major and most common grains are wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, and corn while millet and sorghum are classed as minor cereals. Amaranth, buckwheat and quinoa are not from the grass family but are used like cereals and thus are classed as pseudo-cereals ( McGee 2004:482 ). “Cereal” also refers to products made from these grains. The most common forms of this food staple are breakfast cereals but Scade notes that cereals form the largest part of human diets because, in addition to processed cereals, other forms of food like bread, pasta, noodles, couscous, tortilla, pita and flat-bread are classified as cereal as well ( 1975:2, 51 ). Hidden forms of cereal are added to processed foods such as instant pudding, pie fillings, soup mixes, sugar confectionery, and used as binders in meat products ( Scade 1975:54 ). For this research note, however, the focus is on processed cereals, meaning dry ready-to-eat breakfast foods.", " Cereals are herbaceous plants belonging to the family of gramineae, of which the main representatives are wheat, rye, oat, barley, rice, sorghum and corn. Despite its name can make think differently, buckwheat is not a cereal because it belongs to the family of polygonaceae. Since ancient times, the most frequent use of cereals was represented by the production of flour with which - after having been properly kneaded and shaped - were being obtained other foods, such as bread. Cereals are also consumed as whole grains - after having been properly processed in order to remove any non edible part - for the preparation of soups and salads. Thanks to their high content in starches, cereals are also used for the production of fermented beverages thanks to the action of yeasts which transform sugar into alcohol, such as in case of beer, the most common beverage belonging to this family and mainly produced with barley.", "Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called cereals or grains (although the latter term, agriculturally, refers to both cereals and legumes ). Three cereals – rice , wheat , and maize (corn) – provide more than half of all calories eaten by humans. [15] Of all crops, 70% are grasses. [16] Cereals constitute the major source of carbohydrates for humans and perhaps the major source of protein, and include rice in southern and eastern Asia , maize in Central and South America , and wheat and barley in Europe , northern Asia and the Americas .", "Cereals: grasses cultivated for their edible seeds (grains). They include wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, and rye. Around the world, they are grown more often and more abundantly than any other crop.", "While each individual species has its own peculiarities, the cultivation of all cereal crops is similar. Most are annual plants ; consequently one planting yields one harvest. Wheat, rye, triticale, oats, barley, and spelt are the \"cool-season\" cereals.[ citation needed ] These are hardy plants that grow well in moderate weather and cease to grow in hot weather (approximately 30 °C, but this varies by species and variety). The \"warm-season\" cereals are tender and prefer hot weather. Barley and rye are the hardiest cereals, able to overwinter in the subarctic and Siberia . Many cool-season cereals are grown in the tropics. However, some are only grown in cooler highlands, where it may be possible to grow multiple crops in a year.", "The black-earth (chernozem) belt across southern Siberia is cultivated with several grains, of which wheat is the most important. Wheat is also the dominant crop in Central Asia (notably Kazakhstan), the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Grain crops, chiefly wheat, are cultivated in North China—where soybeans are also grown—and in Japan. Barley is grown in China and India, among other countries. Corn (maize) is raised in China, Siberia, Central Asia, India, the Philippines, Thailand, North Korea, and other countries. India, China, Pakistan, and Central Asia also grow sorghum and millet. Intensive use of water resources from wells and from river-fed irrigation systems has enabled grain crops to be raised in Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and northern India.", "Corn is by far the largest component of global coarse-grain trade, accounting for about three-quarters of total volume in recent years. (Coarse grains make up a common trade category that includes corn, sorghum, barley, oats, and rye.) Most of the corn that is traded is used for feed; smaller amounts are traded for industrial and food uses. Processed-corn products and byproducts--including corn meal, flour, sweeteners, and corn gluten feed--are also traded, but are not included in this discussion of corn trade.", "It is the world’s most widely planted crop, occupying 225 million hectares in 2009 (compared with 161 million ha of rice and 159 million ha of maize in that same year). China and India are the largest producers of bread wheat, nearly all of which is destined for their domestic markets.", "Stallknecht, G.F., K.M. Gilbertson, and J.E. Ranney. 1996. Alternative wheat cereals as food grains: Einkorn, emmer, spelt, kamut, and triticale. p. 156-170. In: J. Janick (ed.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.", "In addition, although cereals are described as annual plants, some can be perennial. Rice and sorghum can be grown as ratoon crops in the tropics. Washington State University (2010) reported that perennial grains can be available in the next two decades. Researches on the development of perennial grains, primarily wheat, are ongoing in several countries.", "The photograph of the coniferous forest in Figure 16.13 could give us a somewhat distorted view of today's plant life. Conifers do cover much land in the northern parts of the globe, but it is the angiosperms, or flowering plants, that dominate most other regions. There are about 250,000 angiosperm species versus about 700 species of conifers and other gymnosperms. Whereas gymnosperms supply most of our lumber and paper, angiosperms supply nearly all our food and much of our fiber for textiles. Cereal grains, including wheat, corn, oats, and barley, are flowering plants, as are citrus and other fruit trees, garden vegetables, cotton, and flax. Fine hardwoods from flowering plants such as oak, cherry, and walnut trees supplement the lumber we get from conifers.", "In many parts of the world, the word “corn” is used to name the most common cereal grain, and the word “maize” is used to name what people in the Americas think of as corn.", "in 2013 at 704 million tonnes, an increase of 6.8 percent, which more than recoups the previous year’s reduction and represents the highest level in history. World production of coarse grains in 2013 is now forecast by FAO at about 1,275 million tonnes, up sharply (9.7 percent) from 2012. World rice production in 2013 is forecast to expand by 1.9 percent to 500 million tonnes (milled equivalent) although prospects are still very provisional. Cereal", "*Durum (T. durum) – The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.", "is that cereal is (countable) a type of grass (such as wheat, rice or oats) cultivated for its edible grains while grain is (uncountable) the harvested seeds of various grass-related food crops eg: wheat, corn, barley or grain can be a branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant.", "This cereal grain feeds half of the world’s human population. Its cultivation creates enormous areas of semiaquatic habitat in tropical as well as subtropical countries.", "Following several years of declining harvests, the world’s farmers reaped a record 2.316 billion tons of grain in 2007. 1 (See Figure 1.) Despite this jump of 95 million tons, or about 4 percent, over the previous year, commodity analysts estimate that voracious global demand will consume all of this increase and prevent governments from replenishing cereal stocks that are at their lowest level in 30 years. 2", "Since the United States is the leading exporter of grain, what happens to the U.S. grain crop affects the entire world. The world's breadbasket is fast becoming the U.S. fuel tank.", "Cereal crops are necessarily grasses, a composite term which refers to monocot plants under the family Poaceae or Gramineae. They are grown primarily for the harvesting of mature grains which are used or processed into staple food and animal feed.They are also processed into various products such as starch, malt, biofuel (alcohol) and sweetener (i.e., high fructose corn syrup). ", "The word cereal comes from the name of the Roman goddess of agriculture Ceres ( McGee 2004:453 ) and refers to edible seeds/grains that originated from wild plants of the grass family. There is evidence of grain eating from the Mesolithic era, but the first wild grains were domesticated in the Neolithic age when hunter gatherer societies changed to agriculture or to cultivating crops for a food source ( Flandrin et al 1999:15 ; Scade 1975:56 ). Due to this development in the Neolithic era, grass/cereal plants became a major food staple and this continues to be true today.", "According to Chapman and Carter (1976), “a cereal is generally defined as a grass grown for its small, edible seed.” They also explained that all cereals are angiosperms , monocots , and members of the grass family Gramineae.", "Cereal (n.) Any grass cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself; -- usually in the plural.", "Modern cereals are associated with a particular denomination, but it's not the Quakers. The Encyclopædia Brittanica states:", "The ready-to-eat cereal category is one of the strongest categories in the food industry, with annual sales of approximately $9 billion based on information available from A.C. Nielsen. Ready-to-eat cereals provide a simple and convenient way to deliver tasty and nutritious food to children and adults alike and continue to be an important part of the American diet. Based on information from the NPD Group, 76% of breakfast meals are eaten at home and ready-to-eat cereal accounts for approximately 25% of in-home breakfasts. Based on information available from the NPD Group, ready-to-eat cereal is consumed approximately 2.4 times more frequently than the next in-home breakfast food category. In addition, ready-to-eat cereals continue to appeal to a wide range of consumers despite weak economic conditions as consumers seek greater value in addition to taste and convenience.", "Further, the harvesting of the thin, outer fruit wall or pericarp only becomes necessary because it is inseparable from the inner seed. It is for the uses of their seeds, particularly the starchy endosperm, that cereal crops are cultivated. " ]

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[ "The town has other distinctions as well. In the Broadway musical Damn Yankees, Hannibal was the hometown of the protagonist’s assumed persona (Shoeless Joe from Hannibal, MO). In television, Hannibal was the hometown of Col. Sherman T. Potter (portrayed by actor Harry Morgan) on the long-running comedy series, M*A*S*H. Hannibal was also the birthplace of singer and actor Cliff Edwards (\"Ukulele Ike\") and 'The Unsinkable Molly' Brown. Other natives include inventor Bill Lear and NBA basketball coach Cotton Fitzsimmons. The Mark Twain Memorial Lighthouse was constructed in 1933 and has been lit at three separate times by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President John F. Kennedy, and President Bill Clinton. Rockcliffe Mansion sits upon a knoll in Hannibal, is listed on the National Register of Historic places.", "Harry Morgan  (born Harry Bratsberg, often spelled Harry Bratsburg; April 10, 1915 – December 7, 2011) was an American actor. He was widely known for his roles as Pete Porter in both  December Bride  (1954–1959) and  Pete and Gladys  (1960–1962), Officer Bill Gannon on  Dragnet  (1967–1970), Amos Coogan on  Hec Ramsey  (1972–1974), and Colonel Sherman T. Potter in  M*A*S*H  (1975–1983) and  AfterMASH (1983–1984). Additionally, Morgan appeared in more than 100 films .", "Colonel Sherman Tecumseh Potter appears in the M*A*S*H and AfterMASH television series. He was portrayed by Harry Morgan, and replaced the departing character of Henry Blake as commander of the 4077th M*A*S*H. The character appeared in every subsequent episode with only three exceptions.", "M*A*S*H is an American television series developed by Larry Gelbart, adapted from the 1970 feature film MASH (which was itself based on the 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors, by Richard Hooker). The series, which was produced in association with 20th Century Fox Television for CBS, follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the \"4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\" in Uijeongbu, South Korea during the Korean War. The show's title sequence features an instrumental-only version of \"Suicide Is Painless\", the theme song from the original film. The show was created after an attempt to film the original book's sequel, M*A*S*H Goes to Maine, failed. The television series is the best-known version of the M*A*S*H works, and one of the highest-rated shows in U.S. television history.", "* M*A*S*H episode 135 (The Smell of Music) contains a grossly injured soldier (guest star Jordan Clarke) who rejects counsel from Col. Potter (Harry Morgan), stating, \"Doc, if there's one thing I don't need right now it's a Norman Vincent Peale sermon ...\"", "In \"M*A*S*H,\" the characters struggled to cope with the flood of wounded and the pressures of a frontline surgical unit. The series retained many of the major characters from the movie. As in the film, the central figure was surgeon Hawkeye Pierce, though the series replaced Donald Sutherland's muttering with Alan Alda's rapid-fire one-liners, which included witty historical and cultural references. Other major characters included Pierce's sidekick and fellow surgical subversive Trapper John McIntyre (Wayne Rogers); Houilihan; the bumbling unit commander Lt. Col. Henry Blake (McLean Stevenson); the meek company clerk \"Radar\" O'Reilly (Gary Burghoff), who ran the unit with a mix of bureaucratic savvy and the ability to know what was about to happen; whiny surgeon Frank Burns (Larry Linville), whose marginal skills, gung-ho attitude, and torrid romance with Houlihan were the subject of endless derision; Corporal Max Klinger (Jamie Farr), who tried unsuccessfully to get a mental fitness discharge by wearing women's clothing; and Father Mulcahy (William Christopher), the comically earnest, somewhat naïve chaplain.", "TRIVIA NOTE:  On the military sitcom M*A*S*H/CBS/1972-83 Colonel Potter (Harry Morgan) was allergic to tomato juice. He'd get blotchy all over if he drank it.", "Harry Morgan, famous for Dragnet and M*A*S*H, appeared in \"A Snare For Murder\" (Season 2, Episode 11) as a cranky, paranoid prospector.", "Captain Benjamin Franklin \"Hawkeye\" Pierce is the lead protagonist in the MASH novels, film, and television series. The character was played by Donald Sutherland in the film and by Alan Alda on television, where he was the only character to appear in all 251 episodes. Between long, intense sessions of treating critically wounded patients, he makes the best of his life in an isolated Army camp by making wisecracks, drinking heavily, carousing, womanizing, and pulling pranks on the people around him, especially the unpleasantly stiff and callous Frank Burns and \"Hot Lips\" Houlihan. Although initially just one of an ensemble of characters, in the television series Hawkeye quickly became the center of the M*A*S*H unit's medical activity as well as the dramatic center of the series itself. In the series he is Chief Surgeon of the unit.", "M.A.S.H [65] From June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, America waged war with Korea. To tend to the wounded, the government sent the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital to the front lines to nurse the soldiers. In the camp called the 4077th, Captain Benjamin Franklin \"Hawkeye\" Pierce witnesses this ferocious yet pointless fight go on while trying to keep the mood light with wise-cracking and practical jokes. He meets many illustrious people, such as the near-psychic company clerk Corporal Walter \"Radar\" O'Reilly, the short-tempered Head Nurse Major Margaret \"Hot Lips\" Houlihan, Maxwell Q. Klinger who will do anything to be sent home, stern Colonel Henry Blake, the neurotic Major Frank Burns (Hawkeye's roommate), likeable Father Francis Mulcahy, countless other doctors and nurses, and Hawkeye's best friend, fellow fun-loving prankster Captain \"Trapper\" John McIntyre. During the war, Hawkeye sees many changes occur around him: Trapper, Frank and Radar are sent home, Klinger takes over as company clerk, B.J. Hunnicutt becomes Hawkeye's new best friend and plays around with him instead, arrogant but educated Charles Emerson Winchester III becomes Hawkeye's new roommate, and Blake's plane is shot down over the Sea of Japan, spinning in and killing him. He is replaced by Colonel Sherman Potter, an experienced man who becomes a father figure, albeit a strict one, to the group. Countless doctors and nurses appear throughout, and you can always count on the insane Colonel Samuel Flagg to try to screw everything up.", "The series was a medical drama/black comedy produced by 20th Television Fox for CBS. The show followed a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean Conflict. M*A*S*H's title sequence featured an instrumental version of the song �Suicide Is Painless,� which also appears in the original film. The show was created after an attempt to film the original book's sequel, \"M*A*S*H Goes To Maine\", failed. It is the most well-known version of the M*A*S*H works.", "*Harry Morgan played both the 4077th's second beloved C.O. (Col. Sherman T. Potter) and the mentally unstable Major Gen. Bartford Hamilton Steele in the show's third season, in the episode \"The General Flipped at Dawn\". This last character was a reprise of his role as Major Pott in the 1966 movie, What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?", "Blake continued to be mentioned in passing in various episodes throughout the rest of the show's run, notably in \"Welcome to Korea\", \"Change of Command\", \"Dear Mildred\", \"Period of Adjustment\", \"Depressing News\", and \"As Time Goes By\". In the latter episode - which was the final new M*A*S*H episode produced and the next-to-last aired - the doctors decided to bury a time capsule with various artifacts from the camp; among these was a bit of fly fishing bait that had belonged to Henry to symbolize him and all the other men-—soldiers, doctors, sons, fathers, brothers, uncles, husbands—-who never returned home.", "Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Captain Benjamin Franklin Hawkeye\" Pierce is a fictional character and lead protagonist in the M*A*S*H novels, film, and television series. The character was played by Donald Sutherland in the film and by Alan Alda on television. He is both the main character and the only character to appear in every episode of the television series.\"", "* Benjamin Franklin \"Hawkeye\" Pierce, the fictional character from the M*A*S*H novels, film, and television program", "Sherman T. Potter (replaced Henry Blake; Seasons 4-11) Harry Morgan Colonel Surgeon, Commanding officer (After Lt. Col. Blake)", "Primetime Emmy Award for Best Continuing Supporting Performance by an Actor - Dramatic or Comedy Series nomination for Harry Morgan", "The character also appeared as a central character in AfterMASH, a spin-off starring the three cast members who had voted (unsuccessfully) to continue the first series. Potter became chief of staff and chief of surgery of the fictional General Pershing VA Hospital in River Bend, Missouri, where he is joined by Klinger and his wife and Soon-Lee, and Father Mulcahy. Among the resident in-patients is one of Potter's WWI subordinates, who addresses him as \"Sarge\" as opposed to his retired rank of colonel.", "Wayne Rogers , who portrayed wise-cracking Army surgeon \"Trapper John\" McIntyre in the first three seasons of TV's \"M*A*S*H,\" died Thursday, December 31, his publicist said. He was 82.", "* In episode 15 of television series Forever (U.S. TV series), Dr. Henry Morgan traveled from Budapest to Istanbul with his wife Abigail Morgan on his honeymoon in 1955. He performed an appendectomy on a member of the fictional Urkesh royalty.", "With: Peter Sellers (Group Captain Lionel Mandrake/ President Merkin Muffley/Dr. Strangelove), George C. Scott (General Buck Turgidson), Sterling Hayden (General Jack D. Ripper), Keenan Wynn (Colonel Bat Guano), Slim Pickens (Major T. J. King Kong), Peter Bull (Ambassador de Sadesky), Tracy Reed (Miss Scott), and James Earl Jones (Lieutenant Lothar Zogg).", "The A Team is an American television series about a fictional group of ex-United States Army Special Forces starring John \"Hannibal\" Smith played by George Peppard, Lt. Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck \"Face\", Capt. H.M. \"Howling Mad\" Murdock and Sgt. B.A. \"Bad Attitude\" Baracus who work as soldiers of fortune. The show created a number of well known catch phrases \"Hannibal\" \"I love it when a plan comes together\" and BA Baracus \"I ain't gettin' on no plane!\". Series ran from 1983 - 1987.", "Actor George Peppard played the role of Col. John \"Hannibal\" Smith, the leader of the A-Team. Rarely seen without a cigar between his teeth or black leather gloves on his hands, Hannibal was known for his signature line: \"I love it when a plan comes together.\" A master of disguise, Hannibal also took on various aliases for the A-Team.", "Veteran character actor Morgan Woodward 's uncle, Dr. S. A. Woodward, lived in the San Angelo, Texas area. One day, he was called to help in the birth of a male child. The family, not knowing what gender was expected, had not chosen a name, so in honor of the good doctor's service, they named him Woodward Ritter. Later, he would be known more widely as \"Tex\" Ritter.", "* In Star Trek, Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, Chief Medical Officer on the U.S.S. Enterprise, studied medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.", "A veteran of television and film Westerns, he has portrayed two different participants in the legendary 1881 O.K. Corral gunfight between the Earps and the Clantons. In 1955, he played Ike Clanton in an episode of the television series You Are There (1953), and in 1957, he played Morgan Earp in the film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957). On Star Trek (1966), the USS Enterprise away team beam onto a planet and he again finds himself at the O.K. Corral, playing Tom McLaury. This was in the third season, in Episode 6 entitled \"Spectre of the Gun.\".", "During the filming of Halls of Montezuma he befriended Jack Webb, who was then producing and starring in Dragnet. The writer of Dragnet was preparing a series about a doctor for NBC. From 1954 to 1956, Boone became a familiar face in the lead role of that medical drama, Medic, receiving in 1955 an Emmy nomination for Best Actor Starring in a Regular Series. While on Medic, he also guest-starred as the character Everett Brayer on NBC's Frontier anthology series, in the episode \"The Salt War\". Boone also appeared in the 1954 Dragnet film based on Webb's series.", "160A: Colonel John 'Hannibal' Smith, played by George Peppard, from the 1980's US TV action series The A-Team.", "Morgan Woodward holds the record for having done more guest starring roles on the television series Gunsmoke (19) and Wagon Train (11) than any other actor. He was a regular on Dallas and appeared in 81 episodes of The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp .", "In \"Star Trek,\" Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, Chief Medical Officer on the U.S.S. Enterprise, studied medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.", "Portrayed Dr. Jack Kevorkian in Barry Levinson directed HBO film \"You Don't Know Jack\"; earned Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie", "George Wendt played in the 1982 episode \"Trick or Treatment\" as Private La Roche, a Marine treated by Charles Winchester because he had a pool ball stuck in his mouth. He later played alongside Ted Danson and Shelley Long in the hit television comedy Cheers." ]

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[ "Baskin-Robbins was founded in 1945 by brothers-in-law Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins from the merging of their respective ice cream parlors, in Glendale, California. It claims to be the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty stores, with 7,300 locations, including nearly 2,500 shops in the United States and over 4,800 located internationally as of December 28, 2013. Baskin-Robbins sells ice cream in nearly 50 countries. The company has been headquartered in Canton, Massachusetts since 2004 after moving from Randolph, Massachusetts. ", "Baskin-Robbins is the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty shops and is based in Canton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1945 by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins in Glendale, California.", "Baskin-Robbins was founded in 1945 in Glendale, California by Burton Baskin and Irvine Robbins, ice cream enthusiasts and brothers-in-law, whose passion inspired what is now the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty shops. What was once a selection of 31 flavors—Baskin-Robbins \"31®\" stands for a different ice cream flavor for each day of the month—has grown to more than 1,200 in its flavor library.", "Valley, for example, they'll make your ice cream fresh when you order it, freezing it with liquid nitrogen. At other places the selling point is the the unusual flavors (or their interesting names). At Humphry Slocombe you can get foie gras, pink grapfefruit tarragon, or strawberry black olive. Bi-Rite Creamery will happily sell you honey lavender, balsamic strawberry, and salted caramel. Mitchell 's specializes in Filipino and other tropical flavors, including halo halo, lucuma, ube (purple yam), and avocado. And Mr. and Mrs. Miscellaneous seems to keep running out of their latest hip flavor, orange blossom.", "Chapman Fancy Ice Creams – Chain of ice cream parlors/drugstores. By 1932, they had more than 20 locations throughout the L.A. are.", "Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavors and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised \"a world of 28 flavors.\" Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors (\"one for every day of the month\") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy. The company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.", "In September 2011, ice-cream company Ben & Jerry's released a limited-edition ice cream called \" Schweddy Balls \", inspired by a 1998 sketch of the same name starring Alec Baldwin, Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon . [143] The ice cream became the fastest-selling Ben & Jerry's limited-edition flavor. The ice cream was also subject to criticism and boycotts by the One Million Moms organization over the \"vulgar\" [144] name. Some retail chains chose not to sell the flavor, but declined to say if the decision was of their own discretion or based on the One Million Moms boycotts. [145] [144]", "125. Scrabble and Ice-cream! You and 5 friends will be treated to a \"Kitchen Sink\" ice-cream sundae at Jahn's Restaurant in Jackson Heights, Queens - my hometown. Jahn's ice cream parlors first opened in 1897 and expanded to several locations throughout the NYC, but only one remains today -- and it is in Jackson Heights. Jahns still makes its own ice-cream and their famous sundae - the \"Kitchen Sink\" feeds 8 people easily. It is a monster. After we polish off this stupidly big sundae, we'll take a walk to see the spot where Scrabble was invented. The street sign at this random corner in Jackson Heights is written out in Scrabble letter values (totaling 14 points) in honor of the game's inventor, Alfred Mosher Butts. Butts, a Jackson Heights resident, masterminded the word game in the 1930s, calling it Lexiko (and later Criss-Cross Words). In 1948 he ceded all rights to Mr. and Mrs. James Burnot, who renamed it Scrabble. Donated by Helen O’Reilly.", "at the ice cream parlor, customers can chose among five different ice cream flavors and can choose either a sugar cone or a waffle cone. considering both ice cream flavor and cone type, how many distinct triple-scoop with three different ice cream flavors are available?", "One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream, which has more air mixed in thereby reducing costs. It made possible the soft ice cream machine in which a cone is filled beneath a spigot on order. In the United States, Dairy Queen, Carvel, and Tastee-Freez pioneered in establishing chains of soft-serve ice cream outlets.", "★★★ Vivoli. A block northwest of Piazza Santa Croce, this cafecum-gelateria serves the world’s best ice cream. Just choose your exquisite flavor: fig, melon, chocolate-orange, even rice. Or try their", "There is a Kimball's in Jaffrey, New Hampshire too, and yes, their servings are the biggest I've ever seen; I'm an ice-cream-aholic, and I have to order a kiddie size which is at least, if not more, the size of a Ben & Jerry's pint.", "Unilever generally manufactures the same ice-cream with the same names, with rare occasions of regional availability, under different brands. Some of these ice-creams include Carte D’Or, Cornetto, Magnum, Solero and Viennetta.", "\"I scream...\" is a favorite kids' rhyme. Baskin Robbins and Ben & Jerry's are two of the more popular brands of ice cream. Good Humor is a old time ice cream company now owned by Breyer's that created a number of ice cream novelties, known as Good Humor Bars sold by trucks that would travel through neighborhoods. Creamsicles and fudgsicles are two popular forms of ice cream bar.", "Tichy, 10., Reumannplatz 13 (metro: Reumannplatz), [137] . Another famous place for ice cream. Famous for its Eismarillenknödel (small dumplings of vanilla ice cream with an apricot core) and Himbeereisknödel (raspberry core, vanilla ice cream, coating of ground poppy seeds).   edit", "Marinello [45] also near the Grote Kerk but situated in the Lange Poten is still the best ice cream parlor in town.", "The Joy Ice Cream Cone Company, located in Hermitage, PA, was founded in 1918 and began to mass-produce baked ice cream cones to sell to restaurants, as well as the everyday consumer. The company produces over 2 billion ice cream cones (sugar, cake, and waffle cones) a year. It is said that the company is the largest ice cream cone maker in the world as of 2009. ", "They make all the ice cream on the premises. They have lots of the usual flavors, but they also have a lot of Asian-influenced flavors. The sour plum is my favorite, but they also have jackfruit, taro, ginger, green tea, and lots of other interesting flavors.", "The United States’ first retail ice cream franchise, Carvel® Ice Cream has become one of the best-loved and most recognized names in its industry. The company is a leading provider of premium soft ice cream and hand dipped ice cream products, as well as uniquely shaped ice cream cakes, including its signature Fudgie the Whale® and Cookie Puss® cakes.  Atlanta-based Carvel currently operates over 400 franchised and food service locations. Visit www.carvel.com for more information, follow us on Twitter @CarvelIceCream of become a fan at http://facebook.com/CarvelIceCream", "If you live in the Detroit \"burbs\" you know about \"Rays\". It's on an obscure side street between two mile roads, but a testiment to their popularity are the long lines out the door year-round. I first went there because it was the only place I could get cinnamon ice cream. They make so many luscious flavors, not the least of which is whole-almond chocolate and real rum raisin (my two favorite flavors.) And...their scoops are so huge, I defy you to eat more than one!", "In March, Pinkberry, the upscale frozen yogurt franchise founded in West Hollywood, inked a deal to offer Sugarpova as a topping in its shops around the world. Now Sharapova is walking a series of journalists through the partnership, as hundreds of fans line up for autographs and photos. Some began queuing at six in the morning. Others, including a group of Japanese tourists, snap photos through a glass window.", "Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This was called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbetière (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone.", "The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. During American Prohibition, the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments such as bars and saloons.", "Anything closer to what we know as modern gelato, though, seems to have been developed during the Renaissance. Florence’s Boboli Gardens still have an ice-house built by the Medici in 1612, and a 1595 banquet in the city featured sculptures made out of sorbet. By the late 17th century, ice cream seems to have taken off. A recipe book even was printed in Naples, still one of the best places in Italy to try gelato, with a variety of delicious sorbet ideas, from ice cream thickened with candied pumpkin to gelato flavored with lemon blossom water. By the 19th century, we all screamed for ice cream — and in Italy, gelato (meaning “something frozen”) became the accepted word for the frozen treat.", "Other local franchises include: Bill Gray's (a hamburger/hot dog joint that lays claim to having \"The World's Greatest Cheeseburger\"), DiBella's, Tom Wahl's, American Specialty Manufacturing producers of Boss Sauce, Pontillo's Pizzeria and Abbott's Frozen Custard. Dinosaur Bar-B-Que, which originated in Syracuse, also operates its second franchise downtown in the former Lehigh Valley Railroad station on the Genesee River.", "Alaska, S. Croce 1159 (close to the railway station), ☎ 041/00715211. 14-24 roughly. Ice cream made with natural ingredients by Carlo Pistacchi, not only the owner but an artist, a poet and a philosopher.   edit", "The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change, and increases in availability and popularity. In the", "Pinkberry, the leading retailer of innovative frozen yogurt is proud to announce the introduction of their new indulgent Warm Collection treats. The delectable Warm Collection arrives just in time for the winter season. The collection is being served in two enticing combinations created to satisfy your dessert cravings. Chocolate lovers will relish the Brownie, which consists of a freshly baked brownie, with warm chocolate hazelnut sauce, topped with original frozen yogurt, and sprinkled with almond and milk chocolate shavings. Not to be outdone, the Apple Pie is equally as scrumptious. This delight is a medley of warm apple compote and cinnamon streusel, topped with original frozen yogurt, and a drizzle of caramel sauce. It is made of freshly baked apples and perfectly captures the taste and experience of a homemade apple pie. The Warm Collection consists of the finest ingredients and premium quality non-fat frozen yogurt that is sure to become a favorite with new and returning customers. It’s the perfect treat to enjoy with friends and family. The Warm Collection represents an irresistible new addition to the Pinkberry menu and provides customers with an even wider variety of tempting options from which to choose. Pinkberry welcomes dessert lovers to indulge in the new treats in four selected stores, including 2nd Avenue - The Avenues, Albida’a, The Gate Mall and Marina Mall, for a limited time only.", "There are a number of frozen desserts inspired by Ice cream. Let’s know about the desserts that followed the ice cream…", "But one restaurant in London is selling breast milk ice cream which is being served to customers in a cocktail glass.", "My dad's brother and his family lived out near Hershey, PA and I remember touring the actual chocolate factory. At some point in time they built a Disney-esque virtual tour and shut the public out of the factory, but I can still see the vats of chocolate with the huge rollers going from one end to the other \"conching\" (sp?) the chocolate. I don't remember what this process was for but I am sure it is done today. After the tour you received a small bag of \"stuff\", most likely a sample of the chocolate candy and I think a packet of powder to mix with milk. I have never been to the amusement park...may have been built after we were there. --- Ginger - 1961, Fridley, MN (grew up near Johnstown, PA)", "As you are enjoying your ice cream soda, take time to reflect upon the history of your treat." ]

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[ "Timon and Pumbaa are an animated meerkat and warthog duo introduced in Disney's popular 1994 animated film The Lion King. Timon was portrayed through his many appearances by Nathan Lane (in all three films and early episodes of the show), Max Casella (the original actor in The Lion King Broadway musical), Kevin Schon (in certain episodes of the show), Quinton Flynn (in certain episodes of the show), Bruce Lanoil in the Wild About Safety shorts and Kingdom Hearts II, while Pumbaa is voiced by Ernie Sabella (in all of his animated speaking appearances), and was portrayed by Tom Alan Robbins in the original cast of the Broadway musical. Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together they decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa. Lyricist Tim Rice however was pulling for Rik Mayall (for Timon) and Adrian Edmondson (for Pumbaa) to play the roles, as he got the idea for the lyrics to \"Hakuna Matata\" by watching their show Bottom.", "Rafiki is a mandrill who is a supporting character in Disney 's 1994 animated feature film The Lion King .", "Timon, an African meerkat, is one of the tritagonists of Disney's 1994 animated feature film, The Lion King. He also appears in the film's 1998 direct-to-video sequel, The Lion King II: Simba's Pride. In 2004, Timon finally got a starring role in the film's second direct-to-video sequel, The Lion King 1½, opposite long-time best friend, Pumbaa .", "Timon and Pumbaa (voiced by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella respectively) are the comical meerkat and warthog duo who live under the philosophy of \" Hakuna Matata \". They become Simba's provisional guardians during his exile. They are the tritagonists of the film.", "Timon is the tritagonist of The Lion King , a supporting character in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride , and the main protagonist of The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa and The Lion King 1½ . He is a meerkat who serves as the adopted father and friend of Simba . He saves the cub when he is young and later helps him defeat the evil Scar during the battle of Pride Rock .", "In The Lion King 1½, a direct-to-video followup released in 2004, Simba appears as a less prominent character because the film's primary focus is on Timon and Pumbaa's behind-the-scenes role and involvement in The Lion King, in which they appear as supporting characters. Although the two films technically share the same story and timeline, the plot of The Lion King 1½ focuses more on Timon and Pumbaa. The meerkat and warthog unknowingly coexist alongside Simba, and the story fills in the two characters' backstories and events that lead up to their long-lasting friendship, coinciding with and often initiating the events that affect Simba's life during the first film. These events include the commemorative bow that occurs during the opening \"Circle of Life\" musical number and the collapsing of the animal tower that takes place during \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King.\" The film also explores, in further detail, the relationship among the three characters as Timon and Pumbaa struggle to raise Simba as adoptive \"parents\" and disapprove of his relationship with Nala, portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub, into an incorrigible teenager and, finally, an independent young lion. ", "The success of the film of The Lion King led to several spin-offs, its first being a 70mm film released in 1994 entitled Circle of Life: An Environmental Fable. It promoted environmental friendliness and was shown in the Harvest Theater at Epcot in Walt Disney World. Also, debuting in 1995 was a spin-off television series called The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa , which focused on the lives of the titular meerkat and warthog duo. They are seen having misadventures in the jungle and also visiting different places around the world. The series also had stories about Rafiki, Zazu, and the hyena trio.", "The success of The Lion King and popularity of its characters led to the production of Timon & Pumbaa, an animated television series starring Timon and Pumbaa. Simba makes several appearances, including one episode in which Timon drags him out to try to revive Pumbaa's lost memory.", "The first Lion King-related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa. First the duo starred in the animated short \"Stand by Me\", featuring Timon singing the eponymous song, which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck. Then the duo received their own animated show, The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa, which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane. ", "* Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, the mandrill shaman of The Pride Lands. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.", "Disney also frequently referenced The Lion King in its own films and shows. For example, in the Disney-released, Pixar -produced 1995 computer animated film Toy Story , the song \"Hakuna Matata\" can be heard playing in Andy's car during the film's climax. Pumbaa made a cameo in Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996), and Hercules (1997) paid homage to both The Lion King and the Nemean lion: Scar's skin is worn by the title character while he is posing for a painting on a Greek vase. In an episode of Johnny Test, Johnny holds his dog, Dukey, like Rafiki did to Simba.", "No one in any of the films, other than himself, refers to Rafiki by his name. They either call him \"the monkey\" or \"the baboon\". His name is only used in Timon & Pumbaa and The Lion Guard .", "Rafiki (voiced by Robert Guillaume ) is a wise mandrill who is responsible for presenting the newborn prince of the lions at Pride Rock for all to see and act like a \"shaman\" for the pride.", "The famous character from the animated kid movie \"The Lion King\", meerkats were made world-famous by the character Timon. Meerkats actually spend most of their time underground, in large burrows. They live in a large group called a 'mob' or 'gang'. They love grooming and spend time playing among the family.", "After a short while of walking in a tall grass field, Timon is initially frightened by an unknown animal who reveals itself to be Pumbaa. At first and after introducing each other and telling Pumbaa about his journey, Timon considers him to be a bodyguard but later comes to see as a friend. Timon and Pumbaa are shown passing through the numerous musical sequences and major events of The Lion King throughout their journey, even getting caught up in the stampede which killed Mufasa. Not to mention causing a few of the mysterious things from the first movie.", "In \" The Stolen Cartoons \", Rafiki was seen bathing in Simba's soup. In \" Timon and Pumbaa \", he complains about Timon and Pumbaa's popularity, saying \"Those guys always get all the attention!\". In \" King Larry Swings In \", a cub Simba was seen in a flashback and fell from the cliff of Pride Rock after Donald accidentally dropped him. He also appears in the finale advertisement with Nala being scolded by a babysitting Donald Duck in \" Mickey vs. Shelby \". He was also featured in re-used crowd shots of guests fleeing the club on several occasions.", "The real-life Lion King: Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the micro pig form unlikeliest of friendships", "Rafiki appears briefly in the midquel The Lion King 1½, and is referred to by Timon simply as \"The Monkey\".", "Description : Around the World with Timon & Pumbaa is a direct-to-video film inspired by The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa. It is a recapitulation of six episodes from the television series and the first of three volume compilations about Timon and Pumbaa.", "In House of Mouse , Pumbaa make numerous appearances as one of the recurring guests. A running gag in the show is when Timon attempts to eat Jiminy Cricket , but is stopped by Pumbaa. In \"Timon and Pumbaa\", Pumbaa became best friends with Donald Duck after an argument with Timon. Pumbaa wanted to do comedy for their performance on stage but Timon wanted to do magic. In the end they were reunited after Timon took up for him after it was proven he wasn't a very good comedian.", "In House of Mouse, Pumbaa makes numerous appearances as one of the recurring guests. A running gag in the show is when Timon attempts to eat Jiminy Cricket , but is stopped by Pumbaa. In \" Timon and Pumbaa \", Pumbaa became best friends with Donald Duck after an argument with Timon. Pumbaa wanted to do comedy for their performance on stage, but Timon wanted to do magic. In the end, they were reunited after Timon took up for him when it was proven he was not a very good comedian.", "In 1996, Disney Interactive and 7th Level released Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games for the PC. It was later seen on the SNES. Games include one where Pumbaa uses his gas to destroy fruits and bugs (and even a kitchen sink) that fall out of trees, a variation on a pinball game, a game where you use a peashooter to hit enemy creatures in the jungle, a game where Timon has to jump onto hippos over a river to deliver bugs to Pumbaa, and a variation on Tetris.", "When Simba returned to Pride Rock to battle Scar, Pumbaa goes alone after an argument with Timon who believes leaving means giving up all him and Pumbaa searched for. During Pumbaa's journey to Pride Rock, Timon reunites with Pumbaa and battle the hyenas and save the Pride Lands. Timon and Pumbaa return home with Simba and Timon's meerkat colony to celebrate.", "Timon and Pumbaa insult the hyenas to get them away from Simba so that he has a better chance against Scar - Ed as usual laughs at the joke, and Banzai hits him, while Shenzi tells them, \"For your last meal, you're gonna eat those words.\" Eventually, Timon and Pumbaa are cornered by the hyenas.", "They first appear in the pilot film , helping Zuri free her claws from a log. Timon fancies himself an expert on removing claws from logs, as Simba repeatedly got his claws stuck in logs during his childhood days with him and Pumbaa. Before they can do so, the duo is greeted by an excited Bunga, who announces that he and Simba's son, Kion , are to be members of the new Lion Guard; protectors of the Pride Lands. Timon is immediately against the idea, believing hard work and danger to be against Hakuna Matata, though Kion is able to alter this train of thought by claiming he needs Bunga to join due to the honey badger being the bravest animal he knows. This is enough to impress Timon, who shows great pride in his nephew's title, and the meerkat subsequently congratulates Bunga on his position.", "Once they reach Pride Rock, they find a massive group of animals gathered around, though the duo is oblivious as to why (the birth of Prince Simba). Either way, Timon figures they would simply walk through the crowd over to a small pond perfectly suited for a meerkat. However, Pumbaa is reluctant to do so, voicing his fear of crowds. Timon scoffs off the apprehensions and leads Pumbaa through the animals, where the warthog fearfully releases his deadly gas, rendering the animals in the nearest distance unconscious (this also causes the surrounding animals to bow as in the opening scene of the first film) and burning Timon's hair. Instead of abandoning Pumbaa, however, Timon embraces the warthog's \"special power\", much to Pumbaa's surprise and delight. And with the crowd blockage abolished, the duo make way for their new home.", "Banzai serves as a recurring antagonist in the television series. He and his fellow hyenas get their own segment of Timon & Pumbaa episodes, titled The Laughing Hyenas.", "Pumbaa's first appearance is a few days after Timon has set out to go to the big pointy rock by the indirect suggestion of Rafiki. While the meerkat walks through some high grass, he hears something groaning and stalking him; Thinking it a predator he flees but it is merely Pumbaa who seeks companionship. Timon is breifly against taking another with him, but he gives Pumbaa a once over, taking in his sharp hooves and curved tusk,", "Timothy Mouse was voiced by Edward Brophy, a character actor known for portraying gangsters who has no other known animation voice credits. The pompous matriarch of the elephants was voiced by Verna Felton , who would later play the Fairy Godmother from Cinderella and Flora from Sleeping Beauty . Other voice actors include the perennial Sterling Holloway in a cameo role as Mr. Stork , and Cliff Edwards , better previously known for voicing Jiminy Cricket , as Jim Crow, the leader of the crows.", "Experience the song-filled celebration of friendship, fun and adventure that was the last animated film to receive Walt Disney's personal touch. Embark on a thrilling, adventure-filled journey with the boy Mowgli as he makes his way to the man-village with Bagheera, the wise panther. Along the way he meets jazzy King Louie, the hypnotic snake Kaa and the lovable, happy-go-lucky bear Baloo, who teaches Mowgli \"The Bare Necessities\" of life and the true meaning of friendship. (C) 1967 Disney", "This is the species of animals found in films and television shows of  The Lion King .", "It is also Disney's second adaption of the fable of the same name, the first being a 1943 cartoon made during World War II. The film is also the last Disney animated film made before John Lasseter was named chief creative officer of Disney Animation, and the last Disney film released under the aegis \"Walt Disney Feature Animation\". The film grossed $314 million worldwide." ]

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[ "Steel is an alloy of iron that contains carbon . Typically the carbon content ranges from 0.002% and 2.1% by weight. Carbon makes steel harder than pure iron. The carbon atoms make it more difficult for dislocations in the iron crystal lattice to slide past each other.", "The study of metal alloys is a significant part of materials science. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. An iron carbon alloy is only considered steel if the carbon level is between 0.01% and 2.00%. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties however. Cast Iron is defined as an iron–carbon alloy with more than 2.00% but less than 6.67% carbon. Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of Chromium. Nickel and Molybdenum are typically also found in stainless steels.", "The carbon content of steel is between 0.002% and 2.1% by weight for plain iron–carbon alloys. These values vary depending on alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, tungsten, carbon and so on. Basically, steel is an iron-carbon alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction. Too little carbon content leaves (pure) iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, that is brittle (not malleable). While iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements include: manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements are also important in steel: phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper, that are most frequently considered undesirable.", "An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in which the main component is a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels.", "Iron, Fe. Iron is the metal on which our civilization is built. It is usually not used as the pure element, but as the major component of a large number of alloys called steel. Carbon is one of the elements added to iron to make various alloys. In general, the more carbon in the mixture, the more brittle the iron alloy is. Pig iron, the material direct from the blast furnace, can be cast into shapes. The carbon content of pig iron can be about three percent. Other metals can be added to the iron to make alloys with much improved properties, such as stainless steel. Iron is magnetic and a decent conductor of electricity in its pure form.", "Iron is most valuable not as a pure metal, but in alloys. An alloy is made by melting and mixing two or more metals. The mixture has properties different from those of the individual metals. The best known and most widely used alloy of iron is steel. Steel contains iron and at least one other element. Today, specialized steels of all kinds are available for many different applications.", "GCSE CHEMISTRY - Alloys of Iron - Steel - Low Carbon Carbon Steel - Stainless Steel - Titanium Steel - GCSE SCIENCE.", "cast iron an alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. It is made by reducing iron ore in a blast furnace. The liquid iron is cast, or poured and...", "alloy of iron, carbon, and small proportions of other elements. Iron contains impurities in the form of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and manganese; steelmaking involves the removal of these impurities, known as slag, and the addition of desirable alloying elements.", "A general name given to iron-carbon alloys having smaller amounts of carbon than cast iron. Strictly speaking most modern iron coins are made of steel. Steel rusts very readily so it needs a coating when used for coins.", "NIRESIST IRON – Alloy cast iron (typical composition 14% nickel, 1.5% silicon, 1 % manganese, and 3% carbon and remainder iron) which possesses exceptional resistance to heat and corrosion.", "commercial iron that contains carbon in any amount up to about 1.7 percent as an essential alloying constituent, is malleable when under suitable conditions, and is distinguished from cast iron by its malleability and lower carbon content", "An iron-based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than 1.65%, silicon over 0.5%, copper above 0.6%, or other minimum quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or tungsten are present. An enormous variety of distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe.", "KANTHAL – It is an electrical resistance alloy of iron-chromium-aluminium with small additions of cobalt. About 25 per cent Cr, 5 per cent Al, 3 per cent Co, and balance almost pure iron.", "Carbon steel – Carbon content of 0.6 to 1.4% and Iron content of 98.6 to 99.4 %.  Used to make cutting tools such as drill bits.", "IRON-NICKEL. Chemistry: Fe-Ni, Elemental Iron ... is actually an alloy of iron and nickel. The two elements are combined in varying percentages from less than 6% ...", "The balance of the alloy used in the present invention is iron except for small amounts of one or more of the following elements. Up to about 0.045%, preferably up to about 0.025% phosphorous can be present. Up to about 0.2% tungsten and up to about 0.25% vanadium can also be present. Up to about 0.1% each of calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium and/or misch metal can also be present in the alloy used in this invention as residuals from deoxidizing and/or desulfurizing additions.", "Typically these steels have moderately low carbon content (0.05-0.1%) and use one or more of the alloying elements niobium (columbium), titanium and vanadium at around the 0.01-0.05% level, hence their alternative name microalloyed steels.", "low alloy – contains iron, carbon, and up to 10% of other metals, such as nickel and chromium.", "As a group, these low-iron alloys, called ferro-alloys, can be readily dissolved in steel to impart predictable properties according to the type and amount of metal added. For the first time, steels could be tailor-made for such properties as toughness, impact strength, high strength at high temperatures, and corrosion resistance. Improved armor plate for battle ships, high-speed tool steels, and stainless steels are just three of the hundreds of specialized steel products now in use.", "An alloy of copper , iron and other metal s. Has a dark orange, brownish color .", "..... Click the link for more information.  iron, but is also important in the preparation of certain alloys, e.g., Babbitt metal Babbitt metal,", "Generally defined as a metallic product whose principal element is iron and where the carbon content is not more than 2%. (The presence of large quantities of carbide forming elements may modify the upper limit of the carbon content.)", "W-2. A tool steel that is not stainless. Shallow hardening, rather weak, and makes durable knives only if held below 54 HRC. Rusts very easily due to the lack of chrome and vanadium. Only alloying elements are carbon and manganese. Carbon-0.85-1.50%, Manganese-0.10-0.40%, Chromium-0.15%, Nickel-0.20%, Vanadium-0.15-0.35%, Molybdenum-0.10%, Tungsten-0.15%.", "There is a vast array of alloy steels developed for very specific applications – such as bearings, gears, shafts, drills, saws, bolts, tyrecord, car bodies, aircraft undercarriages, armour, etc, etc. Alloying elements include bismuth, boron, calcium, chromium , cobalt, lead, nickel , molybdenum , selenium, silicon , sulphur, tellurium, tungsten and vanadium .", "In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French \"inoxydable\", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% to 11% chromium content by mass.", "This alloy typically has a tin content ranging from 0.5% to 1.0%, and a phosphorous range of 0.01% to 0.35%. These alloys are notable for their toughness, strength, low coefficient of friction, high fatigue resistance, and fine grain.  The tin content increases the corrosion resistance and tensile strength, while the phosphorous content increases the wear resistance and stiffness. Some typical end uses for this product would be electrical products, bellows, springs, washers, corrosion resistant equipment.", "and the alloy as-worked having a boride particle areal density (no. of borides per mm2) per weight percent boron (AN) defined by the relationship", "a lustrous light gray ductile metallic element that resembles tantalum chemically and is used in alloys", "The alloy when worked in accordance with the invention to form useful articles, is characterized by a uniform distribution of small boride particles within the alloy. The boride size and distribution is such as to provide a boride areal density per weight percent boron (AN) defined by the relationship:", "An exotic alloy having high corrosion resistance; used for medical implants, chemical process equipment, and aerospace engine components.", "An element (symbol AL) used to improve oxidation resistance in ferritic stainless steels and strength in precipitation hardening steels." ]

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[ "Pumpernickel is a type of rye bread that is originally from Germany. The origin of the word is pretty entertaining: It's a German word that comes from pumpern, which means to to break wind and Nickel, a take on the name Nicholas, which is associated with goblins or devilish characters. The word comes from the bread's \"reputed indigestibility.\" So, the bread can be translated as the devil's fart, or something like that.", "The true origin of \"pumpernickel\" is nearly as strange, if somewhat less savory. \"Pumpern\" was a New High German word similar in meaning to the English \"fart\" (so chosen because, like the word \"achoo,\" it imitated the sound it described), and \"Nickel\" was a form of the name Nicholas, an appellation commonly associated with a goblin or devil (e.g., \"Old Nick\" is a familiar name for Satan). Hence, pumpernickel is the \"devil's fart,\" allegedly a reference to the bread's indigestible qualities and hence the effect it produced on those who consumed it. (www.snopes2.com/language/stor ies/pumper.htm ) ", "The philologist Johann Christoph Adelung states that the word has an origin in the Germanic vernacular where pumpern was a New High German synonym for being flatulent, and Nickel was a form of the name Nicholas, commonly associated with a goblin or devil (e.g. \"Old Nick\", a familiar name for Satan), or more generally for a malevolent spirit or demon. Hence, pumpernickel misread as the \"devil's fart\" when it actually means \"Devil's food\", a definition accepted by the Snopes International Language Database, the publisher Random House, and by some English language dictionaries, including the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary adds \"so named from being hard to digest\". A variant of this explanation is also given by the German etymological dictionary \"Kluge\" that says the word pumpernickel is older than its usage for the particular type of bread, and may have been used as a mocking name for a person of unrefined manners (\"farting nick\") first. The change of meaning may have been caused by its use as a mocking expression for the (in the eyes of outsiders) unrefined rye bread produced by the Westphalian population.", "Description: A slightly sweet enriched bread that is flavored with honey and citrus peel and loaded with roasted sunflower seeds. It features a dense, but soft crumb and crunchy texture due to the sunflower seeds. Sunflower bread, or Sonnenblumenbrot is a favorite in Germany where it is more often made with rye flour, giving the bread a denser texture and earthier flavor. It is delicious when eaten plain or toasted as a breakfast item or for sandwiches.", "One of the most traditional forms of eating limburger is the limburger sandwich. After three months, when the cheese has ripened, it becomes spreadable. The cheese is spread thickly (> 0.5 cm.) on firm textured 100% rye bread, with a large, thick slice of onion, and is typically served with strong black coffee or lager beer. Alternatively, for heartier eaters, chunks or slices of the cheese up to 1.5 cm. thick can be cut off the block and placed in the sandwich. This sandwich still remains very popular among the descendants of German immigrants residing in the midwest part of America, such as in Cincinnati, or German Village in Columbus, Ohio. However, it is markedly less popular among the descendants born after ca. 1960, mainly because of the permeating smell, and the inconvenience of going to specialty cheese and sausage shops to obtain it. In Wisconsin, you can find the Limburger sandwich on menus at certain restaurants, accompanied with brown mustard.", "Description: Pumpernickel is a traditional German rye bread that is often prepared with 100% coarsely ground rye flour, which results in a heavy, dense loaf. It is occasionally prepared with some wheat flour added in order to make the loaf a bit lighter and to increase the capability of the dough to rise.", "Description: A type of rye bread of German origin that is a bit heavier than many other types of rye bread. German rye usually contains a greater ratio of rye flour to wheat flour than the rye breads of Italy, Sweden, or the United States. The higher proportion of rye flour yields a loaf that is a bit denser than other rye breads, but it is not nearly as dense as pumpernickel, which may contain 100% rye flour.", "There are lots of other breads with very high rye content in Northern Europe , many of which are whole grain (vollkorn in German, fullkorn in Swedish, etc) and most of which are pretty awesome because rye is awesome ( though some disagree ), and many of which are mentioned in this thread already, but these are not called pumpernickel in this part of the world.", "As I mentioned here , apparently pumpernickel is called \"hobz-tal-poofi\" in Maltese, which translates as \"bread-of-poop\". This vastly amused my Maltese-born father and grievously offended my German-born mother, both of whom however, enjoyed the bread. I suspect my mother liked it more.", "Pumpernickel (;) is a typically heavy, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with coarsely ground rye.", "ruisleipä (rye bread), can be up to 100% rye and much darker, heavier and chewier than American-style rye bread; unlike in Swedish tradition, Finnish rye bread is typically unsweetened and thus sour and even bitter.", "*Rye bread is made with flour from rye grain of varying levels. It is higher in fiber than many common types of bread and is often darker in color and stronger in flavor. It is popular in Scandinavia, Germany, Finland, the Baltic States, and Russia.", "Invented by Belgians, disseminated by Germans, this smear-ripened semi-soft cheese has been referenced by comedians as diverse as Charlie Chaplin and Monty Python for its noxious odour. Traditionally spread onto dark rye bread, it’s believed to attract mosquitos, and thought to have a kryptonite-like effect on the cartoon super-hero rodent Mighty Mouse.", "\"Zwieback\" is the German word for \"twice baked.\" Refers to bread that has been baked, then sliced and returned to the oven and cooked until very crisp and dry. Zwieback is popular for its easy digestibility.", "Sauerkraut (pronounced /ˈsaÊŠrkraÊŠt/ in English; German pronunciation: [ˈzaÊŠ.ÉkÊaÊŠt]  ( listen), Yiddish: [ˈzÉ”i̯.əʀ.kʀɔi̯t]) is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.[1][2] It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar.", "The seed of \"seeded rye bread\". Essential in German cooking and essential in the liqueur Kümmel. Major sources: The Netherlands, Egypt, and Poland", "Rye bread in the U.S. is closely associated with Jewish-American cuisine, particularly the delicatessen. It is frequently used in sandwiches with salted meats such as pastrami and corned beef . This type of rye originally came from Eastern Europe, including some Russian varieties. It is also related to some Scandinavian breads which are made with spices like fennel and cardamom, and are common for use on special occasions.", "Open faced sandwich made with dark rye bread, and topped with the most diverse variety of things: meats, fish, eggs, vegetables.", "In Germany, bratwurst is served with spicy mustard and a hard roll, along with a side of sauerkraut . Many German beers complement the heavy, spicy sausage very well, and bratwurst and a beer is a common German lunch as a result. Outside of Germany, the sausage may be served with an assortment of other sides on breads ranging from soft white rolls to whole wheat buns. Toppings like cheese, relish, and onions may be added outside of Germany as well.", "Uses: It is favored by German cooks and often found in rye bread, sauerkraut, sausage, cheese, cabbage, and soups. It adds a unique tang to broccoli, apples, beets, cured meats, mushrooms, nuts, pork, poultry, root vegetables, potatoes, seafood and yeast breads. Blends well with coriander, dill, fennel, garlic, onions, oregano, parsley, and thyme.", "It is often made with a combination of rye flour and whole rye berries. At one time it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century various forms have become popular items of delicatessen.", "My father's family eats this bread with gänseschmalz, teewurst or butter, and nothing feels more decadent for a snack. I don't buy it frequently, but when I do, it definitely takes me right back to Oma's kitchen. Their spongy, brick-like density is beyond compare.", "Germany: Along with its beers, breads and cheeses, Germany – especially Bavaria – is renowned for bratwurst. In one tavern in Regensburg, this sausage has been served the same way for 500 years – grilled over charcoal, served with sauerkraut and mustard.", "Gassy German style wheat beer that tastes of sweetened banana bread with a slightly clove tasting finish.", "A Berliner Pfannkuchen (Berliner for short) is a traditional German pastry similar to a doughnut with no central hole, made from sweet yeast dough fried in fat or oil, with a marmalade or jam filling and usually icing, powdered sugar or conventional sugar on top. They are sometimes made with chocolate, champagne, custard, mocha, or advocaat filling, or with no filling at all.", "Knockwurst German sausage named for the crackling sound the skin of the sausage makes when bitten into", "Limburger is a cheese that originated during the 19th century in the historical Duchy of Limburg, which is now divided among modern-day Belgium, Germany, and Netherlands. The cheese is especially known for its pungent odor caused by the bacteria Brevibacterium linens, which smells like strong body odor and particularly smelly feet. ", "Mustard is a very common accompaniment to sausages and is usually very hot. In the southern parts of the country, a sweet variety of mustard is made which is almost exclusively served with Bavarian specialties such as Weißwurst and Leberkäse. Horseradish is also commonly used as a condiment.", "Indeed, according to a 16th-century joke, the Welsh were famous for their love of toasted cheese – St Peter was said to have got rid of a troublesome \"company of Welchman\" who were troubling the peace of heaven by going outside and shouting caws pobi – \"that is as moche as to say 'Rosty'd ches!' Which thynge the Welchman herying ran out of heven a grete pace\". And who wouldn't be tempted from eternal bliss by such a prospect? In fact, according to Jane Grigson, rarebits were once common throughout southern and western England, but, with the only Welsh sort still on the menu, it seems they really do know how to do it best north of the Bristol Channel.", "The name \"Bratwurst\" most often refers to a sausage made from pork in a natural casing and is grilled or fried in a pan. It is a favorite in Germany, with each region having its own specialty.", "Beer mustard, which substitutes beer for vinegar, allegedly originated in the 20th century somewhere in the United States Midwest and has remained a popular local condiment. [28]", "Gassy German festival lager with a spicy, funky note to it and a dry bitter finish with a hint of chalkiness. Thin and slightly chemical without enough subtlety or depth of flavour." ]

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[ "Dave Thomas, the founder of Wendy's restaurant, opened his first restaurant on November 15, 1969 in Columbus, Ohio. Dave was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey on July 2, 1932. He was adopted at six weeks old by Rex and Auleva Thomas. Dave moved from state to state with his father when his mother passed at the age of 5. At the age of 12, Dave obtained his first job at a restaurant in Knoxville. Thus, he began his love for the restaurant business. At the age of 15, Dave dropped out of high school to work full time in the restaurant business. While working full-time at the Hobby House restaurant, Dave met Colonel Sanders, the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (now KFC). In 1962, Dave was offered the opportunity to turn around four failing Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants in Columbus, Ohio. Utilizing his past experience, Dave turned the restaurants around, sold them back to KFC, and immediately became a millionaire all at the age of 35. He then co-founded Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips.", "Wendy's was founded by Dave Thomas and Robert Barney in 1969 and named after Dave's 8-year old daughter, Melinda, who had the nickname of \"Wendy.\" The corporate headquarters is located in Dublin , Ohio . The first Wendy's restaurant was opened in Columbus, Ohio on November 15 , 1969 , and grew rapidly to open over 3,000 stores by 1985 . However, by the mid- 1980s some Wendy's restaurants became underperforming and closed. By 1989 , Dave Thomas came out of retirement and started doing commercials for Wendy's and helped rebuild the restaurant until his death.", "Wendy's is an international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of 2016, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with 6,482 locations, following Burger King's 15,003 locations and McDonald's' 36,525 locations. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc Companies Inc., a publicly traded company and the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquarters remained in Dublin. ", "Thomas opened his first Wendy’s in Columbus, Ohio , November 15, 1969. (This original restaurant remained operational until March 2, 2007, when it was closed due to lagging sales.) [10] Thomas named the restaurant after his eight-year-old daughter Melinda Lou , whose nickname was “Wendy”, stemming from the child’s inability to say her own name at a young age. According to Bio TV, Dave claims himself that people nicknamed his daughter “Wenda. Not Wendy, but Wenda. ‘I’m going to call it Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers’.” [11]", "When Dave Thomas opened the first Wendy’s® restaurant in 1969 in Columbus, Ohio, he opened the door to a new gold standard in quick-service food. Every day we honor his legacy by using select, premium ingredients and serving food that’s prepared fresh. In addition, Wendy’s Kids’ Meals include nutritious options we know moms care about, like our grilled chicken wrap, apple slices, low-fat milk, and water. Through our website (wendys.com) and mobile application (My Wendy’s™), customers can search for nutritional information about specific menu items or combine items and calculate totals for their meal. At Wendy’s, we give our customers the quality they want and options they need to satisfy their family’s appetite.", "...Dave Thomas, the founder of Wendy's restaurant, opened his first restaurant on November 15, 1969 in Columbus, Ohio. Dave was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey on July 2, 1932. He was adopted at six weeks old by Rex and Auleva Thomas. Dave moved from state to state with his father when his mother passed at the age of 5. At the age of 12, Dave obtained his first job at a restaurant in Knoxville. Thus, he began his love for the restaurant business. At the age of 15, Dave dropped...", "After complaining that he couldn't find a good hamburger in Columbus, Thomas decided to open his own restaurant. On November 15, 1969, he opened the first Wendy's restaurant, named for his eight-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou, known as Wendy. She was the youngest of his five children with his wife Lorraine, whom he married in 1956. Known for its square hamburgers and choice of toppings, Wendy's quickly caught on and within less than a decade grew into a franchise of 1,000 stores.", "Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou (nicknamed \"Wendy\" by her siblings).", "But in 1969, Thomas wanted to go out on his own, and so he opened the first Wendy's in Columbus, Ohio. He stressed fresh, rather than frozen, meat served as square patties prepared fresh and served \"hot off the grill.\" Wendy's was also the first fast food restaurant to build a drive-through window in 1970. That cut down on labor costs because carhops were no longer needed, and all of the fast food chains built drive-throughs within a few years.", "Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in a former steakhouse on a cold, snowy Saturday in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter Melinda Lou (nicknamed Wendy by her siblings).", "Mr. Thomas's greatest fame came from his Horatio Alger-style success story in building an empire of Wendy's restaurants, a dream that began with his frustration at being unable to find a good hamburger in downtown Columbus, Ohio. When he opened his first restaurant, on Nov. 15, 1969, his biggest ambition was that he might eventually expand so he could give each of his five children a place to work in the summer.", "...Pam Powers MBA 516 Case Study: Wendy’s Chili: A costing Conundrum Dave Thomas was a man with a vision. He began his career in Columbus, Ohio in 1969 when he purchased a Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) franchise that was unprofitable. Dave turned that franchise into a profitable business and sold it back to KFC at a substantial profit. Dave had also co-founded Arthur Treacher’s Fish &amp; Chips and was very familiar with the quick-service industry. However,...", "** Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou (nicknamed \"Wendy\" by her siblings).", "Today Wendy's is in 34 countries with 5,000 US restaurants. Dave Thomas died January 8, 2002, but there's no danger he'll be forgotten --- at least not on one particular corner in downtown Columbus. The corporation has added many more items to its Home of the First Wendy's Restaurant. The walls of the dining room and ordering area are covered with displays, photographs, and artifacts.", "Wendy's Intemational, Inc. was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1969 by Mr. R. David Thomas. Prior to that time, Mr. Thomas had purchased an unprofitable Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise in the Columbus area, turned it around, and subsequently sold it back to Kentucky Fried Chicken at a substantial profit. He then became a co-founder of Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips. So at the time he founded Wendy's, Mr. Thomas was no stranger to the quick-service food industry. Although he had been involved with businesses specializing in chicken and fish, Mr. Thomas's favorite food was hamburgers, and he frequently complained that there was no place in Columbus to get a really good hamburger without waiting thirty minutes or more. Someone finally suggested (whether in earnest or in jest was debatable) that he get into the hamburger business and make his own. After thinking it over, that's just what he did, and he named his new Company after his eight-year-old daughter, Wendy. His goal was to provide consumers with bigger and better hamburgers that were cooked to order, served quickly, and reasonably priced. By offering what he believed was a different product, Wendy's went after a different segment ofthe hamburger marketyoung adults and adults. In so doing, Mr. Thomas did not view his Company as \"just another hamburger chain.\"", "Dave Thomas - Mini Biography (TV-14; 2:15) Wendy’s founder Dave Thomas found enormous success with his fast food chain, despite coming from humble beginnings.", "It was during this early period that the Colonel met Dave Thomas. Dave at the time was working as a cook for the Clauss family operators of the Hobby House restaurants. It was Dave who developed the classic wobbly red-and-white striped chicken bucket that became the classic sign outside of each Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant, and who also streamlined the method of delivery by creating the “snake” line still used today in many restaurants. Against the Colonel’s advice, Dave took over eight failing restaurants and was so successful in turning them around that he was able to sell the restaurants and begin his own chain of hamburger restaurants, named after his daughter Melinda Lou “Wendy” Thomas.", "Peller was soon after replaced by Wendy's founder Dave Thomas himself. Soft-spoken and bashful, the \"Dave\" ads generally focused on Thomas praising his products and offering a commitment to quality service, although there would occasionally be \"wackier\" ads as well. Thomas ultimately appeared in more than 800 commercials, more than any other company founder in television history. ", "Through his work at the Hobby House, Dave met Colonel Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (now KFC) and the man who became one of the greatest influences in his life. In 1962, Dave had a chance to turn around four failing KFC restaurants in Columbus, Ohio owned by his Hobby House boss, Phil Clauss. Four years later, by using his experience and determination, he turned the stores around, sold the restaurants back to KFC and received a percentage of the sale - a millionaire at age 35.", "when he was 15 years old, and when his family decided to leave Fort Wayne to move again, he refused to leave, dropping out of school in the 10th grade and going to work full time. Foray into Restaurant Business Thomas served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War as the manager of an enlisted-men's club. Upon returning to Fort Wayne, Thomas found his former boss at the Hobby House restaurant, Phil Clauss, owned some of the first franchises of the budding Kentucky Fried Chicken chain. Clauss offered Thomas the opportunity to move to Columbus, Ohio, to turn around the restaurants, which were failing. Colonel Sanders's signature chicken had been a big hit for the Hobby House and Thomas thought he could sell it in Ohio. By 1968, a few short years later, a 35-year-old Thomas sold the franchises back to the headquarters for $1.5 million.", "Coincidently, Dave Thomas got into the fast food business by franchising several KFC stores in Ohio. He was the one who came up the idea that the chicken should be sold in paper buckets to wick away excess moisture, and he also came up with the rotating bucket-of-chicken advertising sign that, at one time, was outside every KFC.", "Ohio is history's not-so-ancient Cradle of Fast Food, where many a restaurant chain traces its 20th century origins (BurgerBoy, Sisters Chicken and Biscuits, RAX, Bob Evans). Wendy's is on top of this triple-meat heap, operating restaurants around the world. While the saga told of other fast food giants often starts with a single local restaurant and a secret chicken or shake recipe, Wendy's, with its upscale square burgers, seemed conceived from the start as an infinitely expandable franchise.", "The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology. Columbus is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest private research and development foundation; Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, one of the largest universities in the United States. , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500: Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. The fast-food corporations Wendy's and White Castle are also based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area.", "In 1953, Dave returned to his job and restaurant family at the Hobby House. A new waitress, Lorraine Buskirk, caught his eye; they married in 1954. Dave also met Colonel Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (now KFC) and one of his strongest mentors. When Phil Clauss bought a KFC franchise, Dave was in the chicken business.", "In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism. Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of \"fried\". The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched throughout the chain, including spicy \"Hot Wings\" (launched in 1990), popcorn chicken (1992), and internationally, the \"Zinger\", a spicy chicken fillet burger (1993). By 1994, KFC had 5,149 outlets in the US, and 9,407 overall, with over 100,000 employees. In August 1997, PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public company valued at US$4.5 billion (around US$6.5 billion in 2013). The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants, and at the time had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US$10 billion (around US$14 billion in 2013), making it second in the world only to McDonald's. Tricon was renamed Yum! Brands in May 2002.", "The world's largest chain of fast food restaurants that serve around 68 million customers each day in 119 countries began operation in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant run by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California. The original restaurant was named \"McDonald's Famous Barbeque\" and served over forty barbequed items.", "KFC was one of the first fast-food chains to expand internationally, opening outlets in England, Mexico and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the 1970s and 80s, KFC experienced mixed success domestically, as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business. In the early 1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein, which was taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate, which later sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas, and in 1987 KFC became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China.", "Sanders died, at the age of 90, in 1980; Harman, at 95, in 2014. Last week, with security guards on hand to manage the crowd of eager patrons, KFC opened the first U.S. fast-food-chain restaurant in Rangoon, Burma. That’s a long way, in time and place, from Corbin, Kentucky, where once, in the early 1930s, a travelling salesman exclaimed to a service-station manager, “Damn! There ain’t a decent place around here to eat!”", "Richard James “Dick” McDonald (February 16, 1909 – July 14, 1998) and his brother, Maurice James “Mac” McDonald (November 26, 1902 – December 11, 1971) were early American fast food pioneers, who established the first McDonald’s restaurant at 14th and E street in San Bernardino, California in 1940.  They", "Ad Hoc, in Yountville, initially opened as a temporary concept, a place-holder restaurant, if you permit. Owner Thomas Keller (of French Laundry fame) intended to turn it into a first-class Burger Joint, and so he chose a name to indicate the slap-dash effort to get the doors open.", "“I decree: let there be a coney joint on every corner,” Mitten State founder Steve Michigan didn’t say, because he isn’t real. But the coney thing, well, that’s very, very real, as you can find a Michigan-made dog pretty much everywhere. And when your state’s as long as Michigan from wrist to the tip of the Upper Peninsula, “everywhere” means a lot of land. But it’s not just hot dogs that make Michigan’s fast food exemplary: it’s also the abundance of local chains. Starting with National and other cultishly beloved fast spots in the D (what up, Travis burgers!), a trip North gets you something different in every part of the state, from Halo Burger to Big John Steak & Onion and Freeway Fritz (selling Frankenmuth fried chicken) all the way up to grab-n-go pasties above the Mackinac. Michigan takes its car food seriously (understandable, given the automotive history).", "Hughes began purchasing all restaurant chains and four star hotels that had been founded within the state of Texas. This included, if for only a short period, many unknown franchises currently out of business. He placed ownership of the restaurants with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and all licenses were resold shortly after." ]

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[ "FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is the international governing association of the sport of football, known as soccer in the United States. In fact, it is the largest sporting governing body in the world. Headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, this organization is accountable for management of the major international football tournaments, the most notable being the FIFA World Cup™. The World Cup™, held every four years, is a competition between men's teams representing various nations. Over 200 associations are members of the organization, making it the world's second largest international association, with the United Nations being the largest.", "The Fédération Internationale de Football Association, universally known by its acronym FIFA, is the international governing body of football (soccer).", "FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is the international governing body of association football. It is one of the world's oldest and largest NGOs, being founded on 21 May 1904. It has since expanded to include 209 member associations.", "FIFA: Federation Internationale de Football Association - the official governing body of international soccer since 1904.", "As you all know Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. At the turn of the 21st century the game was played by over 250 million players in over 200 countries making it the world’s most popular sport. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by the Football Association in 1863, and have changed significantly since that time. Association football is governed internationally by FIFA, which organises the FIFA World Cup every four years .", "* International Federations (IFs) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) is the IF for association football, and the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball is the international governing body for volleyball. There are currently 35 IFs in the Olympic Movement, representing each of the Olympic sports. ", "The FIFA World Cup (also called the Football World Cup, the Soccer World Cup, or simply the World Cup) is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association, the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.", "Soccer is a game played by two opposing teams on a field 90 to 120 meters long and 45 to 90 meters wide. In international matches, the measurements are stricter. The minimum length is 100 meters and it cannot exceed 110 meters. The width has to be between 64 and 75 meters. The goal of the game is to kick or head the ball into the opponent's goal without the use of hands. There is a penalty area at the goal line where the goal is. It is 16.5 by 11 meters wide. Goalkeepers may use their hands in this area but not once they venture beyond its boundaries. This is the only time hands can be used in a game. The ball, usually made of leather, is 68 to 70 centimeters in circumference and weighs between 410 and 450 grams. It is constructed of 32 black and white panels, 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. The duration of one match is 90 minutes and it is played in two 45 minute halves. Each team consists of 11 players. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is the official governing body of soccer worldwide. They are responsible for both the Olympics and the World Cup. According to the FIFA, the official name of soccer is association football. The name soccer is said to be derived from its official name, association football.", "The International Football Association Board or the IFAB and the Federation Internationale de Football Association or the FIFA are the governing body of the international football.", "FIFA is composed of 209 member associations, each representing organized soccer in a particular nation or territory, including the United States and four of its overseas territories.  FIFA also recognizes six continental confederations that assist it in governing soccer in different regions of the world.  The U.S. Soccer Federation is one of 41 member associations of the confederation known as CONCACAF, which has been headquartered in the United States throughout the period charged in the indictment.  The South American confederation, called CONMEBOL, is also a focus of the indictment. ", "FIFA which stands for Federation Internationale de Football Association, was formed in 1904. FIFA embarked on creating an international soccer tournament separate from the Olympics. The formation of the World Cup was a means of meeting its main aim of developing the game and setting up a better future. Though it took the governing body a number of years to successfully organize an international competition, the sport has subsequently grown to be the most popular sporting event in the world.", "'LONDON -- In almost four decades, first under the rule of the Brazilian João Havelange and then his successor, Sepp Blatter, the world governing body of soccer, FIFA, has grown rich, powerful and corrupt. Journalists have said it. A few administrators, like the former FIFA general secretary, Michel Zen-Ruffinen, were dismissed for saying it. But'", "In 1904 the International Association of Football (FIFA) was formed. It has become the world’s most important football organization. Today, all countries have national leagues in which teams play against each other for the national title. In Europe, the best teams compete in a tournament called the Champions League.", "International Federations (IFs), the governing bodies of a sport (e.g. FIFA, the IF for football (soccer) , and the FIVB, the international governing body for volleyball .)", "FIFA is committed by its Statutes not only to the positive promotion of football through development programmes, but also to supervising international competitions and to safeguarding the sport and its good image against abuse of its rules and regulations. And FIFA sees to it that the game is played to one unified set of rules, the Laws of the Game, all over the world.  View Site »", "Although FIFA does not control the rules of football (that being the responsibility of the International Football Association Board), it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2013 FIFA had revenues of over 1,3 billion U.S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million, and had cash reserves of over 1,4 billion U.S. dollars.", "The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA,; ; ) is the administrative body for association football in Europe, although several member states are primarily or entirely located in Asia. It is one of six continental confederations of world football's governing body FIFA. UEFA consists of 55 national association members.", "The need for a single body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in the rear of the headquarters of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques at the Rue Saint Honoré 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries. The founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain (represented by Madrid Football Club; the Spanish federation was not created until 1913), Sweden and Switzerland. Also, that same day, the German Association declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram.", "Originating in the UK and now popular all over the world but particularly in Europe and Latin America. The modern game is played in the UK according to the rules laid down by the home countries' football associations. Slight amendments to the rules take effect in certain competitions and international matches as laid down by the sport's world governing body, F�d�ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA, 1904). FIFA organizes the competitions for the World Cup, held every four years since 1930.", "The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.", "The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) was founded in the rear of the headquarters of the Union Française de Sports Athlétiques at the rue Saint Honoré 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904. The first World Cup was held in 1930 in Uruguay.", "The United European Football Association, or UEFA, is the governing body for soccer in Europe.  It is comprised of the national federations for over fifty nations in Europe and Central Asia (its members include Israel and Kazakhstan).  It administers the game through the national federations, while also hosting its own competitions.  These are very prestigious world-wide events that are second only to the World Cup itself.  UEFA's two club competitions, the Champions League and UEFA Cup, are intensely followed through the soccer season.  Its primary international competition, the European Championships, pits country against country.  It is a mini-World Cup, full of intrigue and passion.", "The FIFA World Cup™ is the biggest single-event sporting competition in the world and is contested by the senior men's national teams from the 208 Member Associations of FIFA.", "This organization not only operates at the international level, but it also has confederations governing the game in the different continents and regions of the world. Most national federations qualify their teams for entry into FIFA competitions by claiming membership to both FIFA and their region's confederation.", "FIFA sucks as a governing body. Stodgy, monolithic, power-mad – all terms that would be fair to apply to this crappy organization. For governing the world's most popular sport they're probably the world's WORST governing body.", "FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations. Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided: Africa, Asia, Europe, North & Central America and the Caribbean, Oceania and South America.", "FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 209 national associations. Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided: Africa, Asia, Europe, North & Central America and the Caribbean, Oceania and South America.", "In October 2015, Blatter and other top FIFA officials were suspended amid the investigation, and in December the independent FIFA Ethics Committee ejected Blatter from office and banned him from taking part in any FIFA activities over the following eight years. On 24 February 2016, a FIFA appeals committee upheld the suspension but reduced it from eight years to six. Issa Hayatou served as the acting President of FIFA until an extraordinary FIFA Congress was held in late February, electing Gianni Infantino as the 9th president of FIFA.", "In October 2015, Blatter and other top FIFA officials were suspended amid the investigation, and in December the independent FIFA Ethics Committee banned Blatter from taking part in any FIFA activities over the following eight years. On 24 February 2016, a FIFA appeals committee upheld the suspension but reduced it from eight years to six. Issa Hayatou served as the acting President of FIFA until an extraordinary FIFA Congress was held in late February, electing Gianni Infantino as the 9th president of FIFA. ", "The International Federations (IFs): these are international non-governmental organisations administering one or several sports at world", "Surprisingly so, Blatter, 78, who has been supreme leader of FIFA since 1998 has disgustingly decided to run for a fifth term. Unbelievable. Sepp has been meeting with representatives from FIFA’s 209 member nations to gather support for next year’s vote after reversing a decision to stand aside. His campaign comes at a time of immense pressure from sponsors over corruption claims linked to the awarding of the 2022 World Cup to Qatar.", "These statutes came into effect on 1 September, [year?], by which time Germany had also joined by Telegram. The first FIFA Congress was held on 23 May 1904 – Robert Guérin was elected President, Victor E. Schneider of Switzerland and Carl Anton Wilhelm Hirschmann of the Netherlands were made Vice Presidents, and Louis Muhlinghaus of Belgium was appointed Secretary and Treasurer with the help of Ludvig Sylow of Denmark." ]

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[ "\"The Manassa Mauler\" Jack Dempsey was an aggressive, hard-hitting American boxer who held the world heavyweight title for an astounding seven years between 1919 and 1926. Other than Joe Louis' 11-year title reign, Dempsey's reign as heavyweight titleholder is the longest ever.", "Jack Dempsey held boxing’s World Heavyweight Championship belt for seven years, from 1919 to 1926. Because of his aggressive power, Dempsey was one of the most popular boxers in his time. Of the 83 fights he fought in, Dempsey won 65, winning 51 of those by knock-out. He only lost six of the 83. His nicknames include “Manassa Mauler” and “Kid Blackie.”", "Jack Dempsey - Also known as \"Kid Blackie\" and \"The Manassa Mauler\", was an American professional boxer who became a cultural icon of the 1920s. Dempsey held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926, and his aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history.", "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), known as the The Manassa Mauler, was an American professional boxer. He was a cultural icon of the 1920s. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history.", "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (\"The Manassa Mauler\") (June 24, 1895-May 31, 1983) was an American professional boxer and cultural icon of the 1920s. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million dollar gate. He is listed #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers. In 1950, the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame; he was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.", "* Jack Dempsey (born in Manassa) – professional boxer, nicknamed \"the Manassa Mauler\", regarded as boxing's World Heavyweight Champion from 1919 to 1926 Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame (1990); author of two books relating to hand-to-hand combat", "Jack Dempsey, byname of William Harrison Dempsey, also called the Manassa Mauler (born June 24, 1895, Manassa, Colo., U.S.—died May 31, 1983, New York , N.Y.), American world heavyweight boxing champion, regarded by many as the apotheosis of the professional fighter. He held the title from July 4, 1919, when he knocked out Jess Willard in three rounds in Toledo , Ohio, until Sept. 23, 1926, when he lost a 10-round decision to Gene Tunney in Philadelphia . Dempsey fought 84 bouts, winning 62, 51 of which were by knockout.", "The great boxing icon Jack Dempsey who held the World Heavyweight Championship title from 1919 to 1926 was a boxer famous for his aggression, powerful punches, and amazing speed. Counted amongst the Top 100 Greatest Punchers for all time, Dempsey is one of the most popular boxers ever in history. This boxing champion was born as William Harrison Dempsey and discovered his talent for fighting as a youngster. During his initial years he used to box under the pseudonym âKid Blackieâ before adopting the name âJack Dempseyâ as a tribute to his idol, the 19th century boxing champion Jack âNonpareliâ Dempsey. He started boxing as a means to earn money as a teenager. Confident of his powerful build and strength, he challenged people to fight him at saloons. He won most of these fights and decided to train as a boxer. Soon he gained the reputation for being a powerful puncher who could knock out his opponents within seconds. His moment of crowing glory occurred when he beat the boxing giant Jess Willard to win the heavyweight titleâthis victory earned him the epithet âManassa Maulerâ, a name which inspired fear in the minds of his opponents for years to come. He was inducted into the Boxing hall of Fame in 1951.", "Max Baer was the reigning heavyweight champion when this May 1935 issue of The Ring was published. He would lose to James Braddock the next month, having held the title exactly one year. Although immensely popular, many felt that he did not live up to his abilities as a fighter. That cannot be said of Jack Dempsey, the “Manassa Mauler,” considered by many one of the great boxers of all time and a sports icon of the1920s. The Library’s holdings of The Ring are incomplete and many volumes are brittle. This issue and several dozen others, all from the 1930s, were donated by the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra in an effort to aid the Library’s ongoing effort to complete its holdings.", "A year prior Gene Tunney had shocked sport's fans by handling Jack Dempsey and capturing his heavyweight crown. Known as \"The Manasa Mauler,\" Dempsey was behind only Babe Ruth as the biggest sports star of the 1920s. He was an explosive, relentless whirlwind of violence with a brutal lead hook and a stunning overhand right.", "“The Manassa Mauler” as Jack Dempsey was commonly known, was the heavyweight boxing champion from 1919 to 1926. He is ranked as number 52 out of the Top 100 Athletes of the 20th century", "Jack Dempsey American Boxer Held world heavyweight title from 1919 to 1926 Member of international boxing hall of Fame Known as The Manassa Mauler Best. - ppt download", "Jack Dempsey, one of the most formidable and popular boxers of all time, was born in Manassa, Colorado, in 1895. One of 11 children, he left home at age 16 and traveled around Colorado's mining towns, earning a living boxing under the name of \"Kid Blackie.\" In 1916, he abandoned saloon-floor matches in favor of professional bouts and earned a reputation as a quick and lethal fighter who generally knocked out his opponents at some point in the first round.", "A former hobo who had fought for his supper, he won the heavyweight title in 1919 with a ferocious defeat of Jess Willard. As the Manassa Mauler, he defeated Georges Carpentier two years later in a bout which attracted the first one million dollar gate.", "(William Harrison Dempsey), 1895–1983, American boxer, b. Manassa, Colo. Dempsey, called the \"Manassa Mauler,\" emerged from fights on saloon floors near mining camps to become (1919) the world's heavyweight champion and one of the major sports figures of the 1920s. He sealed his slugging reputation in his first title fight by knocking down the gigantic champion, Jess Willard, seven times in the first three minutes. Dempsey held the crown until losing to Gene Tunney Tunney, Gene", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer. Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified. Ali would go on to become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion. Nicknamed \"The Greatest,\" Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were three with rival Joe Frazier, which are considered among the greatest in boxing history, and one with George Foreman, where he finally regained his stripped titles seven years later. Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as \"floating like a butterfly, stinging like a bee\", and employing techniques such as the Ali Shuffle and the rope-a-dope. Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports and through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete in the world. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would \"trash talk\" opponents, often with rhymes.", "Career notes: Held world heavyweight title from 1919 to 1926, although only six of his fights during that period were official title defenses. Furious two-fisted punching style was hugely popular with fans. Engaged in some of the most celebrated battles of all time, including with Luis Angel Firpo and Gene Tunney. The \"Manassa Mauler\" was the face of boxing at a time when it was still, along with baseball and horse racing, the most popular sport in the land. Rakishly handsome and charismatic outside the ring, was all-action inside it, brandishing a breathtaking, go-for-broke fighting style. Won the title by shattering the jaw of giant Jess Willard. When he lost it, by decision to Tunney in 1926, it was in front of the largest paid attendance in the history of boxing -- more than 120,000 spectators. In rematch, floored Tunney for a count of nine, the infamous \"long count\" in which Tunney was actually on the canvas for 14 seconds. After losing rematch, retired and opened a restaurant in New York.", "Dempsey soon became known as the “Manassa Mauler”, a nickname earned by his aggressive—and extremely successful— boxing style:", "Began his boxing career as Kid Blackie and fought in mining and lumberjack camps, bars, saloons, and hobo camps.", "He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. He is listed at #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers. In 1950, the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame; he was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.", "On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, age 22, defeats champion Sonny Liston in a technical knockout to win the world heavyweight boxing crown. The highly anticipated match took place in Miami Beach, Florida. Clay, who later became known to the world as Muhammad Ali, went on to become the first fighter to capture the heavyweight title three times.", "The United States became the center of professional boxing in the early 20th century. The National Boxing Association was founded in 1921 and began to sanction title fights. In the 1960s and 1970s, Muhammad Ali became an iconic figure, transformed the role and image of the African American athlete in America by his embrace of racial pride, and transcended the sport by refusing to serve in the Vietnam War. In the 1980s and 1990s, major boxers such as Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe were marked by crime and self-destruction.", "Ernie Terrell was once the WBA World Heavyweight champion in the early 1960s. Oscar Bonavena was one of the best boxers to ever come out of Argentina from that same period. Both men are remembered most for the same thing: Refusing to call Muhammad Ali by his new name (referring to him by his former name of Cassius Clay) and Ali beating the brakes off of both of them in response. Terrell claimed that he knew Ali as Clay from the amateur circuit, so that's the name he was used to and used. Bonavena had no such excuse: He called Ali a \"black kangaroo\" and mocked him as a draft dodger. He did this after the Terrell beating.", "One of the more famous knockout artists ever, Joseph “Sandy” Saddler had one of the best punches in history. Of his 144 wins, an incredible 103 of them were by knockout. A lanky, rangy guy, Saddler fought mostly in Featherweight– he was a two-time champion in that division, along with once winning the Junior Lightweight crown. He was known for being a bit of a ruffian in the ring with a reputation as a dirty fighter, but he actually had great boxing fundamentals. Saddler is most famous for being one of the only boxers ever to have a winning record against Willie Pep, whom he fought four times and won three. He was forced to relinquish his title in 1957 after an auto accident resulted in him having a detached retina. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990, and was later named the 2nd greatest featherweight of the 20th century. Not too shabby for a guy whose nickname sounds like a snake might hiss it at you.", "Though Max lost his next two big-name fights, against contenders, Johnny Risko and Paolino Uzcudun , he showed more patience in the ring and better boxing technique, proving that he was listening to the advice given him by Loughran and Dempsey. The hard work paid dividends as Max won ten consecutive fights within an ten-month period. Included among the wins were rematches with Risko, Kennedy, and Heeney, as well as two decisions over contender King Levinsky . By the Summer of 1932, Max was finally a legitimate contender for the heavyweight championship of the world. On August 31, 1932, he fought a rematch with slick boxing Ernie Schaaf . Though he fell slightly behind on points in the early going, Baer had paced himself for a long fight and turned slugger in the ninth. For two rounds, he belted Ernie around the ring and, with two seconds to go in the fight, landed a devastating right that put his opponent flat on his face, completely unconscious. Because the bell rang before the referee could complete his count, Baer was robbed of the official knockout, but he did walk away with the ten-round decision. When Schaaf suffered mortal injuries early in his fight with Primo Carnera just months later, many speculated that it was the leftover effects of his fight with Baer that truly did the fatal damage.", "When Clay beat Liston, he was the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, a mark that stood until Mike Tyson won the title (age 20) from Trevor Berbick on November 22, 1986. At the time, Floyd Patterson (dethroned by Liston) had been the youngest heavyweight champ ever (age 21), but he won the title during an elimination tournament following Rocky Marciano’s retirement by defeating Archie Moore, the light-heavyweight champion at the time.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (; born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer. He held the undisputed world heavyweight championship and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. This made him the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "In his cover story in the June 7, 1965, issue of SI, for example, Maule wrote that “the knockout punch itself was thrown with the amazing speed that differentiates Clay [as he was still called then by most in the media] from any other heavyweight. He leaned away from one of Liston’s ponderous, pawing left jabs, planted his left foot solidly and whipped his right hand over Liston’s left arm and into the side of Liston’s jaw. The blow had so much force it lifted Liston’s left foot, upon which most of his weight was resting, well off the canvas.”", "(James Joseph Tunney), 1898–1978, American boxer, b. New York City. He began boxing in neighborhood clubs as a youngster. In World War I, he served in the U.S.", "Black heavyweight who was hated by white America because of his arrogant manner. He was forced to win the heavyweight title in Australia after bigotry prevented him fighting in his native land. Despite the controversy of his life he was an outstanding boxer.", "Tunney also had a brief acting career, starring in the movie The Fighting Marine in 1926. Unfortunately, no prints of this film are known to exist. He was elected as Ring Magazine's first-ever Fighter of the Year in 1928 and later elected to the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990 and the United States Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame in 2001.", "By the 1930s African-American boxers began to displace the white ethnics atop the ranks, joined by Hispanic fighters at mid-century. Girls, too, joined the amateur boxing ranks by the 1980s in training programs offered by park districts, police athletic associations, and private gyms. While most engaged in the activity in pursuit of personal fitness, a very visible minority joined the annual Golden Gloves tournaments for competition, with a select few attaining professional status in televised bouts. Though few have found material success in the pastime, boxing has assumed both historic and symbolic value in the physicality and toughness required and admired by working-class youth." ]

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[ "The Meow Mix Company operates from a 200000 sqft facility in Decatur, Alabama and produces Alley Cat brand cat food products. Originally a product of Ralston Purina, Meow Mix was divested for antitrust reasons in the early 2000s. The brand was acquired by Del Monte Foods in May, 2006. Their most famous slogan is, “Tastes so good, cats ask for it by name.”", "Meow meow meow meow ... who remembers this catchy tune sung by cats, for cats, in Meow Mix's television commercials? The brand released a simple but telling tagline: \"Tastes So Good, Cats Ask For It By Name.\"", "I want turkey, salmon and chicken. Oceanfish flavors, keep me singin' now you know the cat's meow means meow mix. meow mix. meow, meow, meow. Meow mix comes in two varietys original and seafood middles a medley of mackeral tuna and crunchy centers bursting with seafood flavors. Meow mix, taste so good cats ask for it by name. MEEEEOOWWW.(Mix).", "The Ad-dressing of Cats You've read of several kinds of Cat, And my opinion now is that You should need no interpreter To understand their character. You now have learned enough to see That Cats are much like you and me And other people whom we find Possessed of various types of mind. For some are sane and some are mad And some are good and some are bad And some are better, some are worse-- But all may be described in verse. You've seen them both at work and games, And learnt about their proper names, Their habits and their habitat: But how would you ad-dress a Cat? So first, your memory I'll jog, And say: A CAT IS NOT A DOG. And you might now and then supply Some caviare, or Strassburg Pie, Some potted grouse, or salmon paste-- He's sure to have his personal taste. (I know a Cat, who makes a habit Of eating nothing else but rabbit, And when he's finished, licks his paws So's not to waste the onion sauce.) A Cat's entitled to expect These evidences of respect. And so in time you reach your aim, And finally call him by his NAME. So this is this, and that is that: And there's how you AD-DRESS A CAT.", "The show is based on statistics and opinion polls, and draws on polls produced by a variety of organisations and new polls commissioned for the programme, carried out by Harris Poll. The title is derived from a well-known advertising tagline for Whiskas cat food, which claimed that \"8 out of 10 cats prefer Whiskas\". ", "The name 8 out of 10 cats come from the old Whiskas advert '8 out of 10 cats prefer Whiskas to any other cat food' See more »", "The toxin is destroyed by cooking so the tomato juice in cans of sardines, pilchards and other fish is safe to eat. Some cats also like the juice from cans of baked beans, but these may contain harmful preservatives. As with all canned treats - read the label.", "Domestic cats select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. Cats may reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past. They may also avoid sugary foods and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugars in milk are not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea. They can also develop odd eating habits. Some cats like to eat or chew on other things, most commonly wool, but also plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten. ", "LG: We spray it around the enclosure in lots of little concentrated sprays, and when the cats come out and smell it, they literally roll onto the ground, rub their cheeks all over it, and rub their faces with it. I guess it’s kind of like the reaction that you get from a cat when it’s enjoying catnip, they just seem to be in absolute heaven.", "Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa, about in area, which is about twice that of humans. Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands. Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion. About 70—80% of cats are affected by nepetalactone. This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors. ", "The Cat is extremely fond of asking \"What is it?\". This is occasionally repeated to the point of an Overly Long Gag .", "One of the earliest-known European references to the food was made by the Italian herbalist,  Pietro Andrae Matthioli , who first classified the “golden apple” as a nightshade and a mandrake— a category of food known as an aphrodisiac . The mandrake has a history that dates back to the Old Testament; it is referenced twice as the Hebrew word dudaim, which roughly translates to “love apple.” (In Genesis, the mandrake is used as a love potion). Matthioli’s classification of the tomato as a mandrake had later ramifications. Like similar fruits and vegetables in the solanaceae family—the eggplant for example, the tomato garnered a shady reputation for being both poisonous and a source of temptation. (Editor’s note: This sentence has been edited to clarify that it was the mandrake, not the tomato, that is believed to have been referenced in the Old Testament)", "High On Catnip : Parodied in \"Cat Orgy\". Kitty brings her tomcat friends in the house, dumps catnip on the floor, and one of the cats snorts it.", "Fact: While most cats hate baths, many find running water fascinating and spend time pawing at dripping faucets or demanding their guardians turn on the water for a fresh, cool drink. Kittens, in particular, find sinks and showers a source of amusement, although for most the thrill lessens with age. One breed, the Turkish Van , is nicknamed “the swimming cat” for its swimming prowess and love of all things wet. (All cats need plenty of water to drink, read tips for helping your cat drink more water )", "A cat's tongue does not have the ability to taste sweets. (Which is why they're always ornery, I'll bet.)", "In folk medicine, catnip leaves and flowers are usually steeped to make a pleasant tasting tea. Consumed prior to bedtime catnip tea is widely believed to hasten slumber and aid in achieving a restful nights sleep. It is also employed as a remedy in the treatment of tension and anxiety, and is mentioned as being a useful calmative for hyperactive children.", "langues du chat: cat's tongues, a thin oblong cookie, three inches in length, with a faint citrus scent", "The cat-like animal ingests the coffee cherries needed for this bizarre delicacy, but doesn't digest them. The animal passes the beans through its digestive tract to be picked up by waiting humans.", "There's this tabby cat that comes to visit us. I don't know who's cat he is (I think it's a 'he' anyway) and I don't know where he lives, but he's usually pretty hungry when he comes to see us. Of course, me being me, I started to give him some cat biscuits to eat when he comes to visit. And, Kelly being Kelly, he started to give him some too. I don't know what his name really is, but I call him \"Tabby.\" For one thing, it fits because of him being a tabby cat, for another, it's a unisex name, so, if it turns out I'm wrong and he is actually a she, well, the name will still work. And, it's better than saying \"that cat that comes to visit\" every time we mention him. So, anyway, now when Tabby comes to visit we feed him and last night when he came to visit, he even let us - or, rather, he let Kelly - pet him! He's never allowed either of us to do that before!", "A. kolomikta, ranging from Japan to Manchuria and western China, has blue, oblong-ovoid fruits, of sweet flavor. Cats are very partial to the plant.", "Meow Mix is a variety of dry and wet cat food known for its advertising jingle. It is a product of The J.M. Smucker Company as of March 23, 2015. Meow Mix was introduced in 1974 and sells many flavors too. It also is known for selling Alley Cat dry cat food. Their current slogan is \"It's all about the mix\".", "* Catnip Catnip contains a sedative known as nepetalactone that activates opioid receptors. In cats it elicits sniffing, licking, chewing, head shaking, rolling, and rubbing which are indicators of pleasure. In humans, however, catnip does not act as a euphoriant. ", "‘I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye, How the Owl and the Panther were sharing a pie—’ [later editions continued as follows The Panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat, While the Owl had the dish as its share of the treat. When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon, Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon: While the Panther received knife and fork with a growl, And concluded the banquet—]", "“What a luxury a cat is, the moments of shocking and startling pleasure in a day, the feel of the beast, the soft sleekness under your palm, the warmth when you wake on a cold night, the grace and charm even in a quite ordinary workaday puss. Cat walks across your room, and in that lonely stalk you see leopard or even panther, or it turns its head to acknowledge you and the yellow blaze of those eyes tells you what an exotic visitor you have here, in this household friend, the cat who purrs as you stroke, or rub his chin, or scratch his head.”", "The contents of the tinned catfood vary. Read the labels. Some varieties are excellent without any carb fillers. Unfortunately this brand is no longer available in Canada. I think it was too low cost for the pet shops to be making money on it. Either that or other manufacturers pushed them out of the market here. Or it was not advertised.", "Meow Mix® brand understands the special bond you and your cat share. He's your buddy, your friend, a part of the family. We believe mealtime is a special moment between you and your cat and a chance to show him how much you care.", "A wise cat owner is one who feeds the balanced foods of major cat food manufacturers who research nutrition for cats.", "Comment \"The most interesting creature alive. And the smartest. Keeping lice captive to drink their sap... wow!!!\"", "Fritti Tailchaser, along with companions Eatbugs and Pouncequick and a host of both supporting feline characters and mythical felines in the Tad Williams novel, Tailchaser's Song.", "Fritti Tailchaser, along with companions Eatbugs and Pouncequick and a host of both supporting feline characters and mythical felines in the Tad Williams novel, Tailchaser's Song .", "I do like cats. I feed so many cats that I'm a little bit pissed off at them right now because I spend a lot of time and money feeding them all the time. What they do, the way they get me to feed them, and my wife too-- I feed them here and in the islands. They just come and stare at you.", "The cute cuddly animals are quite hungry and you're the only one that can feed them. Identify the animal and guide him to his yumm..." ]

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[ "The primary setting for the show was a fictional street named Wisteria Lane . This was a fictional street, in a fictional town known as Fairview. The show centered on the lives of several women living on Wisteria Lane. The show was told through the voice of a deceased Wisteria Lane resident, who committed suicide in the first episode. The show aired for eight seasons and the story followed 13 years of the resident’s lives. The show was set between 2004 and 2008, followed by a five-year gap and then 2013 to 2017. Desperate Housewives showed viewers how the women worked through family issues and domestic struggles while uncovering secrets and solving crimes that were buried in a seemingly flawless and beautiful suburban neighborhood.", "Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama-mystery series created by Marc Cherry and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions. It aired Sundays at 9 P.M. Eastern/8 P.M. Central, on ABC from October 3, 2004, until May 13, 2012. Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner. Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily, George W. Perkins, John Pardee, Joey Murphy, David Grossman, and Larry Shaw. The main setting of the show was Wisteria Lane, a street in the fictional American town of 'Fairview' in the fictional 'Eagle State'. The show followed the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of a dead neighbor who committed suicide in the very first episode. The storyline covers thirteen years of the women's lives over eight seasons, set between the years 2004–2008, and later 2013–2017. They worked through domestic struggles and family life, while facing the secrets, crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their — at the surface — beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood. The show featured an ensemble cast, headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer, Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo, Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp, and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis. Brenda Strong narrated the show as the deceased Mary Alice Young, appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences.", "Set on Wisteria Lane, a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State, Desperate Housewives followed the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode. The storyline covers thirteen years of the women's lives over eight seasons, set between the years 2004–2008, and later 2013–2017 (the story arc included a five-year passage of time, as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s). They worked through domestic struggles and family life, while facing the secrets, crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their—on the surface—beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood.", "Desperate Housewives is an American comedy-drama series that aired on ABC (American Broadcasting Company). It focuses on the residents living on the fictional Wisteria Lane as narrated by their deceased neighbor, Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong). Specifically, the series follows four protagonists and Mary Alice's friends, Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman), Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross), and Gabrielle Solis (Eva Longoria). Desperate Housewives features an ensemble cast, which also includes the women's husbands, children, love interests, neighbors, and other acquaintances.", "No. 4356; commonly known as the Simms House (before season one), The Delfino House (first three seasons), Mayfair House (season four to season six), the Graham House (first half of season seven) and then The Tilman House (middle of season seven to end of season seven); is a house situated on Wisteria Lane, in the town of Fairview. It is assumed that Katherine Mayfair sold the house to Emma Graham (Dana Glover), and then she sold it to Paul in season 7. Felicia Tilman was the owner of the house after inheriting it from her daughter, Beth. Ben Faulkner moved into the house at the start of season eight. It is not known whether Ben still lives in this house or if he moved in with his new wife Renee.", "No. 4348 (commonly called the Kemper house) is a house situated on Wisteria Lane in the town of Fairview. Rose Kemper resides there from pre series-season 5. In season 5 she goes to live in a nursing home and it is unknown who currently resides there.", "Currently Colonial Street – including Circle Drive – has sixteen main buildings, with three of them located outside the Desperate Housewives filming area. The house closest to the settings, located next to what's called 4348 Wisteria Lane within the show, is being used by guards to stop any unauthorized access to \"Wisteria Lane\". ", "Gabrielle Solis (née Márquez, formerly Lang) was born in Las Colinas, Texas. Her family is originally from Guadalajara, Mexico. Born on December 8, 1976, she has a brother and a sister. Her father died of cancer when she was five years old. From that point on, her mother, Lucia Márquez (María Conchita Alonso), married Alejandro Perez (Tony Plana) who sexually abused Gabrielle throughout her teenage years. According to Gabrielle, her mother overlooked the matter, and a nun at her school refused to believe her claims of having been raped. When she was fifteen, Gabrielle ran away to New York City to pursue a career in modeling. Gabrielle achieved significant success but earned a reputation for being difficult. As her career began to fade, she married wealthy businessman Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira), who proposed after only three dates. They then relocated to Wisteria Lane in the fictional suburb of Fairview, Eagle State, where Gabrielle befriended Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman), Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross), and Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong).", "The first season premiered on October 3 , 2004, and introduces the four central characters of the show: Susan Mayer, Lynette Scavo, Bree Van de Kamp and Gabrielle Solis, as well as their families and neighbors on Wisteria Lane. The main mystery of the season is the unexpected suicide of Mary Alice Young, and the involvement of her husband Paul Young (Mark Moses) and their son Zach (Cody Kasch) in the events leading up to it. Susan fights Edie Britt ( Nicollette Sheridan ) for the affection of new neighbor Mike Delfino (James Denton), Lynette struggles to cope with her demanding children, Bree fights to save her marriage to Rex Van de Kamp (Steven Culp), and Gabrielle tries to prevent her husband Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) from discovering that she is having an affair with their gardener, John Rowland (Jesse Metcalfe).", "No. 4351 (commonly known as The Old Applewhite House) is a house situated on Wisteria Lane, in the town of Fairview.", "The Munster family's multi-level Victorian home had the fictional address of 1313 Mockingbird Lane in Mockingbird Heights. (The town's location is not specified in the series, but in later incarnations, it is described as a small town outside Los Angeles. Leo Durocher, who was then coaching with the Los Angeles Dodgers, guest-starred as himself in one episode, further hinting that the show was set in, or near, Los Angeles.) The exterior shots were filmed on the Universal Studios backlot. In the 1950s, it was assembled with other homes on the backlot. Until production of The Munsters in 1964, the house could be seen as a backdrop on many shows, including Leave It to Beaver. It was also the home of the family in Shirley (ABC, 1979–80) and has appeared in other TV shows such as Coach and (after a remodel) Desperate Housewives. The interiors for the Munsters's mansion were filmed entirely on an enclosed sound stage.", "Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama series, created by Marc Cherry , who also serves as show runner , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . Executive producers, as of the fourth season, are Marc Cherry , Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee and Joey Murphy , David Grossman , Larry Shaw and Sabrina Wind.", "Fairview is a mostly residential area North and West of Downtown and Logantown. It borders Calvert Hills to the south at 12th Street, Downtown and Logantown to the east along 16th Ave and Willow Ave and then along Cherry Ave after 5th Street, and borders Juniata Gap Road to the north. Fairview is zoned as multiple household residential in the areas directly bordering Downtown, and transitions to single household residential after 21st Avenue, and eventually to suburban after 24th Ave. Many houses in the part of downtown near Fairview and lower Fairview are the middle-density mansions originally owned by managers and executives of the PRR. The most striking example of this is the Penn Alto residential hotel on the corner of 13th Avenue and 12th Street, which has two single-unit houses next to it. Conversely, there are several multistory residential and commercial buildings on 17th Avenue. One of the sections of the downtown is called \"Lower Fairview\" due to its transitional nature. The houses between 14th and 15th avenues (with two commercial buildings included) on 12th street are designed based on an architectural pattern used in Philadelphia's urban neighborhoods.", "And with \"Desperate Housewives\" airing its series finale tonight at 9/8c (ABC), we thought we'd pay homage to the show that featured so many amazing Latino stars, by taking a walk down memory lane (or should we say, Wisteria Lane).", "If Clark’s childhood home featured in those old movies looks familiar, that’s because it’s the same house featured on Bewitched as well as The New Gidget. Except it’s not a house at all; it’s part of the Warner Bros. back lot , located on what is known as Blondie Street. The rest of the Griswolds’ neighborhood is on a studio back lot as well. And if the home of their snooty neighbors, Todd and Margo, looks familiar, that’s because it’s where Roger Murtaugh (Danny Glover) and his family lived in Lethal Weapon.", "Like many TV shows, Desperate Housewives is present on popular social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter. It is the second most 'liked' ABC show on Facebook, with 12 million 'likes', which exceeds that of other popular ABC shows such as Modern Family, Once Upon A Time, Dancing with the Stars, and Lost. On Facebook, the show can be found under the title \"Desperate Housewives\" with a blue check mark to confirm that it is the official page. On Twitter, Desperate Housewives is listed as \"desperateABC\" and has more than 200,000 followers; again, a blue check mark is present as confirmation that it is official page. Desperate Housewives' official website is abc.go.com/desperatehousewives, but entering desperatehousewives.com will also locate the page. The website features character bios, quizzes, and episode descriptions. When Desperate Housewives was on the air the last five episodes would be available on the show's site or on the ABC Player App (now known as 'Watch ABC').", "Head west on Western Boulevard towards American Alley (which was used for scenes in 1997’s Inventing the Abbotts), then turn right onto Liberty Street. Number 226 is the stunning Queen Ann Victorian that Turner’s Peggy Sue called home, though these days it’s a private residence.", "742 Evergreen Terrace is the fictional street address in Springfield of the Simpson family home in the animated sitcom, The Simpsons and in the feature film The Simpsons Movie. In the series, the house is owned by Homer and Marge Simpson who live with their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The street name is a reference to The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, creator Matt Groening's alma mater.", "Some television families' home addresses: The Simpsons - 742 Evergreen Terrace, Springfield; The Bunkers (All In The Family) - 704 Hauser, Queens; The Munsters - 1313 Mockingbird Lane, Mockingbird Heights", "*The residents of the house between the houses of Gabrielle and of Susan are said to be Trent and Debra Nelson, although the Mullins is mentioned in the dialogue earlier in the same episode. This is the only time the Nelson's names has occurred in the series.", "There's a neighborhood in Glendale called Glassell Park and a street in Orange called Glassell Street. They're both named for an L.A. lawyer who specialized in real estate.", "When towns like Van Nuys and Lankershim became part of Los Angeles, some street names had to change so they didn’t conflict with L.A. roads. 7th changed its name to Leesdale to match up with a street out in the West Valley beet fields.", "Dear Mr. Burke, The real house in TENANT FARMER is not exactly on a quiet back road. It's on US Route 1, between Chadds Ford and Kennett Square. It's pretty close to the road, on the south side. It's called the Barnes-Brinton house.", "* Joel Fleischman, the fictional character from the 1990s comedic drama Northern Exposure, was said to have relocated from Flushing. Often, references were made to actual locations around Main Street, Flushing.", "Though Peyton Place was fictitious, the people of Gilmanton, NH, felt their town had been used as a model. Gilmantonians were as upset by Grace’s remarks (‘these towns look as peaceful as a postcard picture … beneath that picture it’s like turning over a rock with your foot — all kinds of strange things crawl out … everybody known what’s going on … but they don’t want outsiders to know’) as much as they were upset by the book.", "320 Sycamore Street is the fictional street address in Bedford Falls of the Bailey family. It is situated down Sycamore Street to the southeast of the town. ", "Hollywood Boulevard is a street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, splitting off Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest to Vermont Avenue, where it straightens out and runs due west to Laurel Canyon Boulevard. West of Laurel Canyon, it continues as a residential street and ending at Sunset Plaza Drive. The eastern end of Hollywood Boulevard passes through Little Armenia and Thai Town. Parts of the boulevard are popular tourist destinations.", "Fairhaven occupies an area of former sand dunes previously known as Starr Hills. This area extended as far as St Annes town centre along the southern side of the railway. The name Starr Hills is still used for a residential home named after the eponymous residence constructed in the 1860s for Richard Ansdell, which was transformed into a hospital during World War I, before assuming its present use. The Fairhaven Estate was first laid out in 1892. Beginning in 1895, the estate was divided into parcels of land which could be purchased or leased for residential development. ", "I have had a look at the 1911 census and whilst there are named houses on this road none seem to be even a rough match for the name here. But also, from what I can see there are a large number of house numbers missing from the sequence, which is strange. I wonder if they were unoccupied? The houses, like my own, were probably built in the first decade of the 20th century.", "*Lynda Baron (born 1939), actress known as Nurse Gladys Emanuel in Open All Hours, lived in the town.", "Place: Back yard of the Keller home located in the outskirts of an unnamed American town", "Finch recently appeared on an episode of The Real Housewives of Orange County, which aired December 18, 2007." ]

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[ "Cleveland ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 mi west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun to recognize and archive the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures, who have each had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fame's permanent home. Since opening in September 1995, the \"Rock Hall\" – part of the city's redeveloped North Coast Harbor – has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion. ", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame established in 1986 and located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential musicians, bands, producers, and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the area of rock and roll. Originally, there were four categories of induction: performers, non-per...", "      The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, inducts the performers Jackson Browne, George Harrison, Prince, and Bob Seger, the bands The Dells, Traffic, and ZZ Top, and Rolling Stone magazine founder and publisher Jann Wenner.", "CLEVELAND, Ohio � Two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Paul Simon is the first subject of a new-style exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum.", "The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public–private partnership between the City of Cleveland, the State of Ohio, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and local foundations, corporations, civic organizations and individuals. Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events, including free concerts, a gospel celebration, exhibition openings, free admission to the museum, and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall. ", "Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located. On May 5, 1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland. \"The hall of fame should've been in Memphis, certainly,\" wrote Peter Guralnick, author of acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. ", "And now it's time to rock and roll!... Since its construction in 1995 in Cleveland, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has been welcoming visitors from all over the world to explore the legends, roots, and history of rock music.", "Until two weeks ago, Cleveland was a city known primarily as a city so polluted its river caught fire and as the home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, and losing sports teams … literally losing its longtime NFL franchise in 1995, when the owner decided to move his team lock, stock and barrel to Baltimore, where it became the Ravens. While the Indians occasionally show signs of life, it took the NBA’s Cavaliers to break the spell by bringing home the first major professional sports championship since the Browns won the 1964 NFL championship. (Someday, perhaps, the annual concert honoring new Hall of Fame inductees will be staged on the shores of Lake Erie, instead of Madison Square Garden.) The 2013 anthology film, Made in Cleveland, consists of nearly a dozen short films featuring the work of seven different directors, five screenwriters and a myriad collection of widely known and local actors (news anchors Robin Swoboda and Leon Bibb, among the latter). And, while the vignettes probably could have been staged in almost any big urban center, the backdrops, landmarks and locations will be immediately recognizable to anyone who’s spent time in Cleveland. The film didn’t receive any distribution outside northern Ohio, but few of these sorts of hit-and-miss things do. Among the more recognizable cast members are Busy Philipps, Gillian Jacobs, Patrick Antone, Jeffrey Grover and Robbie Barnes. The bonus package adds a deleted piece.", "By 1993, occupancy of Cleveland's hotels was again on the rise due in part to the city's growing reputation as a cultural center. As of 1995, with the popularity of the CLEVELAND INDIANS and the opening of the ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME AND MUSEUM , hotels in downtown and around Greater Cleveland anticipated increased occupancy revenues.", "*Cleveland (home of Cleveland State University, Playhouse Square Center, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Orchestra, Case Western Reserve University, The Cleveland Clinic, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Forest City Enterprises, and University Hospitals)", "1995 - Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum was opened with a seven-hour concert with dozens of stars.", "In 1985, when the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was deciding where to open its physical museum, Cleveland threw its hat into the ring for consideration. Thanks to a groundswell of public support and a $65 million commitment from city officials, the Foundation chose Cleveland as the winning site, over locales such as New York, San Francisco, Memphis and Chicago. Needless to say, the Rock Hall's construction was cooler than most. On June 7, 1993, the Who's Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, and Ruth Brown (to name a few) attended the Cleveland groundbreaking ceremony, while Jerry Lee Lewis performed a year later when the building was finished off with the placement of one last steel beam.", "Metallica (James Hetfield, left, and Kirk Hammett) will be among the inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. (JUSTINE HUNT/GLOBE STAFF/FILE)", "Progressive Field is home to MLB's Cleveland Indians. The 42,000-seat ballpark holds the major league record with 455 consecutive sellouts. The statue is of Bob Feller, a hall of fame pitcher, and one of the greatest Indians to play the game of baseball. Coming to town to go to a game? Then book our Take Me Out to the Ballpark package which includes some peanuts and cracker jacks to enjoy at the game along with shuttle service over to Progressive Field. /resources/media/dt/CLELSDT/en_US/img/shared/full_page_image_gallery/main/dh_progressivefield1_19_677x380_FitToBoxSmallDimension_Center.jpg Doubletree By Hilton Hotel Cleveland Downtown - Lakeside, Oh - Progressive Field 28", "The Cleveland Browns were the favorite team of Elvis Presley. This was because his friend Gene Hickerson - with whom he had played football in their common youth in Memphis - was contracted by the Browns in 1957 and played there during his entire career until 1973. Also defender Bobby Franklin, who had played from 1960 to 1966 for the Browns, was a friend of Presley. WWE Hall of Fame wrestler and commentator Jerry \"The King\" Lawler - though he has spent most of his life in Memphis - spent part of his childhood in the Cleveland area and is a fan of the Browns. Fellow WWE wrestlers The Miz and Dolph Ziggler (both Cleveland natives) are also fans. Another fan of the team is Baseball-legend Hank Aaron. Other famous Browns fans include Arsenio Hall, Drew Carey, Patricia Heaton (her father, Chuck Heaton, was a sportswriter for The Plain Dealer, which covered the Browns and wrote two books about the team), Terri Garr, Martin Mull, Condoleezza Rice, Valerie Bertinelli (her husband is from the Northeast Ohio area), Machine Gun Kelly, Paul Adelstein, Iron Chef Michael Symon, ESPN sportscaster Jay Crawford and Brad Paisley. ", "Since the Pro Football Hall of Fame opened its doors in Canton, Ohio on Sept. 7, 1963, the Redskins have had 26 former players, coaches and administrators inducted for enshrinement.", "April 28th 1961 - The NFL chose Canton, Ohio, as the site for the Professional Football Hall of Fame.", "Late summer 2004 saw the opening of the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame (HOF). The Reds HOF had been in existence in name only since the 1950s, with player plaques, photos and other memorabilia scattered throughout their front offices. Ownership and management desired a stand-alone facility, where the public could walk through inter-active displays, see locker room recreations, watch videos of classic Reds moments and peruse historical items. The first floor houses a movie theater which resembles an older, ivy-covered brick wall ball yard. The hallways contain many vintage photographs. The rear of the building features a three-story wall containing a baseball for every hit Pete Rose had during his career. The third floor contains interactive exhibits including a pitcher's mound, radio booth, and children's area where the fundamentals of baseball are taught through videos featuring former Reds players.", "The full name of the facility, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, is in honor of the game's inventor. On December 21, 1891, physical education coach James Naismith first introduced the game in the city of Springfield during a physical education class at the YMCA. Naismith went on to develop his own basketball legacy, which included founding the powerhouse program at the University of Kansas. The Basketball Hall of Fame was established in 1959, and the NBA Hall of Fame had the grand opening for its first public facility in 1968, on the grounds of Springfield College. The first female players were inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1985.", "Basketball Hall of Famer: Ohio State Univ. [NCAA Championship: 1960]; U.S. Olympic Team [1960], Cincinnati Royals [NBA Rookie of the Year: 1963-64], San Francisco Warriors, New York Knicks [NBA championship: 1973]; participated in seven NBA All-Star Games [1964-69, 1971]; NBA career record of 10,000+ points and 10,000+ rebounds", "Nate Thurmond was a Hall of Fame power forward/center for the Warriors in the 60s and 70s. \"Nate the Great\" was a dominant scorer and rebounder, and the first player to record a quadruple-double (adding 12 blocks to a standard triple-double line). A native of Akron, Ohio, he was traded to the Chicago Bulls (ironically, just before the Warriors' 1975 title run) and finished his career with his hometown Cavaliers. Despite that, he remains primarily identified with the Warriors, and continued to live in San Francisco until his death in July 2016.", "It's safe to say no state has as many Halls of Fame as New York. The most popular is the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown —any true baseball fan should visit at least once. There's also the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame (for thoroughbred horse racing) in Saratoga Springs , the National Distance Running Hall of Fame in Utica , the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in Amsterdam , and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota . The National Soccer Hall of Fame was located in Oneonta (near Cooperstown and Canastota in Central New York ), but it closed a few years ago.", "The RubberDucks have won the Eastern League Championship four times, the last being in 2012. Nearly growing 87% that year, the Akron Road Runner Marathon has consecutively gained participants since beginning. It was announced that Akron will host some of the events of the 2014 Gay Games including the marathon, the men's and women's golf tournaments at Firestone Country Club, and softball at Firestone Stadium. The All-American Soap Box Derby taken place each year at the Derby Downs since 1936. The Firestone Country Club, annually host the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and in the past hosted tournaments including the PGA Championship, American Golf Classic, and Rubber City Open Invitational. The Akron & National Marble Tournament was created in 1923, by Roy W. Howard, being owned by the Akron District Marbles Tournament and the Akron Beacon Journal sometime before it ended permanently in the 1960s. On January 7, 1938, Akron became the birthplace of women's professional Mud Wrestling, in a match including Professional Wrestling and Wrestling Observer Hall of Famer, Mildred Burke. The Professional Bowlers Association started in the city during 1958. LeBron James' King for Kids bike-a-thon feature James riding with kids through the city each June. In November, the city hosts the annual Home Run for the Homeless 4-mile run.", "The community of Canton, Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons: first, the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association); second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19000 sqft of interior space.", "The Hall of Fame is open until 1 pm. You know Jimmy Connors (inducted in 1986) would come by if he was in town.", "Three football legends – Joe DeLamielleure, Leroy Kelly, and Paul Warfield – were on hand to represent their fellow inductees. The trio also participated in two roundtable discussions for visitors inside the Hall of Fame Event Center.", "The Cincinnati Reds play their home games at Great American Ball Park, located at 100 Joe Nuxhall Way, in downtown Cincinnati. Great American Ball Park opened in 2003 at the cost of $290 million and has a capacity of 42,271. Along with serving as the home field for the Reds, the stadium also holds the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame was added as a part of Reds tradition allowing fans to walk through the history of the franchise as well as participating in many interactive baseball features. ", "The Cavaliers have featured many NBA legends during their history, including Austin Carr, Brad Daugherty, Zydrunas Ilgauskas, and Mark Price. Past NBA greats such as Nate Thurmond, Lenny Wilkens, Walt \"Clyde\" Frazier, and Shaquille O'Neal have also played in Cleveland, albeit near the end of their careers.", "Pro Football Hall of Famer: Univ. of Michigan All-American; St. Louis Cardinals; sportscaster: ABC Monday Night Football, CBS NFL Analyst", "On the bottom right of the photograph is the Cleveland Stadium; the Donald Gray Gardens, known as the Horticultural Gardens, are to the left of the stadium. The three-tiered building adjoining the gardens is the Horticultural building, and the...", "July 11, 2014 at about 12:30 pm ET. An event that will live in the minds, memories and hearts of Cleveland sports fans for decades to come was announced through Lee Jenkins of Sports Illustrated." ]

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[ "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said, and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. The canal is 192 km (119 mi) long with Ismailia, on the west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point[1]. It is single-lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal into the Great Bitter Lake from both the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the south, replacing evaporation. The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The canal may be used in time of war as in time of peace, by every vessel of", "The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس Qanāt al-Sūwais) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and eastern Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point.", "The Suez Canal (Arabic: ???? ??????? Qan?t al-S?wais) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point.", "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea . Opened on November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa . The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez .", "On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas was officially opened in a lavish ceremony at Egypt’s Port Said. The canal took more than 15 years to plan and build, and its construction was repeatedly hindered by political disputes, labor shortages and even a deadly cholera outbreak. When finally completed, the 101-mile-long waterway permanently transformed international shipping by allowing vessels to skip the long and treacherous transit around the southern tip of Africa. On the 145th anniversary of its opening, check out nine surprising facts about the canal that links the Eastern and Western worlds.", "In 1869, there were no bypasses to allow two-way traffic, however several have been created along the distance of the route and the total bypass length as of 2010 is 80.5km. From North to South the bypasses are: 3 bypasses at the Port Said entrance, the Ballah bypass and anchorage site, the Timsah bypass at the Timsah lake and lastly the bypass just north of the Great Bitter lake. These bypasses act as both passages and anchorage sites and allow the safe transition of convoys through the Suez Canal, avoiding any major accidents.", "The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway created by the Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps using forced Egyptian labour between 1859-1869. The waterway was officially opened to international traffic on the 17th November 1869. The official cost of the Canal was estimated as $100 million.", "The Suez Canal opened in 1869 and was the work of a brilliant French civil engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps, with financing provided by the French government. A treaty signed in 1888 guaranteed that the canal would be open to the maritime traffic of all nations:", "Port Said is a city that lies in north east Egypt extending about 30 kilometres along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal, with an approximate population of 603,787. The city was established in 1859 during the building of the Suez Canal. Port Said has been ranked the second among the Egyptian cities according to the Human Development Index in 2009 and 2010, the economic base of the city is fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fueling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal. It thrives on being a duty-free port, as well as a tourist resort especially during summer. It is home to the Lighthouse of Port Said. There are numerous old houses with grand balconies on all floors, giving the city a distinctive look. Port Said's twin city is Port Fuad, which lies on the eastern bank of the canal. The two cities coexist, to the extent that there hardly is any town centre in Port Fuad. The cities are connected by free ferries running all through the day, and together they form a metropolitan area with over a million residents that extends both on the African and the Asian sides of the Suez Canal. The only other metropolitan area in the world that also spans two continents is Istanbul.", "The dredging of the canal took almost 10 years using Egyptian labor, and it was opened for navigation for the first time in 17 November 1869. The total excavation up to the time of opening the canal to traffic amounted to 80,000,000 cubic yards, mostly sand. At first the canal was merely a ditch, being 25-26 feet [8 meters] deep and 72-75 feet [22 meters] in width at the bottom; at the ground level the width ranged from 200 to 300 feet [60 to 90 meters], and the deepest cut was 80 feet. Its water area was 304 m2 and the largest ship load that can pass through was 5000 tons, which was typical for ships sizes in these days. The Suez Canal was 88 geographical, or about 100 statute miles long. At intervals of five or six miles, the canal was widened, for a short space, to 50 yards, forming thus sidings [gares) where only vessels can pass each other. At these, therefore, a ship had often to wait until a file of perhaps twenty steamers, coming the other way, had passed. Occasionally a ship got across, or \"touched,\" and then the canal was blocked for hours.", "This entire area, from the northern limit of the Gulf of Suez to the Mediterranean coastline, is not at all as it was in antiquity. Evidence suggests that the Gulf of Suez extended further north in antiquity than it does today, although we do not presently know how far north (Hoffmeier 1997: 209). Also, the Mediterranean coastline during the second millennium BC was much further south than it is today (Scolnic 2004: 96–97; Hoffmeier 2005: 41–42), so the isthmus between the two was much narrower than today. What has remained consistent about the region throughout history is the fact that it has always been known for marshy freshwater lakes. Consequently, it should be of no surprise that the Suez Canal was cut directly through here in 1869.", "PORT SAID , or Bur Sa'id, is a Mediterranean port at the entrance of the Suez Canal, just over 100 miles northeast of Cairo. The city was founded in 1859 by the builders of the canal. It is connected to Cairo by a railroad that was completed in 1904. During the Sinai War of 1956, the city was severely damaged by air attacks and invasion by French and British troops. During the Arab-Israeli Wars of 1967 and 1973, Port Said came under Israeli attack, and the harbor was closed to shipping for six years. Major industries include textiles, glass, automobile batteries and tires, watches, china, cosmetics, fishing and salt, which is produced by the commercial evaporation of sea water. Port Said is the fueling point for ships using the Suez Canal. The estimated population was 461,000 in 2000.", "The 120-mile Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, took 10 years to construct and opened in 1869. The canal was developed by Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps, who in the 1880s made an unsuccessful attempt to develop the Panama Canal.", "Port Said is linked by the Ferry to its twin city Port Fouad which is considered the Asian part of this Afro-Asian governorate \"Port Said\" on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal, the ferry is used to cross the Canal between the two cities holding both people and cars as well for free, the time between the two cities across the canal by using the ferry doesn't exceed 10 minutes.", "On each day, one convoy starts on its journey from the Gulf of Suez in the south at 0600hrs, its travels northbound. This convoy is given an unhindered passage along the main shipping route; its journey is unhindered and so this convoy keeps moving until it reaches the Port Said harbour. Six hours earlier, at 0000hrs, one convoy starts from the Port Said harbour and travels southbound, anchoring in the Great Bitter lake to let the northbound convoy pass. The second southbound convoy leaves Port Said harbour one hour after the first, at 0700hrs, and anchors in the Ballah bypass to let the northbound convoy pass. The second convoy travelling southbound, which anchors in the Ballah bypass will usually contain smaller and often partially or fully unloaded ships. This is because the Ballah bypass is unable to accommodate large tankers because of its dimensions; it is not as deep as the main shipping route.", "By the late 19th century Port Said was the world’s largest coal-bunkering station, catering almost exclusively to the Suez Canal traffic. After the standard-gauge railway from Cairo via Ismailia was completed (1904), it became Egypt’s chief port after Alexandria; in addition to canal traffic, it handled cotton and rice exports from the eastern delta. A frozen-seafood plant for the export trade has been added to the port’s fishing facilities. The city still retains the main workshops of the canal administration. During the Sinai War of 1956 , which followed Egyptian nationalization of the canal, Port Said was severely damaged by the air attacks (October 31) and landings (November 5) of French and British forces. The colossal bronze statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the canal, which stood at the base of the western mole, was removed in 1956 after angry crowds perceived in it a symbol of European intervention in Egypt’s internal affairs. Britain and France were compelled to withdraw under strong United Nations pressure, and the canal was reopened; the damages of the brief campaign were repaired, and the city’s trade resumed. In the Six-Day War of June 1967, Israeli forces occupied the eastern bank of the canal, which then remained closed until 1975.", "Construction of the canal was broken down initially into four separate contracts. The first contract involved supplying 326,988 cubic yards (250,000 m3) of concrete blocks to build jetties at Port Said that would mark the entryway of the canal. The second contract focused on the removal of 29 million cubic yards (22 million m3) of sand and mud from the first 37 miles (60 km) of the channel from Port Said. The third entailed cutting through the high ground at El Gisr. The fourth and the largest contract involved excavating the portion of the canal between Lake Tisma and the Red Sea. Paul Borel and Alexandre Levalley, two contractors, managed both the second and last stage of the canal’s construction starting in 1865. [13]", "The canal opened under French control on 17 November 1869. Although numerous technical, political, and financial problems had been overcome, the final cost was more than double the original estimate. The opening was performed by Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and Sudan, and at Ismail's invitation French Empress Eugenie in the Imperial yacht Aigle piloted by Napoléon Coste, who was bestowed by the Khedive the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie.", "Before the canal's opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. ", "The naval passage was originally opened on November 17, 1869, after ten years of construction. The canal allows ships to travel between Europe and South Asia or Eastern Africa without navigating around the entire African continent, cutting approximately 7,000 kilometers off of the sea voyage for trading ships between Europe and Southeast Asia.", "As of July 2015, the canal was too narrow for free two-way traffic, so ships pass in convoys and they use bypasses. The by-passes are 78 km out of 193 km (40%). From north to south, they are: Port Said by-pass (entrances) , Ballah by-pass & anchorage, 9 km, Timsah by-pass 5 km, and the Deversoir by-pass (northern end of the Great Bitter Lake) . The bypasses were completed in 1980.", "On November 5th British and French troops landed at Port Said and advanced along the canal. Egypt sank ships to block the canal.", "The canal is 192 km (119 mi) long with Ismailia, on the west bank, 3 km (2 mi) north of the half-way point. It consists of the northern access channel of 19.5 km (12.1 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and of the southern access channel of 8.5 km (5.3 mi). It is single-lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal into the Great Bitter Lake from both the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the south, replacing evaporation.", "In August 2014, construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km to speed the canal's transit time. The expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. At a cost of $8.4 billion, this project was funded with interest-bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals. The \"New Suez Canal\", as the expansion was dubbed, was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015. ", "Boats, including a container ship, cross the new waterway of the Suez Canal on July 25, 2015, in the Egyptian port city of Ismailia, east of Cairo. Egypt started the first trial run of its \"new Suez canal,\" officials said, ahead of the new shipping route's formal inauguration on August 6, 2015 -- a year after construction began.", "Egypt has officially unveiled a major new expansion of the Suez Canal — the strategic maritime passage that connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.", "To the east, the Red Sea defines the boundary between Africa and Asia, and thus also between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from Egypt's Sinai peninsula southeast to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait between Djibouti in Africa and Yemen in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. Though the sea is navigable along its length, historically much contact between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East has been either overland across the Sinai or by sea across the Mediterranean or the narrow Bab al Mendeb strait. From northwest to southeast, Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea form the African coastline, with Djibouti marking Bab al Mendeb's African shore.", "In August 2014, Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm Dar Al-Handasah to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area, and began the construction of a new canal section from km 60 to km 95 combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km of the canal. This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal. These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al-Sisi. ", "In 1854 and 1856 Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations. The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening. De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id, which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s.", "The Strait of Bab el-Mandab could be bypassed via the East-West oil pipeline, which crosses Saudi Arabia with a nameplate capacity of 4.8 million bbl/d. However, southbound oil traffic would still be blocked. In addition, closure of the Bab el-Mandab would block non-oil shipping from using the Suez Canal , except for limited trade within the Red Sea region.", "Both ports lie on the west fork of the canal. The east fork was specifically built to allow ships on long hauls—typically between Europe and Asia, via the Mediterranean Sea—to avoid congestion at the west-fork ports. In 2014, Egypt announced plans to ease congestion by digging another canal parallel to the present one; canal tolls provide much needed foreign exchange for Egypt. Current plans only include a parallel canal along half pf the 160 kilometer (100 mile) length.", "There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah-Bypass near El Qantara and in the Great Bitter Lake. On a typical day, three convoys transit the canal, two southbound and one northbound. The first southbound convoy enters the canal in the early morning hours and proceeds to the Great Bitter Lake, where the ships anchor out of the fairway, awaiting passage of the northbound convoy. The northbound convoy passes the second southbound convoy, which moors in Ballah-Bypass . The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots (15 km/h). The low speed helps prevent erosion of the canal banks by ships' wakes." ]

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[ "The black keys on a piano are traditionally made of a dark wood called ebony. The black keys are raised and set farther back than the white notes to make it easy to fit all the 12 notes of an octave into a distance that the player’s hand can easily stretch.", "The black and white keys of the piano are made of wood covered with veneer. Most pianos that were made before 1960 have white keys with thin ivory tops. The black keys are traditionally made with ebony.", "In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine. Today they are usually made of spruce or basswood. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos. Black keys were traditionally made of ebony, and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities. The Yamaha firm invented a plastic called Ivorite that they claim mimics the look and feel of ivory. It has since been imitated by other makers.", "The keys of all pianos are made out of wood. It is only the thin top of the white keys which are made of ivory or plastic. The black keys are made of ebony. However, most Asian production pianos have plastic black keys. In this case, the entire key is made out of plastic and is hollow on the inside.", "African blackwood (not part of the ebony family) is a substitute for ebony - cheaper than ebony, but certainly not cheap. Reportedly blackwood is used for clarinets because of the translucent (shiny) quality and tonal quality, while real ebony (matte black, wears well) is used for piano keys, fingerboards on string instruments, and chin rests, as well as decorative furniture inlays.", "Wood grain (or clear) finishes, (where the name of the \"finish\" refers not to the actual finish coats but to the wood underneath) most commonly available are walnut and mahogany, oak, cherry, and something generic called \"fruitwood\" (which can be a number of things). As recently as ten years ago, a number of U.S. manufacturers were also still using pecan, a very beautiful, but brittle and difficult wood to work with. Its use has now apparently been discontinued, by all but Kawai. Other woods, such as rosewood or other exotics, are sometimes available by special order. With more and more nations contributing now to what has become a world piano market, some additional \"old world\" and \"tropical woods\" are now available: yew, ash, imbuia, beechwood, hazlenut, and birchwood, among others. The actual surface wood you see in a wood finish piano is usually only a thin veneer no more than about 1/20\" thick. (This has been the general method of piano construction for over a hundred years. This type of construction, known as \"laminated,\" is actually stronger and more resistant to warping than using solid wood.) Some manufacturers, including Kawai and Schimmel, have even come out with plexiglass pianos, so you can see what's going on inside.", "11 Keyboards, key and action frames, and actions are made by specialty manufacturers. The keys balance and pivot on a set of either two or three rails that are covered with felt to prevent noise. Guide pins for each key are inserted in the front or head rail and the middle or balance rail. The keys themselves are made of lightweight wood that is cut to size and dried in kilns. The keys are covered with black or white plastic, although in the past ivory and ebony were used. The plastic key covers are molded to cover a group of keys that are later cut individually. Holes are drilled on the undersides to fit the guide pins. Capstan screws are mounted on the back edges of the keyboard extending inside the piano; the action will be seated on these. The keys are now cut into 88 individuals, which are sanded and polished on the sides. The black keys are also stained black before the black caps are glued on. The keys are rematched to the keyframe, punchings resembling washers are placed over the guide pins, and the keys are placed on them.", "Piano keys were originally made of ivory because that natural substance absorbs moisture, and kept the keys from becoming slippery. For that reason, a piano with ivory keys is easier to play.", "In the old days piano keyboards were referred to as “the ebonies and the ivories.” The sharps (the usual generic term in piano circles) were made of ebony wood, a dense hardwood found in Africa, said to be practically impervious to moisture and oil. That’s the wood used for making Mandingo ebony wood carvings or statues. And the naturals had ivory on the playing surface. It wore very well, but yellowed with age, and wore with long use, making little depressions in areas of most wear. The ivory part switched to plastic long ago.", "The pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area where toughness is important. It is made of hardwood (typically hard maple or beech), and is laminated for strength, stability and longevity. Piano strings (also called piano wire), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high carbon steel. They are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. The bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility. If all strings throughout the piano's compass were individual (monochord), the massive bass strings would overpower the upper ranges. Makers compensate for this with the use of double (bichord) strings in the tenor and triple (trichord) strings throughout the treble.", "It seems that around 1700 ivory was used for key covering at times. Many and varied materials have been used for this purpose, including bone, mother-of-pearl, porcelain, tortoise-shell, silver, boxwood, cedar, ebony, pear and other rare and polished woods. At times the fronts of the naturals were beautifully carved. In 1816 a set of new replacement keys for a Broadwood grand would have cost £3 s0 d0, and for a square £2 s15 d0.", "Pianos are made of the finest materials, not only for appearances but for excellent sound production. The long fibers of maple wood are strong and supple for construction of the rim, but long fibers of spruce are needed for the strength of the braces. Wood is also needed for making patterns of other parts. Metal is used for a variety of parts, including the cast iron plate. Sand is needed for casting molds. The character of the sand is modified by using additives and binders such as bentonite (a type of clay) and coal dust. Molten iron for the casting is made of pig iron with some steel and scrap iron to add strength. Strings are made of high tensile steel wire that is manufactured at specialized piano string mills.", "The neck is usually maple with a flamed figure compatible with that of the ribs and back. It carries the fingerboard, typically made of ebony, but often some other wood stained or painted black. Ebony is the preferred material because of its hardness, beauty, and superior resistance to wear. Fingerboards are dressed to a particular transverse curve, and have a small lengthwise \"scoop,\" or concavity, slightly more pronounced on the lower strings, especially when meant for gut or synthetic strings.", "The neck is usually maple with a flamed figure compatible with that of the ribs and back. It carries the fingerboard , typically made of ebony, but often some other wood stained or painted black. Ebony is the preferred material because of its hardness, beauty, and superior resistance to wear. Fingerboards are dressed to a particular transverse curve, and have a small lengthwise \"scoop,\" or concavity, slightly more pronounced on the lower strings, especially when meant for gut or synthetic strings.", "This is a tree of tremendous size.  Steinway uses it for soundboards, upright back posts, grand piano braces and keybeds.  Main benefits: lightness of weight, extreme high strength properties across the grain, unequaled sensitivity to vibrating strings and tremendous tensile strength to weight ratio. Because of these qualities, Sitka Spruce is the preferred wood for ladders and aircraft construction.", "The fretboard (also called the fingerboard) is a piece of wood embedded with metal frets that constitutes the top of the neck. It is flat or slightly curved. The curvature of the fretboard is measured by the fretboard radius, which is the radius of a hypothetical circle of which the fretboard's surface constitutes a segment. The smaller the fretboard radius, the more noticeably curved the fretboard is. Fretboards are most commonly made of ebony, but may also be made of rosewood or of phenolic composite (\"micarta\").", "You can help them keep white by not closing the fall board. While it is important to close the lid of the piano when not in use to avoid corrosion of the strings, the fall board only protects dust from settling on the keys which can be wiped off easily. If ivory key tops get too dirty or yellow, they can be polished and bleached. If a few are chipped or missing, some piano technicians have a large stock of replacements. This is no easy task since matching the exact size, color and texture of ivories is very challenging. Replacing key tops altogether with modern composite plastic key tops is not very expensive, 2 or 3 hundred dollars. Usually when doing this it is a good time to replace key bushings and front rail bushings which wear out. That can add another couple of hundred dollars.", "Laburnum has historically been used for cabinetmaking and inlay, as well as for musical instruments. In addition to such wind instruments as recorders and flutes, it was a popular wood for Great Highland Bagpipes before taste turned to imported dense tropical hardwoods such as Brya ebenus (cocus wood), ebony, and Dalbergia melanoxylon (African blackwood). The heart-wood of a laburnum may be used as a substitute for ebony or rosewood. It is very hard and a dark chocolate brown, with a butter-yellow sapwood.", "For its extreme hardness and interlocking grain (known as ‘curly grain’), yellow birch is used for keybed caps, upright linings, upright backboards and the legs of models B and D.  Steinway selects only straight-grained birch, as it is slower in growth, whiter in color and better in texture (grain count). Main benefits: stability, shape retention and durability.", "I took apart an 1830's piano that had been out in the rain for many years,and was ruined. It was a horizontal rectangular shape. Must have been English,because the bottom was made of about 3 layers of Scotch pine 1\" thick,each. I was a teenager,and used the wood to make guitars (that was any good!).", "Laburnum has historically been used for cabinetmaking and inlay, as well as for musical instruments. In addition to such wind instruments as recorders and flutes, it was a popular wood for Great Highland Bagpipes before taste turned to imported dense tropical hardwoods such as Brya ebenus (cocus wood), ebony, and Dalbergia melanoxylon (African monkeywood).The heart-wood of a laburnum may be used as a substitute for ebony or rosewood. It is very hard and a dark chocolate brown, with a butter-yellow sapwood.", "Occasionally, trees produce wood with a wavy grain, greatly increasing the value for decorative veneers. The wood is a medium weight for a hardwood, weighing 630 kg per cubic metre. It is a traditional wood for use in making the backs, necks and scrolls of violins. The wood is often marketed as rippled sycamore. Whistles can be made from straight twigs when the rising sap allows the bark to be separated, and these, and sycamore branches, are used in customs associated with early May in Cornwall. The wood is used for fuel, being easy to saw and to split with an axe, producing a hot flame and good embers when burnt. ", "Since 85% of any acoustic piano is composed of wood, it behooves the shopper to compare the species and grades of the wood used, and the integrity with which each is employed. Pianos made to satisfy price requirements rather than quality standards compromise first on wood – restoring to inexpensive substitutes rather than the top grade, solid wood parts found throughout every Steinway piano.", "Today pianists frequently will compliment Japanese pianos on their feel, and on their finish, even though the materials on which the finishing is done may not be as high quality or as durable as what they have come to expect from the best U.S.-made instruments. Because of a dearth of materials in their own countries, and the fact that much of the wood they use must be imported, at significant expense, Japanese and other Asian piano makers have also been using substantial amounts of softer, less expensive, or tropical woods in order to build the large quantities of instruments that they must mass produce. Many pianists and technicians feel these softer or cheaper woods are not optimum for best piano tone or life-span. But many pianists also seem to be willing to accept a compromise in the tone quality and durability of the instrument in exchange for an action that is more or less trouble-free and feels good to the fingers. (Remember, though, that, at least among the Japanese pianos, there are several different quality levels; the more you are willing to pay, the better the instrument you can get. Also, in general, among the offerings of each maker, as the piano size increases, so does the quality.)", "The black walnut (see illustrations, pages 31 , 70 ) is the second species east of the Rocky Mountains, and the tree chiefly depended upon, during the century just closed, by the makers of furniture of the more expensive grades. Black walnut wood is brown, with purplish tones in it, and a silvery lustre, when polished. Its hardness and strength commend it to the boat and ship builder. Gunstock factories use quantities of this wood. In furniture and interior woodwork, the curly walnut, found in the old stumps of trees cut long before, is especially sought for veneering panels. Old furniture, of designs that have passed out, [Pg 32] are often sold to the factories, and their seasoned wood cut thin for veneering.", "The hammer heads in Cristofori's mature pianos (A) are made of paper, curled into a circular coil and secured with glue, and surmounted by a strip of leather at the contact point with the string. According to harpsichord maker and scholar Denzil Wraight, such hammers have their origin in \"15th-century paper organ pipe technology\". The purpose of the paper is to make the hammers softer, thus emphasizing the lower harmonics of string vibration by maintaining a broad area of contact at impact. The same goal of softness was achieved in later 18th century pianos by covering the wooden hammers with soft leather, and in mid-19th-century and later instruments by covering a wooden core with a thick layer of compressed felt.", "has wooden bars that are arranged like the keys on a piano and tubes under the bars that resonate the sound. It is struck with mallets.", "I'd think reclaiming any useful and/or valuable wood from the average piano might run close to the break even point, if that; there are some great curves and shapes, but they're pretty specific to a piano and you'd have a hard time converting them to another use.", "Eastern and Souther Africa Wooden board with attatched metal keys sometimes referred to as \"thumb piano\"", "\"You are correct, 100 year old piano keys will vary slightly in width. Some of that is the original tooling and cutting (piano keys are sliced like bread from one piece of material) and some of the variance can be from wear. The keys at the far ends of the keyboard will be a good bit wider on an older, heavily played instrument than the keys in the middle of the keyboard, where the most playing occurs.\"", "A five-note scale consisting of the black notes on the keyboard. Used in folk music from many countries, it is readily associated with an 'oriental' sound.", "Percussion instrument resembling a miniature upright piano, with tuned metal plates struck by hammers that are operated by a keyboard." ]

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[ "Tintin is the fictional hero of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. He is a reporter and adventurer who travels around the world with his dog Snowy. The character was created in 1929 and introduced in ', a weekly youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper '. He appears as a young man, around 14 to 19 years old with a round face and quiff hairstyle. Tintin has a sharp intellect, can defend himself, and is honest, decent, compassionate, and kind. Through his investigative reporting, quick-thinking, and all-around good nature, Tintin is always able to solve the mystery and complete the adventure.", "Tintin is a reporter, adventurer, traveler, and the protagonist of the popular comic book series The Adventures of Tintin, which was written by the Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, better known as Hergé (1907–1983).", "Tintin is a reporter, and Hergé uses this to present the character in a number of adventures which were contemporary with the period in which he was working, most notably, the Bolshevik uprising in Russia and World War II , and sometimes even prescient, as in the case of the moon landings . Hergé also created a world for Tintin which managed to reduce detail to a simplified but recognisable and realistic representation, an effect Hergé was able to achieve with reference to a well-maintained archive of images. [9]", "Set during a largely realistic 20th century, the hero of the series is Tintin, a young Belgian reporter. He is aided in his adventures from the beginning by his faithful fox terrier dog Snowy (Milou in French). Later, popular additions to the cast included the brash, cynical and grumpy Captain Haddock, the highly intelligent but hearing-impaired Professor Calculus (Professeur Tournesol) and other supporting characters such as the incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson (Dupont et Dupond). Hergé himself features in several of the comics as a background character, as do his assistants in some instances.", "Set during a largely realistic 20th century, the hero of the series is Tintin , a young Belgian reporter. He is aided in his adventures from the beginning by his faithful fox terrier dog Snowy (Milou in French). Later, popular additions to the cast included the brash, cynical and grumpy Captain Haddock , the highly intelligent but hearing-impaired Professor Calculus (Professeur Tournesol) and other supporting characters such as the incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont). Hergé himself features in several of the comics as a background character, as do his assistants in some instances.", "The classic comic books were written much longer ago than these timeless tales let on. Belgian artist Georges Rémi, also under the nom de plume Hergé, wrote and illustrated the first Tintin story in 1929. The 24 comic books he produced have sold over 350 million copies in over 80 languages. For those of you who are unfamiliar with Tintin, the hero is a young, boyish reporter who travels around the world solving crimes and mysteries with his dog Snowy. With his fondness for whiskey and his fear of spiders, Snowy often shows his sharp wit when we are able to read his thoughts. Other favourite characters include grumpy Captain Haddock and the intelligent, but deaf Professor Calculus.", "The Adventures of Tintin is a well-known comic strip written and drawn by the Belgian writer-artist Hergé . Over 200 million issues of comic books featuring Tintin have been published and translated in 40 languages. The hero of the series is a young reporter named Tintin, who travels around the world landing himself in a variety of adventures. The character of Tintin was created on January 10 , 1929 .", "Part of a series of Tintin adventures, this book contains three separate stories. Tintin is a Belgian amateur detective who gets embroiled in every kind of thriller-adventure, along with his dog Snowy, the two policemen Thomson and Thompson, Captain Haddock and Professor Cuthbert Calculus.", "One-Hour Work Week : Tintin is supposedly a journalist. This is rarely mentioned, and the only time he is ever seen writing an article or explicitly doing actual journalism is in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets. See Literary Agent Hypothesis above, though.", "Tintin is a young Belgian reporter who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. Almost every adventure features Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism, but he is seldom seen actually turning in a story without first getting caught up in some misadventure. He is a young man of more or less neutral attitudes. In this respect, he represents the every man. However, he does not seem to have a boss, nor any coworkers, nor an employer of any kind. His surname is never given. It is stated, though, in the opening panel of the first book, that he works for Le Petit XXe and is one of their top reporters.", "Tintin is a young Belgian reporter who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. The Adventures may feature Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism, but seldom is he seen actually turning in a story. He is a boy of neutral attitudes with whom the audience can identify; in this respect, he represents the everyman.", "Born to a lower middle-class family in Etterbeek, Brussels, Hergé began his career by contributing illustrations to Scouting magazines, developing his first comic series, The Adventures of Totor, for Le Boy-Scout Belge in 1926. Working for the conservative Catholic newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle, he created The Adventures of Tintin in 1929 on the advice of its editor Norbert Wallez. Revolving around the actions of boy reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy, the series' early instalments – Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, Tintin in the Congo, and Tintin in America – were designed as conservative propaganda for children. Domestically successful, after serialisation the stories were published in book form, with Hergé continuing the series and also developing both the Quick & Flupke and Jo, Zette and Jocko series for Le Vingtième Siècle. Influenced by his friend Zhang Chongren, from 1934 Hergé placed far greater emphasis on conducting background research for his stories, resulting in increased realism from The Blue Lotus onward. Following the German occupation of Belgium in 1939, Le Vingtième Siècle was closed but Hergé continued his series in Le Soir, a popular newspaper controlled by the Nazi administration.", "Feel like bumping into Belgium's most famous comic strip hero? Then head for rue de l'Etuve, which is home to Manneken Pis. But it's unlikely that Tintin, his dog Snowy and his friend Captain Haddock will have time to chat with you. The ace reporter and the foul-mouthed whisky lover are up to their ears in an adventure again. We even know which adventure. The drawing comes from The Calculus Affair. The eighteenth album in the series sees Professor Calculus abducted, first by Bordurian and then by Syldavian secret agents. He has invented an ultrasonic weapon that both countries would like to misemploy. Tintin and Haddock do their utmost to free their confused friend. Nearly 30 years after Hergé's death, 1 million copies of his albums are still being sold each year. Tintin is published in 77 languages. None other than Steven Spielberg came up with the 2011 all-action animated film \"The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn\". Hergé, the pen name of Brussels cartoonist Georges Prosper Remi (1907-1983), is considered one of the greatest comic strip authors of all time. His debut came in 1929 in \"Le Petit Vingtième\", the weekly youth supplement of the Catholic magazine \"Le Vingtième Siècle\". His streamlined drawing style (the famous \"ligne claire\") is famous and many regard his drawings as art. But his sense of movement, suspense, humour, adventure and great storytelling are equally important reasons why Tintin has never ceased to enthral readers.", "He creates Quick and Flupke, the rascals of Brussels, who will appear in short stories in Le Petit Vingtième. The first Tintin book is published: Tintin, Reporter, in the Land of The Soviets.", "Hergé (Remi’s pen name) drew the “boy reporter” for over half a century, but he arguably peaked in the war years. Steven Spielberg clearly thinks so. The director’s new film The Adventures of Tintin, released next Wednesday, is based on three Tintin books written from 1941 through 1944: The Crab with the Golden Claws, The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham’s Treasure. During the war Hergé mastered storytelling and drawing, created the undying characters Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus, and worked through the tale of his own bastard descent. He did all this in a collaborationist newspaper.", "Hergé, whose pen name derived from the pronunciation of his transposed initials, published his first comic strip—Totor, de la Patrouille des Hannetons (“Totor of the June Bug Patrol”), for Le Boy-Scout Belge (“The Belgian Boy Scout”)—at age 19. In 1929 he created Tintin for the children’s supplement (a weekly feature called Le Petit Ventième) of the daily newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle. Tintin’s first adventure was later published as the album Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, but it was not until 1958 that The Black Island became the first Tintin album in English translation. It was followed, with growing success, by other albums taking Tintin and his friends on adventures in many different countries (though Hergé himself traveled little, preferring to live quietly in Brussels). The stories, which appealed to children because of their gentle humour and eventful plots, were never violent; the villains might be menacing and the plots filled with action, but in almost every case heroes and villains emerged largely unscathed. The drawings, especially in the later albums, lovingly portray the details of Tintin’s world, though they clearly reflect the attitudes of the era.", "Tintin, the title character of a comic series by Belgian artist Herge, is joined in his adventures by his dog Snowy. In the original series, Snowy is known as Milou, after a pet name the artist had for his first girlfriend.", "Tintin (Unconfirmed 2009) - The adventures of the popular Belgian comic strip hero Tintin and his faithful dog Snowy come to life through Peter Jackson and Steven Spielberg.", "TinTin is a comic character that is loved the world over, but not known widely yet in the US. Created by Belgian artist, Herge in the early 20th century, the adventures of TinTin and his interesting cast of fellow characters have been presented in comic strips, in comic books, collections, animated series, and is coming soon in a Steven Spielberg movie as well! This guide is a collection of all the resources you need to know about TinTin.", "The Belgian cartoonist Georges Prosper Remi, known by the pen name Hergé, was not a guitarist. He is known for being the creator of The Adventures of Tintin, one of the most popular comics of the 20th century. Hergé was the pioneer of the drawing style named clear line (\"ligne claire\" in French). He was a Master.", "After the tumult of World War II (Hergé was briefly accused of being a Nazi collaborator for continuing to produce Tintin for a Nazi-approved newspaper), Hergé was approached in 1946 by Belgian publisher Raymond Leblanc. Leblanc had just started a major publishing company, Le Lombard, and he wanted to start a rival comic-strip magazine similar to Le Journal de Spirou. He proposed that Hergé move Tintin’s adventures there to become the showpiece of Le Journal de Tintin. Hergé agreed, and Le Journal de Tintin (in Dutch, Kuifje) appeared on September 26, 1946 (published to June 29, 1993). Leblanc hired three or four other artists such as Bob de Moor (1925-1992; Mr. Barelli), Edgar Jacobs (1904-1987; Blake et Mortimer) and Jacques Martin (1921-2010; Alix) who, in addition to starting their own comics, assisted Hergé in ghosting Tintin to two full pages per week.", "The comic strip series has long been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergé's signature ligne claire style. Its \"engaging\", well-researched plots straddle a variety of genres: swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries, political thrillers, and science fiction. The stories within the Tintin series always feature slapstick humour, accompanied in later albums by satire, and political and cultural commentary.", "In January 1977 he attended an early comic book convention at Angoulême, where he was widely heralded as one of the masters of the discipline. To mark the fiftieth anniversary of The Adventures of Tintin in 1979, a celebratory event was held at Brussels' Hilton hotel, while an exhibit on \"Le Musée imaginaire de Tintin\" (\"The Imaginary Museum of Tintin\") was held at the Palais de Beaux-Arts.", "The Adventures of Tintin () is a series of 24 comic albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, who wrote under the pen name Hergé. The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century. By 2007, a century after Hergé's birth in 1907, Tintin had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies.", "Belgium has produced several well-known authors, including the poets Emile Verhaeren, Robert Goffin and novelists Hendrik Conscience, Georges Simenon, Suzanne Lilar, Hugo Claus, Joseph Weterings and Amélie Nothomb. The poet and playwright Maurice Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911. The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé is the best known of Franco-Belgian comics, but many other major authors, including Peyo (The Smurfs), André Franquin (Gaston Lagaffe), Dupa (Cubitus), Morris (Lucky Luke), Greg (Achille Talon), Lambil (Les Tuniques Bleues), Edgar P. Jacobs and Willy Vandersteen brought the Belgian cartoon strip industry a worldwide fame. ", "The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of comic strips created by the Belgian artist Georges Rémi (1907–1983), who wrote under the pen name of Hergé. The series first appeared in French in Le Petit Vingtième, a children's supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le XXe Siècle on 10 January 1929. The success of the series saw the serialised strips collected into a series of twenty-four albums, spun into a successful magazine and adapted for film, radio, television and theatre.", "The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of comic strips created by Belgian artist Herge the pen name of Georges Remi (1907 1983). The series first appeared in French in Le Petit Vingtieme, a children's supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtieme Siecle on 10 January 1929. Set in a painstakingly researched world closely mirroring our own, Herge's Tintin series continues to be a favorite of readers and critics alike 80 years later.", "Blog about Tintin and all characters in Adventure of Tintin including short biography of Herge, movie collections, Figure and models.", "Georges Remi (1907-1983), better known as Hergé, was the creator of Tin Tin (Kuifje) and many other world-famous cartoon characters. He was born in Etterbeek, Belgium. His creation Tin Tin is thought to be based on his brother who was five years younger than him.", "On this day in 1929 the Belgian magazine Le Petit Vingtième started a new comics serial, introducing a new comics character that was eventually translated into over 50 languages. \" Tintin in the Land of the Soviets\" began 81 years ago today.", "The makers of the animated series Adventures of Tintin featured Hergé in all of the episodes.", "Born under the name Georges Remi on May 22, 1907 in Brussels, Belgium. As a child, Herge had a gift for drawing but never had any formal training in the visual arts. He attended both school and the boy scouts during the World War 1 and post-World War 1 Era. After he finished school Herge published his first ever cartoon: \"The Adventures of Totor\" for Le Boy-Scout Belge (a scouting magazine)." ]

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[ "Steamboat Willie is an animated cartoon released on November 18 , 1928 . It was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon (Mickey had appeared in two earlier cartoons, Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho ). It was also the first cartoon in history to feature synchronized sound.", "Steamboat Willie is a 1928 animated cartoon released on November 18 , 1928 . It was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon (Mickey had appeared in two earlier cartoons, Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho ). It was also the first Disney cartoon to feature synchronized sound.", "'Steamboat Willie' featuring Mickey Mouse was released on Nov. 18, 1928. It was the first Mickey Mouse cartoon released although he had appeared two earlier efforts -- 'Plane Crazy' and 'The Gallopin' Gaucho'. It was also the first Disney cartoon to feature synchronized sound. You can view the animated short from YouTube below.", "In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created Mickey Mouse. Disney's first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18, 1928. It was the third Mickey Mouse cartoon, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho. It was also the first cartoon to feature synchronized sound. Disney used Pat Powers' Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forest's Phonofilm system. Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Moss's Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre.", "Pat Powers became Disney’s distributor and on November 18, 1928, Steamboat Willie (the world’s first sound cartoon) opened at the Colony Theater in New York. Disney himself did all the character voices in the seven-minute-long film. Receiving rave reviews, audiences everywhere adored Mickey Mouse along with his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, who also made her first appearance in Steamboat Willie. (By the way, November 18, 1928 is considered the official birthday of Mickey Mouse.)", "In 1928, Steamboat Willie debuted. This was an animated cartoon with a soundtrack starring a mouse later named Mickey Mouse. It had taken lots of hard work and determination on Walt�s part, but it was the first cartoon with a sound track and it was successful. In 1929, the cartoon The Haunted House came out.", "Walt Disney began his first series of fully animated films in 1927, featuring the character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . When his distributor appropriated the rights to the character, Disney altered Oswald’s appearance and created a new character that he named Mortimer Mouse; at the urging of his wife, Disney rechristened him Mickey Mouse . Two silent Mickey Mouse cartoons—Plane Crazy (1928) and Gallopin’ Gaucho (1928)—were produced before Disney employed the novelty of sound for the third Mickey Mouse production, Steamboat Willie (1928), though Mickey did not utter his first words (“Hot dogs!”) until The Karnival Kid (1929). Steamboat Willie was an immediate sensation and led to the studio’s dominance in the animated market for many years.", "Looking at the cartoon today, almost a century later, it’s an innocuous yarn on a boat, lightly funny, surprisingly wacky violent, and of course chock full of goofy, loopy, sound effects; it’s a half-baked affair. But it’s not so much the cartoon that makes it the universally recognized classic that it is; it’s more about being the genesis modes of Walt Disney and his creation, the lovable rodent, Mickey Mouse (the character had two other shorts prior, but Steamboat Willie was the first released – November 18, 1928).", "Because of Steamboat Willie’s success, November 18, 1928 was officially declared as Mickey Mouse’s onscreen debut or birthday. He quickly rose to popularity as one of the most prominent cartoon characters of that era.", "2. It was Mickey’s first sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie, which premiered on November 18, 1928 that shot him to fame, which is why that day is celebrated as the birthday of Mickey and Minnie.", "Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928 in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.", "But it was their third cartoon that established the definitive early look and personality of both Mickey and Minnie, as well as Pete. Steamboat Willie, was the third short of the series to be produced but released first on November 18, 1928. Pete was featured as the Captain of the steamboat, Mickey as a crew of one and Minnie as their single passenger. The two anthropomorphic mice first star in a sound film and spend most of its duration playing music to the tune of \"Turkey in the Straw\".", "Not all of Walt Disney's cartoon creations have achieved the immortality of Mickey Mouse. Disney introduced Mickey in 1927, and by the time of \"Steamboat Willie\" (1928), the first sound animated cartoon, the mouse's popularity was ensured.", "1928: The first Mickey Mouse cartoon, Steamboat Willie, was screened in the US. It was the first experimental sound cartoon and, although not strictly the first Mickey cartoon, it was the first with his amended name.", "On the flipside, Minnie (Minerva) Mouse officially first appeared in the immensely successful Steamboat Willie, which was released on November 18, 1928. However, she was also present in the aforementioned film Plane Crazy, which couldn't be released until March 17, 1929. Over the years, Minnie has been voiced by thespians such as Walt Disney, Marcellite Garner, Ruth Clifford and Russi Taylor.", "Steamboat Willie (1928), the first Mickey Mouse cartoon with sound, was largely Ub's work. When Disney inaugurated a second cartoon series, the Silly Symphonies, Ub was again hard at work. And The Skeleton Dance (1929), one of the most famous Silly Symphonies, was entirely animated by Ub Iwerks.", ". Mickey Mouse was introduced in 1928, first in Plane Crazy and then emerged as a star in the more popular Steamboat Willie animated cartoon. ^  ", "Christened by Lillian Disney, Mickey Mouse made his film debut in a short called Plane Crazy , which was, like all of Disney’s previous works, a silent film. After failing to find distributor interest in Plane Crazy or its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho , Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie . A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and the Cinephone, a bootlegged sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became a success, and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. Disney himself provided the vocal effects for the earliest cartoons and performed as the voice of Mickey Mouse until 1947 and replaced by sound effects guy James MacDonald .", "Plane Crazy apparently failed to impress audiences, and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short: The Gallopin' Gaucho . It would not be until Mickey's third, probably most famous, and first sound cartoon Steamboat Willie , that Mickey began to gain the popularity that he has today. The short's original release date - November 18, 1928 - was later declared to be Mickey's official birthday by archivist Dave Smith in 1978.", "As entertainment, STEAMBOAT WILLIE is still fun to watch, featuring fine work by animator Ub Iwerks and showing a Mickey with all the passions & indifference of a small child. He must deal with a tyrannical skipper (Pete, without his peg leg; he had been appearing in Disney cartoons since February of 1925), a wisecracking parrot (in a few years it would be a Duck) and a cute little Mouse named Minnie. Together the two rodents rather callously make music on the live bodies of a goat, cat, goose, piglets & cow (a precursor of Clarabelle) - all of whom happened to be conveniently on board the steamship. Audiences howled for more and the pattern was set for the subsequent Mouse cartoons of the next few years.", "1928 – Walt Disney's Steamboat Willie, the first completely post-produced synchronised sound animated cartoon, was released.", "The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the \"Turkey in the Straw\" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC .", "The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the \"Turkey in the Straw\" sequence, when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie, and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for the Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.", "The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the \"Turkey in the Straw\" sequence, when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie, and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.", "Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus has been cited as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons.", "Max Fleischer had experimented with and released seven animated shorts with some sound effects. These shorts had not generated much interest and were quickly forgotten. (Fleischer went on to be the first animator to experiment with color, and to compete with Disney during the 1930's and 1940's. The most famous of his cartoon series include \"Popeye the Sailor Man\", \"Betty Boop\", and \"Superman\".) Disney may have seen the Fleischer cartoons, or he may have come up with the idea for a cartoon with sound on his own. Whatever happened Disney was the first to try a complete cartoon with synchronized sound. The gimmick worked, and people thronged to see \"Steamboat Willie\".", "The cartoon was written and directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . The title is a parody of the Buster Keaton film Steamboat Bill Jr. Music for Steamboat Willie was put together by Wilfred Jackson , one of Disney's animators — not, as sometimes reported, by Carl Stalling — and comprises popular melodies including \"Steamboat Bill\" and \" Turkey in the Straw \".", "The production of Steamboat Willie took place between July and September 1928 with an estimated budget of $4,986. There was initially some doubt among the animators that a sound cartoon would appear believable enough, so before a soundtrack was produced, Disney arranged for a screening of the film to a test audience with live sound to accompany it. This screening took place on July 29 with Steamboat Willie only partly finished. The audience sat in a room adjoining Walt's office. Roy placed the movie projector outdoors and the film was projected through a window so that the sound of the projector would not interfere with the live sound. Ub Iwerks set up a bedsheet behind the movie screen behind which he placed a microphone connected to speakers where the audience would sit. The live sound was produced from behind the bedsheet. Wilfred Jackson played the music on a mouth organ, Ub Iwerks banged on pots and pans for the percussion segment, and Johnny Cannon provided sound effects with various devices, including slide whistles and spittoons for bells. Walt himself provided what little dialogue there was to the film, mostly grunts, laughs, and squawks. After several practices, they were ready for the audience, which consisted of Disney employees and their wives.", "In Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928) — which includes the famous wall-falling-over-onto-Keaton-in-a-cyclone stunt — the genius comic acrobat plays the shy son of a steamboat captain caught in the middle of another feud, this one between his father and another Mississippi riverboat owner. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was directed Charles Reisne. It’s remastered from archival 35mm material. An alternate version (to be found in the extras) is included— from the Killiam Shows Archive — comprised of alternative takes and camera angles. The traditional version has a score of new music by The Biograph Players (in DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 and also a Dolby Digital 2.0 track), a vintage organ score by Lee Erwin (in Dolby Digital mono), and a piano score by William Perry (in Dolby Digital mono). The sole audio option for the “Killian” version of the film is a piano-centric score by William Perry (in Dolby Digital 2.0).", "He scrawled notes about his body language, facial features, and his gag methods. He also read everything he could about animation and cartooning. They worked out of their uncle�s garage in Hollywood, CA. They were finally able to make a good cartoon Steamboat Willie in 1928, which became an instant hit.", "While the film has received some criticism, it has also received wide critical acclaim, not only for introducing one of the world's most popular cartoon characters, but for its technical innovation. In 1994 members of the animation field voted Steamboat Willie 13th in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons, which listed the greatest cartoons of all time. In 1998 the film was selected for preservation in the United States' National Film Registry for being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\"", "Porky Pig is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. He was the first character created by the studio to draw audiences based on his star power , and the animators (particularly Bob Clampett ) created many critically acclaimed shorts using the fat little pig . Even after he was supplanted by later characters, Porky continued to be popular with moviegoers and, more importantly, the Warners directors, who recast him in numerous everyman and sidekick roles. He is known for his signature line at the end of each short, \"Th-th-th-that's all folks!\" The slogan had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of every Looney Tunes cartoon. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: So Long, Folks! until the late 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the Looney Tunes series. (When Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, \"And Dat's De End!\")" ]

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[ "A lever ( or) is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of the location of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the lever.", "A lever is an object that is used with a pivot point, or 'fulcrum', to multiply the force applied to another object. Levers are often long and skinny and made of rigid material. Levers are one of the six simple machines.", "Throughout history, humans have developed a number of devices to make work easier. The most notable of these are known as the \"six simple machines\": the wheel and axle, the lever, the inclined plane, the pulley, the screw and the wedge, although the latter three are actually just extensions or combinations of the first three.", "A machine is a device that does work. Most machines consist of a number of elements, such as gears and ball bearings, that work together in a complex way. Nonetheless, no matter how complex they are, all machines are based in some way on six types of simple machines. These six types of machines are the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.", "Levers are used in our life everyday. Many tools that we used day-to-day use levers. Levers are a simple machine that consists of a generally straight bar that moves around a point called the fulcrum or pivot. We will use pivot in this case, but they are interchangeable. The are three different classes of levers: first class, second class and third class. The position of the pivot determines the class of lever. Shown below are the three classes of levers and how the load, pivot and effort are arranged (L is load, F is fulcrum or pivot & E is effort):", "Simple machines are elementary examples of kinematic chains that are used to model mechanical systems ranging from the steam engine to robot manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a kinematic pair called a hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are examples of the kinematic pair called a sliding joint. The screw is usually identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint.", "A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. Usually the term refers to the six classical simple machines which were defined by Renaissance scientists: ", "The lever consists of a long beam and a fulcrum, or pivot. The mechanical advantage of the lever depends on the ratio of the lengths of the beam on either side of the fulcrum.", "The beam is placed so that some part of it rests against the fulcrum. In a traditional lever, the fulcrum remains in a stationary position, while a force is applied somewhere along the length of the beam. The beam then pivots around the fulcrum, exerting the output force on some sort of object that needs to be moved.", "The lever has two important parts. The lever itself and the fulcrum. The placement of the fulcrum determines how far the levered object will move, and how much force is required to move it.", "Then explain the parts of a lever such as Fulcrum and a long solid object. In the classroom you will use a lever support as a fulcrum and a lever stick as the solid object. If you wanted to show more practical applications or lifting a person with one finger, then you can by a 6 feet long 2 x 4 pine wood and a of break. The advantage of using a lever stick is the ability to read distances and calculate the torque and mechanical advantage.", "- If the pivot point, or fulcrum, of the lever is relatively close to the load, then a small input force will produce a large output force.", "A simple machine is a device that simply transforms the direction or magnitude of a force, but a large number of more complex machines exist. Examples include vehicles, electronic systems, molecular machines, computers, television, and radio.", "Howe's model was a strange-looking sewing machine. Every part has been improved, and many new ones have been added, but every one of the millions of sewing machines made since, owes at least one essential part to this machine, built in 1845. The way it sews is simple enough. The curved needle, with an eye at the point, carries the thread through the cloth, and the loop of the needle thread [131] is locked by a thread passed through this loop by the shuttle. The materials are hung on the pins of the baster plate, which carries the goods along in front of the needle. The baster plate was the weakest part of the machine. The seam that could be made without stopping was short, and only straight seams could be sewed.", "The length of the lever arm is particularly important; choosing this length appropriately lies behind the operation of levers, pulleys, gears, and most other simple machines involving a mechanical advantage", "Simple machines help us lift, pull or raise items, change the direction of the force, increase the force, split things, fasten things, and cut things.", "A lever is a simple machine that consists of two material components and two work components:", "The fulcrum lever is pivoted at c, and has an iron plate at e, and suspends a weight at its end which serves to put on the feed.", "Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with an auxiliary puller feed, which grips the material being sewn (usually from behind the needles) and pulls it with a force and reliability usually not possible with other types of feed. Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the [http://sewingmachinesview.com/ basic sewing machine]. Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built into the machine to avoid damaging the machine. Pullers are also limited to straight seams, or very nearly so. Despite their additional cost and limitations, pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and vehicle covers.", "It is good to start with clear definitions, so that we know what we are talking about. Let us say that a machine is a collection of resistant bodies arranged to change the magnitude, direction or point of application of moving forces. Motion is an essential part of a machine; without it, at least in principle, we have no machine, but a structure. The restriction to resistant bodies sets hydraulic and other fluid machines aside; these deserve special treatment. Some authors classify the hydraulic press as a machine. In a sense it is, of course, and depends on statics, but we will leave it aside. An ideal machine is one in which the parts are considered to be weightless, frictionless and rigid. Real machines are not ideal, but ideal machines aid thought and analysis, and in many cases are adequate approximations, so they are quite useful. A simple machine is a machine from which no part can be removed without destroying it as a machine. A mechanism is a machine considered solely from the point of view of its motions, kinematically, without consideration of loads. Some authors say a mechanism is a machine with \"that does no useful work,\" but this is not a helpful distinction. A steam engine valve gear is essentially a mechanism to obtain a particular motion, but it also does useful work on the valve. A structure transmits force without motion.", "Although they continue to be of great importance in mechanics and applied science, modern mechanics has moved beyond the view of the simple machines as the ultimate building blocks of which all machines are composed, which arose in the Renaissance as a neoclassical amplification of ancient Greek texts on technology. The great variety and sophistication of modern machine linkages, which arose during the Industrial Revolution, is inadequately described by these six simple categories. As a result, various post-Renaissance authors have compiled expanded lists of \"simple machines\", often using terms like basic machines, compound machines, or machine elements to distinguish them from the classical simple machines above. By the late 1800s, Franz Reuleaux had identified hundreds of machine elements, calling them simple machines. Models of these devices may be found at Cornell University's Kinematic Models for Design (KMODDL) website. ", "We don't actually know what the first simple machine was, but it was probably a large stick used to move heavy objects (rocks).  The lever  .", "One of the earliest and simplest of machines, a large stick would work as a lever   to move huge rocks.", "[lathes, chucks, eccentric turning, Holtzapffel, John Ibbetson, decorative arts, Nasmyth, Bessemer steel, machine tools, quick return mechanisms, iron]", "a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole", "Simple machines provide a mechanical advantage, which is the factor by which a machine increases the magnitude of a force. The work output refers to the amount of work done by a machine, while the work input pertains to the amount of work exerted into the machine. The lever family exerts a rotational force that changes the direction of the work output from the work input. The inclined plane family alters the direction of work output at an angle of 90 degrees to the direction of the work input.", "The problem is that while we can imagine, for example, a robot arm that can screw, bolt, solder, and weld enough to assemble a robot arm from parts, it needs a sequence of instructions to obey in this process. And there is more than one instruction per part. But the instructions must be embodied in some physical form, so to finish the process we need instructions to build the instructions, and so on, in an infinite regress. The answer to this seeming conundrum was given mathematically by John von Neumann, and at roughly the same time (the 1950s) was teased out of the naturally occurring self-reproducing machines we find all around us, living cells. It turns out to be the same answer in both cases. First, design a machine that can build machines, like the robot arm above. (In a cell, there is such a thing, called a ribosome.) Next, we need another machine which is special-purpose, and does nothing but copy instructions.", "In the decades before the widespread adoption of the rotary combine in the late seventies, several inventors had pioneered designs which relied more on centrifugal force for grain separation and less on gravity alone. By the early eighties, most major manufacturers had settled on a \"walkerless\" design with much larger threshing cylinders to do most of the work. Advantages were faster grain harvesting and gentler treatment of fragile seeds, which were often cracked by the faster rotational speeds of conventional combine threshing cylinders.", "This subclass is indented under subclass 700 .  Apparatus claiming only (1) a work gripping subcombination, (2) an anvil, or (3) any subcombination of an assembling or disassembling apparatus incapable by itself of performing a work assembling or disassembling operation and not elsewhere classifiable.", "The screwthread mechanism comprises a screwthread 317 rotatably mounted between the lower wall 318 and an inner wall 319 of the body of the tool in parallel with a fixed guide bar 320 The screwthread 317 is rotated by a handwheel 321 so as to advance a traveller 322, comprising a block with a threaded bore for receiving the screwthread and a plain bore for slidably receiving the guide bar, towards the base of the tool Links 323 pivotably connected between the traveller 322 and the lower arms 312 draw each respective pair of arms 312, 312' together, causing the rollers 310, 310' to converge behind the flanges 41' so that their waisted surfaces ride up the flanges, drawing the backplate 306 towards the stanchion 40' so that the fixed rollers 315 are engaged against the external surfaces of the flanges as shown (Figs 41 B, 43) The tool 300 is thus captured on the stanchion 40' so that it can move up and down but cannot be rotated or detached The handwheel 321 is rotated in the opposite direction to dismount the tool The retractable rollers adapt to stanchions of different widths, so that the tool can be attached to larger stanchions intended to support a mezzanine floor, or to smaller stanchions where only a lining is to be installed", "In 1901 Frank Hornby, a clerk from Liverpool, England, invented and patented a new toy called \"Mechanics Made Easy\" that was based on the principles of mechanical engineering. It was a model construction kit consisting of perforated metal strips, plates and girders, with wheels, pulleys, gears, shaft collars and axles for mechanisms and motion, and nuts and bolts to connect the pieces. The perforations were at a standard ½ inch (12.7 mm) spacing, the axles were 8-gauge, and the nuts and bolts used 5/32 inch BSW threads. The only tools required to assemble models were a screwdriver and spanners (wrenches). It was more than just a toy: it was educational, teaching basic mechanical principles like levers and gearing.", "This subclass is indented under subclass 263 .  Apparatus in which the tubular or tube segment form a work engager having at least two relatively movable parts to grip the work which parts are mounted on the work engaging end of the force developing screw." ]

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[ "\"In the Kingdom of the Blind\" is an episode from the fifth season of the science fiction television series Babylon 5. The title alludes to a Latin proverb quoted by Erasmus: \"In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king\". ", "The episode's title is the first half of a proverb \"In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king\", attributed to Erasmus of Rotterdam. See more »", "\"In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king\", from Latin \"In regione caecorum rex est luscus\" credited to Desiderius Erasmus's Adagia (1500). Erasmus' likely inspiration, appears in the Genesis Rabbah as \"בשוק סמייא צווחין לעווירא סגי נהור\", meaning \"In the street of the blind, the one eyed man is called the Guiding Light\".", "Lycon: It's like my daddy used to say: in the land of the blind, the one eyed man is king.", "Nuñez descends into the valley and finds an unusual village with windowless houses and a network of paths, all bordered by curbs. Upon discovering that everyone is blind, Nuñez begins reciting to himself the refrain, \"In the Country of the Blind, the One-Eyed Man is King\". He realises that he can teach and rule them, but the villagers have no concept of sight, and do not understand his attempts to explain this fifth sense to them. Frustrated, Nuñez becomes angry, but the villagers calm him, and he reluctantly submits to their way of life, because returning to the outside world seems impossible.", "Who is king in the world of the blind when there isn't even a one eyed man?", "To Berish Mandel, the beadle of the House of Learning Dorshey Tov, who was blind on one eye he said: Be it known that your death will be an easy one. How do you know? the beadle wondered. Because you will have to shut one eye only was his reply.", "Samuel 5:6-10 describes it this way: “You shall not come in here; but the blind and the lame will repel you,” thinking, “David cannot come in here.” Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion (that is, the City of David). Now David said on that day, “Whoever climbs up by way of the water shaft and defeats the Jebusites (the lame and the blind, who are hated by David’s soul), he shall be chief and captain. “Therefore they say, “The blind and the lame shall not come into the house.” Then David dwelt in the stronghold, and called it the City of David.", "From the perceptions of an intelligent blind man in the short story “Cathedral”, the reader learns the difference between simply looking and... truly seeing. The narrator, who is the husband, goes through life viewing all things in one dimension. Even though Robert lacks the physical ability to see, he has a great deal of insight when it comes to the wife and the world. The ability of Robert, a blind man, to see the wife in greater detail than the husband is a strong metaphor in which this story is...", "\"For some, blindness means ignorance of the real state of things, denial of the obvious and hence madness, stupidity and irresponsibility. To others,  the blind are those who ignore the deceitful shows of this world, and thanks to this are privileged to know its secret reality, too deeply buried to be discerned by ordinary humanity. The blind share the godhead, they are inspired: poets, wonder-workers, seers. Such, in short, are the two aspects, blessed and cursed, positive and negative, of the symbolism of blindness; and all traditions, myths and customs waiver between them. This means that blindness, which is often a punishment of the gods, bears some relation to the ordeals of initiation... Similarly folklore is full of blind musicians, bards and singers treated as inspired beings.", "John Milton is best known for his epic poem \"Paradise Lost,\" in which he purported to \"justify the ways of God to man\" only to end up making romantic heroes for the ages of Adam, Eve and even Satan, while giving the crucifixion, \"atonement\" and resurrection of Christ all of six words (\"and so he dies, but soon revives\"). As Alice put it, \"Curious and curiouser.\" Milton went blind, hence when he opened his eyes from his dream, day brought back his night.", "Solomon: \"The hearing ear and the seeing eye, the Lord hath made both. Degrees of deafness and blindness, these are mans province, and measurable.\"", "Solomon: \"The hearing ear and the seeing eye, the Lord hath made both. Degrees of deafness and blindness, these are man's province, and measurable.\"", "As blindness overtook Milton, it becomes a major trope in Samson Agonistes, and is seen also in Paradise Lost (3.22–55) and his 19th Sonnet. Many scholars have written about the impact of Milton's increasing blindness on his works. This recurrence of blindness came after Milton temporarily gave up his poetry to work for Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth government. He continued this service even though his eyesight was failing and he knew that he was hastening his own blindness. The correlation is significant to the Agonistes plot: Milton describes Samson as being \"Eyeless in Gaza\", a phrase that has become the most quoted line of Agonistes. Novelist Aldous Huxley used it as the title for his 1936 novel Eyeless in Gaza.", "The idea of losing one’s sight is obviously a deeply troubling one. The blind person is suddenly at risk in all kinds of ways. The speaker in the poem feels vulnerable; he can no longer literally see his own way or easily protect himself from dangers. The special tragedy of this particular speaker is that he has lost his sight at an unusually early stage of life. Rather than becoming blind when elderly, he has become blind in middle age. He now inhabits a world that seems “dark” (2) in at least two senses: it is no longer physically visible, and it is a world full of sin and spiritual darkness. The world, moreover, is not only dark but also “wide”: the speaker will somehow have to navigate, both literally and figuratively, in a world which, because of its width or breadth, will prose many dangers. If the speaker were confined to a single dark room, he might quickly and easily learn his way around. Instead, he will have to make his way through a “world” that is both “dark” and “wide” and thus especially challenging.", "If you go blind in one eye, you'll only lose about one-fifth of your vision (but all your depth perception.)", "The Parable of the Blind illustrates the verse from Matthew (14:14): \"If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.\" In this great work the descending diagonal formed by the figures of the blind men is enlivened and activated by the use of color, strong hues for the foreground and cooler tones toward the rear. Another development of this period is a heightened sense of atmosphere, the landscape being one of the most vaporous in Bruegel's oeuvre.", "A man had been blind from birth.  Jesus made some mud, put it on the man’s eyes and told him to go wash it off.  When the man did as Jesus instructed he could see.", "According to another theory, espoused by Jewish rabbis, the Hebrew actually implies that monetary compensation can be given in place of the eye, with the amount of the compensation to be the same regardless of whose eye was harmed (hence, \"eye for an eye\"). Unfortunately, given human nature in general, people didn't much listen (especially when \"monetary compensation\" simply led to unjust instances of Screw the Rules, I Have Money! ), and as a result — as Mahatma Gandhi, a well-known nonviolence activist, is supposed to have put it — \"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.\"", "Referring to the phrase repeated in the chorus of the song, “Sad eyed lady of the lowlands/ Where the sad eyed prophet says that no man comes”, Ricks suggests that the prophet Ezekiel is relevant, noting that the phrase “no man” occurs several times in the Book of Ezekiel. Ricks also notes several references to “gates” in that Book, as in Dylan’s song. “This gate shall be shut, it shall not be opened, and no man may enter in by it.” Ezekiel 44:2. Dylan’s song alludes to “the kings of Tyrus”, and Ricks points out that, in the Book of Ezekiel, Tyrus is described as “a merchant of the people for many isles” (Ezekiel 27:3); this chapter of Ezekiel lists the many commodities and luxuries which Tyrus trades in, including silver, gold, spices, precious stones, emeralds, ebony and ivory. Thus, for Ricks, Tyrus is “one huge warehouse of hubris”, but there is a force that can outwait the kings of Tyrus, “the Lord, he who speaks through his propher Ezekiel of the doom to come”.", "\"He (Muhammad) frowned and turned away, when the blind man came to him. How do you know; he may be saved? Or, he may heed the message and benefit from such heeding. As for the rich man, you (Muhammad) gave him your attention. Even though you cannot guarantee his salvation. But the one who came to you seeking salvation, and sincerely reverent, you disregarded him. Indeed, THIS IS A REMINDER, for those who choose to remember.\" (80:1-12)", "What possible purpose could the blindness and healing have? The only sensible explanation is that they served to confirm to Saul and to others that he had really seen the vision and that Ananias was the one who would tell Saul what he needed to do to be saved. If anyone doubted that Saul saw Jesus as he claimed, there was the blindness as a continuing proof.", "Another one of Milton's sonnets which talks of his experiences as a blind poet is one of his lesser known works. This is a sonnet addressed to Cyriack Skinner, his student and amanuensis. The history goes thus, that Milton was commissioned to write a few defences on the execution of Charles I, notably to a well-known French writer and controversialist named Claude Saumaise (better known as Salmasius). This, however, turned out to be the opportunity that he had been waiting for. For once in his life, Milton believed that he was speaking for his country and the liberty of his people. His defences on the attacks of the English regicides proved to be a huge success. But he became completely blind by the time it appeared and his enemies believed that his blindness was a punishment from God and a result of his defence of regicide. In the sonnet, 'To Mr. Cyriack Skinner upon his Blindness', Milton completely turns this around and accepts his blindness as an advantageous affliction which was caused due to his fight for liberty and further elevates his loss to a stature which is at par with the supreme satisfaction of having served his country.", "The blindness to which Saul was subject for three days provided him with much time for reflection, meditation, and prayer. But his blindness was symbolic of his condition. Israel was also blind, and Paul’s blindness was but a specific example of this blindness:", "Let them alone: they are blind guides. And if the blind guide the blind, both shall fall into a pit. Matthew 15:14", "Several tales have been told about his life which have him performing miracles, such as healing a blind man. ", "\"A mighty King sits on His Throne, situated in the center of a huge palace with many halls, all of them filled with gold and silver, and precious stones. Those servants of the King who are far more interested in acquiring wealth than in gazing at the King's splendor spend all their time when they are admitted, in the outer halls gathering the treasures that they find there. So engrossed are they that they never see the Countenance of the King. But the wise servants, refusing to be distracted by the treasures in the hall, press on until they come to the King on His Throne in the center of the palace. To their astonishment, once they reach the King's presence they discover that the palace, its halls, and the treasures are really only an illusion, created by the King's magical powers. In this same way God hides Him [and Herself] in the garments and \"barriers\" of the cosmos and the upper worlds. When man recognizes that this is so, when he acknowledges that all is created out of God's essence, and that, in reality, there is no barrier between man and God, 'all the workers of iniquity Are disbursed.'\" Israel ben Eliezer, the Bal Shem Tov.", "Translation: It is not miserable to be blind; it is miserable to be incapable of enduring blindness.", "Jesus: “Verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.” —John 3", "“I will lead the blind by ways they have not known, along unfamiliar paths I will guide them; I will turn the darkness into light before them and make the rough places smooth. These are the things I will do; I will not forsake them” (Isaiah 42:16).", "Jesus said in John 3:3: “ Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. ”", "Solomon: \"The eyes of the Lord in every place monitor good and evil, and in them is the definition.\"" ]

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[ "The Rubicon (Latin: Rubicū, Italian: Rubicone) is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, about 80 kilometres long, running from the Apennine Mountains to the Adriatic Sea through the southern Emilia-Romagna region, between the towns of Rimini and Cesena. The Latin word rubico comes from the adjective \"rubeus\", meaning \"red\". The river was so named because its waters are colored red by mud deposits. It was key to protecting Rome from Civil War.", "The Rubicon is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, about 80 kilometres long, running from the Apennine Mountains to the Adriatic Sea through the southern Emilia-Romagna region, between the towns of Rimini and Cesena. The Latin word rubico comes from the adjective \"rubeus\", meaning \"red\". The river was so named because its waters are colored red by mud deposits. It was key to protecting Rome from civil war. The idiom \"Crossing the Rubicon\" means to pass a point of no return, and refers to Julius Caesar's army's crossing of the river in 49 BC, which was considered an act of insurrection. Because the course of the river has changed much since then, it is impossible to confirm exactly where the Rubicon flowed when Caesar and his legions crossed it, even though most evidence links it to the river officially so named. The river is perhaps most known as the place where Julius Caesar uttered the famous phrase \"alea iacta est\" - the die is cast.", "Passed the Rubicon: Passed the point of no return. The Rubicon, now the Rugone, is a small river of Italy which it separates from Cisalpine Gaul. It rises in the Apennine Mountains and falls into the Adriatic Sea. By crossing it and thus transgressing the boundaries of his province Julius Caesar declared war against the Senate and Pompey and began the civil wars. Hence \"pass,\" or \"cross the Rubicon,\" a saying for \"take a step that cannot be retraced,\" \"burn one's bridges or boats,\" etc. As he crossed, Caesar supposedly said, \"Alea iacta est\" -- the die is cast!", "*\"Crossing the Rubicon\" is a metaphor for deliberately proceeding past a point of no return. The phrase originates with Julius Caesar's seizure of power in the Roman Republic in 49 BC. Roman generals were strictly forbidden from bringing their troops into the home territory of the Republic in Italy. On 10 January, Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River, crossing from the province of Cisalpine Gaul into Italy. After this, if he did not triumph, he would be executed. Therefore, the term \"the Rubicon\" is used as a synonym to the \"point of no return\".", "Crossing the Rubicon This is like burning one's boats where it is a situation after which there is no going back. It comes from the name of a river in Ancient Italy that Julius Caesar was prohibited from crossing. In 49 BC, he crossed the river with his army, officialy declaring war on Rome.", "The Rubicon is a stream in NE Italy which marked the ancient boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. Julius Caesar led his army across it into Italy in 49 bc , breaking the law forbidding a general to lead an army out of his province, and so committing himself to war against the Senate and Pompey. The ensuing civil war resulted in victory for Caesar after three years.", "The Rubicon was a small river, little more than a stream, which formed part of the boundary between ancient Italy and the province of Cisalpine Gaul (now northern Italy). In 49 BC, Julius Caesar took the decision to cross this from his province of Gaul to march into Rome. In the political circumstances of his day, this precipitated war between him and Pompey and led to his dictatorship and eventual assassination.", "Irrevocably commit to a course of action, make a fateful and final decision. For example, Once he submitted his resignation, he had crossed the Rubicon. This phrase alludes to Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon River (between Italy and Gaul) in 49 b.c., thereby starting a war against Pompey and the Roman Senate. Recounted in Plutarch's Lives: Julius Caesar (c. a.d. 110), the crossing gave rise to the figurative English usage by the early 1600s.", "Known as the Rio Grande in the United States and as the Río Bravo (and more formally as Río Bravo del Norte) in Mexico . The river flows generally southward for 1,885 miles (3,034 km). It is the fourth longest river system in the United States and the fifth longest in North America. Worldwide, it is registered as the 20th longest. The river rises as a snowfall fed mountain stream 3,900 m (12,800 ft) above sea level in Colorado 's San Juan Mountains, in the Rocky Mountain range. Originating in a cold steppe climate, it descends through the Southwestern United States desert before watering rich agricultural regions near its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico .", "Suetonius's account depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. The phrase \"crossing the Rubicon\" has survived to refer to any individual or group committing itself irrevocably to a risky or revolutionary course of action, similar to the modern phrase \"passing the point of no return\".", "The Colorado River is a major river of the western United States and northwest Mexico in North America. Its headwaters are in the Rocky Mountains of north central Colorado. It flows southwest through the Colorado Plateau country of western Colorado, southeastern Utah and northwestern Arizona where it flows through the Grand Canyon. It turns south near Las Vegas, Nevada, forming the Arizona–Nevada border in Lake Mead and the Arizona–California border below Hoover Dam. Before entering Mexico in the Colorado Desert most of its waters are diverted into the Imperial Valley of Southern California. In Mexico its course forms the boundary between Sonora and Baja California before entering the Gulf of California. This article describes most of the major features along the river.", "In the traditional story, Caesar is believed to have forded across the Rubicon and onward to Rome in a blatant act of disobedience to the commands of Pompey, the leader of the Roman senate. As far as the myth goes, Caesar takes a moment and pauses at the edge of the riverbank to contemplate the implications his crossing will have for the future of Rome.", "Colorado River, major river of North America , rising in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado , U.S. , and flowing generally west and south for 1,450 miles (2,330 kilometres) into the Gulf of California in northwestern Mexico . Its drainage basin covers 246,000 square miles (637,000 square kilometres) and includes parts of seven states—Wyoming, Colorado, Utah , New Mexico , Nevada , Arizona , and California . For 17 miles the river forms the international boundary between the U.S. state of Arizona and Mexico. The river drains a vast arid and semiarid sector of the North American continent, and because of its intensive development it is often referred to as the “Lifeline of the Southwest.”", "This river flows from a high plateau in the Pamir Mountains of central Asia, across southern Tajikistan, forming its border with Afghanistan, then northwest, forming parts of the borders between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and on into the Aral Sea. It's (1,578 miles) (2,539 km) in length. In ancient times the Amu Darya was called the Oxus. It was part of Persia, and played a significant role in the military campaigns of Alexander the Great.", "Butch Cassidy : The latest in a long line. We get out of here alive, we go to Australia. Goodbye, Bolivia. Hello to Australia.", "In 1933, after various efforts spanning centuries, the Fiumicino, crossing the town of Savignano di Romagna (now Savignano sul Rubicone), was officially identified as the former Rubicon. The final proof confirming this theory came only in 1991, when three Italian scholars (Pignotti, Ravagli, and Donati), after a comparison between the Tabula Peutingeriana and other ancient sources (including Cicero), showed that the distance from Rome to the Rubicon river was 200 Roman miles. Key elements of their work are:", "From Whitehorse there begins a 460-mile section of river that runs to Dawson where road access occurs. From Dawson the river runs into Alaska to the first real access, the Taylor Highway, at the town of Eagle Alaska, 240 miles below Dawson. From Eagle, it is 158 miles to where the river next sees road access at the remote town of Circle Alaska at the end of the Steese Highway. From Circle the river begins it's sweeping bend to the southwest to where the Dalton Highway crosses the river below Steven's Village after 200 miles. After going under the Dalton Highway you are on the way to a section of river without road access but there are numerous villages where regular commercial air service is your ticket out. Below the haul road a likely destination might be Galena, 310 miles away, where the Yukon starts its run to the south and to its giant delta region. At Mountain Village the great river turns into a giant maze of braids and might be a logical place to end a trip on this lower part of the river. The village of Emmonak, near the river's mouth, might be as far as you want to go into the western delta region and is the regional hub for air traffic.", "Do not enter creek or gully crossings without first checking for depth, dips and holes and finding the shallowest path. Water crossings in northern Australia (Far North Qld, Kimberley , Top End) are often inhabited by crocodiles so it is not advisable to walk these rivers. Vehicles are washed away more easily than most people realise.", "While the Missouri River, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers to the Mississippi, is the longest continuously named river in the United States, the serially named river known sequentially as Hellroaring Creek, Red Rock, Beaverhead, Jefferson, Missouri, Middle Mississippi, and Lower Mississippi, as one continuous waterway, is the longest river in North America and the fourth longest river in the world. Its length of at least 3745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Brower's Spring, 8800 ft above sea level in southwestern Montana, along the Continental Divide outside Yellowstone National Park. ", "Leave the pretty town of Williams and the Grand Canyon behind as you make your way to Seligman, the first stop heading west on the longest uninterrupted stretch of Route 66. Continue through Kingman whose old Route 66 cafés and motels still flourish, to one of Arizona’s hidden treasures, Hoover Dam. Considered the largest single public works project in the history of the U.S., The Hoover Dam straddles the mighty Colorado River, which forms the border between Nevada and Arizona and brings much-needed water and power to the", "1850Texas relinquished all claims to the land north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes. The establishment of the bounds of New Mexico left the so-called \"No-Man's-Land\" unattached to any state, territory or Indian reservation. Lieutenant J. H. Simpson laid out an overland trail across Oklahoma from east to west. The route followed the Canadian to a point in what is now the southern part of Cleveland County, on the north side of the river. There a crossing was made to the south side and the trail continued to a point in the northern part of Caddo County where it crossed over into the valley of the Washita, re-entering the Canadian in Roger Mills County.", "The Yellowstone River is one of the tributaries of the mighty Missouri River. It emerges from Absaroka Range in Wyoming where the North Fork converges with the South Fork. During its course, the river passes through three states of the US and covers a distance of 1,114 kilometers. The river is famous the world over owing to the breathtaking waterfalls which are one of its important natural features.", "In the north western part of the state there is one of America's best known natural landmarks, the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon formed by the Colorado River and and its tributaries over a period of some million years. Humphreys Peak is the highest natural point in the state with 3,852 m (12,637 ft) located within the Kachina Peaks Wilderness about 18 km (11 miles) north of Flagstaff.", "After Kerma the choice is to follow the river, or head directly across country cutting off the bend. I had a GPS to help me navigate so leaving Kerma I followed the tyre tracks into the desert. However things got a little confusing, as earthworks a few kilometres in length were pushing me further inland than I was comfortable with. Of course there was no one working on these banks I could confirm the route with, so kept going. Then the tyre tracks were splitting off, until the one I was following became so slight it was difficult to discern. I didn't like this. The problem in riding solo in these situations is you expose yourself to more risk if something goes wrong. There wouldn't be anyone coming this way.", "In 1857, Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives led an expedition to explore the feasibility of using the Colorado River as a navigation route in the Southwest. Ives and his men used a specially built steamboat, the shallow-draft U.S.S. Explorer, and traveled up the river as far as Black Canyon on what is now the Arizona–Nevada border. After experiencing numerous groundings and accidents and having been inhibited by low water in the river, Ives declared: \"Ours has been the first, and will doubtless be the last, party of whites to visit this profitless locality. It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River, along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way, shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed.\"", "\"I see the bank of a river down there. Turn left and cross it and I'll pick up a landmark on the other side.\"", "Interstate 40 from Barstow to Needles, California traverses some of the emptiest land in the West. It dashes as straight as it can through 130 miles (200 km) of dry valleys that are almost devoid of human settlements. The vegetation is simple, mostly widely-scattered creosote bushes. It�s difficult to tell if you�re driving through the Mohave or Sonoran desert. The small, rocky mountain ranges interrupting the valleys beckon to true desert lovers, but the drive is just plain bleak to most folks. The exits on this freeway average ten miles (16 km) apart and connect to two-lane roads that shoot straight over the distant horizon with no visible destinations. You rarely see a vehicle on any of them.", "The Beagle arrived at the Rio Negro river. Darwin went on another inland expedition on horseback upstream to the town of Patagones, then overland to General Juan Rosas camp on the Rio Colorado.", "after the tour, we hiked on a trail, that took us, through badlands, to an overlook over a wide valley, with a river at the bottom.", "Interstate highways 10 and 40 cross the state east/west, the former entering between El Paso and Las Cruces and paralleling the southern border, and the latter following the route of historic Route 66 through the middle of the state. Interstate 25 enters the state in its northeast corner near Raton, passes through the eastern plains, crosses the Sangre de Cristo Mountains at Glorieta Pass near Santa Fe, then follows the Rio Grande south through Albuquerque to its terminus at I-10 in Las Cruces.", "The Rio Grande River cuts through the Rocky Mountains which occupy the central portion of the state. East of the Rio Grande River, is the Sangre de Cristo Mountain range where the highest peak, Wheeler Peak is located.", "Other outdoor activities popular near Laramie include camping, picnicking, rafting on the Laramie River and the North Platte River, viewing of wildlife such as mule deer, elk, moose, and pronghorn, and general sightseeing. For 27 mi of its length as it crosses the Snowy Range, the Highway 130 corridor has been designated a National Forest Scenic Byway. " ]

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[ "In The Wizard of Oz the Scarecrow was looking for a brain, the Cowardly Lion was looking for courage, and the Tin Man was looking for a heart.", "L. Frank Baum's tale The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has a scarecrow as one of the main protagonists. The Scarecrow of Oz was searching for brains from the Great Wizard. The scarecrow was portrayed by Frank Moore in the 1914 film His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, by Ray Bolger in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, and by Michael Jackson in the 1978 musical film adaptation The Wiz.", "The Scarecrow is a fictional character invented by L. Frank Baum , author and creator of the Oz legacy. He is first introduced in Baum's first Oz book titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900. He makes his debut appearance in the third chapter of the novel titled How Dorothy Saved the Scarecrow. He is a being from the magical Land of Oz , and is the first companion and loyal comrade that Dorothy Gale and her little pet dog, Toto discovered on their journey down the Yellow Brick Road while traveling to see the great and powerful Wizard . Dorothy encouraged the Scarecrow to join her to ask the Wizard for a set of brains, which he thought he lacked. In the end of the story and after having many adventures he eventually did receive what he desired and became known as one of the cleverest figures in all of Oz.", "Rescued by Dorothy from his dull life in a farmer's field, the Scarecrow's greatest wish is to procure brains for himself from the Wizard of Oz. Despite his perceived lack of brains, however, the Scarecrow is exceedingly intelligent and resourceful. At the end of the novel he becomes the ruler of Emerald City in the Wizard's absence.", "Scarecrow: Dorothy meets the Scarecrow on her trek through the land of Oz to Emerald City. He is made out of straw and has no Brains and thus decides to follow Dorothy to Emerald City. When the wizard of Oz asks the Scarecrow what he would like, he says \"a Brain.\" The Scarecrow represents Western farmers who are supposedly stupid. An Irony with the Scarecrow is that although he doesn't have a Brain, he always discovers solutions to problems.", "Along the yellow brick road, Dorothy reaches a wide crossroads, and while confused as to which way to turn next, she also meets a talking Scarecrow , (Ray Bolger) on a pole in a nearby cornfield to scare off the crows. The Scarecrow is deeply unhappy because he cannot fulfill his purpose and successfully scare the black birds away. He also is sad because he doesn't have a brain. Dorothy tells him about the Wizard and how she is on her way to see him. With Dorothy's approval, the Scarecrow decides to come along with her and Toto in hopes that the wizard might give him some brains as he will send Dorothy back to her Kansas. The three then set out on the yellow brick road again and continue on with their long journey.", "Strap on your ruby slippers, and join the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the Lion, Dorothy, and her little dog too for this adaptation of The Wizard of Oz. Lots of people love this classic story of the girl who wakes up in a strange land filled with witches, munchkins, and monkeys — and befriends a cowardly lion, a tin man without a heart, and a scarecrow with no brain in her quest to find her way back home. Journey down the yellow brick road through the land of Oz to meet the wizard while humming along to memorable songs from the Oscar-winning film, including \"Over the Rainbow,\" \"We're Off to See the Wizard,\" and \"If I Only Had a Brain.\"", "Scarecrow thought he had no brain. Although the most ingenious of the four, he considered himself witless and worthless, and he wanted Oz to make him smart. \"Brains are the only things worth having in this world,\" he said.", "In ‘The Wizard of Oz’, “the Scarecrow thinks he has no brain, but in fact he is a highly reflective thinker and given a little time to think he produces amazing solutions to problems. There is a scene in the forest where Dorothy and the Scarecrow stop to pick some apples but the apple tree does not want to hand over the fruit so easily and puts up a fight. The scarecrow hatches a plan to annoy the tree and he taunts the tree until it becomes so angry it starts to throw apples at him, letting go of the very thing it desperately wanted to hold on to. Ultimately it is the scarecrow that puts together the plan to rescue Dorothy from the castle of the Wicked Witch” (Spectrain.co.uk, 2014).", "Based on the 1900 children’s novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum (1856-1919), the film starred Judy Garland as the young Kansas farm girl Dorothy, who, after being knocked unconscious in a tornado, dreams about following a yellow brick road, alongside her dog Toto, to the Emerald City to meet the Wizard of Oz. Along the way, Dorothy encounters a cast of characters, including the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion and the Wicked Witch of the West. Though the scenes in Kansas were shot in traditional black and white, Oz appears in vivid Technicolor, a relatively new film process at the time. Nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Picture category, The Wizard of Oz lost to the Civil War-era epic Gone With the Wind. The Wizard of Oz won a Best Song Oscar for “Over the Rainbow,” which became one of Garland’s signature hits. Garland won a special award at that year’s Oscar ceremony, for Best Juvenile Performer.", "When they arrive at the Emerald City, they are asked by the Guardian of the Gates to wear green spectacles to protect their eyes from all the glittering emeralds within there. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers escorts them through the streets until they reach the Royal Palace of Oz where the Wizard resides. They are the first in history to ever meet him. He appears to each of them as someone or something different. Dorothy sees the him as a giant head, the Scarecrow sees him as a beautiful lady, the Tin Woodman sees him as a terrible beast, and the Cowardly Lion sees him as a ball of fire. He agrees to help them each if they defeat the Wicked Witch of the West , who rules over Winkie Country in Oz. Before leaving the Emerald City, the Guardian of the Gates warns them that no one has ever managed to successfully conquer the very cunning and cruel Wicked Witch.", "While journeying to the Emerald City, Dorothy encounters a scarecrow, who represents a farmer. The Scarecrow believes he is a fool since his head is full of straw and not brains. Four years before the book's release, William Allen White, a journalist from Chicago, published an article entitled \"What's the Matter With Kansas?\" In the article White questions why Kansas is unsatisfied and sarcastically answers saying America needs \"fewer white shirts and brains\" implying Western farmers were ignorant, lazy and bad businessmen. The Scarecrow shares this opinion and doubts himself, believing he is inferior without a brain. In the same year White published his article, William Jennings Bryan delivered his famous \"Cross of Gold speech\" at the 1896 Democratic Convention. Bryan fought for the farmers and argued against such accusations made by White exclaiming, \"The farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day, begins in the spring and toils all summer, and by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of this country creates wealth, is as much a businessman as the man who goes upon the Board of Trade and bets upon the price of grain.\" Baum shares Bryan's view on American farmers by showing that the Scarecrow is sharp and capable by his actions throughout the book. The book ends with \"farm interests achieving national importance\" and farmers' true potential in politics being revealed once the illusion of ignorance has been removed.", "In The Royal Book of Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson, Baum's authorized successor as \"Royal Historian of Oz\", Professor Woggle-Bug accused the Scarecrow of having no ancestry, so he returns to the pole at the cornfield where he was once hung. Sliding down it and descending underground, he first encounters the Midlings and then the Silver Islands, whose people believe themselves to be the ancestors of the Chinese. Apparently, when Emperor Chang Wang Woe defeated the king of the Golden Islands in battle, the king hired a sorcerer to sneak into the palace and transform the Emperor into a crocus, which later sprouted into a bean pole, preceding a prophecy that the first being to touch the bean pole would become possessed by the spirit of the Emperor. As it turned out, the first thing to touch the pole was the straw-stuffed human, which would become the Scarecrow. This account is not consistent with the Scarecrow's story in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz of becoming aware of each sense as the relevant organs were painted on his head.", "The Wizard turns out to be a \"humbug\" and can only provide a placebo heart made of velvet and filled with sawdust. However, this is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell. ", "In The Wizard of Oz, The Wizard's character is similar to that found in the earlier books: a bumbling \"humbug.\" He was played by actor Frank Morgan who also played several other roles in the movie including Professor Marvel (the mysterious traveling fortune-teller who Dorothy meets in Kansas with a horse named Sylvester), the Doorman at the Emerald City, the Guard at the Gates to the Wizard's Castle, and the Coachman whose transport is drawn by \"The Horse of a Different Color\". His face was also presumably used as the projected image of the Wizard. Like Dorothy, the Wizard himself hails from Kansas, proudly stating that he is \"an old Kansas man myself, born and bred in the heart of the Western Wilderness.\" In the film, the Wizard is seen only as a floating head and as a human, not in any of the other shapes that he appears in the book.", "Like so many other characters, the Wizard didn't have a name in the original novel. But in his second appearance in the Oz books, Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, he reveals that his name is Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Issac Norman Henkle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs. Of course, this meant that the poor man's initials were O. Z. P. I. N. H. E. A. D. When he grew up, he shortened this to O. Z., and thus became Oz professionally. (The rest of the initials spelled \"pinhead,\" which he felt reflected badly on his intelligence.) He worked in a circus as a magician, ventriloquist, and balloonist, and put his new name on all of his possessions, including his balloon. When an accident brought him to the land of Oz, the citizens, seeing the name of their country on the balloon, thought he was their new ruler. He's now generally called Oz or Wizard. In Russia, he is named James Goodwin. In the film version of The Wiz, he was named Herman Smith. In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, he was named Francis Cornfine. In the novel Halloween in Oz: Dorothy Returns, the Wizard is called both Oztoz and Jeremiah M. Quincy (perhaps the latter is his real name, and Oztoz an Oz name or title he adopted).", "The Wizard of Oz: The Wizard of Oz is the ruler of the land of Oz and lives in Emerald city. He is believed to be very powerful and able to change shape. All he really is, is a con-man and a ventriloquist. The Wizard of Oz represents president McKinley. The Stork: The Stork, only appearing in the book, saves the Scarecrow form the river after he is left hanging on a stick.", "After a day of sightseeing in the Emerald City (\"One Short Day\"), Elphaba and Glinda meet the Wizard. Eschewing special effects, which he employs for the benefit of most visitors, he invites Elphaba to join him in his work, presenting himself as a fatherly figure (\"A Sentimental Man\"). As a test, he asks that Elphaba give his Monkey servant Chistery the ability to fly, using an ancient book of spells called the Grimmerie , which not even Madame Morrible has been able to decipher. Elphaba demonstrates an innate understanding of the lost language in the Grimmerie and successfully gives Chistery wings with the right incantation. The Wizard then proceeds to reveal an entire cage full of monkeys, who also have wings now because of Elphaba's spell, and remarks that they will make good spies to report any subversive Animal activity. Realizing that she has been used, that the Wizard and Madame Morrible themselves are responsible for the Animals in Oz losing their speech, and that the Wizard has no power of his own, Elphaba runs away with the Grimmerie, pursued by the palace guards.", "Believing him to be the only one capable of solving their problems, Dorothy Gale and her friends traveled to the Emerald City to ask for his help. The Wizard was very reluctant to meet them, but eventually they were each granted an audience, one at a time. The Wizard appeared to Dorothy as a giant head, to the Scarecrow as a beautiful fairy, to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and to the Cowardly Lion as ball of fire. The Wizard promised to grant each of their requests if they killed the Wicked Witch of the West .", "Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emeralds City where the Wizard of Oz, believing that the wizard would be able to send her home. Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodsman, and the Cowardly Lion during her journey. When they arrive at the Emerald City, they get \"tidied up\" before meeting the Wizard, who turned out to be scary and wanted the broomstick of the Wicked Witch of the West before granting requests.", "In 1905 Kansas, Oscar \"Oz\" Diggs works as a magician in a traveling circus. After his friend Annie tells him that John Gale has asked her to marry him, the circus strongman finds out that Oscar flirted with his wife, and threatens him. Oscar escapes in a hot air balloon, but is sucked into a tornado that takes him to the Land of Oz. There, he encounters a beautiful but naive witch, Theodora. She believes him to be a wizard prophesied to defeat a Wicked Witch who killed the King of Oz and take his place as the next king; the idea of being an immensely wealthy monarch makes Oscar immediately accept. En route to the Emerald City, Theodora falls in love with Oscar, though he does not reciprocate her feelings. They encounter the flying monkey in a blue uniform, Finley, who pledges a life debt to Oscar when he saves him from a lion. Oscar reveals his deception to Finley along the way, forcing him to help maintain the lie that he is a 'Wizard', much to Finley's irritation.", "The history of Oz prior to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (often called the prehistory of Oz as it takes place before Baum's \"histories\") is often the subject of dispute, as Baum himself gave conflicting accounts. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the title character recounts that he was a ventriloquist and a circus balloonist from Omaha, and during one flight the rope for his parachute vent became tangled, preventing him from descending until the next morning, and he awoke to find that he was floating over a strange land. When he landed, the people thought he was a great wizard because of his ability to fly. He did not disabuse them of this notion, and with his new power over them, he had them build a city with a palace in the center of Oz. He also ordered them to wear green glasses so it would appear to be made entirely of emeralds. However, in the later Oz books the city is depicted as actually being made of emerald or other green materials. The Wizard was a young man when he first arrived in Oz, and grew old while he was there. Afraid of the Wicked Witches of the West and the East, who, unlike him, could do real magic, the Wizard hid away in a room of his palace and refused to see visitors. He lived in this way until the arrival of Dorothy in the first book.", "In the classic 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion was a humanoid biped and played by Bert Lahr, a popular vaudeville and Broadway star, with many of Lahr's trademark mannerisms deliberately worked into the film. In this version, the liquid courage given to him by the Wizard is replaced with a medal marked \"Courage\". Bert Lahr's biography, written by his son John Lahr, is entitled Notes on a Cowardly Lion.", "Oz – The devious wizard who tricks Dorothy, Lion, Scarecrow and Tin-man into disposing of the Wicked Witch of the West. A small, weedy man hiding behind a giant mask.", "The Wizard in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , aka the Great and Powerful Oz. Less so in the book, where he is portrayed as a kindly old man who has simply gone astray in his balloon, as in the 1939 film, where he is shown as a Snake Oil Salesman .", "\"The only one who might know would be the Great and Wonderful Wizard of Oz himself. Oz is very good, but very mysterious. He lives in the Emerald City and that's a long journey from here, did you bring your Broomstick? \"", "Prior to her death under Dorothy's house, the Wicked Witch of the East encounters the Cowardly Lion who, at the time, had a medal of courage from his friend, Oscar Diggs and so was just the Lion; not Cowardly. The Wicked Witch lied and said she had Diggs captive, which lead the Lion on a quest to find the Flower of Oz.", "Editor's Note: Here is the extraordinary story behind the extraordinary story of 'TheWonderfulWizard of Oz'.  Most of us have seen the movie version of this allegorical tale, but few of us are aware of what the various characters, places and things represented in the mind of Frank Baum, the tale's author. Professor Quentin Taylor of Rogers State University invitingly titles the piece presented below 'Money and Politics in the Land of Oz'.  Though 'The Wonderful Wizard of Oz' was written over 100 years ago, the themes will be recongizable to those with an interest in golden matters. While many today consider gold an instrument of financial and personal freedom, in Baum's tale, it is painted as a villain -- the tool of oppression. So, as you are about to see, we have come full circle, and gold has travelled a yellow brick road of its own. Happy reading. - Michael Kosares", "Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. 1957. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.", "The Cowardly Lion is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is an African Lion, but he speaks and interacts with humans.", "Seemingly brave, powerful character who says he will give Dorothy and her 3 friends what they are seeking but turns out to be a little old man with a bald head and a wrinkled face in L. Frank Baum’s classic novel", "23 Surprising Facts About ‘The Wizard of Oz’ That Will Blow Your Mind | Thought Catalog" ]

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[ "Toxicodendron radicans, commonly known as poison ivy (older synonyms are Rhus toxicodendron and Rhus radicans), is a poisonous North American and Asian flowering plant that is well known for causing an itching, irritating, and sometimes painful rash in most people who touch it, caused by urushiol, a clear liquid compound in the sap of the plant. The species is variable in its appearance and habit, and despite its common name it is not a true ivy (Hedera).", "Toxicodendron radicans, commonly known as eastern poison ivy or poison ivy, is a poisonous Asian and North American flowering plant that is well known for causing an itching, irritating, and sometimes painful rash in most people who touch it, caused by urushiol, a clear liquid compound in the plant's sap. The species is variable in its appearance and habit, and despite its common name it is not a true ivy (Hedera). Toxicodendron radicans is commonly eaten by many animals, and the seeds are consumed by birds, but poison ivy is most often thought of as an unwelcome weed.", "Toxicodendron radicans - Poison Ivy, also know as Rhus radicans or Rhus toxicodendron, is a poisonous North American plant that is well known for its production of urushiol, a clear liquid compound found within the sap of the plant that causes an itching rash in most people who touch it.  The plant is not a true ivy (Hedera).", "Toxicodendron radicans, commonly known as poison ivy, is a poisonous North American plant that is well known for its production of urushiol, a clear liquid compound found within the sap of the plant that causes an itching, irritation and sometimes painful rash in most people who touch it. The plant is not a true ivy. Poison ivy can be found growing in any of the following forms: ⁕as a trailing vine that is 10–25 centimetres tall ⁕as a shrub up to 1.2 metres tall ⁕as a climbing vine that grows on trees or some other support", "The reaction caused by poison-ivy, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis , is an allergic reaction . Around 15% [3] to 30% [4] of people have no allergic response, but most if not all will become sensitized over time with repeated or more concentrated exposure to urushiol.", "In sensitive individuals, urushiol can cause an allergic skin rash on contact, known as urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.", "Dermatitis resulting from irritation or sensitization of the skin by urushiol, the toxic resin of plants of the genus Toxicodendron (Rhus). There is no absolute immunity; susceptibility varies greatly, even in the same individual.", "RHUS TOXICODENDRUM Rhus radicans   150cm. 'Poison Ivy'. Beautiful fiery autumn coloured foliage, which can cause a very severe allergic responses. Homoeopathy makes use of it as a remedy for chicken pox and eczema.", "People who are sensitive to poison-ivy can also experience a similar rash from mangoes; the skin of mangoes has a chemical compound similar to urushiol. [9] Similar reactions have been reported occasionally from contact with the related aromatic sumac or Japanese lacquer tree.", "People who are sensitive to poison-ivy can also experience a similar rash from mangoes; the skin of mangoes has a chemical compound similar to urushiol. [6]", "Urushiol is the same chemical found in poison ivy , and it is present on the leaves of the cashew tree as well as in the raw cashew shell. Processing raw cashews can be a laborious and nightmarish ordeal, and people who work in cashew processing plants tend to exhibit greater allergies to cashew shells over time. There is a high incidence of skin rashes among people who either harvest or process raw cashews. Greater sensitivity to urushiol can lead to extreme allergic reaction when raw cashews are ingested, and anyone allergic to poison ivy could potentially have a fatal reaction to eating true raw cashews.", "T. diversilobum, T. radicans, and T. vernix Poison Oak, Poison Ivy, and Poison Sumac. All are painful experiences to hypersensitive people. Dermatitis reactions can also occur from handling the shells of cashew nuts and from eating mangoes.", "a vine or shrub having trifoliate leaves and whitish berries and causing severe dermatitis when touched by persons sensitive to it. | \"poison oak\" | ...", "Rhus toxicodendron. For severe itching that worsens at night and improves with warm compresses or a bath; this remedy is the most commonly prescribed.", "The American Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron, Linn.) is one of the species of Sumachs, an attractive group of plants widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North America, varying much in habit from low bushes to moderately-sized trees, many of them familiar denizens of our gardens, for the sake of their ornamental foliage, which assumes beautiful tints in autumn, some of the varieties also bearing showy fruits.", "Considerations: Poison ivy is one of the most frequent causes of skin rash among children and adults who spend time outdoors. The plant can be found throughout the United States, except in the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii. It has three shiny green leaves and a red stem. Poison ivy typically grows in the form of a vine, often along riverbanks.", "A North American shrub or vine that has compound leaves with three ... | A skin rash caused by contact with this plant.", "This tree is identifiable by its dark green lanceolate leaves that are wavy on the leaf margins. It hid-small red berries. As with many poisonous plants, sensitivity to contact with it depends on the individual. A few are affected by proximity to the tree without actual contact while a few others can walk through its foliage with little effect. For most however, contact with the leaves or bark of the tree produces itching and blistering of the affected skin, much like the poison ivys, oaks and sumacs of North America. Fortunately visitors are unlikely to encounter che chem unless you go into the bush and then long trousers, long sleeve shirts, shoes, socks and a little care will keep contact at a minimum. There are remedies to counteract the effect of che-chem it you happen to come in contact with it.", "* Hedera helix (also known as common ivy). The leaves and berries are poisonous, causing stomach pains, labored breathing, and possible coma.", "* Conium maculatum (commonly known as hemlock, poison hemlock, spotted parsley, spotted cowbane, bad-man's oatmeal, poison snakeweed and beaver poison). All parts of the plant contain the alkaloid coniine which causes stomach pains, vomiting, and progressive paralysis of the central nervous system; can be fatal. Not to be confused with hemlock trees (Tsuga spp.), which, while not edible, are not nearly as toxic as the herbaceous plant.", "          Phytolacca (commonly known as pokeweed). Leaves, berries and roots contain phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin. Toxin in young leaves is reduced with repeated boiling and draining. Ingestion of poisonous parts of the plant may cause severe stomach cramping, persistent diarrhea, nausea, vomiting (sometimes bloody), slow and difficult breathing, weakness, spasms, hypertension, severe convulsions, and death.", "          Hedera helix (or common ivy) The leaves and berries are poisonous, causing stomach pains, labored breathing, possible coma.", "* Lolium temulentum (commonly called darnel or poison ryegrass). The seeds and seed heads of this common garden weed may contain the alkaloids temuline and loliine. Some experts also point to the fungus ergot or fungi of the genus Endoconidium, both of which grow on the seed heads of rye grasses, as an additional source of toxicity. ", "          Lolium temulentum (commonly called darnel or poison ryegrass). The seeds and seed heads of this common garden weed may contain the alkaloids temuline and loliine. Some experts also point to the fungus ergot or fungi of the genus endoconidium, both of which grow on the seed heads of rye grasses, as an additional source of toxicity.", "n. Any of several poisonous plants of the genera Conium and Cicuta, such as the poison hemlock.", "Ivy is a bitter aromatic herb with a nauseating taste[238]. It is often used in folk herbal remedies[218], especially in the treatment of rheumatism and as an external application to skin eruptions, swollen tissue, painful joints, burns and suppurating cuts[9, 238]. Recent research has shown that the leaves contain the compound 'emetine', which is an amoebicidal alkaloid, and also triterpene saponins, which are effective against liver flukes, molluscs, internal parasites and fungal infections[238]. The leaves are antibacterial, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator and vermifuge[7, 218, 238]. The plant is used internally in the treatment of gout, rheumatic pain, whooping cough, bronchitis and as a parasiticide[238]. Some caution is advised if it is being used internally since the plant is mildly toxic[7]. Excessive doses destroy red blood cells and cause irritability, diarrhoea and vomiting[238]. This plant should only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner[238]. An infusion of the twigs in oil is recommended for the treatment of sunburn[4]. The leaves are harvested in spring and early summer, they are used fresh and can also be dried[9]. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Hedera helix for cough, bronchitis (see [302] for critics of commission E).", "Is also know as Deadly Nightshade, and it is extremely toxic, specifically the foliage and berries. These toxins cause a bizarre delirium and hallucinations, and are also used as pharmaceutical anticholinergics.", "Lousewort, Marsh (Pedicularis palustris): Lousewort is poisonous and a powerful insecticide.  Formerly, an infusion of the plant was made to destroy lice and other insect parasites.  The plant is now rarely used.", "Avoid contact with unknown plant species. There are over 1,000 poisonous plants in Australia, and their toxins can cause things like diarrhea, rashes and vomiting.\"", "Another problem that is a relatively new phenomenon has occurred in California with immigrants who mistakenly harvest poisonous North American mushrooms thinking they are the same ones as edible mushrooms in their home countries. “Immigrants from Asia and Indonesia,” Cotter pointed out, “sometimes confuse the edible paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea, at right) native to their homeland with the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides).” The genus Amanita is one of the most toxic mushroom genera in the world.", "Dioscorea dumetorum, the bitter yam, is popular as a vegetable in parts of West Africa; one reason being that their cultivation requires less labor than other yams. The wild forms are very toxic and are sometimes used to poison animals when mixed with bait. It is said that they have also been used for criminal purposes (Kay 1987).", "Farmers beware: saponins are toxic when ingested, so generally speaking, animals should not be grazed on land that harbors a great deal of soapwort. The flowers pictured here were growing along a roadside in the Washington-Jefferson National Forest near Glen Alton in Giles County." ]

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[ "\"King Tut\" is a novelty song performed by Steve Martin and the Toot Uncommons (actually members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band). It was released as a single in 1978 and reached number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August of that year.", "\"King Tut\" is a novelty song performed by Steve Martin and the Toot Uncommons (actually members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band). It was released as a single in 1978, sold over a million copies, and reached number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Martin previewed the song in a live performance during the April 22, 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live. The song was also included on Martin's album A Wild and Crazy Guy.", "“ King Tut ” (1978), a whimsical song by (American comedian) “ Steve Martin and the Toot Uncommons” (a backup group consisting of members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band ).", "Tutankhamun (alternately spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon), Egyptian twt-?n?-??mn, approx. ; 1341 BC – 1323 BC) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled c.1333 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom.", "The \"backup group\" Martin used for this song was credited as The Toot Uncommons (Tutankhamen), but was really The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, whose multi-instrumentalist John McEuen is good friends with Steve Martin and taught him to play banjo. Martin was the opening act for the band for a few years in the mid-'70s, where he developed his act and refined his \"Wild and Crazy Guy\" persona, often to a hostile audience that was there to see music, not comedy.", "Steve Martin has increasingly dedicated his career to music since the 2000s, and has had some success in the bluegrass scene. But before that, he had a single mainstream hit with \"King Tut\" (from his stand-up album A Wild and Crazy Guy) in 1978.", "Tutankhamun, or better known as King Tut, is an 18th dynasty pharaoh who inherited the throne at a young age. His reign was short-lived and upon his death he quickly faded into the sands of Egypt. Once forgotten, King Tut now remains one of Egypt’s grandest icons. He continues to hold the world’s fascination and yet he still continues to puzzle the world’s leading experts. So many stories surround this pharaoh that at times it can be daunting.", "Tutankhamun, or better known as King Tut, is an 18th dynasty pharaoh who inherited the throne at a young age. His reign was short-lived and upon his death he quickly faded into the sands of Egypt. Once forgotten, King Tut now remains one of Egypt's grandest icons. He continues to hold the world's fascination and yet he still continues to puzzle the world's leading experts. So many stories surround this pharaoh that at times it can be daunting.", "Ramesses II (c. 1303 BC – July or August 1213 BC; Egyptian: *Riʻmīsisu, alternatively transcribed as Rameses /ˈræməsiːz/ and Ramses /ˈræmsiːz/ or /ˈræmziːz/), referred to as Ramesses the Great, was the third Egyptian pharaoh (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC) of the Nineteenth dynasty. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. His successors and later Egyptians called him the \"Great Ancestor\". Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant, re-asserting Egyptian control over Canaan. He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein.", "Ramesses II (variously transliterated as \"Rameses\" or \"Ramses\" ( or); born ; died July or August 1213 BC; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. His successors and later Egyptians called him the \"Great Ancestor\". Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant, reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan. He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein.", "Tutankhamun - Often called King Tut today, Tutankhamun is largely famous today because much of his tomb remained intact and we have one of the greatest Egyptian treasures from his rule. He became Pharaoh at the age of 9. He tried to bring back the gods that his father had banished.", "The young pharaoh, Tutankhamun, whose own obscurity during his own time allowed his tomb to be forgotten, has now become one of the most well-known pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Having traveled around the world as part of an exhibit, King Tut's body once again rests in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings.", "Steve Martin is a comedian who was a popular guest on Saturday Night Live, where he performed this song on TV for the first time wearing Egyptian garb. The song was later released as a single and became a hit, selling over a million copies.", "Today Ramesses is one of the best-known Egyptian pharaohs, primarily because he had so many monuments and statues of himself erected. The renowned archaeological complex of Abu Simbel - one of the best-preserved sites from ancient Egypt - was built on his orders. Ramesses' mummy was discovered in 1881; it was moved to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it is still proudly displayed to the public today. (His 3000-year old body is in surprisingly good shape.)", "Howard Carter King Tut Steve Martin King Tutankhamen Lord Carnarvon George Herbert King Tuts New York Mike Wallace King Tutankhamun Google Doodle George Washington Soviet Union Napoleon Bonaparte Central Powers Union Station Downton Abbey Fidel Castro", "Tutankhamen is probably the best-known of the pharaohs, owing to the fortunate discovery of his treasure-filled tomb virtually intact. His burial place in the Valley of the Kings had escaped the fate of the tombs of other ancient Egyptian kings. Fortunately, the entrance was hidden from tomb raiders by debris heaped over it during the cutting of the later tomb of the twelfth century", "In death, King Tut became, perhaps, the most famous pharaoh to have ruled Egypt as a result of the discovery of his tomb. Discovered on November 4, 1922 by archaeologist Howard Carter, King Tuts tomb in the Valley of the Kings was the most intact tomb unearthed at the time, and since. Relics found inside include the kings gilded bed, his mummy, and the infamous golden mask. Two mummified fetuses were found in coffins that had been sealed by his name. These are believed to have been his children that were born prematurely. Though other kings may have been much more famous in life, none have been more known in death than this boy king!", "In the early sixties, Domingo Samudio was playing in a band called \"Andy And The Night Riders\". When leader Andy Anderson left the group a short time later, Domingo took control of the band, and decided to re-name it. \"By that time, everyone was calling me 'Sam', short for Samudio,\" said Domingo, \"and what I was doing, fronting the band and cutting up was called 'shamming'. We got the rest of the name from the movie 'The Ten Commandments'. Old Ramses, the King of Egypt, looked pretty cool, so we decided to become The Pharaohs.\"", "(voice-over): \"History comes alive in Times Square, with 'Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharoahs,' a rare chance to see King Tut's most prized possessions, including his jewels, his crown and the Hawaii Chair he purchased off late night television.\"", "Steve Martin is a regular Renaissance Man—actor, comedian, writer, and Broadway star. He got his start selling guidebooks and performing magic at the Main Street Magic Shop in Disneyland, so it’s not surprising to add “musician” to this polymath’s growing resume.", "In 1922 British Egyptologist Howard Carter discovered King Tut’s tomb. A flurry of international attention followed, and the image of Tut’s solid gold funerary mask was soon a global symbol of beauty, wealth and power.", "David Martin (SAM THE SHAM & THE PHARAOHS): bass player for Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs, died of a heart attack on August 2, 1987 at the age of fifty. Martin co-wrote the group's #1 hit, \"Wooly Bully\"", "The Fugs recorded \"Ramses II is Dead, My Love\" on their 1968 album It Crawled into My Hand, Honest. The Egypt-themed death metal band Nile has written a song called \"Ramses Bringer of War\", which can be found on their album Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka. Their song \"User-Maat-Re\", on the album Annihilation of the Wicked, is also about Ramesses II.", "* Akhenaten is featured on the album cover of Those Whom the Gods Detest by the band Nile (2009).", "- Most interesting man in history:  Imhotep (not the character played in the Mummy, the real man)", "The most famous Egyptian singer was Umm Kalthum (d. 1975), whose songs are still broadcast all over the Arab world. Some more recent singers have also had considerable popularity inside and outside the country. There is also a Cairo Symphony Orchestra, a Cairo Opera Ballet, and other troupes producing classical music and dance.", "The most famous Egyptian singer was Umm Kalthum (d. 1975), whose songs are still broadcast all over the Arab world. Some more recent singers have also had considerable popularity inside and outside the country. There is also a Cairo Symphony Orchestra, a Cairo Opera Ballet, and other troupes producing classical music and dance.", "Beautiful and talented musician and spirit who was the lead of T. Rex (previously Tyrannosaurus Rex which was acoustic, and prior John's Children). Some of his best-known songs include: \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\"; \"20th Century Boy\"; \"Jeepster\"; \"Metal Guru\"; \"Cosmic Dancer\"; \"Hot Love\"; \"Children of the Revolution\"; \"Telegram Sam\"; \"The Slider\"; and many others. He starred in a film (produced by Ringo Starr) called \"Born to Boogie.\"", "The Futurama episode \"A Pharaoh to Remember\" has a reference to Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy.", "Danielson, Virginia. The Voice of Egypt: Umm Kulthum, Arabic Song, and Egyptian Society in the Twentieth Century, 1997.", "The guy who wrote Egypt’s : He was this big revolutionary in 1919 when they’re trying to get rid of the British. He’s got a [drinking] habit, he’s a womanizer, and he completely turns upside down Egyptian music. Egyptian music before him used to be 17-minute endless wailing about love and romance, and he writes these three-minute pop songs about politics and about everyday life. He becomes the most important songwriter in Egypt at the time, but he also annoys everyone.", "What's the middle eastern sounding song we hear when the men on the camels approach? (from fizzle mizzle in hartford, ct)" ]

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[ "Joker, the extra card found in every modern card deck today is believed to be dating back to the 1860s. It is believed that the card was invented by American players who decided to introduce a trump card while changing the rules of the game. The joker has been known by several different names in the past centuries, like the jolly joker or the best bower.", "The extra “Joker” card is believed to have been invented by American Euchre players who, when modifying the rules sometime during the 1860s, decided that an extra trump card was required. Originally he was called “The Best Bower” and then later “The Jolly Joker”.", "The United States introduced the Joker into the deck. It was devised for the game of Euchre, which spread from Europe to America beginning shortly after the American Revolutionary War. In Euchre, the highest trump card is the Jack of the trump suit, called the right bower (from the German Bauer); the second-highest trump, the left bower, is the Jack of the suit of the same color as trumps. The joker was invented c. 1860 as a third trump, the imperial or best bower, which ranked higher than the other two bowers. The name of the card is believed to derive from juker, a variant name for Euchre. Beal, George (1975). Playing cards and their story. New York: Arco Publishing Comoany Inc. p. 58 The earliest reference to a Joker functioning as a wild card dates to 1875 with a variation of poker. ", "Another 19th century innovation was the introduction of the extra card, called “the Joker”. The extra “Joker” card is believed to have been invented by American Euchre players who, when modifying the rules sometime during the 1860s, decided that an extra trump card was required.", "The United States introduced the Joker into the playing card deck. The Joker was created specifically for the game of Euchre, which gained popularity during the mid-19th century. It is thought that the name “Joker” was derived from the name “Euchre.”", "The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks, as an addition to the standard four suits (clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades). Originating in the United States during its civil war, the card is unique in that it lacks an industry-wide standard appearance. Created as a trump card for Euchre, it has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card.", "What’s the point of having that court jester in the pack of cards anyway? As a matter of fact, the Joker used to represent the highest trump card in most games. The Joker comes from Juker, the original German spelling of the card game, Euchre. Many antique Joker cards contain labels such as \"Highest Trump\" or \"This Card Takes either Bower\". (Bower or Bauer means Jack in German, and refers to the highest pair in a game of Euchre.) Later the card became less popular, but modern decks still contain two Jokers, usually one in color and the other in black and white.", "Conventional euchre uses a deck of 24 standard playing cards consisting of A, K, Q, J, 10, and 9 of each of the four suits . A standard 52-card deck can be used, omitting the cards from 2 to 8, or a Pinochle deck may be divided in half to form two euchre decks. In some countries, the common 32-card piquet or skat deck is used, which includes the 7s and 8s.", "Another theory is that the name could have been derived from Poker, where it was mentioned first in the 1875 book American Hoyle. Both Euchre and poker spread in America at the same time, so it is still not clear for which game the Joker was first used. In the 1880s the Joker was first represented as a court jester or a clown. In a Tarot deck, the fool in the Trumps is quite similar to the Joker. Both of these cards have quite a lot in common, in terms of appearance as well as their function in a game. In a tarot deck the Fool is often used as the highest value trump. In other cases the Fool can be played at any time that a player wants but cannot win. The Fool had been a part of the tarot deck since 1400s but the Joker has only been recently introduced. So even though the image of modern day joker might have been inspired from the Fool, their origins are totally different. In a French 52 card deck, the Joker has only been added quite recently.", "Here, the jack of clubs becomes a spade during the playing of this hand. This expands the trump suit to the seven cards named above and reduces the suit of the same color (sometimes referred to as the next suit) by one card (the jack is loaned to the trump suit). The same principles are observed for whatever suit is named trump. Remembering this temporary transfer of the next suit's jack is one of the principal difficulties newcomers have with the game of euchre (See Cheating: Renege, below).", "Dylan is an avid euchre player. One night between hands, the dealer asks Dylan which card he believes to be on the top of the freshly shuffled euchre deck. Dylan thinks for a moment and, recalling his fondness of bowers, comes to believe that the top card is the jack of hearts. After Dylan reports his belief, the dealer turns over the top card, which just so happens to be the jack of hearts.", "Find out about a very special card in the deck which is many times unfairly ignored - the joker. Fun to know, the first joker appeared back in the 1860's.", "Referring to FIG. 1, two standard playing cards 20 and 22 from a fifty-two card deck are illustrated. Cards 20 and 22 are viewed from above, as if they were laying on a playing surface generally designated 24. Cards 20 and 22 are arranged for use in the score card method of scoring the game of euchre.", "Playing card sets usually contain a full deck of cards imprinted inside them. It can be a poker deck with 52 cards and the joker or a smaller 32-card euchre deck. Some cards may be printed on the saucer, or it might contain brief interpretations instead. These sets are used to combine cartomancy readings with tasseomancy.", "The Ace of Spades in the common playing card deck usually displays the manufacturer’s logo. This tradition began in the mid-16th century, when King James I of England required an insignia on all decks as proof that a specified tax on the manufacture of playing cards was paid. Until 1960, all playing card decks printed in England were subject to this tax and the insignia of the manufacturer imprinted on the Ace of Spades and the government duty wrapper was proof that this tax has been paid.", "Soon after this spread, the full 52-card French deck was used and the flush was introduced. The draw was added prior to 1850 (when it was first mentioned in print in a handbook of games).Henry G. Bond (ed.), Bohn's New Handbook of Games, Henry F. Anners (1850) During the American Civil War, many additions were made including stud poker (specifically five-card stud) and the straight. Further American developments followed, such as the wild card (around 1875), lowball and split-pot poker (around 1900), and community card poker games (around 1925).", "The score card method of scoring euchre games is most readily appreciated by referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings. Two cards which have been excepted from the euchre deck (typically the fives of suits of like color) are selected. At the beginning of the game, one card is turned face down upon, and in register with, the second which is face up. Accordingly, none of the \"spots\" of the lower card will be exposed inasmuch as they are covered by the upper card. At the end of each hand, the team or player winning points will serially expose the requisite number of spots to reflect his accumulated score by sliding the upper card laterally with respect to the lower card. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the indicated score would be one point. When the player reaches a cumulative score of five points, the upper card is turned over and slid beneath the upward facing card in register therewith. When that player accumulates additional points, the process is repeated whereby the spots of the lower card are serially exposed with a total accumulation of ten, indicating the game has been won. The number of euchres suffered during the game are generally recollected only by memory at the end thereof.", "Euchre is a game with a large number of variant versions and alternate rules. They include versions for two to six players, as well as changes in cards used, bidding, play, and scoring.", "Euchre is a game with a large number of variant versions. They include versions for two to nine players, as well as changes in cards used, bidding, play, and scoring.", "The king is a playing card with a picture of a king on it. The king is usually the highest-ranking face card. In French playing cards and tarot decks, the king immediately outranks the queen. In Italian and Spanish playing cards, the king immediately outranks the knight. In German and Swiss playing cards, the king immediately outranks the Ober. In some games, the king is the highest-ranked card; in others, the ace is higher. In pinochle, schnapsen, and many other European games, both the ace and the 10 rank higher than the king.", "The widespread popularity of euchre as well as its characteristic rapid pace of play has caused euchre, as has poker, to become widely accepted by gamblers. Monetary wagers associated with euchre generally are established as a fixed amount for the winning player or team as well as an additional penalty levied upon the losing player or team for each euchre suffered during the course of the game. Because the playing time of individual hands in a euchre game frequently is only a matter of seconds, accurate, reliable and observable (by all players) methods of scoring are desirable, particularly when monetary wagers are at stake.", "~ The designs seen in a deck from the U.S. Playing Card Company, Gemaco, Carta Mundi and other modern publishers descend from models produced by Pierre Marechal in Rouen around 1565, according to World of Playing Cards.", "Card games were popular among all classes but, since the cards themselves were taxed and therefore expensive, the less well-off rarely could afford to play. Many of the favorite card games in England were derived from popular ones in France or Spain, England’s longtime enemies, which showed that national rivalries were no barrier to cultural diffusion, A popular Spanish import was primero, the ancestor of today’s poker, which is mentioned by Shakespeare as being played by King Henry VIII and has been called the oldest card game played in England. From France came piquet, a game for two played by Charles I, who retained its French terminology out of deference to his French-born wife. The game played by Belinda in The Rape of the Lock was the Spanish game ombre, a favorite of the fashionable set in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century England. It bore a resemblance to the modern games of whist and bridge, including trump suits, bids, and taking tricks.", "Characters from the legend are featured in decks of playing cards popular in central Europe. The 48-card German deck was developed in the fifteenth century with various face-card designs, but the William Tell design became extremely popular after the Revolutions of 1848.", "Some play that a player who has passed in the round in which trumps were made is not allowed to play alone. This prevents a player from 'trapping' an opponent by passing with a good hand and then playing alone against them to score 4 points for a euchre.", "Americans began making their own cards around 1800. Yankee ingenuity soon invented or adopted practical refinements: double-headed court cards (to avoid the nuisance of turning the figure upright), varnished surfaces (for durability and smoothness in shuffling), indexes (the identifying marks placed in the cards' borders or corners), and rounded corners (which avoid the wear that card players inflict on square corners).", "However, it is not yet clear when and how playing cards were first introduced in Europe. Evidences suggest that playing cards had already been in England in the 13th century, however, the 38th canon of the council of Worcester that mentions about de rege et regina (means the king and the queen) game is now believed to have been chess rather than a card game as it was thought before.", "The earliest references to a card game named pharaon are found in Southwestern France during the reign of Louis XIV. Basset was outlawed in 1691, and pharaoh emerged several years later as a derivative of basset, before it too was outlawed.", "In 1836 the first William Tell patterned playing cards were produced in Pest, Hungary. They were inspired by Schiller's play and made during tense relations with the ruling Habsburgs. The cards became popular throughout the Austrian Empire during the Revolution of 1848.", "The four suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) now used in most of the world originated in France, approximately in 1480 . These suits have generally prevailed because decks using them could be made more cheaply; the former suits were all drawings which had to be reproduced by woodcuts , but the French suits could be made by stencil . The trèfle, so named for its resemblance to the trefoil leaf, was probably copied from the acorn; the pique similarly from the leaf of the German suits, while its name derived from the sword of the Italian suits (alternative opinion: derived from the German word \"Spaten\", which is a tool like \"Schüppe\" and in optical sense similar to the Pique-sign; \"Schüppe\" is a German slang-name for Pique) [5] . In England the French suits were used, and are named hearts, clubs (corresponding to trèfle, the French symbol being joined to the Italian name, bastoni), spades (corresponding to the French pique, but having the Italian name, spade=sword) and diamonds. This confusion of names and symbols is accounted for by Chatto thus:", "Many casinos in Europe, and some in other parts of the world, handle the dealer’s second card differently. In these “European No Hole Card” games, the dealer only deals himself one card at the beginning of the round. After all the players have completed their hands, he deals his own second card and completes the hand.", "From about 1418 to 1450 professional card makers in Ulm, Nuremberg, and Augsburg created printed decks. Playing cards even competed with devotional images as the most common uses for woodcuts in this period. Most early woodcuts of all types were coloured after printing, either by hand or, from about 1450 onwards, stencils. These 15th-century playing cards were probably painted. The Flemish Hunting Deck, held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art is the oldest complete set of ordinary playing cards made in Europe from the fifteenth century. Hunting themed decks like the Stuttgart playing cards and the Ambraser Hofjagdspiel were produced in the Rhine basin during the 15th and 16th centuries. Producers of hunting decks include the Master of the Playing Cards who worked in Germany from the 1430s with the newly invented printmaking technique of engraving. Several other important engravers also made cards, including Master ES and Martin Schongauer. Engraving was much more expensive than woodcut, and engraved cards must have been relatively unusual." ]

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[ "The once red-hot video rental chain had roots in Wilsonville, Oregon, and later was purchased by smaller competitor Movie Gallery to block a hostile takeover by giant Blockbuster Video. While Hollywood Video stores continued operations a few years after the 2005 merger, the company fell into financial trouble because of increased competition from mail-delivery service Netflix and the convenient, cost-effective Redbox vending machines. In May 2010, Movie Gallery declared bankruptcy and shut down all Hollywood Video locations.", "Blockbuster is favored with support from movie studios in the form of earlier access to new releases because this is sees as a tool to keep Netflix and Redbox from dominating the home video landscape. But Blockbuster's failure to compete with either company has led them to bankruptcy .", "*2013 – Streaming media and rental kiosk services such as Netflix and Redbox forced video rental chains such as Blockbusters to close. ", "The company surpassed Blockbuster in 2007 in number of U.S. locations, passed 100 million rentals in February 2008, and passed 1 billion rentals in September 2010. Competitors include Netflix and Blockbuster. In Q2 2011, kiosks accounted for 36 percent of the disc rental market, with 38 percent of that attributable to rent-by-mail services and 25 percent to traditional stores, according to the NPD Group. As of Q2 2011, 68 percent of the U.S. population lives within a five-minute drive of a Redbox kiosk. The numbers for Q2 2013 shows that the Redbox rentals had surpassed 50 percent of the total disc rentals in the country. ", "The company is the second largest brick-and-mortar rental chain in the U.S. behind Blockbuster (which is struggling as well). Redbox and Netflix continue to strive, without the need for physical store.", "Redbox has led growth in the U.S. kiosk industry, which is expected to expand over the next few years as video store chains such as Blockbuster and Movie Gallery close underperforming stores. The company, which almost doubled its machine count last year, had 15,400 kiosks at the end of March and plans to have between 20,000 and 22,000 machines by the end of the year.", "Blockbuster's stock, down 40 percent in 2007, has plunged 89 percent from its record in 2002. Movie Gallery Inc., the second-largest U.S. video-rental chain, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in October.", "Movie Gallery, the parent behind the once popular video rental chain Hollywood Video has announced today that they will close all 2415 remaining U.S. stores, liquidating all inventory and the stores over the next few months.", "The first professionally managed video rental store in the U.S. was opened by George Atkinson in December 1977 at 12011 Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles. After 20th Century Fox had made an agreement with Magnetic Video founder Andre Blay to license him 50 of their titles for sale directly to consumers, amongst them Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, M*A*S*H, Hello, Dolly!, Patton, The French Connection, The King And I and The Sound Of Music, Atkinson bought all the titles in both VHS and Beta formats, and offered them for rent. Such stores led to the creation of video rental chains such as West Coast Video, Blockbuster Video, and Rogers Video in the 1980s.", "Following entertainment giant HMV’s announcement that it was going into administration, the UK video rental chain Blockbuster has announced it will do the same.", "Redbox and Netflix customers had to wait 28 days before they were able to rent the movie. This stems from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Redbox against Warner Home Video, who, in an attempt to boost DVD sales, refused to sell wholesale titles to Redbox. On August 19, 2009 Redbox sued Warner Home Video to continue purchasing DVD titles at wholesale prices. On February 16, 2010, Redbox settled the lawsuit and agreed to a 28-day window past the street date.", "Redbox is another competitor that uses a kiosk approach: Rather than mailing DVDs, customers pick up and return DVDs at self-service kiosks located in metropolitan areas. In September 2012, Coinstar, the owners of Redbox, announced plans to partner with Verizon to launch Redbox Instant by Verizon by late 2012. In early 2013, Redbox Instant by Verizon began a limited beta release of its service, which was described by critics as \"No netflix killer\" due to \"glitches [and] lackluster selection.\"", "Industry leader Redbox has more than 14,000 kiosks in several major chains such as Wal-Mart, Walgreen and most recently 7-Eleven. Movies rent for $1 a night. Redbox was acquired by Coinstar Inc. in February.", "With growing concern in 2009 that DVD kiosks might jeopardize movie studio income from DVD sales and rentals, three major movie studios, 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros., and Universal Studios, separately refused to sell DVDs to Redbox until at least 28 days after their arrival in stores. Since Redbox’s business model relies upon new releases, and Fox and Warner Bros. represented 62 percent of home video rental revenue in 2008–09, analysts have said that this “windowing” of new releases by the three studios may make Redbox’s business model unviable. ", "Dish completed its $320 million acquisition of Blockbuster on April 26. Blockbuster filed for bankruptcy in September with 5,600 stores, including 3,300 in the U.S.", "Redbox Automated Retail, LLC specializes in DVD, Blu-ray, and video game rentals via automated retail kiosks. As of the end of November 2012, Redbox had over 42,000 kiosks at more than 34,000 locations. ", "The deal, expected to be announced Thursday, means NCR will end the year with 3,800 kiosks, still a small number compared with market leader Redbox's more than 20,000 U.S. kiosks. But acquiring DVDPlay gives NCR a leg up in one of Redbox's weakest markets, California, where DVDPlay has kiosks in popular spots such as Safeway Inc. stores. Redbox is a unit of Coinstar Inc.", "Redbox has rented more than a billion DVDs out of its cute red kiosks; at a buck apiece, why not pick one up on your way out of the grocery store? But Redbox, like Netflix, has seen the future, and it is movies delivered digitally, right over the Internet. The company recently laid out its plans for Internet delivery.", "In July 2010, Redbox announced that they were beginning to rent Blu-ray movies at 13,000 kiosks nationwide, and Blu-ray Discs were available across the Redbox network by the fall of 2010. In October 2010, the company began testing video game rentals in Reno, Nevada; Orlando, Florida; Stevens Point, Wisconsin; Austin, Texas; Wilmington, North Carolina; and Corvallis, Oregon. In June 2011, Redbox launched video game rentals nationwide. Games for all major platforms are offered, including Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. ", "In addition, selection is improved. Most video outlets don't have 5,000 titles, he noted. Kiosks further let more companies into the video rental market. The kiosk version holding 350 titles will sell for around $2,000; it could be placed near the counter at convenience stores. Retailers will also be allowed to put their own brands on the box, so it could be hawked, for example, as \"7-Eleven MoviePoint.\"", "International manufacturer Flextronics this May joined with its customer Coinstar to announce its manufacturing plant in Creedmoor, N.C., had built and shipped 25,000 redbox kiosks to locations all over North America. Since then the plant has built and shipped a couple of thousand more of the devices that had a hand in changing the way consumers obtained, paid for and returned movies and video games. And right around Labor Day redbox reported it had rented its 1 billionth DVD.", "Every week, the home video market is flooded with new titles released to DVD and Blu-ray. In addition to the wide-release movies that rotate into Redbox and retail store shelves, literally dozens of other titles go on sale each week — new box sets, old reissues, TV series collections, independent films, documentaries, foreign films and a disturbing number of weird low-budget horror films.", "It has approximately 7,300 stores across the globe and also an online store. It encompasses numerous brands under it which are diversified in their service providing food, communication, DVD rental services and much more.", "Kiosk operators have a head start. DVDPlay started developing hardware and software in 1999 to run unmanned kiosks and Redbox began testing its first prototype in 2002. Maintenance and signage changes are mostly outsourced to local companies. Redbox is the biggest vendor with 6,000 machines, followed by Houston-based TNR, owner of The New Release kiosks, with 2,100, and DVDPlay, which has 1,100.", "Redbox kiosks feature the company's signature red color and are located at convenience stores, fast food restaurants, grocery stores, mass retailers, and pharmacies. The company announced in February 2012 the deployment of kiosks in Canada to test the Canadian market. In an email on February 5, 2015, Redbox announced they would be shutting down their Canadian operation citing low demand. The last day for rentals in Canada was February 13, 2015 and the last day for returns was March 5, 2015 when all Canadian machines were shut off and sent to various stores in the USA.", "TNR operates DVD rental kiosks under the brands “MovieCube” and “The New Release” in supermarkets and grocery stores throughout North America. NCR had been a minority investor in Texas-based TNR since the summer of 2008.", "The Blockbuster Express kiosks, which are about the size of a vending machine and hold 250 movies, are in three Papa John's International Inc. locations and seven Family Dollar Stores Inc. outlets in the Lexington, Ky., area, said Karen Raskopf, a spokeswoman for Blockbuster.", "On January 30, 2008 Dell shut down all 140 kiosks in the US due to expansion into retail stores such as Wal-Mart , Best Buy , and Staples [citation needed] all over the world.[peacock term]", "Company founder Chris Armstrong explains: Four years ago, he set out to his local DVD store to rent a movie. First, he stopped at the ATM to get cash. The store didn't have Twelve Angry Men, the movie Armstrong wanted. He settled for Carlito's Way instead. He then waited in line, paid for his rental, and returned to his car.", "The company had operated a movie download service for Wal-Mart, but exited that business in December because of little consumer interest.", "About 9,000 DVD kiosks, which are the size of soda-vending machines, rent new releases at Albertson's, Safeway Inc., Walgreen Co. and the Golden Arches. By year-end, about 10,000 will be operating in North America, according to company estimates.", "Frederick's of Hollywood was a well-known retailer of women's lingerie in the United States, with stores in many modern shopping malls across the USA. After declaring bankruptcy in 2015, 93 retail stores were closed, the brand was acquired by Authentic Brands Group and it was relaunched as an online-only store." ]

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[ "Serenity is a 2005 space western film written and directed by Joss Whedon . It is a continuation of the short-lived 2002 Fox science fiction television series Firefly , taking place after the events of the final episode . Set in 2517, Serenity is the story of the captain and crew of Serenity , a \"Firefly-class\" spaceship. The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War, having fought on the losing side. Their lives of petty crime are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret.", "Serenity is a 2005 space western film written and directed by Joss Whedon. It is a continuation of the short-lived 2002 Fox science fiction television series Firefly, taking place after the events of the final episode. Set in 2518, Serenity is the story of the captain and crew of a cargo ship. The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War, having fought on the losing side. Their lives of petty crime are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret.", "Serenity is a 2005 American space western film written and directed by Joss Whedon. It is a continuation of Whedon's short-lived 2002 Fox science fiction television series Firefly and stars the same cast, taking place after the events of the final episode. Set in 2517, Serenity is the story of the captain and crew of Serenity, a \"Firefly-class\" spaceship. The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War, having fought on the losing Independent side against the Alliance. Their lives of smuggling and cargo-running are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret.", "12:30-1:30 Firefly 10-Year Anniversary Reunion Calling all Browncoats to unite! It has been 10 years since the crew of the Serenity took flight in the now infamous show Firefly. Science Channel will reunite, for the first time ever, Captain Mal Reynolds and the crew from the ship. Join Joss Whedon, Nathan Fillion, Adam Baldwin, Gina Torres, Alan Tudyk, Morena Baccarin, Sean Maher, Summer Glau, and many more for a trip down memory lane, some special surprises, and exclusive Science Channel giveaways. SHINY. Ballroom 20", "Firefly is an American space western drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon, under his Mutant Enemy Productions label. Whedon served as an executive producer, along with Tim Minear. The series is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system, and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of Serenity, a \"Firefly-class\" spaceship. The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on Serenity.", "Firefly is an American space Western drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon, under his Mutant Enemy Productions label. Whedon served as an executive producer, along with Tim Minear. The series is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of Serenity, a \"Firefly-class\" spaceship. The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on Serenity. Whedon pitched the show as \"nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things\". ", "Firefly has fearless transport pilot Hoban. Hoban Washburne, that is, better known as \"Wash\". As he explains in the Serenity novelization, \"Why would anyone call themselves Hoban?\" The trope is notably averted by Jayne, who seems manly enough to pull off a name that sounds exactly like \"Jane.\"", "In the 2003 Battlestar Galactica miniseries/pilot, a ship resembling Serenity appears in the background of the scene with Laura Roslin ( Mary McDonnell ). [100] Serenity is one of several spaceships inserted as cameos into digital effects scenes by Zoic Studios , the company responsible for digital effects in both Firefly and Battlestar Galactica. [100]", "In the 2003 Battlestar Galactica miniseries/pilot, a ship resembling Serenity appears in the background of the scene with Laura Roslin (Mary McDonnell). Serenity is one of several spaceships inserted as cameos into digital effects scenes by Zoic Studios, the company responsible for digital effects in both Firefly and Battlestar Galactica.", "Although Joss Whedon's Sci-Fi Western Firefly was cancelled after the completion of only 14 episodes, DVD sales and fan support was so exceptionally high that Universal Studios acquired the rights to make a film sequel, Serenity.", "Brad Wright, co-creator of Stargate SG-1 has said that the 200th episode of SG-1 is \"a little kiss to Serenity and Firefly, which was possibly one of the best canceled series in history\". In the episode, \"Martin Lloyd has come to the S.G.C. [Stargate Command] because even though 'Wormhole X-Treme!' was canceled after three episodes, it did so well on DVD they're making a feature [film]\". The follow-up film, Serenity, was voted the best science fiction movie of all time in an SFX magazine poll of 3,000 fans. Firefly was later ranked #25 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever. The name for the Google beta app Google Wave was inspired by this TV series. ", "The show blended elements from the space opera and Western genres, depicting humanity's future in a manner different from most contemporary science fiction programs in that there are no large space battles. Firefly takes place in a multi-cultural future, primarily a fusion of Western and East Asian cultures, where there is a significant division between the rich and poor. As a result of the Sino-American Alliance, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language; it is used in advertisements, and characters in the show frequently use Chinese words as curses. According to the DVD commentary on the episode \"Serenity\", this was explained as being the result of China and the United States being the two superpowers that expanded into space. ", "Joss Whedon's Buffy follow-up was a quirky space Western that got canceled its first season. But in that short time, the show built enough of a cult following for Fox to reassemble the cast for a feature adaptation, 2005's Serenity. \"The fact that Firefly was canceled and the fans continue to come — it truly moves me,\" says star Nathan Fillion.", "The popularity of the short-lived series served as the launching point for a media franchise within the Firefly universe, including the feature film Serenity , which addresses many plot points left unresolved by the series' cancellation.", "As the show opens, the crew of the Serenity pick up some new passengers. The first is Derrial Brook (Ron Glass), a Shepherd (pastor) who is seeking passage away from the inner worlds to preach aboard. He quickly becomes part of the crew and acts as Mal conscience, though it becomes abundantly clear that he is more than what he appears. In addition, there is the strange duo of Dr. Simon Tam (Sean Maher) and his sister River Tam (Summer Glau). Summer is apparently a gifted young psychic who was experimented on by Alliance doctors, and her brother risked everything in order to free her. Now fugitives from the law, they remain aboard the Firefly as part of the crew, hoping to avoid capture.", "The captain of the crew of Serenity is Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion) and the episode \"Serenity\" establishes that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne, née Alleyne (Gina Torres) are veteran \"Browncoats\" of the Unification War, a failed attempt by the outlying worlds to resist the Alliance's assertion of control. A later episode, titled \"Out of Gas\", reveals that Mal bought the spaceship Serenity to continue living beyond Alliance control. Much of the crew's work consists of cargo runs or smuggling. A main story arc is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher). River is a child prodigy, whose brain was subjected to experiments at the hands of Alliance scientists at a secret government institution. As a result, she displays symptoms of schizophrenia and often hears voices. It is later revealed that she is a \"reader\", one who possesses telepathic abilities. Simon gave up a career as a highly successful trauma surgeon in an Alliance hospital to rescue her from the Alliance, and as a result he and his sister are both wanted fugitives. In the original pilot \"Serenity\", Simon joins the crew as a paying passenger with River smuggled on board as cargo. As Whedon states in an episodic DVD commentary, every show he does is about creating family. By the last episode, \"Objects in Space\", the fractured character of River has finally become whole, partly because the others decided to accept her into their \"family\" on the ship.", "NASA Browncoat astronaut Steven Swanson took the Firefly and Serenity DVDs with him on Space Shuttle Atlantis 's STS-117 mission in June 2007. [83] [84] [85] The DVDs were added to the media collection on the International Space Station as entertainment for the station's crews. [86] [87]", "* Adam Baldwin as Jayne Cobb—a mercenary. He and Mal met on opposite sides of a rivalry; Mal, while held at gunpoint, offered Jayne his own bunk and a higher cut than his current employer, so he turned coat and shot his then-partners. In the original Pilot \"Serenity\" he intimates to Mal that he did not betray him because \"The money wasn't good enough,\" however previously he had pointedly asked the Alliance agent whether he would be required to turn on the captain to help him, and in \"Ariel\" defends his actions alerting the authorities regarding Simon and River by claiming he had not intended to betray Mal. He is someone who can be depended on in a fight. He tends to act like a \"lummox\" who thinks he is the smartest person in space, but occasional hints of intelligence peek through this façade, giving the impression that he acts dumber than he is. As Whedon states several times, Jayne is the man who will ask the questions that no one else wants to. Even though he is a macho character, he has shown a particularly intense fear of Reavers, more so than the rest of the crew. Despite his amoral mercenary persona, he sends a significant portion of his income to his mother, again suggesting that there is more to his character than what he presents to the rest of the crew.", "Star Trek: Voyager (sometimes abbreviated ST:VOY, VGR, or VOY) is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe. The show was created by Rick Berman, Michael Piller, and Jeri Taylor and is the fourth incarnation of Star Trek", "The A.V. Club cited several actions by the Fox network that contributed to the show's failure, most notably airing the episodes out of sequence, making the plot more difficult to follow. [119] For instance, the double episode \"Serenity\" was intended as the premiere , and therefore contained most of the character introductions and back-story . However, Fox decided that \"Serenity\" was unsuitable to open the series, and \"The Train Job\" was specifically created to act as a new pilot. [13] In addition, Firefly was promoted as an action - comedy rather than the more serious character study it was intended to be, and the showbiz trade paper Variety noted Fox's decision to occasionally preempt the show for sporting events. [117]", "Given that carrying passengers was just about more trouble than it was worth, I tend to imagine that they take on passengers partly (or mainly) because they like to have new faces aboard Serenity on occasion, especially faces which might take their minds off their shadier dealings — in other words, to improve crew morale. Kaylee mentioned that she loves bringing on new passengers, hearing about their lives, and so forth. There was also the fact that the Tams became permanent passengers, with Simon joining the crew. Book had expressed intent to stay on Serenity for a long time, to have a chance to see the border planets and possibly keep an eye on other things. That said, they must have had at least one vacant bunk (Dobson's), and probably once matters calmed somewhat with respect to the fugitives they were harboring, they would have picked up additional passengers in later seasons. And hell, Inara was threatening to leave Serenity, which would have left them with two vacant shuttles to rent out, making it all the more likely that future seasons would have seen new passengers.", "Jewel Staite as Kaywinnet Lee \"Kaylee\" Frye—the ship's mechanic. In the episode \"Out of Gas\", it is established that she has no formal training, but keeps Serenity running with an intuitive gift for the workings of mechanical equipment. Jewel Staite explains Kaylee's character as being wholesome, sweet, and \"completely genuine in that sweetness\", adding \"She loves being on that ship. She loves all of those people. And she is the only one who loves all of them incredibly genuinely.\" She has a crush on Dr. Simon Tam. Kaylee is the heart of the ship: according to creator Joss Whedon, if Kaylee believes something, it is true.", "Star Trek: Voyager was one of several incarnations of the 1960s science fiction series, Star Trek. It ran for seven seasons between 1995 and 2001, and followed the Starfleet ship USS Voyager as it made its way back towards earth after being stranded on the other side of the galaxy.  Star Trek: Voyager featured the first female commander in a leading role within the franchise. Like all of the other Star Trek series, it boasted a cult following of loyal “Trekkies” and its ratings were… astronomical.", "The series has also been parodied on The Simpsons, Family Guy and notably in the Futurama episode \"Where No Fan Has Gone Before\", which was described by Wired magazine as a \"touchstone\" for fans. The 1999 film Galaxy Quest portrays the lives of a once-popular television space-drama crew who are kidnapped by real aliens who have mistaken the fictional series for reality. The main characters are parodies of Star Trek characters, and many of the plot elements refer to or parody popular 1960s TV-series customs. ", "It’s easy to sort of deride seaQuest DSV as essentially “ Star Trek underwater,” but in its earlier episodes that comparison was only half right. Roy Scheider of Jaws fame starred as the captain of a research and diplomatic envoy vessel in a future where depletion of the Earth’s resources has led to the only cities remaining underwater, where they harvest the bounty of the ocean. As the show progressed to a second season, the sci-fi elements grew stronger with the discovery of aliens and various “monster of the week” episodes in the vein of those types of Star Trek or X-Files episodes. Scheider was particularly unhappy about the direction the show was heading and stepped down before the third season, which was oddly set 10 years further into the future. Michael Ironside replaced him and played the new, more militaristic captain, but ratings were bad, dooming one of network TV’s quirkier series.", "Sci-Fi show and spinoff about a multinational exploration team unable to return to Earth after an evacuation to the Ancient spaceship \"Destiny\" in a distant corner of the universe. Lasted 2 seasons. Cancelled due to low ratings. Cancelled in December 2010. Original Run: October 2, 2009 - Spring, 2010", "The theme of exploration continued with this TV series with a new starship, the  USS Voyager , being transported to the previously unexplored Delta Quadrant. The show featured the first female captain heading a series, Kate Mulgrew as Kathryn Janeway. The series also starred Robert Beltran as Commander Chakotay, Robert Picardo as the holographic Doctor, and Roxann Dawson as the half-Klingon engineer B'Elanna Torres. The characters struggled with dwindling supplies and unfamiliar territory as they tried to make their way home. In later seasons, Jeri Ryan joined the crew as Seven of Nine, a sexy cyborg. Though the show struggled with declining ratings and fatigue over the franchise, it still managed to run for seven seasons. This series is definitely one to watch, but after TOS, TNG, and DS9.", "Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network UPN. It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway, the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay, played by Robert Beltran.", "[show] Just after the women beam down, Vina attempts to insult Number One by comparing her to a computer. Majel Barrett , who played Number One, went on to voice the Federation Computer in every Star Trek: The Original Series series.", "About 10,000 years ago, peaceful aliens from the planet Antarea set up an outpost on the planet Earth, on an island later known to mankind as Atlantis. When Atlantis sank, twenty aliens were left behind, kept alive in large rock-like cocoons at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Now a group of Antareans have returned to Earth to collect them. Disguising themselves as humans, they rent a house with a swimming pool, and charge the water with \"life force\" to give the cocooned Antareans energy to survive the trip home. They charter a boat from a local captain named Jack (Steve Guttenberg) who helps them retrieve the cocoons. Jack likes Kitty (Tahnee Welch), a beautiful woman from the team who chartered his boat. When he spies on her while she undresses in her cabin, Jack is shocked when he discovers she is an alien. After the aliens reveal themselves to him and explain what's going on, he decides to help them.", "Kirk pulls Taylor in the water and everyone else except Spock jumps in. Kirk gets up on the ship and manages to toss Spock in, going with him as well. The crew celebrates the end of the crisis in the water as a Starfleet shuttle heads toward them to pick them up and George and Gracie head toward the Golden Gate Bridge to explore the new world they've entered, free of hunters and because of them the Earth is saved.", "One of its characters was female mechanic Annalee Call (Winona Ryder) - a young, mercenary inter-stellar smuggler from the freight cargo spaceship Betty who was in a group that delivered contraband cargo of hijacked bodies in hypersleep to experimental military scientists on the deep-space military research vessel the USM Auriga." ]

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[ "Honda became the first Japanese automaker to manufacture products in America when it opened its first U.S. plant in Marysville, Ohio. On Sept. 10, 1979, 64 Honda associates began producing the CR250 Elsinore off-road motorcycle in Marysville. The startup was so successful that Honda quickly announced plans to build an adjacent auto plant. The first Japanese auto plant in America, the Marysville Auto Plant started producing four-door Honda Accords in November 1982.", "In 1982, the Accord became the first car from a Japanese manufacturer to be produced in the United States when production commenced in Marysville, Ohio at Honda's Marysville Auto Plant. The Accord has achieved considerable success, especially in the United States, where it was the best-selling Japanese car for fifteen years (1982–97), topping its class in sales in 1991 and 2001, with around ten million vehicles sold. Numerous road tests, past and present, rate the Accord as one of the world's most reliable vehicles. The Accord has been on the Car and Driver 10Best list a record 30 times. ", "*1982 - Honda Accord becomes the first Japanese car built in the United States at Honda's Marysville, Ohio manufacturing facility", "Honda’s assembly plant in Marysville is even older than Nissan’s Smyrna plant. Production at the 3.9 million square-foot factory started in November 1982, although Honda had already started building motorcycles in Marysville, Ohio, in 1979. Today, the facility’s biggest product is the Honda Accord , of which 231,425 units were assembled last year. Honda also built 34,266 Acura TL sedans and 19,567 Acura RDX crossovers at Marysville in 2011.", "Since the 1980s, a host of new manufacturers have entered the luxury market to challenge the traditional players. The three major Japanese auto manufacturers, Honda, Toyota, and Nissan, created their respective luxury brands particularly for the US. As a result of voluntary export restraints imposed in 1981, these manufacturers were limited to a number of vehicles they could export. While these companies sidestepped this by establishing US production facilities for mass market vehicles, their home factories soon begun producing higher-priced cars as they carried a greater profit margin per car. Acura was launched in 1986, while Lexus and Infiniti were unveiled in 1989. By 1992, these three divisions had sales of over , using lower prices and innovation to take market share from both domestic (Cadillac, Lincoln) and the European (Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, BMW, Audi and Jaguar) luxury car makers. ", "Eight Honda auto plants in the North American region, including four in the U.S., have the capacity to produce 1.92 million automobiles each year. In 2014, nearly 98 percent of the Honda and Acura automobiles sold in the U.S. were produced in North America. Those plants today manufacture 11 different models, including four passenger cars and seven light trucks using domestic and globally sourced parts. A fifth U.S. auto plant, the Performance Manufacturing Centre, is under construction in Marysville, Ohio, and in 2015 will become the exclusive global production location for the next generation NSX supercar.", "The Japanese automobile industry flourished during the 1970s, compared to other major auto markets. Japanese vehicles became internationally renowned for their affordability, reliability, and fuel-efficiency, which was very important to many customers due to the oil embargo. Japanese car manufacturing focused on computerized robotic manufacturing techniques and lean manufacturing, contributing to high-efficiency and low production costs. The Honda Civic was introduced in 1973, and sold well due to its high fuel-efficiency. Other popular compact cars included the Toyota Corolla and the Datsun Sunny, in addition to other cars from those companies and others such as Subaru, Mitsubishi, and Mazda.", "Today, Toyota is one of the world's largest manufacturers of automobiles in both unit sales and in net sales. In the United States, Toyota has roughly double the sales of Honda and is battling GM and Ford for #1. It produces over 5.5 million vehicles per year, equivalent to one every six seconds. Toyota has tried, partly through sponsorship of numerous events, participation in many racing venues (including NASCAR), public relations around its (largely nonunion and Southern) American assembly plants, and other means, to position itself as just another American company, though no Americans appear to participate in serious decision-making at the Japan headquarters.", "However, during the 1979 energy crisis, Japanese carmakers gained a reputation for building inexpensive, reliable, efficient cars that were particularly well-suited to the new era of austerity. That year, Datsun, Subaru, Toyota and Honda--whose Accord sedan was one of the most successful cars of 1979--all gained a permanent foothold in the American marketplace.", "In July 1986, Nissan became the first Japanese carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe, when it opened a new plant in Sunderland . The plant initially produced just the Bluebird and from 1990 its successor, the Primera - until the launch of the MK2 Micra in 1992.[ citation needed ]", "*1980 - Japan surpassed the United States and became first in auto manufacturing; Nissan USA breaks ground for its Smyrna, Tennessee manufacturing plant", "Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. is a Japanese automobile maker. From 1932 to 1983, they also used the trademark Datsun. Their head offices are in the Ginza area of Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Nissan plans to move their headquarters to Yokohama, Kanagawa by 2010; the headquarters will start construction in 2007.", "Mazda Motor Corporation (マツダ株式会社, Matsuda Kabushiki-gaishaJapanese) (Tokyo Stock Exchange: 7261 ) is a Japan Automaker based in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.", "Slow selling vehicles were eliminated from the U.S. market, purchase projections for the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance have been scaled back, and 10,000 jobs have been shed to cut costs with 3,400 workers at its Australian plant and other loss-making operations still under threat. Meanwhile, in an effort to increase production at its U.S. facility,[33] new export markets for the Eclipse and Galant are being explored in Ukraine, the Middle East, and Russia, where the company's bestselling dealership is located. Mitsubishi has also been active in OEM production of cars for Nissan, and announced a similar partnership with PSA Peugeot Citroën in July 2005 to manufacture an SUV on their behalf.", "The Ford Motor Company of Japan was established in 1925 and a production plant was set up in Yokohama. General Motors established operations in Osaka in 1927. Chrysler also came to Japan and set up Kyoritsu Motors. Between 1925 and 1936, the United States Big Three automakers' Japanese subsidiaries produced a total of 208,967 vehicles, compared to the domestic producers total of 12,127 vehicles. In 1936, the Japanese government passed the Automobile Manufacturing Industry Law, which was intended to promote the domestic auto industry and reduce foreign competition; ironically, this stopped the groundbreaking of an integrated Ford plant in Yokohama, modeled on Dagenham in England and intended to serve the Asian market, that would have established Japan as a major exporter. Instead by 1939, the foreign manufacturers had been forced out of Japan. Vehicle production was shifted in the late 1930s to truck production due to the Second Sino-Japanese War. ", "In July 1986, Nissan became the first Japanese carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe, when it opened a new plant in Sunderland. The plant initially produced the Bluebird and from 1990 its successor, the Primera, with the MK2 Micra joining it in 1992. Toyota opened a new plant in Burnaston near Derby at the beginning of 1992. ", "Nissan Motor Company, Ltd., is a multinational automaker headquartered in Japan. It formerly marketed vehicles under the Datsun brand name and is one of the largest car manufacturers. The car’s name was an acronym of the company's partners' family names: Kenjiro Den, Rokuro Aoyama and Meitaro Takeuchi (DAT).", "Throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s, Toyota invested in new manufacturing plants and in expanding its sales markets. In April 1956, the Toyopet dealer chain was established and, in 1957, it established both its first factory outside Japan in Brazil and its US sales, marketing, and distribution division, Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A., Inc. (TMS), in California. In the late 1960s, Toyota signed a partnership deal with Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. Daihatsu would go on to release two models in the United States in the late 1980s, the Charade and Rocky, but the venture was ultimately unsuccessful and Daihatsu USA was closed down only a few years later in 1992. Today, Toyota has a majority controlling interest (51.2%) in Daihatsu Motor Ltd., which it acquired in 1999.", "Despite the ongoing tensions between Chrysler and Mitsubishi, they agreed to unite in a vehicle manufacturing operation in Normal, Illinois. The 50/50 venture provided a way to circumvent the voluntary import restrictions, while providing a new line of compact and subcompact cars for Chrysler. Diamond-Star Motors (DSM)—from the parent companies' logos: three diamonds (Mitsubishi) and a pentastar (Chrysler)—was incorporated in October 1985, and in April 1986 ground was broken on a 1.9 million square-foot (177,000 m²) production facility. In 1987, the company was selling 67,000 cars a year in the U.S., but when the plant was completed in March 1988 it offered an annual capacity of 240,000 vehicles. Initially, three platform-sharing compact 2+2 coupés were released, the Mitsubishi Eclipse, Eagle Talon and Plymouth Laser, with other models being introduced in subsequent years.", "Mitsubishi Motors went public in 1988, ending its status as the only one of Japan's eleven auto manufacturers to be privately held. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries agreed to reduce its share to 25 percent, retaining its position as largest single stockholder. Chrysler, meanwhile, increased its holding to over 20 percent. The capital raised by this initial offering enabled Mitsubishi to pay off part of its debts, as well as to expand its investments throughout south-east Asia where it was by now operating in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand.", "Established an automobile division within an already successful Japanese company - Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. Introduced the Model AA, Japan's first passenger car and a revolutionary example of Japanese engineering ingenuity (predominantly by reverse-engineering Chevrolet engines). Overcoming many challenges, grew the fledgling automobile division into the giant Toyota Motor Corporation.", "Carmakers that aren't based in the U.S. don't have as many workers here as do Ford, GM and Chrysler (which in December 2014 was renamed FCA US LLC and is a member of the Netherlands-based Fiat Chrysler Automobiles [FCA] family of companies). But they do have quite a few, as recent statistics from the top two Japanese companies show.", "Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants in Huntsville, Alabama, Georgetown, Kentucky, Princeton, Indiana, San Antonio, Texas, Buffalo, West Virginia, and Blue Springs, Mississippi. Toyota had a joint-venture operation with General Motors at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. in Fremont, California, which began in 1984 and ended in 2009. It still has a joint venture with Subaru at Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. in Lafayette, Indiana, which started in 2006. In these assembly plants, the Camry and the Tundra are manufactured, among others.", "In 1935, construction of its Yokohama plant was completed. 44 Datsuns were shipped to Asia, Central and South America. In 1935, the first car manufactured by an integrated assembly system rolled off the line at the Yokohama plant. Nissan built trucks, airplanes, and engines for the Japanese military. In 1937, the company's main plant was moved to the occupied Manchuria, and named Manchuria Heavy Industries Developing Co. ", "The Corolla, to be America’s favorite small car, was first imported in 1969, two years after its first Japanese production, followed by small pickups that earned a strong reputation for reliability and durability. It was the first Toyota built in the United States, starting in 1985, at the New United Motor Manufacturing (NUMMI) facility in Fremont, California — a joint venture with General Motors.", "From 1919 until 2008, Janesville was the site of the Janesville GM Assembly Plant. Begun in 1919, when GM bought the Janesville Machine Company and merged it with the Samson Tractor Company, the Janesville plant was the oldest General Motors plant in North America prior to its closing. It assembled light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles,[http://www.janesvillecvb.com/tourgm.asp Janesville Convention and Visitors Bureau | Tour Opportunities] which declined in popularity as gasoline prices increased. The plant closed in December, 2008. Production of General Motors sport-utility vehicles ended on December 23 and the remaining medium-duty Isuzu assembly line ended operations on April 23, 2009. ", "Nissan entered the Middle East market in 1957 when it sold its first car in Saudi Arabia. Nissan sold nearly 520,000 new vehicles in China in 2009 in a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor. To meet increased production targets, Dongfeng-Nissan expanded its production base in Guangzhou, which would become Nissan's largest factory around the globe in terms of production capacity. Nissan also has moved and expanded its Nissan Americas Inc. headquarters, moving from Los Angeles to Franklin, Tennessee in the Nashville area. ", "After peaking at a record 12.87 million units in 1978, sales of American-made cars fell to 6.95 million in 1982, as imports increased their share of the U.S. market from 17.7 percent to 27.9 percent. In 1980 Japan became the world’s leading auto producer, a position it continues to hold.", "In 1940, first knockdown kits were shipped to Dowa Jidosha Kogyo (Dowa Automobile), one of MHID’s companies, for assembly. In 1944, the head office was moved to Nihonbashi, Tokyo, and the company name was changed to Nissan Heavy Industries, Ltd., which the company kept through 1949.", "All front-wheel drive cars, such as the ES and HS, are produced at the Miyata plant. Through the late 2000s, most sedan and SUV production occurs in Japan at the Tahara plant in Aichi and Miyata plant in Fukuoka.", "The company has seven vehicle manufacturing facilities in six countries,  Japan ,  Netherlands ,  Philippines ,  Thailand ,  United States ,  Brazil , and twelve plants co-owned in partnership with others. [4] [64]  It also has three further engine and transmission manufacturing plants, five R&D centres and 75 subsidiaries, affiliates and partners. Its vehicles are manufactured, assembled or sold in more than 160 countries worldwide. [4]", "But the decline of the industry in the 1980s, when Japan emerged as new rival in the automotive world, started to have a major impact on the city's prosperity. " ]

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[ "On this day in 1997 America's second-longest running prime-time animated show debuted on Fox TV ( The Tick ), which already had the first ( The Simpsons ). King of the Hill started 13 years ago today.", "The Simpsons is a long-running animated television series, with 17 seasons and 356 episodes since it debuted on December 17, 1989 on FOX, and is a spinoff of The Tracey Ullman Show .", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening (also the creator of Futurama ) for the Fox Broadcasting Company . It is the longest running sitcom in television history.", "The Simpsons premiered in 1989 and is still running. It is therefore both the longest-running animated series and longest-running sitcom. It began life as a collection of shorts in The Tracy Ullman Show in 1987 and became a show in its own right two years later. The longest running live action sitcom is The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952 – 1966).", "On February 9, 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States. In 2004, The Simpsons replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States. In 2009, The Simpsons surpassed The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriets record of 435 episodes and is now recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count). In October 2004, Scooby-Doo briefly overtook The Simpsons as the American animated show with the highest number of episodes. However, network executives in April 2005 again cancelled Scooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, and The Simpsons reclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season. In May 2007, The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. While The Simpsons has the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassed The Simpsons. For example, the Japanese anime series Sazae-san has over 7,000 episodes to its credit.", "1. The Simpsons (1989-present) — The yellow-skinned cartoon is officially the longest running TV show in history with 22 years since first premiering with no signs of stopping. Fans have fallen in love with Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie along with the rest of Springfield over the cartoon’s 400+ episodes.", "The Simpsons finally beat The Flintstones's record for longest-running animated series with an episode first broadcast on 9 February, 1997. The introductory montage of its 167th episode ended with the Simpsons running towards their couch only to find Fred, Wilma and Pebbles Flintstone sitting there.", "On February 9 , 1997 The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones as the longest-running prime time animated series in America, however it has not yet beaten several Japanese anime series such as Sazae-san (which has been running since 1969) and Doraemon (running since 1979). In 2004 Scooby Doo surpassed The Simpsons in number of episodes.", "1997 – The Fox cartoon series “Simpsons” airs 167th episode the longest-running animated series in cartoon history.", "Since its debut on December 17, 1989, The Simpsons has broadcast episodes and its twenty-seventh season premiered on September 27, 2015. The show holds several American television longevity records. It is the longest-running prime-time animated series and longest-running sitcom in the United States. In February 2012, The Simpsons reached its 500th episode in the twenty-third season. With its twenty-first season (2009–10), the series surpassed Gunsmoke in seasons to claim the spot as the longest-running American prime-time scripted television series. However, Gunsmokes episode count of 635 episodes surpasses The Simpsons. ", "The series' tenth season was largely composed of episodes that did not air the previous season due to frequent sporting event preemptions. During the tenth season, in 2005, the show was scheduled to be canceled; however, it managed to attract high ratings and was renewed. Fox renewed the series for seasons eleven and twelve , making it the second longest-running animated television series after The Simpsons.", "On February 9, 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States. The producers took this milestone and made the episode deal with the issue of longevity and the problems that arise when the producers try to make a show \"fresh\" again; themes commonly known as \"jumping the shark\". Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger, in a review printed two days after the episode originally aired, praised the writers for not airing a \"very special\" episode to celebrate the milestone of overtaking The Flintstones. He noted \"[the episode is] so self-aware it put the best in-jokes on St. Elsewhere to shame.\" ", "Building around its flagship The Simpsons , Fox has been relatively successful with animated shows. King of the Hill began in 1997; Family Guy began in 1999, and was cancelled in 2002, but the network commissioned new episodes that began in 2005 due to strong DVD sales and highly rated cable reruns on Adult Swim of Cartoon Network . Less successful efforts included The Critic , which starred Jon Lovitz from Saturday Night Live , originally aired on ABC then moved to Fox before being cancelled, and The PJ's , which later aired on The WB .", "The series's tenth season was largely composed of episodes that did not air the previous season due to frequent sporting event preemptions. During the tenth season, in 2005, the show was scheduled to be cancelled; however, it managed to attract high ratings and was renewed. Fox renewed the series for seasons eleven and twelve , making it the third longest-running American animated television series after The Simpsons and South Park .", "Since its debut on December 17, 1989, the series has broadcast episodes. It will begin airing its 28th season in September 2016. The Simpsons is the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series. The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over $527 million. On May 4, 2015, the series was officially renewed for seasons twenty-seven (2015–16) and twenty-eight (2016–17), consisting of 22 episodes each. ", "After 15 seasons on the air, \"The Simpsons\" is the longest-running animated series in history, and one of the longest-running series, period. It's tempting at this point to launch a recitation of favorite moments and quotes, such as the parody of The Prisoner , or the Stonecutters episode, or classic Homer lines like \"This is everybody's fault but mine!\" and \"I'll make the money by selling one of my livers,\" but with something like 350 episodes over 15 years, the list gets a bit unwieldy.", "This episode, the 167th, marked the moment that The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones as the longest-running animated sitcom ever. A classic satire of network influence, obsessed TV fans, and programs that survive long after the shark has been jumped, the episode is a meta-celebration, a tongue-in-cheek rebuttal to everyone who claimed that the quality of The Simpsons had declined over the years.", "The Simpsons (Currently in its 23rd season, and has been renewed for seasons 24 and 25 [10] . Has been on the air as a series since December 1989 [11] , though the title characters originated in animated shorts on The Tracy Ullman Show back in 1987.)", "7) The Flintstones held the coveted title of the longest-running prime-time TV cartoon before The Simpsons took on the mantel.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening and produced by the Fox Broadcasting Company . The main characters are a satire of a working class family , consisting of lazy family father, Homer , hard working stay-at-home mother, Marge and their three children, troublemaker, Bart , charismatic Lisa , and pacifier-sucking Maggie . The series lampoons many aspects of American culture, history, politics, and society.", "On April 19, 1987 the first Simpsons short appeared on the Tracey Ullman show, followed by three more seasons, with the first full half-hour series of episodes appearing on December 17, 1989. So far the show is still on the air after 508 episodes and is regarded as the longest running (and debatably the most popular) animation series of all time. In a final twist, in 1992 Tracey Ullman filed a lawsuit against Fox claiming that her show was the source of the series’ massive success. The claim for a portion of the shows profits was rejected and thrown out by the courts.", "The Simpsons consist of 5 main characters -- Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson. It is a cartoon about an average (read: dysfunctional) American family and runs on FOX on Sunday nights (8:00 est, 7:00 central). Other characters include Abe \"Grandpa\" Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Apu, Patty and Selma Bouvier, Ned Flanders, Milhouse VanHoutten, Reverend Lovejoy, Principal Skinner, Moe the bartender, Police Chief Wiggum, Edna Krebbapel, Mr. Montgomery Burns, Wayland Smithers, and lots of other looney citizens of the town of Springfield. Its irony and inside jokes (many of which I even miss) keeps viewers coming back for more season after season. The show is developed by Matt Groening (pronounced Gray-ning,) James L. Brooks (\"As Good as it Gets\",) and Sam Simon. The show's debut was on April 19, 1987 on the Tracey Ullman Show. It got it's own spot on TV on December 17, 1990. The show is so popular that it is the longest-running cartoon--over 200 episodes!!! I enjoy the show very much and hope all of you do too. I don't have a favorite character. But if I had to pick one, it would surely be Homer. He's so stupid that it's funny.", "The Simpsons was a watershed program in the establishment of the FOX network. The cartoon has been the FOX program most consistently praised by television critics. It was the first FOX program to reach the Top 10 in ratings, despite the network's smaller number of affiliates compared to the Big Three. When FOX moved The Simpsons to Thursday night in 1990, it directly challenged the number one program of the network establishment at the time, The Cosby Show. Eventually, The Simpsons bested this powerful competitor in key male demographic groups. The schedule change, and the subsequent success, signaled FOX's staying power to the rest of the industry, and for viewers it was a powerful illustration of the innovative nature of FOX programming when compared to conventional television fare.", "To commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The stamps, designed by Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009 and approximately one billion stamps were printed. The Simpsons is the first television series still in production to receive this recognition. After entering into their 21st season in late 2009, the show beat Gunsmokes record as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series. ", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called The Simpsons, which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990).", "The twenty-eighth season of the animated television series The Simpsons began airing on Fox in the United States on September 25, 2016 [ More ]", "Now the longest-running comedy in television history, THE SIMPSONS immediately struck a chord with viewers across the country as it poked fun of itself and everything in its wake.", "Created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company it started airing on December 17, 1989 on Fox and it still stands as one of the top TV shows for over 20 years, 21 seasons and over 460 episodes of 22-24 minutes each and many more to come.", "The Simpsons is widely considered to be one of the greatest television series of all time. Time magazine's December 31, 1999, issue named it the 20th century's best television series, and on January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 27 Primetime Emmy Awards, 30 Annie Awards and a Peabody Award. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms.", "Fox completed its prime time expansion to all seven nights on January 19, 1993, with the launch of two additional nights of programming on Tuesdays and Wednesdays (The method of gradually adding nights to the programming schedule that began with the network's April 1987 prime time launch was replicated by The WB and UPN when those networks debuted in January 1995). September 1993 saw the heavy promotion and debut of a short-lived western series that incorporated science-fiction elements, The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. However, it was the supernatural investigative drama that debuted immediately following it on Friday nights, The X-Files, that would find long-lasting success, and would become Fox's first series to crack Nielsen's year-end Top 20 most-watched network programs. After several other failed attempts at late night programming following the cancellation of The Late Show (most notably, the quick failure of The Chevy Chase Show in 1993), Fox finally found success in that time period with the debut of MADtv on October 14, 1995; the sketch comedy series became a solid competitor to NBC's Saturday Night Live for over a decade and was the network's most successful late night program as well as one of its most successful Saturday night shows, running for 14 seasons until its cancellation in 2009.", "There was a recent near-disaster (Harry Shearer almost walked over a contract dispute), but the longest-running scripted series in TV history — 573 episodes and counting — looks set for another 27 seasons. Two things you'll never see no matter how long it's on the air: \"Homer and Marge will never break up,\" promises showrunner Al Jean. \"And Bart and Lisa will never age.\"", "In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. Due to the increased workload of the full-length episodes, production was subcontracted to South Korean animation studio AKOM. While character and background layout is done by the domestic studio, tweening, coloring and filming is done by the overseas studio." ]

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[ "The classic margarita consists of 7 parts tequila, 4 parts orange-flavored liqueur (cointreau or triple sec), and 3 parts lemon or lime juice — but there are plenty of tweaks you can make to shake things up a bit. Like…", "Yes, margaritas really are Mexican drinks--but this business of blended fruit, ice and crappy bottled sour mix has got to go. A margarita is tequila, triple sec and lime juice. Proportions vary, but the \"official\" recipe is 7 parts tequila, 4 parts triple sec and 3 parts lime juice, served on the rocks; a salted rim is optional. No strawberries, no mangoes, no blenders, and most importantly, no Cuervo Gold. Use a real tequila, one that's marked 100% de agave, but don't splurge; you don't need $50-a-fifth sipping tequila for this drink.", "The International Bartenders Association-certified margarita recipe consists of the following, which produces an IBA-sanctioned 7:4:3 ratio of tequila, triple sec/cointreau, and lime/lemon juice (50% tequila, 29% Triple Sec or cointreau, 21% fresh lime or lemon juice):", "Part of the ‘sour’ cocktail family, the Margarita traditionally consists of three ingredients; tequila, triple sec orange liqueur and lime juice, often served in a glass with salt on the rim. Margaritas are mostly shaken and served either straight-up in the eponymous margarita glass (coupette) or over ice in an old-fashioned glass. They may also be blended with ice and served ‘frozen’.", "Tequila is used extensively in mixed drinks. The most famous is the margarita. To make a margarita, crush ice and lime juice in a blender. Add tequila and a little orange liqueur such as Cointreau (for the snobbish margarita, if such a being exists) or Triple Sec. Next, take a wide-mouthed, long-stemmed glass, moisten its rim and turn it over in a saucer of rock salt. Pour in the tequila, add a lime, and muy bueno! José Cuervo, especially the cheaper varieties, is a pretty good brand for mixed drinks.", "The margarita is a cocktail consisting of tequila, triple sec and lime or lemon juice, often served with salt on the rim of the glass. Take care to moisten only the outer rim and sprinkle the salt on it. The salt should present to the lips of the imbiber and never mix into the cocktail. It is the most common tequila-based cocktail in the United States.The most popular tequila cocktail in Mexico, by contrast, is the paloma. The drink is served shaken with ice (on the rocks), blended with ice (frozen margarita), or without ice (straight up). Although it has become acceptable to serve a margarita in a wide variety of glass types, ranging from cocktail and wine glasses to pint glasses and even large schooners, the drink is traditionally served in the eponymous margarita glass, a stepped-diameter variant of a cocktail glass or champagne coupe.", "Which triple sec you use in your margs should not be taken lightly, any more than your choice of tequila. My ideal margarita recipe is three parts tequila to two parts triple sec to one part lime juice. That means triple sec is fully one-third of of the drink. A good triple sec will temper the sourness of the lime juice and smooth out the fire of the tequila, while at the same time adding its own depth and complexity to the drink. A bad one will add little more than sugar and some kind of (usually artificial-tasting) orange flavor. There are literally dozens of orange liqueurs on the market, be they triple secs or curaçaos or otherwise named.", "For a true Margarita, you want a Tequila:Cointreau:Lime ratio of 3:2:1. You should use 1.5 oz tequila, 1 oz triple sec, 0.5 oz tequila.", "3Add the tequila, triple sec, and lime juice to a cocktail shaker and fill the shaker halfway with ice. Shake vigorously until the outside of the shaker turns frosty. Strain the margarita into the chilled glass and garnish with a lime slice.", "To make the margarita cocktail , you would require tequila (about 45 ml), Cointreau or triple sec (about 15 ml), fresh lime juice (about 30 ml), lime wedges, salt or sugar to apply on the rim of the glass, and some ice cubes.", "So what exactly is a Margarita? Ask a hundred bartenders and you may well get 100 slightly different answers. Sure they’d say that it contains tequila, triple sec and lime juice. But how much of each ingredient? What kind of fresh sour mix do you use — lime or lemon? The truth is that despite the Margarita’s enormous popularity there is little consensus as to its recipe.", "Triple sec may be consumed neat as a digestif or on the rocks, but is more typically used as an ingredient in a variety of cocktails such as the sangria, margarita, Kamikaze, White Lady, Long Island Iced Tea, Sidecar, Skittle Bomb, Corpse Reviver #2 and Cosmopolitan.", "Triple Sec or Cointreau: this orange liqueur is added to many cocktails, from margaritas to hurricanes to Long Island iced tea", "Triple sec is a transparent orange-flavored liqueur used in several cocktails and mixed drinks for its sweet flavor. First created in 19th centaury France by Jean-Baptiste Combier, Triple sec is about 60 proof on average, having about 30% alcohol by volume, varying widely by brands.", "Ingredients Preparation Glass Garnish3 parts silver Tequila Shake with ice, ChampagneSalt rim.1 part Cointreau then strain into glass. Saucer1 part fresh lime juice", "Ask an American to name a tequila cocktail and the first word out of his mouth will be \"margarita\". Ask a Mexican the same question and he'll tell you \"una paloma\". The most popular tequila drink (besides straight shots) in Mexico is a shot of tequila and three shots of Squirt, Jarritos Toronja or another grapefruit soda, served on the rocks. The same rules for tequila apply here as for the margarita; try a real tequila and you may get past the \"one tequila, two tequila, three tequila, floor\" problem.", "Sours are mixed drinks containing a base liquor, lemon or lime juice, and a sweetener (triple sec, simple syrup, grenadine, or pineapple juice are common). Egg whites are also included in some sours.", "1 oz (30 mL) Vodka, 1 oz (30 mL) Gin, 1 oz (30 mL) Rum, 1 oz (30 mL) Triple-sec, 1 oz (30 mL) Tequila. Stir over rocks into pint glass. Add 1 oz (30 mL) Dr. Pepper, top with lime and/or lemon.", "* Kamikaze vodka, triple sec, and lime juice, mixed in equal parts. It is also served as a shot. ", "Most variants use equal parts of the main liquors, but include a smaller amount of triple sec (or other orange-flavored liqueur). Close variants often replace the sour mix with lemon juice, replace the cola with diet cola or actual iced tea, or add white crème de menthe; however, most variants do not include any tea. Some restaurants substitute brandy for the tequila.", "Method: Pour equal parts of vodka, rum, tequila, gin, and blue Curaçao. Add a splash of sour mix, and then top up with 7-Up. Serve on the rocks in a highball glass.", "Tequila is a distilled alcoholic beverage made primarily from the blue agave plant in Mexico . Its origins can be traced back to a beverage called pulque, produced in Central America before the region was colonized by Spain in the 16th Century. Just like Tequila (which is technically a form of mezcal ), pulque was fermented from pulped agave. The production process and choice of raw materials has become more refined over the centuries; modern-day Tequila is made only from the \"heart\" of blue agave (Agave tequilana Weber azul).", "0.5 oz (15 mL) vodka, 0.5 oz (15 mL) rum, ½ oz (15 mL) 151-proof rum, 0.5 oz (15 mL) tequila, 0.5 oz (15 mL) triple sec, 1 oz amaretto, 1 oz orange juice, 1 oz pineapple juice, 1 oz cranberry juice. Combine all ingredients except the 151 with ice in a glass, put a straw in it and pour the 151 into the straw.", "1/2 tequila, 1/2 lemon-lime flavoured soft drink. When the two ingredients are in the shot glass, take a folded paper towel and put over the top. Slam the shot glass on the table, bar, etc. Make sure the drink fizzes. Turn up and drink while its still fizzing.", "Ingredients: 3 parts white rum, 2 parts lime juice (or mango or strawberry juice), 1 part simple syrup", "1 1/2 oz (45 mL) tequila, 4 oz (120 mL) pineapple juice, 1/2 oz (15 mL) Blue Curacao liqueur. Mix tequila and pineapple juice in a highball glass with ice. Drop the Blue Curacao into the center of the drink and serve.", "1½ oz (45 mL) tequila, 2 oz (60 mL) pineapple juice, 1 tbsp (15 mL) lime juice. The ingredients are mixed with crushed ice in a blender and served with a pineapple stick in an old-fashioned glass.", "When used to refer to any generic alcoholic mixed drink, cocktail may mean any beverage that contains three or more ingredients if at least one of those ingredients is alcohol.", "The piña colada (; , \"pineapple,\" and , \"strained\") is a sweet cocktail made with rum, coconut cream or coconut milk, and pineapple juice, usually served either blended or shaken with ice. It may be garnished with either a pineapple wedge, a maraschino cherry, or both. The piña colada has been the national drink of Puerto Rico since 1978. ", "This drink is commonly called a \"french 75\" which is believed to be composed of gin, fresh lemon juice, simple syrup, and champagne. Other sources claim this drink is made with brandy. Even today there is still some confusion over the base ingredient in this drink.", "To make this drink, mix 1 ounce  bourbon whiskey , 3/4 ounce simple syrup, 1/2 ounce lemon juice, and 4 ounces Champagne.", "something called a sazerac cocktail. Keep in mind, the recipe we found is for four cocktails:" ]

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[ "Celeste is a brand of frozen pizza owned by Pinnacle Foods. It is widely referred to by its former name Mama Celeste. The brand's slogan is \"Abbondanza\", which means \"Abundance\" in Italian.", "The product was named after Celeste (née Luise) Lizio (1908-1988) who carried the nickname \"Mama Celeste\". She came to the United States from Italy with her husband, Anthony, in the 1920s. They settled on Chicago's West Side, where they opened their first restaurant in 1932. In 1962, the Lizios closed the restaurant and began selling pizzas to other restaurants. The Quaker Oats Company acquired the product in 1969. Celeste frozen pizza was one of the top selling brands in the 1970s but subsequently experienced declines. The Celeste brand was later acquired by Aurora Foods, and then Pinnacle Foods.", "IMC Licensing, Louisville, Ky., said it will begin developing a portfolio of new brand-building licensed food and non-food products under terms of representation agreement with Pinnacle Foods Group LLC, Mountain Lakes, N.J. Pinnacle is the parent to such well-known frozen brands as Swanson entrees, Aunt Jemima frozen breakfasts, Lender's frozen bagels, Van de Kamp's and Mrs. Paul's frozen seafood, Duncan Hines frozen brownies and Mama Celeste frozen pizza.", "An ice pop is a frozen water dessert on a stick that is colored and flavored. It is made by freezing colored, flavored liquid (such as fruit juice) around a stick. Once solid, the stick is then used as a handle to hold the ice pop. In Ireland the term \"ice pop\" is used, but it is usually called an ice lolly (or, more rarely, lollyice [1] ) in the United Kingdom , ice block in Australia and New Zealand , and icy pole in Australia (from the brand name Icy Pole). In the United States and Canada it is almost always called a popsicle due to the early popularity of the Popsicle brand, and the word has become a genericized trade mark to mean any ice pop, irrespective of brand.", "Celeste® Thick Crust Pepperoni Frozen Pizza 8.5 oz. Box Reviews | Find the Best Frozen Pizza | Influenster", "Mamma mia! Take a look at what's happening over in frozen pizza! In a move likely to give Papa John's agita, one of the supermarket's oldest categories is undergoing a major revolution that's bringing more restaurant-quality pies to freezer case shelves in an effort to revive sales. Today, Jamaican Jerk chicken, Bacon Cheeseburger, and Spinach Portabella Mushroom are almost as common as double cheese and pepperoni in the freezer case. And since they're at price points several dollars below that of takeout, consumers are asking themselves, \"Why call Domino's when I can get a superior product from Dominick's at a fraction of the price?\" At least that's the game plan behind the innovation drive.", "I remember the frozen mellon balls. A frozen box of honeydew & cantalope mellon balls. As a kid I liked those better than the fresh stuff (Oh! how I've grown). Also we ALWAYS had dessert after our dinner. Even if it was just jello, pudding, frozen mellon balls or junket! Anyone remember junket, a sort of light custard dish. --- Rosemary, Brooklawn, NJ 1947", "Granita (in Italian also granita siciliana) is a semi-frozen dessert made from sugar, water and various flavorings. Originally from Sicily , although available all over Italy (but granita in Sicily is somewhat different from the rest of Italy), it is related to sorbet and italian ice . However, in most of Sicily, it has a coarser, more crystalline texture. Food writer Jeffrey Steingarten says that \"the desired texture seems to vary from city to city\" on the island; on the west coast and in Palermo , it is at its chunkiest, and in the east it is nearly as smooth as sorbet .  This is largely the result of different freezing techniques: the smoother types are produced in a gelato machine , while the coarser varieties are frozen with only occasional agitation, then scraped or shaved to produce separated crystals.", "Today Celeste products include small seven-inch pizzas and, for larger appetites, large 12-inch pizzas. Celeste Fresh Baked Rising Crust pizza was introduced in 1997, offering a restaurant-quality pizza at a considerable value compared with takeout.", "\"Our newest product is called Perrino's and is an authen- tic Chicago-style deep-dish pizza that comes in cheese, sausage, and pepperoni varieties,\" says Angela Ginex, frozen food marketing manager at Home Run Inn in Woodridge, Ill. \"They're all-natural with no preservatives and no hydrogenated oils, just like with our regular Home Run Inn brand.\"", "5. Apricot-almond frozen ice pop by Real Cool Frozen Treats. Don’t call these Popsicles. Chef Maria DeCorpo’s ice cream cart is stocked with pops made from seasonal produce and organic ingredients, flavors like melon-mint, lemon and key lime, strawberry and Mexican chocolate. She’s a regular at the Wednesday night market in Santa Rosa and the Rohnert Park Farmer’s Market on Fridays. facebook.com/realcoolfrozentreats.", "Granita has seen a huge revival being a semi-frozen dessert made from sugar, water and various flavourings, served with brioche. Originally from Sicily, which was thought to have been inspired by the ice cold sherbet enjoyed by the Arabs, Granita has a coarser, more crystalline texture than sorbet that makes granita distinct and unique. However it varies from city to city on the island - in the west and in Palermo it is at its chunkiest, and in the east it is nearly as smooth as sorbet.", "This last but not least contender of the most popular sesame street character of all time could become annoying on some occasion, but he is the persistent one, he is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases: \"Me want cookie!\", \"Me eat cookie!\", and \"Om Nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food). He often eats anything and everything, including danishes, donuts, lettuce, apples, bananas, as well as normally inedible objects such as salt and pepper shakers, signs, napkins, pencils, typewriters, telephones, motorcycles, Peabody Awards, trucks, a safe, a VW Beetle, and the Letter of the Day. However, as his name suggests, his preferred food is cookies. Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind; oatmeal cookies are his second favorite. He is known to have a mother, a younger sister, and an identically-designed cousin, who all share his characteristic blue fur and \"googly eyes\".", "Ciao Bella, Americaâs most stylish dessert brand, began in New Yorkâs Little Italy and has been tempting taste buds for almost three decades. Beyond ordinary, Ciao Bellaâs indulgent collection of gelato, sorbet and new Greek frozen yogurt offers an unparalleled dessert experience by relying on a chef-inspired blend of naturally intense ingredients and a passion for evoking delight in every frozen bite. Offering unique and intense flavors like Blood Orange Sorbet, Key Lime Graham Cracker Gelato and Raspberry Greek Frozen Yogurt, Ciao Bella uses only the most select and pure ingredients, resulting in mouth-watering frozen treats that embody both classic Italy and modern America. The brand has been featured prominently in national media for its captivating creations.", "Frozen Yogurt is made by freezing a mixture of pasteurized milk, with or without other milk products, flavorings, seasonings, stabilizers, emulsifiers and lactic acid cultures. Because there are no specific standards for frozen yogurt, its ingredients and characteristics can vary. Frozen yogurt is pasteurized before freezing so it generally does not contain live, active cultures like many unfrozen yogurts. Nonfat, lowfat and full fat varieties of frozen yogurt are available. Frozen yogurt may be soft (as in cones or sundaes) or hard-frozen.", "Typical of the winter season are the Pecorino, ricotta and strong ricotta (or cottage cheese). It is used to flavor spaghetti sauce or spread on bruschetta. ", "granita di caffè con panna—frozen, iced beverage (similar to a slush, but ice shavings make it authentic) and topped with whipped cream", "fresh seafood, such as Lobsters, Prawns and also fresh fish like Tuna, Squid among others, and Pastas, all with high superior quality. One of the most famous dishes is the Pizza Peter Pan, which is very well appreciated by the clientele, and we cannot forget the Grilled Mixed Seafood where you can enjoy the real taste of fresh seafood. The quality of the ingredients is a must and everything in the menu is worthwhile. Some examples you can appreciate at Mamma Mia Ristorante & Pizzeria:", "Liquid egg, fluid milk, and milk products are especially good growth media for many types of bacteria and must be pasteurized. Pasteurization is a heat process that will kill or inactivate bacteria and other harmful microorganisms likely to be in these potentially hazardous foods. Freezing and drying of unpasteurized products will stop microbial growth and may reduce their bacterial populations; however, some organisms will survive because neither process invariably kills bacteria. Under certain conditions, freezing and drying may preserve microbes. An alternative to pasteurization may be applicable to certain cheese varieties cured or aged for a specified amount of time prior to marketing for consumption.", "Pica is the Latin word for magpie, a bird that is famous for eating anything and everything. It is an eating disorder in which there is a constant craving for non-food items like ice, earth, dirt, clay, paint, plaster, chalk, wool, ashes, burnt match heads, charcoal, rust and other such items that are not usually considered food.", "Unlike nearby Mexico and Central America which have tortillas in their cuisines, the only resemblance to the use of tortillas is an item left from pre-Columbian indigenous times which is called Casave. This flat bread is produced by grinding the yuca (cassava) root to form a paste which, when mixed with water, becomes a dough. This is lightly cooked as a flat circular disk and air dried to preserve its consumption for a later time. It is traditionally reconstituted in salted water and eaten with roasted pork. The other culinary curiosity is a regional dish made up of a roasted rodent uniquely found in Cuba and called Jutia (desmarest's hutia).", "Bizarre: A costumed Baby Gaga waitress serves the ice cream in a martini glass filled with the breast milk ice cream mix. Liquid nitrogen is then poured into the glass through a syringe and it is served with a rusk", "Two comfort foods mix in this classic Filipino dessert, cheese ice cream. Once sold only by street vendors, today it’s crafted with real cheddar cheese by the brand Magnolia and sold in grocery stores all over the Philippines.", "The addictively crisp waffle cookies known as pizzelles enjoy particular popularity in Italy during the Christmas and Easter seasons. Stateside, they’re a favorite at Nonna’s Sweet Treats in Rehoboth Beach, Del. ", "Taramosalata is traditionally made out of taramas, the salted roe of the cod or carp. The roe is either mixed with bread crumbs or mashed potatoes. Parsley, onion, lemon juice, olive oil and vinegar are added and it is seasoned with salt and pepper.", "* In Minnesota, a \"Juicy Lucy\" (also spelled \"Jucy Lucy\"), is a hamburger having cheese inside the meat patty rather than on top. A piece of cheese is surrounded by raw meat and cooked until it melts, resulting in a molten core of cheese within the patty. This scalding hot cheese tends to gush out at the first bite, so servers frequently instruct customers to let the sandwich cool for a few minutes before consumption.", "In the Indian state of Goa, the Goan Catholic dish Mazpon replaces almonds with cashew nuts and is used to make easter eggs and Christmas sweets. Christmas sweets would be of various shapes like fruits, flowers, stars, tree, santa, snow man and other designs. In the Philippines, ' (Spanish for \"pili marzipan\") is made from pili nuts.", "*In New Orleans, Louisiana, parts of southern Texas, and surrounding regions, a similar ring-shaped cake known as a \"King Cake\" traditionally becomes available in bakeries from Epiphany to Mardi Gras. The baby Jesus figurine is inserted into the cake from underneath, and the person who gets the slice with the figurine is expected to buy or bake the next King Cake. There is wide variation among the types of pastry that may be called a King Cake, but most are a baked cinnamon-flavoured twisted dough with thin frosting and additional sugar on top in the traditional Mardi Gras colours of gold, green and purple. To prevent accidental injury or choking, the baby Jesus figurine is frequently not inserted into the cake at the bakery, but included in the packaging for optional use by the buyer to insert it themselves. Mardi Gras-style beads and doubloons may be included as well.", "Freshwater crab, a traditional local delicacy, is a very popular dish in the city's cuisine. Found only in swamps, its well-tempered meat can be served in different forms: as a shell, the so-called unha (the claws) or toc-toc. \"Maniçoba\" is one of the highlights of the local cuisine. Its preparation is time-consuming and its final appearance is quite surprising for those who have never tried it, due to the dark look of the cooked maniva (ground manioc leaves). But this first impression ends quickly, after you taste the dish with its seemingly awkward ingredients. Maniçoba is often served in ceramic dishes, and can be eaten with rice or with manioc flour and capsicum.", "To their credit, Kid Cuisines did come with a \"Fun Pack,\" a small Cracker Jack prize-esque activity book filled with mini games or stickers. While the title \"Fun Pack\" may be slightly presumptuous, it did prove a popular addition to the frozen prepackaged food market. The only problem? These things come frozen. Those activity booklets were pretty chilly.", "Beurre noisette may be used in its liquid state, or cooled to a solid form. It has a nutty flavour and is particularly included in the batters for madeleines and financiers.", "Luckily, with the help of some lovable commercial mascots, kids will eat pretty much anything. Anthropomorphic penguin BJ and bear \"The Chef\" were more than eager to shove these calorie-laden celebrations of starch down our juvenile throats. I'd never considered myself endeared to BJ and The Chef until I learned they were more recently replaced with some ripoff penguin character, KC. Is nothing sacred? Who makes the food if there's no chef? Who, I ask you? It just doesn't add up." ]

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[ "Raisin bran (sultana bran in some countries ) is a breakfast cereal manufactured by several companies under a variety of brand names, including Kellogg's Raisin Bran, General Mills' Total Raisin Bran and Post Foods' Post Raisin Bran.", "From 1925 to 1929, our predecessor, Postum Cereal Company, acquired over a dozen companies and expanded its product line to more than 60 products. The company changed its name to General Foods Corporation and over several decades introduced household names such as Post Raisin Bran (1942), Honeycomb (1965), Pebbles (1971) and Honey Bunches of Oats (1990). General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies in 1985, and subsequently merged with Kraft in 1989. In 2008, the Post cereals business was split off from Kraft and combined with Ralcorp.", "Attune Foods (San Francisco), owner of the Erewhon, Uncle Sam, New Morning, and Skinner’s cereal brands, has been acquired by Post Foods for an undisclosed sum. Attune generated $15 million in 2011 from sales of its natural, organic, gluten-free and GMO-free products, according to the St Louis Business Journal. The Uncle Sam brand dates back to 1908, and Skinner’s Raisin Bran to 1926. Attune will continue to operate independently with the same team, the company said on its website: “Our independent spirit and deep-rooted commitment to the natural foods industry is what attracted Post.” Post brands include Honey Bunches of Oats, Pebbles, Post Raisin Bran and Grape-Nuts. Post had fiscal 2012 net sales of  $960 million. Attune was an NCN presenting company in 2008.", "We are a leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of branded ready-to-eat cereals in the United States and Canada. We are the third largest seller of ready-to-eat cereals in the United States with 11.2% market share (based on retail sales) for the 52-week period ended November 26, 2011, according to A.C. Nielsen. Our products are manufactured through a flexible production platform consisting of four owned primary facilities and sold through a variety of channels such as grocery stores, mass merchandisers, club stores, drug stores, convenience stores and foodservice establishments. Our portfolio of brands includes diverse offerings such as Honey Bunches of Oats, Shredded Wheat, Grape-Nuts, Raisin Bran, Golden Crisp, Alpha-Bits, Honeycomb, Pebbles, Pebbles Treats and Great Grains. We have leveraged the strength of our brands, category expertise, leadership, and over a century of institutional knowledge to create a diverse portfolio of cereals that enhance the lives of consumers.", "Honey Bunches of Oats is one of the largest brands in the ready-to-eat cereal market, currently the third largest brand of ready-to-eat cereal in the United States with a 4.8% market share of retail sales for the 52-week period ended November 26, 2011, based on information available from A.C. Nielsen. In the category, only Cheerios (General Mills) and Special K (Kellogg) are larger. Honey Bunches of Oats was first launched in 1989 and has experienced substantial growth over the past 20+ years. The brand has been supported with strong marketing programs and R&D driven new product introductions. Honey Bunches of Oats is also the second highest ranked ready-to-eat cereal brand by market share among Hispanics, based on information from A.C. Nielsen, driven by the taste profile of the product as well as strong marketing campaigns.", "Portfolio of Iconic Brands.  Since 1895, our cereals have been staples among U.S. households. Today, Post is an approximately $1 billion brand based on our average net sales for the last three fiscal years, and the number three competitor in the approximately $9 billion (based on retail sales for the 52-week period ended November 26, 2011) ready-to-eat cereal category. For the 52-week period ended November 26, 2011, we had an 11.2% market share of the ready-to-eat cereal category, based on information available from A.C. Nielsen, led by Honey Bunches of Oats, the third largest brand of ready-to-eat cereal in the United States by retail sales. Our diverse portfolio of brands spans the balanced (Honey Bunches of Oats, Great Grains, Post Selects), sweetened (Pebbles, Honeycomb, Golden Crisp, Waffle Crisp, Alpha-Bits) and unsweetened (Raisin Bran, Shredded Wheat, Grape-Nuts) sub-categories. Our products continue to have strong aided brand awareness: based on information from GfK Custom Research North America, 9 out of 10 consumers recognize each of our Honey Bunches of Oats, Honeycomb, and Cocoa and Fruity Pebbles brands. We believe that Posts launch of the Pebbles Treats snack bar demonstrates the growth potential of our brands into adjacent product categories in the cereal aisle.", "1895 - Charles William (C.W.) Post developed, produced his first product, Postum cereal beverage (coffee substitute); named company Postum Ltd.; 1897 - developed Grape-Nuts cereal (nutty flavor of nuggets), part of new ready-to-eat breakfast food industry in United States; June 14, 1898 - registered \"Grape-Nuts\" trademark first used December 1, 1897 (cooked or prepared cereal food for human consumption); 1908 - introduced corn flakes product first called Elijah's Manna, later renamed Post Toasties; June 2, 1908 - registered \"Post Toasties\" trademark first used August 23, 1907 (cereal breakfast-foods); December 31, 1925 - acquired Jell-O Company, Inc.; July 24, 1929 - Postum Incorporated renamed General Foods; 1985 - acquired by Philip Morris Companies for $5.6 billion, largest non-oil acquisition to that time; March, 1989 - combined with Kraft Inc., renamed Kraft General Foods (KGF).", "It is ironic that today’s sugar laden cereals were born out of what was originally intended to be a health food. Dr. Kellogg’s convictions, which formed the underlying principles for the development of Battle Creek, came out of principles of vegetarianism as laid out in the early 1800s by Sylvester Graham, namesake of the graham cracker ( Bruce and Crawford 1995:23 ). Significantly, Charles William Post, founder of Post Cereal Company, was a patient of Kellogg. The four major cereal companies of today, Kellogg's, Post, Quaker Oats, and General Mills came into being in the late 19th century. Bruce and Crawford refer to John Harvey Kellogg as the forefather of dry cereal and the great-grandfather of the self-help movement, to Charles Post as the grandfather of advertising, and to Henry Crowell of Quaker Oats as the god-father of merchandising ( 1995:14, 65 ). The development of ready-made cereal occurred as a result of the coming together of ideas of health reforms, alternative religions, business innovations and technologies, and coincided with the development of several social movements, like temperance, vegetarianism and the self-help movement ( Belasco 2000:256 ). Over the years dry cereal processing has evolved to include cereal forms that are flaked, puffed, shredded, baked, sweetened, flavoured, coloured and enriched with vitamins and minerals ( Scade 1975:51 ). A modern element added to cereals is the addition of dried fruits and flavour combinations. It is from these processes and from variations on these processes that today’s cereals are derived.", "The second major innovator in the cereal industry was Charles W. Post, a salesman who was admitted to Kellogg's sanitarium as a patient in the late 1800s. While there, he grew deeply impressed with their all-grain diet. Upon his release, he began experimenting with grain products, beginning with an all-grain coffee substitute called Postum. In 1898 he introduced Grape-nuts, the concentrated cereal with a nutty flavor (containing neither grapes or nuts). Good business sense, determination, and powerful advertising produced a multimillion-dollar fortune for Post in a few years. After his death, his company acquired the Jell-O company in 1925, Baker's chocolate in 1927, Maxwell House coffee in 1928, and Birdseye frozen foods in 1929. In 1929, the company changed its name to General Foods. In 1985, Philip Morris Tobacco Company bought General Foods for $5.6 billion and merged it with its Kraft division. ", "It was until the 20th century with the advent of modern food and pressure cookers that cereals were able to be used as the main ingredient. The marketing of first breakfast cereals such as corn flakes and grape nuts were around the turn of the century and sold surprisingly well encouraging other mills and hospitals to develop their own cereal brands , among them was the General Mills which first entered the breakfast cereal market with their product – Wheaties.", "competitors include Kellogg, General Mills and Quaker Oats (owned by PepsiCo). Leading private brand and value brand manufacturers of ready-to-eat cereal include Malt-O-Meal and Gilster Mary Lee. Following the separation, we will also be competing with Ralcorp, which continues to manufacture private brand ready-to-eat cereals. We believe that pressure from private brand manufacturers is minimized, however, due to the promotional nature of the ready-to-eat cereal category.", "Competition with Kelloggs who had a strong popularity and a loyal following required innovative thinking and General Mills under the direction of the company owner James Bell were inspired to sponsor a radio show aimed at children yet with a moral story to every episode, by a happy coincidence the creator of the Lone Ranger was in need of a sponsor to get the show organized throughout the United States beginning in 1949. The association with the Lone Ranger continued for 20 years and helped drive Cheerios into the top spot as the most popular breakfast cereal.", "Throughout the 1950s the company extended its cereals product line and started to create more powerful and enduring brands such as: Kellogg's® Corn Pops®, Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®, Kellogg's® Honey Smacks™, Kellogg's® Cocoa Krispies™ and Kellogg's® Special K®, (which was the first high-protein breakfast cereal ever offered to consumers). Sales of Kellogg's Frosted Flakes were boosted by the introduction of its ‘spokesperson’ Tony the Tiger® who made his first appearance in the 1950s. In the 1960s Kelloggs strengthened its position with the introduction of even more new consumer products: Froot Loops®, Kellogg's Apple Jacks®, Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats®, Kellogg's Bran Buds®, Kellogg's Product 19®, Kellogg's Pop-Tarts®, and Kellogg's® Croutettes™ croutons.", "Additional products followed: Kellogg's Shredded Wheat and Krumbles cereal in 1912, All-Bran in 1919, Rice Krispies in 1928, Corn Pops in 1950, Frosted Flakes in 1952, Honey Smacks in 1953 and Product 19 and Pop-Tarts in 1963.", "In the United States, shredded wheat is most heavily advertised and marketed by Post Foods, which acquired the product in 1993 through its parent company, Kraft Foods, buying it from its long-time producer Nabisco. Kellogg's sells eight varieties of miniature, or bite-sized, shredded wheat cereal. Natural and organic manufacturer Barbara's Bakery makes an all-natural version of shredded wheat. In the United Kingdom, the Shredded Wheat brand is owned by Cereal Partners, a Nestlé/General Mills company, although there are many generic versions and variants by different names. It was first made in the United States in 1893, while UK production began in 1926.", "Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (\"marbits\" or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "Both William Kellogg and Post were canny marketers, aiming their advertising at busy adults who wanted something quick and easy to prepare for breakfast; corn flakes became their most popular products. Until his retirement in 1946, Kellogg was a relentless innovator. In 1928 he introduced Rice Krispies, whose crackling sounds enhanced its popularity. His company also introduced wax liners for cereal boxes, helping to keep the dry cereal dry and lengthen its shelf life. The Quaker Oats Company rapidly expanded its market in the 1920s. During the decade it introduced puffed wheat and rice; the manufacturing process involved steaming the grain under pressure and exploding them out of guns. Beginning in 1924, James Ford Bell used celebrities to market Wheaties, eventually focusing on athletes such as Olympic star Johnny Weissmuller to make Wheaties \"the breakfast of champions.\" In 1937 General Mills introduced a new puffed cereal, Kix.", "Hershey licenses the Reese's brand (name, logo, etc.) to various companies for the production of other products beyond the traditional realm of candy. For example, General Mills produces Reese's Puffs, a brand of peanut butter and chocolate flavored breakfast cereal. Several companies, including Breyers, Baskin-Robbins, and Dairy Queen, produce various licensed Reese's ice cream products.", "Kellogg's sugar-coated Mini-Wheats also falls into the fun and nutritional category of cereal. The sugar is meant to entice the consumption of what would normally be a bland unappealing food. Mini-Wheats come in original, brown sugar and maple flavours. The Mini-Wheat (MW) hero is personified as the product and the product’s character. MW uses a spoon as a paddle to canoe through a bowl of Mini-Wheats rapids. The maple Mini-Wheat is the whole-wheat version of the cereal, featuring a bottle of maple syrup and a maple leaf on the box. The syrup bottle’s shape readily denotes a folk symbol, in particular for French Canadian culture.", "October 6, 1893 - Diamond Milling Company, Grand Forks, ND, owned by Emery Mapes, George Bull, George Clifford, created Cream Of Wheat (named by Fred Clifford, Sr. because the product was so white), a hot cereal, a porridge product using farina, during the economic depression of that year; Emery Mapes created Rastus, African American chef used on logo for skillet, woodcut image of Cream of Wheat chef, on box; January 23, 1900 - Cream of Wheat Company (Minneapolis, MN) registered \"Cream of Wheat\" trademark first used March 1, 1895 (breakfast-foods, including rolled wheat, cracked wheat, wheat grits, wheat-farina, and purified middlings); 1920s - replaced by face of Chicago waiter who was paid five dollars to pose in chef's hat, jacket; 1962 - acquired by National Biscuit Company Grocery Division; 2000 - Nabisco Holdings acquired by Kraft Foods' parent company, Philip Morris Companies, Inc.; February 25, 2007 - acquired (with Cream of Rice) by subsidiaries of B&G Foods, Inc. from Kraft Foods Global, Inc., for $200 million (2006 sales of $60 million).", "The Company leverages the strength of its brands, category expertise, and over a century of institutional knowledge to create a diverse portfolio of cereals that enhance consumer satisfaction.", "Shredded wheat is a breakfast cereal made from whole wheat. As of January 2010, it was available in three sizes — bite sized (¾×1 in), miniature (nearly half the size of the bite-sized pieces), and original. Both smaller sizes are available in a frosted variety, which has one side coated with sugar and usually gelatin. Some manufacturers have produced \"filled\" versions of the bite-size cereal containing a raisin at the centre, or apricot, blueberry, raspberry or cranberry filling.", "... It's Honey Nut Cheerios. This was the cereal's most famous tagline throughout the 80's. A later line, \"nobody can say no to Honey Nut Cheerios,\" may have sold some boxes by never resonated in our collective memory. The cereal's current catchphrase, \"Bee Happy, Bee Healthy\" is a real contender to make this list in the coming years.", "A healthy gluten-free option, this cereal is a fruit lover’s dream come true, thanks to a whole lot of berries. It also provides a huge protein punch, with 11 grams per serving, and healthy fats in the form of sunflower seeds .", "2. What food manufacturer headquartered in Battle Creek MI’s cereal said: “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” (Kellogg’s Rice Krispies)", "United States production of Shredded Wheat moved to Naperville, Illinois in 1954, where it is still made. In 1993, Nabisco sold the brand to Kraft General Foods, but it was still under the Nabisco name until 1999, whereupon it was sold under the slogan \"Nabisco brought to you by Post.\"", "Adjacent to This Complete Breakfast : Calvin's favorite cereal qualifies as this. With a name like Chocolate-Frosted Sugar Bombs it'd have to be.", "General Mills: Cookie Crisp, Golden Grahams Honey Graham, Lucky Charms, Cocoa Puffs, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, Trix, Reese's Puffs.", "This was the only cereal on this list that my mother routinely bought for us, probably because it had less sugar than the others. Here is a nice vintage commercial which is almost nothing like the more modern versions", "A look into the era when the cereal mascots were more than just Snap!, Crackle! and Pop!", "I grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the 1960s, and my brothers and sisters and I took turns visiting Grandma and Nana in Clinton, Iowa, on the banks of the Mississippi River. Grandma would pick us up and we would drive down country roads (no interstate then!), and when we got to Clinton, we stopped at the grocery store. Grandma always was willing to buy one of these two cereals (and maybe both!).", "Mayer Bros. Apple Products Inc. (West Seneca, N.Y.), a producer of apple cider, juices, teas and spring water, has acquired the Tastee Apple Inc.’s apple fiber business. For the past several years Mayer’s corporate mission has been to become the leading producer of low moisture apple fiber products. Tastee Apple (Newcomerstown, Ohio) produces apple cider, gourmet candy apples, and apple powder, a source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber which can be added to powdered beverages and protein supplements or used to replace or supplement grains, fruits, and legumes. The Tastee apple fiber business acquired by Mayer includes fiber production equipment, technical operations assistance, and marketing expertise." ]

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[ "1945 – The Nuremberg Trials of 24 leading Nazis involved in the Holocaust and various war crimes during World War II began in Nuremberg, Germany.", "November 20, 1945 - The Nuremberg War Crime Trials began in which 24 former leaders of Nazi Germany were charged with conspiracy to wage wars of aggression, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.", "PESHAWAR -- From 1945 to 1949, a series of trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, before the International Military Tribunal. In the dock were 24 major political and military leaders of Nazi Germany, indicted for aggressive war, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The charges included the wanton killing and total disregard for the lives of Poles, Russians, Jews and others. Now that there is a lull in the Holocaust in Gaza, several international organizations including appointees by the United Nations have taken it a step further to charge Israeli leaders ...", "The Allied powers organised war crimes trials, beginning with the Nuremberg trials, held from November 1945 to October 1946, of 23 top Nazi officials. They were charged with four counts—conspiracy to commit crimes, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity—in violation of international laws governing warfare. All but three of the defendants were found guilty; twelve were sentenced to death. The victorious Allies outlawed the NSDAP and its subsidiary organisations. The display or use of Nazi symbolism such as flags, swastikas, or greetings, is illegal in Germany and Austria, and other restrictions, mainly on public display, apply in various countries. See Swastika § Post-WWII stigmatization for details.", "1945 November 20 Nuremberg Trials begin for 22 of the most important accused German war criminals. The defendants include Hess, Goering, and Speer.", "Speer was taken to several internment centres for Nazi officials and interrogated. In September 1945, he was told that he would be tried for war crimes, and several days later, he was taken to Nuremberg and incarcerated there. Speer was indicted on all four possible counts: first, participating in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of crime against peace; second, planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace; third, war crimes; and lastly, crimes against humanity.", "Script error The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals , held by the Allied forces of World War II , most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany . The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg. The first and best known of these trials, described as \"[t]he greatest trial in history\" by Norman Birkett , one of the British judges who presided over it, [1] was the trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, [2] the Tribunal was given the task of trying 23 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich, though one of the defendants, Martin Bormann , was tried in absentia, while another, Robert Ley , committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement. Not included were Adolf Hitler , Heinrich Himmler , and Joseph Goebbels , all of whom had committed suicide several months before the indictment was signed. [3] The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among them included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial . This article primarily deals with the IMT; see the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials for details on those trials.", "After the war, some of those responsible for crimes committed during the Holocaust were brought to trial. Nuremberg, Germany, was chosen as a site for trials that took place in 1945 and 1946. Judges from the Allied powers—Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States—presided over the hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals.", "After WWII, the Allied forces agreed that Nazism had to be cut out of Germany. They tried twenty-two Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany in 1945-1946. Twelve of the tried were hung, and seven sent to jail.", "The Trial of German Major War Criminals by the International Military Tribunal Sitting at Nuremberg Germany (Commencing 20th November, 1945). Opening Speeches of the Chief Prosecutors. (London: HMSO, 1946).", "More than sixty years ago, American prosecutors in Nuremberg, Germany convicted Nazi leaders of the crimes of conspiring and waging wars of aggression. They found the Nazis guilty of planning and waging wars that had no basis in law and which killed millions of innocents.[emphasis added]", "Twenty-two leading members of the German government were tried at Nuremberg between November 1945 and August 1946. Nineteen were found guilty, and twelve were sentenced to death by hanging, including Hermann Göring, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Alfred Jodl, and Martin Bormann, the last tried in absentia.", "Among those who marched with Hitler to the Odeonsplatz on November 9, 1923, were men who would later hold key positions in Nazi Germany: Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler , Rudolf Hess, Julius Streicher , and Wilhelm Frick . Four out of these five men would stand in the defendants' dock at the trial of the major war criminals in Nuremberg in 1945; the fifth only escaped that fate by committing suicide.", "In November 1945, twenty-one men sat in the dock of a Nuremberg courtroom on trial for their lives. The group represented the \"cream of the crop\" of the Nazi leadership including Herman Goering, Hitler's heir apparent until falling out of favor in the closing days of the war, and Rudolph Hess, Hitler's deputy who had been in custody since parachuting ", "The International Military Tribunal was opened on November 19, 1945, in the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. The first session was presided over by the Soviet judge, Nikitchenko. The prosecution entered indictments against 24 major war criminals and seven organizations—the leadership of the Nazi party, the Reich Cabinet, the Schutzstaffel (SS), Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Gestapo, the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the \"General Staff and High Command\", comprising several categories of senior military officers. These organizations were to be declared \"criminal\" if found guilty.", "In 1945 the Allies held the first International War Crime Trials at Nuremberg and Spandau Prison was used to intern Nazi War Criminals who were found guilty. The prison was located in the borough of Spandau, in West Berlin which lay in the British occupation zone.", "Twelve trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949.  By far the most attention--not surprisingly, given the figures involved--has focused on the first Nuremberg trial of twenty-one major war criminals.  Several of the eleven subsequent Nuremberg trials, however, involved conduct no less troubling--and issues at least as interesting--as the Major War Criminals Trial.  For example, the trial of sixteen German judges and officials of the Reich Ministry ( The Justice Trial ) considered the criminal responsibility of judges who enforce immoral laws.  (The Justice Trial became the inspiration for the acclaimed Hollywood movie, Judgment at Nuremberg .)  Other subsequent trials, such as the Doctors Trial and the Einsatzgruppen Trial , are especially compelling because of the horrific events described by prosecution witnesses.  (These three subsequent trials each receive separate coverage elsewhere in this website.)", "The Nazis had kept meticulous written records of their activities, from mass murder of the Jews, to Hitler’s private talks. In addition, captured Nazi officials and high ranking military officers underwent lengthy interrogations. With all of the evidence at hand, the Allies decided to prosecute. The place chosen for the trial was Nuremberg, the now-ruined city that had once hosted annual rallies glorifying Hitler and Nazism.       ", "From 1945 to 1951, German and Japanese officials and personnel were prosecuted for war crimes. Top German officials were tried at the Nuremberg Trials, and many Japanese officials at the Tokyo War Crime Trial and other war crimes trials in the Asia-Pacific region.", "Jodl then went to the north German city of Flensburg, where Doenitz was. Jodl was arrested there with his superior on May 23. In October of 1945, an International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg issued an indictment against Jodl and several other top Nazi leaders, including Doenitz; Minister of Armaments and War Production Albert Speer; Luftwaffe chief Hermann Goering; Fritz Sauckel, head of the Nazis' forced labor operations; and foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The Russians had demanded that Jodl's name be included on the War Criminals list in part for his stalling at Reims and for once issuing an order of Hitler's that German units in Russia could act with heedless brutality.", "In 1946, an international military tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany, found 22 top Nazi leaders guilty of war crimes, 11 of which were sentenced to death.", "The Allies of World War II held a series of military tribunals and trials, beginning with a trial of the major war criminals from November 1945 to October 1946. Hess was tried with this first group of twenty-three defendants, all of whom were charged with four counts—conspiracy to commit crimes, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity, in violation of international laws governing warfare.", "The Allies of World War II held a series of military tribunals and trials, beginning with a trial of the major war criminals from November 1945 to October 1946. Hess was tried with this first group of twenty-three defendants, all of whom were charged with four counts—conspiracy to commit crimes, crimes against peace, war crimes , and crimes against humanity —in violation of international laws governing warfare.", "Between 14 November 1945 and 3 October 1946, the Allies established an International Military Tribunal (IMT) to try 22 of 24 major Nazi war criminals and six groups for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Nineteen of the 22 were convicted, and twelve of them (Bormann [in absentia], Frank, Frick, Göring, Jodl, Kaltenbrunner, Keitel, Ribbentrop, Rosenberg, Sauckel, Seyss-Inquart, Streicher), were each given the death penalty; the remaining three (Funk, Hess, Raeder) received life terms. At that time, the Gestapo was condemned as a criminal organisation, along with the SS. ", "defendants include Hitler's most trusted party officials, tried for crimes against humanity, peace, and war crimes; caused by discovery of death camps", "The defendant Krupp between 1932-1945 was: head of Friedrich Krupp A.G., a member of the General Economic Council, President of the Reich Union of German Industry, and head of the Group for mining and Production of Iron and metals under the Reich Ministry of Economics. The defendant Krupp used the foregoing positions, his personal influence, and his connection with the Fuehrer in such a manner that: he promoted the accession to power of the Nazi conspirators and the consolidation of their control over Germany set forth in Count One of the Indictment, he promoted the preparation for war set forth in Count One of the Indictment, he participated in the military and economic planning and preparation of the Nazi conspirators for Wars of Aggression and Wars in Violation of International Treaties, Agreements and Assurances set forth in Counts One and Two of the Indictment; and he authorised, directed and participated in the War Crimes set forth in Count Three of the Indictment and the Crimes against Humanity set forth in Count Four of the Indictment, including more particularly the exploitation and abuse of human beings for labour in the conduct of aggressive wars.", "Secretary of War Henry Stimson saw things differently, and proposed trying Nazi leaders in court. Roosevelt chose the latter. In early October 1945, the four prosecuting nations � the United States, Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union � issued an indictment against 24 men charged with the systematic murder of millions of people, and planning and carrying out the war in Europe.", "1945-1949 - Series of trials noted for the prosecution of political, military, and economic leaders of the Nazi party after WWII.", "At this point it might well be asked where the origins of the decision to formulate a charge of criminal aggression lie. It certainly formed no part of the original terms of reference of the United Nations War Crimes Commission established during the war and it is well to remember that the Soviets played no part in the Commission. The idea for such a charge can be traced back to the aforementioned Soviet Jurist A.N. Trainin and his work Hitlerite Responsibility Under Criminal Law, first published in 1944. This is not surprising as we have already seen how the Soviets were the early leaders in the area of war crimes policy. Trainin's work devotes a whole chapter (chapter 5) to what its author regarded as the primary crime, crimes against peace. As has already been noted, Trainin's work advocated that the punishment of Germany's major criminals should not be limited by traditional legalisms. He claimed that:", "Otto Adolf Eichmann (; 19 March 1906 – 1 June 1962) was a German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and one of the major organisers of the Holocaust. Eichmann was tasked by SS-Obergruppenführer (general/lieutenant general) Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. In 1960, he was captured in Argentina by Mossad, Israel's intelligence service. Following a widely publicised trial in Israel, he was found guilty of war crimes and hanged in 1962.", "In early October 1945, the four powers victorious after the Second World War issued an indictment against 24 men and six organizations. Fifty years ago the Pro", "Two weeks earlier, the 10 were found guilty by the International War Crimes Tribunal and sentenced to death along with two other Nazi officials. Among those condemned to die by hanging were Joachim von Ribbentrop, Nazi minister of foreign affairs; Hermann Goering, founder of the Gestapo and chief of the German air force; and Wilhelm Frick, minister of the interior. Seven others, including Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler’s former deputy, were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life. Three others were acquitted." ]

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[ "Gantz maintains that another factor in, or further proof of, spectators' and characters' participation in a Seinfeld community is the large amount of in-slang, \"a lexicon of Seinfeldian code words and recurring phrases that go unnoticed by the infrequent or 'unknowing' viewer\". These include \" Bubble Boy \", \" Master of My Domain \", \" Shrinkage \", \" Mulva \", \"Crazy\" Joe Davola , \" Man Hands \", \" Yada Yada Yada \", \"Dr. Van Nostrand\", \" Spongeworthy \", and \"Art Vandelay\" (which is a menu option at Moe's Southwest Grill).", "Gantz maintains that another factor in, or further proof of, spectators' and characters' participation in a Seinfeld community is the large amount of in-slang, \"a lexicon of Seinfeldian code words and recurring phrases that go unnoticed by the infrequent or 'unknowing' viewer\". These include Bubble Boy, Biff Loman, Master of My Domain, Junior Mints, Shrinkage, Mulva, Crazy Joe Davola, Man Hands, Yada Yada, Dr. Van Nostran, Spongeworthy, and Art Vandelay.", "In an episode of the the sitcom Seinfeld, entitled \"The Wallet\", Elaine refers to her psychotherapist boyfriend as a \"Svengali\" because he wields a powerful mental influence over her. She mispronounces the word, causing Jerry and George to correct her.", "�Contagion implies quarantine; miasma implies sanitation.�  Such slogans were common in times when the notions of contagion and miasma were so vague they could mean almost anything or nothing, as exemplified in the remark of a British sanitary official: �All smell is disease.�  When science gradually shed light on the microbial mechanisms underlying infectious diseases, people began to realize that contagion and bad air were not mutually exclusive but could be causally related.  For instance, Koch explained that tubercle bacilli could live for more than a hundred days; therefore, bacilli in sputum dried on streets, ground up into dust by traffic, and carried by the wind could be more effective in spreading tuberculosis than droplets directly expelled by a coughing patient. [xxxvii]   Such scientific knowledge was invaluable in designing sanitary measures for preventing tuberculosis, such as discourage spitting on streets and cleaning up sputum.", "Comedy in the emergency room of a large American hospital. Sheinfeld may have found a way out of his financial problems — giving up the emergency room in favour of the more profitable genetic research. Sheinfeld Elliott Gould Sheridan Mary McDonnell Joan Thor Conchata Ferrell Julie W illiams Lynn Moody Maria A marda Shuko Akune Fred Burdock Bruce Young Cory Corinne Bohrer", "Sterilization. A method that kills or removes all microbes and their spores by using one or more of the following: Heat, irradiation, chemicals, pressure, or filtration. Differs from pasteurization which uses heat to reduce the population to safe levels.", "Anaerobic (a.) Not requiring air or oxygen for life; -- applied especially to those microbes to which free oxygen is unnecessary; anaerobiotic; -- opposed to aerobic.", "*In English, bacteria is the name for a kingdom of microorganisms, some of which are responsible for various diseases, keeping the same unsanitary character as her husband's name.", "From the Latin for \"in glass,\" isolated from the living organism and artificially maintained, as in a test tube.", "(\"In glass\"). An artificial environment created outside a living organism (e.g., a test tube or culture plate) used in experimental research to study a disease or process.", "Morally Ambiguous Doctorate : Originally, Hibbert was one of the few competent people in Springfield and often played the role of Only Sane Man , but Hibbert eventually became a doctor who seems to spend more time finding ways to have his patients sign away their right to sue before the inevitable malpractice issue than actually being a quality doctor. And he also profitted heavily when all companies in Springfield eliminated their health care programs, forcing people to pay at a premium. Likely his most immoral action (by the standards of Real Life medicine) was approving of an obviously unhealthy eating contest (as it was in a restaurant he held half-ownership of) where one contestant actually died of beef poisoning, and then claiming it was caused by another restaurant.", "[germ theory, Ignaz Semmelwiez, John Snow, Van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Joshua Lederberg infectious disease, antibiotic, commensals, bacteria, superorganism, Human Microbiome Project, National Institutes of Health]", "Sickness confers the social legitimization of certain benefits, such as illness benefits, work avoidance, and being looked after by others. The person who is sick takes on a social role called the sick role. A person who responds to a dreaded disease, such as cancer, in a culturally acceptable fashion may be publicly and privately honored with higher social status. In return for these benefits, the sick person is obligated to seek treatment and work to become well once more. As a comparison, consider pregnancy, which is not interpreted as a disease or sickness, even if the mother and baby may both benefit from medical care.", "Compromising events include circumstances that break the integrity of the sterile packaging by creating holes or wetting the package, which could carry bacteria into it. This means that the once-sterile package that has come loose, has holes, or shows evidence of wetting, presently or in the past, cannot be used because sterility may have been compromised. The end user of the package is responsible for inspecting its integrity, verifying that no event has compromised sterility.", "Extremely lazy. The phrase derives from the artificial respirator that kept polio patients alive by ‘breathing’ for them in the days when up to ten thousand people annually were affected by poliomyelitis ('infantile paralysis’) in Australia. When vaccinations became routine in the mid-1950s, the fear of polio diminished. The phrase is recorded from the 1970s.", "slang for the rough-cut bar of brownish bathing soap that was issued to soldiers during the twenty year period after WWII, which included the KOREAN WAR and extended into the VIETNAM WAR. Compare SOAP, SOFT SOAP, MR. CLEAN, WD-40; see MONKEY BUTT, WHORE'S BATH, MARINE SHOWER, NAVY SHOWER, GI SHOWER, PT SHOWER, DOUCHE BAG, LATRINE, COMFORT STATION. [nb: although soap is clearly more beneficial, most MIL-PERS believe that 100 MPH TAPE is the greatest of all human inventions!] [v: shaving cream, shampoo, shower gel, toiletry, suds / soapsuds / lather, scouring powder] Also, an informal contranym for either a solid reliable comrade (ie: GOOD PEOPLE) or a lazy burdensome shirker (ie: GOLDBRICK), with the proper meaning inferred from context and facial expression.", "/pla·ce·bo/ (plah-se´bo) [L.] any dummy medical treatment; originally, a medicinal preparation having no specific pharmacological activity against the patient's illness or complaint given solely for the psychophysiological effects of the treatment; more recently, a dummy treatment administered to the control group in a controlled clinical trial in order that the specific and nonspecific effects of the experimental treatment can be distinguished.", "Mad As A Hatter. (ODSA) This healthcare acronym has a certain onomatopoeic quality... (Ack E Thomas)", "Mad As A Hatter. (ODSA) This healthcare acronym has a certain onomatopoeic quality... (Ack E Thomas)", "Naturally, then, in the rare instances Kemme suggests a specific treatment for a patient’s chronic and debilitating intestinal problems, they think he’s joking. He understands. When he first heard about the treatment, Kemme thought it was a joke as well. It’s called a fecal transplant, and yes, it’s exactly what you think it is. It’s a procedure that puts someone else’s poop in your colon. This is a serious procedure for a serious, even life-threatening illness. So before we continue, we’ll let you laugh about it like a fifth-grader. Go ahead. We know it’s funny. Even doctors and champions of this procedure can’t help but smile when they talk about it. You done? You sure? OK. We’ll get to the poop later. The illness is called Clostridium Difficile Infection. Medical professionals call it C-Diff for short, and so that’s what we’ll call it here. You can carry C-Diff and not even know it. It becomes a problem, however, when someone takes antibiotics, any antibiotics, or they compromise their immune system in some way, and it messes with the complex village of bacteria living in your gut. Here’s a fun fact: There are 50 million species — that’s right, species, not individual bacteria — living in there. That’s really much more than a village. That’s like China.", "This famous saying is by Jonas Salk, born in New York City on October 28, 1914, who is among the most respected medical scientists of the century. Though his first words were reported to be dirt, his early thoughts were not on studying germs but on going into law. He became interested in biology and chemistry, however, and decided to go into research. He went to New York University medical school for training.", "The factitious illness behavior is particularly chronic and severe and may be practiced to the exclusion of most other activities; the signs and symptoms of illness or injury are intentionally produced through medically dangerous manipulations of the patient’s body (eg, self-inflicted infection or excessive warfarin ingestion), thereby virtually guaranteeing hospitalization; these patients willingly, even eagerly, submit to invasive interventions (eg, surgery)", "I wrote that in the toilet. It's the first time I've actually wrote something in a toilet. Is that some sort of stage of initiation? But as I was leaving the toilet, I was more thqn (damned french word processors!) usually aware of the potential red zone bacteria on my hand. Like I say, I'm back in Aubervilliers where I have a woman boss. If it carries on like this, I might get one of those allergies you get from being too clean. But I realised that it's not so much that I'm concerned about bacteria but being seen to be concerned about bacteria. Jim Morrison wrote that \"love hides in molecular structures\". In my case, protestant guilt hides in molecular structures.", "Infectious Disease - Any disease caused by the entrance, growth, and multiplication of bacteria or protozoans in the body; a germ disease.", "2. Madly in lovewith, or mad about, something or someone. E.g.\"I was potty about AngelinaJolie for several years.\" potty mouth Noun. A person who uses obscene (dirty) language. potty mouthed Adj. Obscene, in relation to language and speech. pound Verb. To have vigorous sex. pound one's pud Vrb phrs. Usually of males, to masturbate. E.g.\"I suspect, onhearing the bed creaking excessively, that when he said he was going forafternoon nap he was actually pounding his pud.\" [Orig U.S.] pour it on Vrb phrs. To exaggerate. Also pour it on thick for addedemphasis. povvy Vrb phrs. To exaggerate. Also pour it on thick for addedemphasis. powder one's nose Vrb phrs. To exaggerate. Also pour it on thick for addedemphasis. powfagged Adj. Exhausted. [Lancashire dialect and use] poxy Adj. 1. Rubbishy, crass, of poor quality.", "(inf) person, remarks, jokes (= disgusting) → abstoßend ; (= tasteless) → ordinär ; he is the grossest thing alive → er ist total ekelhaft", "The origin of the phrase is uncertain. The Hippocratic Oath includes the promise \"to abstain from doing harm\" () but does not include the precise phrase. Perhaps the closest approximation in the Hippocratic Corpus is in Epidemics: \"The physician must ... have two special objects in view with regard to disease, namely, to do good or to do no harm\" (book I, sect. 11, trans. Adams, ).", "Looking at research done by Louis Pasteur, a French chemist and microbiologist known for his vaccination, fermentation and pasteurization principles, he agreed with the latter’s belief that germs are usually contracted from the air. Because Lister was a wine merchant’s son, he knew that wine went bad because the fermentation process was not done properly, and not because germs spontaneously came to life within the wine as evolutionists believed. Applying this thought to open wounds, he knew that the only solution was to find a way to kill the germs before they get the chance to enter the wound, preventing the infection to occur.", "\"My beloved put his hand by the hole [of the door] and my bowels were moved for him.\" That has to actually mean more than it lets on. note No, the speaker didn't actually soil herself—\"Bowels\" was basically Hebrew for \"heart.\" At the same time� he has his hands inside her \"hole\" and her insides \"moved\".", "Bartlet: All right. Well, first of all, I think you made the second bacteria up, and second of all, how do I avoid it?", "* \"John is a married bachelor.\" is grammatically well-formed but expresses a meaning that cannot be true.", "Put the verb in brackets in the right form: “Wait a second,” Morrison said. He motioned for another drink and lit a cigarette. “Do these guys strap you down and make you (to smoke) until you throw up?” “No.” “Give you something so that you get sick every time you light – ” “No, it’s nothing like that. Go and see for yourself.” He gestured at Morrison’s cigarette. “You don’t really like that, do you?”" ]

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[ "Wyoming, nicknamed the \"Equality State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 10, 1890, becoming the Nation's 44th state. The reverse of Wyoming's quarter features a bucking horse and rider with the inscriptions \"The Equality State,\" \"Wyoming\" and \"1890.\"", "Wyoming, constituent state of the United States of America. Wyoming became the 44th state of the Union on July 10, 1890. It ranks 10th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Colorado to the south, Utah to the southwest, and Idaho to the west. Cheyenne , the capital, is located in the southeastern corner of the state.", "4. Wyoming joined became the 44th state to join the Union on July 10, 1890. Politicians agreed that Wyoming Territory was ready for statehood, an attractive way to for local businessmen and politicians to gain more control over land and water issues. Its first governor was Francis Warren, who resigned a month into his term when he was elected to the United State Senate.", "Wyoming became a territory in 1868 and entered the Union on July 10, 1890, as the 44th state. It has a wealth of mineral and agricultural resources, and mining and agriculture still play major roles in the state's economy. During the same period the state ranked 50th among the 50 states in population and 50th in manufacturing.", "In 1890, Wyoming became the 44th state and the first state to have full voting rights for women. The governor at the time, Francis E. Warren, wrote, “Our best people and in fact all classes are almost universally in favor of women suffrage. A few women and a few men still entertain prejudice against it, but I know of no argument having been offered to show its ill effects in Wyoming.”", "Twenty-three states remained loyal to the Union: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union. Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war.", "Union: Also called the North or the United States, the Union was the portion of the country that remained loyal to the Federal government during the Civil War. Union states were: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. West Virginia became a Northern state in 1863 and California and Oregon were also officially Northern but they had little direct involvement in the War.", "After the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Lincoln called for troops from the remaining states to recover the forts. This action resulted in the secession of four more states. Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), Tennessee (May 7, 1861), and lastly, North Carolina (May 20, 1861). Four states that still had slavery did not secede and one seceding state split. These Bordering states consisted of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky. Northwest Virginia seceded from Virginia, entering the Union in 1863 and became known as West Virginia. The southern half of New Mexico voted to secede and joined the Confederacy. They were accepted as the Territory of Arizona, with its capital in Mesilla.", "The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Michigan, April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July   amendment 21", "The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-sixth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 26th of August, 1920, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (and that State readopted its resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan, June 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919; Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2, 1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September 10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15, 1919; Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920; Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington, March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920.", "On 2 Nov., 1889, the Dakotas came into the Union as states; Montana was admitted on 6 Nov., and three days later the Territory of Washington became a state. In 1907 Oklahoma was admitted as the forty-sixth state. In 1912 Arizona and New Mexico were admitted as states. The accession of new states suggests the territorial expansion of the original Union. It does not, however, give one a definite idea of the national increase in population, in wealth , and in power since 1789.", "Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890 as the 43rd state. Idaho is a mostly mountainous state, with an area larger than all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian Province of British Columbia.", "Oh, Washington State’s forty-second And Idaho’s state forty-three The next state to join was Wyoming It’s the forty-fourth state don’t you see? The forty-fifth state was Utah Oklahoma the forty-sixth state New Mexico was forty-seventh Arizona was state forty-eight", "Vermont, during the course of these events, was the only true \"free and independent\" colony among the fourteen who had taken on the British. Of all of the states to enter the Union after the first thirteen, only Vermont was required to ratify the Constitution as a condition of entry. Although the entry of Kentucky was approved by the Congress on February 4, 1791 and Vermont on February 18th, the entry of Kentucky was delayed until June 1st so as to allow Vermont's entry prior to Kentucky, on March 4, 1791.", "The 1890s were a decade of change. The Mormon Church officially ended the practice of polygamy. In 1896, Utah became the 45th state and the third to extend the vote to women. Salt Lake City was its capital. \"Great\" had been dropped from the name in 1868.", "����� [The Nevada constitution was framed by a convention of delegates chosen by the people. The convention met at Carson City on July 4, 1864, and adjourned on July 28 of the same year. On the 1st Wednesday of September 1864, the constitution was approved by the vote of the people of the Territory of Nevada, and on October 31, 1864, President Lincoln proclaimed that the State of Nevada was admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states.", "Oklahoma (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ; or transliterated from English as ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ (òɡàlàhoma), Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally \"Okies\", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.", "West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. Nevada also joined the Union during the war, becoming a state on October 31, 1864.", "On this day in 1889, the Wyoming state convention approves a constitution that includes a provision granting women the right to vote. Formally admitted into the union the following year, Wyoming thus became the first state in the history of the nation to allow its female citizens to vote.", "In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. ", "On this day in 1876, Colorado became the 38th state to join the Union when President Ulysses Grant signed a proclamation of statehood. President Andrew Johnson had vetoed its first bid.", "New Mexico to call a constitutional convention in anticipation of being admitted to the Union. On October 3, 1910, 100 elected delegates convened at Santa Fe to draft a document which was approved by the voters on January 21, 1911. On January 6, 1912, President William H. Taft signed a proclamation declaring New Mexico the 47th State of the Union.", "By Act of Congress on March 4, 1791, Vermont was admitted to the Union as the 14th state, the first state to join the union. The Congressional Act declared “that on the 4th day of March 1791, the said State, by the name and style of the State of Vermont, shall be received into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States of America.”", "Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from the Indians, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government. ", "Illinois was admitted to the Federal Union as the twenty-first state on December 3, 1818. Since that historic date, Illinois has been governed from three different cities and from six Capitol buildings, one leased and the rest state-owned.", "Utah Becomes the 45th U.S. State , Utah becomes the 45th United State on January 4th , 1896. To become a state it became necessary to renounce the Mormon church's promotion of polygamy as well as their political party the \"People's Party\".", "67. Along with New Mexico which US state joined the Union in 1912? Doing so on February 14th and so gaining its nickname, the Valentine State.", "On November 11, 1889, U.S. President Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901) signed the bill admitting Washington to the United States.", "name of the new country formed by eleven states that seceded from the United States of America", "In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the State Senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, Acer Aspire 7738 Keyboard", "32. This is the 42nd state of the USA. It was admitted to statehood on November 11th 1889. Its state capital is Olympia & it is nicknamed the \"Evergreen State\".", "* March 22 – The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification." ]

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[ "Billy Beer was a beer first made in the United States of America in July 1977, by the Falls City Brewing Company. It was promoted by Billy Carter, the younger brother of then-President Jimmy Carter. Then in October 1978, Falls City announced that it was closing its doors after less than a year of Carter's promotion. The beer was produced by Cold Spring Brewing, West End Brewing, and Pearl Brewing Company.", "In 1977 Cold Spring Brewing Co. was contracted to brew president Jimmy Carter's brother's personal brand, called \"Billy Beer.\" Cold Spring was one of four Billy Beer production sites.", "William H.T. Bush (\"Bucky\" Bush; William Trotter Bush) (1938- ) is the brother of former President George Herbert Walker Bush and uncle of President George W. Bush.[1] Bush chairs Bush-O'Donnell & Co., \"a holding company with interests in insurance, money management, investment banking and manufacturing", "His brother Billy was popular during Jimmy's time as President. He even had a beer named after him, Billy Beer.", "ATLANTA — Billy Carter--the Georgia businessman and \"good ol' boy\" who became a national folk hero as President Jimmy Carter's irreverent, wisecracking, beer-guzzling brother--died Sunday of pancreatic cancer. He was 51.", "1968 - While celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary in Los Angeles, Senator Robert F. Kennedy (brother of assassinated U.S. President John F. Kennedy) was shot in the head. He died the following day. The gunman, Sirhan Sirhan, was later convicted of the murder.", "Robert Kennedy (1925–68) American politician who served as U.S. Attorney General (1961–64) under his brother, President John F. Kennedy, and, after Kennedy's death, under President Lyndon B. Johnson; assassinated in Los Angeles by Sirhan Sirhan while campaigning for the presidency.", "Amid the tragedy of the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King on Thursday, April 4th, 1968, an extraordinary moment in American political history occurred as Robert F. Kennedy, younger brother of slain President John F. Kennedy, broke the news of King's death to a large gathering of African Americans that evening in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "Born November 20, 1925 Robert Francis Kennedy (RFK) was the seventh child of Joseph Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald and the younger brother of JFK. RFK served as the U.S. Attorney General during his brother’s presidency and continued to do so until nine months after JFK’s assassination, when RFK left office to run for a New York  Senate position. After winning the Senate election in 1964, RFK then began preparing for the presidential elections in 1968, championing his brand of modern American liberalism, civil-rights activism, and outspoken criticism of the Vietnam war.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader.", "According to the Houston Chronicle and the Ledger (Lakeland, Florida),  Jeb Bush (brother of George W) –before becoming Governor of the Sunshine State– was a close friend of Raul Salinas de Gortiari, and brother of former President of Mexico Carlos Salinas. Raul –who was a leading member of the Mexican Drug Cartel– is now serving a 27 year jail term for having murdered a political opponent: “There has also been a great deal of speculation in Mexico about the exact nature of Raul Salinas’ close friendship with former President George Bush’s son, Jeb. It is well known here that for many years the two families spent vacations together — the Salinases at Jeb Bush’s home in Miami, the Bushes at Raul’s ranch, Las Mendocinas, under the volcano in Puebla. There are many in Mexico who believe that the relationship became a back channel for delicate and crucial negotiations between the two governments, leading up to President Bush’s sponsorship of NAFTA.” (Houston Chronicle, 9 March 1995)", "Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in an apartment on the second floor of a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois, on February 6, 1911, to John Edward \"Jack\" Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan.[3] Reagan's father was of Irish Catholic ancestry,[4][5] while his mother had Scots-English ancestors.[6] Reagan had one older brother, Neil \"Moon\" Reagan (1908–1996), who became an advertising executive.[7] As a boy, Reagan's father nicknamed his son \"Dutch\", due to his \"fat little Dutchman\"-like appearance, and his \"Dutchboy\" haircut;[8] the nickname stuck with him throughout his youth.[8] Reagan's family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg and Chicago, until 1919, when they returned to Tampico and lived above the H.C. Pitney Variety Store.[3] After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, Reagan would quip that he was \"living above the store again\".[9]", "Clockwise from top, with former President Bill Clinton in November; with his brother, Ed, in 2010; outside his home in London in March after resigning from Parliament. Credit Karsten Moran for The New York Times; Christopher Furlong/Getty Images; Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images", "Carter, Billy farmer and businessman who rose to national prominence when his older brother, Jimmy, was elected president of the United States in 1976. A peanut farmer and proprietor of “Billy Carter’s filling station” in Plains, Georgia, Carter delighted in embellishing...", "In 1978, Neil served as campaign manager for his brother, George W. Bush, the vice president's oldest son, who made an unsuccessful bid for Congress. Neil lived in Lubbock throughout much of 1978, where John Hinckley lived from 1974 through 1980.", "Kate Clinton Let's get one thing straight. I'm not. And yes, my brother is Bill Clinton. But not the Bill Clinton. These two guys are very different. For one, whenever I hear President Bill speak—on gays in the military, healthcare reform—I hear that sound trucks make when they're backing up. ", "Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in an apartment on the second floor of a  commercial building  in Tampico, Illinois  on February 6, 1911, to  Jack Reagan  and  Nelle (Wilson) Reagan . [3]  Reagan's father was a salesman and a storyteller, the grandson of  Irish Catholic  immigrants from  County Tipperary , [4]  while his mother had  Scots  and  English  ancestors. [5]  Reagan had one sibling, his older brother,  Neil  (1908–1996), who became an advertising executive. [6]  As a boy, Reagan's father nicknamed his son \"Dutch\", due to his \" fat little Dutchman \"-like appearance, and his \"Dutchboy\" haircut; [7]  the nickname stuck with him throughout his youth. [7]  Reagan's family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including  Monmouth ,  Galesburg , and  Chicago , [8]  in 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the  H.C. Pitney Variety Store  until finally settling in Dixon . [3]  After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, Reagan would quip that he was \"living above the store again\". [9]", "Alton Carter, known as Billy, was born in 1937. During his brother's presidency, Billy was portrayed in the media as a \"good ole boy\" with a fondness for beer and celebrity. Despite his public image, Billy was both well educated, having attended Emory University in Atlanta for a couple of years, and well read, having inherited a habit of voracious reading from his mother. Billy returned to Plains after serving in the Marine Corps as a private from 1955 to 1959. He married Sybil Spires, also of Plains, in 1955 and became the father of six children: Kim, Jana Kae, William \"Buddy,\" Marle, Mandy, and Earl. Billy ran the family business in Plains during most of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1979 he entered an alcohol rehabilitation program, and during the 1980s he traveled the country, lecturing about his struggles with alcoholism and, later, pancreatic cancer, with which he was diagnosed in 1987. He died in 1988.", "The New International Version of the New Testament translated into modern American English is published; Lite Beer test marketed in the U.S. by the Miller Brewing Company; Evel Knievel stunt-cycle; Yom Kippur War; Spiro T. Agnew resigns; Arab Oil Embargo; energy crisis; Saturday Night Massacre; Sydney Opera House opens; Canon City meteorite; Robert Bork; Leon Jaworski; Watergate Special Prosecutor; War Powers Resolution veto/override; Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act/Alaska Pipeline; \"I am not a crook\"; an 18 1/2 minute gap in one of the White House tapes; Gerald Ford; The Sting; Endangered Species Act; Ferdinand Marcos; George Steinbrenner; Roe v. Wade; Lyndon B. Johnson dies; the Paris Peace Accords; American Indian Movement/Wounded Knee;The Dark Side of the Moon,; first handheld mobile phone call; last United States soldier leaves Vietnam; The Young and the Restless debuts; Last episode of Laugh-In; Bull Connor; Irish Republican Army; Comet Kohoutek; World Trade Center opens; first designated hitter in Major League Baseball; Federal Express begins operations; White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman resign; Sears Tower completed; Summer Jam at Watkins Glen; Stockholm syndrome; The Battle of the Sexes: Billie Jean King defeats Bobby Riggs; Jim Croce dies; Secretariat, Leonid Brezhnev; Gordon Johncock", "Despite their later close bond, he and brother Robert F. Kennedy were not close growing up. This was due, in part, to the eight-year age difference between them. It was not until Jack, during his third term as a Massachusetts congressman, took a seven-week trip through the Far East and parts of the Middle East, and took Bobby (who had just graduated from law school) with him that they grew closer. During the trip the duo discovered their mutual similarities and forged the deep bond that would last until Jack's death. Jack appointed Bobby his campaign manager in 1952 and in 1960 he was reportedly so close to Bobby that while he was President he would often ask \"Where's Bobby?\" during important meetings, and would finally relax when Bobby showed up. For his part, Bobby's devout loyalty to Jack was often ridiculed and parodied by the media. Bobby, loving to poke fun at himself, often joked, \"If I find the guy who says I'm too ruthless, I'll kill him\".", "Working on the campaigns of John Kennedy, Robert was more involved, passionate and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with every detail, fighting out every battle and taking workers to task. Robert had, all his life, been closer to older brother John than the other members of the Kennedy family. [9]", "Considered his younger brother Robert F. Kennedy to be his top advisor and closest friend. Bobby similarly felt the same way about Jack and was \"utterly devastated\" by Jack's death in 1963. Friends and family said that, after his brother's death, Bobby was never the same man.", "Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat vacated by James Michael Curley, joining the campaign full-time after his naval discharge. … Read More", "Fonda was an ardent supporter of the Democratic Party and \"an admirer\" of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt . [45] In 1960, Fonda appeared in a campaign commercial for presidential candidate John F. Kennedy . The ad focused on Kennedy's naval service during World War II , specifically the famous PT-109 incident. [45]", "James Jordan, 73, a Madison Avenue ad executive who worked on President Gerald Ford's 1976 campaign. Jordan was responsible for memorable slogans used on behalf of Schaefer beer (\"when you're having more than one\"), Tareyton cigarettes (\"would rather fight than switch\"), and Wisk detergent (\"ring around the collar\"). (Feb. 4)", "Served as U.S. attorney general in his brother's administration and later as U.S. senator from New York. Assassinated in Los Angeles while running for Democratic presidential nomination in 1968.", "During the 1968 presidential election Wayne narrated a television advertisement vilifying the Democratic candidate Hubert H. Humphrey. The commercial was so controversial that the Republican National Committee had to stop it being shown, following thousands of complaints.", "Brooks adapted the 2000 Year Old Man character to create the 2500 Year Old Brewmaster for Ballantine Beer in the 1960s. Interviewed by Dick Cavett in a series of ads, the Brewmaster (in a German accent, as opposed to the 2000 Year Old Man's Yiddish accent) said he was inside the original Trojan horse and \"could've used a six-pack of fresh air. \" ", "Budweiser has used a cartoon spokesperson named \"Budman\", who is similar to Duff's Duffman . [11]", "He also stated that he loves his brother and hopes that the most brutal rumors concerning him will be proved false. In addition, he grudgingly admitted to visiting an isolated pay phone in order to speak to his older brother, who was by then a fugitive. As fall-out from these remarks, Billy was forced to resign as president of the University of Massachusetts in 2003.", "1984 A new generation has emerged-in the United States, around the world and in Pepsi advertising, too. \"Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation\" announces the change, and the most popular entertainer of the time, Michael Jackson, stars in the first two commercials of the new campaign. The two spots quickly become \"the most eagerly awaited advertising of all time.\"", "He was the third child in a large Catholic family, of English, Irish, Scottish, French-Canadian, and German descent. His sister, Beth, was the oldest, then Alec and Daniel. Three years later, Billy was born, followed by Jane and, finally, Stephen." ]

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[ "Economic bubbles: An economic bubble (sometimes referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, a speculative mania or a balloon) is “trade in high volumes at prices that are considerably at variance with intrinsic values”.It could also be described as a trade in products or assets with inflated values.", "At the peak of tulip mania, in March 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. It is generally considered the first recorded speculative bubble (or economic bubble ), [3] although some researchers have noted that the Kipper- und Wipperzeit episode in 1619–22, a Europe-wide chain of debasement of the metal content of coins to fund warfare, featured mania-like similarities to a bubble. [4] The term \"tulip mania\" is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble (when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values ). [5]", "Tulip mania or tulipomania ( Dutch names include: tulpenmanie, tulpomanie, tulpenwoede, tulpengekte and bollengekte) was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed. [2] At the peak of tulip mania in February 1637, tulip contracts sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman. It is generally considered the first recorded speculative bubble (or economic bubble ). [3] The term \"tulip mania\" is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble (when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values ). [4]", "movement in price. High volume and downward price movement indicate a selling climax, while high volume", "When the profits of trade happen to be greater than ordinary, over-trading becomes a general error both among great and small dealers.", "The increases of the 1630s corresponded with a lull in the Thirty Years' War . [42] Hence market prices (at least initially) were responding rationally to a rise in demand. However, the fall in prices was faster and more dramatic than the rise. Data on sales largely disappeared after the February 1637 collapse in prices, but a few other data points on bulb prices after tulip mania show that bulbs continued to lose value for decades thereafter.", "The place where transactions take place in a particular type of commodity, such as a stock exchange.", "Congested Market - A period of repetitious and limited price fluctuations within a tight trading range.", "An organisation trading in volatile markets which will go either long or short according to its view of the market. Does not necessarily engage in hedging.", "Monopsony is a market situation in which a single buyer controls the market. One buyer dominates, forcing sellers to agree to the buyer's terms. For example, if there is only one cigarette company in a particular area, then a tobacco grower may have no choice but to sell his tobacco to that one cigarette company. The cigarette company therefore virtually controls the price at which it buys tobacco. The opposite of a monopsony is Monopoly", "But because economies under the gold standard were so vulnerable to real and monetary shocks, prices were highly unstable in the short run. A measure of short-term price instability is the coefficient of variation—the ratio of the standard deviation of annual percentage changes in the price level to the average annual percentage change. The higher the coefficient of variation, the greater the short-term instability. For the United States between 1879 and 1913, the coefficient was 17.0, which is quite high. Between 1946 and 1990 it was only 0.88. In the most volatile decade of the gold standard, 1894-1904, the mean inflation rate was 0.36 and the standard deviation was 2.1, which gives a coefficient of variation of 5.8; in the most volatile decade of the more recent period, 1946-1956, the mean inflation rate was 4.0, the standard deviation was 5.7, and the coefficient of variation was 1.42.", "Contango – A situation in which the price of a commodity to be delivered in the future exceeds the immediate delivery price, often due to storage and insurance costs.", "Another economic model proposed by Naomi R. Lamoreaux for explaining the steep price falls is to view the involved firms acting as monopolies in their respective markets. As quasi-monopolists, firms set quantity where marginal cost equals marginal revenue and price where this quantity intersects demand. When the Panic of 1893 hit, demand fell and along with demand, the firm’s marginal revenue fell as well. Given high fixed costs, the new price was below average total cost, resulting in a loss. However, also being in a high fixed costs industry, these costs can be spread out through greater production (i.e. Higher quantity produced). To return to the quasi-monopoly model, in order for a firm to earn profit, firms would steal part of another firm’s market share by dropping their price slightly and producing to the point where higher quantity and lower price exceeded their average total cost. As other firms joined this practice, prices began falling everywhere and a price war ensued. ", "Contango - A situation in which the price of a commodity to be delivered in the future exceeds the immediate delivery price, often due to storage and insurance costs.", "Such cases contain elements of later capitalism, but their limited scale makes them in a certain way different. There have always been markets, and no doubt in every civilization canny individuals have been able to use the markets to amass a quick fortune.", "noun 1. The practice of obtaining wealth not through economically valuable activity but by extracting it from others. For example, a monopoly overcharging for its products.", "There were also severe economic problems as the price of cotton fluctuated. Very good profits could be made in cotton if the conditions and weather were favorable. But it tended to be speculative.", "The platinum futures price isdifferent than the platinum price in the cash (physical) market. Generally, the price of a commodity for future delivery is higher than the cash price due to carrying costs (insurance, interest, and warehousing fees). This is called contango. The opposite of contango is backwardation. Backwardation is when the price of a commodity for future delivery is lower than the cash price Backwardation is normal in a “seller’s market.”", "In its most rigid and unqualified form the quantity theory asserts strict proportionality between the quantity of what is regarded as money and the level of prices. Hardly anyone has held the theory in that form, although statements capable of being so interpreted have often been made in the heat of argument or for expository simplicity. Virtually every quantity theorist has recognized that changes in the quantity of money that correspond to changes in the volume of trade or of output have no tendency to produce changes in prices. Nearly as many have recognized also that changes in the willingness of the community to hold money can occur for a variety of reasons and can introduce disparities between changes in the quantity of money per unit of trade or of output and changes in prices. What quantity theorists have held in common is the belief that these qualifications are of secondary importance for substantial changes in either prices or the quantity of money, so that the one will not in fact occur without the other.", "This article evaluates the role of derivative trading in the Barings Crisis, its potential impact on regulatory developments, and a \"potential\" international solution. Part II of the ...", "Due to trade, the middle class grew, and people began to accumulate vast sums of money. They then wanted to enjoy and show off their wealth, which led to a philosophy of enjoying this life instead of simply waiting for the next one.", "Control over the market for a product which occurs when a firm gains large benefit from economies of scale, or from a superior business model or product, and is thus able to produce a very large percentage of the total market demand for a given product and unintentionally exclude meaningful competition via price structures.", "type of exchange that occurs when the parties to a transaction have made specialized investments. e.g. ties together by specialized investments", "a thing or process that is produced to be bought and sold; its value is realized as exchange-value, more so than use-value.", "A phenomenon that occurred after WWI, where the European nations tried to promote their exports by devaluing their currencies. This resulted in a race to the bottom, and worsening economic conditions", "A sharp rise in the value of a stock market or particular share. Sometimes followed by a fall in price (also known as a \"reaction\" or \"correction\") as investors sell to take profits.", "A person who buys goods, shares or currencies in the hope that they will rise in value", "A sudden collapse in the market price of stocks and shares, currencies or commodities. See Great Crash .", "overall prices of goods fall, and this is caused by an increase of value of money. Merchants will be under constant pressure since they will need to sell their goods quick otherwise they will lose money as the price they will charge for their services will drop over time.", "enabled ppl to buy goods over an extended time w out having to put down much $$ upon purchase", "The age of conglomerates followed. Individuals of genius could insulate their shareholders from market vicissitudes and apply their skills across many businesses. When faith in their abilities declined, the value of the paper they had issued so copiously declined more rapidly still.", "By definition, some firms in that index are more richly valued relative to other firms in the index. Those who can identify systematically undervalued firms, which is the premise of value investing , can outperform." ]

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[ "HEPHAESTUS (pron.: /hɪˈfiːstəs/, /həˈfɛstəs/ or /hɨˈfɛstəs/; 8 spellings; Ancient Greek Ἥφαιστος Hēphaistos) is the Greek god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals, metallurgy, fire and volcanoes. Hephaestus' Roman equivalent is Vulcan. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera, the King and Queen of the Gods.", "Their science may have been primitive, but the Greeks learned much about the practicalities of gold mining. By the time of the death of Alexander of Macedon (323 B.C.), the Greeks had mined gold from the Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar) all the way eastward to Asia Minor and Egypt, and we find traces of their placer mines today. Some of the mines were owned by the state, some were worked privately with a royalty paid to the state. Also, nomads such as the Scythians and Cimmerians worked placer mines all over the region. The surviving Greek gold coinage and Scythian jewelry both show superb artistry.  ", "Hermes ( Roman name: Mercury ) was the ancient Greek god of trade, wealth, luck, fertility, animal husbandry , sleep, language, thieves, and travel. One of the cleverest and most mischievous of the Olympian gods, he was also their herald and messenger.                 ", "Perhaps from fear of pronouncing his name, around the 5th century BC, the Greeks started referring to Hades as Pluto (, Ploútōn), with a root meaning \"wealthy\", considering that from the abode below (i.e., the soil) come riches (e.g., fertile crops, metals and so on). Plouton became the Roman god who both rules the underworld and distributed riches from below. This deity was a mixture of the Greek god Hades and the Eleusinian icon Ploutos, and from this he also received a priestess, which was not previously practiced in Greece. More elaborate names of the same genre were Ploutodótēs () or Ploutodotḗr () meaning \"giver of wealth\". Epithets of Hades include Agesander () and Agesilaos (), both from ágō (, \"lead\", \"carry\" or \"fetch\") and anḗr (, \"man\") or laos (, \"men\" or \"people\"), describing Hades as the god who carries away all. Nicander uses the form Hegesilaus (). He was also referred to as Zeus Katachthonios (Ζευς καταχθονιος), meaning \"the Zeus of the Underworld\", by those avoiding his actual name, as he had complete control over the Underworld.", "Pluto was a god of riches, which is etymologically connected with his name. As Cicero notes, he got hs money \"because all things fall back into the earth and also arise from the earth.\" Since mining digs up wealth from under the earth, Pluto came to be associated with the Underworld. This made it possible to refer to a god Pluto ruling a land of the dead called Hades, named for its Greek overlord.", "    Gold was one of the first metals to be exploited. The gold of the mountains, as the scribes of Ramses III called it, was found mainly in the Eastern Desert and Nubia . The Koptos gold for instance was mined in the Bekhen mountains. Seti gave these mines to a small temple he had built and dedicated to Amen, Re, Osiris and a number of other gods. The workers mining the gold, the \"flesh of the gods\", for the temple were exempt from any other work.", "A Greek god, son of Zeus and Semele. He was originally a god of the fertility of nature, associated with wild and ecstatic religious rites; in later traditions he is a god of wine who loosens inhibitions and inspires creativity in music and poetry", "In Greek mythology, Midas or King Midas (in Greek Μίδας) is popularly remembered for his ability to turn everything he touched into gold: the Midas touch. In alchemy, the transmutation of an object into gold is known as chrysopoeia.", "Possibly meaning \"cairn, pile of stones\" in Greek. Hermes was a Greek god associated with speed and good luck, who served as a messenger to Zeus. He was also the patron of travellers, writers, athletes, merchants, thieves and orators.", "HAIDES (Hades) was the king of the underworld and god of the dead. He presided over funeral rites and defended the right of the dead to due burial. Haides was also the god of the hidden wealth of the earth, from the fertile soil with nourished the seed-grain, to the mined wealth of gold, silver and other metals.", "(mī`dəs), in Greek mythology, king of Phrygia. Because he befriended Silenus, the oldest of the satyrs, Dionysus granted him the power to turn everything into gold by touch. But when even the food that he touched turned to gold, Midas begged to be relieved of his gift. Dionysus allowed him to wash away his power in the Pactolus River, which afterward had gold-bearing sands. In another legend Midas was given ass's ears by Apollo for preferring, in a contest, the music of Pan (in another account Marsyas) to that of Apollo. Midas preserved his shame from all but his barber, who, wishing to tell it, whispered it into a hole in the ground. The reeds that grew out of that hole, however, murmured the secret whenever the wind blew through them. There was also a historical king of Phrygia named Midas in the 8th cent. B.C.", "Plouton was one of several euphemistic names for Hades, described in the Iliad as the god most hateful to mortals. Plato says that people prefer the name Plouton, \"giver of wealth,\" because the name of Hades is fear-provoking. The name was understood as referring to \"the boundless riches of the earth, both the crops on its surface—he was originally a god of the land—and the mines hidden within it.\" What is sometimes taken as \"confusion\" of the two gods Plouton and Ploutos (\"Wealth\") held or acquired a theological significance in antiquity. As a lord of abundance or riches, Pluto expresses the aspect of the underworld god that was positive, symbolized in art by the \"horn of plenty\" (cornucopia), by means of which Plouton is distinguished from the gloomier Hades. ", "\"Eros (Love) . . . took out the divine quiver, in which were kept apart twelve firefed arrows for Zeus, when his desire turned towards one or another of mortal women for a bride. Right on the back of his quiver of lovebolts he had engraved with letters of gold a sentence in verse for each. On the back of his quiver of lovebolts he [the god Eros] had engraved with letters of gold a sentence in verse for each:--", "Gold was money in ancient Greece. The Greeks mined for gold throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East regions by 550 B.C., and both Plato and Aristotle wrote about gold and had theories about its origins. Gold was associated with water (logical, since most of it was found in streams), and it was supposed that gold was a particularly dense combination of water and sunlight.", "Hephaestus, in fact, appears as the preeminent binding god. Certainly, as metallurgist he can fashion and unfashion material bonds. But his action is especially magical, and it is with immaterial bonds that he usually binds his victims; notably Hera, whom he immobilizes on a throne (Plato, Republic, 2.378d: cf. Libanius, Narrationes 7); and especially Ares and Aphrodite: having caught these adulterers in flagrante delicto, he snares them in an invisible net (Od 8.266-366).", "In Greek mythology , Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle , the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, and a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a dragon who lived there and protected the navel of the Earth . Python (derived from the verb pythein, \"to rot \") is claimed by some to be the original name of the site in recognition of the Python that Apollo defeated. [2] The Homeric Hymn to Delphic Apollo recalled that the ancient name of this site had been Krisa. [3]", "Neptune, or in Greek mythology, Poseidon, is one of the twelve gods of Olympus. He is known as God of the Sea. He also causes earthquakes (\"earth-shaker\"), and is known as the \"tamer of horses.\" For this reason, horses often were used to indicate Poseidon. Poseidon was the son of Kronos and Rhea. In most accounts, he is swallowed by Kronos and later saved by Zeus . According to the Iliad, the world was split between Zeus, Hades , and Poseidon; Zeus received the heavens, Hades received the underworld, and Poseidon received the sea.", "Apollo was worshiped throughout the Greek world, at Delphi every four years they held the Pythian Games in his honor. He had many epithets, including “Pythian Apollo” (his name at Delphi), “Apollo Apotropaeus” (Apollo who averts evil), and “Apollo Nymphegetes” (Apollo who looks after the Nymphs). As the god of shepherds he also had the cult titles “Lukeios” (from lykos; wolf), protecting the flocks from wolfs, and “Nomius” (of pastures, belonging to shepherds). Being the god of colonists, Apollo influenced his priests at Delphi to give divine guidance, as to where the expedition should proceed. This was during the height of the colonizing era circa 750-550 BCE. Apollo’s title was “Archigetes” (leader of colonists). According to one legend, it was Apollo who helped either Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy.", "Phoebus Apollo -  Usually just called Apollo. A son of Zeus and Leto and Artemis’s twin, he is the god of Light and Truth, the master of Poetry and Music, and the god of Archery. His Oracle at Delphi is revered for her powers of prophecy and truth.", "Hades, labeled as \"Plouton\", \"The Rich One\", bears a cornucopia on an Attic red-figure amphora, ca 470 BC. Hades, god of the dead, was a fearsome figure to those still living; in no hurry to meet him, they were reticent to swear oaths in his name, and averted their faces when sacrificing to him. To many, simply to say the word \"Hades\" was frightening. So, euphemisms were pressed into use. Since precious minerals come from under the earth (i.e., the \"underworld\" ruled by Hades), he was considered to have control of these as well, and was referred to as Πλούτων (Plouton, related to the word for \"wealth\"), hence the Roman name Pluto. Sophocles explained referring to Hades as \"the rich one\" with these words: \"the gloomy Hades enriches himself with our sighs and our tears.\" In addition, he was called Clymenus (\"notorious\"), Eubuleus (\"well-guessing\"), and Polydegmon (\"who receives many\"), all of them euphemisms for a name that was unsafe to pronounce, which evolved into epithets.", "The earliest representation of Set can be found on a carved ivory comb from the Amratian period (Naqada I, 4500BC - 35BC, orthodox dates) and he also appears on the famous Scorpion mace head. His worship seems to have originated in one of the most ancient settlements in the town of Nubt (Kom Ombo), in upper (southern) Egypt. Nubt (near modern Tukh) lies near the entrance to the Wadi Hammammat, the doorway to the eastern desert and its gold deposits, and the city took its name from the word for gold , Nbt (which also means ruler or lord). As a result Set was sometimes called \"He of gold town\". Nubt was the most important of the ancient settlements, and was located close to the site of the Naqqada settlement from which this early culture takes it name. Pre-dynastic worship of Set was also evident in the 19th and 19th Nomes of Upper Egypt .", "a legendary Phrygian king endowed by Dionysus with the power to turn whatever he touched into gold.", "Apollo was the god of music and healing. He was also an archer, and hunted with a silver bow. Apollo was the son of Zeus and the Titan Leto , and the twin of Artemis. His symbols include the laurel tree, the crow, and the dolphin.", "mėr′kū-ri, n. the god of merchandise and eloquence, and the messenger of the gods: the planet nearest the sun: a white, liquid metal, also called quicksilver: the column of mercury in a thermometer or barometer: a messenger: a newspaper.—adj. Mercū′rial, having the qualities said to belong to the god Mercury: active: sprightly: often changing: of or pertaining to trade: containing, or consisting of, mercury—also Mercū′ric.—v.t. Mercū′rialise (med.), to affect with mercury: to expose to the vapour of mercury.—n. Mercū′rialist.—adv. Mercū′rially.—n. Mercurificā′tion.—v.t. Mercū′rify.—adj. Mer′cūrous. [Fr.,—L. Mercurius—merx, mercis, merchandise.]", "A substance that was believed to have the power of transmuting base metal into gold. Also called elixir.", "As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor ( ; , Aphētōr, from , \"to let loose\") or Aphetorus ( ; , Aphētoros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus ( ; , Argyrotoxos, literally \"with silver bow\"), Hecaërgus ( ; , Hekaergos, literally \"far-shooting\"), and Hecebolus ( ; , Hekēbolos, literally \"far-shooting\"). The Romans referred to Apollo as Articenens ( ; \"bow-carrying\"). Apollo was called Ismenius ( ; , Ismēnios, literally \"of Ismenus\") after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow.", ". Gold is mentioned often in the Bible, the Iliad, and the Odyssey, and in other ancient literary monuments. The alchemists called gold the king of metals and designated it by the symbol for the sun", "Omphalos also means \"knob\" or \"hub\". The Greeks erected a holy stone, or fetish stone, in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi (on the slopes of Mount Parnassus near the Gulf of Corinth). They called this rounded conical stone the Omphalos (or Navel), as they thought that it marked the exact centre of their universe.", "The word alchemy comes from the Arabic al-kimiya or al-khimiya and the Greek word khumeia, meaning \"cast together\", \"pour together\", \"weld\", \"alloy\", etc. (from khumatos, \"that which is poured out, an ingot\"). Another etymology links the word with \"Al Kemi\", meaning \"the Egyptian Art\", since the ancient Egyptians called their land \"Kemi\" and were widely regarded as powerful magicians throughout the ancient world.", "name of the group of gods who lived on mount olympus and worshiped by ancient greece", "The word unobtainium derives humorously from unobtainable with the suffix -ium, the conventional designation for a chemical element. It pre-dates the similar-sounding IUPAC systematic element names, such as ununoctium. An alternative spelling, unobtanium is sometimes used (for example, for the crypto-currency Unobtanium), based on the spelling of metals such as titanium.", "The symbol for the planet with the same name has been used since ancient times to represent the element." ]

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[ "SEATTLE – The 102nd version of the Apple Cup – for the uninitiated, the annual rivalry football game between Washington State University and the University of Washington – will take place this afternoon in Seattle.", "The football team is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight Rose Bowl victories and an Orange Bowl title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an NCAA record. Tailgating by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of Lake Washington. The Apple Cup game is an annual game against cross-state rival Washington State University that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 31 losses and 6 ties. Robert Neil is the former Head Football coach.", "The football team is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight Rose Bowl victories and an Orange Bowl title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an NCAA record. [81] Tailgating by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of Lake Washington . The Apple Cup game is an annual game against cross-state rival Washington State University that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 31 losses and 6 ties. Robert Neil is the former Head Football coach.", "As the two main public universities in the state, WSU and UW have a natural geographic rivalry--complete with a fierce bitterness that dates back over 100 years. As legend has it, UW stole WSU's stuffed cougar several times between 1917 and 1927. One year, UW paraded with the prized possession around Husky Stadium in front of the Cougar Section at the Apple Cup. The WSU students could not tolerate this mockery and a brawl ensued, destroying the cat in the process. As a result, the WSU Intercollegiate Knights were formed to care over the mascot more dutifully.", "First played in 1900, it is traditionally the final game of the regular season and formerly took place on the Saturday preceding Thanksgiving. Since 1946, it has been held in odd years at Husky Stadium in Seattle (except 2011 at CenturyLink Field), and WSU has been the home team during even years, with games played in Pullman at Rogers Field (1946, 1948, 1954) and Martin Stadium (since 1982), with the other fifteen contests in Spokane at Joe Albi Stadium. With the extension of the college football regular season to 12 games in 2006, the game is often played at a later date. Since 2011, it has been held on the Friday after Thanksgiving, but was played a day later in 2014. First awarded in 1962, the Apple Cup trophy goes to the winner. The Huskies lead the series 70–32–6 ().", "A broken thumb kept Locker out of last year’s Apple Cup, but the redshirt junior did some damage the year before. That’s when WSU invaded Husky Stadium and came away with a 42-35 victory before 72,888 fans.", "Dating back to the first meeting between the Huskies and Cougars in 1900, a 5-5 tie in Seattle, Washington leads the 100-game series by a 64-30-6 margin. From 1934-61 the winner of the cross-state rivalry was awarded the Governor's Trophy. In 1962 the Apple Cup trophy was instituted, and Washington holds a 32-13 record in Apple Cup games since. WSU has won three of the last four Apple Cups, however, including last season's 42-35 Cougar victory in Seattle. Washington holds a 15-12-1 advantage when playing in Pullman, including a 35-32 victory in 2006, the last time the Apple Cup was played at Martin Stadium.", "Cougar fans celebrate a 23-6 Apple Cup football victory against University of Washington in the snow at Martin Stadium.", "Washington State's biggest rival is the University of Washington Huskies. Arguably, the most important athletic contest for both schools is the Apple Cup: the annual game that pits the Cougars and Huskies against each other, and is traditionally held on the third Saturday of November. WSU owns an all-time record of 28-63-6 against UW, but has held the trophy for two consecutive years (2004 & 2005).", "In April 2009, it was proposed that the annual Apple Cup between the Seattle-based Huskies and the Pullman-based Cougars be hosted at CenturyLink Field for six years beginning in 2010. The two programs could not reach an agreement on how to divide tickets. Pullman's business community had expressed concerns that playing the game away from the area would be detrimental to the local economy. ", "In April 2009, it was proposed that the annual Apple Cup between the Seattle-based Huskies and the Pullman -based Cougars be hosted at CenturyLink Field for six years beginning in 2010. The two programs could not reach an agreement on how to divide tickets. Pullman’s business community had expressed concerns that playing the game away from the area would be detrimental to the local economy. [105]", "The home Huskies, who were winless last season, including a 16-13 double-overtime Apple Cup defeat in Pullman, are better at 3-7 overall and 2-5 in the Pac-10. Washington is in the bottom 10 of the NCAA statistics in just one category – kickoff returns – but is in the bottom 20 in three more, including total defense.", "Entering the Apple Cup, Washington State (ranked #9 and a 9-1 record), with a BCS bowl-berth and Pac-10 title on the line. The #16-ranked Huskies upset the Cougars by a score of 26-14, removing WSU from contention.", "The home Huskies, which were winless last season including a 16-13 double-overtime Apple Cup defeat in Pullman, are better at 3-7 overall and 2-5 in the Pac-10. Washington is in the bottom 10 of the NCAA statistics in just one category – kickoff returns – but is in the bottom 20 in three more, including total defense.", "Husky Stadium at the University of Washington in Seattle becomes the second major sports facility in the U.S. to install AstroTurf.", "WSU’s closest geographic rival is the University of Idaho, a land-grant school only eight miles away in Moscow, Idaho. The “Battle of the Palouse,” which is the annual football game between the two universities held at Martin Stadium in Pullman, has encouraged some creative activities between the schools. Starting in the 1910s, the student body of the losing school would walk the eight miles between the towns. This now is done in a shared spirit between the WSU Student Alumni Connection & UI Student Alumni Relations Board, as they relay the game football from Moscow to Pullman before the start of the game. The student body presidents have recently stoked the rivalry by making bets, such as the president at the losing school having to shave his/her head. The editors of the student newspapers have also gotten in on the action, making unique bets, which have even involved marriage (WSU can afford to make more outlandish bets as it holds a 67-17-3 lead in the all-time series).", "Since the institution of the Apple Cup in 1962, the Cougars are 7-2-1 in games played that season following the Cougars' intra-state rivalry. WSU has won four consecutive games played after Apple Cup match-ups: Texas in 2003, UCLA in 2002, Purdue in 2001 and Hawaii in 1999.", "As I wait for the box score from WSU's 78-69 win over Nicholls State in the Great Alaska Shootout, I guess I can pass along the unedited versions of my Apple Cup game advance and the game-day items. To think, these are the final ones for the year. Read on.", "When the Huskies run: Expect Chris Polk and Jake Locker to find at least some open lanes today. Polk is on the verge of becoming the first UW freshman to rush for 1,000 yards and Locker is one of the most physical running quarterbacks in the nation. The WSU front, which played a 3-4 all last week due to injuries, has to fly around and try to limit the Huskies to at least their season average of 3.9 yards a carry. There could be at tackle returning, Bernard Wolfgramm, for WSU this week. EDGE: UW", "Lower division NCAA teams have played at the stadium throughout the years. From 2003 to 2008, the Division II football teams from Western Washington University and Central Washington University met each year in a rivalry game called “The Battle in Seattle”. Central won all but the 2004 game, and each meeting attracted more than 11,000 people. [109] Western discontinued its football program after the 2008 season, but Central came to an agreement to continue the series with Western Oregon University for games in 2009 and 2010. “Battle in Seattle VII” saw Central make a comeback to win 23–21 in front of 5,374. [110]", "Neither team enters tomorrow's game with a conference victory. Since the formation of the Pacific-10 Conference in 1978, only three times has the Apple Cup featured a team without a win in conference play heading into the rivalry game. The only team able to stop the bleeding? The Cougars, who started the 2005 season 0-7 in the Pac-10, but finished the year with a victory over the Huskies in Seattle.", "Pictured with some of the other Husky Hostesses on the field at our last game as students in Husky Stadium. UW routed Oregon State 45–16 in…", "Beaver Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania, on the campus of The Pennsylvania State University. It is home to the Penn State Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference. Beaver Stadium has an official seating capacity of 107,282, making it currently the largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and the 5th largest in the world.", "Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium (football), Hec Edmundson Pavilion (basketball, gymnastics and volleyball), Husky Ballpark (baseball), [http://gohuskies.cstv.com/facilities/softball.html Husky Softball Stadium] (softball), the Nordstrom Tennis Center, the [http://gohuskies.cstv.com/facilities/dempsey.html Dempsey Indoor] practice facility, and the Conibear Shellhouse (rowing). Recently added was the [http://www.gohuskies.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209263717, Husky Track] located just north of the Husky Ballpark. The golf team's home course is at the [http://www.washingtonnationalgolfclub.com Washington National Golf Club] in Auburn.", "As WSU prepares for its Pacific-10 Conference and Martin Stadium opener against California tomorrow at 3:30 p.m., lets take a look back on what happened this day in Cougar history.", "Something else for you to check out...WSU's Jason Krump wrote a feature on the stadium renovation for Washington State Magazine. Click here to read the story.", "Founded in 1963, the University of Washington Husky Rugby Club plays college rugby in Division 1 in the Northwest Collegiate Rugby Conference against local rivals such as Washington State and Oregon. The Huskies won the Northwest championship in 1996, 2002, 2004 and 2005 and the D1AA Varsity Cup in 2014. ", "Got thinking about great UW games the other day after the Holiday bowl win and decided to resurrect this shot from the USC game last year…", "It is official...the WSU football team looks a lot bigger as one group of 100 players than it does as two groups of 50 players. Thursday morning's practice brought a little bit of rain, but it also brought everyone together for the first time this season, and WSU Head Coach Paul Wulff enjoyed having all of his players on the field at once.", "Penner and Grasu kicked field goals at the end of practice, with Penner hitting 6-of-9 and Grasu hitting 2-of-9. The kicks ranged from 39 to 50 yards. WSU Head Coach Paul Wulff said the competition is still wide open.", "Following the first football game between WSC and California in 1919 (WSC beat the Cal Bears 14-0), an Oakland cartoonist portrayed the Washington State team as fierce Northwest cougars chasing the defeated Golden Bears. A few days later, on October 28, WSC students officially designated \"Cougars\" as their team mascot.", "WSU’s 2002 football team was PAC-10 Conference co-champions. The Cougs played Oklahoma in the 2003 Rose Bowl where they lost 14-34." ]

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[ "It's November 23, 1963. The future, for the next few years, is going to be more chaotic and world-expanding than most people can imagine, although some sense of that is surely dawning, as people watch news coverage of John F. Kennedy's assassination in stunned disbelief; it just happened yesterday. (And over on Mad Men, Roger Sterling's daughter's wedding has just been ruined by this news.) Amid this flurry, Doctor Who began its marathon run through time and space, eventually becoming the longest-running science-fiction series in TV history.", "Doctor Who is now the longest running science fiction show that has been on television. The series commenced on 23 November, 1963. The Stargate SG-1 series holds the record for the world's longest running consecutive science fiction show.", "Doctor Who is, was, and possibly always will be, the longest-running science fiction television series ever aired. The BBC-produced series ran from 1963 to 1989 (with one-off specials in 1993, 1996 and 1999), and ran again from 2005 onward. To this day, it retains tremendous worldwide fan support.", "Emerging themes in the 1990s included environmental issues, the implications of the global Internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology and nanotechnology, as well as a post-Cold War interest in post-scarcity societies; Neal Stephenson's The Diamond Age comprehensively explores these themes. Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkosigan novels brought the character-driven story back into prominence. The television series Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) began a torrent of new SF shows, including three further Star Trek spin-off shows (Deep Space 9, Voyager, and Enterprise) and Babylon 5. Stargate, a movie about an ancient portal to other gates across the galaxy, was released in 1994. Stargate SG-1, a TV series, premiered on July 27, 1997 and lasted 10 seasons with 214 episodes. Spin-offs include the animated television series Stargate Infinity, the TV series Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe, and the direct-to-DVD films Stargate: The Ark of Truth and Stargate: Continuum. Stargate SG-1 surpassed The X-Files as the longest-running North American science fiction television series, a record later broken by Smallville. ", "The Twilight Zone (1959-64; 156 episodes) is still the classiest sci-fi series to air on television. And it suits its audience perfectly: just like a channel surfer who hits upon a baffling TV program, the typical Twilight Zone protagonist suddenly finds himself in a totally unfathomable situation. (\"Hey, wait a minute. Isn't that me over there, about to get hit by that bus?\") Watch enough of these stories alone and you'll develop an untreatable case of agoraphobia. Most video stores carry a batch of the most memorable half-hour episodes, packaged into pairs. William Shatner gives the performance of his career in \"Terror at 20,000 Feet,\" the quintessential \"But you've got to believe me, I'm not crazy!\" story about a monster on the wing of an airplane. In \"The Invaders,\" Agnes Moorhead is a simple farm woman attacked by rodent-sized aliens; and in \"The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street,\" the menace turns out to be a mob of frightened neighbors.", "The show originally ran from 1963 to 1989 (with an 18 month hiatus in 1985-6 caused by Executive Meddling , during which it \"rested\"). A canon Made for TV Movie , created as a pilot for a revival, aired in 1996, but nothing else resulted.", "More commonly known as \" The Original Series ,\" this is the TV series that started the entire franchise. Created by Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek told the story of the starship USS Enterprise exploring the Galaxy in the distant future. The cast featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk , Leonard Nimoy as science officer Mister Spock , DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, James Doohan as engineer Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, and Nichelle Nichols as communications officer Lt. Uhura. Its five-year mission took the show to worlds no one had ever seen before on television. The optimistic view of the future, and deep science fiction concepts made the show wildly popular among science fiction fans. Unfortunately, CBS cancelled the show after three seasons due to poor ratings. Anyone new to the franchise would be best served watching this series first.", "The iconic science fiction television series \"The Twilight Zone\" airs for the first time on October 2nd, 1959 on the CBS television network. The Twilight Zone was created and hosted by the talented screenwriter Rod Serling. The Twilight Zone still ranks as one of the most unique and best written television shows in TV history. It ran for five seasons until 1964 and had a total of 156 episodes. Of those 156 episodes, 92 were written by Serling himself and many of them contain some of the most memorable television moments. The show consisted of sci-fi and supernatural mysteries in an anthology setting and featured many then unknown actors who would later become famous, like Ron Howard, Dennis Hopper, Robert Redofrd and William Shatner.", "When Star Trek first aired on NBC on Sept. 8, 1966, the science-fiction television series began beaming into the galaxies the elements of what so far has become an enduring media franchise of six TV series - one more set to leave dry dock in January - and 13 feature films. ", "The Twilight Zone is an American TV series based on fantasy, science fiction, suspense, and horror usually with an unexpected twist at the end of the show. The series was reintroduced in 1985 and again in 2003. Original Series ran from 1959 till 1964.", "The series premiered on September 17, 1972, and ended February 28, 1983, with the finale becoming the most-watched television episode in U.S. television history with over 105 million viewers[1]. It is widely considered one of the greatest shows in television history. The show is still broadcast in syndication on various television stations (mostly during the late night/early morning hours). The series spanned 251 episodes and lasted eleven seasons covering a three-year conflict.", "The Outer Limits was originally broadcast on the American television network ABC (1963–65). In total, 49 episodes were produced. It was one of many series influenced by The Twilight Zone and Science Fiction Theatre, though it ultimately proved influential in its own right. In the un-aired pilot, the series was called Please Stand By, but ABC rejected that title. Series creator Leslie Stevens retitled it The Outer Limits. With a few changes, the pilot aired as the premiere episode, \"The Galaxy Being\".", "CBS TV Studios distributed the original series, which was produced by Paramount Television and Desilu Productions. Created by Gene Roddenberry and starring William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, the series ran for three seasons and 79 episodes from 1966-67 on NBC and became a monster hit via syndication. It spawned an animated series (1973-74), a series of feature films — starting in 1979 — and four TV follow-ups including The Next Generation (1987-1994), Deep Space Nine (1993-99), Voyager (1995-2001) and Enterprise (2001-05).", "Blake's 7 ran between 1978-81, which isn't much of a run frankly, but in those few seasons it managed to establish itself as the ultimate British cult SF series. Forget Dr Who and The Tomorrow People and even Quatermass , this was Britain's real answer to Star Trek.", "In 1980, the New York offices of ITC, under the supervision of Robert Mandell, combined episodes from the original series to make two compilation films for American audiences, with the aim of reviving transatlantic syndication sales. This became common practice for Anderson productions during the 1980s, with made-for-television films comprising episodes of Stingray and Thunderbirds airing to US cable audiences under the generic promotional banner of \"Super Space Theater\". On 24 November 1988, the second Captain Scarlet film, Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars, was broadcast as the second episode of the American television series Mystery Science Theater 3000, from Minneapolis, on station KTMA.", "Including all three Star Trek series of the 1990s on this list kind of seems like a lot, but you just can’t hold any of them in abeyance. Voyager has a particularly cool initial premise—after a freak accident, the ship is stranded 75,000 light years from home, and even with access to warp drive, its crew is facing an estimated 75-year trip to friendly space. This essentially gave the writers a blank check to embrace any part of the Star Trek mythos they wanted, because any time a new alien species was introduced it was always simply a denizen of the uncharted space lanes where they were traveling. Likewise, there was always a driving plot point available in their quest to get home—how will the crew try to shorten the journey or take a short cut this week? Unlike so many other Star Trek series that were about exploration, this one was the inverse—exploration gone awry.", "“Five, four, three, two, one...” Gerry and Sylvia Anderson’s supermarionation sci-fi masterpiece originally aired in 1965-6 but entertained further generations through regular reruns. Tracy Island’s wobbly rocket launches, fabulously inventive air, sea and space-craft and a line-up of plastic can-do heroes… perfect entertainment for children of the Space Race age, and beyond.", "The original Battlestar Galactica presented a fantastical operatic space saga of human drama and sci-fi action spiced with exploration of myths and legend, with visual effects to rival that of the then-recent 1977 Star Wars film and give audiences the second-helping that they couldn't find elsewhere at the time. Though critics were quick to jump on its flaws and assume it would hit the reset button on character and plot development each week, audiences loved it and were rewarded with significant developments as the show moved through its brief time on air.", "Taking place in the 23rd century, the show followed Captain Kirk and the crew of the starship Enterprise. The creator, Gene Roddenberry, was inspired by Gulliver's Travels, and marketed the series as a western in space. He was also influenced by the space programs of the time, making \"to boldly go where no man has gone before\" part of the Enterprise mission after a similar statement appeared in the 1958 White House booklet \" Introduction to Outer Space .\"", "The series has aired as reruns on the Sci-Fi Channel. It was one of the series that the channel showed at its inception in September 1992. [21] It has also aired on Retro Television Network, [22] and on Independent Television Network (ITN Sri Lanka) in early 1980s", "Space: 1999 is a British series that began running in the U.S. on October 17, 1975. The series premise was set up in the first episode, entitled “Breakaway.” In the distant year of 1999, Earth has a space station on the moon called Moonbase Alpha. The locale is used for scientific research and to watch over a huge nuclear waste dump on the farside of the moon. When a massive thermonuclear explosion in the dump occurs, the moon is ripped from its orbit and sent hurtling through space. With Earth in the midst of devastation, the space station’s 311 stranded crewmembers must resign themselves to search for a new home on some distant world.", "Remake of the 198's sci-fi show about an alien invasion on Earth. Lasted 1 season. Original Run: November 3, 2009 - March 15, 2011", "The series opened with \"The Outer Limit\", Ernest Kinoy's adaptation of Graham Doar's short story from The Saturday Evening Post (December 24, 1949) about alien contact. A week later (April 15, 1950), the program presented Jack Williamson's most famous story, \"With Folded Hands\", first published in the July 1947 issue of Astounding Science Fiction.", "RELEASE: A Sci-Fi original, back before Sci-Fi got all cool and changed their name to SyFy.", "The original series was canceled in 1969 by NBC after three seasons. But it found success during syndicated reruns in the 1970s and inspired fan conventions with hordes of devotees. It jumped to the big screen by the end of the decade.", "This was the show that sparked my interest in Sci-Fi way back in 1962, being only five the opening shot of Steve and Venus flying past the fin of the huge spaceship Fireball XL5 filled me with wonder!", "Space Patrol - a look at the 1960s series made by former Anderson alumni Arthur Provis and Roberta Leigh, which had an interesting legacy.", "Thunderbirds is a mid- 1960s Sylvia and Gerry Anderson television show which used a form of puppetry called \" Supermarionation \". Two seasons were produced, comprising thirty-two episodes in total. Production commenced in 1964 and the series premiered on British television in September 1965.", "The 1960s premiered some of the major series considered classic television today. It was also the decade that westerns and urban sitcoms flourished.", "It was completed in early 1965 (with a copyright date of 1964), but not broadcast on television in its complete form until 1988. The episode was written by Gene Roddenberry and directed by Robert Butler.", "So, let’s get in the time machine and travel back for an hour of TV fun.", "kk:  Would you say that you have always been a \"fan\" of the series? What are some of YOUR favorite remembrances of this landmark series? What kinds of things did YOU tune in to watch, growing up in the late '50's and '60's?" ]

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[ "21 November – 21.5 million viewers tune in to watch the 1980–81 season premier of Dallas, which answers the question of Who shot J.R.?. At the time the audience figures are a record for a soap in Britain.", "The answer came on November 21, 1980, in an episode dubbed \"Who Done It?.\" More than 350 million viewers tuned in around the world to find out Kristen Shepherd, the sister of J.R.'s wife, shot him. It remains one of the most watched television episodes in history.", "Ultimately, the person who pulled the trigger was revealed to be Kristin Shepard (Mary Crosby) in the \"Who Done It?\" episode which aired on November 21, 1980. Kristin was J.R.'s scheming sister-in-law and mistress, who shot him in a fit of anger. J.R. did not press charges, as Kristin claimed she was pregnant with his child as a result of their affair. ", "On 21 November 1980, 83 million people in the US and 24 million in the UK watched the TV show Dallas to see who had shot the villainous JR Ewing. While working late at the office, the boss of Ewing Oil was suddenly fired on by an unseen assailant. Who shot JR, and would he survive?", "The original series concept was a blend of Bonanza with a rich, western patriarch and his three dissimilar sons, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with its rival brothers, and their scheming wives, and Romeo and Juliet with two star-crossed lovers whose families are sworn enemies. The focus of the series was initially the feuding families, with J. R. just a supporting character, but his popularity grew and the producers acknowledged he became the breakout character. Two highly rated 1980 episodes became part of a cultural phenomenon that year known as \"Who shot J.R.?\". In \"A House Divided\", the audience witnessed J. R. being shot by an unknown assailant.", "J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ), the character millions loved to hate on TV’s popular nighttime drama Dallas , was shot. The shooting made the season finale, titled A House Divided, one of television’s most famous cliffhangers and left America wondering \"Who shot J.R.?\" Dallas fans waited for the next eight months to have that question answered because the season premiere of Dallas was delayed due to a Screen Actors Guild strike. That summer, the question \"Who Shot J.R.?\" entered the national lexicon. Fan’s wore T-shirts printed with \"Who Shot J.R.?\" and \"I Shot J.R.\". A session of the Turkish parliament was suspended to allow legislators a chance to get home in time to view the Dallas episode. Betting parlors worldwide took bets as to which one of the 10 or so principal characters had actually pulled the trigger. J.R. had many enemies and audiences were hard-pressed to guess who was responsible for the shooting.", "1980 – Over 83 million people watched the Dallas TV episode \"Who Done It\" to find out \"Who shot J.R.?\".", "Hagman starred for 13 seasons as millionaire \"J.R. Ewing,\" the man you love to hate, on the hit series Dallas. In 1980, over 350 million fans in 57 countries were glued to their television sets to find out \"who shot J.R.\" The episode remains the second highest rated hour in the history of television.", "A then-record number of viewers (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. soap opera Dallas to learn who shot lead character J. R. Ewing. The \"Who shot J. R.?\" event is an international obsession.", "Hagman's signature role came in 1977 when he was offered the role of ruthless oil baron J.R. Ewing in Dallas. The popular primetime soap opera ran for 14 seasons and 357 episodes from 1978-1991 on CBS. He was the only actor to appear in all 357 episodes of the series. In the 1980 third season cliffhanger finale, there was a big mystery of who shot J.R. two times. The November 1980 episode where the assailant was identified was watched by an estimated 80 million viewers that set a ratings record at the time. Hagman received two Emmy Awards nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1980 and 1981. He didn't win, but the show did receive four Emmy Awards. He also received four Golden Globe Awards nominations from 1981 to 1985. Hagman made five guest appearances as J.R. Ewing on the Dallas spin-off series Knots Landing in 1980-1982. He also returned for the two Dallas television reunion movies: 1996's J.R. Returns and 1998's War of the Ewings. In 2012, he starred in the TNT revival series Dallas, which continued the story of the Ewing family. Hagman had completed 6 of 15 episodes for the upcoming second season. His death will be incorporated into the storyline. The second season is scheduled to premiere on January 28, 2013.", "Gunsmoke (September 10, 1955-March 31, 1975) Famously the longest running drama series in primetime television, a title it now officially shares with Law & Order.", "In 1980, the show became a mega-hit with the \"Who Shot J.R.?\" plot line that left Americans guessing who pulled the trigger.", "Who could ever forget \"Who Shot JR?\" during the hype of 1980. This was the most popular scenes out of the entire history of Dallas when J.R. Ewing gets shot in his office late at night. It aired on March 21, 1980 and EVERYONE was watching. Even the Queen of England tried to use her position to find out who shot J.R.. They sold thousands of \"Who Shot JR\" T-shirts, mugs, etc. J.R. Ewing was hated by almost everyone on the show so it was a true cliff hanger at the end of the season.", "Hagman's role as the ruthless good old boy of Southfork would be indelibly associated with American cultural and economic life in the early 1980s. Over the course of 330 episodes, Dallas featured an American family beset by internal problems, many originating in the duplicitous schemes of its central figure, J.R. Ewing, who was a far cry from television's previous patriarchs. Viewers who tuned in could expect a weekly dose of greed, family feuds, deceptions, bribery, blackmail, alcoholism, adultery, and nervous breakdowns in the program that became, for a time, the second longest-running dramatic hour in prime time history (after Gunsmoke). The show's blended themes of sex, power and money also sold well worldwide. When J.R. was shot in March, 1980, the audience totaled 300 million in 57 countries.", "Particularly noteworthy was the way in which Dallas made use of the cliffhanger ending. In its \"Who shot J.R.?\" season-end cliffhanger (the first ever in prime time), fans were left to speculate all summer over the fate of the man they loved to hate and ponder the question of which one of his many enemies might have pulled the trigger. The speculation grew to become an international cause celebre, with the first show of the 1981 season generating Nielsen ratings comparable to M*A*S*H's season finale, and pointing to the overlooked profitability of high-stakes serial narratives in prime time. Hagman's J.R. was influential in making greed and self-interest seem seductive, and the characterization inspired countless other portrayals (both male and female) on spin-off shows such as Knots Landing, and recent nighttime soap operas such as Melrose Place.", "In the final scene of the 1979–80 season, J.R. Ewing (Larry Hagman) hears a noise outside his office, walks out to the corridor to look, and is shot twice by an unseen assailant. The episode, titled \"A House Divided\", was broadcast on March 21, 1980 and was written by Loraine Despres and directed by Leonard Katzman. Viewers had to wait all summer to learn whether J.R. would survive, and which of his many enemies was responsible. ", "John Ross \"J. R.\" Ewing, Jr. (1939-2013) is a fictional character in the U.S. television series Dallas (1978–91) and its spin-offs, including the revived Dallas series (2012–14). The character was portrayed by Larry Hagman from the series premiere in 1978 until his death in late 2012, and Hagman was the only actor who appeared in all 356 episodes of the original series. As the show's most famous character, J. R. has been central to many of the series' biggest storylines. He is depicted as a covetous, egocentric, manipulative and amoral oil baron with psychopathic tendencies, who is constantly plotting subterfuges to plunder his foes' wealth. ", "Created by Emmy Award-winning producer Dick Wolf, \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit,\" now in its 17th season, is the longest-running primetime drama currently on television. This hard-hitting and emotional series from NBC's \"Law & Order\" brand chronicles the life and crimes of the Special Victims Unit of the New York City Police Department, an elite squad of detectives who investigate sexually based crimes. ", "Murder, She Wrote is an American crime drama television series starring Angela Lansbury as mystery writer and amateur detective Jessica Fletcher. The series aired for 12 seasons with 264 episodes from 1984 to 1996 on the CBS network. It was followed by four TV films and a spin-off series was produced in 1987, The Law & Harry McGraw. It is one of the most successful and longest-running television shows in history, averaging close to 26 million viewers per week in its prime, and was a staple of the CBS Sunday night lineup for a decade. In syndication, the series is still highly successful throughout the world.", "And yet, when all was said and done, a rank amateur won the day and the decade. Debuting on Sept. 30, 1984, Murder, She Wrote (1984-1996) went on to become the longest-running crime show of all time, 264 episodes worth, and ranked as TV’s highest-rated drama series for a record nine consecutive seasons, from 1985 to 1994. For now at least, Jessica Fletcher rules.", "The successful primetime serials of the 1980s included Dallas, Dynasty, Knots Landing and Falcon Crest. These shows frequently dealt with wealthy families, and their personal and big-business travails. Common characteristics were sumptuous sets and costumes, complex storylines examining business schemes and intrigue, and spectacular disaster cliffhanger situations. Each of these series featured a wealthy, domineering, promiscuous, and passionate antagonist as a key character in the storyline – respectively, J. R. Ewing, Alexis Colby, Abby Cunningham and Angela Channing. These villainous schemers became immensely popular figures that audiences \"loved to hate\".", "Since the character of Jim Taggart first appeared in \"Killer\" in September 1983, and the Taggart series began in July 1985, it remained in production to become known as the longest running police drama on television.", "tuned in on February 28, 1983. That amounted to 60.2% of all households with a television. Second on the list was the \"Who Shot J.R.\" episode of ", "Law & Order : September 13, 1990 - May 24, 2010. Fell just short of beating Gunsmoke's record, though at least they're now tied. Was the longest-running first-run drama series in primetime for all of The Noughties .", "Hill Street Blues is an American serial police drama that aired on NBC in primetime from 1981 to 1987 for a total of 146 episodes. The show chronicled the lives of the staff of a single police station located on the fictional Hill Street, in an unnamed large city, with \"blues\" being a slang term for police officers for their blue uniforms. The show received critical acclaim, and its production innovations influenced many subsequent dramatic television series produced in North America. Its debut season was rewarded with eight Emmy Awards, a debut season record surpassed only by The West Wing. The show received a total of 98 Emmy nominations during its run.", "Dallas debuted on April 2, 1978, as a five-part miniseries on the CBS network. Producers initially had no plans for expansion; however, due to the show's popularity, it was subsequently turned into a regular series and broadcast for 13 full seasons, from September 23, 1978, to May 3, 1991. The first five episodes, originally considered a miniseries, are now referred to as season one—making fourteen seasons in total.", "It's right back to the start of the ever-popular crime drama with British TV's favourite stars. The middle-aged detectives investigate the murder of a policewoman 17 years earlier.", "T. J. Hooker is an American police drama television program starring William Shatner in the title role as a 15-year veteran police sergeant. The series premiered as a mid-season replacement on March 13, 1982, on ABC and ran on the network until May 4, 1985. The show was then picked up for a further single season by CBS.", "The action-packed crime show which made John Nettles a star in the 1980s. Charlie Hungerford persuades Jim to return to Jersey to help find his friend's missing wife.", "The show that gripped us all in the 1980s, with a young John Nettles as the detective tackling crime in scenic Jersey. Charlie gets an offer that is hard to refuse.", "1982 – The TV show “ Cagney and Lacey ” featured Sharon Gless and Tyne Daly as female police detectives, debuted. The show continued to 1988.", "1981 – Roy is gunned down in his office by a mystery assassin. It later turns out to be a disgruntled actor who played him on TV" ]

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[ "The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa mostly surrounded by Senegal with a short strip of its coastline bordered with the Atlantic Ocean at its western end. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa. ", "The Gambia ( /ˈɡæmbiə/ ), officially the Islamic Republic of The Gambia, [4] is a country in West Africa mostly surrounded by Senegal with a short strip of its coastline bordered with the Atlantic Ocean at its western end. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa .", "The Republic of The Gambia measures 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles) and consists of a long narrow ribbon of land sitting astride the river Gambia, one of the major waterways in West Africa. Apart from the 50-kilometer (31-mile) stretch of coastline on the Atlantic ocean, it is entirely surrounded by Senegal.", "Gambia ; Republic of The Gambia ; The Gambia (a narrow republic surrounded by Senegal in West Africa)", "The Republic of The Gambia measures 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles) and consists of a long narrow ribbon of land sitting astride the river Gambia, one of the major waterways in West Africa. Apart from the 50-kilometer (31-mile) stretch of coastline on the Atlantic ocean, it is entirely surrounded by Senegal . At the estuary of the river Gambia, the northern and southern boundaries are only 45 kilometers (28 miles) apart and the belt of land narrows to about 20 kilometers (13 miles) inland. Banjul is the coastal capital located on the southern side of the estuary.", "Gambia, officially Republique of the Gambia, is an independent republic of western Africa and one of the smallest independent countries on the continent. It achieved its independence from Great Britain in 1965. Geographically, it is a narrow enclave that extends about 15 to 30 miles along the Gambia River and is almost completely surrounded by Senegal , a fact that forced a short-lived merger between the two nations between 1982 and 1989. There was a military coup in 1994, but a new constitution created in 1996 followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997 helped the nation to return nominally to civilian rule. The Gambia accepted a seat on the UN Security Council during 1998 to 1999, effectively ending their period of isolation.", "Senegal surrounds the Gambia on three sides, with 80 km (50 mi) of coastline on the Atlantic Ocean marking its western extremity. [24]", "The Gambia, a republic in W Africa, entirely surrounded by Senegal except for an outlet to the Atlantic: sold to English merchants by the Portuguese in 1588; became a British colony in 1843; gained independence and became a member of the Commonwealth in 1965; joined with Senegal to form the Confederation of Senegambia (1982–89); consists of a strip of land about 16 km (10 miles) wide, on both banks of the Gambia River, extending inland for about 480 km (300 miles). Official language: English. Religion: Muslim majority. Currency: dalasi. Capital: Banjul. Pop: 1 883 051 (2013 est). Area: 11 295 sq km (4361 sq miles)", "The Gambia is a small country in West Africa with total area of 4,000 square miles or 11,295 sq. km (about 320 km. long). It is surrounded by Senegal on all sides ( see map ), except on the Atlantic coast, and for this reason the two countries have a lot of ethnic and cultural ties. The coastal line is 80 km and the border boundary with Senegal is 740 km.", "Gambia, The country in western Africa situated on the Atlantic coast and surrounded by the neighbouring country of Senegal. It occupies a long narrow strip of land that surrounds the Gambia River. The land is flat and is dominated by the river, which is navigable...", "Located in West Africa, The Gambia is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal, except for its 80 kilometers (50 miles) of coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is the smallest country on the African continent, with an area of 11,295 square kilometers (4,007 square miles). The Gambia was named for the Gambia River that flows through it, and over 1,300 square kilometers of the country's territory is water.", "Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal , it formed the short-lived federation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991, the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then.", "The Gambia plays an active role in international affairs, especially West African and Islamic affairs, although its representation abroad is limited. As a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), The Gambia has played an active role in that organization's efforts to resolve the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone and contributed troops to the community's ceasefire monitoring group (ECOMOG) in 1990 and (ECOMIL) in 2003. It also has sought to mediate disputes in nearby Guinea-Bissau and the neighboring Casamance region of Senegal. The Government of The Gambia believes Senegal was complicit in the March 2006 failed coup attempt. This has put increasing strains on relations between The Gambia and its neighbor. The subsequent worsening of the human rights situation has placed increasing strains of U.S.-Gambia relations. [11]", "The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then. Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the president and banned political activity. A new constitution and presidential elections in 1996, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. JAMMEH has been elected president in all subsequent elections, including most recently in late 2006.", "The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then. Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the president and banned political activity. A new constitution and presidential elections in 1996, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. JAMMEH has been elected president in all subsequent elections including most recently in late 2011.", "Situated on the Atlantic coast in westernmost Africa and surrounded on three sides by Senegal, Gambia is twice the size of Delaware. The Gambia River flows for 200 mi (322 km) through Gambia on its way to the Atlantic. The country, the smallest on the continent, averages only 20 mi (32 km) in width.", "The Gambia gained her independence from Britain on 18th February 1965 and became a Republic in 24th of April 1970 and was one of the very few multiparty democracy systems in Africa. The Gambia formed a short-lived confederation of Senegambia with Senegal between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two neighbouring countries signed a friendship and co-operation treaty.", "The long, narrow shape of The Gambia is the result of a long colonial rivalry between France and Great Britain. During the 19th century, both nations struggled to control a large section of territory at the western bulge of the African continent. In the late 1890s, the French incorporated the territory that would become Senegal into French West Africa. The British claimed a relatively narrow strip of land cut in two by the Gambia River and named the colony for the river. Although it previously had been administered as a colony in conjunction with Sierra Leone, The Gambia became an official British protectorate in 1894. It remained under British control until 1965, when it won its independence. Area 4,491 square miles (11,632 square kilometers.) Population (2016 est.) 2,089,000.", "The smallest country on the continent of Africa, The Gambia comprises Saint Mary's Island (site of Banjul) and, on the adjacent mainland, a narrow strip never more than 30 mi (48 km) wide; this finger of land borders both banks of the Gambia River for c.200 mi (320 km) above its mouth. The river, which rises in Guinea and flows c.600 mi (970 km) to the Atlantic, is navigable throughout The Gambia and is the main transport artery. Along The Gambia's coast are fine sand beaches; inland is the swampy river valley, whose fertile alluvial soils support rice cultivation. Peanuts, the country's chief cash crop, and some grains are raised on higher land. The climate is tropical and fairly dry.", "Although the Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, its culture is the product of very diverse influences. The national borders outline a narrow strip on either side of the River Gambia, a body of water that has played a vital part in the nation's destiny and is known locally simply as \"the River.\" Without natural barriers, the Gambia has become home to most of the ethnic groups that are present throughout western Africa, especially those in Senegal.", "THE GAMBIA is part of the Sahel region of Africa which, in 1588, became Great Britain 's first possession on that continent. It had once belonged to the Empire of Ghana and the Kingdom of the Songhais. When Portuguese navigators arrived at the mouth of the Gambia River in 1455, this little enclave on the bulge of Africa's western region was an integral part of the Kingdom of Mali , the medieval empire acclaimed as a seat of culture and learning.", "The Gambia's estimated population is 1.4 million people. About 80 percent live in rural areas outside the urban communities of Bakau, Serrekunda, and the capital city of Banjul. Population density for the country is about 120 persons per square kilometer, making The Gambia one of the most densely populated countries in Africa. Of the major ethnic groups, Mandinkas predominate with 42 percent of the population, followed by Fula (18%) and Wolof (16%). Other substantial ethnic groups include Jola (10%), Serahuli (9%), Serer (2%), Manjago (2%), and Aku (1%). Just over one percent of the population comes from other African countries with non-Africans accounting for fewer than one percent (mostly Europeans and Lebanese). Although each ethnic group has its own particular traditions, language, and background, the people of The Gambia share many cultural patterns due to historical connections, the small size of the country, generations of inter-marriage, and the unifying force of Islam . Gambians also share much of their cultural heritage with the people of Senegal and other West African countries.", "The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nations namesake, which flows through the countrys centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is almost 10,500 km² with an estimated population of 1,700,000.", "The Gambia is one of Africa's smallest countries and unlike many of its West African neighbours it has enjoyed long spells of stability since independence.", "The Gambia is situated on either side of the Gambia River , the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 10,689 square kilometres (4,127 sq mi) with a population of 1,882,450 at the 15 April 2013 Census (provisional). Banjul is the Gambian capital, and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama .", "Its borders roughly correspond to the path of the Gambia River , the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's center and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its size is almost 10,500 km² with an estimated population of 1,700,000.", "The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade , which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese, during which era it was known as A Gâmbia; later, on 25 May 1765, the Gambia was made a part of the British colony when the government formally assumed control, establishing the Province of Senegambia. On 18 February 1965, the Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom. Since gaining independence, the Gambia has had two leaders: the first was Dawda Jawara , who ruled from 1970 until 1994, when the current leader Yahya Jammeh seized power in a coup as a young army officer. [5]", "On 18 February 1965, Gambia was granted independence from the United Kingdom and joined The Commonwealth . Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest conurbation is Serekunda .", "The Gambia became an independent state in 1965, after gaining its sovereignty from The United Kingdom. The population of The Gambia is 1,840,454 (2012) and the nation has a density of 184 people per square kilometer.", "Gambia, The : Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green", "The Gambia is headed by a president who is popularly elected for a five-year term. The unicameral legislature consists of a 49-seat house of representatives; 45 members are elected and 5 are appointed by the president. The constitution of 1970 was suspended in 1994 after a military coup; a rewritten version was established in 1997. The country's legal system is based on English common law, Koranic law, and customary law. Administratively, The Gambia is made up of five divisions and one city, the capital.", "The Gambia is governed under the constitution of 1997. The president, who is both head of state and head of government, is popularly elected for a five-year term; there are no term limits. The unicameral legislature consists of a 53-seat National Assembly whose members also serve five-year terms; 48 members are elected and 5 are appointed by the president. Administratively, The Gambia is made up of five divisions and the capital city." ]

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[ "Lithium, with the symbol Li and an atomic number of 3, is a pure element which, under standard conditions, is the lightest known metal. It has a density of 0.534 gram per cubic meter, making it the least dense solid element.", "Lithium, atomic number 3, symbol Li, is the lightest of the elements which is a solid at room temperature. It was discovered in 1817 and its name is derived from lithos, meaning `stone'. It is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group and is highly reactive, rapidly tarnishing in air.", "Lithium (from Greek: λίθος lithos, \"stone\") is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion, is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.", "Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number three.", "Lithium is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic.", "Lithium is a soft, silvery metal, with a very low density, which reacts vigorously with water, and quickly tarnishes in air.  The name of the element is derived from the Greek word for stone, lithos.  It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 20 ppm, making it the 31st most abundant element.  It is found in the ores spodumene [lithium aluminum inosilicate, LiAl(SiO3)2], petalite [lithium aluminium tectosilicate, LiAlSi4O10], lepidolite [KLi2Al(Al,Si)3O10(F,OH)2] and amblygonite [(Li,Na)AlPO4(F,OH)].", "Lithium (Li) is an alkali metal with atomic number 3, occurring naturally in two isotopes: 6Li and 7Li. The two make up all natural occurrence of lithium on Earth, although further isotopes have been synthesized. In ionic compounds, lithium loses an electron to become positively charged, forming the cation Li+. Lithium is the first alkali metal in the periodic table,Hydrogen is occasionally referred to as an alkali metal, although this is rare. and the first metal of any kind in the periodic table.See note 1. At standard temperature and pressure, lithium is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal. With a density of 0.564 g·cm−3, lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.[http://www.webelements.com/lithium/ Lithium] at WebElements.", "Lithium is rare in the Universe, although it was one of the three elements, along with hydrogen and helium, to be created in the Big Bang. The element was discovered on Earth in 1817 by Johan August Arfvedson (1792-1841) in Stockholm when he investigated petalite, one of the first lithium minerals to be discovered. (It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when sprinkled on to a fire.) He deduced that petalite contained an unknown metal, which he called lithium from the Greek word for a stone, lithos, although he never actually produced any. He reasoned that it was a new alkali metal and lighter than sodium. However, unlike sodium, which Humphry Davy had isolated in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide, Arfvedson was unable to produced lithium by the same method. A sample of lithium metal was finally extracted in 1855 and then by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.", "  by Brazilian explorer, Jose Bonaficio Entrada y Silva. Lithium is a soft, silvery, highly reactive metallic element that is used as a heat transfer medium, in thermonuclear weapons, and in various alloys, ceramics, and optical forms of glass. Its atomic number 3.", "Each atom of atomic number 3 has three protons. Lithium may have a different number of neutrons and electrons, depending on the isotope or ion.  ROGER HARRIS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images", "From the Greek λιθος (lithos), meaning \"stone,\" because this element was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals (sodium and potassium) were discovered from plant tissue.", "Lithium is believed to be one of only three chemical elements produced in the Big Bang that formed the universe. The other two elements are hydrogen and helium .", "Lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called \"alkali metals\". Lithium is a solid only about half as dense as water and lithium metal is the least dense metal. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, but tarnishes in a minute or so in air to give a grey surface. Its chemistry is dominated by its tendency to lose an electron to form Li+. It is the first element within the second period.", "Many of the elements in the periodic table are of Latin or Greek origin, but four are named after heavenly bodies: uranium, neptunium, tellurium (named for \"tellus,\" the Latin word for Earth) and plutonium. Some elements that appear to be named after planets actually are named for Greek or Latin deities. One example is mercury, which is named after Mercury, the Roman messenger of the gods.", "Medieval Latin: magnesia) Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into \"manganese\" in Italian and into \"manganèse\" in French. 109 Meitnerium Mt Meitner, Lise eponym Named in honour of Lise Meitner , who shared discovery of nuclear fission . [12] It has also been called eka-iridium [25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une). [12] 101 Mendelevium Md Mendeleyev, Dmitri eponym Named in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev , who invented periodic table . [32] It has also been called eka-thulium [25] and would have been temporarily called, by IUPAC, unnilunium (Unu) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time. [12] 80 Mercury Hg Latin Mercurius Mercury mythological Named after Mercury , the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the planet Mercury named after the god.", "The chemical symbol for copper is Cu, which derives from the metal’s Latin name, cuprum. In turn, cuprum is descended from Kyprios, the Ancient Greek name for the island of Cyprus, which was well known in antiquity for its production of copper. Some other chemical elements named after places include germanium (32), americium (95), berkelium (97), californium (98), and darmstadtium (110), while the elements ruthenium (44), holmium (67), lutetium (71), hafnium (72), and polonium (84) take their names from the Latin names for Russia (Ruthenia), Stockholm (Holmia), Paris (Lutetia), Copenhagen (Hafnia), and Poland (Polonia).", "Early chemists did not study the jacinth stone very carefully. They thought it was another form of alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina was a well-known mineral at the time. In fact, it was not until Klaproth undertook the study of the jacinth stone that he realized it contained a new element. Klaproth at first referred to the stone as Jargon of Ceylon. When he knew that he had found a new element, he suggested the name zirconium for it.", "‘Kalium’ is potassium’s Latin name, and derives from the Arabic ‘al qalīy’, meaning “calcined ashes” (the ashes left over when plant material is burned). As with sodium, a number of modern languages still refer to potassium as kalium, and the name lends the element its chemical symbol, K.", "Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin: natrium) in the periodic table and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na.  Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as shown by the English word salary, which derives from salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages. In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.[27] The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols,[28] and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron,[27] a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.[29][30]", "atomic number 3 - a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals", "Tungsten, also known as wolfram (), is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone, though the name is volfram in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named tungsten.", "Potassium (atomic number 19) derives its name from potash an impure form of potassium carbonate known to the ancients. Its symbol is K from the neo-latin, kalium , which is from `alkali' and the arabic word for plant ashes. Potassium metal was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy. It is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water.", "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.", "Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum. ", ", symbol Lu, silvery white metallic element with an atomic number of 71. Lutetium is one of the rare earth elements of the periodic table .", "Thus, all the lanthanides had been discovered by the beginning of the 20th century, except for the radioactive element with atomic number 61, which is not found in nature. It was obtained only in 1947 by the American physicists J. Marinsky, L. Glendinen, and C. Coryell from uranium fission fragments in a nuclear reactor and was named promethium (from the name Prometheus).", "The symbol may also indicate the full atomic structure ( ALiZ) by adding a subscript representing the atomic number Z preferably before, but alternatively after, the chemical symbol (depending on the capability of your word processor). Thus  7Li3", "Xenon:  Greek: xenos, \"stranger\" (because at the time, it did not form compounds with other elements", "3The exception to this is for elements that have not yet been discovered. These elements are assigned a name based on their atomic number which will have three numbers, so the symbol for these elements has three letters. Once the element has been produced, it will be officially named and given an official symbol. If you are interested in this topic, you can found out more in the September 2012 issue of AUS-e-NEWS.", "The symbol for the planet with the same name has been used since ancient times to represent the element.", "21. Which element with atomic number 18 takes its name from the Greek for “lazy” or “inactive” ?", "Name the third letter of the Greek alphabet which shares its name with a type of radiation." ]

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[ "sees itself as a nation: possessing uncompromising moral standards and resorting to force when threatened, or when he \"can't stands no more\" bad behavior from an antagonist. This theory is directly reinforced in certain cartoons, when Popeye defeats his foe while a US patriotic song, usually either \" Stars and Stripes Forever ,\" \" Yankee Doodle ,\" or \" Columbia, Gem of the Ocean ,\" plays on the soundtrack. One of Popeye's catchphrases is \"I yam what I yam, and that's all what I yam,\" which may be seen as an expression of individualism.", "Culturally, , many consider Popeye a precursor to the superheroes who would eventually come to dominate the world of comic books. Some observers of popular culture point out that the fundamental character of Popeye, paralleling that of another 1930s icon, Superman , is very close to the traditional view of how the U.S. sees itself as a nation: possessing uncompromising moral standards and resorting to force when threatened, or when he \"can't stands no more\" bad behaviour from an antagonist. This theory is directly reinforced in certain cartoons, when Popeye defeats his foe while a US patriotic song, usually either \" Stars and Stripes Forever,\" \" Yankee Doodle,\" or \" Columbia, Gem of the Ocean,\" plays on the soundtrack. One of Popeye's catchphrases is \"I yam what I yam, and that's all that I yam,\" which may be seen as an expression of individualism.", "Culturally, [30 ] many consider Popeye a precursor to the superheroes who would eventually come to dominate the world of comic books . [31 ] Some observers of popular culture point out that the fundamental character of Popeye, paralleling that of another 1930s icon, Superman , is very close to the traditional view of how the U.S. sees itself as a nation: possessing uncompromising moral standards and resorting to force when threatened, or when he \"can't stands no more\" bad behavior from an antagonist.[ citation needed ] This theory is directly reinforced in certain cartoons, when Popeye defeats his foe while a US patriotic song, usually either \" Stars and Stripes Forever ,\" \" Yankee Doodle ,\" or \" Columbia, Gem of the Ocean ,\" plays on the soundtrack. One of Popeye's catchphrases is \"I yam what I yam, and that's all what I yam,\" which may be seen as an expression of individualism.", "E. C. Segar's Popeye, Fantagraphic Books, 2000s, reprints all Segar Sundays and dailies featuring Popeye in 6 volumes. Vol. 1 \"I Yam What I Yam,\" covered 1928-1930. Vol. 2 \"Well Blow Me Down!\" covers 1930-32.", "\"I yam what I yam\", \"Ug-ug-ug-ug-ug\", \"Well blow me down!\" \"I'm strong to the finnich cause I eat me spinach, I'm Popeye the Sailor Man! Toot, too!\" and \"Blow me down!\"", "Right from Bugs Bunny and Popeye to SpongeBob and Homer Simpson, there are quite a few cartoon characters out there who have become a part of our lives, forever etched in our memory. In a bid to rekindle those good old memories, we decided to compile their famous quotes and share them with you.", "Scoobert Scooby Dooby Doo (or Scooby-Doo, for short) is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. Scooby-Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, with whom he shares many personality traits. Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra's hit song \"Strangers in the Night\", he features a mix of both canine and human behaviors (reminiscent of other funny animals in the Golden age of American animation), treated by his friends more or less as an equal while speaking in a famous (and much parodied) speech impediment. His catchphrase is \"Scooby-Dooby-Doo!\"", "Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare and is famous for his relaxed, passive personality, pronounced New York accent (Blanc described the voice as being a mixture of Brooklyn and Bronx accents [1] ), depiction as a mischievous trickster, and his catchphrase \"Eh, what's up, doc?\" (usually said while chewing a carrot). Bugs has appeared in more films (both short and feature-length) than any other cartoon character, has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and is the 9th most-portrayed film personality in the world.", "Morning Trivia: He was a voice actor and comedian. Although he began his nearly six-decades-long career performing in radio commercials, he's best remembered for his work with Warner Bros. as the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pep� Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, the Tasmanian Devil and many of the other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons, during the Golden age of American animation. He later worked for Hanna-Barbera's television cartoons, most notably as the voices of Barney Rubble in The Flintstones and Mr. Spacely in The Jetsons. Who was he?", "Cartoon Characters: Pocahontas, John Smith, Grandmother Willow, Meeko, Flit, Governor Ratcliffe, Wiggins, Thomas, Lon, Kocoum, Ben, Percy, Kekata, Chief Powhatan, Nakoma.", "He is known for his signature line at the end of each short, \"Th-th-th-that's all folks!\" The slogan had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of every Looney Tunes cartoon. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: So Long, Folks! until the late 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the Looney Tunes series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \"And Dat's De End!\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character.", "Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or rabbit who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality; a pronounced New York accent; his portrayal as a trickster; and his catch phrase \"Eh... What's up, doc?\", usually said while chewing a carrot. Though a similar rabbit character began appearing in the Warner Bros. cartoon shorts during the late 1930s, the definitive character of Bugs Bunny is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare (1940).", "One day, while Fred and Barney were enjoying too many JD's on... ice, they watched the first episode of new experimental comedy Scooby Doo . The lead dog's catch-phrase: \"Scooby-dooby-doooooo!\" stuck instantly with Fred, and he constantly annoyed the other orphans with his signature catch phrase; until Hanna Barbra threatened to use a coyote to blow him up with some ACME TNT and a plunger, if he did not come up with something original. Fred changed the \"Scooby-dooby\" to \"Yabba-dabba\" and viola, an original catchphrase.", "The Cheetos brand is commonly recognized by association with its mascot, an anthropomorphic cartoon cheetah named Chester Cheetah. Chester first appeared in television commercials in 1983 as an animated cartoon character, adopting a sly, smooth-voiced personality. This character became the focus of more Cheetos commercials, eventually becoming the brand's official mascot. Chester has become known for concluding Cheetos advertisements with slogans, which have evolved over time. Chester was preceded by an earlier mascot—the Cheetos Mouse, which debuted in 1971 using the slogans “ Cheese that goes crunch” and \"Hail Chee-sar!\". The slogan \"it ain't easy bein' cheesy\" was used in the late 1980s and early 1990s, followed once again by “the cheese that goes crunch” until 1996, when it became “Dangerously cheesy.” In 2003, Chester was first rendered as a computer-generated character in the United States; while continuing to appear in an animated form in some other countries where the brand is sold.", "Michelangelo also received his distinctive voice, which has been imitated in other portrayals of him, in the 1990 series. Employing a \"surfer slang\" vocabulary, he customarily spoke with a unique hybrid of a Californian surfer accent (not unlike the speech of the Spicoli character from Fast Times at Ridgemont High) and what may have been a stereotypical \"stoner\" accent, though no reference is ever made to drugs in the series and it is likely that the voicing simply emphasized his laid-back and somewhat innocent attitude. In fact, Michelangelo appeared in a 1990 animated special, Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue, alongside other famous cartoon characters, intended to inform children about the dangers of substance abuse. Additionally, all four of the Turtles were official \"spokes-turtles\" of the \"Just Say No\" anti-drug campaign, despite accusations that at least one of them exhibited characteristics of a stoner. During one of these anti-drug PSAs, Michelangelo suggests to a kid being tempted with marijuana that he should \"get a pizza\" to go with it, before the idea is shot down by Donatello. Michelangelo's trademark phrase in this series is the famous \"Cowabunga\".", "Cartoon Characters: Wallace, Victor Quartermaine, Lady Campanula Tottington, PC Mackintosh, Reverend Clement Hedges, Mrs. Mulch, Mr. Windfall, Miss Blight, Mr. Caliche, Miss Thripp, Mr. Growbag, Mr. Mulch, Mr. Crock, Mrs. Girdling.", "Jessica F: Original Producer of Sesame Street, working in co-ordinated effort with director Ryan C. to create the hooligan that is Sesame Street. Both enjoyed listening to Ill Nino, Hatebreed and Slipknot and hence inverted subliminal messages of hatred and destruction into the 'innocent' TV plots of the Sesame Street show. For Example, Big Bird is a symbol of The American Capitalist System and the Cookie Monster symbolises the Bourgeoisie of the system, who desires to 'consume' the ideals, profits and commodities of the Proletariats ( The Working Class that is exploited under Capitalism ) through the innocent metaphor of cookies. The Count symbolises the Revisionist System under Weber, and is ridiculed as 'uncivilised' through his shocking Transylvanian accent and large, uncooth teeth. Kermit the Frog symbolises the Homosexuals of the Capitalist System (he is left-handed - This is confirmed). The derogatory term \"Frog\" also insulting and degrading Homosexuals to the level of Frenchies. The fact that Kermit the Frog engages in 'dancing' and 'singing' reinforces this symbolism.", "Joseph Barbera. Tom of “ Tom and Jerry ,” ca. 1940. Graphite and blue pencil. Art Wood Collection of Cartoon and Caricature, Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress LC-DIG-ppmsca-06460 (85)", "Hanna-Barbera has also produced giveaway instructional Yogi Bear comics on first aid (Creative First Aid: Yogi's Bear Facts (1986)) and earthquake preparedness (Yogi, the Be-Prepared Bear: Earthquake Preparedness for Children (1984) and Yogi's Bear Facts: Earthquake Preparedness (1988)). These were issued in connection with Yogi Bear being used as the mascot for Earthquake Preparedness Month in California, an annual campaign that ran each April for over 10 years and also utilized Yogi in earthquake preparedness posters, advertisements, a cartoon, and other promotions including a special \"Quakey Shakey Van\" exhibit. [17] [18]", "* Pear-Shape Tone (1949, 1981) - Originally a pot-bellied swindler who operated a sham mail-order diet business as well as a stolen jewelry ring. After serving his sentence, he became a genuine health fanatic, slimmed down, reformed, and returned to the strip in a brief cameo as an assistant to Jim Pistol. He is Chester Gould's caricature of himself.", "Cookie Monster is a fictional Muppet character on the children’s television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases: “Me want cookie!”, “Me eat cookie!”, and “Om nom nom nom” (said through a mouth full of food).", "Pepe Le Pew is a character in the  Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies  series. An anthropomorphic, French skunk, Pepe is continuously in search of romance, but his scent, self-delusion, and his overly persistent manner inhibit his efforts. Pepe is stereotypically French in the same way that Speedy Gonzales is stereotypically Mexican.", "The 1952 animated cartoon Rabbit Seasoning begins with Daffy Duck posting signs luring hunter Elmer Fudd to Bugs Bunny 's hole in the ground. A series of signs is written in Burma-Shave style verse:", "Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children's television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases, such as \"Me want cookie!\" \"Me eat cookie!\" and \"Om nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food). He often eats just about anything, including ice cream, hot dogs, cake, pizza, doughnuts, lettuce, apples, bananas, watermelon, as well as normally inedible objects. However, as his name suggests, his preferred food is cookies. Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind; oatmeal cookies are his second favorite. In a song in 2004, Cookie Monster revealed that, before he ate his first cookie, he believes his name was Sid. Despite his voracious appetite for cookies, Cookie Monster shows awareness of healthy eating habits for young children, and since 2006 he has said that cookies are \"a sometime snack,\" and that he also enjoys fruits and eggplant.", "Wimpy's favorite dish is the hamburger , and he is usually seen contentedly munching on one, but is seldom willing to pay for them. A recurring gag are Wimpy's attempts to con other patrons of the diner into buying him his lunch. Wimpy often tries to outwit fellow restaurant-goers with his convoluted logic. His famous line, which was first carried over into the cartoons in 1934's We Aim to Please , is \"I'd gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\" (which carried over as lyrics to a song in the 1980 movie  Popeye , \"Everything Is Food\").", "comic strip character created by Reg Smythe , seen in The Daily Mirror and The Sunday Mirror newspapers since August 5 , 1957 . The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate . Originally a single-panel cartoon, Smythe later expanded it to four panels. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods , and a defunct chain of miniature golf courses in Brevard County, Florida", "(L) Cap'n Crunch (R) His creator, the legendary cartoonist Jay Ward (photo via the Hollywood Star Walk )- see the resemblance?", "Voiced By: Charles Lawrence, Lou Fleischer, Allan Melvin, Daws Butler, Maurice LaMarche, Paul Dooley (1980 film), William Baldwin (animated film), Sanders Whiting (2004)", "Aunt Jemima was not the only depiction of a black person to be used in early advertising. Black caricatures were often featured prominently as trademarks of several products. Most commonly, such images were used to sell food, cleaning agents, agricultural produce, and products that were black or brown, such as coffee, ink, and chocolate. Examples include Cream of Wheat, featuring a cook named \"Rastus,\" Fairbank's Gold Dust, a powdered laundry detergent, featuring \"Goldie\" and \"Dusty,\" the \"Gold Dust Twins,\" J & P Coat's Threads, featuring \"Topsy\" and \"Mammy\" cookie jars. Objections to the depiction of Aunt Jemima and other black advertising date back to the 1920s. According to Slave in a Box by M.M. Manring, one black professional polled in 1928 responded, \"I positively hate this illustration.\"", "The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.", "* Creeley's Soup – a sketch in which Gilda Radner, playing a child eating her soup, is annoyed by the announcer, who tells her that he will give her various things in exchange for her soup. She says \"no\" until she finally becomes frustrated and tells him, \"No! Leave me alone! I'm eating!\" The announcer then proceeds to tell her to take the little pieces of corn and shove them up into her nose. She asks why, and the reply is, \"Because the Soup Man says so\". She complies. After pouring the bowl of soup all over her nose (because according to the announcer \"there's nothing better for a stuffy nose than nice hot soup\"), the slogan for \"Creeley's Soup\" appears on the screen as the announcer intones: \"Creeley's Soup – The Child Handler\". ", "That's the one.  I saw that as a kid and that's the one time I can remember him speaking in one of the cartoons." ]

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[ "The Hangover is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Todd Phillips, co-produced with Daniel Goldberg and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. The film stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Heather Graham, Justin Bartha, and Jeffrey Tambor. It tells the story of Phil Wenneck (Cooper), Stu Price (Helms), Alan Garner (Galifianakis) and Doug Billings (Bartha), who travel to Las Vegas for a bachelor party to celebrate Doug's impending marriage. However, Phil, Stu, and Alan wake up with Doug missing and no memory of the previous night's events, and must find the groom before the wedding can take place.", "French-speaking, classically trained thespian Bradley Cooper played a douche bag so well in 2005’s Wedding Crashers that it took us years to recognize him as the sensitive, bankable Sexiest Man Alive that he is deep inside. His starring role in 2009’s $467 million-grossing The Hangover was followed with big parts in All About Steve, Case 39, Valentine’s Day, and The A-Team — all of which were bad, but none of which derailed his ascendant stardom. It was the surprise $161 million success of 2011’s Limitless, though, that seemed to prove he could make a hit on his own. The Hangover Part II’s $581 million gross and Cooper’s (controversial) selection over Ryan Gosling for People magazine’s highest honor later in the year were just icing.", "He’s smart, funny, charming and attractive…so who could ask for more? Apparently no one according to People Magazine as Bradley Cooper is crowned their 2011 sexiest man alive.", "In 2011, Cooper starred in the techno-thriller Limitless, based on the 2001 novel The Dark Fields by Alan Glynn, and the comedy sequel to The Hangover, The Hangover Part II, which earned over $580 million at the box office worldwide. In September 2011, GQ UK presented Cooper with the \"International Man of the Year\" award and in the November 16, 2011 issue of People magazine, Cooper was named Sexiest Man Alive. In 2012, he starred with Robert De Niro and Jennifer Lawrence in David O. Russell's Silver Linings Playbook, an adaptation of Matthew Quick's serio-comic novel of the same name. Cooper's performance in the film earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In 2012, he starred in the crime drama The Place Beyond the Pines, as a police officer, and in the drama The Words.", "10. The Hangover – Zach Galifianakis, Bradley Cooper, and Justin Bartha star in this Las Vegas-set comedy centered around three groomsmen who lose their about-to-be-wed buddy during their drunken misadventures, then must retrace their steps in order to find him. A.T. Hurley writes, “Director Todd Phillips brings back his deft handling of the actors and the dude humor that worked so well in Old School , as well as the unctuous Dan Finnerty, memorable as a lounge/wedding singer in both films. But it’s the nonstop volley of jokes–most cheerily politically incorrect–that grabs the audience and thrashes it around the hotel room. Just watch out for the tiger in the bathroom.”", "The Hangover Part III: This film is a sequel the \"The Hangover Part II\" and third and final film of the series this time being centered on road trip \"The Wolf Pack\" takes to Las Vegas. Little has been revealed about the plot other than the gang taking a road trip back to Vegas. What I can guess is that the plot will involve the gang getting hungover and not remembering what happened the previous night and piecing together the details. I am a fan of the first two \"Hangover\" films so I am definitely looking forward to this film. I would recommend it for any fans of the \"The Hangover\" series, any comedy movie fans, situation comedy movie fans, raunchy comedy movie fans, or any movie lovers out there. It stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Justin Bartha, Ken Jeong, Heather Graham, Jeffrey Tambor, Gillian Vigman, Sasha Barrese, Jamie Chung, John Goodman, Melissa McCarthy, and Lela Loren", "\"Hangover\" star Bradley Cooper is charged with bringing Benedict's character to the big screen this summer. With a buff body and an enviable head of hair he's got the handsome part down. Benedict himself makes an appearance in the \"A-Team\" movie as well.", "Principal photography of The Hangover Part II began in October 2010, with Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Justin Bartha, Zach Galifianakis and Ken Jeong returning. The film was released on May 26, 2011. ", "The character Alan (Zach Galifianakis) in the 2009 film The Hangover learns how to count cards from a book and mentions he's like Raymond in this regard. Later in the film, Alan and the character Phil (Bradley Cooper) play the blackjack tables in the casino at Caesar's Palace, the scene paying homage to this film, from the way the two stand on the escalator to the song \"Iko Iko\".", "Two of her ex-boyfriends have been named Sexiest Man Alive by People magazine: Brad Pitt and Ben Affleck .", "People Magazine has been awarding Hollywood hunks with the title Sexiest Man Alive since 1985, the year the magazine gave its first award to Mel Gibson.", "In November 2013, Levine was named People magazine's Sexiest Man Alive, becoming the first singer and the second non-actor (after John F. Kennedy, Jr. ) to claim the title. [72] He was ranked #41 on Glamour 's \"Sexiest Men of 2012\" list. [73] In 2008, he appeared on People's \"Single and Sexy Men\" list. [74] He was elected TV's Most Crushworthy Male Reality Host/Judge in a poll held by Zap2it . [75] In April 2012, Shalom Life ranked him Number 7 on its list of \"Top 50 Hottest Jewish men in the world\". [76] Levine stripped naked for testicular cancer awareness for a centerfold in Cosmopolitan UK's February 2011 issue. [77]", "The past two years have been quite something; he and his dance partner, Karina Smirnoff, won ABC's season 13 of \"Dancing With The Stars.\" J. R. was the cover of People Magazine, featured in their Sexiest Man Alive issue and one of the magazine's 25 Most Intriguing People of 2011. Many awards and honors have been bestowed upon him including an Ivy Award, for his work with burn survivors and disabled veterans in the entertainment community, and the 2012 National Red Cross Spirit Award. He was the recipient of the 2012 National Disabled American Veteran of the Year Award and he also received the 2012 California DAV of the Year Award.", "To be named the \"sexiest man alive\" at the age of 59 is quite an achievement. When \"People Magazine\" proclaimed Sean Connery a sex symbol in 1989, his career was already tapering down. As James Bond, the Scotsman had become a living legend - but by playing more formidable roles as well, he'd also gained the respect of serious film critics and won an Oscar, while presenting himself in public as an engaged citizen.", "In January 2010, Phillips dismissed rumors that Zac Efron would join the cast of The Hangover 2, though Ed Helms stated that Efron would be a welcomed addition, commenting, \"I love that guy. He's actually really funny\". ", "Cooper's name has been in the headlines ever since his debut in Wedding Crashers followed by huge box offices hits (The Hangover movies, The A-Team, Limitless), a relationship with Renee Zellweger, and rumors of whirlwind romances with Olivia Wilde and Jennifer Lopez. ", "*Alan Garner in The Hangover II is seen wearing a white Fila tennis vest in the scene that takes place in his bedroom.", "In December 2010, it was reported that Bryan Callen, who played the owner of the wedding chapel in The Hangover, is working again in The Hangover Part II, as \"a smarmy strip club owner in Bangkok\". Also in December, Australian stuntman Scott McLean was seriously injured in a traffic accident while filming a stunt sequence near Bangkok. Warner Bros. issued a statement stating McLean was put into a medically induced coma but is expected to recover. ", "William Bradley \"Brad\" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received two Academy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.", "Chris Hemsworth, voted People magazine’s Sexiest Man Alive in 2014, is married to Elsa Pataky, a model and actress from Spain who has been on magazine covers and who has appeared in three ‘Fast and Furious’ movies.", "Carell joined The Office as Dunder Mifflin's eccentric regional manager, Michael Scott, with a solid background in comedy: He voiced one half of \"The Ambiguously Gay Duo\" on Saturday Night Live with Stephen Colbert, starred opposite Will Ferrell in 2004's Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy and scored the lead role in Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin. Since leaving the show in 2011 during its seventh season (returning just once for the series finale), the actor and comedian has starred in rom-coms like Crazy, Stupid, Love, reprised his Brick Tamland character in Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues and earned his first Oscar nomination for his dramatic turn in the crime drama Foxcatcher. Carell recently has wrapped filming for his next film, Freeheld, in which he'll reunite with Crazy, Stupid, Love co-star Julianne Moore, and currently is filming The Big Short alongside Brad Pitt, Christian Bale and Ryan Gosling.", "In 2005, Laurie appeared on the cover of TV Guide as \"TV's Sexiest Man\". In 2008, Gregory House was voted second sexiest television doctor ever, behind ERs Doug Ross (George Clooney). ", "\"The Hangover Part III\" is the third and final film in director Todd Phillips' record-shattering comedy franchise. This time, there's no wedding. No bachelor party. What could go wrong, right? But when the Wolfpack hits the road, all bets are off", "The bodybuilder turned actor has, at various times, earned the tags of 'Greatest Living Scot' and 'Scotland's Greatest Living National Treasure'. At the age of 59 in 1989, People Magazine made him their 'Sexiest Man Alive' and ten years later, he was voted 'Sexiest Man of the Century'.", "The Hanson brothers partnered with craft beer company Mustang Brewing to create the drink as their way of raising a toast to their 21st anniversary. Hanson shared the first taste of the beer with those attending the premiere of The Hangover Part 3. ", "Krasinski was featured in People Magazine's Sexiest Men Alive issue of 2006. He claims Los Angeles as his current home but travels to New York City and his hometown of Newton, MA, frequently.", "He was named Essence annual 2013 Sexiest Man of the Year and was also ranked #2 in People annual Sexiest Man Alive in 2013. ", "During his career he received three Golden Globe Award nominations and was named by People magazine as its \"Sexiest Man Alive\" in 1991.", "In 1999 he was voted ‘Sexiest Man of the Century’ by People magazine (they clearly couldn’t get enough of him)", "Here, as Davis's jilted fiancé, Brent gives possibly the best performance of his career in a maudlin scene, getting drunk on a park bench. When I saw this scene, I burst out laughing: Brent overplays it ridiculously ... but this is perhaps the only time in his career when he didn't underplay.", "Pals forever: The actors in 2011 at the GQ Men Of The Year awards in London", "In 2011, the actor sensationally admitted that he was 'lucky to be alive' after he went to rehab as a teenager for alcohol addiction." ]

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[ "The longest mountain chain in North America is the __________ chain. A. Appalachian Mountain B. Laurentian Mountain C. Rocky Mountain D. Pacific", "The Rocky Mountains form the longest mountain range in North America and the second longest range in the world. They stretch 3,000 miles north-to-south from New Mexico, across the United States to Montana, and well into Canada. The highest point of the Rockies is Mount Elbert in Colorado which rises 14,440 feet above sea level.", "The Earth's longest mountain chain isn't the Andes in South America, or the Himalayas in Asia, or even North America's Rockies. It's an underwater chain of mountains 47,000 miles long. The chain runs down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (surfacing at Iceland), around Africa, through the Indian Ocean, between Australia and Antarctica, and north through the Pacific Ocean.", "The second longest mountain range in the world is the Rocky Mountains located in the west of the North American continent. It is about 4,800 km (3000 mi) long and stretches from British Columbia in Canada to New Mexico in the United States.", "The largest collection of volcanic mountains in the contiguous United States (connected forty-eight states) is the Cascade Range. This mountain chain extends about 700 miles (1,125 kilometers) in length. It runs south from British Columbia, Canada, through the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon before it becomes the Sierra Nevada mountain range in northeastern California. It parallels the edge of the Pacific Ocean, lying 100 to 150 miles (161 to 241 kilometers) inland from the West Coast of the United States.", "The western boundary of the Rocky Mountains is the narrow Rocky Mountain Trench — the longest valley in North America, extending for 1,400 km from Montana to the Yukon and along the length of BC. Out of the trench flow the headwaters of the Kootenay , Columbia , Fraser , Parsnip, Finlay, Kechika and Liard rivers, each separated from the others by low drainage divides.", "Rocky Mountains : The Rockies are a major mountain range in North America, running 3,000 miles from western Canada to the state of New Mexico. The Rockies include several subranges, including the Wasatch, Bitterroots, Big Horn, and Front Ranges. Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming are considered Mountain States in the country.", "North American Cordillera. The North American Cordillera is a complex group of geologically young mountains that extend along the western edge of the North American continent. The eastern section of the Cordillera is marked by the Rocky Mountains . They extend more than 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) from northwest Alaska to central New Mexico . The highest peak in the Rockies is Mount Elbert in Colorado at 14,431 feet (4,399 meters) in height. The highest peak in the Canadian Rockies is Mount Robson in eastern British Columbia, rising 12,972 feet (3,954 meters). The ridge of the Rocky Mountains is known as the Continental Divide, the \"backbone\" of the continent that separates the rivers draining to the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans from those draining to the Pacific Ocean.", "The Cascade Mountain range stretches from northern California into the states of Oregon and Washington, and on into Canada. The most famous peaks in this chain include: Mt. Hood, Mt. Rainer (see picture above), and Mt. Saint Helen. All of these are volcanic mountains.  Mt. Hood has a ski resort that operates all year round due to the continuous snow on its glaciers; Mt. Rainer is one of the most famous mountaineering mountains in the United States; and Mt. Saint Helen had the most recent major volcanic eruption in the United States – it erupted in 1980.", "The Rocky Mountains are another long range, extending more than 3,000 mi (4,800 km) from northern Mexico to Alaska; Mt. Elbert (14,431 ft/4,399 m) in Colorado is its highest peak. The Rockies are located between the Great Plains on the east (from which they rise abruptly for most of their length) and a series of broad basins and plateaus on the west.", "The Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America. The range's highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at 14440 ft above sea level. Mount Robson in British Columbia, at 12972 ft, is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies. ", "The Sierra runs 400 mi north-to-south, and is approximately 70 mi across east-to-west. Notable Sierra features include Lake Tahoe, the largest alpine lake in North America; Mount Whitney at 14505 ft, the highest point in the contiguous United States; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of one-hundred-million-year-old granite. The Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; and Devils Postpile National Monument. The Sierra Nevada range is the highest mountain range in the contiguous United States.", "The United States has three major mountain chains (mountain chain = a series of connected mountains) that run north to south in North America. These three major mountain chains are located in the east, central west, and western United States. We will begin our look at these mountain ranges (mountain range = a series of connected mountains) in the east, with the oldest of these mountains.", "major mountain system of W North America and easternmost belt of the North American cordillera, extending more than 3,000 mi (4,800 km) from central N.Mex. to NW Alaska; Mt. Elbert (14,431 ft/4,399 m) in Colorado is the highest peak.", "Mount McKinley (or Denali) in Alaska is the highest mountain peak in the United States and in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. Measured base-to-peak, it is the tallest mountain on land. Measured by topographic prominence, it is the third most prominent peak in the world after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. It is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.", "The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2341 mi before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km2), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system.", "Mountaineering in the Americas became popular in the 1800s. In North America, Pikes Peak (14,410 ft (4,390 m)) in the Colorado Rockies, was first climbed by Edwin James and two others in 1820. Though lower than Pikes Peak, the heavily glaciated Fremont Peak (13,745 ft (4,189 m)) in Wyoming was thought to be the tallest mountain in the Rockies when it was first climbed by John C. Frémont and two others in 1842. Pico de Orizaba (18,491 ft (5,636 m)), the tallest peak in Mexico and third tallest in North America, was first summited by U.S. military personnel which included William F. Raynolds and a half dozen other climbers in 1848. Heavily glaciated and more technical climbs in North American were not achieved until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1897, Mount Saint Elias (18,008 ft (5,489 m)) on the Alaska-Yukon border was summited by the Duke of the Abruzzi and party. But it was not until 1913 that Mount Mckinley (20,237 ft (6,168 m)), the tallest peak in North America, was successfully climbed. Mount Logan (19,551 ft (5,959 m)), the tallest peak in Canada, was first summitted by a half dozen climbers in 1925 in an expedition that took more than two months.", "The highest Rocky Mountain peak in North America is located at Mount Elbert in Colorado. Were it not for Mount Whitney in California, it would be the highest peak in the continental US. Mount Elbert's highest point is 14,440 feet above sea level. Mount Whitney is 65 feet taller.", "To the east of Afghanistan and separated from it by the Hindu Kush, lies Pakistan. In the north of the country are the mountain ranges of the Himalayas and the Karakoram, the highest mountains in the world. Most of the peaks are over 15,000 ft (4,580 m) and almost 70 are higher than 22,000 ft (6,700 m). By comparison, the highest mountain in the United States , Mount McKinley in Alaska , is only 20,321 ft (6,194m). Not surprisingly, many of the mountains in this range are covered with glaciers.", "The Eastern edge of the rockies rises impressively above the Interior Plains of central North America, including the Front Range which runs from northern New Mexico to northern Colorado, the Wind River Range and Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, the Crazy Mountains and the Rocky Mountain Front of Montana, and the Clark Range of Alberta, along with a series of ranges in Canada called the Continental Ranges. Mount Robson in British Columbia, at 3,954 meters (12,972 ft), is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies.", "The Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Other mountain ranges continue beyond those two rivers, including the Selwyn Mountains in Yukon, the Brooks Range in Alaska, and the Sierra Madre in Mexico, but those are not part of the Rockies, though they are part of the American Cordillera. The United States definition of the Rockies includes the Cabinet and Salish Mountains of Idaho and Montana. Their counterparts north of the Kootenai River, the Columbia Mountains, are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench. This runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River valley in western Montana to the south bank of the Liard River. The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles (110 to 480 kilometers). Also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges and Omineca Mountains of the Interior Mountains system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia on the eastern side of the Trench, the McGregor Plateau, resembles the Rockies but is considered part of the Interior Plateau.", "a mountain chain that extends almost the entire length of the East Coast, from Quebec, Canada, to Alabama.", "If the rugged, wild terrain of Alaska is what your wanderlusting heart needs, book a trip to Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. This mammoth park -- roughly half the size of Rhode Island -- is home to the highest mountain (as measured from its base) in North America: Mount McKinley. The mountain is 6,194 meters (20,320 feet) high.", "It begins in southern Montana in the Rocky Mountains, first flowing north then generally southeast across the heart of the United States, ending at the Mississippi River, just to the north of St. Louis, Missouri. It is the longest river in the United States (2,500 miles) (4,023 km).", "The Sierra Nevada Mountain Range runs somewhat parallel to the Rockies, but further west in the United States. Beautiful national parks are located here including Yosemite and Kings Canyon. The tallest mountain in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney at 14,505 feet is part of the Sierra Nevada.", "Called \"skunk bear\" by the Blackfeet Indians, the wolverine (Gulo gulo) is the largest terrestrial member of the weasel family and currently roams the rugged and beautiful Rocky Mountains and North Cascades in the western U.S.", "Running between the state of Missouri and its source in Montana, the longest river in North America is the Missouri River. The river flows 2,341 miles until it reaches its mouth at the Mississippi River north of St. Louis. The Missouri River, just slightly longer than the Mississippi River, combines with it to form the fourth largest river system in the world after the Nile, Amazon and Yangtze rivers.", "If you do not know the name of the longest river in North America, then read on. The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. The Missouri is a tributary of the Mississippi River, which used to be the longest but not any more.", "Robson, Mount peak in eastern British Columbia, Can., 50 miles (80 km) west-northwest of Jasper, Alta. Rising above Kinney Lake and overlooking Yellowhead Pass to the east, Mount Robson is the highest peak (12,972 feet [3,954 m]) in the Canadian Rockies. Composed...", "In the north western part of the state there is one of America's best known natural landmarks, the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon formed by the Colorado River and and its tributaries over a period of some million years. Humphreys Peak is the highest natural point in the state with 3,852 m (12,637 ft) located within the Kachina Peaks Wilderness about 18 km (11 miles) north of Flagstaff.", "North America is blessed with many big rivers and this would explain why the lands around these rivers are so fertile. However, many people want to know what is the longest river in North America?", "Does anyone know what the longest 'climb' is? In other words, what mountain provides the longest distance between the \"trail-head\" (i.e. point at which you get out of the car/truck/helicopter/plane/dog-sled) and the summit?" ]

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[ "Joey Bishop ( February 3 , 1918 – October 17 , 2007 ) was perhaps best remembered as being a member of the \" Rat Pack \" with Frank Sinatra , Peter Lawford , Dean Martin , and Sammy Davis Jr. He was the last survivor of that group of entertainers.", "Joey Bishop (February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007) was perhaps best remembered as being a member of the “Rat Pack” with Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. He was the last survivor of that group of entertainers.", "Joey Bishop (born Joseph Abraham Gottlieb; February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007) was an American entertainer who was perhaps best known for being a member of the \"Rat Pack\" with Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Dean Martin. Bishop appeared on television as early as 1948 and eventually starred in his own weekly comedy series as well as hosting a talk show.", "Members of the famed ''Rat Pack'' in an undated publicity photo. Shown (L-R) are Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop. Bishop has died at age 89, his longtime friend and publicist Warren Cowan said on Thursday.", "Joey Bishop (Joseph Abraham Gottlieb), (born Feb. 3, 1918 , New York , N.Y.—died Oct. 17, 2007, Newport Beach , Calif.), American comedian who was the last surviving member of the Hollywood clique (dubbed the Rat Pack) that included Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis, Jr., and Peter Lawford. Bishop was remembered for his deadpan comic delivery and for his skill at ad-libbing; he was also credited with writing much of the material when the group headlined together at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas . He appeared with the Rat Pack in the films Ocean’s Eleven (1960) and Sergeants Three (1962). He starred (1961–65) in a television sitcom, The Joey Bishop Show, and appeared regularly on late-night television talk shows. He also hosted (1967–69) his own talk show , The Joey Bishop Show.", "Bishop seems generally the least-remembered member of the Rat Pack, five cool stars and pals of the 1950s and 60s (the other four were Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis, Jr. , and Peter Lawford ). He appeared in the Rat Pack movies Oceans Eleven (1960) and Sergeants Three (1962). He said or did something that annoyed Sinatra (it's unclear exactly what) and was booted from the pack while their next film, (Robin and the Seven Hoods), was in pre-production.", "The original Ocean�s 11 featured an all-star cast for its time including Rat Pack members Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop. It was about a World War II airborne unit that decides to simultaneously rob the Sahara, Riviera, Desert Inn, Sands and Flamingo casinos. Gannett News Service film critic Jack Garner called it his favorite Frank Sinatra film.", "The original \"Ocean's 11\" from 1960 starred Sinatra and the rest of his \"Rat Pack\" - Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and the only surviving member Joey Bishop.", "Sinatra was a member of the Rat Pack, a group of famous entertainers including Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. Unknown by many, is that Norman Fell, who portrayed the penny-pinching, wisecracking, goof-ball, landlord Stanley Roper on the late 1970's sitcom Three's Company was also included in the Rat Pack for a period of time.", "This was Sinatra’s comeback, not only musically, but also as a film star and performer. In 1958 Frank teamed up for the first time with another singer/actor, Dean Martin. They made Some Came Running together and became leaders of a group of stylish Hollywood figures which included Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. The “Rat Pack” played together, starred in films, and entertained in Vegas.", "The Rat Pack was a group of actors originally centered on their leader, Humphrey Bogart, until his death in 1957. By the 1960s, it was the name used by the press and the general public to refer to a later variation of the group that called itself \"the Summit\" or \"the Clan,\" featuring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop; they appeared together on stage and in films in the early 1960s, including the movies Ocean's 11, Sergeants 3, and Robin and the 7 Hoods (in the last film, Bing Crosby replaced Lawford). Sinatra, Martin, and Davis were regarded as the group's lead members. ", "After a brief flash-forward to Frank Sinatra as an old man, saying \"I miss my guys,\" the movie's main narrative begins during high points in the solo careers of the Rat Pack: Dean Martin has become a big success despite the breakup of his partnership with Jerry Lewis; Sinatra's career is at its peak; Sammy Davis, Jr., is making a comeback after a near fatal car crash, and standup comic Joey Bishop is gaining exposure as an opening act for the other three. The Pack becomes complete when Sinatra reconciles with actor Peter Lawford, who has been ostracized since being seen out publicly with Sinatra's ex-wife, Ava Gardner.", "All five members of the Rat Pack, from left, Peter Lawford, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Joey Bishop, perform at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, Jan. 20, 1960. Their gigs were often improvised and when one member of the Rat Pack was scheduled to give a performance, other members would show up for an impromptu show.", "Few thought that Martin would go on to achieve solo success, but he did, winning critical acclaim for his role in The Young Lions with Marlon Brando and Montgomery Clift , and Some Came Running , with Shirley MacLaine and Frank Sinatra . Movies such as Rio Bravo brought him international fame. One of his best remembered films is in Ocean's 11 , in which he played Sam Harmon alongside the other members of the legendary Rat Pack: Frank Sinatra , Sammy Davis Jr. , Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford . Martin proved potent at the box office throughout the 1960s, with films such as Bells Are Ringing and Robin and the 7 Hoods , again with Rat Pack pals Sammy Davis Jr. and Sinatra. During much of the 1960s and 1970s, Martin's movie persona of a boozing playboy prompted a series of films as secret agent Matt Helm and his own television variety show. Airport followed, featuring Martin as a pilot. He also played a phony priest in The Cannonball Run .", "The film version of Gunga Din was re-told in a 1962 tongue-in-cheek version reset in the American West and starring all of the members of the Rat Pack, entitled Sergeants 3, with Frank Sinatra in the McLaglen role, Dean Martin taking Grant's part, Peter Lawford replacing Fairbanks, and Sammy Davis, Jr. in Jaffe's role.", "Bishop was among the stars of the original Ocean's 11 film about military veterans who reunite in a plot to rob five Las Vegas casinos on New Year's Eve. He co-starred with Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr. and Peter Lawford of the so-called Rat Pack, although the five of them did not publicly acknowledge that name. During filming, the five entertainers performed together on stage in Vegas at the Sands Hotel. Bishop did only a little singing and dancing, but he told jokes and wrote most of the act's material. He later appeared with Sinatra, Martin, Davis and Lawford in the military adventure Sergeants 3, a loose remake of Gunga Din, and with Martin in the western comedy Texas Across the River, in which he portrayed an Indian.", "Actor. He is probably best remembered as a member of the Hollywood's \"Rat Pack' which included entertainers Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr, and Joey Bishop, who appeared together on stage and films, including the movies \"Ocean's 11\" (1960) and \"Sergeants 3\" (1962). He is also remembered as the husband of Patricia Kennedy, the sister of President John F. Kennedy and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward Kennedy, which made him a member of the Washington DC social elite. Born Peter... [Read More] (Bio by: William Bjornstad )", "The Lawfords strengthened John F. Kennedy’s ties to the show business world of Hollywood and Las Vegas through Mr. Lawford’s association with “The Rat Pack” of Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Joey Bishop and Shirley MacLaine.", "Lawford's first film after Metro released him and several other players from their contracts was the comedy It Should Happen to You, where he starred alongside Judy Holliday and Jack Lemmon. In 1959, Frank Sinatra invited the Englishman to join the \"Rat Pack\" and also got him a role in Never So Few. The casino caper Ocean's 11 (1960) was a project Lawford first brought to Sinatra's attention. It became the first film to feature all five main \"Rat Pack\" members: Lawford, Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., and Joey Bishop.", "Sammy Davis, Jr., a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Party, and member of the Rat Pack, was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph, fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra's dismay. Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra. Davis eventually switch his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating \"It was the ambassador, [but] we didn't know that until after. Sammy not being there was a loss.\"", "On March 21, 1987, Martin's son, Dean Paul (formerly Dino of the '60s \"teeny-bopper\" rock group Dino, Desi & Billy), was killed when his F-4 Phantom II jet fighter crashed while flying with the California Air National Guard. A much-touted tour with Davis and Sinatra in 1988 sputtered. On one occasion, he infuriated Sinatra when he turned to him and muttered, \"Frank, what the hell are we doing up here?\" Martin, who always responded best to a club audience, felt lost in the huge stadiums they were performing in (at Sinatra's insistence), and he was not interested in drinking until dawn after performances. His final Vegas shows were at Bally's Hotel in 1990. There he had his final reunion with Jerry Lewis on his 72nd birthday. Martin's last two TV appearances involved tributes to his former Rat Pack members. On December 8, 1989, he joined many stars of the entertainment industry in Sammy Davis, Jr's 60th anniversary celebration, which aired only a few weeks before Davis died from throat cancer. In December 1990, he congratulated Frank Sinatra on his 75th birthday special.", "us Sammy Davis Jr. Turns Near Tragedy into Triumph], San Bernardino Sun, September 28, 2008 In 1953, he had struck up a friendship with comedian and host Eddie Cantor, who gave him a mezuzah. Instead of putting it by his door, as a traditional blessing, Davis would wear it around his neck as a good luck charm. The only time he forgot it was the night of the accident. The accident occurred at a fork in U.S. Route 66 at Cajon Boulevard and Kendall Drive (). Davis lost his left eye to the bullet-shaped horn button (a standard feature in 1954 and 1955 Cadillacs) as a result. His friend, actor Jeff Chandler, said he would give one of his own eyes if it would keep Davis from total blindness. Davis wore an eye patch for at least six months following the accident. He was featured with the patch on the cover of his debut album and appeared on What's My Line? wearing the patch (March 13, 1955). Later, he was fitted for a glass eye, which he wore for the rest of his life.", "Dean Martin – Sid Caesar, Gail Martin, Lou Rawls, Ray Stevens and Stanley Myron Handelman are guests.", "Another connection between the two involved the ex-wife of Dean Martin Jr, ice skater Dorothy Hamill. It has been reported that Elvis expressed a great desire to date her in 1977. Tosches also notes in his biography on Dino that it was the arrrival and success of Elvis which caused Dean to become a serious actor - Elvis had replaced him as the \"affable leading man\" who had \"an easy way with a song\". For Dean to survive in Hollywood he had to change - the change being incredibly successful for him and ushering in a series of movie hits such as The Young Lions, Rio Bravo, Robin and the Seven Hoods and Airport.", "* Never So Few (1959) (Sinatra, Lawford, and initially Davis, who was replaced by Steve McQueen)", "The live, 90-minute program was the first network talk show produced in California and the first that directly challenged Carson's late-night preeminence. Mr. Bishop's sidekick was the little-known Regis Philbin. But after CBS put Merv Griffin in the same time slot, ratings for \"The Joey Bishop Show\" plummeted, and it was canceled in 1969.", "Davis's film career began as a child in 1933. In 1960, he appeared in the Rat Pack film, Ocean's 11. After a starring role on Broadway in 1956's Mr Wonderful, he returned to the stage in 1964's Golden Boy. In 1966 he had his own TV variety show, The Sammy Davis Jr. Show. Davis's career slowed in the late 1960s, but he had a hit record with \"The Candy Man\" in 1972 and became a star in Las Vegas, earning him the nickname \"Mister Show Business\". ", "Martin was a core member of the \"Rat Pack.\" His stage persona was that of a womanizing, cigarette-smoking, boozing playboy. However, much of the alcohol that he \"drank\" on the set was actually apple juice. He was a crooner, with a melodic voice that was very distinguishable. Martin had requested to work with Marilyn Monroe on Something's Got to Give in 1962. Monroe passed away during production and the movie was never completed.", "Dean Martin - Airport (1970) DVD 4630; Marriage on the Rocks (1965) DVD X1495; Kiss me, stupid (1964) DVD 1762; 4 for Texas (1963) DVD 7901; Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) DVD 7900; Ocean's 11 (1960) DVD 7899; Bells Are Ringing (1960) DVD 3648; Rio Bravo (1959) DVD 4270; vhs 999:515; Some Came Running (1958) DVD X1494; vhs 999:3716", "He and Jerry Lewis were partners in the immensely popular comedy team Martin and Lewis. He was a member of the \"Rat Pack\" and a star in concert stage/nightclubs, recordings, motion pictures, and television. He was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show (1965–1974) and The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast (1974–1985).", "Was a regular on the \"Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts\". He was even a guest of honor in 1978.", "After his stage success, the actor performed occasionally on television and played featured roles in several other movies. In all he appeared in 40 Broadway plays and more than 100 films. Among his most recent movies were A Boy Ten Feet Tall, Cheyenne Autumn, The Cincinnati Kid and Sammy Going South. It was while making this picture in 1964 that he suffered a mild heart attack." ]

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[ "Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy, is shot to death by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner.", "At 12:20 p.m., in the basement of the Dallas police station, Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy, is shot to death by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner.", "On Sunday morning, November 24, 1963 (just two days after JFK’s assassination), Oswald was in the process of being moved from the Dallas Police Headquarters to the county jail. At 11:21 a.m., as Oswald was being led through the basement of police headquarters for the transfer, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald in front of live television news cameras.", "On this day in 1963, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald, President John F. Kennedy's accused assassin, in a Dallas police station.   Television network cameras were present, broadcasting live.   To those of us watching, it seemed that the World was coming undone.   First, the shock of JFK�s assassination, and now this.   Ruby was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death.   He appealed the conviction and sentence, but died of cancer before a new trial was held.", "On November 24th in the basement of the Dallas police station, Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy, is shot to death by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner. Oswald was brought to the basement of the station on his way to a more secure country jail. A crowd of police and press with live television cameras had gathered to witness and broadcast his departure. As Oswald came into the room, Jack Ruby emerged from the crowd and fatally wounded him with a single shot from a concealed revolver as television cameras and thus the world witnessed the murder live.", "Jack Ruby shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald, accused assassin of president John F. Kennedy, on 24 November 1963. Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner with several minor arrests on his police record, fired his handgun as Oswald was being transferred in the basement garage of Dallas police headquarters; the killing was broadcast on live TV. Ruby was arrested, tried, and sent to prison; he died there of cancer in 1967.", "Lee Harvey Oswald, suspected assassin of President John F. Kennedy, grimaces as he is shot to death at point-blank range by nightclub owner Jack Ruby.", "The moment: Nightclub owner Jack Ruby (in the hat at right) shot and killed Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald when he was being transferred from the Dallas police station to a nearby jail two days after killing the president", "Although his suspected murderer, Lee Harvey Oswald was captured, Oswald himself was murdered by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters two days after JFK’s death. Ruby claimed he killed Oswald because he was distraught over JFK’s death, but because Oswald never had a trial, many questions surrounding JFK’s murder were left unanswered.", "On the national level, Texans have been influential since the 1930s, notably through such congressional leaders as US House Speaker Sam Rayburn and Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson, elected vice president under John F. Kennedy, was riding in the motorcade with the president when Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on 22 November 1963. The city attained further national notoriety when Kennedy's alleged killer, Lee Harvey Oswald, was shot to death by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub operator, two days later. Johnson served out the remainder of Kennedy's term, was elected to the presidency by a landslide in 1964, and presided over one of the stormiest periods in US history before retiring to his LBJ ranch in 1969. Memorials to him include the Lyndon B. Johnson Library at Austin and Johnson Space Center, headquarters for the US manned spaceflight program, near Houston.", "Many proponents of this conspiracy theory point to Jack Ruby, the Dallas nightclub owner with known mafia connections, who killed Lee Harvey Oswald two days after his arrest.", "Two days after Oswald was arrested, on Sunday, Nov. 24, 1963, at 11:21 a.m. Central Time, Jacob Rubenstein, known as Jack Ruby , a Dallas nightclub/strip club operator and a person who had a significant number of direct/indirect contacts with underworld figures, broke past police lines and shot Oswald in the abdomen with a .38 revolver as Oswald was being transferred from Dallas police headquarters to a county jail. Oswald was pronounced dead from the gunshot wound about an hour later at Parkland Hospital, the same hospital that attempted to save President Kennedy’s life two days earlier.", "24 Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of Kennedy, shot dead by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas, 1963.", "Dallas officials on Friday will memorialize the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination with bagpipes and drums, speeches, hymns, prayers and a moment of silence at 12:30 p.m., the moment a rifle bullet killed Kennedy as he rode in an open-air motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963. Police later arrested Oswald, accusing him of firing the fatal shot from a sixth-story window of the nearby Texas School Book Depository. Two days later, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald as police transferred him to another jail.", "Birth of Jack Ruby, American nightclub owner who shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald 2 days after the latter was arrested for the assassination of President Kennedy", "President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time on November 22, 1963 , while on a political trip to Texas. He was shot twice in the neck and head, and was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested at a movie theatre at about 1:50 p.m. He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a patsy, and was killed by Jack Ruby on November 24, before he could be indicted or tried.", "On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was mortally wounded while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. His apparent assassin , Lee Harvey Oswald , was killed by Jack Ruby before standing trial. The Warren Commission was called to investigate Kennedy's death and found that Oswald had acted alone to kill Kennedy. Many argued, however, that there was more than one gunman, a theory upheld by a 1979 House Committee investigation . The FBI and a 1982 study disagreed. Speculation continues to this day.", "On November 24, Oswald was brought to the basement of the Dallas police headquarters on his way to a more secure county jail. A crowd of police and press with live television cameras rolling gathered to witness his departure. As Oswald came into the room, Jack Ruby emerged from the crowd and fatally wounded him with a single shot from a concealed .38 revolver. Ruby, who was immediately detained, claimed that rage at Kennedy’s murder was the motive for his action. Some called him a hero, but he was nonetheless charged with first-degree murder.", "Jack Ruby, originally known as Jacob Rubenstein, operated strip joints and dance halls in Dallas and had minor connections to organized crime. He also had a relationship with a number of Dallas policemen, which amounted to various favors in exchange for leniency in their monitoring of his establishments. He features prominently in Kennedy-assassination theories, and many believe he killed Oswald to keep him from revealing a larger conspiracy. In his trial, Ruby denied the allegation and pleaded innocent on the grounds that his great grief over Kennedy’s murder had caused him to suffer “psychomotor epilepsy” and shoot Oswald unconsciously. The jury found him guilty of the “murder with malice” of Oswald and sentenced him to die.", "On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. The upper two floors of the building from which alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy, the Texas School Book Depository, have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments.", "On November 21, 1963 Jack O’ Halloran come to Dallas the day before John F. Kennedy was killed, to try out for the Dallas Cowboys which was owned by Clint Murchison. That night the coach took him to a party at the Murchison ranch and the honored guest was J. Edgar Hover the head of the FBI. While there he had an interesting encounter with some very rich and powerful people who were all in town for this occasion. Several New York Bankers were there like John J McCloy, the Rockefellers, and their adviser", "On November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was slain by an assassin. Arrested and charged with the murder was Lee Harvey Oswald, who himself was shot a few days later while in police custody.", "President Kennedy was assassinated on 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas. According to the Warren Commission established to investigate the assassination, a lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, killed the president, but there has been consistent speculation ever since that Kennedy's death was the result of a conspiracy.", "On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy flew to Dallas, Texas for a campaign appearance. The next day, November 22, Kennedy, along with his wife and Texas governor John Connally, rode through cheering crowds in downtown Dallas in a Lincoln Continental convertible. From an upstairs window of the Texas School Book Depository building, a 24-year-old warehouse worker named Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine with Soviet sympathies, fired upon the car, hitting the president twice. Kennedy died at Parkland Memorial Hospital shortly thereafter, at the age of 46.", "Less than an hour after Kennedy was shot, Oswald, a former Marine who had recently started working at the Texas School Book Depository Building, killed a policeman who questioned him on the street near his Dallas rooming house. Thirty minutes later, Oswald was arrested in a movie theater by police responding to reports of a suspect. Oswald was formally arraigned on November 23 for the murders of Kennedy and Officer J.D. Tippit.", "On November 22, 1963, President John Kennedy was shot and killed while traveling in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas.", "On 22nd November, 1963, President John F. Kennedy arrived in Dallas. It was decided that Kennedy and his party, including his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy , Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , Governor John Connally and Senator Ralph Yarborough , would travel in a procession of cars through the business district of Dallas. A pilot car and several motorcycles rode ahead of the presidential limousine. As well as Kennedy the limousine included his wife, John Connally, his wife Nellie, Roy Kellerman, head of the Secret Service at the White House and the driver, William Greer. The next car carried eight Secret Service Agents. This was followed by a car containing Lyndon Johnson and Ralph Yarborough.", "President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas , at 12:30 p.m. CST on November 22 , 1963 , while on a political trip through Texas . He was struck by at least two bullets. Texas Governor John Connally , seated ahead of Kennedy, was also struck by a bullet, but survived.", "U.S. President John F. Kennedy is shot to death in Dallas. Texas Governor John B. Connally is also seriously wounded and Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson takes over as the 36th President", "On Nov. 22, 1963, while on a campaign trip to Dallas, President Kennedy was shot and killed.", "Kennedy was fatally shot on Nov. 22, 1963, in Dallas while riding in a presidential motorcade with the first lady, Texas Gov. John Connally and Connally's wife Nellie through Dealey Plaza.", "John F Kennedy’s tour of Dallas began on 20th November 1963. He had chosen to visit the Texas state to help raise funds for his Democratic Party presidential campaign for the upcoming 1964 election." ]

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[ "On June 25th 2009 Michael Jackson died suddenly of a reported cardiac arrest. He was 50 years old.", "Michael Jackson was preparing for a worldwide comeback tour when he died in June 2009 at age 50.", "Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, in Los Angeles, California, just weeks before a planned concert tour billed as his “comeback.” He was 50 years old.", "Michael Jackson died on Thursday at age 50 after being rushed from his Los Angeles home to UCLA Medical Centre.", "Michael Jackson - the self-proclaimed \"King Of Pop\" who sold millions of records while collecting 13 Grammy Awards and the hearts of adoring fans around the world, died June 25th, 2009 at the age of 50", "2009 - Michael Jackson, American recording artist, entertainer and King of Pop music (The Jackson 5, Thriller, Dangerous) dies of cardiac arrest aged 50", "284. ^ Barnes, Brokes (June 25, 2009). \"A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50\". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries. Retrieved July 12, 2009.", "Death certificate amended by coroner after police investigation By DAILY MAIL REPORTER Last updated at 4:27 PM Michael Jackson’s death has been officially ruled as murder, it was revealed today. The cause of death on the 50-year-old’s death certificate has been amended to ‘homicide’ after months of speculation. According to the document the King of Pop died from ‘acute Propofol intoxication’ due to an ‘intravenous injection from another’.", "Today marks the fifth anniversary of Michael Jackson‘s death, and no one mourns him more than his family. Sister La Toya Jackson gave an exclusive statement to ABC News about her late brother, who died June 25, 2009, at age 50: “5 Years ago today we...", "Michael Joseph Jackson(August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and businessman. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.", "At the age of 79, Gordy spoke at the memorial service for Michael Jackson in Los Angeles, on July 7, 2009. He suggested that \"The King of Pop\" was perhaps not the best description for Jackson in light of his achievements, referring to him instead as \"the greatest entertainer that ever lived.\\", "Michael Jackson (singer/songwriter) -- Dead. Cardiac arrest due to a combination of prescribed drugs including propofol (his doctor was later convicted of involuntary manslaughter). Died June 25, 2009. Born August 29, 1958. Wildly eccentric performer, youngest member of the Jackson 5, major pop icon of the '80s (\"Thriller\", \"Billie Jean\"), married briefly to Lisa Marie Presley, taken to court several times on child molestation charges (acquitted multiple times), died three days before and at the same age as Billy Mays .  ", "Micheal Jackson, The king of pop died on June 25 2009. The official cause of death was Propofol intoxication and a massive cardiac arrest. However his toxicology reports showed multiple drugs in his system at the time of his death. Reuters", "Singer George Michael , who shot to fame with the '80s band Wham!, died on Christmas Day, according to Britain's Press Association. He was 53 years old.", "Michael Jackson, also known as the King of Pop, died on June 25 2009, following cardiac arrest", "On April 9, 1984, through the auspices of the \"Brass Ring Society\", an organization which fulfills the wishes of terminally ill children, he welcomes 14-year-old David Smithee to his mansion, the boy suffering from cystic fibrosis, as a result, granting his last wish. During the afternoon visit at Jackson's Encino, California home, the boy watches a movie with Jackson in his home theater, plays video games and learns how to moonwalk from the star. Of the video games, David later tells a Tulsa Tribune reporter, \"I played two games with him and beat him both times.” The visit was topped off with Jackson giving David the red leather jacket he had worn in the \"Beat It\" video and a beaded glove he had worn to the American Music Awards, where he collected eight awards. 7 weeks after, however, Smithee unhappily passes away. Michael Jackson will remember the boy by dedicating the Jacksons' 'Victory' album in his honor.", "On April 9, 1984, through the auspices of the \"Brass Ring Society\", an organization which fulfills the wishes of terminally ill children, he welcomes 14-year-old David Smithee to his mansion, the boy suffering from cystic fibrosis, as a result, granting his last wish. During the afternoon visit at Jackson's Encino, California home, the boy watches a movie with Jackson in his home theater, plays video games and learns how to moonwalk from the star. Of the video games, David later tells a Tulsa Tribune reporter, \"I played two games with him and beat him both times.” The visit was topped off with Jackson giving David the red leather jacket he had worn in the \"Beat It\" video and a beaded glove he had worn to the American Music Awards, where he collected eight awards. 7 weeks after, however, Smithee unhappily passes away. Michael Jackson will remember the boy by dedicating the Jacksons' 'Victory' album in his honor.", "It was the death that nearly shut down the Internet.  On June 25th, 2009, what sounded like another weird rumor spread like wildfire through Facebook and Twitter. When it turned out to be true, the world was left with nothing but questions, and a loss as to how to answer them. Michael Jackson was dead after a collapse at his home. Jackson seemed, in many ways, like an eternal child. It was hard for some to imagine him as an adult at all, much less one who could die. The fact that he could and did was so huge, news programs that lead off with Fawcett’s death earlier in the day actually switched to the news of Jackson’s death later on.", "The African American artist, dancer and songwriter Michael Jackson (1958-2009) was a star in the music business from he was a child. His 1982 album Thriller became the best-selling album of all time. With the highly influential video for his song Thriller he made the genre of “music videos,” short films to illustrate a piece of music, generally popular. However, from the 1990s onwards, Jackson’s personal life was mired by scandals, with repeated though unproven accusations of child sexual abuse. His increasingly bizarre personal life, extreme spending habits and seeming addiction to plastic surgery made him a symbol of some of the most decadent and self-destructive sides of Western popular culture and celebrity cultus.", "The Death of the King of Pop Michael Jackson ( June 25th ) brings worldwide outpourings of grief, he is the most successful entertainer of all time. His career began in 1964 as the lead singer and youngest member of The Jackson 5. His 1982 album Thriller remains the best-selling album of all time. His personal life led to much critisism including over his ever changing appearance including his nose, and skin color, allegations of child sexual abuse for which he was tried and acquitted in 2005. A public memorial service is held for musician Michael Jackson at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. His death is still under investigation and possible charges against his former Doctor will come in 2010. After more than 12 months questions over his life and death generate considerable public interest", "Aspects of Jackson’s personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In the mid-1990s, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court for about $25 million and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his comeback concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician Conrad Murray was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson’s death triggered a global outpouring of grief and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world.", "Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationshipsand behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury ruled him not guilty on all counts. Amidst the preparations for the concert series This Is It, Jackson died on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. Before his death, Jackson had reportedly been administered drugs such as propofol and lorazepam. The Los Angeles County Coroner declared his death a homicide, and his personal physician pleaded not guilty to charges of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as a billion people around the world may have watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a US$250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.", "Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury ruled him not guilty on all counts. Amidst the preparations for the concert series This Is It, Jackson died on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. Before his death, Jackson had reportedly been administered drugs such as propofol and lorazepam. The Los Angeles County Coroner declared his death a homicide, and his personal physician pleaded not guilty to charges of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as a billion people around the world may have watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a US$250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.", "pop, rock and soul.\" President George H. W. Bush presented him with The White House's special \"Artist of the Decade.\" From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single \"Man in the Mirror\" went to charity. Jackson's live rendition of \"You Were There\" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination. It was also around this time that Michael struck up a friendship with child actor Macaulay Culkin, a friendship that would last until his death.", "\"King of Pop\" whose career began at 11 as lead singer for the Jackson 5, the singing group he formed with his brothers out of Gary, Ind., and peaked in the 1980s, when he was popular music's premier all-around performer. He was lauded for shattering the race barrier on MTV, pioneering epic music videos, dominating the charts and dazzling onstage with such moves as his backward-gliding \"moonwalk.\" His 1982 Thriller album -- which included the blockbuster hits Beat It, Billie Jean and Thriller -- is the best-selling album of all time, with an estimated 50 million copies sold worldwide. As years went by, Jackson became an increasingly freakish figure -- his skin became lighter, his nose narrower, and he spoke breathily. Homicide, June 25.", "In the U.S., Jackson broke three chart records on the first Billboard issue date that followed his death. The entire top nine positions on Billboards Top Pop Catalog Albums featured titles related to him. By the third week it would be the entire top 12 positions. Number Ones was the best-selling album of the week and topped the catalog chart with sales of 108,000, an increase of 2,340 percent. The Essential Michael Jackson (2) and Thriller (3) also sold over 100,000 units. The other titles on the chart are Off the Wall (4), Jackson Five's Ultimate Collection (5), Bad (6), Dangerous (7), HIStory: Past, Present and Future – Volume 1 (8) and Jackson's Ultimate Collection (9). Collectively, his solo albums sold 422,000 copies in the week following his death, 800,000 copies in the first full week, and 1.1 million copies in the following week of his memorial service. He also broke a record on the Top Digital Albums chart, with six of the top 10 slots, including the entire top four. On the Hot Digital Songs chart he placed a record of 25 songs on the 75-position list. In the U.S., Jackson became the first artist to sell over one million downloads in a week, with 2.6 million sales. ", "13 - by Michael Jackson. The week after he died (the chart w/e 11th July 2009), he held positions 2, 10, 12, 13, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40 with \"Man In The Mirror\", \"Billie Jean\", \"Thriller\", \"Smooth Criminal\", \"Beat It\", \"Black Or White\", \"Dirty Diana\", \"They Don't Care About Us\", \"Earth Song\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"You Are Not Alone\", \"Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough\", \"Bad\".", "The actor's son, Miko, was Jackson's bodyguard and assistant for several years, and was a friend of the singer. He stated, \"The last time my father left his house to go anywhere, to spend any kind of time ... was with Michael Jackson. He loved it ... He had a 24-hour chef, 24-hour security, 24-hour help, 24-hour kitchen, 24-hour maid service.\" \"Michael was instrumental helping my father through the last few years of his life. For that I will always be indebted to him. Dad had a hard time breathing in his final days, and he was on oxygen much of the time. He loved the outdoors, so Michael would invite him over to Neverland. Dad could name all the trees there, and the flowers, but being on oxygen it was hard for him to get around and see them all, it's such a big place. So Michael got Dad a golf cart with a portable oxygen tank so he could go around and enjoy Neverland. They'd just drive around—Michael Jackson, Marlon Brando, with an oxygen tank in a golf cart.\" ", "Michael Jackson had certainly proved himself to be the greatest entertainer of the 1980’s and the biggest selling artist of all time. He’d had the two biggest tours of the 1980’s and the two biggest selling albums in the history of music. He had also broken six world records, which he still holds today: Most Successful Music Video for “Thriller”, The Biggest Selling Album of all Time for “Thriller”, Most Weeks at the Top of the US Albums Chart for “Thriller”, Highest Paid Entertainer of All Time, First Entertainer to Earn More Than 100 million Dollars in a Year and Largest Ever Endorsement for Product Promotion.", "SEAN HANNITY, HOST: Now Michael Jackson passed away just weeks ago and already there's a swarm of controversy surrounding his death. Was it suicide? Was it accidental? Was it intentional? Or was it something much worse? Was it murder?", "In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million; a record breaking deal at the time, displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[67] Jackson released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous has shipped 7 million copies in the U.S. and has sold 32 million copies worldwide; it is the most successful new jack swing album of all time.[25][74][75] In the US, the album's first single \"Black or White\" was the album's biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[76] The album's second single \"Remember the Time\" spent eight weeks in the top five in the US, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[12] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Awards in a wheelchair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[77] In the UK and other parts of Europe, \"Heal the World\" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[12]", "In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million; a record breaking deal at the time, displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[65] Jackson released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous has shipped 7 million copies in the US and has sold 32 million copies worldwide; it is the most successful new jack swing album of all time.[25][72][73] In the US, the album's first single \"Black or White\" was the album's biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[74] The album's second single \"Remember the Time\" spent eight weeks in the top five in the US, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[75] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Awards in a wheelchair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[76] In the UK and other parts of Europe, \"Heal the World\" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[75]" ]

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[ "At the top of the list among Houston’s best sports stadiums is Reliant Stadium, part of Reliant Park and home of the Houston Texans NFL team and the Houston rodeo. This unique indoor/outdoor stadium features 97,000-square-feet of natural grass playing surface and a state-of-the-art retractable roof. A variety of special events, concerts and exhibits are offered here in addition to football games and rodeo events. The stadium features four large concourse levels, as well as 200 suites. In total, the building spans 1.9 million square feet and can host up to 71,500 spectators.", "NRG Stadium will host Super Bowl 51 bringing the biggest game of the NFL season back to Texas for the 4th time in Super Bowl history. Formerly known as Reliant Stadium, NRG Stadium has been home to the NFL franchise Houston Texans since opening in 2002. Touted as one of the more modern stadiums in the NFL, NRG Stadium also plays host to some of the countries most recognizable events including the Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo, the 2011 Men's Final Four, WrestleMania XXV, multiple CONCACAF Gold Cup matches, and some of the worlds most talented musicians. With a max football capacity of more than 70,000 fans, NRG Stadium offers a prime location for one of the largest events in football as Super Bowl 51 takes the excitement to Houston.", "The Houston Texans have played their home games at NRG Stadium (formerly Reliant Stadium) since their inception in 2002. The annual calendar consists of 8 regular season and 2 pre-season games, plus any playoff games the Texans host. The first game played was on August 24, 2002, in front of 69,432 in attendance as the Texans hosted the Miami Dolphins in their first preseason game. The first regular season game was played on September 8 of that year, where the expansion Texans defeated the Dallas Cowboys 19–10 in front of 69,604. The first Monday Night Football game in Texans history was held on December 1, 2008 at Reliant Stadium. Playing in front of a then franchise-record crowd of 70,809, the Texans defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 30–17. Since then that record crowd has been broken in the next 2 Texans home games of that season. Their December 7 home game against the Tennessee Titans saw a then record-crowd of 70,831 and the December 28 home finale against the Chicago Bears drew then a current franchise-crowd record of 70,838. That record was broken on November 23, 2009, when a record crowd of 71,153 were in attendance during the Texans second ever Monday Night Football game against Houston's former NFL team, the Tennessee Titans. The Texans home finale of the 2009 season against the New England Patriots on January 3, 2010 drew 71,029.", "Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2003 season. The Patriots defeated the Panthers by the score of 32–29, winning their second Super Bowl championship in three years. The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas, on February 1, 2004. At the time, this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers. ", "Reliant Stadium hosted Super Bowl XXXVIII on February 1, 2004 where the New England Patriots defeated the Carolina Panthers, 32–29 in front of 71,525 in attendance.", "Super Bowl 51 will be the second Super Bowl held at NRG Stadium. The last time the Super Bowl was at NRG Stadium, formerly Reliant Stadium, was in 2004 for Super Bowl XXXVIII where the New England Patriots defeated the Carolina Panthers.", "Photo: Place kicker Adam Vinatieri (4) of the New England Patriots kicks the game winning 41 yard field goal against the Carolina Panthers during Super Bowl XXXVIII at Reliant Stadium on February 1, 2004 in Houston, Texas.", "On May 25, 2005, NFL owners met in Washington, D.C. to select the host site for Super Bowl XLIII . During the balloting, Raymond James Stadium defeated the Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ), Reliant Stadium ( Houston ), and Dolphins Stadium ( Miami Gardens ).", "Previously the Houston Astrodome, Reliant Stadium features the largest HD video/scoreboard in pro sports in 2013. Two 52 feet high and 277 feet wide video boards replaced the existing one during this offseason. One of the most notable aspects of the design is the unique operable fabric roof.", "An underrated facility, Reliant Stadium has two different playing surfaces — both natural and artificial. The massive $352 million building was the first NFL stadium with a retractable roof and hosted Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. It will host the Super Bowl again in 2017. The construction and design of the building, both the interior and exterior, is open and transparent, giving it a unique combination of intimacy and expanse. The crowd is loud and passionate and, frankly, how many NFL stadiums are undefeated in the playoffs?", "In the NFL, teams with a shade of the color red as the primary color of either the team's dark \"home\" jersey (or an alternate thereof) or its \"throwback\" jersey include the Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Houston Texans, Kansas City Chiefs, New England Patriots, San Francisco 49ers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Washington Redskins.", "Today, two of the NFL's eight divisions are composed entirely of former AFL teams, the AFC West ( Broncos , Chargers , Chiefs , and Raiders ) and the AFC East ( Bills , Dolphins , Jets , and Patriots ). Additionally, the Bengals now play in the AFC North and the Tennessee Titans (formerly the Oilers) play in the AFC South .", "The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville, Tennessee. The Titans compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) South division. Previously known as the Houston Oilers, the team began play in 1960 in Houston, Texas, as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). The Oilers won the first two AFL Championships, and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.", "Each NFL club is granted a franchise, the league's authorization for the team to operate in its home city. This franchise covers 'Home Territory' (the 75 miles surrounding the city limits, or, if the team is within 100 miles of another league city, half the distance between the two cities) and 'Home Marketing Area' (Home Territory plus the rest of the state the club operates in, as well as the area the team operates its training camp in for the duration of the camp). Each NFL member has the exclusive right to host professional football games inside its Home Territory and the exclusive right to advertise, promote, and host events in its Home Marketing Area. There are several exceptions to this rule, mostly relating to teams with close proximity to each other: the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders only have exclusive rights in their cities and share rights outside of it; and teams that operate in the same city (e.g. New York Giants and New York Jets) or the same state (e.g. California, Florida, and Texas) share the rights to the city's Home Territory and the state's Home Marketing Area, respectively. ", "Franchise moves became far more controversial in the late 20th century when a vastly more popular NFL, free from financial instability, allowed many franchises to abandon long-held strongholds for perceived financially greener pastures. While owners invariably cited financial difficulties as the primary factor in such moves, many fans bitterly disputed these contentions, especially in Cleveland (the Rams and the Browns), Baltimore (the Colts), Houston (the Oilers) and St. Louis (the Cardinals), each of which eventually received teams some years after their original franchises left (the Browns, Ravens, Texans and the Rams respectively). However, Los Angeles, the second-largest media market in the United States, has not had an NFL team since 1994 after both the Raiders and the Rams relocated elsewhere.", "The Steelers became the first AFC club, and only the third franchise overall, to wear white jerseys despite being the \"home\" team. The first two clubs, the Cowboys (Super Bowls XIII and XXVII) and the Redskins (Super Bowl XVII), traditionally wore white at home. The Denver Broncos would later become the second AFC team and fourth club overall to wear white jerseys in a Super Bowl despite being the home team in Super Bowl 50. Bill Cowher stated that the Steelers were playing in Detroit, not Pittsburgh, and therefore it was not a \"home\" game (although 10 years earlier Cowher's Steelers did wear their black home jerseys as the designated \"home\" team in Super Bowl XXX at Tempe, Arizona away from Pittsburgh, where they had won both their playoff games to reach that Super Bowl). Having been the Cowboys' opponent in Super Bowl XIII, Pittsburgh also became the first team to have worn white jerseys for a \"home\" Super Bowl and colored jerseys for an \"away\" one.", "Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco celebrates as the Ravens defeat the San Francisco 49ers to win the NFL Super Bowl XLVII football game in New Orleans, Louisiana, February 3, 2013.", "The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team. They are currently members of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). In 2006, the club began playing all home games at the newly constructed University of Phoenix Stadium in the northwestern suburb of Glendale, although the team's training facility is in Tempe, an eastern suburb. The team has used cardinal red jerseys since 1898. For most of their history, the Cardinals have used the same basic uniform design of white helmets, white pants with red stripes on the sides, and either red or white jerseys. Due to Phoenix's high temperature and strong sunshine in early September, most of the team's home openers in Arizona were held, at earliest, in week three.", "The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. ", "Super Bowl XXXIII was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Atlanta Falcons to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1998 season. The Broncos defeated the Falcons by the score of 34–19, winning their second consecutive Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1999, at Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida.", "In –2009, the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to defeat an opponent three times in a single season using three different uniforms. They defeated the Baltimore Ravens in Pittsburgh in Week 4 in their third jerseys, again Week 15 in Baltimore in their road whites, and a final time in the AFC Championship in Pittsburgh in their home black jerseys.", "San Francisco 49ers, 37.403 -121.97 31 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara , California — Based in the Bay Area , the 'Niners are among the most successful teams in the NFL, with a string of Super Bowl victories in the 1980s. Before losing to the Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII, they had five Super Bowl wins with no losses, the longest streak of unbeaten appearances in the Super Bowl to date. The team moved out of San Francisco proper in 2014 to play in what was then the newest stadium in the NFL.", "After the 1994 NFL season, the Rams left California and moved east to St. Louis, Missouri. Five seasons after relocating, the team won Super Bowl XXXIV in a 23–16 victory over the Tennessee Titans. The Rams continued to play in the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis until the end of the 2015 NFL season, when the team filed notice with the NFL of its intent to pursue a relocation back to Los Angeles. At an owners' meeting in January 2016, the move was approved by a 30–2 margin, and the Rams announced their intent to return to the city for the 2016 NFL season. ", "Los Angeles has not had an NFL team since the Rams and Raiders departed for St. Louis and Oakland, respectively, in 1995. The Chargers have a year-to-year lease with the city for Qualcomm Stadium. The agreement permits the team to terminate the lease at any time between Feb. 1 and May 1 of each calendar year.", "Tennessee Titans, 36.166389 -86.771389 12 Nissan Stadium, Nashville — Formerly the Houston Oilers, they were the last team to have relocated prior to the Rams' move back to LA. The Titans have made it to the Super Bowl once since playing in Tennessee, famously losing one yard short of overtime in 2000 against the St. Louis Rams.", "February 3, 2013 - Super Bowl XLVII (47) is played in New Orleans at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The Baltimore Ravens defeat the San Francisco 49ers 34-31. Beyonce is the half-time performer. A power failure at the Super Dome halts the game, and leaves half of the stadium in the dark for 34 minutes.", "Baltimore Ravens . The city's National Football League team. They play their games at M&T Bank Stadium. ", "For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium. The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first-ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game. The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in , with the exception of two replacement games during the strike (but both were sold out before the strike).", "The team enjoys a fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation and currently play their home games in Heinz Field on Pittsburgh’s North Side, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons. Prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field.", "The RCA Dome, former home of the Indianapolis Colts when they moved there from Baltimore Maryland in the middle of the night, was known as the \"Hoosier Dome\" before RCA purchased the naming rights in 1994. The RCA Dome was replaced by Lucas Oil Stadium in 2008.", "Bank of America Stadium in downtown Charlotte, NC, is home to the Carolina Panthers. Formerly known as Carolinas Stadium and Ericsson Stadium, the 73,500-seat football stadium was named Bank of America Stadium in 2004. For that reason, many fans now call the stadium “The Vault,” or “The Bank.” Photo by SchoolBus159.", "While Qualcomm Stadium has certainly rocked at times over the years, it has also seemed like a neutral site for a number of games. This is especially true when AFC West rivals come to town—most notably the Oakland Raiders." ]

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[ "On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. ", "November 24, 1859 - Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was first published, theorizing that all the living creatures descended from a common ancestor.", "Charles Darwin’s seminal work, On the Origin of Species, was published on 150 years ago this week, November 24, 1859. You can read the first edition online here . The National Science Foundation has an amazing special report which you can access by clicking here or on the image above.", "The Origin of species, one of the most influential books ever written, was published on 24 November 1859. 1,250 copies of the first edition were printed. (See Freeman 1977, pp. 73ff. ) The number that survive today is not yet known, but the Darwin Census is conducting a detailed survey. At least twenty-three presentation copies of the first edition are known, none signed by Darwin himself. The verso of the front free endpaper of this presentation copy is inscribed ' From the Author ' by a clerk at the publisher John Murray. The recto is inscribed ' F Darwin Cambridge '. The upper right corner of the title page is marked with Darwin family shelf-marks in pencil. The number '92' corresponds to the number given in the 'Catalogue of the Library of Charles Darwin' DAR240 , which demonstrates that this copy originally belonged to Charles Darwin.", "Item Description: Bantam Classics, 1999. Book Condition: New. Brand New, Unread Copy in Perfect Condition. A+ Customer Service! Summary: The publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species in 1859 marked a dramatic turning point in scientific thought. The volume had taken Darwin more than twenty years to publish, in part because he envisioned the storm of controversy it was certain to unleash. Indeed, selling out its first edition on its first day, The Origin of Species revolutionized science, philosophy, and theology. Darwin's reasoned, documented arguments carefully advance his theory of natural selection and his assertion that species were not created all at once by a divine hand but started with a few simple forms that mutated and adapted over time. Whether commenting on his own poor health, discussing his experiments to test instinct in bees, or relating a conversation about a South American burrowing rodent, Darwin's monumental achievement is surprisingly personal and delightfully readable. Its profound ideas remain controversial even today, making it the most influential book in the natural sciences ever writtenan important work not just to its time but to the history of humankind. Bookseller Inventory # ABE_book_new_0553214632", "Item Description: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc, United States, 1999. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Reissue. 173 x 107 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. The publication of Darwin s The Origin of Species in 1859 marked a dramatic turning point in scientific thought. The volume had taken Darwin more than twenty years to publish, in part because he envisioned the storm of controversy it was certain to unleash. Indeed, selling out its first edition on its first day, The Origin of Species revolutionized science, philosophy, and theology. Darwin s reasoned, documented arguments carefully advance his theory of natural selection and his assertion that species were not created all at once by a divine hand but started with a few simple forms that mutated and adapted over time. Whether commenting on his own poor health, discussing his experiments to test instinct in bees, or relating a conversation about a South American burrowing rodent, Darwin s monumental achievement is surprisingly personal and delightfully readable. Its profound ideas remain controversial even today, making it the most influential book in the natural sciences ever written an important work not just to its time but to the history of humankind. Bookseller Inventory # AAS9780553214635", "Item Description: Dover Publications Inc., United States, 2006. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 204 x 130 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. The Origin is one of the most important books ever published, and a knowledge of it should be a part of the intellectual equipment of every educated person. . . . The book will endure in future ages so long as a knowledge of science persists among mankind. Nature It took Charles Darwin more than twenty years to publish this book, in part because he realized that it would ignite a firestorm of controversy. On the Origin of Species first appeared in 1859, and it remains a continuing source of conflict to this day. Even among those who reject its ideas, however, the work s impact is undeniable. In science, philosophy, and theology, this is a book that changed the world. In addition to its status as the focus of a dramatic turning point in scientific thought, On the Origin of Species stands as a remarkably readable study. Carefully reasoned and well-documented in its arguments, the work offers coherent views of natural selection, adaptation, the struggle for existence, survival of the fittest, and other concepts that form the foundation of modern evolutionary theory. This volume is a reprint of the critically acclaimed first edition. Bookseller Inventory # AAU9780486450063", "The initial announcement of the theory gained little immediate attention. It was mentioned briefly in a few small reviews, but to most people it seemed much the same as other varieties of evolutionary thought. For the next thirteen months Darwin suffered from ill health and struggled to produce an abstract of his \"big book on species\". Receiving constant encouragement from his scientific friends, Darwin finally finished his abstract and Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. The title was agreed as On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, and when the book went on sale to the trade on 22 November 1859, the stock of 1,250 copies was oversubscribed. At the time \"Evolutionism\" implied creation without divine intervention, and Darwin avoided using the words \"evolution\" or \"evolve\", though the book ends by stating that \"endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.\" The book only briefly alluded to the idea that human beings, too, would evolve in the same way as other organisms. Darwin wrote in deliberate understatement that \"light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.\"", "In 1859, British naturalist Charles Darwin published \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\" in which he postulated his theory of evolution that explained how the diverse of species on Earth evolved from a simple, singled-celled ancestor.", "               In 1859, the year that saw the first edition of Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species, there appeared The Ruba>iyat of ‘Omar Khayyam, the Astronomer Poet of Persia, an anonymous translation of the quatrains of an obscure medieval Persian poet, who was better known as a mathematician. Unlike", "* 1859: Theories of evolution by natural selection and sexual selection set out in On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1809–1882).", "In 1858, after years of further scientific investigation, Darwin publically introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution in a letter read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. On November 24, 1859, he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.", "The publication by his cousin Charles Darwin of The Origin of Species in 1859 was an event that changed Galton's life . He came to be gripped by the work, especially the first chapter on \"Variation under Domestication,\" concerning animal breeding.", "Darwin then began work on what he called an \"abstract\" of the larger manuscript that he had begun two years earlier. This abstract, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, was published on Nov. 24, 1859.", "Charles Darwin returned to England in 1836. In 1839, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and, five days later, married Emma Wedgwood, who bore him 10 children during their long marriage. In 1842, Darwin began drafting his Origin of Species. Darwin's work was not only heavily influenced by Lyell's seminal work, but also by Thomas Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). Origin of Species was ultimately published in 1859. In his Origin of Species, Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism by which all life could have descended from a common ancestor. He described this slow and gradual process as \"descent with modification\". Darwin was forced into publication when he was sent an essay by Alfred Russell Wallace that proposed a theory of evolution identical to his own. He very generously agreed to a joint publication with Wallace, even though Darwin's work was far more substantial and had come about at an earlier date. But Wallace politely declined and published his own book, The Malay Archipelago.", "On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale.[1] Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library.[55] The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860,[56] and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" amended to the closing sentence.", "Item Description: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, United Kingdom, 1999. Paperback. Book Condition: New. New edition. 194 x 126 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book. With an Introduction by Jeff Wallace. A grain in the balance will determine which individual shall live and which shall die. . Darwin s theory of natural selection issued a profound challenge to orthodox thought and belief: no being or species has been specifically created; all are locked into a pitiless struggle for existence, with extinction looming for those not fitted for the task. Yet The Origin of Species (1859) is also a humane and inspirational vision of ecological interrelatedness, revealing the complex mutual interdependencies between animal and plant life, climate and physical environment, and - by implication - within the human world. Written for the general reader, in a style which combines the rigour of science with the subtlety of literature, The Origin of Species remains one of the founding documents of the modern age. Bookseller Inventory # EAS9781853267802", "Darwin, Charles. The origin of species. With an introduction by Julian Huxley. 150th anniversary edition. Signet Classics.*", "‘Darwin immediately abandoned the study of barnacles and began feverishly working on a book, a synthesis of the words of Blyth, Wells, Pritchard, Lawrence, Naudin, and Buffon: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection which he published in November of 1859, almost 18 months after receiving the paper by Wallace.’ 49", "“On The Origin of Species” is published. Darwin, an experienced geologist and secretary of the London Geological Society from 1838 to 1841, devotes a large part of it to geological evidence.", "His 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to The Origin of Species) established evolution by common descent as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, continued his research, and wrote a series of books on plants and animals, including humankind, notably The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.", "A Concordance to Darwin’s Origin of Species, First Edition. Edited by Paul H. Barrett, Donald J. Weinshank, and Timothy T. Gottleber. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.", "The story has often been told of how Lyell and Hooker suggested that Darwin’s years of labour on the species question be acknowledged by publishing jointly with Wallace’s paper part of an early sketch of his theory, along with an abstract of his views sent to Asa Gray in September 1857. The correspondence between Darwin, Lyell, and Hooker in this volume contains all of the extant letters pertaining to the reading of the Darwin–Wallace papers at the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. It also includes an unpublished letter from Wallace to Hooker thanking him and Lyell for ‘their kind offices on this occasion’. The texts of all the relevant published material, including Wallace’s essay, are provided in Appendixes III and IV.", "1861. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. PDF F382", "1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray. 5th ed. Introduction Text Image PDF F387", "Meanwhile, he married and had seven children. He finally published Origin of Species after another scientist began publishing papers with similar ideas. His book laid the groundwork for modern botany, cellular biology, and genetics. He died in 1882.", "1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. Text Image PDF F401 (final text)", "1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. [4th American printing.] Text Image PDF F380", "FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROGRESS OF OPINION ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES PREVIOUSLY TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK", "1858 – Charles Darwin first publishes his theory of evolution in The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, alongside Alfred Russel Wallace’s same theory.", "1873. L'origine des espèces au moyen de la sélection naturelle, ou La lutte pour l'existence dans la nature. Text Image PDF F660", "On 10 July 1802 Robert Chambers, the Scottish naturalist and publisher, was born. Author of ‘Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation’, a pioneering work on the theory of evolution, he was also co-founder, with his brother William, of ‘Chambers Encyclopaedia.’" ]

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[ "Jeanne Phillips (; born 1942), also known as Abigail Van Buren, is an American advice columnist who writes the advice column Dear Abby. She is the daughter of Pauline Esther \"Popo\" Phillips, who founded Dear Abby in 1956, and her husband, Morton Phillips.", "Dear Abby is an advice column founded in 1956 by Pauline Phillips under the pen name \"Abigail Van Buren\" and carried on today by her daughter, Jeanne Phillips, who now owns the legal rights to the pen name.", "Dear Abby is the name of the advice column founded in 1956 by Pauline Phillips under the pen name Abigail Van Buren and carried on today by her daughter, Jeanne Phillips, who now owns the legal rights to the pen name.  Pauline Phillips (7/4, 1918-  ) is an advice columnist and radio show host.  By 2002, when Phillips suffered from the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, her daughter Jeanne had assumed all the writing responsibilities of Dear Abby.  She is the twin sister of the late Eppie Lederer, professionally known as Ann Landers.  Pauline Esther Friedman and her identical twin sister, Esther Pauline Friedman were born in Sioux City, Iowa to Russian Jewish immigrants.  Jeanne Phillips (1942-  ) is a advice columnist who writes the advice column Dear Abby.  Jeanne Phillips' Dear Abby is syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers in the U.S. with a combined circulation of more than 110 million.  Dear Abby's website receives about 10,000 letters per week, seeking advice on a large variety of personal matters.", "Pauline Esther \"Popo\" Phillips (née Friedman; July 4, 1918 – January 16, 2013), also known as Abigail Van Buren, was an American advice columnist and radio show host who began the Dear Abby column in 1956. During her decades writing the column, it became the most widely-syndicated newspaper column in the world, syndicated in 1,400 newspapers with 110 million readers. ", "Jeanne Phillips (born 1942), also known as Abigail Van Buren, is an American advice columnist who writes the advice column Dear Abby. Read Less", "From 1987 until her mother's retirement, her daughter Jeanne had been co-writing the column. In 2002, when Phillips suffered from the onset of Alzheimer's disease, Jeanne assumed all the writing responsibilities of Dear Abby, and after the family's announcement of Pauline's illness, assumed the pen name Abigail Van Buren. ", "FILE - In this Feb. 14, 2001 file photo, Pauline Friedman Phillips, right, the nationally-syndicated advice columnist best known as \"Dear Abby,\" and her daughter Jeanne Phillips, pose after the dedication of a Dear Abby star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles. Phillips, who had Alzheimer’s disease, died Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2013, she was 94. Phillips' column competed for decades with the advice column of Ann Landers, written by her twin sister, Esther Friedman Lederer. Their relationship was stormy in their early adult years, but later they regained the close relationship they had growing up in Sioux City, Iowa. The two columns differed in style. Ann Landers responded to questioners with homey, detailed advice. Abby's replies were often flippant one-liners. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)", "Jeanne Phillips' Dear Abby column is syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers in the U.S. with a combined circulation of more than 110 million. Dear Abbys website receives about 10,000 letters per week, seeking advice on a large variety of personal matters.", " 1955 Ann Landers was a pen name created by Chicago Sun-Times advice columnist Ruth Crowley in 1943 and taken over by Eppie Lederer in 1955.  For 56 years, the Ask Ann Landers syndicated advice column was a regular feature in many newspapers across North America. Due to this popularity, 'Ann Landers', though fictional, became something of a national institution and cultural icon.  Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer (née Friedman) (7/4, 1918 – 6/22, 2002), began writing the 'Ask Ann Landers' column in 1955, soon after the death of its creator, Ruth Crowley.  Lederer not only wrote the column for 47 years, but publicly assumed the 'Ann Landers' name.  She was the twin sister to Pauline Phillips, the woman known for writing the 'Dear Abby' column.  Amy Dickinson (11/6, 1959 -  ) is a newspaper columnist who writes the syndicated advice column, Ask Amy.  Dickinson has appeared as a social commentator on ABC's Good Morning America.   She married a CBS News correspondent, Anthony Mason, in 1986 and divorced in 1990.  Dickinson has worked as a producer for NBC News.  Dickinson succeeds the late Ann Landers as the Chicago Tribune's signature advice columnist.", "She is the daughter of Pauline Esther \"Popo\" Phillips, who founded Dear Abby in 1956, and her husband, Morton Phillips. … Read More", "Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer née Friedman (July 4, 1918 – June 22, 2002), better known by the pen name Ann Landers, was an American advice columnist and eventually a nationwide media celebrity. She began writing the \"Ask Ann Landers\" column in 1955 and continued for 47 years, by which time its readership was 90 million people. A 1978 World Almanac survey named her the most influential woman in the United States. She was the identical twin sister of Pauline Phillips, who wrote the \"Dear Abby\" advice column as Abigail Van Buren.", "Pauline Phillips, known to millions of advice-seekers around the world as the original \"Dear Abby,\" has died. She was 94.", "Pauline Phillips wrote the column herself until 2000, at which time her daughter Jeanne Phillips began officially writing the column with her. Jeanne Phillips became sole author in August 2002, also announcing that her mother had Alzheimer's disease.", "Mrs. Phillips moved to Los Angeles in the 1960s, and later to Minneapolis. Jeanne Phillips had been co-writing the column since 1987. The daughter took over full-time in 2002, when it was revealed that Mrs. Phillips had Alzheimer's.", "Jeanne worked as the writer, while Pauline edited. While Pauline remained at home, Jeanne would manage the office and their paid staff. Mother and daughter were listed as the writers after a December 12, 2000, letter to readers. A photo of the two was affixed to each column. Beginning on July 22, 2002, Jeanne was attributed as the only writer of the column. Kathie Kerr, a spokeswoman for Universal Press Syndicate, the distributor of the column, said: \"Over the past couple of years, Pauline Phillips hasn't had any day-to-day activities with the column.\"<br /><br /> Every day, her column is read by 110 million people and syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers. Every week, she gets from 5,000 to 10,000 letters and emails asking her for advice. Reading and replying to the mail sometimes takes her more than eight hours a day. After crafting a response, Phillips sets it aside. A few days later, she reviews it to ensure that her feelings about the subject remain unchanged. When she is not knowledgeable about a subject, she consults experts from various fields, including \"medical, psychiatric, legal, ethical\", and religious. Phillips noted that the column touches on numerous topics, including \"organ donation, domestic violence, mental health, child safety, volunteerism, civility, alcohol abuse, inhalant abuse... and the dangers of tobacco\". According to Pernell Watson of the Daily Press, Phillips will send an unprinted, confidential reply to readers who send a \"self-addressed, stamped envelope\". Read Less", "The New York Times writes that \"if Damon Runyon and Groucho Marx had gone jointly into the advice business, their column would have read much like Dear Abby's. With her comic and flinty yet fundamentally sympathetic voice, Mrs. Phillips helped wrestle the advice column from its weepy Victorian past into a hard-nosed 20th-century present.\"", "She found fame in 1956 after reading the advice column that ran in the San Francisco Chronicle, and brazenly letting the editors know she could do better: \"They gave her a bunch of letters, thinking that, that they would never see her again — and she immediately took all of the letters to my dad's nearby office and whipped out answers and had answers back the same day. That knocked them off their feet,\" said Eddie Phillips.", "Pauline Phillips wrote under the name Abigail Van Buren. Her column competed for decades with the advice of Ann Landers, written by her twin sister, Esther Friedman Lederer, who died in 2002. Their relationship was stormy in their early adult years, but they later regained the closeness they had growing up in Sioux City, Iowa.", "Phillips admitted that her advice changed over the years. When she started writing the column, she was reluctant to advocate divorce:", "Pauline moved back to her native Minnesota in the early 1960s, where she lives today, and is being treated for Alzheimer's disease. Her daughter, who helped her mother from the early years of the column and publicly took over in 2002, is a Los Angeles resident. But both Abigail Van Burens (their pen name) kept a piece of San Francisco in their hearts.", "Before she became known to the world as \"Dear Abby,\" Pauline Phillips was a 37-year-old stay-at-home mom with a modest attitude.", "Esther Pauline \"Eppie\" Lederer (née Friedman) (July 4, 1918 â June 22, 2002), better known by the pseudonym Ann Landers, was an American advice columnist and eventually a nationwide media celebrity who began her career writing the 'Ask Ann Landers' column in 1955, soon after the death of its creator, Ruth Crowley. Lederer not only wrote the column for 47 years, but publicly assumed the 'Ann Landers' name. As 'Landers', Lederer became a profile-raiser for several medical charities, via both her columns and media appearances. Read Less", "Every day, her column is read by 110 million people and syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers. Every week, she gets from 5,000 to 10,000 letters and emails asking her for advice. Reading and replying to the mail sometimes takes her more than eight hours a day. After crafting a response, Phillips sets it aside. A few days later, she reviews it to ensure that her feelings about the subject remain unchanged. When she is not knowledgeable about a subject, she consults experts from various fields, including \"medical, psychiatric, legal, ethical\", and religious. Phillips noted that the column touches on numerous topics, including \"organ donation, domestic violence, mental health, child safety, volunteerism, civility, alcohol abuse, inhalant abuse ... and the dangers of tobacco\". According to Pernell Watson of the Daily Press, Phillips will send an unprinted, confidential reply to readers who send a \"self-addressed, stamped envelope\".", "From 1963 to 1975, Phillips also hosted a daily Dear Abby program on CBS Radio. TV anchorwoman Diane Sawyer calls her the \"pioneering queen of salty advice.\" ", "According to a 2002 interview, Phillips and her husband have no children. In 2002, the Phillips family revealed that Jeanne's mother, Pauline, had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Tim Johnson, a medical journalist for ABC News, wrote in February 2010 that Pauline resides with her husband, Morton, in Minnetonka, Minnesota and has caregivers. Pauline's son, Eddie, said: ", "1987 45 Years Old Beginning in 1987, she worked with her mother on the nationally syndicated Dear Abby column.", "\"Translated into over twenty languages, Esther Pauline Friedman Lederer, known professionally as Ann Landers, reaches millions of readers with her clear, witty and sometimes sarcastic columns. Her parents, Abraham and Rebecca Friedman, were Russian Jewish immigrants who arrived in the United States in 1908 ... Nicknamed 'Eppie,' Esther Pauline was born only seventeen minutes apart from her twin, Pauline Esther (later known as columnist Abigail Van Buren). The two girls experienced many important events simultaneously, participated in similar activities, and shared the same interests ... By 1959, 'Ann Landers' had already received 1,004 speaking invitations and made 101 appearances in 30 cities, and had visited China. [She was] active in national and local causes, such as the Christmas Seal Campaign of which she was national chair in 1963.\"", "  In the early 1950s Nancy wrote a regular column for the Sunday Times and continued to be in demand as a journalist and reviewer", "If I'd Known Then: Women in Their 20s and 30s Write Letters to Their Younger Selves Edited by Ellyn Spragins Da Capo, 192 pp., $18 Your Personal Renaissance: 12 Steps to Finding Your Life's True Calling By Diane Dreher Da Capo, 288 pp., paperback, $15.95 What Would Audrey Do?: Timeless Lessons for Living With Grace and Style By Pamela Keogh ... (Boston Globe, 6/1/08)", "More often, Hopper was right, a fact that her 35 million readers lived for. In competition with older columnist Louella Parsons, celebrity gossip was a must-read. Bob Hope said: “Their columns were the first thing we looked at every morning to see what was going on.”", "* Jane O'Reilly's article \"The Housewife's Moment of Truth\" was published in the first edition of Ms. Magazine, which appeared as an insert to New York Magazine. The O'Reilly article introduced the idea of \"Click!,\" which O'Reilly described as the following: “The women in the group looked at her, looked at each other, and ... click! A moment of truth. The shock of recognition. Instant sisterhood... Those clicks are coming faster and faster. They were nearly audible last summer, which was a very angry summer for American women. Not redneck-angry from screaming because we are so frustrated and unfulfilled-angry, but clicking-things-into-place-angry, because we have suddenly and shockingly perceived the basic disorder in what has been believed to be the natural order of things.” ", "Anne Josephine Robinson was born in Crosby, the daughter of a market trader mum, and spent two decades as a newspaper reporter and columnist, including on the ECHO, Daily Mail, Sunday Times and Daily Mirror." ]

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