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[ "1963 – The first episode of Doctor Who premiered on BBC television, with William Hartnell in the title role, eventually becoming the longest-running science fiction television show in the world.", "Since its debut on 23 November 1963 on BBC television , the British sci-fi series Doctor Who has thrilled, entertained, and terrified three generations of fans worldwide. It takes place in and established the Whoniverse , which has a very loose and lax continuity , even discounting the Expanded Universe . It is the longest running sci-fi series in the world, bar none -- in fact, the latest three actors to play the title role were all born after it started.", "1963 – Doctor Who  the world’s longest running science fiction drama was first broadcasted on the 23rd November 1963. The first episode starred  William Hartnell .", "\"My name is William Hartnell, and as Doctor Who, I make my debut on Saturday 23rd November at 5.15.\" Doctor Who is the longest-running science fiction TV series in history, airing initially from 1963 to 1989. The series told the story of the Doctor, a mysterious traveller in space and time, whose TARDIS can take him and his companions anywhere in time and space. Inevitably he finds evil at work wherever he goes… The series was postponed indefintely in 1989, but fans of the series would not allow it to die, and a whole cottage industry was created around original novels and audio-only productions. There was an abortive attempt to renew the franchise as a series of telemovies in the U.S., but ratings for the pilot were judged insufficient. In 2003, the BBC announced that, at long last, it would commission a revival of Doctor Who. The series, initially starring Christopher Eccleston as the Doctor, was launched in 2005. You can read about the new series here . Traditionally listed by production, the data on this site has now been amended to TV.com standards and lists each of the 697 broadcast episodes from the original series. I hope that you find the site useful, and that it might act as a springboard to the wider world of Doctor Who appreciation. TheOldBillmoreless", "The longest running science-fiction series in the world, first airing on BBC TV on 23rd November 1963. It takes place in and established the Whoniverse , which has a continuous and constantly adapting story involving many different timelines. It also spawned the truly vast Doctor Who Expanded Universe .", "BBC BROADCASTS FIRST EPISODE OF ‘DOCTOR WHO’, THE LONGEST RUNNING SCI-FI SHOW ON TV – NOVEMBER 23, 1963", "British television science fiction began in 1938 when the broadcast medium was in its infancy with the transmission of a partial adaptation of Karel Čapek's R.U.R.. Despite an occasionally chequered history, popular programmes in the genre have been produced by both the BBC and the largest commercial channel, ITV. Doctor Who is listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world and as the \"most successful\" science fiction series of all time. ", "November 22nd, 1963: The first episode of the British series Doctor Who debuts on the BBC, starring William Hartnell as the titular Doctor.", "Sixties: William Hartnell as Dr Who in 1963. A fan taped seven episodes from the Marco Polo series in 1964 and they are now due to be aired by the BBC", "The programme is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest-running science fiction television series in the world and is also a significant part of British popular culture . It has been recognised for its imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects during its original run and pioneering use of electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop). In Britain and elsewhere, the show has become a cult television favourite on a par with Star Trek and has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. It has received recognition from critics and the public as one of the finest British television programmes, including a BAFTA Award for Best Drama Series in 2006.", "Doctor Who is a British television science-fiction series, produced and screened by the British Broadcasting Corporation on their BBC 1 channel from 1963 to 1989 in its original form, with a new series launched in early 2005. In between the two, there was a one-off television movie co-produced with Universal Pictures and 20th Century Fox Television, screened on the Fox Network in the United States in 1996.", "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien. He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help people in need.", "William Hartnell played the Doctor for three years, a total of 29 stories, which translates into over a hundred individual episodes. The high-point of these first few years was the 12-part serial The Daleks' Masterplan, in which the Daleks tried to take over the galaxy, a member of the Doctor's own mysterious race made an appearance (the monk - played by Peter Butterworth - who had first appeared in an earlier story) and one of the Doctor's own companions was brutally killed 7 .", "*Original Doctor Who actor William Hartnell lived in a house on the island during the 1960s ", "An unabridged reading of this novelisation of a classic 1965 TV serial featuring the First Doctor, as played on TV by William Hartnell. The Tardis materialises on what, at first sight, appears to be a dry and lifeless planet serving only as a graveyard for spaceships. The Doctor, Ian, Barbara and Vicki discover a magnificent museum housing relics from every corner of the galaxy. These have been assembled by the Moroks, a race of cruel conquerors who have invaded the planet Xeros and enslaved its inhabitants.", "The \"Doctor Who\" movie that will premiere on Fox at 8 p.m. Tuesday is just the latest incarnation of a character who first hit television in England in 1963, close to three years before the premiere of the now venerable \"Star Trek.\" Serialized \"Doctor Who\" adventures continued on TV until 1989. There also have been two big-screen movies, several anniversary specials, novelizations, radio plays, video tapes, comic books and books continuing the Doctor's adventures after the TV episodes stopped.", "Not just the longest running TV show in British history, but in fact The Longest Running TV Show in World.", "Some British television programs, particularly those made by or for ITC Entertainment, were shot on color film before the introduction of color television to the UK, for the purpose of sales to U.S. networks. The first British show to be made in color was the drama series The Adventures of Sir Lancelot (1956–57), which was initially made in black and white but later shot in color for sale to the NBC network in the United States. Other British color television programs include Stingray (1964–1965), which was the first British TV show to be filmed entirely in color, Thunderbirds (1965–1966) and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–1968). However, most UK series predominantly made using videotape, such as Doctor Who (1963–89; 2005–present) did not begin color production until later, with the first color Doctor Who episodes not airing until 1970.", "On 2 December 1967 colour TV was officially introduced on BBC2. It is generally considered that the 1960s saw some of the most innovative and imaginative programming in the history of broadcasting in Britain. In the field of drama the BBC introduced The Wednesday Play (BBC, 1964-70) which, like Armchair Theatre was similarly innovative and commissioned a number of controversial and subsequently famous plays. These included Jeremy Sandford's Cathy Come Home (1966), Nell Dunn's Up the Junction (1965) and Dennis Potter's Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton (1965). Peter Watkins' made Culloden (1964) about an important battle in Scottish history and The War Game (1966) about the devastating results of nuclear war was made but not transmitted for 25 years because it was considered too distressing. On the popular TV drama series front one of the most enduringly popular shows was the espionage series The Avengers (ABC, 1961-69). Popular too was the BBC's production of the French novelist George Simenon's Maigret (BBC, 1960-63) and the medical series set in rural Scotland Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC, 1962-71) which STV began as a new series in 1993.", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ______ 1964-____1967 (NBC/MGM/Arena); 105 60-minute episodes; Creators: Norman Felton, Ian Fleming, Sam Rolfe; Theme Music: Jerry Goldsmith; Producers: Sam Rolfe, David Victor, Anthony Spinner; Executive Producer: Norman Felton; Mystery/Detective/Spy/Sci-Fi drama series. The cases of an exceptional pair of secret agents, Napoleon Solo and Illya Kuryakin, working for U.N.C.L.E (United Network Command for Law Enforcement) against the might of international criminal agency THRUSH. See also The Girl From U.N.C.L.E. Starring: ROBERT VAUGHAN as Napoleon Solo; DAVID McCALLUM as Ilya Kuryakin; LEO G. CARROLL as Mr Alexander Waverly.", "\"The Invaders\" was also aired in the UK in the 60's and 70's, and more recently on BBC2 in the early 90's, and then the complete series on channel \"Five\" in 2004 (at around 5am on a Sunday morning). It has seen occasional repeats on the Sci-Fi channel.", "Blue Peter is a British children's television programme created by John Hunter Blair. The first programme was broadcast on 16 October 1958, and the series still airs as of 2015. It is the longest-running children's television programme in the world, and also one of the longest-running television programmes in the world. Blue Peter currently airs weekly on Thursdays in the United Kingdom on CBBC, a digital television channel. Blue Peter is produced in a magazine format, often transmitting live, and features a combination of studio presentation, interviews and outside broadcasting items. There have been thirty-seven official presenters of Blue Peter. ", "The series' first episode opens with a pair of schoolteachers in contemporary (1963) London, Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright, investigating the mystery of Susan, a student who seems confused and even frustrated at how what she is learning in history and especially mathematics seems to be wrong. Following Susan to her supposed home, they discover the TARDIS in a junkyard, surprising both Susan and her grandfather the Doctor, who launches the ship in response to the discovery. Ian and Barbara are involuntarily taken on a journey back to the year 100,000 BC and spend two years adventuring through time and space with the Doctor, who at this point in the series has no control over the navigation systems of the TARDIS.", "Series based on the pioneering March of Time. Old-style British Colonialism is contrasted with newfangled American imperialism in the post-war world of 1945. Presenter is Fred Halliday. Oracle subtitles page 888 EDITOR ROLAND ARMSTRONG PRODUCER VICTORIA VVEGG-PROSSER DIRECTOR ORLY BAT CARMEL Flashback Television in association with SFM Media Corporation", "In 1962 and 1963 a BBC TV series called William was broadcast. The 1962 series starred Dennis Waterman as William. In 1963 he was replaced by Denis Gilmore. It also featured Howard Lever as Robert, Christopher Witty as Ginger, Kaplan Kaye as Henry, Carlo Cura as Douglas and Gillian Gostling as Violet Elizabeth. ", "The first TV series, starring Roger Moore , ran between 1962 and 1969. They made 118 hour long episodes: 71 in black and white and 47 in color. Two of these stories (\"The Fiction Makers\" and \"Vendetta for the Saint\") were two-parters and subsequently were released as films on a limited basis.", "The series was filmed in 1969. The opening credits pictured the actor-comedian Stanley Unwin ‘live’, while the action scenes used a puppet modelled on Unwin and given his face. This was essentially an experimental format for the following live action series with human actors that Anderson was to break into next with his ground-breaking adventure, “UFO”, about a secret Earth-based organisation repelling another invader.", "Produced in France by Serge Danot and shown first on French TV in 1963. When the series arrived in the UK the narration was wittily re-dubbed by Eric Thompson, who also re-wrote the scripts for a British audience.", "    The \"new\" series first aired in the UK on 18 October 1965. The rest is history.", "This series was in b/w. British television stations were still broadcasting in b/w into the 70s.", "Thunderbirds is a mid- 1960s Sylvia and Gerry Anderson television show which used a form of puppetry called \" Supermarionation \". Two seasons were produced, comprising thirty-two episodes in total. Production commenced in 1964 and the series premiered on British television in September 1965.", "This classic British TV series is presented here in the complete box set. It is an interesting set with some excellent episodes." ]

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[ "* Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa, \"The Italian Stallion\": Beloved Heavyweight Champion of the World, who agrees to support and train Apollo Creed in his match with Russian boxer, Ivan Drago. After Apollo's death in the ring Rocky agrees to a match versus the Russian, in Russia.", "Robert Balboa was born on April 6, 1946. He was the only child to a Roman Catholic Italian-American family. It was revealed in Rocky II that Rocky's black trunks with gold trim were the colors of his high school from which he never graduated. During the scene in which Rocky takes Adrianna \"Adrian\" Pennino skating on Thanksgiving, he tells her \"Yeah -- My ol' man who was never the sharpest told me -- I weren't born with much brain so I better use my body.\" This encouraged him to take up boxing. He trained very hard so he could grow up to be like his idol Rocky Marciano . Unable to live on the small pay of club fights, and being unable to find work anywhere else, Rocky got a job as a collector for Tony Gazzo, the local loan shark, just to make ends meet. By late 1975, Rocky had fought in 64 fights, winning 44 (38 KO'S) and losing 20. Rocky was proud that he never had his nose broken in a professional fight. His nickname is \"The Italian Stallion,\" spawning from his Italian-American heritage.", "In the winter of 1976, a movie was made which has defined boxing for generations since. It was named “Rocky”, and it made a star out of a previously unknown actor who went by the name of Sylvester Stallone. At some or the other point of our lives, we have all tried to emulate Rocky Balboa, the fighter who never gave up. But seldom did we wonder as to whether Rocky was just a figment of Stallone’s imagination or if people like that did exist in the real world. Well, it is said that the storyline of the movie was based on the famous 1975 fight between Muhammad Ali and Chuck Wepner, with certain parts based on Joe Frazier’s life. But Rocky Balboa, the “Italian stallion”, also had a namesake in real life, and he was Rocky Marciano, the “The Brockton Blockbuster”: the only undefeated World Heavyweight Champion ever in the history of the sport.", "Notable Examples: \"The Italian Dragon\" Joe Calzaghe, \"The Italian Stallion\" Rocky Balboa, \"The Italian Giant\" Primo Carnera", "The film draws inspiration from the careers of at least three boxers; the character's name and ethnicity harken to Rocky Marciano.", "Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer, generally considered among the greatest heavyweights in the sport's history. Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Ali remains the only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion; he won the title in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Between February 25, 1964 and September 19, 1964 Muhammad Ali reigned as the Undisputed Heavyweight Boxing Champion.Notable wins:Sonny Liston, George Foreman,Joe Frazier 2x.", "Floyd Joy Mayweather, Jr. (born Floyd Joy Sinclair; February 24, 1977) is an American retired professional boxer. Widely considered the greatest boxer of his era, undefeated as a professional, and a five-division world champion, Mayweather won twelve world titles and the lineal championship in four different weight classes (twice in the welterweight division). He is a two-time winner of the Ring magazine Fighter of the Year award (1998 and 2007), a three-time winner of the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA) Fighter of the Year award (2007, 2013 and 2015), and a six-time winner of the Best Fighter ESPY Award (2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014). BoxRec currently rates Mayweather as the fifth greatest pound for pound fighter of all time, and the greatest pound for pound welterweight of all time. He is referred to as of 2015 by his adoring fans as T.B.E. or The Best Ever.", "Rocco Francis Marchegiano, better known as Rocky Marciano, (September 1, 1923 � August 31, 1969), was an Italian-American boxer. He was the World Heavyweight Boxing Champion from September 23, 1952 to November 30, 1956. Because he is the only champion of any weight class to retire undefeated and without any draws, there are some who consider him to be the greatest boxer of all time. The closest anyone has come to matching this accomplishment is Ricardo Lopez who retired undefeated in 2001 from the Minimum (Fly) Weight division at 51-0-1.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer. Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified. Ali would go on to become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion. Nicknamed \"The Greatest,\" Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were three with rival Joe Frazier, which are considered among the greatest in boxing history, and one with George Foreman, where he finally regained his stripped titles seven years later. Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as \"floating like a butterfly, stinging like a bee\", and employing techniques such as the Ali Shuffle and the rope-a-dope. Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports and through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete in the world. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would \"trash talk\" opponents, often with rhymes.", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa, Sr. is an Italian-American retired legendary boxer, famous for his indomitable spirit, his extreme tenacity, ferocious body attack, and above all, for fighting with his heart.", "Boxing legend Muhammad Ali was born as Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. on January 17, 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1960, Ali won an Olympic gold medal in boxing after defeating Polish boxer Zbigniew Pietrzykowski . During his professional career, he became the first and only boxer to be named Wold Heavyweight Champion. In 2002, Ali received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the entertainment industry. His star is the only star not on the sidewalk, but rather on the wall of the Kodak Theatre to honor his request that it not be walked on. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s , however, despite his disability, he still remains active today as the public figure for many charitable organizations.", "In this incisive, fast-paced biography, Randy Roberts charts the life and career of a man widely regarded as one of the toughest ever to enter the ring. He details Dempsey's transition from barroom fights to professional boxing and his emerging reputation for fast, brutal knockouts. Roberts draws on a wealth of newspaper articles and interviews to chronicle Dempsey's rise to the heavyweight championship and his six title defenses. Also included are accounts of the eventual loss of his title to Gene Tunney in 1926, and the rematch in 1927, which Dempsey also lost in the infamous \"long count.\" After continuing to fight in exhibitions, Dempsey retired from boxing in 1940 with an astonishing 64 victories, 49 of them knockouts.", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer who held the world heavyweight title from September 23, 1952 to April 27, 1956. Marciano went undefeated in his career and defended his title six times, against Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell, and Archie Moore. Known for his relentless style, stamina, and an iron chin, Marciano has been ranked by many boxing historians as one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time. His knockout percentage of 87.75 is one of the highest in heavyweight history.", "His name and boxing style inspired the film series Rocky which starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa. He worked in television after retiring in 1955.", "George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is a retired American professional boxer, two-time World Heavyweight Champion, Olympic gold medalist and entrepreneur. After a troubled childhood, Foreman took up boxing and was a gold medalist at the 1968 Olympics. In November 1994, at age 45, he regained the Heavyweight Championship by knocking out 27-year-old Michael Moorer. Foreman is the oldest Heavyweight Champion in history. He retired in 1997 at the age of 48, with a final record of 76–5, including 68 knockouts. Notable wins: Ken Norton,Ron Lyle,Joe Frazier 2x.", "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), also known as \"Kid Blackie\" and \"The Manassa Mauler\", was an American professional boxer, who became a cultural icon of the 1920s. Dempsey held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926, and his aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Listed at #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers, in 1950 the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. Dempsey is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.", "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), also known as \"Kid Blackie\" and \"The Manassa Mauler\", was an American professional boxer, who became a cultural icon of the 1920s. Dempsey held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926, and his aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Listed at #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers, in 1950 the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. Dempsey is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.", "An undefeated record in boxing is undoubtedly impressive ... but it can also be misleading. Rocky Marciano and Joe Calzaghe are two of the few modern fighters who retired having won every single fight of their professional career. Both are Hall of Famers with wins over Hall of Fame caliber fighters on their resumes ... but both Marciano and Calzaghe scored their biggest wins against stars who were well past their primes.", "LaMotta was one of the first boxers to adopt the \"bully\" style of fighting, in that he always stayed close and in punching range of his opponent, by stalking him around the ring, and sacrificed taking punches himself in order to land his own shots. Due to his aggressive, unrelenting style he was known as \"The Bronx Bull.\" He boasted \"No son-of-a-bitch ever knocked me off my feet\", but that claim was ended in December 1952 at the hands of Danny Nardico when Nardico caught him with a hard right in the seventh round. LaMotta fell into the ropes and went down. After regaining his footing, he was unable to come out for the next round. ", "Ibeabuchi is another case entirely. Ike went 20-0 during his meteoric rise through the heavyweight ranks from 1994 to 1999. At just 26, he had already scored memorable wins over David Tua and Chris Byrd and seemed poised for greatness. Yet Ibeabuchi would never fulfill his vast potential as he proved to be a ticking timebomb outside the ring. Following a series of bizarre incidents characterized by violent behavior, Ibeabuchi was imprisoned on charges that he attempted to rape a woman in a Las Vegas hotel in July 1999. He has since been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and been denied parole multiple times. He is next eligible for a parole hearing in May 2012. He will be 39 at the time and is unlikely to be released, so the possibility of him someday resuming his ring career is extremely remote.", "1975: Muhammad Ali wins 'Thrilla in Manila'. Muhammad Ali retains the world heavyweight boxing championship after defeating Joe Frazier in their third and arguably greatest fight.", "Ali’s place in boxing history as one of the greatest fighters ever is secure. His final record of 56 wins and 5 losses with 37 knockouts has been matched by others, but the quality of his opponents and the manner in which he dominated during his prime placed him on a plateau with boxing’s immortals. Ali’s most-tangible ring assets were speed, superb footwork, and the ability to take a punch. But perhaps more important, he had courage and all the other intangibles that go into making a great fighter.", "Ali's unique style of boasting, rhyming, and expressing confidence brought him considerable media attention as he moved toward a chance to fight for the world heavyweight boxing championship. When he began to write poems predicting his victories in different fights he became known as \"The Louisville Lip.\" Both the attention and his skill as a fighter paid off. In February 1964, when he was only twenty-two years old, he fought and defeated Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship of the world.", "His rivalries with brawlers Jake LaMotta and Carmen Basilio are the stuff of bull vs. matador legend, and only heat prostration kept him from capturing the light heavyweight crown in 1952—when he retired on his stool after 13 rounds with Joey Maxim while far ahead on the scorecards. No less an authority than ESPN labeled him as the greatest fighter of all time in a 2007 article.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (; born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer. He held the undisputed world heavyweight championship and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. This made him the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "Jack McAuliffe is another great Irish-American boxer, Famously known as “Napoleon of the Ring” being one of the toughest boxer to have ever lived, In his all 36 official professional fights he remained undefeated winning 31 and 5 draws to his name.", "He is mentioned in one episode of the Victorian crime drama Cribb, in which one of Cribb's men speculates whether he is descended from the famous boxer. The episode is largely centred around prize-fighting.", "\"The Real Deal\" is a very religious boxer. Until today, he has gathered fight records of 35-3 (25 KO's). He was Cruiserweight champion (1986-1990), then to KO James Douglas in round 3 on October 25, 1990. He is the second man in history after Ali who could be the 3 times Heavyweight world champion. He is considered as a legend after his 2 consecutive spectacular victories against Tyson in 1997.", "Excerpted with permission from 'The Boxing Register' by James B. Roberts and Alexander G. Skutt, copyright © 1999 by McBooks Press. All rights reserved.", "Here are five of the great boxers that prevented Muhammad Ali from attaining an unblemished record in his professional career.", "A tall boxer with an excellent jab, Terrell won the WBA title when Ali was stripped for giving Liston an immediate rematch. He lost the title when Ali outpointed him in 1967.", "Liston fought fifty-four professional bouts with fifty wins (thirty-nine KOs) and four defeats (two KOs). He won the World Heavyweight title in spectacular fashion—beating" ]

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[ "Calvin and Hobbes is a syndicated daily comic strip written and illustrated by American cartoonist Bill Watterson, and syndicated from November 18, 1985 to December 31, 1995. It follows the humorous antics of Calvin, a highly precocious and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair are named after John Calvin, a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century English political philosopher.[2] At its height, Calvin and Hobbes was featured in over 2,400 newspapers worldwide; as of January 2010, reruns of the strip still appear in more than 50 countries (though not in North America).[1] Nearly 45 million copies of the 18 Calvin and Hobbes books have been sold.[1]", "Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip that was written and illustrated by American cartoonist Bill Watterson , and syndicated from November 18, 1985, to December 31, 1995. It follows the humorous antics of Calvin , a precocious, mischievous, and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes , his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair is named after John Calvin , a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Hobbes , a 17th-century English political philosopher , respectively. [2] [3] At the height of its popularity, Calvin and Hobbes was featured in over 2,400 newspapers worldwide; as of January 2010,[ dated info ] reruns of the strip still appear in more than 50 countries. Nearly 45 million copies of the 18 Calvin and Hobbes books have been sold. [1] [ dated info ]", "Calvin and Hobbes is a syndicated daily comic strip that was written and illustrated by American cartoonist Bill Watterson, and syndicated from November 18, 1985, to December 31, 1995. It follows the humorous antics of Calvin, a precocious and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair are named after John Calvin, a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century English political philosopher. At the height of its popularity, Calvin and Hobbes was featured in over 2,400 newspapers worldwide; as of January 2010,[dated info] reruns of the strip still appear in more than 50 countries. Nearly 45 million copies of the 18 Calvin and Hobbes books have been sold. Calvin and Hobbes is set in the contemporary United States in an unspecified suburban area. The strip depicts Calvin's flights of fantasy and his friendship with Hobbes, and also examines Calvin's relationships with family and classmates. Hobbes' dual nature is the motif that defines the strip: to Calvin, Hobbes is a live anthropomorphic tiger; all the other characters see him as an inanimate stuffed toy. Though the series does not mention specific political figures or current events, it does explore broad issues like environmentalism, public education, and the flaws of opinion polls.", "Calvin and Hobbes is a syndicated daily comic strip that was written and illustrated by American cartoonist Bill Watterson, and syndicated from November 18, 1985, to December 31, 1995. It follows the humorous antics of Calvin, a precocious and adventurous six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his sardonic stuffed tiger. The pair are named after John Calvin, a 16th-century French Reformation theologian, and Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century English political philosopher.", "William Boyd \"Bill\" Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is an American cartoonist and the author of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, which was syndicated from 1985 to 1995. Watterson stopped drawing Calvin and Hobbes at the end of 1995 with a short statement to newspaper editors and his readers that he felt he had achieved all he could in the medium. Watterson is known for his negative views on licensing and comic syndication and his move back into private life after he stopped drawing Calvin and Hobbes. Watterson was born in Washington, D.C. and grew up in Chagrin Falls, Ohio, whose suburban Midwestern United States setting was part of the inspiration for Calvin and Hobbes.", "Calvin and Hobbes is a comic strip written and illustrated by Bill Watterson , following the humorous antics of Calvin, an imaginative six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his energetic and sardonic—albeit stuffed — tiger . Syndicated from November 18th , 1985 until December 31st , 1995 , at its height Calvin and Hobbes was carried by over 2,400 newspapers worldwide. To date, more than 30 million copies of 18 Calvin and Hobbes books have been printed.", "A kid who hasn’t stolen a few notorious ploys from “Calvin and Hobbes” has definitely missed out on something. Bill Watterson's outrageous comic strip, \"Calvin and Hobbes,\" revolves around the escapades of a six-year-old brat Calvin and his imaginary tiger friend Hobbes. The strip, first syndicated in 1985, was carried in more than 2,400 newspapers when it ceased publication January 1, 1996. More than 23 million \"Calvin and Hobbes\" books are in print! In 1986, Bill became the youngest person to win the prestigious Reuben Award for \"Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year\" from the “National Cartoonists Society” and won the award again in 1988!", "Calvin: Calvin is a fictional character , and is the protagonist of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson . Calvin demonstrates a level of wisdom, vocabulary and humor unusual for a six year-old boy. However, in many ways he is typical for his age: he absolutely hates baths, and fears and hates his babysitter, refuses to go to school, frequently disobeys his parents, and is lazy and selfish. Calvin is also a Creator Curator, and frequently loses himself in various fantastical worlds of his own imagining. On the rare occasions on which he applies himself, Calvin's projects in school are very well received, to his confusion or indifference. He shows relatively minor interest or success in interacting with any \"real\" characters, choosing instead to spend the majority of his time with Hobbes , with whom he frequently embarks on imaginary adventures, debates philosophical issues, plots various pranks against girls, and fights.", "Bill Watterson's comic strip, \"Calvin and Hobbes,\" is the engaging chronicle of a six-year-old's psyche. The strip, first syndicated in 1985, was carried in more than 2,400 newspapers when it ceased publication January 1, 1996. \"Calvin and Hobbes\" clearly has gained worldwide appeal: More than 23 million \"Calvin and Hobbes\" books are in print, and each of the 14 book collections has been a million-seller within the first year of publication. The most recent collection, \"The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book,\" was published in the fall of 1995 by Andrews McMeel and rose to number one on the New York Times best-seller list. It remained on best-seller lists across the country for weeks after publication. In 1986, Bill became the youngest person to win the prestigious Reuben Award for \"Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year\" from the National Cartoonists Society. He won the award again in 1988, and also was nominated for the honor in 1992. In a letter to newspaper editors announcing his retirement, Watterson stated: \"This is not a recent or easy decision, and I leave with some sadness. My interests have shifted, however, and I believe I've done what I can do within the constraints of daily deadlines and small panels. I am eager to work at a more thoughtful pace, with fewer artistic compromises. I have not yet decided on future projects, but my relationship with Universal Press Syndicate will continue.\"", "Calvin and Hobbes is unquestionably one of the most popular comic strips of all time. The imaginative world of a boy and his real-only-to-him tiger was first syndicated in 1985 and appeared in more than 2,400 newspapers when Bill Watterson retired on December 31, 1995. Exploring Calvin and Hobbes contains never-before-seen early versions of the character and a new in-depth interview with Bill Watterson.", "Laura Ziegler reports that today marks the final installment of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes. It's creator Bill Waterson has decided to end the strip after more than 10 years, because he wants to be free of deadline pressure when drawing his cartoons. 8:00", "Calvin and Hobbes, American newspaper comic strip that ran from 1985 to 1995, chronicling the high jinks of Calvin, a six-year-old boy, and his pet tiger, Hobbes. Calvin and Hobbes was renowned for its vivid portrayal of a child’s imagination.", "Remaining books do contain some additional content; for instance, The Calvin and Hobbes Lazy Sunday Book contains a long watercolor Spaceman Spiff epic not seen elsewhere until Complete, and The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book contains much original commentary from Watterson. Calvin and Hobbes: Sunday Pages 1985–1995 contains 36 Sunday strips in color alongside Watterson's original sketches, prepared for an exhibition at The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library.", "Calvin and Hobbes was conceived when Bill Watterson, working in an advertising job he detested, began devoting his spare time to cartooning, his true love. He explored various strip ideas but all were rejected by the syndicates. United Feature Syndicate finally responded positively to one strip called Critturs, which featured a side character (the main character's little brother) who had a stuffed tiger. Told that these characters were the strongest, Watterson began a new strip centered on them. Though United Feature rejected the new strip, Universal Press Syndicate eventually took it.", "Calvin and Hobbes was conceived when Bill Watterson, working in an advertising job he detested, [5 ] began devoting his spare time to cartooning , his true love. He explored various strip ideas but all were rejected by the syndicates. United Feature Syndicate finally responded positively to one strip, which featured a side character (the main character's little brother) who had a stuffed tiger. Told that these characters were the strongest, Watterson began a new strip centered on them. [6 ] Though United Feature rejected the new strip, Universal Press Syndicate eventually took it. [7 ] [8 ]", "In comic strips where Hobbes' drawings are included, Bill Watterson usually signed \"& Hobbes\" next to his signature. This would appear as & Hobs.", "^ \"Grown-Up Calvin And Hobbes: Craig Mahoney's Painting Will Bring A Tear To Your Eye (IMAGE)\". The Huffington Post. New York, New York: AOL. 2013-05-28. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 2015-12-05.", "The art comes from the cover of the 1989-1990 Calvin and Hobbes calendar and features Calvin and his toy tiger Hobbes sleeping under a tree. The art was a gift from artist Bill Watterson to comics historian Rick Marschall--whose name is inscribed on it--and has been in his private collection for the last twenty years. ", "A novel entitled Calvin by CLA Young Adult Book Award-winning author Martine Leavitt was published in 2015. The story tells of seventeen-year-old Calvin — who was born on the day that Calvin and Hobbes ended, and who has now been diagnosed with schizophrenia — and his hallucination of Hobbes, his childhood stuffed tiger. With his friend Susie, who might also be an hallucination, Calvin sets off to find Bill Watterson, in the hope that the cartoonist can provide aid for Calvin's condition.", "Watterson retired “Calvin and Hobbes” in 1995 because of shrinking panels and the grind of a daily deadline. ", "Watterson has said that he works for personal fulfillment. As he told the graduating class of 1990 at Kenyon College, \"It's surprising how hard we'll work when the work is done just for ourselves.\" Calvin and Hobbes was first published on November 18, 1985. In Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book, he wrote that his influences included Charles Schulz's Peanuts, Walt Kelly's Pogo, and George Herriman's Krazy Kat. Watterson wrote the introduction to the first volume of The Komplete Kolor Krazy Kat. Watterson's style also reflects the influence of Winsor McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland. ", "The first strip was published on November 18, 1985, and the series quickly became a hit. Within a year of syndication, the strip was published in roughly 250 newspapers. Before long the strip was in wide circulation outside the United States. By April 5, 1987, Watterson and his work were featured in an article in The Los Angeles Times. Calvin and Hobbes twice earned Watterson the Reuben Award from the National Cartoonists Society in the Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year category, first in 1986 and again in 1988. He was nominated again in 1992. The Society awarded him the Humor Comic Strip Award for 1988. Calvin and Hobbes has also won several more awards.", "In 1980, Watterson graduated from Kenyon with a B.A. in political science. Immediately, The Cincinnati Post offered him a job drawing political cartoons for a six-month trial period. During the early years of his career he produced several drawings and additional contributions for Target: The Political Cartoon Quarterly. He designed grocery advertisements for four years prior to creating Calvin and Hobbes.", "2. The entirety of Calvin & Hobbes was written and drawn before Watterson turned 38 years old.", "The 3,150th and final strip ran on Sunday, December 31, 1995. [9] It depicted Calvin and Hobbes outside in freshly fallen snow, reveling in the wonder and excitement of the winter scene. \"It's a magical world, Hobbes, ol' buddy... Let's go exploring!\" Calvin exclaims as they zoom off over the snowy hills on their sled, [11] leaving, according to one critic ten years later, \"a hole in the comics page that no strip has been able to fill.\" [12]", "The final strip ran on Sunday, December 31, 1995. It depicted Calvin and Hobbes outside in freshly fallen snow, reveling in the wonder and excitement of the winter scene. \"It's a magical world, Hobbes, ol' buddy... Let's go exploring!\" Calvin exclaims as they zoom off over the snowy hills on their sled, leaving, according to one critic ten years later, \"a hole in the comics page that no strip has been able to fill.\"", "With most cartoon animals, the humor comes from their humanlike behavior. Hobbes stands upright and talks of course, but I try to preserve his feline side, both in his physical demeanor and his attitude. His reserve and tact seem very catlike to me, along with his barely contained pride in not being human. Like Calvin, I often prefer the company of animals to people, and Hobbes is my idea of an ideal friend. The so-called “gimmick” of my strip—the two versions of Hobbes—is sometimes misunderstood. I don’t think of Hobbes as a doll that miraculously comes to life when Calvin’s around. Neither do I think of Hobbes as the product of Calvin’s imagination. Calvin sees Hobbes one way, and everyone else sees Hobbes another way. I show two versions of reality, and each makes complete sense to the participant who sees it. I think that’s how life works. None of us sees the world exactly the same way, and I just draw that literally in the strip. Hobbes is more about the subjective nature of reality than about dolls coming to life.", "Years after its original newspaper run, Calvin and Hobbes has continued to exert influence in entertainment, art, and fandom.", "In Calvin and Hobbes , Calvin in his fantasies often imagines himself as a Tyrannosaurus gorging him on hapless humans or picking a fight with the ferocious saber-toothed tiger (Hobbes). Later strips has him more accurately terrorizing other dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous. Then there was also the strip where Calvin put Tyrannosaurs in F-14s .", "Set in the contemporary Midwestern United States in an unspecified suburban community, the broad themes of the strip deal with Calvin's flights of fantasy and his friendship with Hobbes, his misadventures, his unique views on a diverse range of political and cultural issues and his relationships with the people in his life, especially his parents. The dual nature of Hobbes is also a recurring motif: Calvin sees Hobbes as a live anthropomorphic tiger, while other characters see him as a stuffed toy. Though the series does not mention specific political figures or current events, it does explore broad issues like environmentalism, public education, and the flaws of opinion polls.[3]", "An officially licensed children's textbook entitled Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes was published in a limited single print-run in 1993. The book includes various Calvin and Hobbes strips together with lessons and questions to follow, such as \"What do you think the principal meant when he said they had quite a file on Calvin?\" (p108). The book is rare and increasingly sought by collectors.", "Although the first strips clearly show Calvin capturing Hobbes by means of a snare (with a tuna sandwich as the bait), a later comic (August 1, 1989) seems to imply that Hobbes is, in fact, older than Calvin, and has been around his whole life, quoting:" ]

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[ "1992 - Birth / Miley Cyrus - November 23rd, 1992: \"Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She achieved wide fame for her role as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana on the Disney Channel sitcom Hannah Montana. [...] Cyrus was born on November 23, 1992, in Nashville, Tennessee, to Letitia Jean 'Tish'[5] (n�e Finley) and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus.[6][7] [....]\" ", "Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Born and raised in Franklin, Tennessee, she held minor roles in the television series Doc and the film Big Fish in her childhood. Cyrus became a teen idol for her portrayal of the starring character Miley Stewart in the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana in 2006; her father Billy Ray Cyrus additionally starred in the show. Cyrus subsequently signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records; her debut studio album Meet Miley Cyrus (2007) was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for exceeding three million shipments. Cyrus released her second album Breakout and launched her film career as a voice actress in the animated film Bolt in 2008.", "Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American actress and pop singer-songwriter.", "Capitalizing on the rising star status of the Jonas Brothers and Demi Lovato following Camp Rock, two series respectively starring both acts premiered in 2009: JONAS and Sonny with a Chance (Lovato also co-starred in the original movie Princess Protection Program, which premiered in June). The August debut of the original film Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie became the highest-rated cable program of 2009 (excluding sporting events), premiering to 11.4 million viewers and ranking as the second highest-rated original movie premiere in Disney Channel's history, behind High School Musical 2. The July 17 premiere of the Wizards/Suite Life on Deck/Hannah Montana crossover special Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana also beat out its cable and broadcast competition that night with 9.1 million viewers (effectively making the Wizards and On Deck episodes featured in the special the highest-rated episodes of both series at that point).", "She also made cameo appearances on the  Disney Channel  as \"Aunt Dolly\" visiting Hannah and her family in the fellow Tennessean  Miley Cyrus 's series  Hannah Montana  (episodes \"Good Golly, Miss Dolly\", 2006, \"I Will Always Loathe You\", 2007, and \"Kiss It All Goodbye\", 2010). The role came about because of her real-life relationship as Cyrus's godmother. She was nominated for an Outstanding Guest Actress in Comedy Series. [58 ]", "She made cameo appearances on the Disney Channel as \"Aunt Dolly\" visiting Hannah and her family in the fellow Tennessean, and real-life goddaughter, Miley Cyrus' series Hannah Montana (episodes \"Good Golly, Miss Dolly\", 2006, \"I Will Always Loathe You\", 2007, and \"Kiss It All Goodbye\", 2010). She was nominated for an Outstanding Guest Actress in Comedy Series. ", "In 2006, Efron starred in the Disney Channel original movie High School Musical as Troy Bolton, a popular student and captain of the basketball team. The film, which he initially made with \"low expectations\", helped Efron gain recognition among teenage audiences as both an actor and a singer, even though his singing voice was overdubbed. As a result, he placed as high as #4 on the IMDBPro's STARMeter for the week of January 29, 2006. In August 2006, Efron won a Teen Choice Award in the Breakout Star and the TV — Choice Chemistry categories, shared with Vanessa Hudgens. The film's cast, along with Efron, toured Sydney, Australia, London, England, and other locations to promote the film.", "She also made cameo appearances on the Disney Channel as \"Aunt Dolly\" visiting Hannah and her family in the fellow Tennessean Miley Cyrus 's series Hannah Montana (episodes \"Good Golly, Miss Dolly\", 2006, \"I Will Always Loathe You\", 2007, and \"Kiss It All Goodbye\", 2010). The role came about because of her real-life relationship as Cyrus's godmother. She was nominated for an Outstanding Guest Actress in Comedy Series.", "Sarah Hyland (“American Family”) is the main reason for anyone over 17 to watch the Disney Channel’s “Geek Charming.” In it, she assumes the role once mastered by Alicia Silverstone, in “Clueless.” Her Dylan Schoenfield is the spokewoman for all that’s cool, trendy and expensive at Woodlands Academy, in L.A. Since she already owns everything she covets, Dylan isn’t particularly interested in anything that doesn’t involve her A-list boyfriend or the school’s Fall Formal Blossom Queen competition. When offered an opportunity to be the star of a nerd’s entry into the school’s film festival, she senses that it could make her the idol of teenagers far beyond Woodland Academy and accepts his invitation. If you think the good guy will lose in a Disney Channel movie, you’d always be wrong. The set also arrives with 10 episodes of the “Glee”-ish “Shake It Up” series and a “Best Friend Charm Set.” – Gary Dretzka", "Her later television roles include Gertrude Moon,  Daphne Moon 's  Mancunian  mother, in the American  sit-com   Frasier . She has worked for the  Disney Channel , starring in the shows  The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ,  JONAS , and in the movie  Return to Halloweentown . Other performances include guest roles in  The Drew Carey Show ,  Will & Grace , and  Days of our Lives . She also had a small role on an episode of  Gilmore Girls .", "Selena Marie Gomez ( ; ; born July 22, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Having appeared as a child in the children's television series Barney & Friends, Gomez rose to fame as the leading role in the Disney channel series Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–12). Due to the success of the series, Gomez worked on various films, television shows, and musical collaborations for the network in the following years. She signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records in 2008, and subsequently formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene the following year. The band released three studio albums by 2011.", "Performers include: Dianna Agron, Chris Colfer, Jessalyn Gilsig, Jane Lynch, Jayma Mays, Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Matthew Morrison, Amber Riley, Mark Salling, Jenna Ushkowitz, Naya Rivera, Ben Bledsoe, Patrick Gallagher, Iqbal Theba, Aaron Hendry, Josh Sussman, Jennifer Aspen, Ken Choi, Dijon Talton, Harry Shum Jr. Kent Avenido, Earlene Davis, David Pearl, and Norma Jean Riddick.", "The earlier success of The Cheetah Girls led to the creation of other music-themed original programming: 2006 saw the debut of the hit original movie High School Musical (on January 20) and the series Hannah Montana (on March 24), the latter of which launched the career of its star Miley Cyrus (who starred opposite her father, country singer Billy Ray Cyrus, in the series). On July 28 of that year, the channel saw the debut of the its first multiple-series crossover, That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana (which involved That's So Raven, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana).", "Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers (born October 1, 1989), known professionally as Brie Larson, is an American actress, singer, and director.", "• Was the first winner of the Bob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards. Oprah Winfrey", "Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American actress and singer. Born in Brooklyn, New York and brought up in Millburn, New Jersey, Hathaway was inspired to act by her mother and as a high school student, was nominated for the Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Award for Best Performance by a High School Actress for her performance in Once Upon a Mattress. She made her professional screen debut in the short-lived Fox television series Get Real (1999-2000), before landing the lead role of Mia Thermopolis in the Disney comedy film The Princess Diaries (2001), for which she won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy. Hathaway went on to become a widely praised \"role model for children\" for her roles in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Ella Enchanted (2004), The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004), and Hoodwinked! (2005).", "Kate Garry Hudson, born April 19, 1979 [1] , is a 37-year-old American actress. She starred in Almost Famous, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, Raising Helen, The Skeleton Key, You, Me and Dupree, Fool's Gold, Bride Wars and guest starred as Cassandra July on Glee in 2012 and 2013.", "Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American actress. After several stage roles, she appeared in the 1999 television series Get Real. She played Mia Thermopolis in The Princess Diaries (2001). Over the next three years, Hathaway reprised that role for The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, and starred in family films, appearing as the title character in Ella Enchanted, both in 2004. Hathaway is also an Emmy winning actress for her voice-over performance in The Simpsons.", "2007: \"High School Musical 2\" premieres on the Disney Channel to an audience of 17.2 million people.", "She most recently guest starred on one of her favorite prime time shows \"Criminal Minds\". She then went on to join the popular Hallmark movie series \"The Good Witch's Charm\" and the upcoming \"The Good Witch's Destiny\". Next up, Ashley is very excited for the premiere \"The Perfect Boss\" which airs on May 24th on Lifetime.", "The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Nickelodeon cable channel that honours the year's biggest television, film, and music acts, as voted by Nickelodeon viewers. Adele has one win from three nominations.", "Calista Kay Flockhart (born November 11, 1964) is an American actress, known for playing the title role in the Fox television comedy-drama series Ally McBeal and for playing Kitty Walker McCallister on the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters. Since 2015 she has been cast as Cat Grant on CBSs Supergirl. During her career, she has received a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and three Emmy Award nominations.", "Ashley Támar Davis is a singer, actress, and reality television star who is best known for her work with the legendary singer Prince. After hearing her demo tape in the early ‘90s, Prince invited her to sing on his Grammy-nominated song “Beautiful, Loved and Blessed.” She would soon become a close friend and tour with him on his 3121 tour in 2006. A decade later, Támar made waves on her own after appearing on season 10 of NBC’s talent competition “The Voice.” She has also worked closely with director Tyler Perry, starring in stage productions of Madea Gets a Job and Madea’s Big Happy Family.", "She has since lent her voice to the animated \"Phineas and Ferb\" with \"Love Actually\" co-star Thomas Brodie-Sangster, as well as to the animated show, \"Adventure Time.\" She is 24.", "* Catherine Cavadini (Glitter on Kidd Video, Tanya Mousekewitz on An American Tail: Fievel Goes West and Fievel's American Tails, and Blossom on The Powerpuff Girls)", "In May 2008, Charice was invited to guest on Oprah, for a themed show called World's Smartest Kids. She sang I Have Nothing by Whitney Houston and bought the audience to their feet, giving her another standing ovation. No one was more impressed than Oprah Winfrey herself though, incredulously asking her, \"Girl, that was fantastic! Who are you?!\"", "Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". ", "The title role of Ally McBeal, a Boston mini-skirt-clad attorney, in the Fox�s series with the same name, was Calista Flockhart�s most memorable role to date. She stayed on David E. Kelley�s highly acclaimed series from 1997 to 2002 and nabbed several awards, including Golden Globe�s Best Actress in a Leading Role--Musical or Comedy Series or Television Movie and Screen Actors Guild�s Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. She also starred in \"Ally\" (1999-2000).", "Kylie Bunbury (born January 30, 1989) is a Canadian-American actress. Bunbury is best known for her role as Lacey Porter in the ABC Family series Twisted ", "Tyler Garcia Posey (born October 18, 1991) is an American actor, musician, and producer. He is known for his role as Scott McCall in MTV's show Teen Wolf.", " 2016 The Swan Princess: Princess Tomorrow, Pirate Today! (performer: \"Calling All Hearts\") / (writer: \"Calling All Hearts\")", "In 2004, after Carson's first year with \"Queer Eye\", the show won an Emmy for \"outstanding reality program\". Post \"Queer Eye\" Carson appeared as the critically acclaimed host of \"How to Look Good Naked\" and a fan favorite contestant on Dancing with the Stars 13th season. In April 2012 Shop NBC launched Carson's collection of affordable glamour wear, \"Love, Carson\"." ]

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[ "On November 22, 2009, Seattle was the site of the 14th annual MLS Cup between Real Salt Lake and the Los Angeles Galaxy , where Salt Lake won the Cup on penalty kicks (5–4) in front of 46,011. [127] [128] The stadium was the eighth stadium to host the event. [129]", "On November 22, 2009, Seattle was the site of the 14th annual MLS Cup between Real Salt Lake and the Los Angeles Galaxy, where Salt Lake won the Cup on penalty kicks (5–4) in front of 46,011. The stadium was the eighth stadium to host the event. ", "MLS Cup'09 was held on November 22, 2009 on a cool cloudy day at Qwest field in Seattle before 46,011 fans. This was a close match, with neither team able to find the net through much of the first quarter. Los Angeles pressed Salt Lake relentlessly, and finally David Beckham and Landon Donovan set up Mike Magee for a great scoring shot to put the Los Angeles Galaxy ahead in the 41st minute. The Galaxy adopted a more defensive posture in the 2nd half, and in the 64th minute Robbie Findley equalized on an unassisted shot, pulling Real Salt Lake even. The teams retreated to their bunkers and held off all further scoring opportunities through regulation and extra time. It all came down to penalty kicks, and after several misses on both sides, the teams were deadlocked into the 6th round. With the Anschutz trophy on the line, #3 Robbie Russell sent the ball left, as the GK went right, and Salt Lake prevailed 5-4, winning their first MLS Cup trophy. Nick Rimando was named Cup MVP.", "One season after seeing its title dreams crash in the Conference Championship round, Real Salt Lake turned the tables last Saturday night by claiming the Eastern Conference Championship over the Chicago Fire in penalty kicks, setting up the Utah side's first-ever appearance in an MLS Cup Final. Real Salt Lake will take on the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Galaxy in MLS Cup 2009 this Sunday, November 22, on the Xbox Pitch at Qwest Field, with the victor becoming the first team to lift the new Phillip F. Anschutz Trophy bestowed to the League's top team. National television coverage on ESPN will begin at 6:30 p.m. MT, and the match will also be broadcast live on RSL's official radio partners - KALL 700 Sports (America First Credit Union Pre-Match Report begins at 5:00 p.m.) and ESPN Deportes 1600-AM.", "Real Salt Lake went on to win the 2009 MLS Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy in the November 22 final. RSL played the L.A. Galaxy to a 1–1 tie through overtime and won the MLS Cup (5–4 on penalties). Goalkeeper Nick Rimando was named Man of the Match. The victory in the 2009 MLS Cup qualified RSL for the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League.", "Rio Tinto Stadium (Sandy, Utah): Real Salt Lake’s stadium opened in 2008 and was the host of the 2009 MLS All-Star Game.", "In the U.S. the Los Angeles Galaxy captured the Major League Soccer (MLS) title for the first time with a 1–0 win over the Houston Dynamo in the MLS Cup. The Seattle Sounders took the U.S. Open Cup for the third straight year, beating the Chicago Fire 2–0 in the final.", "In 2016, the games will be held in ten venues around the United States, which were announced jointly by CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, and US Soccer in November 2015. The participating cities and venues include: Seattle, Washington’s CenturyLink Field with a capacity of 67,000; Chicago, Illinois’ Soldier Field with a capacity of 63,500; Foxborough, Massachusetts’ Gillette Stadium with a capacity of 68,756; East Rutherford, New Jersey’s MetLife Stadium with a capacity of 82,566; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania’s Lincoln Financial Field with a capacity of 69,176; Santa Clara, California’s Levi’s Stadium with a capacity of 68,500; Glendale, Arizona’s University of Phoenix Stadium with a capacity of 63,400; Houston, Texas’ NRG Stadium with a capacity of 71,795; Orlando, Florida’s Citrus Bowl with a capacity of 60,219; and Pasadena, California’s Rose Bowl with a capacity of 92,542.", "In the final on 22 November 2009, the Galaxy lost to Real Salt Lake by 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw. Beckham also scored in the shootout. ", "CenturyLink Field is also designed for soccer. The first sporting event held included a United Soccer Leagues (USL) Seattle Sounders match. The USL team began using the stadium regularly for home games in 2003. The MLS expansion team Seattle Sounders FC, began its inaugural season in 2009 at the stadium. CenturyLink Field was the site of the MLS Cup in 2009. The venue also hosted the 2010 and 2011 tournament finals for the U.S. Open Cup. Sounders FC won both times and new attendance records were set each year it was hosted at CenturyLink Field. On August 25, 2013, the Sounders broke a new home field attendance record when 67,385 fans turned out to watch them play the Portland Timbers. ", "In the final on 22 November 2009, the Galaxy lost to Real Salt Lake by 5â4 in a penalty shoot-out after a 1â1 draw. Beckham also scored in the shootout. Read Less", "The Galaxy's chief rival is the San Jose Earthquakes, which is known by the fans and media as the California Clásico. It is considered among the fiercest and longest-running rivalries in American soccer. The intrastate rivalry dates to the founding of MLS, and their encounters in the MLS Cup playoffs and final. Some also cite that the rivalry developed in reflection of traditional Northern California vs Southern California sports rivalries. ", "Five's are wild for Real Salt Lake when it comes to the Galaxy, as the Utah squad is now 5-5-5 in its five-year history against the original MLS side from the \"City of Angels.\" Real Salt Lake was on the better end of this year's series with the Galaxy, going 1-0-1 in their two meetings, both of which were contested during the first half of the season.", "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose, California, United States, that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS). The franchise is one of the ten charter members of MLS which competed in the league's first season in 1996 (originally as the San Jose Clash) and took part in the first game in MLS history, defeating D.C. United 1–0. The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles, in 2001 and 2003, and two Supporters' Shields in 2005 and 2012. In 2002, the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup (now called the CONCACAF Champions League), making it to the quarterfinals. The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy in the California Clásico. ", "It was confirmed on 11 January 2007 that David Beckham would be leaving Real Madrid to join MLS team Los Angeles Galaxy. Beckham said, \"After considering several options to stay in Madrid or join other major British and European teams, I have decided to join LA Galaxy.On 12 January, Beckham's official press conference was held in conjunction with the 2007 MLS SuperDraft.[37] Via satellite from Spain, Beckham told reporters \"I'm coming there not to be a superstar. I'm coming there to be part of the team, to work hard and to hopefully win things. With me, it's about football. I'm coming there to make a difference. I'm coming there to play football... I'm not saying me [sic] coming over to the States is going to make soccer the biggest sport in America. That would be difficult to achieve. Baseball, basketball, American football, they've been around. But I wouldn't be doing this if I didn't think I could make a difference.\"[38]", "Professional soccer returned in a major way in 1996 with the introduction of the Los Angeles Galaxy as the city's Major league Soccer team. With a lineup featuring US and international stars such as Chris Armas, Cobi Jones and Mauricio Cienfuegos at midfield, Jorge Campos in goal and Eduardo Hurtado on the front line, the Galaxy looked to be winners, and they did not disappoint. From the opening day crowd of 69,000 to the 19-13 Western Division 1st place finish through the exciting playoff run right up to the inaugural MLS Cup in chilly Foxboro, MA, this was a season for the ages, and a triumphant return of pro soccer as Los Angeles had never seen before. The Galaxy lost a heartbreaking match in overtime in the Cup, but they led the league in attendance with over 27,000 per game at the Rose Bowl, with Hurtado the league's 2nd best scorer, and Campos the top goalkeeper. The Galaxy capped it all off with a winning ticket to the 1997 CONCACAF Champions Cup where they defeated D. C. United in the first ever match between American teams at the semifinals, before losing to Cruz Azul in the title match.", "The big crowds began to thin a bit for the National Team in the 21st century. The USA Cup was history, the Gold Cup began scheduling games in other cities to spread the wealth, and the US moved World Cup qualifiers against Mexico to northern cities during the winter, to give the US more fan support and a weather advantage. The Coliseum is still a popular place for Mexican clubs and Internationals, but since 2002, all but a single National team match in the region has been played at the 27,000 seat Home Depot Center in Carson, home of the MLS's Galaxy. The men have played eight matches at Carson since 2004, three of them Gold Cup matches, but the small capacity has dimmed the excitement somewhat, and they have only sold out once. The story is similar for the women's team; after a lightly attended friendly at the Rose Bowl against Ccanada in 2002, all subsequent matches have been at Carson, to crowds even smaller than the men have drawn, even for World Cup qualifiers.", "FedExField has been used for some international soccer matches — both for the United States and also for El Salavador. On March 28, 2015, Argentina defeated El Salvador at FedExField before a crowd of 53,978. On June 7, 2014, the stadium hosted a doubleheader. Spain, the 2010 World Cup winner, defeated El Salvador 2–0 in a warm-up match in front of a crowd of 53,267 before the 2014 World Cup; in the other game of the doubleheader, D.C. United played Columbus Crew to a scoreless draw in D.C. United's first time hosting an MLS regular season game at FedExField.", "Seattle won the 2009 U.S. Open Cup—the second MLS expansion club to do so in its inaugural season after the Chicago Fire in 1998. Prior to the final, Sounders FC played U.S. Open Cup home games at the Starfire Sports Complex in Tukwila, Washington. The facility is smaller than the club's home stadium for league matches, Qwest Field, but Sounders FC representatives preferred the atmosphere at Starfire for smaller cup matches. ", "On September 2, 2009, the Sounders became the second MLS expansion team in league history (Chicago was the first) to win the U.S. Open Cup tournament in its first season. They did so by defeating D.C. United 2–1 on the road at RFK Stadium. In winning the U.S. Open Cup tournament, they qualified for the preliminary round of the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League.", "Beckham's involvement with Major League Soccer (MLS) began while he was still a Real Madrid player when it was confirmed on 11 January 2007 that he would be leaving Madrid in six months to join MLS side LA Galaxy.", "The United States made a formal bid to host the 1986 World Cup. The MISL season opened with 14 teams, including three teams participating for a season from the NASL (San Jose, Chicago and San Diego). ", "* September 2, 2009: Seattle Sounders FC defeats D.C. United 2–1 in the 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final. This marked the first of Seattle's record-tying three consecutive Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup titles.", "Los Angeles officially adopted and recognized the city's soccer heritage during the opening of the Home Depot Center, now known as StubHub Center, in June 2003. In addition, the stadium features several tributes recognizing the soccer tradition in Los Angeles.", "From 1996 to 2002, the Galaxy played their home games at the 107,000-capacity Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, but often held Lamar Hunt US Open Cup games at Titan Stadium on the campus of Cal State Fullerton. The Galaxy played ten games in total at Titan; the US Open Cup Final was held there in 2001 when Galaxy won the tournament.", "Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams. MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years: The league lost millions of dollars, teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums, and two teams folded in 2002. Since then, MLS has expanded to 20 teams, owners built soccer-specific stadiums, average MLS attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Basketball Association (NBA), MLS secured national TV contracts, and the league is now profitable. ", "For the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League, Real Salt Lake were placed in Group A with Cruz Azul of Mexico, Toronto FC of Canada and Arabe Unido of Panama. Real Salt Lake finished first in Group A, with a perfect 3–0 home record and a respectable 1–1–1 away record. ", "The most successful team in the league, has the most number of trophies in the league. 1996 MLS Cup and Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup; 1997 MLS Cup; 1998 CONCACAF Cup and Intra-American Cup; 1999 MLS Cup; 2004 MLS Cup. Currently the team is being coached by international Polish star Peter Nowak and consist of star player Jaime Moreno of Bolivia, Ben Olsen of USA, and Christian Gomez of Argentina.", "The 2002 FIFA World Cup, in which the United States unexpectedly made the quarterfinals, coincided with a resurgence in American soccer and MLS. MLS Cup 2002 drew 61,316 spectators to Gillette Stadium, the largest attendance in an MLS Cup final. MLS limited teams to three substitutions per game in 2003, and adopted International Football Association Board (IFAB) rules in 2005. ", "In 2010, prior to meeting in the U.S. Open Cup final, Sounders FC and the Crew met twice in MLS league matches. The first was played on May 1 at Qwest Field and finished in a 1–1 draw. ", "The 1994 World Cup also continued the rise of US soccer, as a new US men�s league called Major League Soccer (MLS) commenced play in 1996 and remains in existence today. And following a much-publicized 1999 Women�s World Cup title for the US women�s team, woman�s soccer has also had a major following in the US.", "157 Number of countries which showed the 2012 MLS Cup final, which David Beckham's LA Galaxy won, his last game for the club" ]

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[ "Lou Adler executive-produced The Rocky Horror Picture Show for Twentieth Century Fox, which premiered on September 26, 1975, and is the longest-running movie in motion picture history. Adler met Gail Berman in 2004. Berman shared his passion and vision for the reimagined version of the 40-year-old cult-classic and, in 2014, they partnered to begin development. The Rocky Horror Picture Show Event is from Fox 21 Television Studios and The Jackal Group. Adler and Berman, along with Kenny Ortega, will serve as executive producers. Emmy Award winner Kenny Ortega will also direct and choreograph.", "The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 British musical comedy film that parodies science fiction and horror films. [1] Still in limited release 34 years after its premiere, it has the longest-running theatrical release in film history. [2] [3] It gained notoriety as a midnight movie in 1977 when audiences began participating with the film in theaters across the United States. \"Rocky Horror\" is the first movie from a major film studio, such as 20th Century Fox, to be in the midnight movie market. [4] Widely known by mainstream audiences, it has a large international following and is one of the most well known and financially successful midnight movies of all time. [5] In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\"", "The Rocky Horror Picture Show flopped in its 1975 debut, only to reappear as a more-popular midnight show later in the decade. Still in limited release 36 years after its premiere, it is the longest-running theatrical release in film history.", "37. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the record holder for the longest theatrical release in history—it continues to play in theaters across the United States.", "Eraserhead was finally finished in 1976, after five years of production. Lynch subsequently tried to get the film entered into the Cannes Film Festival, but while some reviewers liked it, others felt that it was awful, and so it was not selected for screening. Similarly, reviewers from the New York Film Festival also rejected it, though it was screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival, where Ben Barenholtz, the distributor of the Elgin Theater, heard about it. He was very supportive of the movie, helping to distribute it around the United States in 1977, and Eraserhead subsequently became popular on the midnight movie underground circuit, and was later described as one of the most important midnight movies of the seventies along with El Topo, Pink Flamingos, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Harder They Come and Night of the Living Dead. The acclaimed film maker Stanley Kubrick said that it was one of his all-time favorite films. ", "The film is considered to be the longest-running release in film history. It has never been pulled by 20th Century Fox from its original 1975 release, and it continues to play in cinemas.", "The Night of the Hunter (1955) , The Enemy Below (1957), Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison (1957), The Sundowners (1960), Cape Fear (1962), The Longest Day (1962), Two for the Seesaw (1962), El Dorado (1967), Ryan's Daughter (1970), Farewell, My Lovely (1975), The Yakuza (1975), The Big Sleep (1978)", "The trend continued on a larger scale with The Hindenburg (1975) starring George C. Scott; The Cassandra Crossing (1976) starring Burt Lancaster; Two-Minute Warning (1976) starring Charlton Heston; Black Sunday (1977) starring Robert Shaw; Rollercoaster in Sensurround (1977) starring George Segal; Damnation Alley (1977) starring Jan-Michael Vincent; Avalanche (1978) starring Rock Hudson; Gray Lady Down (1978) also starring Charlton Heston; Hurricane (a 1979 remake of John Ford's 1937 film) starring Jason Robards; and City on Fire (1979) starring Barry Newman.", "The studios' 1970s credits include Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange and Jimmy Perry and David Croft's Dad's Army (1971), Richard Attenborough's Young Winston (1972) and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. In 1975, the studios were again transferred to new ownership and in spite of sparse production schedules served as the filming site of some high-budget productions, including Richard Donner's The Omen (1976), Franklin Schaffner's The Boys from Brazil (1978), Ridley Scott's Alien (1979), David Lynch's The Elephant Man (1980), Attenborough's Gandhi (1982) and David Lean's A Passage to India (1984). In 1978, rock band The Who filmed live concert scenes at Shepperton especially for their documentary The Kids Are Alright.", "* November 26 – The 1975 cult classic movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show is released in America.", "The first roadshow opened at the Broadway Theatre in New York City on November 13, 1940. The Disneys had secured a year's lease with the venue that was fully equipped with Fantasound, which took personnel a week working around the clock to install. Proceeds made on the night went to the British War Relief Society for the efforts in the Battle of Britain. Ticket demand was so great that eight telephone operators were employed to handle the extra calls while the adjoining store was rented out to cater the box office bookings. Fantasia ran at the Broadway for forty-nine consecutive weeks, the longest run achieved by a film at the time. Its run continued for a total of fifty-seven weeks until February 28, 1942.", "This was the last film to be directed by Stanley Kubrick before his death in 1999, and its actual release was posthumous. Although generally well-received by critics, the film proved controversial due to its strong sexual content, and its distributor Warner Bros. digitally altered several scenes during post-production to ensure a theatrical R rating in the United States and Canada. The uncut version has been released on DVD since. In early versions, the soundtrack featured during the masked orgy is part of a Romanian Orthodox Divine Liturgy recorded in a church in Baia Mare, played backwards. This was altered or removed in subsequent releases. The film also holds the Guinness World Record for the longest constant movie shoot, at 400 days.", "Race with the Devil (US, 1975), with Peter Fonda, Warren Oates, Loretta Swift, Lara Parker.  Directed by Jack Starett.", "The Rocky Horror Picture Show (RHPS) (first released in the United Kingdom on 14 August 1975) is a comedy-horror musical film about a newly engaged couple whose car breaks down in an isolated area and who must pay a call to the bizarre residence of Dr. Frank-N-Furter.", "James Toback, screenwriter of the original The Gambler, made his film directing debut with this edgy urban drama. Harvey Keitel gives a darkly magnetic performance as Jimmy “Fingers” Angelelli, a brilliant young pianist with a penchant for Bach who squanders his potential by working as a collector for his loan shark father (Michael V. Gazzo, The Godfather Part II’s Frankie Pentangeli). Featuring charismatic performances by Jim Brown as Jimmy’s mentor and Tisa Farrow (Mia’s sister) as his muse, Fingers is a prime example of ’70s cinema at its boldest and most personal – Toback’s friend Pauline Kael called it “a howl of ambition” and “exuberantly melodramatic” – and was remade by French director Jacques Audiard (A Prophet) in 2005 as The Beat That My Heart Skipped. Albert Wolsky, the seven-time Academy Award nominee who won Costume Design Oscars for All That Jazz and Bugsy, created the gritty yet stylish looks of Keitel and his co-stars. ", "Easy Rider is a 1969 American road movie written by Peter Fonda , Dennis Hopper , and Terry Southern , produced by Fonda and directed by Hopper. It tells the story of two biker s (played by Fonda and Hopper) who travel through the American Southwest and South after selling a large score of cocaine. The success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood phase of filmmaking during the early 1970s. The film was added to the Library of Congress National Registry in 1998.", "All those characters being immortalized respectively by Keith Moon, Tina turner and Elton John in the great movie released in 1975.", "The Steven Spielberg classic terrified millions in 1975, and decades later, the film still has teeth.", "A movie theater in Munich, Germany called the \"Museum Lichtspiele\" has been screening the movie since June 24, 1977 without interruption, holding the world-record for constant screenings of a movie and is listed for that in the Guinness Book of World Records. The theater has a dedicated screening room (\"Kino 2\"), decorated in the style of the movie.", "31. The movie's midnight showings began at the Waverly Theatre in New York City on April 1, 1976. As time went on, audience members began shouting at the screen and throwing props, like toast and rice.", "Produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick; written by Mr. Kubrick, Terry Southern, and Peter George, based on the novel by Mr. George; cinematographer, Gilbert Taylor; edited by Anthony Harvey; music by Laurie Johnson; production designer, Ken Adam; released by Columbia Pictures. Black and white. Running time: 102 minutes.", "I've seen Zulu so many times since it was first released that I have lost count. In the days when you could sit in the cinema and watch a film come round for a second (or even a third) time, I always did this with Zulu. I bought the soundtrack when it came out (on vinyl, of course).", "September 15 – The Scarlet Empress is released by Paramount. Roger Ebert notes in his essay about the film :", "Carnival of Souls (1962): The Sole Survivor of a car crash is tormented by a mysterious man. Often considered one of—if not the—best B-movies ever made, it got a re-release from The Criterion Collection and was remade by Wes Craven in the 1990's.", "Whether recalling the origins of Columbia, or analyzing the special magic of Oscar winners like ALL THE KING'S MEN, this anniversary volume is a profusely illustrated blend of nostalgia, movie lore and witty reporting. With 12 appendices, including an alphabetical listing of more than 1600 Columbia movies.\"", "    Edwin Porter's silent film was only 12 minutes long, but it told a story line and had gunfights and a train conductor was rather badly beaten up. The movies grew from there. By 1928 95 million Americans a week went to the movies. More than half of all Americans. I watch four movies a week at home.", "The Soper Reese Theater’s Classic Movie Series continues in 2012 with a 1964 historic film directed by Stanley Kubrick. This memorable cult film classic reflects the time of the 1960s, with the Cold War at its bitter coldest, the Cuban Missile Crisis in the forefront and the hydrogen bomb a scary new technology. ", "June 26, 1975 at the Circle in the Square Theatre, running for 71 performances. George C. Scott starred as Willy.", "When my wife and I finished the movie on the DVD we spent another hour watching all the special features. We both hated to see the movie end. We just wanted it to go on and on. Like the beat, beat, beat of the tom-tom.........", "The movie will be accompanied by live music performed by silent film composer Jeff Rapsis. General admission for the event is $10 per person.", "The Carolina Classics series of film screenings will continue with ACO, which will be shown at 7:30 p.m. 9/13/06  in the Carolina Theatre, 310 S. Greene St.", "One of the most electrifying song-and-dance routines ever performed in film was in this musical (this one was filled with Cole Porter songs)." ]

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[ "CNN was responsible in reporting several key events in history live. In 1986, it covered the space shuttle Challenger launching and subsequently exploding. The following year, it reported and showcased the rescue of Jessica McClure, an 18 month old toddler who fell down a well.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1952, Secretary's Day (now Administrative Professionals' Day) was first celebrated. In 1960, Dick Clark testified before a congressional committee investigating payola. He admitted that he had a financial interest in 27 percent of the records he played on his show in a period of 28 months. In 1962, the Seattle World's Fair (Century 21 Exposition) opened. It was the first World's Fair in the United States since World War II. In 1970, Elton John made his solo concert debut when he opened for T. Rex in London. In 1977, Annie opened on Broadway. In 1986, Geraldo Rivera opened a vault that belonged to Al Capone at the Lexington Hotel in Chicago. Nothing of interest was found inside. In 1989, around 100,000 students gathered in Tiananmen Square. In 2000, the 1998 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act went into effect.", "1983 • Cabbage Patch Kids are Popular • Reagan Announces Defense Plan Called Star Wars • Sally Ride Becomes the First American Woman in Space • Soviets Shoot Down a Korean Airliner • U.S. Embassy in Beirut Bombed 1984 • Huge Poison Gas Leak in Bhopal, India • Indira Gandhi, India’s Prime Minister, Killed by Two Bodyguards • PG-13 Movie Rating Created 1985 • Famine in Ethiopia • Hole in the Ozone Layer Discovered • Mikhail Gorbachev Calls for Glasnost and Perestroika • New Coke Hits the Market • Wreck of the Titanic Found 1986 • Challenger Space Shuttle Explodes • Chernobyl Nuclear Accident • Ferdinand Marcos Flees the Philippines • Iran-Contra Scandal Unfolds • U.S. Bombs Libya • U.S.S.R. Launches Mir Space Station 1987 • DNA First Used to Convict Criminals • Klaus Barbie, the Nazi Butcher of Lyons, Sentenced to Life in Prison • New York Stock Exchange Suffers Huge Drop on “Black Monday” West German Pilot Lands Unchallenged in Russia’s Red Square 1988 • Pan Am Flight 103 Is Bombed Over Lockerbie • U.S. Shoots Down Iranian Airliner 1989 • Berlin Wall Falls • Exxon Valdez Spills Millions of Gallons of Oil on Coastline • Students Massacred in China’s Tiananmen Square U.S. President Bush Announces That He Doesn’t Like Broccoli", "1994 - The space shuttle Discovery blasted off on an 11-day mission. 1995 - Amtraks Broadway Limited service made its final run between New York City, NY and Chicago, IL. 1997 - Sinn Fein, the IRAs political ally, formally renounced violence as it took its place in talks on Northern Irelands future. 1998 - Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr delivered to the U.S. Congress 36 boxes of material concerning his investigation of U.S. President Clinton. 1998 - Four tourists who had paid $32,500 each were taken in submarine to view the wreckage of the Titanic. The ship is 2 miles below the Atlantic off Newfoundland. 1999 - The Sega Dreamcast game system went on sale. By 1:00pm all Toys R Us locations in the U.S. had sold out. 2008 - The iTunes Music Store reached 100 million applications downloaded.", "Pixar was founded as The Graphics Group, which is one third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm that was launched in 1979 with the hiring of Dr. Ed Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), where he was in charge of the Computer Graphics Lab (CGL). At NYIT, the researchers pioneered many of the CG foundation techniques—in particular the invention of the \"alpha channel\" (by Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith); years later the CGL produced an experimental film called The Works.", "Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy-comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar. Toy Story follows a group of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (voiced by Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (voiced by Tim Allen). The film was written by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, and Joss Whedon, and featured music by Randy Newman. Its executive producers were Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull.", "September September 1 – The wreck of the RMS Titanic (1912) in the North Atlantic is located by a joint American-French expedition led by Dr. Robert Ballard (WHOI) and Jean-Louis Michel (IFREMER) using side-scan sonar from RV Knorr.[7][8] September 2 – Hurricane Elena makes landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast after reaching a Category 3 status September 6 – Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-9, crashes just after takeoff from Milwaukee, killing 31. September 11 – Pete Rose becomes the all-time hit leader in Major League Baseball, with his 4,192nd hit at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. September 13 Super Mario Bros. is released for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Steve Jobs resigns from Apple Computer in order to found NeXT.[9]", "4/10/2014 Pixar Case Pixar Pixar is a leading digital animation studio, which they create animated feature... films and related products that have gross revenues over $3 billion dollars to date. They were founded in 1986, and started to be known for their short films, commercials and amazing animation features. In 2006, there company began to flourish as they had an acquisition by the Walt Disney Company for a heavy sum of $7.4 billion dollars, which Walt Disney was known for their animated movies...", "June 15 – Studio Ghibli, an animation studio, is founded in Tokyo. June 17 – John Hendricks launches the Discovery Channel in the United States. June 23 – Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747, is blown up by a terrorist bomb 31,000 feet (9,500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland, on a Montreal–London–Delhi flight, killing all 329 aboard. June 24 – STS-51-G: Space Shuttle Discovery completes its mission, best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a Payload Specialist. June 25 – Irish police foil a Provisional Irish Republican Army–sponsored 'mainland bombing campaign' which targeted luxury vacation resorts. June 27 – U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned.", "1995: John Lasseter’s Toy Story is released. Produced by Pixar but distributed through Disney, it is the first feature film to be produced entirely through computer animation. It is followed by a run of highly successful Pixar films, including Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc (2001), Finding Nemo (2003) and Ratatouille (2007).", "It is best known for its CGI-animated feature films created with PhotoRealistic RenderMan, its own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface used to generate high-quality images. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm before it was acquired by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986 . The Walt Disney Company bought Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion; the transaction made Jobs the largest shareholder in Disney.", "NeXT was not, however, the end of Steve Jobs. In 1986 Jobs purchased a small company called Pixar from filmmaker George Lucas (1944–). Pixar specialized in computer animation. Nine years later Pixar released Toy Story, a huge box office hit. Pixar later went on to make Toy Story 2 and A Bug's Life, which Disney distributed, and Monsters, Inc. All these films have been extremely successful. Monsters, Inc. had the largest opening weekend ticket sales of any animated film in history.", "The real breakthrough came in 1995 with the Lasseter-directed Toy Story, which introduced the world to Woody the cowboy (voiced by Tom Hanks) and spaceman Buzz Lightyear, and was Hollywood’s first computer animated feature. A string of global hits followed, including Toy Story 2 (1999), Finding Nemo (2003) and The Incredibles (2004), while Wall-E, Pixar’s 2008 film about a love-sick robot, wowed audiences and critics alike.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1923, Yankee Stadium opened in the Bronx, New York. It was baseball�s first three-tiered stadium. The Yankees defeated the Boston Red Sox 4-1. John Phillip Sousa's band played the National Anthem. In 1934, the first Laundromat opened. It was in Fort Worth, Texas. In 1938, Superman made his debut when he appeared in the first issue of Action Comics. In 1966, Bill Russell was named player-coach of the Boston Celtics, the first African-American coach in the NBA. In 1984, Michael Jackson had surgery performed on his scalp to repair damage caused after his hair caught fire during a shoot for a Pepsi television commercial. In 2002, actor Robert Blake was arrested in the shooting death of his wife, Bonny Lee Bakley. Blake, who played Little Beaver as a child in 20 movies and later was TV's Baretta, was acquitted of murder but found liable in a civil case.", "The very first full length computer animated television series was ReBoot, which debuted in September 1994; the series followed the adventures of characters who lived inside a computer. The first feature-length computer animated film was Toy Story (1995), which was made by Pixar. It followed an adventure centered around toys and their owners. This groundbreaking film was also the first of many fully computer-animated movies.", "Using groundbreaking computer technology and some of the most skilled animators and storytellers in the world, Pixar produced the blockbuster film Toy Story, released in 1995. Toy Story proved that a feature-length motion picture could be entirely animated by computer and also made wildly entertaining. Pixar exploded as a Hollywood powerhouse, and its partnership with Disney produced some of the biggest box office hits of the decade. Jobs sold Pixar to Disney in 2006, earning more than $7 billion from his initial $10 million investment and becoming Disney’s largest single shareholder.", "1990 - The first shots were fired by the U.S. in the Persian Gulf Crisis when a U.S. frigate fired rounds across the bow of an Iraqi oil tanker. 1991 - An unsuccessful coup was attempted in against President Mikhail S. Gorbachev. The Soviet hard-liners were responsible. Gorbechev and his family were effectively imprisoned for three days while vacationing in Crimea. 1992 - Larry Bird, after 13 years with the Boston Celtics, announced his retirement. 1997 - Beth Ann Hogan became the first coed in the Virginia Military Institutes 158-year history. 1997 - Patrick Swayze received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1998 - Mrs. Fields Original Cookies announced that they would acquire the Great American Cookie Co. 2004 - Donald Trump unveiled his board game (TRUMP the Game) where players bid on real estate, buy big ticket items and make billion-dollar business deals.", "In 1986 Jobs bought the computer graphics division of the movie studio Lucasfilm Ltd., which had been formed by George Lucas (1944–), the multitalented filmmaker behind the Star Wars movies. With this new company, renamed Pixar Animation Studios, Jobs set out to create a major animated-movie studio. Pixar began by making commercials and short animated films, many of which won prestigious awards. The animation industry quickly understood that this new kid on the block was doing something quite different and doing it exceptionally well. In 1991 Pixar signed a deal with Disney to develop and distribute feature-length animated movies. Four years later Pixar released its debut film, Toy Story, the first movie to be completely computer animated. A huge success, Toy Story earned more than any other movie that year and came to be one of the most successful animated movies in history. It earned several Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. At that point, looking to concentrate on Pixar, Jobs sold NeXT to his former company, Apple, for $400 million.", "Not actually having had an official title with the company he co-founded, Jobs was pushed into a more marginalized position and thus left Apple in 1985 to begin a new hardware and software enterprise called NeXT, Inc. The following year Jobs purchased an animation company from George Lucas , which later became Pixar Animation Studios. Believing in Pixar's potential, Jobs initially invested $50 million of his own money in the company. The studio went on to produce wildly popular movies such as Toy Story, Finding Nemo and The Incredibles; Pixar's films have collectively netted $4 billion. The studio merged with Walt Disney in 2006, making Steve Jobs Disney's largest shareholder.", "1980 As the continued miniaturization continues new technology allows for new consumer products that could never have existed to appear including Domestic Camcorders and Fax Machines , One other notable is the release of the Pac-Man arcade game. Politics enters the Olympic games with the boycott by the US of the Moscow Olympics and War breaks out between Iraq and Iran. This was also a bad year for natural disasters including Mount St. Helens eruption on 27th March and a major heat wave in the US. Also the world tunes in to the answer of Who Shot JR? on the popular soap Dallas.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1953, IBM unveiled the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine. It was IBM's first commercially available scientific computer. In 1967, film critic Roger Ebert published his very first film review in the Chicago Sun-Times. In 1970, John Wayne won his first and only Oscar for his role in True Grit. He had been in over 200 films. In 1985, Wham! became the first Western act to play in China. In 1998, George Michael was arrested in a public restroom in Beverly Hills for lewd conduct. He was sentenced to community service for the incident. In 2003, US troops captured Baghdad. Saddam Hussein's regime fell two days later.", "When the first Pixar feature, Toy Story, was released in 1995, the animated genre saw a new age dawn. Not only did it introduce the world to computer-generated animation; but also showed the capacity for humanity and emotion that director John Lasseter and the rest of the team brought to the animated film.", "In 1983, HBO premiered its first original movie, The Terry Fox Story, a biopic about the Canadian runner who embarked on a cross-country run across Canada to raise money and awareness for cancer research; the film was also the first movie ever produced for pay television. That year also saw the premiere of the first children's program to be distributed on the channel: Fraggle Rock (that series' creator, Jim Henson, had earlier produced the special Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas, which won an ACE Award in 1978). HBO continued to air various original programs aimed at children until 2001, when these programs almost completely moved over to HBO Family (which continued to occasionally distributed its own slate of original children's programming until 2003). ", "Premiering on public TV stations throughout the United States on November 10, 1969, Sesame Street combined a succession of fast-paced scenes with the express goal of educating young kids in such basics as letters, numbers, and words. Along with an integrated cast of adults and children in a welcoming neighborhood, the daily series employed tools such Jim Henson’s Muppets—starting with Bert and Ernie—and various live-action and animated shorts to get its point across. Maintaining the same style and vocal casting as its CBS cartoons, Filmation produced the Superman and Batman sequences for Sesame Street on such subjects as the letter “S” and using caution when crossing the street. Licensing—as much as the comic book themselves—was increasingly important to DC’s ongoing profitability and an important milestone took place on July 8, 1969 even if its significance was only evident in hindsight. That was the day that Steve Ross paid $400 million to buy the Warner Bros.-Seven Arts film studio. Once a giant in the entertainment industry, Warner had seen better days and Ross took advantage of its struggles to add it to his Kinney National Services. As Warner bounced back and mergers begat mergers in the 1970s, its connection to the heroes of DC Comics would become increasingly important as its muscle helped propel the four-color characters into other mediums.", " The formation of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) marks a turning point in the development of commercial radio and television, lifting it forever out of unregulated chaos and into the national scene. Founded by David Sarnoff, general manager of RCA, the new company resolves the patent disputes between members of the radio group (RCA, GE, Westinghouse, United Fruit) and AT&T, as well as the monopoly charges brought by the Federal Trade Commission. Formally established on July 7 with the signing of twelve separate documents, NBC will be owned jointly by RCA, GE and Westinghouse. It will lease AT&T's network of wires, and acquire its stations and air time. These include WEAF in New York, the core of the new network, sold to RCA for $1 million ($8 million of which is a \"good will fee\"). AT&T's desire to discontinue active programming while maintaining a lucrative position in the field is realized and, with nine affiliated stations, the first broadcasting network is born.", "April April 1 Iran's government becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, overthrowing the Shah officially. The Pinwheel Network changes its name to Nickelodeon and begins airing on various Warner Cable systems beginning in Buffalo, New York, expanding its audience reach.", "Some of the animation has inevitably dated as badly as the mobile phones of the era. Pixar hadn't really mastered humans back then. But given that the main characters were Woody, a toy cowboy, and Buzz Lightyear, the snazzy interloper who steals the affections of Woody's fatherless owner Andy, that hardly mattered.", "On this day in tech history, \"Toy Story\" was released in theaters, becoming the first entirely computer-animated feature-length film. It was the first film produced by Pixar with Steve Jobs serving as an executive producer.", "Toy Story was the first Pixar-Disney collaboration, and the first feature-length animated film that was completely computer generated. Its plot revolved around the rivalry between the cowboy Woody, previously the favorite toy of a little boy named Andy, and Buzz Lightyear, a shiny new astronaut toy that Andy receives for a birthday present. Multiple Oscar-winner Tom Hanks lent his famous voice to Woody, while Tim Allen of TV’s Home Improvement was Buzz. Though Pixar’s long development process included drawings, paintings, sculptures and photographs, the final work for the film was all done on computers. The sophisticated animation created a vivid three-dimensional world full of color and movement, where toys–including such childhood classics as toy soldiers, Mr. Potato Head and Etch-a-Sketch–come to life.", "\"Toy Story\" is the first totally digital feature length film; Sony demonstrates the flat television set; the first solo trans-Pacific balloon flight is made by Steve Fossett in a helium-filled balloon; doctors Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (UK) create the world's first cloned sheep from embryo cells.", "A SPACE ODYSSEY, by Stanley Kubrick is released. This film contained the first major use of motion control animation (which John Whitney invented and first used it commercially in Hitchcock’s VERTIGO)", "*Toy Story, voices of Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, directed by John Lasseter, first computer-animated feature-length film" ]

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[ "Nitroglycerin was discovered in 1847, but was known to be very unstable. Alfred Nobel decided to find a safer way to handle it after his brother and several other workers were killed by a nitroglycerin explosion at his factory in 1864. During his experimentation’s his German factory was destroyed twice! Dynamite was Nobel’s most famous invention and provided him with a large fortune. He used some of this money to create the Nobel Prize, which is an award for the best scientific and cultural advances.", "Alfred Nobel Invents Dynamite. Swedish chemist and philanthropist Alfred Nobel is remembered for his invention of dynamite and for the endowment of the Alfred Nobel Foundation that awards prizes annually in a number of categories. Nobel had sought a safe way to handle the highly volatile nitroglycerine in industry, so he mixed nitroglycerin with kieselguhr to produce dynamite, a safer explosive, which he patented in 1867. He went on to develop gelignite in 1875 and a smokeless form of gunpowder, named ballistite, in 1887.", "1833: Birth of Alfred (Bernhard) Nobel, Swedish industrialist, chemist and inventor of dynamite. His factory once made nitro-glycerine until it blew up in 1864 killing his younger brother. Three years later he found a safer explosive and patented dynamite in 1867. With the vast fortune he made from this and his oil field holdings, he founded the Nobel prize to honour the worlds leading scientists, artists and peacemakers from 1901.", "Alfred Nobel (1833 – 1896) Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Nobel invented dynamite and held 350 other patents, including for a gas meter. Perhaps most famous for his legacy of Nobel awards.", "Known for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. After reading a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. His name also survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies Nobel himself established.", "Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer,... innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He was the inventor of dynamite. Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 350 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. He used his fortune to posthumously institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic...", "Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer,... innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He was the inventor of dynamite. Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 350 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. He used his fortune to posthumously institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic...", "Ah, Wilhelm Wilhelm Wilhelm. It seems fitting that the first of our Legendary Laureates is the first person to receive the coveted Nobel Prize in Physics. In case you’ve been living under a rock, the Nobel Prize is presented (almost) every year to five recipients who have made contributions benefiting mankind in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and medicine. Laureates are determined by Swedish and Norwegian committees, and prizes can be shared between winners. It was all started by Alfred Nobel, a wealthy inventor who is best known for coming up with dynamite. Upset that his legacy would be as a merchant of death, Nobel stated in his last will that his fortune would be used to fund the creation of the Nobel Prizes.", "The Nobel Prize was established in accordance with the will of Swede, Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite and holder of more than 350 patents. Awarded annually since 1901, the Nobel Prize is the first annual international award to recognise achievements in Physics, Medicine, Chemistry, Peace and Literature. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to members of Cambridge University for significant advances as diverse as the discovery of the structure of DNA, the development of a national income accounting system, the mastery of an epic and narrative psychological art and the discovery of penicillin.", "The annual Nobel Prizes are usually announced in October and are handed out on Dec 10, the anniversary of the 1896 death of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist and the inventor of dynamite. All but one of the prizes were established in the will of 19th century dynamite millionaire Nobel. The economics award was established by Sweden's central bank in 1968.", "he History of the Nobel Prize 1 alfred nobelWhat do Martin Luther King , Jr., Albert Einstein , Linus Pauling, Marie Curie and Mother Teresa have in common? Theyâve all received one of the most prestigious awards in the world: the Nobel Prize . I consider myself fortunate to be counted among themâpeople I admire and who have made a real difference in the world. Because receiving the Nobel Prize * is one of the greatest achievements in my life, Iâd like to share its fascinating history with you. In 1895, the Swedish inventor, entrepreneur and chemist Alfred Nobel wrote his last will and testament, leaving most of his wealth to be used for the establishment of prizes for people who have âconferred the greatest benefit to mankind.â When he died a year later and people learned about his bequest, they were surprised and even upset. What would motivate a person to do such a thing? Although he was a pacifist, Nobel was not seen that way during his time. As the inventor of dynamite and the owner of over 90 ...", "1. Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what?", "The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish: ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since December 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\". ", "Nobel became extremely wealthy as a result of his discovery. But he is said to have been worried about the terrible potential for destruction that his invention had made possible. When he died, he directed that his fortune be used to create the Nobel Foundation, the purpose of which was to bring about lasting peace and advance technology. The Nobel Prizes in various fields of science are now the highest honors that scientists can earn.", "In the will he drafted in 1895, Nobel instructed that most of his fortune be set aside as a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” These prizes as established by his will are the Nobel Prize for Physics , the Nobel Prize for Chemistry , the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , the Nobel Prize for Literature , and the Nobel Prize for Peace . The first distribution of the prizes took place on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death. An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.", "Many of the companies founded by Nobel have developed into industrial enterprises that still play a prominent role in the world economy, for example Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), Great Britain; Société Centrale de Dynamite, France; and Dyno Industries in Norway. Toward the end of his life, he acquired the company AB Bofors in Karlskoga, where Björkborn Manor became his Swedish home. Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy, on December 10, 1896. When his will was opened it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The executors of his will were two young engineers, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist. They set about forming the Nobel Foundation as an organization to take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose and to coordinate the work of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. This was not without its difficulties since the will was contested by relatives and questioned by authorities in various countries.", "The late Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel left the bulk of his fortune to create the Nobel Prizes to honor work in five areas, including peace. In his 1895 will, he said one part was dedicated to that person \"who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\" See the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize since it was first awarded in 1901.", "Origins:   The renowned Nobel Prize is the legacy of Swedish chemist, inventor, and industrialist Alfred Nobel,", "The will of the Swedes inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.", "It took Alfred Nobel several years to complete the drawing up of his will. The final version, dated 27 November 1895, laid down that the bulk of his immense fortune should be reserved for a fund for the financing of annual honorary awards to be made in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, literature and peace.", "On October 21, 1833 a baby boy was born to a family in Stockholm, Sweden who was to become a famous scientist, inventor , businessman and founder of the Nobel Prizes. His father was Immanuel Nobel and his mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. They named their son Alfred.", "1833-1896 - Alfred Nobel - Industrialist. Posthumously instituted the Nobel Prizes. Click here for monuments related to the Nobel Peace Prize.", "When Alfred Nobel signed his will in 1895, he specified that the bulk of his estate be spent on awarding prizes for those who made significant contributions in one of five fields. These fields are chemistry, physics , medicine, literature and peace.", "Alfred Nobel was born on October 21st, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. History shows that the men in his family were mostly engineers and businessmen and Alfred was quick to follow in their footsteps. In 1842, Alfred and his family moved to St. Petersburg where his father, Immanuel Nobel, had built a factory for armament a few years earlier. His father used to manufacture land mines for the Tsar’s army where he often made good profits. All throughout his life Alfred showed a lot of wit especially in his ability to quickly master foreign languages; he mastered four foreign languages. Alfred also showed great intelligence in natural sciences, especially in chemistry.", "Between 1901 and 2016, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 579 times to 911 people and organizations. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, and based on the fortune of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor and entrepreneur. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each Prize consists of a medal, a personal diploma, and a cash award.", "1895 Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards philanthropist inventor Alfred Nobel. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. Peace prize awarded to Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.", "On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the  Nobel Prizes , to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000  Swedish kronor , to establish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to GBP £1,687,837 at the time  [9] [10] [11] [12]  In 2012, the capital is worth around SEK 3.1 billion (USD 472 million, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount of the initial capital, taking inflation into account. [10]", "any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel....", "Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm , Sweden , into a family of engineers.", "On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to £1,687,837 (GBP) at the time. In 2012, the capital was worth around SEK 3.1 billion (USD 472 million, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount of the initial capital, taking inflation into account.", "whose 1895 will specified that most of his fortune be set aside to establish a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes \"to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.\" The first Nobel Prizes were distributed on", "The Olympics were happening in Greece in 1896 and there was a general sense of wanting to create a world family and to honor people who were helping mankind. Ragnar found more and more support as he worked steadily to set up the Nobel Foundation, and to make Nobel’s wishes a reality. In 1901, five years after Nobel’s will was first read, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in Sweden and Norway. A century later, the museum opened in Stockholm." ]

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[ "Shipwrecked and cast ashore onto an uninhabited island, Robinson Crusoe ingeniously carves out a solitary, primitive existence for twenty-four years. Eventually, he meets a young native whom he saves from death at the hands of cannibals. He calls him Man Friday and makes him his companion and servant. Crusoe and Friday share in a variety of adventures, including a fierce battle with cannibals which culminates in the heroes recapturing a mutinous ship and returning to England.", "Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe. It was first published in 1719, and is sometimes considered to be the first novel in English. The book, although based on the true story a Scotsman, Alexander Selkirk, is a fictional autobiography of the title character, a castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuela, encountering Native Americans, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. This device, presenting an account of supposedly factual events, is known as a \"false document\" and gives a realistic frame story. The story was likely influenced by the real life Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived four years on the Pacific island called \"Más a Tierra\" (in 1966 its name was changed to Robinson Crusoe Island), Chile. However, the details of Crusoe's island were probably based on the Caribbean island of Tobago, since that island lies a short distance north of the Venezuelan coast near the mouth of the Orinoco river, and in sight of the island of Trinidad. It is also likely that Defoe was inspired by the Latin or English translations of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island. Another source for Defoe's novel may have been Robert Knox's account of his abduction by the King of Ceylon in 1659 in \"An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon,\" Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons (Publishers to the University), 1911.", "Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe. According to Schmoop, “The place? London. The year? 1719. The bestselling book that everyone's reading? No, it's not yet another vampire novel. (We said London, 1719, remember?) It's an adventure novel about a castaway and his friend Friday: The Life and Strange Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner.", "Novelist James Joyce noted that the true symbol of the British Empire is Robinson Crusoe, to whom he ascribed stereotypical and somewhat hostile English racial characteristics: \"He is the true prototype of the British colonist. ... The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity.\" In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his society on the island. This is achieved through the use of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the \"king\" of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the \"governor\" to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a \"colony\". The idealised master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the \"enlightened\" European whilst Friday is the \"savage\" who can only be redeemed from his barbarous way of life through assimilation into Crusoe's culture. Nonetheless Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticise the historic Spanish conquest of South America.", "Over the many years that Robinson Crusoe has been stranded on his various islands, there have always been a population of natives and assorted cannibal Kings and Witch Doctors to keep him company. Their character names have included-King Rummymug, King Of Kalibaloo Isle, King Kalibombastic (1913), King Lobelia, Yuma The High Priestess, Abu The Magician (played by the late great Tommy Cooper at the Palladium), Rumbaba The Cannibal Chief, and in the 1890�s a comedic court that included Hullabaloo, King Of The Caubers, Chut-Nee, his Cook, Talkee-Talkee, his Chancellor, EM-Cee his Chamberlain, and Hanga-Mup, his Home Secretary. In 1868 at Covent Garden the King Of The Natives was the quaintly named King Hokypokywankyfum in �Robinson Crusoe: or Friday And The Fairies�. His Chamberlain was Quashibungo.", "A true-life castaway, Scotsman Alexander Selkirk was the inspiration for Daniel Defoe 's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe. While sailing with English privateers in 1704, Selkirk quarrelled with his captain and asked to be put ashore on an uninhabited island off of South America. He took with him a musket, a hatchet, and a few utensils. There he survived alone for four years and four months before being rescued by another English ship. He sailed for two years before returning home, where his story made him a celebrity.", "There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Defoe's immediate inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers' expedition after four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Rogers' \"Cruising Voyage\" was published in 1712, with an account of Alexander Selkirk's ordeal. However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Rogers' account: Selkirk was marooned at his own request, while Crusoe was shipwrecked; the islands are different; Selkirk lived alone for the whole time, while Crusoe found companions; Selkirk stayed on his island for four years, not twenty-eight. Furthermore, much of the appeal of Defoe's novel is the detailed and captivating account of Crusoe's thoughts, occupations and activities which goes far beyond that of Rogers' basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages. However, one must not forget that Defoe presented himself as the editor of the story. He was adamant to maintain his claim that the actual author was \"Robinson Crusoe\": a real person who was still alive in 1719–20.", "Tim Severin's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2002) unravels a much wider range of potential sources of inspiration. Severin concludes his investigations by stating that the real Robinson Crusoe figure was Henry Pitman, a castaway who had been surgeon to the Duke of Monmouth. Pitman's short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Street, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and since Defoe was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman and learned of his experiences as a castaway. If he didn't meet Pitman, Severin points out that Defoe, upon submitting even a draft of a novel about a castaway to his publisher, would undoubtedly have learned about Pitman's book published by his father, especially since the interesting castaway had previously lodged with them at their former premises.", "Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. It was published under the full title The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates.", "On February 1st (that’s today!), 1709, the Scottish sailor, Alexander Selkirk, was rescued from the Chilean Juan Fernandez Islands by an English vessel after he had spent four years marooned on the island. Selkirk, an unruly buccaneer, deemed his ship unfit to sail and told the captain he’d rather stay on the island where they’d stopped to repair it than continue aboard. The captain accepted his offer, and Selkirk immediately regretted it as his crew sailed off leaving him utterly alone. He initially camped on the beach and ate shellfish, but a raucous, foul-smelling horde of breeding sea lions forced him inland where he hunted feral goats with great success. When he was discovered, Selkirk was physically fit, with a sound mind, barefooted wearing well-sewn goatskin clothes, carrying a hatchet, a musket, and a bible. Daniel Defoe was enchanted by his story and a few years afterwards he wrote Robinson Crusoe, based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk.", "    Oh, and get this. Robinson Crusoe may or may not have been based on the true story of a real-life castaway. Yeah. His name was Alexander Selkirk , and he was a Scottish sailor who got stranded on his own desert island off the coast of Chile for four very long years. Selkirk was eventually rescued in 1709 and his story appeared in print and periodicals in England. Did Defoe use him as the basis for his own Crusoe? It's entirely possible.", "Seaman and Castaway. Born in the fishing village of Lower Largo in Fife. Selkirk was the model for Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\" (published 1719), having lived for more than four years on the uninhabited island of Juan Fernandez.", "15. This character converts to Christianity after serving his own god, Benamuckee. The protagonist saves him from other Caribbean cannibals, and he shows his gratitude by loyally serving his new master. Who is the title character's manservant in Robinson Crusoe?", "Marooned sailor Robinson Crusoe: Fictional. The star of Daniel DeFoe's castaway novel is completely made up. People keep trying to point out actual castaways as \"the inspiration\" for Robinson Crusoe, but it's not like it's so abstract a concept that DeFoe needed a true story to copy from. Most plausibly, the father of DeFoe's publisher had previously published a book by one Henry Pitman who escaped a penal colony only to be marooned on an island. DeFoe and Pitman may have actually met, giving DeFoe just such a true story first hand.", "Most of the people grow up reading the classic work of Daniel Defoe by the name “Robinson Crusoe”. In this novel Robinson Crusoe is stranded on a small Caribbean Island for nearly 28 years. Defoe was rumored to have based this fictional work on various castaway stories. But research proves that Robinson Crusoe drew heavily from the real life events of Alexander Selkirk, who was contemporary seafarer of the author.", "Defoe probably based part of Crusoe’s tale on the real-life experiences of Alexander Selkirk , a Scottish sailor who at his own request was put ashore on an uninhabited island in 1704 after a quarrel with his captain. He stayed there until 1709.", "56. I was born in the Year 1632, in the City of York, of a good Family, tho’ not of that Country, my Father being a Foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull; He got a good Estate by Merchandise, and leaving off his Trade, lived afterward at York, from whence he had married my Mother, whose Relations were named Robinson, a very good Family in that Country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but by the usual Corruption of Words in England, we are now called, nay we call our selves, and write our Name Crusoe, and so my Companions always call’d me. —Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)", "A popular fiction story written by Daniel Defoe depicts a wealthy young man who travels around the world and eventually becomes shipwrecked and stranded on an island. The young man, Robinson Crusoe, is then forced to make a life for himself on the island, completely secluded from all other humans.", "56. I was born in the Year 1632, in the City of York, of a good Family, tho' not of that Country, my Father being a Foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull; He got a good Estate by Merchandise, and leaving off his Trade, lived afterward at York, from whence he had married my Mother, whose Relations were named Robinson, a very good Family in that Country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but by the usual Corruption of Words in England, we are now called, nay we call our selves, and write our Name Crusoe, and so my Companions always call'd me. —Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)", "The Portuguese captain is presented more fully than any other European in the novel besides Crusoe, more vividly portrayed than Crusoe’s widow friend or his family members. He appears in the narrative at two very important junctures in Crusoe’s life. First, it is the Portuguese captain who picks up Crusoe after the escape from the Moors and takes him to Brazil, where Crusoe establishes himself as a plantation owner. Twenty-eight years later, it is again the Portuguese captain who informs Crusoe that his Brazilian investments are secure, and who arranges the sale of the plantation and the forwarding of the proceeds to Crusoe. In both cases, the Portuguese captain is the agent of Crusoe’s extreme good fortune. In this sense, he represents the benefits of social connections. If the captain had not been located in Lisbon, Crusoe never would have cashed in on his Brazilian holdings. This assistance from social contacts contradicts the theme of solitary enterprise that the novel seems to endorse. Despite Crusoe’s hard individual labor on the island, it is actually another human being—and not his own resourcefulness—that makes Crusoe wealthy in the end. Yet it is doubtful whether this insight occurs to Crusoe, despite his obvious gratitude toward the captain.", "Robinson Crusoe - Daniel Defoe's most famous novel, published in 1719, was one of Dickens' favorite books. It is mentioned in 9 of Dickens' 15 major novels as well as in 2 of his Christmas books, A Christmas Carol and Cricket on the Hearth, and in his 2 travel books, American Notes and Pictures From Italy.", "*Robinson Crusoe (1719), a novel by Daniel Defoe based loosely on the real life of Alexander Selkirk, first published in 1719 and sometimes regarded as the first novel in English", "— Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, 1719The novel has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilisation, as a manifesto of economic individualism and as an expression of European colonial desires but it also shows the importance of repentance and illustrates the strength of Defoe's religious convictions. It is also considered by many to be the first novel written in English. Early critics, such as Robert Louis Stevenson admired it saying that the footprint scene in Crusoe was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable; more prosaically, Dr. Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of forensic podiatry in this episode.[3] It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade as works like Johann David Wyss's The Swiss Family Robinson (1812) adapt its premise and has provoked modern postcolonial responses, including J. M. Coetzee's Foe (1986) and Michel Tournier's Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique (in English, Friday) (1967). Two sequels followed, Defoe's The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) and his Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the angelick world (1720). Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) in part parodies Defoe's adventure novel.", "Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was a Puritan moralist and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor (1727) and Religious Courtship (1722). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the themes and theological and moral points of view. \"Crusoe\" may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe's who had written guide books, including God the Guide of Youth (1695), before dying at an early age – just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been speculated that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel. A leitmotif of the novel is the Christian notion of Providence, penitence and redemption. Crusoe comes to repent of the follies of his youth. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe's birthday. The denouement culminates not only in Crusoe's deliverance from the island, but his spiritual deliverance, his acceptance of Christian doctrine, and in his intuition of his own salvation.", "Daniel Defoe's best-known book will always be Robinson Crusoe, but a far bigger and more exciting read is Moll Flanders, his other great novel.", "Alexander Selkirk’s ordeal on this Pacific island is believed to have been the inspiration for Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719. (Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS)", "A banyan tree, in a 1719 novel by Daniel Defoe, was where Robinson Crusoe makes his home.", "Cast away on a desert island, surviving on what nature alone can provide, praying for rescue but fearing the sight of a boat on the horizon. These are the imaginative creations of Daniel Defoe in his famous novel Robinson Crusoe .", "The 100 best novels: No 2 – Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) | Books | The Guardian", "Before Daniel Defoe gained literary immortality with his classic novel Robinson Crusoe, he was known as a writer of", "Alone on a desert island. That's been a favorite subject of fantasies, stories, vacation promotions and cartoons--not to mention a Tom Hanks movie. And we owe it all to Daniel Defoe, whose \"The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe\" became an instant bestseller when it was published in 1719. But to what or whom did Defoe owe it all? That's the question that Tim Severin sets out to answer in his new book, \"In Search of Robinson Crusoe.\"", "Defoe’s interests seem to lie mainly in the theme of man’s creation of society from primitive conditions, but meanwhile he almost unwittingly writes a gripping adventure story of survival. Robinson Crusoe is avidly read as such by all succeeding generations – and has a good claim to be considered the first English novel." ]

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[ "• What 1960s cartoon duo battled spies named Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale? Rocky & Bullwinkle", "Vile Villain, Laughable Lackey : Boris Badinov and Natasha Fatale often fail against Rocky and Bullwinkle, but their Potsylvanian superiors stay more believable as a threat.", "The pride of Frostbite Falls and Whatsamatta U's most famous alumni find their way onto the big screen (and the real world) in this comedy inspired by the popular cartoon series. Years after their TV show is cancelled, Rocky the Flying Squirrel (voice of June Foray) and Bullwinkle J. Moose (voice of Keith Scott) are barely getting by on residual checks; they're wondering what to do next when Fearless Leader (Robert De Niro), the evil genius of Pottsylvania, transforms himself from a cartoon into a living, breathing, nasty human being, thanks to the assistance of television executive Minnie Mogul (Janeane Garofalo). With the help of his newly flesh-and-blood henchmen Boris Badenov (Jason Alexander) and Natasha Fatale (Rene Russo), Fearless Leader plots to take over the world by using television to zombify people and then persuading the masses to elect him president. Can the daring flying squirrel and the well-meaning but not especially bright moose stop them? Unlike the TV show, which made a virtue of its unsophisticated animation, The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle employs a technically sophisticated blend of computer-generated animated characters (Rocky and Bullwinkle) and live actors (Fearless Leader, Boris, and Natasha). Human beings making guest appearances include Randy Quaid, John Goodman, and Jonathan Winters.", "Natasha. Natasha Fatale, a Russian agent and partner of Boris Badenov in “The Bullwinkle Show.” Voice of June Foray.", "Natasha is a spy for the fictional nation of Pottsylvania , and takes orders from the nation's leader, Fearless Leader (and occasionally the rarely-seen Mr. Big ). Natasha usually serves as an assistant or accomplice to her fellow spy, Boris Badenov . Like Boris, Natasha also delights in performing various criminal misdeeds. She seems to be a bit more intelligent, or at least more thoughtful, than Boris, and often points out flaws in his plans or voices slight contempt for his bungling, to which his customary reply was \"Sharrup you mouth, Natasha.\" Also, Natasha does say \"SHARRUP YOUR MOUTH!!!!\" to Boris in one episode, as their car goes over a cliff in The Treasure of Monte Zoom.", "Boris is nearly always accompanied by his fellow spy, Natasha Fatale. The first time he appeared without her was in the story arc, \"Buried Treasure.\" The first story arc where neither appeared was \"The Three Moosketeers.\"", "Rocky and Bullwinkle ran afoul of the Floys and the Hatfuls during the \"Missouri Mish Mash\" arc. Boris Badenov disguised himself as members of both clans as part of a plot to retrieve the Kurwood Derby.", "Romanova grew up to serve as a femme fatale. She was assigned to assist Boris Turgenov in the assassination of Professor Anton Vanko for defecting from the Soviet Union, which served as her first mission in the United States. Natasha and Turgenov infiltrated Stark Industries as part of the plan. She attempted to manipulate information from American defense contractor Tony Stark, and inevitably confronted his superhero alter ego, Iron Man. The pair then battled Iron Man, and Turgenov steals and wears the Crimson Dynamo suit. Vanko sacrificed himself to save Iron Man, killing Turgenov in the process, using an unstable experimental laser light pistol. Romanova later meets the criminal archer Hawkeye and sets him against Iron Man, and later helped Hawkeye battle Iron Man. ", "Natasha is challenged by Yelena Belova, a graduate from the training program through which Natasha herself was taught the espionage trade, who is the first to ever surpass Natasha's marks and considers herself the rightful successor to the \"Black Widow\" mantle. Natasha refers to her as \"little one\" and \"rooskaya (meaning \"Russian\"), and encourages her to discover her individuality rather than live in blind service, asking her \"why be Black Widow, when you can be Yelena Belova?\" After several confrontations, Natasha subjects Yelena to intense psychological manipulation and suffering in order to teach her the reality of the espionage business, and an angry but disillusioned Yelena eventually returns home and temporarily quits being a spy. Although Matt Murdock is appalled by the cruelty of Natasha's treatment of Yelena, Nick Fury describes the action as Natasha's attempt at saving Yelena's life. After bringing the Avengers and the Thunderbolts together to overcome Count Nefaria, Natasha supported Daredevil's short-lived efforts to form a new super-team to capture the Punisher, originally believed to be Nick Fury's murderer. Despite recruitment endeavors, however, this vigilante group folded shortly after she and her teammate Dagger fought an army of renegade S.H.I.E.L.D. androids; ironically, she soon afterward worked with both Daredevil and Punisher against the European crime syndicate managed by the Brothers Grace. Months later, her pursuit of war criminal Anatoly Krylenko led to a clash with Hawkeye, whose pessimism regarding heroic activities now rivaled her own.", "A heady mix of nasties, beginning with suave, metal-handed scientist Dr Julius No (Joseph Wiseman), followed by the eyepatch-wearing Emilio Largo (Adolfo Celi) in Thunderball. Rosa Klebb (Lotte Lenya), famous for her bladed shoes in From Russia With Love, was Number 3 in the organisation (having defected from Smersh), and the sinister Mr Wint (Bruce Glover) and Mr Kidd (Putter Smith), who tried to cremate Bond in Diamonds Are Forever, were also henchmen of the gang. But most famous of all is Spectre's Number 1: Ernst Stavro Blofeld.", "Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and a supervillain from the James Bond series of novels and films, who was created by Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory. An evil genius with aspirations of world domination, he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond and is head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE . He was played on screen by Donald Pleasence , Telly Savalas , Charles Gray , Max von Sydow and Christoph Waltz , among others.", "After years of working for MI6 as Agent 006, Trevelyan staged his execution in a Arkhangelsk chemical weapons facility, and formed a terrorist organization dubbed Janus (with similarities to both SPECTRE and Trevelyan himself to Blofeld in terms of looks, fashion, henchmen and lairs). He enlisted the aid of a corrupt Soviet General Ourumov , femme fatale assassin Xenia Onatopp and nerdy computer programmer Boris Grishenko to hijack some Soviet EMP satellites and use them to wipeout every electronic item in Great Britain after Trevelyan would electronically steal all the money out of the Bank of England.", "Following the disappearance of two Russian and British submarines, both equipped with nuclear warheads, British Secret Service head M ( Bernard Lee ) and KGB General Anatol Gogol ( Walter Gotell ) agree to work together in 'a new era of Anglo-Soviet cooperation.' Consequently, MI6 agent James Bond ( Roger Moore ) and KGB agent Major Anya Amasova ( Barbara Bach ) are sent together to Sardinia in an attempt to pursue a lead that links reclusive shipping magnate Karl Stromberg ( Curd Jürgens ) with a microfilm containing designs for the submarine tracking system that may have been used to abduct the missing subs...that is, if they can avoid the bite of Stomberg's assassin Jaws ( Richard Kiel ), a 7' towering Goliath with steel teeth.", "When the two were questioned by the Russian Defence Minister Dimitri Mishkin (Tcheky Karyo), Bond told him that he had a traitor in his ranks, while Natalya blurted out to Mishkin that the real traitorous culprit wasn't Boris, but General Ourumov who had stolen the Golden Eye missile access, set it off, and targeted the Severnaya facility for destruction (\"He killed everyone and stole the GoldenEye\"). She also mentioned the existence of a second GoldenEye satellite.", "Forsyth's novels also feature famous personalities and political leaders as characters. The Day of the Jackal features French president Charles de Gaulle and his interior minister, Roger Frey, who heads the government search for the assassin—the opening chapter is based on an actual attempt by the OAS to kill de Gaulle. The Odessa File features the real-life Nazi Eduard Roschmann and Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal. The Fourth Protocol and Icon involve several chapters indirectly featuring former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and former US president George H. W. Bush. Although unnamed or of fictional identity, the leader of the Soviet Union is portrayed as the lead antagonist in several novels. Other real life characters are thinly disguised. For example, real life suspected Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout is portrayed as \"Vladimir Bout\" in Avenger.", "In Soviet-Era Arkhangelsk, MI6 agents James Bond and Alec Trevelyan infiltrate a Soviet chemical weapons facility and plant explosives. Trevelyan is captured and shot by Colonel Arkady Ourumov, but Bond flees as the facility explodes.", "In the Russian television series Sherlock Holmes, Moriarty is a mathematics professor (played by Alexey Gorbunov) who attempts to assassinate the Queen. He appeared as the head of a London-wide criminal network called \"The Cabmen Gang\".", "Max Zorin is a fictional former KGB operative and industrialist. The character acts as the primary antagonist in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill and was played by actor Christopher Walken . The character was later mentioned in the video-game Everything or Nothing (2003) and appeared as a playable character in Nightfire (2002), GoldenEye 007: Reloaded (2010) and 007 Legends (2012).", "The confessions of the \"Thought Criminals\" Rutherford, Aaronson and Jones are based on the show trials of the 1930s, which included fabricated confessions by prominent Bolsheviks Nikolai Bukharin, Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev to the effect that they were being paid by the Nazi government to undermine the Soviet regime under Leon Trotsky's direction.", "UNCLE (United Network Command for Law and Enforcement) was a fictional international intelligence organization. It was comprised of agents from many nations. American agent Napoleon Solo (Robert Vaughn), and Illya Kuryakin (David McCallum) from the USSR, were the main characters in the show.", "In England, General Koskov informs MI6 that the KGB is being run by power-hungry General Pushkin . According to Koskov, Pushkin has revived the old policy of Smert' Shpionam — literally, Death to Spies ( SMERSH ), a programme of Western spy assassinations — and as such Pushkin needs to be eliminated. This story is credible given the recent murder of Bond's partner in the Gibraltar training exercise. Shortly afterwards the KGB, in person of the assassin Necros , raids the safe-house where British Intelligence hide Koskov and snatch him back East.", "Trevelyan faked his own death in order to have Bond risk his own life to avenge his comrade but Bond got away with his life. Now knowing Trevelyan's true colors, Bond and a female Russian computer programmer Natalya Simonova worked together to sabotage the operation: Natalya rigging the Goldeneye satellite to burn up in the atmosphere and Bond sabotaging the antenna cradle.", "Voluptuous, red-haired 'black widow' mistress and assassinatrix Fiona Volpe, working for SPECTRE No. 2 villain Emilio Largo (Adolfo Celi), was first seen seducing NATO's French pilot Major Francois Derval (Paul Stassino) before he was killed, as part of a plot to steal two thermonuclear weapons from a NATO jet.", "Rosa Klebb is one of the main villains in the film From Russia with Love and is played by actress Lotte Lenya.  She is a member of Blofeld’s SPECTRE organization. She is also a Colonel in the Russian counter intelligence agency SMERSH, but has secretly defected to SPECTRE.", "Indy then walked into what appeared to be an ordinary American town, but soon came to realize that it in fact was a test site for nuclear bombs . Indy, once again narrowly escaped with his life, when he hid inside of a fridge lined with lead, which saved him from the enormous explosion. Indy was then captured by the FBI , who suspected him of being working with the Russians. He was interrogated by the agents Smith and Taylor . At the military base Indy was defended by his old friend, General Bob Ross . Indy then told the agents of the Russian woman he had met, and they identified her as Irina Spalko – one of Stalin 's best agents.", "Emilio Largo was \"Number 2\", the second in command in the terrorist organization SPECTRE, behind leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld. He led Operation Thunderball, a plan to steal two nuclear warheads from a NATO test flight, to hold Britain and the United States for ransom.", "The killers travelled by train to central London. They checked into the Best Western hotel on Shaftesbury Avenue, in the heart of Soho. The first rule of spycraft is not to draw attention to yourself. But from the moment they stepped on to UK soil, Lugovoi and Kovtun attracted attention. It wasn’t just that they were assassins: they looked like assassins, a couple of stage villains from KGB casting.", "1912: Birth of Juan Pujol Garcia, Spanish wartime double agent codenamed Garbo by MI5 (who got him an MBE for his services) and Arabel by the Germans (who gave him an Iron Cross). His activities saved thousands of Allied lives. He died sometime in October 1988 leaving behind one unsolved mystery. As a friend of the English traitor Blunt, was he also working for the Russians?", "The Villain Is: General Koskov (Joe Don Baker), a deranged arms dealer who partners with a Russian general on an elaborate arms for opium deal.", "Major Anya Amasova (aka Agent XXX) is a fictional character in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me, portrayed by Barbara Bach. In the film, Amasova is an agent of the KGB.", "Popov shared another trait with James Bond — womanizing. He slept with dozens, including actress Simone Simon, who starred in the creepy 1942 movie “Cat People.”", "Former Russian agent Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned by a lethal dose of radioactive polonium, his tea spiked during a meeting with two former Russian security servicemen. He had said the Russian Federal Security Service orchestrated a series of bombings in Russia in 1999 that left hundreds dead and led to Russia's invasion of Chechnya later that year." ]

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[ "Shemp Howard (March 11, 1895 – November 22, 1955 ) was an American actor and comedian. Born Samuel Horwitz, he was called \"Shemp\" because \"Sam\" came out that way in his mother's thick Litvak accent. He is best known today for his role as the third stooge in the Three Stooges, a role he first portrayed at the beginning of the act in the early 1920s (1923–1932) while the act was still associated with Ted Healy and known as \"Ted Healy and his Stooges\", and again from 1947 until his death in 1955. Between his times with the Stooges, Shemp had a successful film career as a solo comedian.", "60 Shemp Howard 3/4/1895 - 11/22/1955 American comedian best known as a part of the Three Stooges comedy team.", "After Shemp Howard died of a sudden heart attack on November 22, 1955, his brother Moe suggested that he and teammate Larry Fine continue working as \"The Two Stooges\". Studio chief Harry Cohn rejected the proposal. Although Moe had legal approval to allow new members into the act, Columbia executives had final say about any actor who would appear in the studio's films, and insisted on a performer already under contract to Columbia: Joe Besser. Joe Besser replaced Shemp in 1956, appearing in 16 shorts. Besser, noting how one side of Larry Fine's face seemed \"calloused\", had a clause in his contract specifically prohibiting him from being hit too hard (though this restriction was later lifted). Besser was the only \"third\" Stooge that dared to hit Moe back in retaliation and get away with it; Larry Fine was also known to hit Moe on occasion, but always with serious repercussions. \"I usually played the kind of character who would hit others back,\" Besser recalled.", "Jerome Lester \"Jerry\" Horwitz (October 22, 1903 – January 18, 1952), better known by his stage name Curly Howard, was an American comedian and vaudevillian. He is best known as a member of the American slapstick comedy team the Three Stooges , along with his older brothers Moe Howard and Shemp Howard , and actor Larry Fine . Curly is generally considered the most popular and recognizable of the Stooges. He is well known for his high-pitched voice, vocal expressions (\"nyuk-nyuk-nyuk!\",\"woo-woo-woo!\", \"soitanly!\" and barking like a dog), as well as his inventive physical comedy, improvisations, and athleticism.", "Jerome Lester \"Jerry\" Horwitz, better known by his stage name Curly Howard, was an American comedian and vaudevillian. He is best known as a member of the American slapstick comedy team the Three Stooges, along with his older brothers Moe Howard and Shemp Howard, and actor Larry Fine. Curly is generally considered the most popular and recognizable of the Stooges. He is well known for his high-pitched voice, vocal expressions (\"nyuk-nyuk-nyuk!\",\"woo-woo-woo!\", and barking like a dog), as well as his inventive physical comedy, improvisations, and athleticism.", "Moe Howard turned to his older brother Shemp Howard to take Curly's place. Shemp, however, was hesitant to rejoin the Stooges, as he had a successful solo career at the time of Curly's untimely illness. However, he realized that Moe and Larry's careers would be finished without the Stooge act. Shemp wanted some kind of assurance that his rejoining was indeed temporary, and that he could leave the Stooges once Curly recovered. Unfortunately, Curly remained gravely ill after 1950, dying of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by additional strokes on January 18, 1952.", "US vaudevillian who in 1923 founded a stage act known as \"Ted Healy & His Stooges,\" the latter comprising one Moe Howard and his brother, Shemp Howard , whose roles were to act as foils, or stooges, for Healy's jokes. Joined later by Larry Fine , the Howards later went off on their own, eventually to call themselves \"The Three Stooges.\" Over the years there would be six stooges in all. When Shemp left the act to try a solo career, he was replaced by a third Howard brother, the shy, bumbling Jerome \"Curly\" Howard. Later, when Curly Howard suffered a debilitating stroke, Shemp would return to replace him. Later still, after Shemp's death in 1955, Joe Besser , a short, heavyset, effeminate-acting veteran of stage and screen comedy, would join the act in Shemp's place. Besser, however, unwilling to tolerate the sort of violent, physical slapstick that was the Stooges' trademark, left the act in 1958, to be replaced by the sixth and final Stooge, Joe DeRita , who was given the moniker \"Curly-Joe.\"", "Columbia's short-subject division downsized in 1952. Producer Hugh McCollum was discharged and director Edward Bernds resigned out of loyalty to McCollum, leaving only Jules White to both produce and direct the Stooges' remaining Columbia comedies. Production was significantly faster, with the former four-day filming schedules now tightened to two or three days. In another cost-cutting measure, White would create a \"new\" Stooge short by borrowing footage from old ones, setting it in a slightly different storyline, and filming a few new scenes often with the same actors in the same costumes. White was initially very subtle when recycling older footage: he would reuse only a single sequence of old film, re-edited so cleverly that it was not easy to detect. The later shorts were cheaper and the recycling more obvious, with as much as 75% of the running time consisting of old footage. White came to rely so much on older material that he could film the \"new\" shorts in a single day. Three years after Curly's death, Shemp Howard died of a sudden heart attack at age 60 on November 22, 1955. Archived footage of Shemp, combined with new footage of his stand-in, Joe Palma (filmed from behind or with his face hidden), were used to complete the last four films of Shemp's contract: Rumpus in the Harem, Hot Stuff, Scheming Schemers, and Commotion on the Ocean.", "Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946, and Shemp returned, reinstating the original lineup, until his death of a heart attack in November 1955. Film actor Joe Palma was used as a temporary stand-in to complete four Shemp-era shorts under contract (the maneuver thereafter became known as the term of art \"Fake Shemp\"). Columbia contract player Joe Besser joined as the third Stooge for two years (1956–57), departing in 1958 to nurse his ailing wife. Columbia terminated its shorts division and released its Stooges contractual rights to the Screen Gems production studio. Screen Gems then syndicated the shorts to television, whereupon the Stooges became one of the most popular comedy acts of the early 1960s.", "The weekly magazine's 1-page \"Encore\" feature pays tribute to Shemp Howard on the 36th anniversary of his death on Nov. 22, 1955... All the World's a Stooge.", "The original Three Stooges in their film debut, Soup to Nuts. Shemp Howard (far left) was the original third Stooge before his youngest brother Curly Howard assumed the role.", "The act started as Ted Healy and his Southern Gentlemen, consisting of Moe Howard , his brother Shemp , and Larry Fine . This threesome did one feature film entitled Soup to Nuts before Shemp left to pursue a solo career. He was replaced by his brother Curly and the trio became The Three Stooges.", "The phrase \"to shemp\" meaning \"to fake\" was coined from the actor's name. It was inspired by Columbia's use of an uncredited double in order to complete several of The Three Stooges shorts left uncompleted at the time of Shemp's death.", "The Three Stooges are represented with HOI POLLOI (1935) and HALF-SHOT SHOOTERS (1936), and Shemp Howard can be found on a page dedicated to Abbott & Costello's BUCK PRIVATES (1941).", "Shemp Howard and Joe Besser receive chapters in this tribute to familiar, beloved supporting actors. Stooge fans can also enjoy segments dedicated to Vernon Dent, Dudley Dickerson, Billy Gilbert, Bud Jamison, Jack Norton, Benny Rubin, and dozens more whose paths crossed the Stooges (and Healy) over five decades.", "Joe Besser replaced Shemp in 1956, appearing in 16 Stooges shorts. Besser had earlier starred in his own short-subject comedies for Columbia from 1949 to 1956 and appeared in supporting roles in a variety of movies, making his persona sufficiently well known that he was frequently caricatured in Looney Tunes animated shorts of the era before joining the Stooges. Besser, noting how one side of Larry Fine's face appeared \"calloused\", [13] had a clause in his contract specifically prohibiting him from being smacked beyond an infrequent tap (though this restriction was later lifted). Besser was the only \"third\" Stooge that dared to hit Moe back in retaliation and get away with it; Larry Fine was also known to hit Moe on occasion, but always with serious repercussions. \"I usually played the kind of character who would hit others back\", Besser recalled. [9]", "Ted Healy was was born Charles Lee Nash and grew up a very good friend with Moses \"Moe\" and Samuel \"Shemp\" Horwitz (later Moe and Shemp Howard). In the twenties he changed his name to Ted Healy and got Moe, Shemp, and a violinist Larry Feinberg (later Larry Fine) to do vaudeville acts with him as his stooges. As the 1930's started Ted was becoming addicted to alcohol. Shemp left the act and Moe replaced him with Curly Jerome Howard. those three also left the act because Ted Healy underpaid them and kept getting drunk. He spent the rest of his life doing feature films, most notably \"Operator 13,\" before he was murdered in 1937 by three men at the bar because Ted was drunk and tried to pick a fight with them.", "In 1932, Jerome Howard (soon to be universally known as \"Curly\") joined the Three Stooges comedy team. He was replacing his older brother, Shemp, as the third Stooge, joining his older brother Moe and frizzly haired Larry Fine.", "Shemp appeared with Moe and Larry in 73 short subjects and the feature film Gold Raiders (1951). He suffered a mild stroke in November 1952, although he recovered from it within weeks and without noticeable effect on his remaining films with the Stooges which were by now often remakes of earlier films that used recycled footage to reduce costs.", "Curly himself also appeared post-retirement in the short \"Hold That Lion\" as a sleeping train passenger who would make dog noises (as Curly would). This would be the only short to include all three of the Howard brothers, Moe, Curly, and Shemp. The scene was also used in \"Booty and the Beast\".", "\"Curly\" Howard (Jerome Lester Horwitz) of The Three Stooges' fame, the youngest of the brothers and considered the most manic of the trio (with his catchphrases: \"nyuk-nyuk-nyuk!\" and \"woo-woo-woo!\" and his familiar baby face), died at the age of 48. His final appearance as an official member of the threesome was in Half-Wits Holiday (1947), during which he suffered the first of two debilitating strokes.", "American musician, songwriter and performer who was a major rockabilly artist, beginning with pure country and then moving on to original soft-rock with his three-man group, \"Buddy Holly and the Crickets.\" He was interested in black music from the mid-50s and worked with rock rhythms from his first recording session on 1/26/1956. The group cut four albums before his classic \"That'll Be the Day\" launched him on the way to becoming a rock legend. His fame was cut short when he was killed in a small plane crash at the age of 23 on the night of 2/03/1959.", "On February 3, 1959, Richardson died in a plane crash in Clear Lake, Iowa , along with music stars Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens and pilot Roger Peterson . [2] The accident was famously eulogized as \" The Day the Music Died \" in Don McLean 's 1971 song \" American Pie \". [3]", "Of the many engi neers w ho died heroica ll y in train wrecks, Casey Jones stands out perhaps because of the song wr itten about him by an African-American engine w iper, Wallace Saunders, who was Casey's friend. lt was performed and modified by others. When finally published in 1902, the sheet music li sted T. Lawrence Seibert as the lyr icist and Eddie Newton as the composer. No mention is made of Saunders. Millions of cop ies we re sold and Casey became an American folk hero.", "in 2002 - Harlan Perry Howard dies at age 74. American songwriter, principally in country music; born in Detroit, Michigan, but grew up on a farm in Kentucky and he was 12 years old when he began writing songs, starting a career which spanned six decades. His songs include \"Pick Me Up on Your Way Down\", \"Heartaches By The Number\", \"Everglades, Busted \"I Fall To Pieces\", his songs were so immediately successful that in 1961 alone, he had fifteen of his compositions on the country music charts, earning himself ten BMI awards. Howard was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1997", "Howard Greenfield (aka Howie) - Died 3-4-1986 in Los Angeles, CA, U.S. - Brain tumor ( Songwriter ) Born 1936 in Brooklyn, NY, U.S. - He co-wrote songs with Neil Sedaka (\"Breaking Up Is Hard To Do\" and \"Calendar Girl\"), Carole King (\"Crying In The Rain\"), Jack Keller (\"My Heart Has A Mind Of Its Own\" and \"Everybody's Somebody's Fool\") - He also co-wrote the theme songs for TV's, The Flying Nun and Bewitched - Songwriters Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "He, Moe Howard , Larry Fine and Curly Howard appear in only one short together, Hold That Lion! (1947). Curly appears uncredited as a train car passenger (watch for the man with the hat on his face). This was a short, non-speaking cameo, due to Curly's health issues.", "His sweet style went from the most sophisticated sounds of the 30s to a bit more robust sound suited to the times. Many Dorsey ballads of the 1940 - 1945 period have a kick to them in the first chorus or final chorus. Example: Just when one might think that Be Careful, It's My Heart, which begins with a stunning string section intro and trombone solo, is going to be a somewhat sedate side, the entire band comes in with a glorious use of dynamics and syncopation and a sound that fills the room with it's presence.", "A large man with a very distinctive booming voice, known to his friends and family as \"Boney\", Howard Marion-Crawford had a lot of talent and acting came easily to him. Unfortunately, this sometimes led to his being unreliable and his later years were a struggle. Plagued by ill health later in life, he died from a mixture of alcohol and sleeping pills in 1969. ", "Cyril Stapleton - Died 2-25-1974 ( Orchestra Leader ) Born 12-31-1914 - (He had hits with, \"The Italian Theme\" and \"Children's Marching Song\").", "2003 Death - Sheb Wooley, singer/actor, \", One-eyed, One-horn Flying Purple People Eater, \", dies at 82", "Martin Prince , strangled to death by Willie in his dreams. Others including Sherri and Terri , Nelson Muntz , Ralph Wiggum , Jimbo Jones ,  Kearney Zzyzwicz , and Dolph Starbeam  were all killed by Willie in several ways." ]

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[ "    * Malibu Stacy is a parody of Barbie in the cartoon series The Simpsons. In the episode 'Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy' Lisa is disgusted by the \"sexist drivel spouted by Malibu Stacy\", leading her to market an alternative \"Lisa Lionheart\".", "\"Barbie\" is a superb quality toy fashion doll made by Mattel, Inc. With the fame and fortune of Barbie, there have been a number of funny Barbie parodies including Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode \"Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy\". Mattel, Inc. also owns many other toy lines such as Fisher-Price, Hot Wheels, Matchbox, AmericanGirl & Hit Entertainment.", "Barbie has become a stock parody over the years; The Simpsons has Malibu Stacy (Lisa's frustration with a talking model that had the personality of The Ditz was the focus of a whole episode, inspired by a real controversy over a talking Barbie which could say \"Math class is tough!\"), and Rugrats had Angelica's favorite toy, the Cynthia doll. Then she's finally parodied herself in Toy Story 3.", "Smithers has the world's largest collection of Malibu Stacy dolls, is president of the Malibu Stacy Fan Club, and staged Malibu Stacy, The Musical.", "When 'Talking Malibu Stacy' dolls were introduced, pulling a string on the doll's back provided typically vapid catchphrases that were demeaning to women (such as \"Don't ask me, I'm just a girl!\"). Lisa fronted an effort to produce a competing doll called \"Lisa Lionheart,\" which would act as a more positive female role model. Its sales were disappointingly low because of the simultaneous release of \"Malibu Stacy With New Hat.\"", "\" Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy \": Offended by the female stereotypes embodied in the new talking Malibu Stacy doll (\"Don't ask me, I'm just a girl!\"), Lisa tries to introduce a progressive alternative. Meanwhile, Grampa Simpson takes a job at Krusty Burger in order to feel young and hip.", "Lisa is shocked to find that her new Malibu Stacy doll reinforces negative stereotypes of women. With Smithers' help, Lisa tracks down the original creator of Malibu Stacy and convinces her to market a new doll that's a better role model for girls.", "    * Saturday Night Live aired a parody of Barbie commercials featuring the fictional \"Gangsta Bitch Barbie\" doll and a \"Tupac Ken\" doll.", "Beverly Hills, 90210 is an American drama series that originally aired from October 4, 1990 to May 17, 2000 on Fox and was produced by Spelling Television in the United States, and subsequently on numerous networks around the world. It is the first series in the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise. The show followed the lives of a group of teenagers living in the upscale, star-studded community of Beverly Hills, California and attending the fictitious West Beverly Hills High School and, subsequently, the fictitious California University after graduation. The show was created by Darren Star and executive producers Charles Rosin followed in later seasons by Aaron Spelling, E. Duke Vincent, Steve Wasserman, and Jessica Klein. The \"90210\" in the title refers to one of the city's five ZIP codes. The original premise of the show was based on the adjustment and culture shock that twins Brandon and Brenda Walsh experienced when they and their parents, Jim and Cindy moved from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Beverly Hills. In addition to chronicling the friendships and romantic relationships of the characters, the show also addressed numerous topical issues such as date rape, gay rights, alcoholism, domestic violence, anti-Semitism, drug abuse, teenage suicide, teenage pregnancy, AIDS, bulimia and abortion. Beverly Hills, 90210 was named one of the Best School Shows of All Time by AOL TV.", "129-134 The five most emancipated sayings of the Malibu Stacy dolls (as collected by Smithers and Lisa) - 'I wish they taught shopping in school'; 'Let's bake some cookies for the boys'; 'Don't ask me - I'm just a girl'; Now let's forget our troubles with a big bowl of strawberry ice-cream'; 'Thinking too much gives you wrinkles' and 'My name is Malibu Stacy but you can call me (wolf-whistle).'", "Kate Jackson was born Lucy Kate Jackson October, 1948 in Alabama.  She is best known for her role of Sabrina Duncan on the TV show \" Charlie's Angels \" co-starring along with Farrah Fawcett , and Jaclyn Smith .  She is also well known for her role as Amanda King in \"The Scarecrow and Mrs. King\" as well as the role of Jill Danko on the TV show \"The Rookies\".", "Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter, dancer, choreographer, actress and television personality. She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 before rising to prominence in the 1980s as a highly sought-after choreographer at the height of the music video era. Abdul later scored a string of pop music hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Diana Ross for seventh among the female solo performers who have topped the chart. She won a Grammy for \"Best Music Video – Short Form\" for \"Opposites Attract\" and twice won the \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography\".", "Kate and Cheryl are Mattel TV Action Star Barbie's repainted and placed on Jason Wu Fashion Royalty bodies. Jaclyn Smith is a repainted Lois Lane Barbie. Farrah Fawcett (version 1.0) is a also Mattel Black Label Farrah Fawcett Barbies as painted and styled by artist Noel Cruz ( www.ncruz.com ) for www.myfarrah.com . Photo by Noel Cruz.", "Cynthia (portrayed by Denise Richards – uncredited), is Slater's secret admirer while he worked at the Malibu Sands Beach Resort (in \"The Last Weekend\" [3.12]), eventually revealing herself by pretending to drown. Although she and Slater seem to be a couple at the end of the Malibu Sands series, and Slater even informs the gang that Cynthia is coming to Bayside the following school year, she never again appears on the show.", "The Malibu location is today known as Malibu Creek State Park. Formerly called the Century Ranch and owned by 20th Century Fox Studios until the 1980s, the site today is returning to a natural state, and is marked by a rusted Jeep and an ambulance used in the show. Through the 1990s, the area was occasionally used for television commercial production.", "Jacly n Smith (Kelly Garrett), Farrah Fawcett-Majors (Jill Munroe), and Kate Jackson (Sabrina Duncan) of the TV show \" Charlie's Angels \"", "Chelsea (2010–present) - Barbie's younger sister. She replaced Kelly. She appears to be approximately 5–7 years old and is slightly taller than Kelly. The doll was first produced in 2011 as part of the \"My Fab Sisters\" line. She is the youngest sister of Barbie currently sold (Mattel discontinued Kelly shortly before Chelsea was produced). She has blonde hair and blue eyes (very similar to Kelly). Mattel has also made  African American  versions of Chelsea.", "Made in Jersey (TV series, CBS, 2012). Stars Donna Murphy, Erin Cummings, Kyle MacLachlan, Janet Montgomery as Martina Garetti. Originally called Baby Big Shot. Cancelled after eight episodes. All available on iTunes.", "Julie M. Benz (born May 1, 1972) is an American actress best known for her role as Darla in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel . She is also known for her portrayal of Rita Bennett on Dexter. ", "John Bosley as portrayed by David Doyle (A Repainted Bosley began as a DID 1/6 Figure by Noel Cruz) along with Repainted Charlie's Angels Kelly Garrett (Jaclyn Smith), Sabrina Duncan (Kate Jackson), Jill (Farrah Fawcett) Munroe and Kris Munroe (Cheryl Ladd). All four angels were also repainted and restyled by artist Noel Cruz. Chair by Regent Miniatures ( www.regentminiatures.com - Ken Haseltine).", "Doherty starred in FEARnet's animated web series Mari-Kari, which launched on June 3, 2010. Mari and Kari are identical twins, but Kari is already dead and is a ghost. Doherty voiced both Mari and Kari in the eight-episode show. WE tv announced on July 21, 2011, that she would star in a one-hour reality series that follows her and her fiance, Kurt Iswarienko, as they plan their wedding. The show, titled Shannen Says, premiered in April 10, 2012. Later in 2012, Doherty became a spokesperson for Education Connection, and appeared in an episode of The New Normal as her character Brenda Walsh from Beverly Hills, 90210.", "Fawcett (then Farrah Fawcett-Majors during her brief marriage to Six Million Dollar Man star Lee Majors) broke her contract and left the series after one season to become a movie star. She was replaced by blonde actress Cheryl Ladd, who played Jill's younger sister, Kris, also a decoy character. (As part of her exit agreement, Fawcett was forced to make guest appearances through the show's fourth season.) After two seasons and struggles to insert more meaningful characterizations into the show, Kate Jackson also retired her wings. She was replaced in 1979 by blonde actress Shelly Hack, who in 1980 was replaced by brunette actress Tanya Roberts for the show's final season. Throughout these cast changes, the formula remained consistent, save the loss of the impish Sabrina.", "Barbie has often been referenced in popular culture and is frequently the target of parody. Some of these occasions include:", "John Bosley as portrayed by David Doyle (A Repainted Bosley began as a 1/6 Figure by Noel Cruz) along with Repainted Charlie's Angels Kelly Garrett (Jaclyn Smith), Sabrina Duncan (Kate Jackson), Jill (Farrah Fawcett) Munroe and Kris Munroe (Cheryl Ladd). All four angels were also repainted and restyled by artist Noel Cruz of www.ncruz.com . Bosley's clothing is from Monkey Depot ( www.monkeydepot.com ).", "John Bosley as portrayed by David Doyle (A Repainted Bosley began as a DID 1/6 Figure by Noel Cruz) along with Repainted Charlie's Angels Kelly Garrett (Jaclyn Smith), Sabrina Duncan (Kate Jackson), Jill (Farrah Fawcett) Munroe and Kris Munroe (Cheryl Ladd). All four angels were also repainted and restyled by artist Noel Cruz of www.ncruz.com .", "VH1 announced today that it has renewed its breakout hit starring Stacey Dash, LisaRaye McCoy and Charity Shea as three best friends in the world of Atlanta fashion, fame and music. It’s the network’s first hourlong scripted series.", "At the age of 10, Lindsay landed a recurring role as Alli Fowler on the long-running soap opera Another World. Early in 1997 she was cast in the big screen remake of the hit Disney movie The Parent Trap (1998), playing both leading roles as twin sisters (originally played by Hayley Mills in the 1961 movie). The film was a box office success and Lindsay won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance by a Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film. In 1999 she filmed the Walt Disney TV movie Life-Size (2000), co-starring Tyra Banks . In 2000, Lindsay played Bette Midler 's daughter Rose on the pilot of Bette Midler 's sitcom Bette, which was filmed in New York. When the show was picked up, the producers decided to move filming to California, so Lindsay gave up the role and a Los Angeles-based actress was found to replace her. In 2001, Lindsay played the lead role of Lexy Gold in the Disney TV movie Get a Clue (2002), filmed in Toronto. She followed that up with the remake of the Disney film Freaky Friday (2003), playing the role originated by Jodie Foster . The film was a huge success, grossing over $110 million at the box office.", "The original series produced a spin-off series, titled: Models Inc., which ran for one season from 1994–95. The series focused on a Los Angeles modeling agency run by Hillary Michaels (played by Linda Gray), the mother of Melrose's Amanda Woodward. ", "In the original, unaired pilot of the series, the conception of the female lead was very different. She was called Katie, and was envisoned as \"a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior\". Sheldon and Leonard would \"approach her with honesty, to draw the real, sensitive Katie out\". The role was played by Amanda Walsh. However, the test audiences reacted to the character negatively, seeing her as too mean. Because of this, the character was changed, and the role was recast.", "Farrah was replaced by Cheryl Ladd as Kris Munroe, Jill’s sister and a former police officer from San Francisco. Kate was replaced by Shelley Hack as Tiffany Welles, a former police officer from Boston. In the final season, Tanya Roberts replaced Shelley as Julie Rogers, a former model. Jaclyn turned out to be the only cast member to stay with the show through it’s entire 5 year run.", "At the beginning of the show, Susan is recently divorced from Karl, who left her for his secretary. She finds herself in competition with the neighborhood tramp, Edie Britt (Nicolette Sheridan), when both women set their eyes on their new handsome neighbor, Mike. This rivalry leads to one of Susan's infamous klutzy moves when she sneaks into Edie's house to spy on her, accidentally knocking over a candle, and burning the house down. While Susan does end up dating Mike, Edie remains a thorn in her side by dating Karl.", "The original girls were Farrah Fawcett-Majors as Jill Monroe, Kate Jackson as Sabrina Duncan and Jaclyn Smith as Kelly Garrett. They were my favourite line up in the show. Their bosses were John Bosley (played by the late David Doyle) and the faceless Charlie Townsend (voiced by John Forsythe)." ]

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[ "Paul Allen Wood Shaffer, CM (; born November 28, 1949) is a Canadian-American singer, actor, voice actor, author, comedian, and multi-instrumentalist who served as David Letterman's musical director, band leader and sidekick on the entire run of both Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) and Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015).", "1949 ● Paul Shaffer → Pianist, composer, music director, actor, and frontman for the Saturday Night Live and David Letterman house bands", "Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS. The show debuted on August 30, 1993, and is produced by Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants Incorporated and CBS Television Studios. The show's music director and band-leader of the house band, the CBS Orchestra, is Paul Shaffer. The head writer is Matt Roberts and the announcer is Alan Kalter. Of the major U.S. late-night programs, Late Show ranks second in cumulative average viewers over time and third in number of episodes over time. The show leads other late night shows in ad revenue with $271 million in 2009.", "In May 2015, the Ride of Fame honored Paul Shaffer with a double decker sightseeing bus in New York City to commemorate his long run as the leader of the CBS Orchestra for the Late Show with David Letterman. ", "Late Night with David Letterman, which began in 1982, featured Paul Shaffer and The World's Most Dangerous Band, who, unlike previous house bands, incorporated contemporary rhythm and blues and rock music. The band continued that blend with Letterman when he left for CBS to start Late Show in 1993. House bands remain a late-night talk show fixture, with many of them also serving as unsuspecting straight men for the host's jokes, musically introducing guests, playing in and out of commercials, composing original pieces of music for sketches, and backing up musical guests. ", "This song was written by Paul Shaffer and Paul Jabara. Shaffer is David Letterman's bandleader; Jabara wrote \"Last Dance\" and \"No More Tears\" for Donna Summer. Jabara came up with the idea for the song (including the title) and asked Shaffer to work on it with him, which Shaffer was thrilled to do.", "Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS, the first iteration of the Late Show franchise. The show debuted on August 30, 1993, and was produced by Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants Incorporated and CBS Television Studios. The show's music director and leader of the house band, the CBS Orchestra, was Paul Shaffer. The head writer was Matt Roberts and the announcer was Alan Kalter. Of the major U.S. late-night programs, Late Show ranked second in cumulative average viewers over time and third in number of episodes over time. In most U.S. markets the show aired from 11:35 p.m. to 12:37 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time, and recorded Monday through Wednesdays at 4:30 p.m., and Thursdays at 3:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The second Thursday episode usually aired on Friday of that week.", "Alas, in time all the involved parties went their separate ways. Kirshner stayed a vital part of the music business; his name is best remembered these days from when he hosted Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, a late-Saturday night music show during the late 70's which featured the biggest recording acts of the time. (Paul Shaffer did a spot-on imitation of Kirshner for a popular skit on Saturday Night Live, which preceded Kirshner's show on NBC.) Jeff Barry went on to write themes for television and movies, as well as produce singles for other artists. Ron Dante would produce most of Barry Manilow's hits as well as a few top Broadway shows.", "When Letterman moved to CBS to host the Late Show in 1993, the band came along and was greatly expanded. A contract stipulation with previous producer Johnny Carson prohibited the World's Most Dangerous Band from having a horn section, so as not to emulate the NBC Orchestra seen on The Tonight Show; with Carson's retirement and the change of network, the stipulation was no longer in effect, and Shaffer was now free to add horns. Felicia Collins was added as a second guitarist and eventually a vocalist (over the course of the show, she occasionally shared top billing with Shaffer, as \"Paul Shaffer, Felicia Collins and the CBS Orchestra\"); she had first performed with Will Lee in 1985 when they backed the Thompson Twins at Live Aid in Philadelphia. Two years later, she and Shaffer first performed together, at a benefit concert for homeless children, hosted by Paul Simon. A horn section was also added at this time, including trombonist Tom Malone, and saxophonist Bruce Kapler. Trumpeter Al Chez was added in February 1997.", "Beginning in 1982, Shaffer served as musical director for David Letterman's late night talk shows: as leader of \"The World's Most Dangerous Band\" for Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) on NBC, for which he also composed the theme song, and as leader of the CBS Orchestra for the Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015) on CBS. Letterman consistently maintained that the show's switch to CBS was because NBC \"fired Paul for stealing pens\" or some other facetious reason. Shaffer guest-hosted the show twice when Letterman was unavailable, including during Letterman's January 2000 medical leave for quintuple heart bypass surgery, and during the birth of Letterman's son Harry in November 2003.", "In February 2015 Shaffer appeared on the 40th anniversary special of Saturday Night Live, playing music to Bill Murray's lounge singer character, a love song from the movie Jaws.", "*Nominated for an Emmy Award* Live From New York, It's...Paul Shaffer Sketches include--\"Don Kirshner's Rock Concert\", \"Hey You!\", \"Wild & Crazy Guys\", \"Theodoric of York\", \"Dancing In The Dark\", \"Extramarital Foreplay\", \"Swan Lake\", \"Troff 'n' Brew\", \"Nerds Science Fair\", \"Next Week In Review\".", "These lyrics were used again for the band's debut performance on SNL. This took place on the episode of April 22, 1978 (hosted by Steve Martin), where, in the cold open, Don Kirshner (played by Paul Shaffer) describes how Marshall Checkers of Checkers Records called him on a hot new blues act, and how with the help of \"Neshui Wexler and Jerry Ertegun\" (a play on the names of record industry executives Jerry Wexler and Nesuhi Ertegun), they were no longer regarded as an authentic blues band, but \"a viable commercial product.\" The Blues Brothers then performed \"Hey Bartender\". Due to Shaffer's involvement in the sketch, keyboards were played for this performance by Cheryl Hardwick.", "He has released two solo albums, 1989's Grammy-nominated Coast to Coast, and 1993's The World's Most Dangerous Party, produced by rock musician Todd Rundgren. Shaffer has also recorded with a wide range of artists, including Donald Fagen, Ronnie Wood, Grand Funk Railroad, Diana Ross, B.B. King, Asleep at the Wheel, Cyndi Lauper, Carl Perkins, Yoko Ono, Blues Traveler, Jeff Healey, Cher, Chicago, Luba, Robert Burns, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Nina Hagen, Robert Plant, Peter Criss, Scandal, Brian Wilson, Late Show regular Warren Zevon, jazz trumpeter Lew Soloff, jazz saxophonist Lou Marini and bluegrass legend Earl Scruggs. In 1982, he co-wrote \"It's Raining Men,\" with Paul Jabara. It was #1 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play charts, a #2 hit in the UK for The Weather Girls in 1984 and a UK #1 remake for Geri Halliwell in 2001. Shaffer and The World's Most Dangerous Band performed the Chuck Berry song \"Roll over Beethoven\" for the 1992 film Beethoven.", "Paul Albert Anka, OC is a Canadian-American singer, songwriter, and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like \"Diana\", \"Lonely Boy\", \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\", and \" Having My Baby\". He wrote such well-known music as the theme for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and one of Tom Jones's biggest hits, \"She's a Lady\", as well as the English lyrics for Frank Sinatra's signature song, \"My Way\", which has been covered by many including Elvis Presley. He was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.", "Just singing on the balcony with some good friends. Great fun. Watched *** Jagger on \"Saturday Night Live\". I love ol' *** LOL He was great! Steve Martin & Jeff Beck were on too. Fun show!", "The final segment consists of a live musical performance, a comedian performing a stand-up routine, or another guest interview. Musical guests have included artists from David Bowie, U2, Neil Young, Coldplay to indie bands like Grizzly Bear, Gorillaz, MENEW, and Vocaloid Hatsune Miku. The CBS Orchestra frequently accompanies musical guests in performing their songs. Episodes occasionally conclude with Letterman recommending viewers stay tuned for Tom Snyder, Craig Kilborn, Craig Ferguson (James Corden in 2015), but usually he simply waves to the camera, saying, \"Good night everybody!\" In the latter part of the run, the admonishment to watch Craig Ferguson and James Corden was delivered by Alan Kalter, via voiceover.", "-- “Michael Feinstein's New Year's Eve,” 10-11 p.m., PBS. Backed by a 17-piece band, Feinstein is joined by Broadway's Kelli O'Hara, Aaron Tveitand Christine Ebersole, plus Darren Criss of “Glee,” Leslie Odom Jr. Of “Smash” and Julia Goodwin of “America's Got Talent.”", "Daniel Edward \"Dan\" Aykroyd, (born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian actor, comedian, producer, screenwriter and musician. He was an original member of the \"Not Ready for Prime Time Players\" on Saturday Night Live (1975–79), as Elwood Blues of The Blues Brothers (with John Belushi), and as Ray Stantz in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989). In 1990, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in the 1989 film Driving Miss Daisy.", "Craig Safan provided the series' original music for its entire run except the theme song. His extensive compositions for the show led to him winning numerous ASCAP Top TV Series awards for his music.", "Fats Domino guests on The Steve Allen Show., and Shirley and Lee release ''Let The Good Times Roll'', another Dave Bartholomew production.", "Wonderful World Of Pizzazz – hosted by Carl Reiner and Michele Lee. Pat Paulsen, The Cowsills and Harper’s Bizarre guest. Sponsored by Timex.", "  The Ed Sullivan Show (TV Series) (writer - 6 episodes, 1964 - 1970) (performer - 4 episodes, 1964 - 1965) (lyrics - 1 episode, 1965) (music - 1 episode, 1965)", "He was a guest comedian on numerous radio variety shows and later topped the bill in pantomimes and summer seasons throughout Great Britain. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s he was a regular guest star on television programmes such as Big Night Out, Spot the Tune and The Liver Birds. He evoked considerable nostalgia by a memorable appearance on BBC's The Good Old Days using much of his material from his days on \"steam radio\".", "Musicians featured on the show include Frankie Valli, Gene Simmons, Rob Nilsson, Frank Zappa, Leonard Cohen, Willie Nelson, Miles Davis, James Brown, Ted Nugent, Glenn Frey, Sheena Easton and Phil Collins. In addition, comedians Penn Jillette, Tommy Chong and Chris Rock, supermodel Iman, director Michael Bay (\"Bad Boys,\" \"Armageddon,\" \"Transformers\") and TV producer Jack Kenny (\"Caroline in the City,\" \"Warehouse 13\") also appeared in minor roles.", "ive from New York, it's... Danny Devito! Sketches include: \"Gorbachev-Reagan,\"\"Siskel & Ebert,\"\"Church Chat,\"\"Eddie Spimozo's Jungle Room,\"\"White Trash Appraiser,\"\"Ann Landers' Playhouse,\" and \"Reminiscing with Doorman.\" Bryan Ferry performs \"The Right Stuff\" and \"Kiss and Tell.\"", "Rolf Harris (born 30 March 1930) is an Australian entertainer whose career encompassed work as a musician, singer-songwriter, composer, comedian, actor, painter and television personality. ", "Canadian Paul Anka was born on 30 Jul 1941, in Ottawa.  He went to New York at the age of 14 to audition for a record deal.  His first release, the self-penned \"Diana\" was a world-wide smash, and his career grew from there.   He wrote most of his big hits which continued into the early 1960s.  He also wrote songs for other performers including Buddy Holly, Tom Jones and Frank Sinatra.  He has continued recording and performing into the 21st century.", "Wally Stott Orchestra, the house band. Stott made a great contribution to the show with cleverly written themes and comedic musical bits.", "As a musical phenomenon he appeared around the world as the guest star with Bill Cosby, Tony Bennett, Johnny Mathis and Jerry Lewis. He guest starred and was musical director for Pat Boone and Debbie Boone and for Trini Lopez.", "Technically, Wikipedia says that he actually started a show by the same name in 1971, except that it was more of a music program.  Here is the actual entry on the subject:", "Paul Anka, born July 30, 1941, in Ottawa, Canada, is a singer, songwriter and performer whose songs became hits for singers Tom Jones, Frank Sinatra and others. His first song, “Diana,” became the No. 1 song in the world, selling more than 20 million copies when Anka was just 16 years old." ]

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[ "Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed “Bébé Doc” or “Baby Doc”) (3 July 1951 - 4 October 2014) was the ruler of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. He had called himself \"president-for-life\" and ruled with an iron fist, aided by a brutal private militia known as the Tontons Macoutes. He succeeded his father, François “Papa Doc” Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti upon his father’s death in 1971.", "François Duvalier (14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. He opposed a military coup d'état in 1950, and was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. His rule, based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute and the use of a personality cult and voodoo , resulted in the murder of an estimated 30,000 Haitians and the exile of many more. Ruling as President for Life from 1964 until his death in 1971, Duvalier was initially known for successfully fighting diseases, gaining him the nickname 'Papa Doc' (\"Daddy Doc[tor]\" in French). He was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude , nicknamed \"Baby Doc\". [3]", "* Duvalier, 59, is popularly known as \"Baby Doc\" and is the son of Haiti's former authoritarian leader Francois \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier. He took power after his father's death in 1971, becoming one of the world's youngest heads-of-state at age 19.", "On the death of his father, François “Papa Doc” Duvalier, when he was still only 19, Jean-Claude Duvalier, “Baby Doc”, succeeded him as Haiti’s President for Life.", "He attended College Bird and Saint-Louis de Gonzague. Later, under the direction of several professors, including Maitre Gerard Gourgue, at the University of Haiti, he studied law. During April 1971, he assumed the presidency of Haiti at the age of 19 upon the death of his father, François Duvalier (nicknamed “Papa Doc”), becoming the world’s youngest president. Initially, Jean-Claude Duvalier resisted the dynastic arrangement that had made him Haiti’s leader, having preferred that the presidency go to his older sister Marie-Denise Duvalier, and was content to leave substantive and administrative matters in the hands of his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, and a committee led by Luckner Cambronne, his father’s Interior Minister, while he attended ceremonial functions and lived as a playboy.", "Jean-Claude Duvalier (zhäN-klōd düvälyā´), 1951–2014, president of Haiti (1971–86). At age 19, he was proclaimed \"president for life\" upon the death of his father, Francois Duvalier . Under great pressure from the United States to moderate the corrupt and dictatorial regime of his father, he made a show of introducing reforms, replacing some of his father's cabinet ministers, and freeing a number of political prisoners. For a time, he managed to improve Haiti's international image, although substantively his rule did not markedly differ from his father's often brutal tyranny. Known as \"Baby Doc,\" he was strongly influenced by his mother, Simone Duvalier, and by his young wife, Michele Bennet, whom he married in 1980. In 1986, antigovernment demonstrations toppled Duvalier's regime; he fled into exile in France. In 2011, he returned to Haiti and was soon charged with having engaged in corruption and embezzlement during his presidency, but his death ended the case against him.", "Duvalier was the son of Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier, a medical doctor-turned-dictator who promoted “Noirisme,” a movement that sought to highlight Haiti’s African roots over its European ones while uniting the black majority against a mulatto elite in a country divided by class and color.", "Duvalier held Haiti in his grip until his death in early 1971. His 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed \"Baby Doc\", succeeded him as president.", "Duvalier was the son of Francois \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier, a medical doctor-turned-dictator who promoted \"Noirisme,\" a movement that sought to highlight Haiti's African roots over its European ones while uniting the black majority against a mulatto elite in a country divided by class and color.", "Duvalier held Haiti in his grip until his death in early 1971. His 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier , nicknamed \"Baby Doc\", succeeded him as president.", "When Papa Doc died, his youngest and only son, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc,” became a teenage dictator at the age of 19. Baby Doc lived an extravagant lifestyle as the president of Haiti, driving luxury cars while his wife pampered herself with fur coats. But beneath the flashy exterior, Papa Doc’s legacy of terror continued. Corruption, imprisonment, and repression remained staples in Haiti’s government during Baby Doc’s 15-year rule.", "Indeed, it was the end of a bloody era in Haiti's history. Baby Doc's father Francois Duvalier was a soft-spoken middle-class physician who encouraged Haitian peasants to believe that he possessed magical powers through the use of the country's folk religion, voodoo. Elected President in 1957, Duvalier guaranteed liberty and well-being to all Haitians, but the pledge soon rang hollow. Duvalier forbade criticism of his leadership and declared himself President-for-Life in 1964. He posed for a portrait that showed an image of Jesus Christ clapping him on the shoulder.", "Haiti's former ruler Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier has died of a heart attack in the capital Port-au-Prince, reports quoting official sources say.Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the title of \"president-for-life\" from his father, the notorious Francois \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier.He was accused of corruption, human rights abuses and repression in his rule, which ended in a 1986 uprising.After years of exile in France, he returned to Haiti in 2011 and remained a controversial figure, as the BBC's Mike Wooldridge explains.", "François Duvalier became president of Haiti in 1956. During his dictatorship he used the military force of the Tonton Macoutes to ensure power over the people through use of torture and propaganda. Before Duvalier rose to power, he was a doctor and gained the epithet \"Papa Doc.\" The phrase \"Tonton Macoutes\" translates to \"Uncle Gunnysack.\" In Haitian folklore comes, Uncle Gunnysack out late at night and puts children into his gunnysack. The children are never seen again. The Tonton Macoutes would too come out at night (and even during the day) and take away citizens and dissidents who were never to be seen again. The Tonton Macoutes are also known as the Militia of National Security Volunteers. Duvalier left office in 1964, but the Tonton Macoutes assisted his son Jean \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier in securing power.", "In the late 1960s, Haiti’s ruling Duvalier family was torn apart by a nasty rift between two men who had married into the family. Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier, the family patriarch and the country’s vicious leader, arrested 19 friends of one of his sons-in-law.", "The United States took a renewed interest in Haiti during the Cold War . Washington reluctantly backed a series of military strongmen, including François (“Papa Doc”) Duvalier, a disarmingly simple country doctor without apparent military connections who was elected president in 1957. In 1958, Duvalier asked that Marines retrain and reorganize the Haitian Army, and again the Marines handled public works as well as police functions while trying to develop an army that would resist communism. Duvalier became increasingly dictatorial, using a paramilitary secret police to impose terror. Although the United States government was reluctant to cut off aid to Haiti after Cuba became Communist in 1959, it withdrew its military mission and virtually shut down its embassy. “Papa Doc” died in 1971; he was succeeded by his son, Jean Claude (“Baby Doc”) Duvalier.", "L'homme sur les quais (1993) --  story of Dr. François Duvalier (\"Papa Doc\") President for Life of Haiti 1957-1971 responsible for 30,000 dead", "Born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti on 14 April 1907, the son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and Ulyssia Abraham, a baker. He was largely raised by an aunt. He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934. He served as staff physician at several local hospitals. He spent a year at the University of Michigan studying public health. In 1943, he became active in a United States-sponsored campaign to control the spread of contagious tropical diseases, helping the poor to fight typhus, yaws, malaria and other tropical diseases that ravaged Haiti for years.His patients affectionately called him \"Papa Doc\", a moniker that he used throughout his life.", "Francois Duvalier was born in Port au Prince on April 14, 1907 and from an early age began to show a vested interest in medicine. As Duvalier continued in his studies he graduated from the University of Haiti gaining a degree in the medical field. After having graduated from the university, he pursued his career by working in small hospitals and even healing the locals. Through the course of his time as a doctor, which is when he gained the nickname \"Papa Doc,\" Duvalier became increasingly interested in the area of public health devoting more time to finding prevention methods to stop the spread of tropical diseases which had ravaged Haiti for years. In 1939, Francois married Simone Ovide who bore him four children, Simone, Nicole, Marie-Denise and his future successor and only son, Jean-Claude.", "Papa Doc's son Jean-Claude Duvalier – also known as \"Baby Doc\" – led the country from 1971 until his ouster in 1986, when protests led him to seek exile in France. Army leader General Henri Namphy headed a new National Governing Council. General elections in November were aborted after dozens of inhabitants were shot in the capital by soldiers and Tontons Macoutes. Fraudulent elections followed. The elected President, Leslie Manigat, was overthrown some months later in the June 1988 Haitian coup d'état. The September 1988 Haitian coup d'état, which followed the St Jean Bosco massacre, revealed the increasing prominence of former Tontons Macoutes. General Prosper Avril led a military regime until March 1990.", "Baby Doc, so-called because he inherited power from his father François \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier, a doctor-turned-tyrant, lacks the common touch. His address was in French, not Creole, the language spoken in the slums where most Haitians live.", "“Papa Doc” Duvalier, a former physician, was elected president in 1957 and promptly established a grisly dictatorship backed up by a secret police known as the “Tonton Macoutes” (bogey men) and creating the image of himself as a voodoo deity. Duvalier reportedly kept on his desk the head of his opponent in the last free elections in Haiti and the school day began with a version of the Lord’s Prayer that began “Our Doc, who art in the National Palace now and forever, hallowed be thy name.” ", "PORT-AU-PRINCE (Reuters) - Deposed Haitian dictator Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier died of a heart attack on Saturday, closing the book on a political dynasty notorious for human rights abuses and corruption in the poorest country in the Americas.", "Former Haitian president Jean-Claude Duvalier \"Baby Doc\" greets people on March 29, 2011 in Port au Prince", "21/4/1971. The Haitian dictator Papa Doc Duvalier, or Francois Duvalier, died in his bed aged 64, after ruling for 14 years. He survived six assassination attempts. He was succeeded by his son, 19-year old Jean Claude.", "The former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, has died of a heart attack aged 63.", "The death of Baby Doc, as he was commonly known, marks the end of a dark chapter for a desperate country plundered first by his ruthless father -- Francois \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier, a physician-turned-populist politician -- before being further ravaged by his son.", "Duvalier inherited the title of \"President for life\" in 1971 upon the death of his father, Francois \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier, who had ruled with an iron fist through his paramilitary force, the Tonton Macoute.", "Duvalier was a plump and pampered young man of 19 when he became “president for life” in 1971 after the death of his father, the far more ruthless Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier, who once worked as a physician.", "Between 1964 and 1986, the family dictatorships of François \"Papa Doc\" and Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier returned to Dessalines' black and red design. They included the national coat of arms, but altered the flags in its trophy to black as well.", "Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the title of \"president-for-life\" from his father, the notorious Francois \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier.", "Former dictator Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier leaves the civil court house with his wife in Port-au-Prince on January 18, 2011." ]

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[ "Because it is a native bird with a proud demeanor and protective instincts, the wild turkey was Benjamin Franklin’s preference for the national bird, not the bald eagle that is more of a scavenger and will rob other birds and animals for prey.", "Cobbler, seen here, is one lucky Thanksgiving turkey. He was pardoned by President Barack Obama on November 21, 2012, at the White House, and avoided a roasty demise. The holiday is a unique American tradition that the turkey has come to represent: For Thanksgiving, 2011, people in the United States ate an estimated 46 million turkeys . Benjamin Franklin was so enamored of turkeys that he suggested it represent the country as the national bird -- but the rest of the founding fathers preferred the bald eagle.", "Benjamin Franklin wanted wild turkeys to be our national symbol instead of the bald eagle. He felt that the stately, majestic qualities of the wild turkey would make it a fine symbol for the new country.", "The idea that Benjamin Franklin preferred the turkey as the national bird of the United States comes from a letter he wrote to his daughter Sarah Bache on January 26, 1784. The main subject of the letter is a criticism of the Society of the Cincinnati, which he likened to a chivalric order, which contradicted the ideals of the newly founded American republic. In one section of the letter, Franklin remarked on the appearance of the bald eagle on the Society's crest:", "Contrary to popular legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing the Society of the Cincinnati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's behavior.", "A wild turkey. On July 4, 1776, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams were chosen to pick a national emblem. When Franklin suggested a wild turkey, Jefferson and Adams disagreed. 1776 was a busy year for the United States; it declared its independence from Britain, was fighting the American Revolution, and was setting up a new government. Therefore, the job of choosing a national emblem was put off for a while. In 1782, William Barton suggested a bald eagle as a national emblem, and Congress approved it.", "Many of other countries unimaginatively follow America’s lead and plump for an eagle; the African Fish Eagle manages to spread itself across four different countries. It is worth noting that Benjamin Franklin thought the choice of a bald eagle was a poor one for America’s presidential seal. “He is a bird of bad moral character. He does not get his living honestly,” he wrote to his daughter. “The turkey is in comparison a much more respectable bird, and a true original native of America.”", "With another Thanksgiving suddenly upon us, PBS has released a delightful documentary from “Nature” on the bird Benjamin Franklin considered to be “more respectable” than the bald eagle and worthy of being designated our national bird. “My Life as a Turkey” chronicles the year naturalist and wildlife artist Joe Hutto spent living among 16 newly hatched turkey poults in a forest in Florida. It is extremely rare for a human to come across a nest of fertilized eggs, which haven’t been ravaged by predators or abandoned by the mother. The production is a dramatization of Hutto’s book, “Illumination in the Flatwoods: A Season with the Wild Turkey,” with the naturalist reading from the text. There’s nothing in the film that looks staged or phony, however. In fact, like “Bambi,” younger viewers might be horrified by the realities of life in the deep woods. (Anyone frightened of snakes might want to skip this documentary altogether.) Unlike fawns, turkeys stop being cute soon after leaving the nest, so it isn’t likely that watching the film will convince anyone to not join in Thanksgiving festivities. Neither is there anything predictable in the behavior of the birds once they come of age.", "Benjamin Franklin wanted turkeys to be the official national bird and badmouthed their rivals -- bald eagles -- for their \"bad moral character.\" Abraham Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving a national holiday in 1863, and according to legend, his son Thad so loved a turkey fated for the Thanksgiving dinner that he convinced his father to write an order of reprieve for the creature's life. In 1989 President George H.W. Bush proclaimed, \"This fine tom turkey has been granted a presidential pardon as of right now,\" and set into motion the official pardoning tradition that continues today. Sadly the presidential pardon isn't much of a golden parachute for turkeys; according to The New York Times , after their pardons White House turkeys \"don't live very long. Most adopted turkeys are commercially bred broad-breasted whites, genetically disposed to grow to a marketable size in about four months. Even on a diet of only a couple of cups of turkey feed a day, they become obese.\" Check out this video of President Obama ...", "The most famous story to come out of the Great Seal ordeal is that Franklin preferred the wild turkey to the bald eagle. This story has more truth to it than some others about Franklin (forget everything you’ve heard about the kite-flying experiment), but it’s not so simple.", "As an old tale goes, after the eagle was chosen for national emblem, Benjamin Franklin questioned the choice. In a letter to his daughter regarding a medal created by the Society of the Cincinnati, he wrote wrily: \"The Bald Eagle is too lazy to fish for himself; when the Osprey has taken a fish ... the eagle pursues him and takes it away from him. ... Besides he is a rank coward ...\" frightened by a kingbird. But the Wild Turkey, Franklin wrote, is \"a bird of courage [that] would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British guards, who should presume to invade his farmyard with a red coat on.\"", "The bald eagle’s role as a national symbol is linked to its 1782 landing on the Great Seal of the United States. Shortly after the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams the job of designing an official seal for the new nation. However, the three Founding Fathers failed to come up with a design that won Congress’ approval, as did two later committees that were given the task. In mid-June 1782, the work of all three committees was handed over to Charles Thomson, the secretary of Congress. Thomson chose what he thought were the best elements of the various designs and made the eagle—which had been introduced by artistically inclined Pennsylvania lawyer William Barton in a design submitted by the third committee—more prominent. (Since ancient times, the eagle has been considered a sign of strength; Roman legions used the animal as their standard, or symbol.)", "The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America. The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with its talons.", "At the time, the new nation was still at war with England, and the fierce-looking bird seemed to be an appropriate emblem. But from the start, the eagle was a controversial choice. Franklin scowled at it. \"For my part,\" he declared, \"I wish the eagle had not been chosen as the representative of this country. He is a bird of bad moral character; he does not get his living honestly. You may have seen him perched in some dead tree where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the labor of the fishing hawk and, when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish and is bearing it to his nest for his young ones, the bald eagle pursues him and takes the fish. With all this injustice, he is never in good case.\"", "Six years later, another tradition was formally established when Harry S. Truman presided over the first live turkey presentation by the Poultry and Egg National Board. The event inaugurated a lighthearted ceremony that now occurs annually at the White House .  Initially, the presentation birds were intended for the Thanksgiving meal. In fact, among our holdings are photos from 1963 and 1967 in which the presentations birds given to John F. Kennedy and later, Lyndon B. Johnson, wear signs that read, “Good Eating Mr. President.”    ", "Well… he did once call the turkey a “bird of courage” and one that “would not hesitate to attack a grenadier of the British guards,” but to fully answer that question, we must first go back to July 4, 1776, at Independence Hall.", "\"I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America... He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on.\"", "Obama spares turkey In a stunning example of Presidential grace, Barack Obama has pardoned a death-row inmate, a 45-pound turkey called ‘Apple’. In a tradition going back to Bush Snr. The President of the United States has had the power to pardon a turkey from death at Thanksgiving. Last year, ‘Courage’ was allowed to waddle free, sent to Disneyland to join its fellow free birds. This year however, Obama has allowed ‘Apple’, and its mate ‘Cider’, to go to George Washington’s home to roam the grounds.", "Did you know that the original choice for America’s National Symbol was not the bald eagle? Find out which bird it was, and how the eagle was chosen.", "Annual presentation of the Thanksgiving turkey - Senator Everett Dirksen and representatives from the poultry industry and farm organizations present a turkey to Lyndon B. Johnson in the Fish Room of the White House. The turkey has a sign around its neck that says \"Good Eating Mr. President,” November 16, 1967. (Photo credit: U.S. National Archives and Presidential Libraries )", "Some historians also believe that Lincoln inspired the now annual tradition of the “Presidential Turkey Pardon,” when he spared the life of a turkey that had become a pet to his son Tad. The first “pardon” reportedly happened at Christmastime, but over the years the tradition became associated with Thanksgiving due to the turkey’s prominent role in the holiday feast.", "Since 20 June 1782, the United States has used its national bird, the bald eagle, on its Great Seal; the choice was intended to at once recall the Roman Republic and be uniquely American (the bald eagle being indigenous to North America). The American Eagle has been a popular emblem throughout the life of the republic, with an eagle appearing in the flags and seals of the President, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Justice Department, Defense Department, Postal Service, and other organizations, on various coins (such as the quarter dollar), and in various American corporate logos past and present, such as those of Case and American Eagle Outfitters.", "24. So, who was the first president to give a bird a pass? John F. Kennedy. In 1963, Kennedy announced he wouldn't eat the turkey he'd been given. Instead, he sent it to a farm upstate where it had plenty of space to run and play and gobble and contemplate what its country had done for it.", "His son Tad owned a pair of goats. The goats were named Nanny and Nanko. He also made a pet of a turkey that was sent to the Lincoln's for Thanksgiving dinner. He named the turkey Jack. Tad begged for Jack's life and Lincoln gave the turkey a presidential pardon.", "The idea for using the bald eagle to symbolize America was proposed in 1782, when a drawing of the eagle was presented to the newly-formed Congress, according the U.S. National Archives. It was immediately accepted, and soon an olive branch and arrows (representing peace and war, respectively) were included in the eagle's talons.", "For my own part I wish the Eagle had not been chosen the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead tree near the river, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the labor of the Fishing Hawk; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a fish, and is bearing it to his nest for the support of his mate and young ones, the Eagle pursues him and takes it from him.", "In a May 1926 speech delivered at Arlington to commemorate the U.S. military, Coolidge praised the linguistic, ethnic, and religious diversity of the U.S. population, citing it as an example of American exceptionalism. He spoke out against \"race hatred\" and \"religious intolerance,\" saying that engaging in such actions would be an \"injury\" and not a \"benefit\" to the country:", "Origins:   One of the many bits of \"secret\" information that history buffs love to pass around is the rumor that the Seal of the President of the United States undergoes a surreptitious change in wartime, with the regular seal being swapped for slightly a different version in which the eagle's head is turned to face the talon clutching a group of arrows (rather than facing the talon holding an olive branch, the symbol of peace) as a subtle visual reminder that the nation is at war. This rumor has been made familiar to modern audiences in recent years through its mention in the political television drama", "His sacred bird was the Golden Eagle, which he kept by his side at all times. Like him, the eagle was a symbol of strength, courage, and justice.", "John Foster Dulles, a rigid anti-communist, focused aggressively on Third World politics. He intensified efforts to \"integrate\" the entire noncommunist Third World into a system of mutual defense pacts, travelling almost 500,000 miles in order to cement new alliances. Dulles initiated the Manila Conference in 1954, which resulted in the SEATO pact that united eight nations (either located in Southeast Asia or with interests there) in a neutral defense pact. This treaty was followed in 1955 by the Baghdad Pact, later renamed the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), uniting the \"northern tier\" countries of the Middle East—Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan—in a defense organization.", "   In late May 1904 President Roosevelt received word of an insult to the flag from Islamic terrorists in the Middle East. It seemed that a well-to-do American citizen by the name of Ion Perdicaris was sipping expensive tea on his patio in Algiers when he and his family were attacked by Berber rebels. The Berber Rebs were trying to overthrow the government of Morocco. The intruders roughed up the aristocratic house guests and made off with two hostages, Ion Perdicaris and his nephew Clarence.", "Hines talks about how he came to choose a bird in the novel; he and his brother used to watch them nesting every year in a wall close to his home and they always wanted one. They dont like to make eye contact, he says of hawks, they sulk, it makes them feel uncomfortable." ]

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[ "November 24, 1859 — Today, Charles Darwin published, “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.”", "Darwin finished a manuscript, and his book, titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races In the Struggle for Life, was published in London on November 24, 1859. (Over time, the book became known by the shorter title On the Origin of Species.)", "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection with a subtitle or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life was published by John Murray on 24 November 1859. Aimed at a general audience, the book sold out its entire 1,500 copy print run immediately, and 3,000 copies were reprinted in a little over a month...", "Darwin then began work on what he called an \"abstract\" of the larger manuscript that he had begun two years earlier. This abstract, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, was published on Nov. 24, 1859.", "His 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to The Origin of Species) established evolution by common descent as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, continued his research, and wrote a series of books on plants and animals, including humankind, notably The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.", "Darwin then began work on what he called an \"abstract\" of the larger manuscript that he had begun two years earlier. This abstract, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, was published on Nov. 24, 1859. The first edition sold out immediately, and by 1872 the work had run through six editions. The theory was accepted quickly in most scientific circles. With the exception of holdouts like his old colleague Adam Sedgwick and individuals such as the biologist Richard Owen, who attacked Darwin personally, most opposition was from the clergy. They realized that the theory of evolution was inconsistent with a literal interpretation of the book of Genesis. Orthodox Christians felt threatened by the suggestion that the natural (or living) world worked according to laws as did the physical world. There was no place in Darwin's world for divine intervention, nor was mankind placed in a position of superiority vis-a-vis the rest of the animal world. Darwin saw man as part of a continuum with the rest of nature, not separated by divine injunction.", "<b>Bonhams Dec. 7:</b> DARWIN, CHARLES. <i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i>. London: John Murray, 1859. $25,000 – 35,000", "On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale.[1] Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library.[55] The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860,[56] and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" amended to the closing sentence.", "SKIM DARWIN'S 1859 ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. READ THE TABLE OF CONTENTS (III-IX) CAREFULLY", "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.", "On The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection: Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life: Darwin: 9781453814680: Amazon.com: Books", "Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. [1st edition] Text Image Text & image PDF F373", "Darwin, C. R. 1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th edition. Eighth thousand. Text Image Text & image PDF F385", "Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. [4th American printing.] Text Image PDF F380", "Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. Image PDF F377 [1st American edition]", "1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: Appleton. [1st American ed.] Image PDF F377", "1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. [4th American printing.] Text Image PDF F380", "Darwin C (1872) The [sic] origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, 6th edn. Odhams, London", "1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. Text Image PDF F401 (final text)", "Item Description: Penguin Classics, 1982. Book Condition: Used. This Book is in Good Condition. Clean Copy With Light Amount of Wear. 100% Guaranteed. Summary: \"The Origin of Species\" sold out on the first day of its publication in 1859. It is the major book of the nineteenth century, and one of the most readable and accessible of the great revolutionary works of the scientific imagination.\"The Origin of Species\" was the first mature and persuasive work to explain how species change through the process of natural selection. Upon its publication, the book began to transform attitudes about society and religion, and was soon used to justify the philosophies of communists, socialists, capitalists, and even Germany's National Socialists. But the most quoted response came from Thomas Henry Huxley, Darwin's friend and also a renowned naturalist, who exclaimed, \"How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!\". Bookseller Inventory # ABE_book_usedgood_0140432051", "1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray. 6th ed. Introduction Text Image PDF F391", "The initial announcement of the theory gained little immediate attention. It was mentioned briefly in a few small reviews, but to most people it seemed much the same as other varieties of evolutionary thought. For the next thirteen months Darwin suffered from ill health and struggled to produce an abstract of his \"big book on species\". Receiving constant encouragement from his scientific friends, Darwin finally finished his abstract and Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. The title was agreed as On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, and when the book went on sale to the trade on 22 November 1859, the stock of 1,250 copies was oversubscribed. At the time \"Evolutionism\" implied creation without divine intervention, and Darwin avoided using the words \"evolution\" or \"evolve\", though the book ends by stating that \"endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.\" The book only briefly alluded to the idea that human beings, too, would evolve in the same way as other organisms. Darwin wrote in deliberate understatement that \"light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.\"", "In 1860, two British white supremacists, John Crawfurd and James Hunt mounted a defense of British imperialism based on “ scientific racism \". [41] Crawfurd, in alliance with Hunt, took over the presidency of the Ethnological Society of London , which was an offshoot of the Aborigines' Protection Society , founded with the mission to defend indigenous peoples against slavery and colonial exploitation. [42] Invoking \"science\" and \"realism\", the two men derided their \"philanthropic\" predecessors for believing in human equality and for not recognizing that mankind was divided into superior and inferior races. Crawfurd, who opposed Darwinian evolution , \"denied any unity to mankind, insisting on immutable, hereditary, and timeless differences in racial character, principal amongst which was the 'very great' difference in 'intellectual capacity.'\" For Crawfurd, the races had been created separately and were different species. Crawfurd was Scots, and thought the Scots \"race\" superior to all others; whilst Hunt, on the other hand, believed in the supremacy of the Anglo-Saxon \"race\". Crawfurd and Hunt routinely accused those who disagreed with them of believing in \"Rousseau's Noble Savage\". The pair ultimately quarreled because Hunt believed in slavery and Crawfurd did not. [43] \"As Ter Ellingson demonstrates, Crawfurd was responsible for re-introducing the Pre-Rousseauian concept of 'the Noble Savage' to modern anthropology, attributing it wrongly and quite deliberately to Rousseau.” [44]", "Lysander Spooner, A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and To the Non-Slaveholders of the South (place and publisher unknown, 1858). < /titles/2229 >.", "An enduring contribution to American letters, Souls, in fact, is remarkable for its vividness and its authority. Punctuated throughout by the rhythms of human passion and intellectual insight, the text rewards an attentive, chapter-by-chapter perusal. By placing Souls in historical context and sketching a biographical portrait of Du Bois through the years surrounding the publication of the book, this introduction lays a basis for careful readings of his masterpiece. Souls is an extended meditation on racial prejudice, political leadership, the economic oppression of black laborers, and the development of African American culture both before and after emancipation. Most significantly, it is an original, philosophically informed, and tragic vision of American history, a gripping revelation of the triumphs, betrayals, and legacies that, in the wake of emancipation, shaped the souls of black folk through the first years of the twentieth century. Finally, Souls can be usefully illuminated by examining the wide range of responses that, over time, it has inspired in its readers.", "The Passing of the Great Race was printed in 1916 and almost immediately became a \"best seller;\" it warned in dire terms that if Americans (i.e., white Christians) did not wake up promptly to what was happening to them genetically (and culturally), they would soon be swamped by a host of \"lesser peoples.\" Grant argued that the influence of environment on history was only fleeting. Heredity (race) was everything. He wrote, \"Race implies heredity, and heredity implies all the moral, social, and intellectual characteristics and traits which are the springs of politics and government\"81 - which is, we should again point out, pretty much what Thomas Bouchard of the Minnesota twins study is saying - though he would probably substitute \"heredity\" for \"race.\"", "[111.] Lysander Spooner, A Defence for Fugitive Slaves, against the Acts of Congress of February 12, 1793, and September 18, 1850 (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850). < /titles/2225 >; and A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and To the Non-Slaveholders of the South (place and publisher unknown, 1858). < /titles/2229 >.", "1850 -� In Social Statics (1850) and other works, Spencer argued that through competition social evolution would automatically produce prosperity and personal liberty unparalleled in human history.", "Which book contains the quote: \"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others\"?", "Kiernan, Victor. Lords of Human Kind: European Attitudes to other Cultures in an Age of Imperialism. London: Serif, 1995.", "Morgan, Roger P. 1965 The German Social Democrats and the First International 1864-1872. Cambridge Univ. Press.", "A Forgotten Collaboration of the Late 1860s: Charles Reade, Robert Barnes, and the Illustrations for Put Yourself in His Place" ]

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[ "The Incredible Hulk was an American television series based on the Marvel comic book character of the same name. Two TV movies aired on CBS in 1977, and the show followed, airing from 1978 to 1982. It starred Bill Bixby as Dr. David Bruce Banner and Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk. The concept was developed for television by Kenneth Johnson, who also developed the Alien Nation TV series.", "The Incredible Hulk is an American television series based on the Marvel Comics character The Hulk. The series aired on the CBS television network and starred Bill Bixby as David Banner, Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk, and Jack Colvin as Jack McGee.", "The Incredible Hulk is an American television series based on the Marvel Comics character the Hulk . The series aired on the CBS television network and starred Bill Bixby as David Banner, Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk, and Jack Colvin as Jack McGee.", "Ruffalo isn't the only actor who has portrayed Bruce Banner -- Bill Bixby created the character for the late 1970s/early 1980s TV series \"The Incredible Hulk,\" while Eric Bana and Edward Norton have played the scientist behind The Hulk on the big screen.", "An internationally famous and well respected bodybuilder / actor, Lou Ferrigno first appeared on TV screens in 1977 as the musclebound The Incredible Hulk , the alter ego of meek scientist Bruce Banner. Ferrigno was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1951 and as a child suffered from an ear infection that resulted in permanent partial hearing loss. Undeterred by what some may have perceived as a disadvantage, Lou threw himself into athletics (predominantly weightlifting and body building) and at the age of 21 won his first Mr. Universe title. For good measure, he came back and won it again the following year!", "He plays Dr. Bruce Banner in the summer blockbuster “The Avengers” – and he is the third actor to play the doctor and his raging alter-ego, the Hulk. His name is Mark Ruffalo and he’s got some pretty big shoes to fill – literally and figuratively.", "Edward Norton (Bruce Banner), Liv Tyler (Betty Ross), Tim Roth (Emil Blonsky), William Hurt (Gen. Thaddeus 'Thunderbolt' Ross), Tim Blake Nelson (Samuel Sterns), Ty Burrell (Leonard), Christina Cabot (Major Kathleen Sparr), Peter Mensah (General Joe Greller), Lou Ferrigno (The Incredible Hulk / Security Guard (voice)), Paul Soles (Stanley), D�bora Nascimento (Martina), Greg Bryk (Commando #1), Chris Owens (Commando #2), Al Vrkljan (Commando #3), Adrian Hein (Commando #4)", "50 years ago this month, two comic book artists Stan Lee and Jack Kirby introduced the Incredible Hulk to the world. For those who are not up on their superheroes, the Hulk is the volatile alter ego of Dr. Bruce Banner, a physicist who's inadvertently exposed to radiation. As a result, whenever Dr. Banner gets angry or upset, he transforms into a giant, raging green monster, capable of stunning feats of strength.", "Fifty years ago this month, comic book artists Stan Lee and Jack Kirby introduced the Incredible Hulk to the world. The Hulk is the volatile alter ego of Dr. Bruce Banner, a physicist who's inadvertently exposed to radiation. As a result, whenever Dr. Banner gets angry or upset, he transforms into a giant, raging monster, capable of stunning feats of strength.", "The Hulk is a fictional character, a superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). He is a gigantic, green, irradiated mutant humanoid monster with incredible strength and an inability to control his rage. The Hulk is sometimes characterized as hyper-aggressive and brutal, other times as cunning, brilliant, and scheming. He is often portrayed as an antihero. The Hulk is cast as the emotional and impulsive alter ego of the withdrawn and reserved physicist Dr. Bruce Banner; Banner first transforms into the Hulk shortly after he is accidentally exposed to the blast of a test detonation of a gamma bomb he invented. Subsequently, Banner will involuntarily transform into the Hulk whenever he gets too angry or if his life is in danger, leading to extreme complications in Banner’s life. Lee said the Hulk’s creation was inspired by a combination of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein.", "Future Falcon Crest and Castle co-star Susan Sullivan was in the original pilot; Brett Cullen, also of Falcon Crest; Kim Catrall, of Sex and the City fame; Ray Walston, co-star of Bixby's first series, My Favorite Martian; Brandon Cruz, co-star of The Courtship of Eddie's Father; Lou Ferrigno, who along with starring as the Hulk, appeared in one episode (\"King of the Beach\") as a different character, Bixby's ex-wife Brenda Benet; and in an uncredited role, the bodybuilder and professional wrestler Ric Drasin played the half-transformed Hulk in \"Prometheus\" (parts 1 and 2). ", "In early 1977, Frank Price, head of Universal Television, offered producer and writer Kenneth Johnson a deal to develop a TV show based on any of several characters they had licensed from the Marvel Comics library. Johnson turned down the offer at first, but then, while reading the Victor Hugo novel, Les Miserables, he became inspired and began working to develop the Hulk comic into a TV show. Johnson saw fit to changed the name of Dr. Bruce Banner to Dr. David Banner. This change was made, according to Johnson, because he did not want the series to be perceived as a comic book series, so he wanted to change what he felt was a staple of comic books, and Stan Lee's comics in particular, that major characters frequently had alliterative names. On the DVD commentary of the pilot of The Incredible Hulk, Johnson also says that it was a way to honor his late son David. However, according to Stan Lee, Universal changed the name because \"Bruce Banner\" sounded, in the eyes of the network, like a \"gay character\" name, and David sounded much better (\"Bruce\" ultimately became the character's middle name, as was the case in the comics. It is visible on David's tombstone at the end of the pilot episode).", "The Incredible Hulk : \"Doctor David Banner, physician, scientist, searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have...\"", "David Bruce Banner, M.D., Ph.D. ( Bill Bixby ) , is a physician and scientist employed at the fictitious \"Culver Institute\"", "issue of the long running comic book by marvel. The Hulk is a superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). Throughout his comic book appearances, the Hulk is portrayed as a large green humanoid that possesses near limitless superhuman strength and great invulnerability, attributes that grow more potent the angrier he becomes. Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life. When transformed, the Hulk often acts as a disassociated personality separate from Banner.", "Several popular but, by modern standards, campy live action superhero programs aired from the early 1950s until the late 1970s. These included Adventures of Superman starring George Reeves , the psychedelic-colored Batman series of the 1960s starring Adam West and Burt Ward and CBS ’s Wonder Woman series of the 1970s starring Lynda Carter . The popular Incredible Hulk of the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, had a more somber tone.", "In the TV series, Dr. David Banner, a widowed physician and scientist, who is presumed dead, travels across America under assumed names (his false surnames always begin with the letter \"B\", but he keeps his first name), and finds himself in positions where he helps others in need despite his terrible secret: in times of extreme anger, he transforms into a huge, incredibly strong green creature, who has been given the name \"The Hulk”. In his travels, Banner earns money by working temporary jobs while searching for a way to control his condition. All the while, he is obsessively pursued by a tabloid newspaper reporter, Jack McGee, who is convinced that the Hulk is a deadly menace whose exposure would enhance his career.", "Stan Lee and Jack Kirby , the writer and artist team who created the Hulk for Marvel Comics , both made cameo appearances in the series. Kirby's cameo was in the season two episode \"No Escape\", while Lee appeared as a juror in Trial of the Incredible Hulk (the 1989 post-series TV movie).", "Despite the apparent death of the Hulk in the 1990 film, another Hulk television movie was planned, Revenge of the Incredible Hulk . [24] It was rumored that in this film the Hulk would be able to talk after being revived with Banner's mind, and that it was abandoned due to Bill Bixby 's death of cancer in November 1993, [25] but Gerald Di Pego (writer/executive producer of The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, The Death of the Incredible Hulk, and Revenge of the Incredible Hulk) revealed that the film was cancelled before Bixby's health began to decline, due to disappointing ratings for Death of, and that Banner was to have been revived without the ability to change into the Hulk at all, only reverting to (still non-speaking) Hulk form in the film's final act. [7]", "In 1981, Stan Lee transformed his Spider-Man and Hulk creations into Saturday morning and syndicated television cartoons. When Marvel Comics and Marvel Productions were acquired by New World Entertainment in 1986, Stan's horizons expanded even further, giving him the opportunity to become more deeply involved in the creation and development of filmed projects for both the big and small screen. He supervised such diverse animated series as X-Men, Spider-Man and The Hulk. To date, Stan's characters have populated over 24 separate television series, all of which continue in syndication around the world.", "In 1977, two Hulk television films were aired to strong ratings, leading to an Incredible Hulk TV series which aired from 1978 to 1982. A huge ratings success, the series introduced the popular Hulk catchphrase, \"Don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry\", and broadened the character's popularity from a niche comic book readership into the mainstream consciousness. ", "Missed only 1 episode of The Incredible Hulk (1978), because Bixby was going through a divorce with Brenda Benet . They used clips to feature his character.", "Similarly, in 1979 CBS canned Wonder Woman and The Amazing Spider-Man while never going forward on the Doctor Strange and Captain America pilots...not because their ratings were poor, but because CBS didn't want to be seen as \"The Super Hero Network\". Only The Incredible Hulk , which, at that time, had just been featured on a very well received episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , survived.", "In the late 1970s, the Hulk got his own television show on CBS, although he was known as David Banner, not Bruce.", "Despite the apparent death of the Hulk in the 1990 film, another Hulk television movie was planned, Revenge of the Incredible Hulk. It was rumored that in this film the Hulk would be able to talk after being revived with Banner's mind, and that it was abandoned due to Bill Bixby's death of cancer in November 1993, but Gerald Di Pego (writer/executive producer of The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, The Death of the Incredible Hulk, and Revenge of the Incredible Hulk) revealed that the film was cancelled before Bixby's health began to decline, due to disappointing ratings for Death of, and that Banner was to have been revived without the ability to change into the Hulk at all, only reverting to (still non-speaking) Hulk form in the film's final act.", "For over 50 years, the Incredible Hulk has been smashing his way through the Marvel Universe and into the hearts of fans. Whether you’ve discovered the tale of Bruce Banner and his other self through comics, TV, or film, get the whole story here…", "Terry Gene Bollea (born 1953), better known by his ring name Hulk Hogan, is an American professional wrestler, actor, television personality, entrepreneur, and musician currently signed with WWE. Hogan enjoyed mainstream popularity in the 1980s and 1990s as the all-American character Hulk Hogan in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), and as \"Hollywood\" Hulk Hogan, the villainous nWo leader, in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). A regular pay-per-view headliner in both organizations, Hogan closed the respective premier annual events of the WWF and WCW, WrestleMania and Starrcade, on multiple occasions. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005. He was signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2009 until 2013, where he was the on-screen General Manager. IGN described Hogan as \"the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the '80s\".", "In the TV-movie The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989), Lee's first appearance in a Marvel movie or TV project is as a jury foreman in the trial of Dr. David Banner .", "*The Return of the Incredible Hulk (1977) (also shown overseas as a feature film) – It was retitled Death in the Family for syndication", "In early 1977, Frank Price, head of Universal Television (known today as NBCUniversal Television), offered producer and writer Kenneth Johnson a deal to develop a TV show based on any of several characters they had licensed from the Marvel Comics library. Johnson turned down the offer at first, but then, while reading the Victor Hugo novel Les Misérables he became inspired and began working to develop the Hulk comic into a TV show. ", "GREENE: That television series ended in 1982, but the Hulk starred in several made for TV movies and in an animated cartoon. He also appeared on the silver screen, most recently in this year's blockbuster hit, \"The Avengers.\"", "Hulk Hogan is one of those guys who seems like he's in a lot of movies (maybe it's because they used to call him Hollywood Hogan), but he really isn't in all that many. He had a reality show though, and starred in Suburban Commando and No Holds Barred. They were both kind of bad, but don't tell that to Hulk. He might snap you in half. His most defining role is probably in Muppets From Space, to be completely honest." ]

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[ "D. B. Cooper (aka “Dan Cooper”) is a pseudonym given to a notorious aircraft hijacker who, on November 24, 1971, after receiving a ransom payout of $200,000, leapt from the back of a Boeing 727 as it was flying over the Pacific Northwest somewhere over the southern Cascades.", "During a severe storm over Washington State, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper parachutes from the Northwest Orient Airlines plane he hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money, and is never seen again (as of March 2008, this case remains the only unsolved skyjacking in history).", "D. B. Cooper is an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on November 24, 1971, extorted $200,000 in ransom (equivalent to $1,170,000 in 2015), and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and an ongoing FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or positively identified. The case remains the only unsolved air piracy in American aviation history.", "The only unsolved case of air piracy in U.S. history was perpetrated by an unidentified man who the media came to call “D. B. Cooper.” (The hijacker purchased his ticket using the alias “Dan Cooper.”) On November 24, 1971, Cooper hijacked a passenger plane (a Boeing 727) during a Portland-Seattle flight. Claiming he had a bomb, he made his ransom plans known to the crew. On the ground in Seattle, Cooper released the passengers after officials gave him the requested $200,000 (equivalent to $1,160,000 today) and two parachutes. With only Cooper and the crew aboard, the plane then took off heading for Mexico. When they stopped in Reno to refuel, Cooper was gone, having jumped from the rear stairs while the plane was likely still over Washington State. Cooper was never found and it’s widely believe he couldn’t have possibly survived the fall, over remote mountainous wilderness, at night, wearing a trench coat and loafers, no helmet, into an initial wind chill at the airplane’s altitude of “70∞ F. The FBI investigation into the case remains open to this day.", "It has been more than 37 years, but the FBI hasn't lost interest in Dan (D.B.) Cooper, the man who parachuted from a Northwest Airlines jet over the Pacific Northwest while clutching a bag with $200,000 in ill-gotten gain. Federal agents say they have reignited their pursuit of the mysterious Cooper. In a news release issued Monday, the FBI said it is providing to the public a series of photos and information about the case, which has baffled and mesmerized authorities and the public for decades. \"Would we still like to get our man?\" the FBI release said. \"Absolutely.\" The...", "On This Day In History November 24, 1971 Hijacker parachutes into thunderstorm A hijacker calling himself D.B. Cooper parachutes from a Northwest Orient Airlines 727 into a raging thunderstorm over Washington State. He had $200,000 in ransom money in his possession. Cooper commandeered the aircraft shortly after takeoff, showing a flight attendant something that looked like a bomb and informing the crew that he wanted $200,000, four parachutes, and \"no funny stuff.\" The plane landed at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, where authorities met Cooper's demands and evacuated most of the passengers. Cooper then demanded that the plane fly toward Mexico at...", "The real identity of D.B. Cooper has been a mystery since November 24, 1971, when a man calling himself Dan Cooper hijacked a Northwest Orient Airlines plane bound for Seattle from Portland. He ordered the plane to land and demanded a $200,000 ransom and a parachute.", "The enduring mystery of D.B. Cooper may have moved a step closer to a resolution of the 36-year-old aircraft hijacking case. The FBI Seattle field office has recovered a parachute canopy that children discovered in a heavily wooded area near Amboy in southwest Washington. Larry Carr, the special agent in charge of the case, said Tuesday that the location is in the center of an area that has been identified as the most probable landing zone of Cooper, the name given to the unidentified man who hijacked a Northwest Airlines 727 in 1971. The hijacker bailed out somewhere over southwest...", "WASHINGTON (AP) -- The FBI is investigating whether a dead man in the Pacific Northwest is D.B. Cooper, who hijacked a passenger jet in 1971 over Washington state and parachuted with $200,000 in ransom. Cooper has never been found.", "* D. B. Cooper, the only unidentified hijacker in American aviation history, who, in 1971, extorted $200,000 from an airline before parachuting out of a plane during the cover of night. Said to be polite and well spoken.", "BONNEY LAKE, Wash., Oct. 24 (UPI) -- D.B. Cooper, who infamously hijacked a plane and escaped by parachute with $200,000, lived the rest of his life in Bonney Lake, Wash., a new report said. In an upcoming article, Lyle Christiansen, 77, claims his late brother, Kenneth, was able to elude federal authorities after committing the sensational crime 36 years ago, The Tacoma (Wash.) News Tribune said Wednesday. The hijacker, who was given the name D.B. Cooper by investigators, hijacked a plane in 1971 and parachuted out of the aircraft after receiving a $200,000 ransom. The article details the late airline...", "Although the saga of a brazen air pirate known to the media as D.B. Cooper (he purchased his ticket under the alias of \"Dan Cooper\") may not be familiar to most young'ns, the aviation industry, the residents of Ariel, Washington and — last but not least — the FBI, will never forget Thanksgiving Eve 1971 when a nattily attired gentleman skyjacked Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 bound for Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Shortly after the 30-minute flight departed from Portland, Oregon, Cooper disclosed to a flight attendant that he was in possession of explosives and demanded $200,000, four parachutes and a refueling truck upon landing at Sea-Tac.", "Most Americans have heard of the case of DB Cooper, who is accused of pulling off the only plane hijacking in the history of the United States that has never been solved. Now, 44 years after the brazen air heist, a Michigan author has put forward a new theory linking the mystery of DB Cooper to an obscure missing person case involving a married father of four who vanished two years before the skyjacking and was never heard from again. Over the years, the facts of the skyjacking history have become the stuff of legends: on November 24, 1971, a...", "* The unidentified skyjacker known to the public as D. B. Cooper collected a ransom of US$200,000 and then parachuted from the rear stairs of a Boeing 727 at a height of 10000 ft over the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, somewhere between Seattle and Portland, Oregon, 24 November. He was never seen again, although small amounts of his ransom money were recovered several years later ", "Nearly 2� hours after take-off from Seattle-Tacoma, at approximately 22:15,[22] with the aft stairs dragging on the runway, the Boeing 727 landed safely in Reno. The airport and runway were surrounded by FBI agents and local police. After communicating with Captain Scott, it was determined Cooper was gone, and FBI agents boarded the plane to search for any evidence left behind. They recovered a number of fingerprints (which may or may not have belonged to Cooper), a tie and a mother of pearl tie clip, and two of the four parachutes.[27] Cooper was nowhere to be found, nor was his briefcase, the money, the moneybag, or the two remaining parachutes. The individuals with whom Cooper had interacted on board the plane and while he was on the ground were interrogated to compile a composite sketch; those interviewed all gave nearly identical descriptions of him, leading the FBI to create the sketch that has been used on wanted posters ever since, where Dan Cooper is described as being of Latin appearance.[28] As of 2008, the FBI maintains that the sketch is an accurate likeness of Cooper ^http://www.clublexus.com/forums/showthread.php?t=368041", "On a cold November night 36 years ago, in the driving wind and rain, somewhere between southern Washington state and just north of Portland, Oregon, a man calling himself Dan Cooper parachuted out of a plane he’d just hijacked clutching a bag filled with $200,000 in stolen cash.", "Flying Tiger Comics: The Hunt for DB Cooper – The Resurgent Investigation into America’s only Unsolved Skyjacking; an overview, revised | The Mountain News – WA", "To this day, the identity of D.B. Cooper remains a mystery, and it's unclear if he even survived the jump. Still, in an ongoing effort to retire the nation's only unsolved skyjacking, the FBI has processed thousands of possible suspects, including copycat hijacker Richard McCoy Jr., Seattle-based flight attendant Kenneth Christiansen and, most recently, a deceased engineering surveyor from Oregon named Lynn Doyle Cooper .", "D. B. Cooper gained infamy on Thanksgiving Eve 1971, a dank, chilly day in the American Northwest. At 4 o'clock that Wednesday afternoon, a man wearing a modest businessman's suit stepped to the Northwest Orient counter at Portland International Airport and paid $20 cash for a one-way ticket to Seattle-Tacoma Airport. The man, roughly 45 years old, gave the name Dan Cooper. Ticket agent Hal Williams assigned him aisle seat 18C in coach aboard Northwest Flight No. 305, scheduled to depart at 4:35 for a half-hour journey to Sea-Tac.", "PORTLAND, Ore. (Jan. 1) - The FBI is making a new stab at identifying mysterious skyjacker Dan Cooper, who bailed out of an airliner in 1971 and vanished, releasing new details that it hopes will jog someone's memory.", "The crew started to notice a change of air pressure in the cabin (an \"ear popping experience\"). Cooper had lowered the aft stairs and jumped out of the plane never to be seen again.[23] That was the last time he was known to be alive. The FBI believed his descent was at 20:13 over the southwestern portion of the state of Washington, because the aft stairway \"bumped\" at this time, most likely due to the weight of Cooper being released from the aft stairs. At the time Cooper jumped, the plane was flying through a heavy rainstorm, with no light source coming from the ground due to cloud coverage.[6] Because of the poor visibility, his descent went unnoticed by the United States Air Force F-106 jet fighters tracking the airliner.[24] He initially was believed to have landed southeast of the unincorporated area of Ariel, Washington, near Lake Merwin, 30 miles (48 km) north of Portland, Oregon (45�57′N 122�39′W / 45.95, -122.65).[25] Later theories based on a variety of sources�including testimony on weather conditions from Continental Airlines pilot Tom Bohan, who had been flying 4,000 feet above and 4 minutes behind Flight 305�placed Cooper's landing zone as much as 20 miles farther east, but its precise location remains unknown.[26]", "Jets, a helicopter and a C-130 aircraft had been scrambled from the closest air force base to follow Cooper’s plane. The military was called in days after the hijacking and approximately 1,000 troops searched the suspected jump zone on foot and in helicopters. The Boeing 727 used in the hijacking was flown out over the ocean and the stairs lowered and weights dropped in an attempt to determine when Cooper jumped. The SR-71 super-secret spy plane was sent in to photograph the entire flight path but no sign of D.B. Cooper was ever discovered.", " Cossey says that he personally provided the back chutes and placed them in a taxi cab that first went inexplicably to Boeing Field , and then they headed by private care to Sea-Tac Airport.  One of the back chutes was an old but reliable, navy pilot’s emergency parachute called an NB-8.  This chute was not found on the plane, so it is believed that DB Cooper used this one to make his getaway despite the fact that Cossey characterizes this rig as a ”broken-down VW.”", "That was the last anybody saw of Cooper. Authorities don’t even know whether that was his real last name. The name he provided when he bought his airline ticket was Dan Cooper. After the skyjacking, a newspaper reported that police had interviewed an Oregon man named D.B. Cooper, who turned out to be the wrong man, but the name stuck.", "On Thanksgiving day back in 1971 America woke up to the telling and retelling of the astonishing exploits of an innovative and daring outlaw that the world would soon come to know as D.B. Cooper. The now infamous extortionist had actually provided the name Dan Cooper as he commenced his dramatic plan to hijack a commercial airliner and hold its passengers and crew for ransom. The debonair initials were errantly submitted by a correspondent under pressure to make deadline and by the time the discrepancy had been discovered the swooning American public had heard it so often that retraction was pointless; besides the court of public opinion had already ruled that D.B. imparts a certain mystique befitting a death defying swindler.", "In the 1970s, \"DB Cooper\" developed the innovation of airline hijacking & since then it has become an important terrorist weapon  ", "The discrepancy derives from how to assess the floppy behavior of the aft stairs in flight. The FBI says the biggest bounce occurred over Ariel, Washington, presumably triggered by DB Cooper jumping off the bottom step and causing the stairs to spring sharply upwards like a diving board.", "That’s not to say I had never heard of DB Cooper and his skyjacking, for I had, but I was 22 years-old at the time Cooper jumped. I had just returned to college at Hofstra University after a couple of years ski-bumming in Colorado and hitch-hiking in Canada, so I had other things on my mind other than paying attention to a hijacker snatching a plane, even if DB was the first guy asking for something other than a free pass to Cuba.", " That’s not to say I had never heard of DB Cooper and his skyjacking, for I had, but I was 22 years-old at the time Cooper jumped.  I had just returned to college at Hofstra University after a couple of years ski-bumming in Colorado and hitch-hiking in Canada, so I had other things on my mind other than paying attention to a hijacker snatching a plane, even if DB was the first guy asking for something other than a free pass to Cuba.", "SEATTLE - Hoping to solve at least part of a 36-year-old mystery, the FBI is analyzing a torn, tangled parachute found in southwest Washington to determine if it belonged to famed plane hijacker D.B. Cooper.", "Numerous suspects made headlines � more than a 1,000 were looked at � but none were ever charged with the crime. The bureau has also never ruled out that the hijacker could have been killed upon landing in the forest. The biggest lead came in 1980 when a family happened upon $5,800 in cash whose serial numbers matched the money that had been given to Cooper.", "The hypothesis that Dan Cooper may have never really existed at all and that this crime was in fact a carefully orchestrated inside job planned and executed by members of the crew has been widely circulated in the past; but such conjecture is problematic if it were indeed the case. The non-existence of Cooper would have created a discrepancy in the passenger count. Meaning that the number of passengers released, plus one (Cooper), would not correlate properly with the number of names listed on the flight manifest, or with the number of boarding passes and tickets collected at the gate." ]

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[ "Anders Celsius was born on November 27, 1701 in Uppsala, Sweden. He was a Swedish astronomer and physicist who taught at the University of Uppsala. He published a collection of observations of the aurora borealis and built the Uppsala Observatory. He also invented the Celsius (or centigrade) thermometer scale. Though he originally set the scale with a boiling point of 0° and a freezing point of 100°, the inverted form of the scale, setting the freezing point of water at 0° and the boiling point at 100° is considered the standard among scientific work today. Another scale, developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, is commonly used in the United States. Anders Celsius died in 1744 at the age of 42.", "The degree Celsius (�C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701�1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. The Celsius temperature scale was designed so that the freezing point of water is 0 degrees, and the boiling point is 100 degrees at standard atmospheric pressure.", "Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 proposed the Celsius temperature scale which bears his name.", "The Celsius temperature scale is also referred to as the \"centigrade\" scale. Centigrade means \"consisting of or divided into 100 degrees\". The Celsius scale, invented by Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744), has 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 C) and boiling point (100 C) of pure water at sea level air pressure. The term \"Celsius\" was adopted in 1948 by an international conference on weights and measures.", "20. The Celsius (originally called Centigrade) scale is a temperature scale in which 0 (zero) degrees is set at the freezing point of water, and 100 degrees is set at the boiling point of water at sea level. This scale is named after the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius (1701-1744)", "a metric unit of temperature. The Celsius temperature scale is named for the Swedish astronomer and physicist Anders Celsius (1701-1744), who used a similar scale. The freezing point of water (at one atmosphere of pressure) was originally defined to be 0 °C, while the boiling point is 100 °C. Thus the Celsius degree is 1/100 of the difference between these two temperatures. (The scale actually used by Celsius was inverted, so that 0 °C was the boiling point of water and 100 °C the freezing point.) In the SI system, the Celsius scale is defined so that the temperature of the triple point of water (the temperature at which water can exist simultaneously in the gaseous, liquid, and solid states) is exactly 0.01 °C, and the size of the degree is 1/273.16 of the difference between this temperature and absolute zero (the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases). For practical purposes this is equivalent to the original definition. See also degree Fahrenheit, kelvin .", "27/11/1701, Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer who devised the Centigrade scale of temperature in 1742, was born in Uppsala.", "Celsius temperature scale also called centigrade temperature scale, is the scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water. Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes called the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval between the defined points. The following formula can be used to convert a temperature from its representation on the Fahrenheit ( F) scale to the Celsius (C) value: C = 5/9(F - 32). The Celsius scale is in general use wherever metric units have become accepted, and it is used in scientific work everywhere.", "Celsius (also known as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as serve as a unit increment to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty).", "Celsius (known until 1948 as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty).", "Celsius – A scale of measurement for temperature devised by Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it represents degrees from 0 (freezing) to 100 (boiling).", "1741 Anders Celsius developed the Centigrade temperature scale. Originally he had the freezing point of water at 100 and the boiling point at 0. This was reversed after his death to match the other temperature scales.", "When Celsius introduced his scale in 1747, it was the reverse of today's scale, with the boiling point of water being zero degrees and the freezing point being one hundred degrees. A year later the two constants were switched, creating the temperature scale used today. Celsius originally called his scale centigrade (from the Latin for \"hundred steps\"). For years it was simply referred to as the Swedish thermometer. In 1948 most of the world adopted the hundred-point scale, calling it the Celsius scale.", "When Celsius introduced his scale in 1747, it was the reverse of today's scale, with the boiling point of water being zero degrees and the freezing point being one hundred degrees. A year later the two constants were switched, creating the temperature scale used today. Celsius originally called his scale centigrade (from the Latin for \"hundred steps\"). For years it was simply referred to as the Swedish thermometer. In 1948 most of the world adopted the hundred-point scale, calling it the Celsius scale.", "Celsius was the first to perform and publish careful experiments aiming at the definition of an international temperature scale on scientific grounds. In his Swedish paper \"Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer\" he reports on experiments to check that the freezing point is independent of latitude (and of atmospheric pressure). He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern-day standards. He further gave a rule for the determination of the boiling point if the barometric pressure deviates from a certain standard pressure.[http://www.astro.uu.se/history/celsius_scale.html History of the Celsius temperature scale] He proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific society, founded in 1710. His thermometer was calibrated with a value of 100° for the freezing point of water and 0° for the boiling point. In 1745, a year after Celsius' death, the scale was reversed by Carl Linnaeus to facilitate more practical measurement.[http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/6_32.html Linnaeus' thermometer] Celsius originally called his scale centigrade derived from the Latin for \"hundred steps\". For years it was simply referred to as the Swedish thermometer.", "He proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific society, founded in 1710. His thermometer was calibrated with a value of 100° for the freezing point of water and 0° for the boiling point.", "Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the Polish-born German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), after whom the scale is named. It uses the degree Fahrenheit (symbol °F) as the unit. There exist several accounts of how he originally defined his scale. The lower defining point, 0 degrees, was established as the temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice and salt. Further limits were established as the melting point of ice (32 degrees) and his best estimate of the average human body temperature (96 degrees, about 2.5 degrees less than modern measurements). The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points: the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 degrees, and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees, a 180-degree separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure.", "According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave, his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer, whom he had met earlier. In Rømer's scale, brine freezes at zero, water freezes and melts at 7.5 degrees, body temperature is 22.5, and water boils at 60 degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by four in order to eliminate fractions and increase the granularity of the scale. He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature (which were at 30 and 90 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power). ", "  The liquid in glass thermometer was developed in the 1630s, but a universal standard of temperature remained elusive. Each scientist had his own scale divisions, often based on different reference points. It is impossible for us accurately to convert their measurements to our temperature scale, and at the time it was impossible to compare temperatures in different places. In the early eighteenth century, universal temperature scales based on several fiduciary points (e.g. a mixture of ice and brine, a mixture of ice and water, body temperature, the boiling point of water) were developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), Anders Celsius (1701-1744), and René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683-1757). Of these, the first two are still in use, and the system of Celsius (extended to become an absolute scale in the nineteenth century) has become the standard scientific temperature scale.", "On the Fahrenheit scale, used primarily in the United States, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212 degrees while measured at standard pressure. Zero degrees Fahrenheit was the coldest temperature that the German born scientist Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit could create with a mixture of ice and ordinary salt. He is credited with the invention of the mercury thermometer and introduced it and his scale in 1714 in Holland, where he lived most of his life. His thermometer was based on the original design papers by Galileo for a temperature and pressure measuring device.", "Anders Celsius was not only an inventor and astronomer, but also a physicist. He and an assistant discovered that the aurora borealis had an influence on compass needles. However, the thing that made him famous is his temperature scale, which he based on the boiling and melting points of water. This scale, an inverted form of Celsius' original design, was adopted as the standard and is used in almost all scientific work.", "Fahrenheit is a temperature scale that bases the boiling point of water at 212 and the freezing point at 32. It was developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German-born scientist who lived and worked primarily in the Netherlands. Today, the scale is used primarily in the United States and some Caribbean countries. The rest of the world uses the Celsius scale.", "  The position of the degree zero on a temperature scale has created a lot of discussions. The French Réaumur scale had zero at the freezing point but as regards other scales one placed zero outside the ordinary temperature region, thus avoiding the mixture of positive and negative numbers. The zero could be placed at a low temperature, a method used by the Danish astronomer Ole Rømer and then adopted by Fahrenheit. Celsius was accustomed to the Réaumur thermometer, but he also used a thermometer made by the French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle with zero at the boiling point, thus creating a reversed scale with increasing numbers for decreasing temperatures, but avoiding negative numbers.", "The work for which Celsius is best known is his creation of a hundred-point scale for temperature; although he was not the first to have done so, as several hundred-point scales existed at that time. What set Celsius's scale apart from all of the others was his decision to assign the freezing and boiling points of water as the constant temperatures at either end of the scale.", "The work for which Celsius is best known is his creation of a hundred-point scale for temperature; although he was not the first to have done so, as several hundred-point scales existed at that time. What set Celsius's scale apart from all of the others was his decision to assign the freezing and boiling points of water as the constant temperatures at either end of the scale.", "Around the same time, German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit met Olaus Roemer, a Danish astronomer, who developed an alcohol-based thermometer using wine. He marked two points on his thermometer — 60 to mark the temperature of boiling water and 7.5 as the point where ice melted.", "Celsius traveled for several years, including an expedition into Lapland with French astronomer Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) to measure a degree of longitude (an angular distance of the earth ). Upon his return he was appointed steward (manager) to Uppsala's new observatory, a building designated for studying the universe. He began a series of observations using colored glass plates to record the magnitude (size) of certain stars. This was the first attempt to measure the intensity of starlight with a tool other than the human eye.", "Celsius traveled for several years, including an expedition into Lapland with French astronomer Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) to measure a degree of longitude (an angular distance of the earth). Upon his return he was appointed steward (manager) to Uppsala's new observatory, a building designated for studying the universe. He began a series of observations using colored glass plates to record the magnitude (size) of certain stars. This was the first attempt to measure the intensity of starlight with a tool other than the human eye.", "Celsius traveled for several years, including an expedition into Lapland with French astronomer Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) to measure a degree of longitude (an angular distance of the earth). Upon his return he was appointed steward (manager) to Uppsala's new observatory, a building designated for studying the universe. He began a series of observations using colored glass plates to record the magnitude (size) of certain stars. This was the first attempt to measure the intensity of starlight with a tool other than the human eye.", "Anders Celsius early became engaged in the general problem of weights and measures, including temperature measurements. Already as a student he assisted the astronomy professor Erik Burman in meteorology observations. At that time there existed a large variety of thermometers with different scales. Perhaps he already at this stage realized the necessity of a common international scale.", "Celsius conducted many geographical measurements for the Swedish General map, and was one of earliest to note that much of Scandinavia is slowly rising above sea level, a continuous process which has been occurring since the melting of the ice from the latest ice age. However, he wrongly posed the notion that the water was evaporating.", "Celsius went back to Uppsala after the expedition. He is considered to be the first astronomer to analyze the changes of the earth’s magnetic field at the time of a northern light and assess the brightness of stars with measuring tools." ]

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[ "Completing the USA National Team roster are LaMarcus Aldridge (Portland Trail Blazers), Bradley Beal (Washington Wizards), DeMarcus Cousins (Sacramento Kings), Andre Drummond (Detroit Pistons), Kenneth Faried (Denver Nuggets), Paul George (Indiana Pacers), Gordon Hayward (Utah Jazz), Kyle Korver (Atlanta Hawks), David Lee (Golden State Warriors), Kawhi Leonard (San Antonio Spurs), Damian Lillard (Portland Trail Blazers) and Klay Thompson (Golden State Warriors).", "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association (ABA), but changed its name to Rockets before the first season. It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974. After the name change, the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976, losing to the New York Nets.", "The Minnesota Timberwolves are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. Founded in 1989, the team is owned by Glen Taylor. The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center, their home since 1990. ", "On August 10, 2012, Denver was involved in a four-team trade where they received All-Star Andre Iguodala and sent Arron Afflalo and Al Harrington to the Orlando Magic. This same trade also sent Dwight Howard to the Los Angeles Lakers. After the trade, Iguodala tweeted \"I'm excited to be joining the Denver Nuggets and I know my best basketball is ahead of me!\" Despite losing their first three games, the 2012-2013 Nuggets finished with a franchise best 57-25 record, and a 38-3 record in Pepsi Center (the Washington Wizards, Miami Heat, and Minnesota Timberwolves were the only 3 visitors to defeat Denver on their home during the regular season).Denver also clinched the 3rd seed in the Western Conference, with a first round matchup with the Golden State Warriors. The Nuggets won Game 1 97-95 on their home court on a last second Andre Miller game winner, but the Warriors won the next three games, putting the Nuggets on the brink of elimination. Denver won Game 5 at home to keep their season alive, but the Warriors eliminated the Nuggets in Game 6, winning 88-92 in Oakland. It was Denver's ninth first round loss in the previous 10 seasons, and the eighth of Karl's tenure. Although Karl won that year's NBA Coach of the Year Award and had led Denver to the playoffs in every year of his nine-year tenure, it wasn't enough to keep him from being fired after the season.", "Like most expansion teams, the Timberwolves struggled in their early years, but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft, the team qualified for the playoffs eight consecutive times from 1997 to 2004. Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts, the Timberwolves won their first division title in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals. Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for that season. The team has been in rebuilding mode for the past decade since missing the playoffs in 2005, and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007. Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade.", "In the 2009 NBA Draft, the Nuggets traded a first-round draft pick acquired from the Charlotte Bobcats to the Minnesota Timberwolves for the rights to rookie Ty Lawson, who was drafted 18th overall. On July 13, 2009, the Nuggets traded a second-round draft pick to the Detroit Pistons for Arron Afflalo (part of the trade exception from the Iverson trade was used to allow the deal to go through) and Walter Sharpe. Afflalo replaced starting guard Dahntay Jones, who signed with the Indiana Pacers. However, on August 10, the Nuggets lost forward Linas Kleiza, who signed with Olympiacos Piraeus of the Greek League. ", "On June 23, 2011, in the NBA draft, the Trail Blazers drafted guards Nolan Smith from Duke University with the 21st selection and Jon Diebler from Ohio State University with the 51st selection. On the same day, the Blazers front office had made a three-team trade with the Denver Nuggets and Dallas Mavericks. The trade sent Blazers guards Andre Miller to Denver and Rudy Fernández to Dallas along with international player Petteri Koponen, who had yet to make an appearance for Portland; Denver then sent guard Raymond Felton to Portland and Denver also received rookie forward Jordan Hamilton from Dallas as well as a future second-round pick from Portland. ", "In the playoffs, they beat the Houston Rockets 3-2, and the San Antonio Spurs 4–1, to advance to the Western Conference Finals for the third straight year. Utah, with a veteran roster of Stockton, Malone and Hornacek, faced a Los Angeles Lakers team led by superstar Shaquille O'Neal, guards Eddie Jones, Nick Van Exel, and a young Kobe Bryant. The Jazz set the tone for the series with a win in Game 1, 112–77. Game 2, a 99–95 Jazz victory, and Games 3 and 4 in Los Angeles were decided by an average of 7.5 points. The Jazz swept the Lakers, and earned a second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals. ", "On August 23, 2014, the Timberwolves, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Philadelphia 76ers agreed on a three-way trade that would send Kevin Love to the Cavaliers to join LeBron James. Minnesota received Andrew Wiggins, Anthony Bennett, Thaddeus Young, and a trade exception as part of the deal. The 76ers received Alexey Shved, Luc Mbah a Moute, and a 2015 first-round pick via the Miami Heat. ", "So we poured over the remaining teams, quickly eliminating joining teams that would warrant the label \"band-wagoners.\" Boston, LA, Cleveland, Orlando, Phoenix, New Orleans, Chicago, and Houston. Then we eliminated the teams we couldn't stand: San Antonio, Detroit, Dallas, Denver, and Utah. Having eliminated OKC and also Portland (we couldn't switch to the rival, even with Seattle gone), and all the east coast teams (we felt disconnected from them being in the west) we were left with LAC, GS, Sac, Ind, Mil, and Minne.", "On the downside, with a 121–102 loss to the Houston Rockets, the Timberwolves fell to 17–65, finishing last in the Western Conference for the second straight year. They also clinched the 2010–11 NBA season's worst record. During the offseason, the Timberwolves were finally able to bring 2009 fifth overall pick Ricky Rubio over from Spain. In the 2011 NBA draft, with the second overall pick, the Timberwolves selected Derrick Williams of Arizona. The Timberwolves then traded guard Jonny Flynn and the draft rights to Donatas Motiejunas (No. 20) to the Houston Rockets for center Brad Miller, the draft rights to Nikola Mirotić (No. 23), Chandler Parsons (No. 38) and a future first-round pick. The Timberwolves traded Mirotic’s rights to the Chicago Bulls for the rights to Norris Cole (No. 28) and Malcolm Lee (No. 43). The Timberwolves then sold the rights to Parsons back to the Rockets. The Timberwolves traded Norris Cole (No. 28) to the Miami Heat for the draft rights to Bojan Bogdanovic (No. 31), a future second-round pick and cash considerations. The Timberwolves then traded Bogdanovic's rights to the New Jersey Nets for a future second-rounder and cash. The Trail Blazers traded the draft rights to Tanguy Ngombo (No. 57) to the Timberwolves. ", "And so, like Sacramento with the Kings, San Antonio with the Spurs, Portland with the Trail Blazers and Utah with the Jazz (though the last 3 also have the WNBA, and the last 2 have MLS), Oklahoma City has taken its one and only major league team to heart. In other words, if an NBA team (and only an NBA team) was going to move, Oklahoma City was a great choice for a destination.", "Denver ditched their rainbow colors for a dark navy, metallic gold and wine color scheme starting in the 1993–94 season. Led by Mutombo, Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (who changed his name from Chris Jackson prior to the season), and Ellis, Denver finished with its first winning season since the Doug Moe era at 42–40. Denver clinched the 8th seed in the Western Conference playoffs, playing the first place Seattle SuperSonics. Denver was a heavy underdog, having only a couple of players on their roster with actual NBA playoff experience. After dropping the first two games of the five-game set in Seattle, the series returned to Denver. Denver won both games and tied the series at 2. The Nuggets made NBA history in Game 5, upsetting Seattle in overtime 98–94. They became the first 8th-seeded team to defeat a 1st-seeded team in NBA playoff history. Denver almost repeated the feat before falling to the Utah Jazz in Game 7 of the second round.", "In the 2006 NBA draft the Blazers traded Viktor Khryapa and draft rights for Tyrus Thomas for draft rights to LaMarcus Aldridge. The Blazers also traded for the sixth pick, Brandon Roy. In the spring of 2007, Steve Patterson resigned as team president, and Paul Allen entered into an agreement to re-purchase the Rose Garden. On the court, the team finished with a 32–50 record, an 11-game improvement, and rookie shooting guard Roy was named the 2006–07 Rookie of the Year. That summer Pritchard was promoted to general manager, and former Nike Inc. executive Larry Miller was hired as team president. The Blazers won the 2007 NBA draft lottery and selected Ohio State center Greg Oden with the No. 1 pick in the draft. Some had speculated that they might choose Kevin Durant instead; Durant was picked at No. 2 by regional rivals the Seattle SuperSonics. Oden suffered a pre-season knee injury requiring microfracture surgery, and missed the entire 2007–08 season. Oden's constant battle with injuries and Durant's success resulted in comparisons to the Blazers' selection of Sam Bowie over Michael Jordan in 1984. ", "Utah is the least populous U.S. state to have a major professional sports league franchise (they now have two). The Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association play at EnergySolutions Arena in Salt Lake City. The team moved to the city from New Orleans in 1979 and has been one of the most consistently successful teams in the league (although they have yet to win a championship). Salt Lake City was previously host to the Utah Stars, who competed in the ABA from 1970–76 and won 1 championship, and to the Utah Starzz of the WNBA from 1997 to 2003.", "The first full season of the post-Melo Nuggets saw the steady rise of Danilo Gallinari, who averaged 17 points, 5.2 rebounds and 2.6 assists through the first 25 games of the season, which resulted to the Nuggets' best start through the first 20 games. But Gallinari was robbed off his best season by injuries to his ankle, thumb, and wrist. On March 15, 2012, the Nuggets decided to make their team younger by trading Nenê, who had played the previous 9 seasons for Denver, to the Washington Wizards for JaVale McGee. In his first game as a Nugget, McGee made a putback dunk off an Arron Afflalo miss which proved to be the game-winning basket in Denver's 116-115 victory over the Detroit Pistons. In two of the Nuggets final games of their season, McGee finally earned national attention when he had a 16-point,15-rebound effort, and a 21-point, 14-rebound effort in Denver's playoff series against the Los Angeles Lakers. These performances helped the Nuggets come back from a 2-0 and a 3-1 series deficit, but the Nuggets eventually lost in Game 7, 87-96.", "During the off-season, the Jazz gained a hometown NBA Development League affiliate in the Utah Flash (based in Orem), which they shared with the Boston Celtics. They selected Morris Almond in the first round, although ultimately they made few lineup changes. The most significant move was in letting Derek Fisher go. Fisher had become a fan favorite due to his strong play, and also a sympathetic one due to his daughter's well-publicized battle with a rare form of eye cancer. Fisher moved to Los Angeles during the off-season to be closer to better care for his daughter, and later signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. Controversy arose after Kirilenko led his Russian national team to a win in EuroBasket 2007 (the European championship), a tournament in which he was named MVP. After that, Kirilenko posted on a blog that he wished to be traded from the Jazz and would be willing to walk away from his contract. He later reaffirmed this in interviews. However, no trade was made and he remained with the team.", "On February 21, 2011, Corey Brewer and Kosta Koufos were traded to the New York Knicks and Denver Nuggets respectively for Knicks Anthony Randolph and Eddy Curry (plus $3 million in cash from New York and a 2015 second-round draft pick from Denver) as part of a larger trade that sent all-star Carmelo Anthony from Denver to New York. ", "Basketball National Basketball Association WESTERN CONFERENCE Northwest Division W L Pct Portland 23 5 .821 Oklahoma City 22 5 .815 Denver 14 13 .519 Minnesota 13 15 .464 Utah 8 23 .258 Pacific Division W L Pct L.A. Clippers 20 9 .690 Phoenix 17 10 .630 Golden State 16 13 .552 L.A. Lakers 13 15 .464 Sacramento 8 19 .296 Southwest Division W L Pct San Antonio 22 6 .786 Houston 18 11 .621 Dallas 16 12 .571 New Orleans 12 14 .462 Memphis 12 15 .444 EASTERN CONFERENCE Atlantic Division W L Pct Toronto 11 15 .423 Boston 12 17 .414 Brooklyn 9 18 .333 New York 9 18 .333 Philadelphia 8 20 .286 Southeast Division W L Pct Miami 21 6 .778 Atlanta 15 13 .536 Charlotte 14 15 .483 Washington 12 13 .480 Orlando 8 20 .286 Central Division W L Pct Indiana 23 5 .821 Detroit 14 16 .467 Chicago 10 16 .385 Cleveland 10 17 .370 Milwaukee 6 22 .214", "S1 In which sport could the (Utah) Jazz take on the (Memphis) Grizzlies & the (Minesota) Timberwolves take on the (Toronto) Raptors", "Brandon Roy was drafted by the Trail Blazers, who made history by coming off the bench (with an injury) to score 16 fourth quarter points in Game 4 versus the Mavericks in 2011, coming right back from a 23-point deficit", "The first-round series against the Rockets was a tight one, with three of the six games going to overtime. The Blazers fared well in the first two games despite not having home-court advantage, beating Houston 122-120 and 112-105 in Games 1 and 2 respectively, fueled by Aldridge's 46 points and 18 rebounds in Game 1, and 43 points and 3 blocks in Game 2. The biggest headline came in the sixth game of the series with the Rockets threatening to force a Game 7 back at Houston. Down two points with 0.9 seconds left in the game, Damian Lillard hit a buzzer-beating three-pointer to close out the series, and the Blazers advanced to the semifinals for the first time since 2000, where they lost to the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs in 5 games. ", "The Jazz reached the NBA Finals for the first time after beating the Los Angeles Clippers 3–0, Los Angeles Lakers 4–1, and Houston Rockets 4–2. The Jazz then met Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls in the Finals, losing to the Bulls 4–2, with the last two games decided in the final seconds (scores of 90–88 and 90–86).", "d-Oklahoma City d-San Antonio d-L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Memphis Dallas Denver Houston Minnesota Portland Utah Phoenix Golden State Sacramento New Orleans", "Western Conference Northwest Division Oklahoma City 11 2 .846 Denver 8 4 .667 2.5 Utah 7 4 .636 3 Portland 7 5 .583 3.5 Minnesota 4 8 .333 6.5", "Phoenix Suns , Dallas Mavericks , Los Angeles Lakers , Houston Rockets , Oklahoma City Thunder", "Previous entries: Golden State . Boston . New York . Detroit . Sacramento . Los Angeles Lakers . Atlanta . Philadelphia . Washington . Chicago . Houston .", "Denver took a positive step in rebuilding by drafting 7–2 Georgetown University center Dikembe Mutombo in 1991. Mutombo finished runner-up to Larry Johnson for the NBA rookie of the year that season. Denver finished 24–58 that year.", "It is the second time in NBA history a team changed its name without relocating. Washington went from Bullets to Wizards after the 1996-97 season.", "Interesting Point #1:  How will the NBA's western conference be aligned?  Or is the NBA just going to rename the Northwest division?  Oklahoma City is not the northwest and as a resident of the northwest I would be annoyed by the labeling of Oklahoma City as northwest.  It's just not right.  Are they going to be put in the Southwest division, where they belong, making western conference divisions unbalanced?  We'll see.", "Denver's 2018 2nd round pick to L.A. Lakers (via Utah to Chicago) [Denver-Golden State-Utah, 7/10/2013; Atlanta-Chicago-Utah, 2/18/2016; Chicago-L.A. Lakers, 7/7/2016]", "Heat, Nets, Knicks, Spurs, Lakers, Bulls, Clippers, Pacers, Grizzlies. What do these teams have in common?" ]

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[ "Seahorses are fish. They live in water, breath through gills and have a swim bladder. However they do not have caudal fins and have a long snake-like tail. They also have a neck and a snout that points down.", "One of the most fascinating and delicate creatures in the animal kingdom, Seahorses are fish, though they are also closely related to pipefish and sea dragons.", "A seahorse might slightly resemble a horse, without the fur, and with a different kind of tail, but it is really a fish that belongs to the Syngnathidae family, along with pipefishes and leafy sea dragons. To be fair to whoever came up with the common name seahorse, it's a bit more accurate than the direct translation of the animal's Latin genus name, Hippocampus, which literally translates as \"horse\" (hippos-) \"sea monster\" (-kampos). Calling anything that only grows to be about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long a monster is potentially more misleading than calling a fish a horse.", "Nothing more unlike a fish could be imagined than the sea horse. In fact it looks much like the knight in a chess game. The sea horse has a head and neck shaped like a horse, and it swims in an upright position. The body is encased in bony, ringlike plates studded with spines. The long tail curls forward at the tip. Like a monkey’s tail, the sea horse’s tail can grasp objects, and the sea horse often curls it around the stems of vegetation to hold itself in place. The fish’s long, tubelike snout ends in a tiny mouth, and the sea horse’s eyes move independently of each other.", "The category of sea creatures may be seen to include various fish, a highly stylized \"dolphin\", and various fanciful creatures, sea monsters, which are shown as half-fish and half-beast, as well as mermaids and the like. The \"sea lion\" and \"sea horse\", for example, do not appear as natural sea lions and seahorses, but rather as half-lion half-fish and half-horse half-fish, respectively. Fish of various species often appear in canting arms, e.g.: pike, also called luce, for Pike or Lucy; dolphin (a conventional kind of fish rather than the natural mammal) for the Dauphin de Viennois. The escallop (scallop shell) became popular as a token of pilgrimage to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela. The sea-lion and sea-horse, like the mermaid, combine the foreparts of a mammal with the tail of a fish, and a dorsal fin in place of the mane. (When the natural seahorse is meant, it is blazoned as a hippocampus.) The sea-dog and sea-wolf are quadrupeds but with scales, webbed feet, and often a flat tail resembling that of the beaver.", "Seahorse is the name given to 54 species of small marine fishes in the genus Hippocampus. \"Hippocampus\" comes from the Ancient Greek word hippos meaning \"horse\" and kampos meaning \"sea monster\". The word \"seahorse\" is often written as two separate words (sea horse), or hyphenated (sea-horse). Having a head and neck suggestive of a horse, seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture and a curled prehensile tail. ", "The seahorse is a small species of vertebrate that is found in the tropical shallows and temperate waters around the world. The sea horse is also commonly found around coral reefs where there is plenty of food and places for the seahorse to hide.", "Commercially, sea horses are traded live as aquarium animals and dead for use in traditional medicines and as curios. Threatened by direct overfishing, accidental capture (bycatch) in other fisheries, and the destruction of their coastal habitats, some species—such as the Pacific sea horse (H. ingens)—face extinction.", "The heraldic sea-horse, however, does not resemble the natural seahorse at all. It is an imaginary creature with the head, chest and forelegs of a horse, webbed feet like a frog in place of its hooves and a scaled body that flows into the large powerful tail of a fish, which if properly drawn, circles around itself in a coil.", "HIPPOCAMPUS - (also called a heraldic Sea-Horse) a beast with the top half of a horse and bottom half being a fish's tail. It usually has forelegs with webbed paws.", "BEHAVIOR: Sea horses, like pipefish, have unusual breeding habits. Following mating, a female sea horse deposits her eggs in a brood pouch located on the abdomen of the male sea horse, who then takes care of the eggs until they hatch.", "Seahorse This fish swims upright & uses its prehensile tail to anchor itself to coral or algae, Marine creature whose zoological name is Hippocampus", "Seahorses feed on small crustaceans floating in the water or crawling on the bottom. With excellent camouflage and patience, seahorses ambush prey that floats within striking range. Mysid shrimp and other small crustaceans are favorites, but some seahorses have been observed eating other kinds of invertebrates and even larval fish. In a study of seahorses, the distinctive head morphology was found to give it a hydrodynamic advantage that creates minimal interference while approaching an evasive prey. Therefore, the seahorse has the ability to come within a very close range of copepods, on which they prey. After successfully closing in on the prey without alerting it, the sea horse gives an upward thrust rapidly rotates the head aided by large tendons that store and release elastic energy, to bring its long snout close to the prey.This step is crucial for prey capture as suction only works with the mouth at a close range. This two phase prey capture mechanism is termed pivot-feeding. ", "Each one of the special features plays an important role in the life of a sea horse. The seahorse has the eyes of a lizard which mean one eye looks left while the other eye looks right. Both eyes do not look ahead like our eyes do. This unique ability allows the seahorse to look for enemies with one eye while searching for food with the other eye. It is also believed that with this binocular vision seahorses have, they can see their microscopic prey.", "There are two denizens of the deep which bear the name of sea-horse—one the tiny hippocampus, the other the mighty walrus.", "water . The common sea horse (Hippocampus hudsonius) of the Atlantic Coast of North America reaches a length of more than 13 cm (more than 5 in).", "The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus, or the wild horse. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae.Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis.", "a mythological sea creature with the forelegs of a horse and the tail of a fish", "Cetacea, (from Latin cetus \"whale\" and Greek ketos \"huge-fish\" ) are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, finned, aquatic marine mammals. They comprise the extant parvorders Odontoceti (toothed whales including dolphins and porpoises), Mysticeti (the baleen whales), and Archaeoceti (the ancestors of modern whales, and now extinct). There are around 89 species of cetaceans, and more than 70 belonging to Odontoceti. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from mesonychids, molecular evidence supports them as a relative of Artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates). Cetaceans belong to the order Cetartiodactyla (formed by combining Cetacea + Artiodactyla) and their closest living relatives are hippopotamuses and other hoofed mammals (camels, pigs, and ruminants), having diverged about 50 million years ago.", "1. Any of various small marine fishes of the genus Hippocampus, characteristically swimming in an upright position and having a prehensile tail, a head that resembles that of a horse, and a body encased in bony rings.", "resemblance of its curved shape to a sea horse. It is situated in the region of", "Aquatic mammals also display a variety of locomotion styles. Cetaceans excel in streamlined body shape and the up-and-down movements of their flukes make them fast swimmers; the tucuxi, for example, can reach speeds of 14 mph. The considerably slower sirenians can also propel themselves with their fluke, but they can also walk on the bottom with their forelimbs. The earless seals (Phocidae) swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side, while their fore-flippers are mainly used for steering. They are clumsy on land, and move on land by lunging, bouncing and wiggling while their fore-flippers keep them balanced; when confronted with predators, they retreat to the water as freshwater phocids have no aquatic predators.", "Example 1: The Lake Baikal Seal would be an example of a correct answer. It is a marine mammal taxonomically because it is a member of pinnipedia. But because the species is entirely isolated to the fresh waters of Lake Baikal in Siberia, it is not a marine mammal ecologically. It never encounters saltwater and it is a species that lives its entire life a thousand miles from the nearest ocean.", "* Waterhorse: A large pinniped, similar to the long necked and merhorse. Only the males are maned, but females appear to have snorkels. Both of their eyes are rather small. They are noteworthy for being behind both salt and fresh water sightings.", "The Steller's sea cow was a large marine mammal that was found in abundance in the North Pacific. These enormous animals were closely related to the dugong and the manatee still found grazing in the oceans today, but were of considerable size at between eight and nine meters in length.", "A squid-like marine mollusc with eight arms and two tentacles, used to capture prey; internal calcareous shell (cuttlebone) may be straight or curved; found on or near the sea bed in shallow water; capable of complex behaviour and rapid colour changes. (Class: Cephalopoda.) Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida belonging to the Cephalopoda class (which also include squids, octo…", "Sea pigs are also known as scotoplanes, a genus of deep-sea holothurians (sea cucumbers). This sea creature is like a cross between a pig and a slug. I still think it’s cute, despite the fact that it looks like it has human fingers growing out of its mouth.", "Sea pigs are also known as scotoplanes, a genus of deep-sea holothurians (sea cucumbers). This sea creature is like a cross between a pig and a slug. I still think itâs cute, despite the fact that it looks like it has human fingers growing out of its mouth.", "\"Sea snail.\" 1. A name for various marine gasteropods...2. A fish of the family Liparididae, esp. the Liparis vulgaris, or unctuous sucker.\"", "* Merhorse or Halshippus olai-magni: A 60 ft, medium-necked, large-eyed, horse-headed pinniped. Often has whiskers. It is also cosmopolitan.", "1. Which prehistoric sea creature, known from its fossil remains, has been given a name which means fish-lizard?", "The vast majority of whales and dolphins, however, belong in the toothed category, and they feed on prey in a similar manner to most carnivores. These include the beaked whales, the dolphins and the porpoises. The sperm whale also sits here (the only large whale in this category) as do the beluga and narwhal ." ]

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[ "Ingredients: 5 parts vodka, 2 parts coffee liqueur, 3 parts fresh cream, 1/2 bottle of Crystal Pepsi", "The Black Russian is a cocktail of vodka and coffee liqueur. It contains five parts vodka to two parts coffee liqueur, per IBA specified ingredients. Traditionally the drink is made by pouring the vodka over ice cubes or cracked ice in an old-fashioned glass, followed by the coffee liqueur. ", "Earlier in the Easter Season we profiled the White Russian , a modern dessert drink made with vodka, coffee liqueur, and cream. While the White Russian is a great drink, it’s but a shadow of its predecessor, the brandy Alexander. A descendant itself of the “Alexander” (made with gin), the brandy Alexander is sweet, yet refreshing.", "the ingredients are correct. 2 shots of vodka, 1 shot of kahlua or tia maria whatever, both are coffee liqueurs. put over ice and dash with. thats it. no secret.", "Add vodka and coffee liqueur to rocks glass. Fill glass with ice. Stir for 5 seconds with bar spoon. Top up with ice and serve.", "Energy drinks are also popular as drink mixers—Red Bull and vodka is a popular combination. In the US, a product called \"Four Loko\" formerly mixed beer with caffeine, while Kahlua is a coffee-flavored alcoholic beverage.", "To prepare a Black Russian fill a glass with crushed ice and then add 1.5 ounces of coffee liqueur and 1.5 ounces of vodka.", "Vodka: Vodka is perhaps the most basic of all the hard liquors. Most vodkas are pretty tasteless, odourless and colourless. Consequently, they make excellent mixed drinks; their contribution is the \"punch\" in what's otherwise essentially fruit juice. Unless you're a dour Russian, you generally do not drink vodka straight, on the rocks or in \"shots\". Some of the better brands of vodka - Absolut (especially the flavoured ones), Smirnoff, Stolichnaya, Grey Goose, Skyy - are probably very good straight out of the bottle, but if your vodka comes in plastic bottles, you would be well-advised to mix it with something else.", "Pour coffee liqueur and Russian Standard over ice and stir gently. Float fresh cream on the top with a dash of nutmeg.", "Fuill prewarmed, 6-ound bell-shaped fizz glass 2/3 full of fresh coffee. Add sugar and whiskey. Stir and then top with fresh whipped cream. (Although the barman at the Buena Vista did not mention this, a little bit of sugar and vanilla can be added to the cream brefore it is whipped; it's a sensuous touch.)\"", "Roll the clock back to 1930 or so, and, if you look hard enough, you might just turn up a couple of little gloom-lifters based on vodka, then a little-known novelty spirit from the land of Rasputin and tractor-building collectives. There's the Russian, which mixes the stuff in equal proportion with gin and crème de cacao. If you don't like that (and, truth be told, there's not much reason why you should), you can have a Barbara: two parts vodka, one part crème de cacao, one part cream. Of course, that one's even more marginal. Back then, cream was rarely found in drinks outside the uber-girly precincts of the Pousse Café (the multilayered liqueur anthology; it is, alas, still with us).", "1 1/2 oz (45 mL) vodka, 1/2 oz (15 mL) Kahlúa, 4 tsps (20 mL) cream or milk. Mix together in glass. Add Cream to top off glass and blend until homogeneous. A White Russian is a twist on the Black Russian with the addition of cream.", "An italian liqueur. It is as strong as vodka or whisky (37.5%) but is easier to drink due to its sweetness which masks the taste of the alcohol. It tastes like aniseed or liquorice and comes in several varieties and colours, including white sambuca (which is actually clear), black sambuca(which is more like a dark purple) and red sambuca (which is actually red). It can be drunk straight, or it can be drunk with 3 coffee beans (known as Sambuca con mosca)in the glass (the beans represent health, happiness and prosperity). It can also be set on fire - a popular way of taking a shot is to light it and then extinguish using the palm of the hand. The glass then sticks to the palm due to suction. The shot is then finished while the drink is still warm.", "1 part vodka, 1 part Kahlúa, 1 part coffee liqueur, 1 part milk, ice. Put all ingredients in blender and blend for 30 seconds.", "The White Russian cocktail appeared soon after. It also is made with vodka and Kahlúa with the addition of cream.", "2 parts Tang® powdered soft drink, 1 part vodka, 3 crushed ice cubes. Mix really well and serve. [14]", "Make a fresh brew of strong coffee (ordinary American coffee is too diluted!) Add the sugar. After cooling, add the vanilla bean and vodka. Transfer to a bottle. After 2-4 weeks strain, remove the vanilla bean and transfer to a new bottle. This coffee liqueur will have a lower alcohol content than the first one.", "Chocolate Black Russian: Place the vodka, Kahlúa, and 2 scoops chocolate ice cream in a blender. Serve in a wine glass or champagne flute.", "There are many methods for preparing the White Russian cocktail. The liqueur and spirit may be shaken with ice, strained into an ice-filled glass, with the cream, which can be thickened slightly by beating or shaking it, floated on top. The liqueur and spirit may also be stirred in ice-filled glass and topped with the cream.", "Ingredients: 1 Part Kahlua, 1 Part Irish Cream Liqueur, 2 Parts Vodka, 2 Parts Milk or Cream, ice cubes.", "Instructions: In a cocktail shaker with ice, combine an ounce and a half of vodka, half an ounce of Galliano, and two ounces of orange juice. Dash in some orange bitters. Shake all that up and strain into a coupe glass. Garnish with an orange wedge and/or brandied cherries.", "The ingredients are shaken and served either straight up or on the rocks. Variations include using cream or vodka.", "Love vodka and need to know 5 simple vodka cocktails? Vodka is a pungent alcohol that can be concocted with grain, rye, potatoes, rice, sugar beet, or molasses. Vodka comes in various forms including flavored Vodka and creates excellent drink mixtures. These 5 simple vodka cocktails are easy to make and wonderful to consume.", "The concoction is consumed by first putting the lemon, sugar and coffee in the mouth, before taking one shot of vodka. The mixture is kept in the mouth and slowly chewed before being swallowed. The second shot of vodka comes swiftly after.", "2 oz (60 mL) apple juice, 1 oz (30 mL) vodka, whipped cream in a can, and cinnamon sugar in a salt or pepper shaker. Two people are required. The designated drinker sits in a chair with head back and mouth open. The second person pours the apple juice and then the vodka into the mouth. In order for the full taste of the drink to come out, the drinker must keep his or her throat closed, this also prevents choking. The second person then adds a good size shot of whipped cream and a light sprinkling of the cinnamon sugar. The drinker then sits up, swishes to mix the ingredients, swallows. There can be different recipes for this shot; some do 1 part vodka, 1 part apple juice; others do 2:1 parts, it all depends on how strong the shot is wanted.", "Vodka (Russian: во́дка; Russian derivative of вода voda \"water\") A 40% alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented wheat mash, but now also made from a mash of rye, corn, or potatoes.", "Add your cream. Pour 2 tablespoons heavy whipping cream, 1 1/2 ounces of whipped cream flavored vodka, and 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract over the ice. Pour slowly and one at a time.", "Made with whipped cream, coffee ice cream, whiskey, nutmeg, cinnamon, instant coffee powder, brown sugar, eggnog", "2 oz (60 mL) cream, 1 oz (30 mL) banana liqueur and 1 oz (30 mL) cacao liqueur (white). Pour into an ice filled shaker. Shake and pour into a cocktail glass. Add a garnish of nutmeg powder. The drink is reputed to have been invented by Nick Castrogiovanni of Nick's Big Train Bar in New Orleans.", " A pink liqueur from France that infuses mango, Provence blood oranges and passion fruit in premium vodka.", "Medovukha (медовуха), also known as mead, is the ancient drink brewed from many a century ago by Europeans is also wide-spread among Russians. It has a semi-sweet taste based on fermented honey and contains 10-16% of alcohol. You may see it sold in bottles or poured in cups in fast-food outlets and shops.", "Café Vanilla - Blended coffee base, whole milk, vanilla bean powder, and ice. With Whipped Cream." ]

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[ "n the United States, the makers of high fructose corn syrup want to sweeten its image with a new name: corn sugar. The Corn Refiners Association (CRA) has applied to the federal government for permission to use the name on food and beverage labels. The trade association – whose members include: Archer Daniels Midland Co; Cargill Inc; National Starch; Roquette America Inc; and Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc – hopes a new name will ease confusion about the sweetener, which is used in soft drinks, bread, cereal and other products including many non-alcoholic beverages. As the CRA says on its website www.sweetsurprise.com, “relabelling high fructose corn syrup as ‘corn sugar’ clears up confusion and enables consumers to easily identify added sugars in the diet”. Americans’ consumption of corn syrup has fallen to a 20 year low on consumer concerns that it is more harmful or more likely to cause obesity than ordinary sugar, perceptions for which there is little scientific evidence. However, some scientists have linked consumption of full-calorie soda — the vast majority of which is sweetened with high fructose corn syrup — to obesity.", "Today the Corn Refiners Association applied to the federal goverment for permission to refer to High Fructose Corn Syrup on food labels as \"Corn Sugar\". They claim that the name change will \"ease confusion\".", "On September 14, 2010, The Corn Refiners Association applied for permission to use the name \"corn sugar\" in place of high fructose corn syrup on food labels for products sold in the United States. According to a press release, \"Consumers need to know what is in their foods and where their foods come from and we want to be clear with them,\" said CRA president Audrae Erickson. \"The term 'corn sugar' succinctly and accurately describes what this natural ingredient is and where it comes from – corn.\"", "The Corn Refiners Association applied Tuesday to the federal government for permission to use the name on food labels. The group hopes a new name will ease confusion about the sweetener, which is used in soft drinks, bread, cereal and other products.", "In general, though, “high fructose” is somewhat of a misnomer — which is why the corn refiners’ association wants to change the name to “corn sugar.”  (I’ve written about this before, taking an unpopular position , but as far as I can tell, it’s the most factual one. In the same breath, I’ll remind you once again that I don’t eat the stuff , regardless of what it’s called.)", "(NaturalNews) As the reputation of the U.S. government is now in shambles, the feds are turning to the same bait-and-switch tactics used by the Corn Refiners Association as they tried to rename High Fructose Corn Syrup to the more innocent sounding...", "High Fructose Corn Syrup: A mixture of glucose and fructose produced from corn. The most common form of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has 55 percent fructose and 45 percent glucose.", "A more technical definition : \"High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)�A corn sweetener derived from the wet milling of corn. Cornstarch is converted to a syrup that is nearly all dextrose. Enzymes isomerize the dextrose to produce a 42 percent fructose syrup called HFCS-42. By passing HFCS-42 through an ion-exchange column that retains fructose, corn refiners draw off 90 percent HFCS and blend it with HFCS-42 to make a third syrup, HFCS-55. HFCS is found in numerous foods and beverages on the grocery store shelves. HFCS-90 is used in natural and \"light\" foods in which very little is needed to provide sweetness. (ERS, USDA). Total fiber is the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber.", "Corn syrup was an accidental discovery based on past experiences with other vegetables, most notably potatoes and sugar beets. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is a more refined and sweeter version. Invented in 1967, HFCS is widely used in today's processed foods.", "“The new name would help people understand the sweetener,” said Audrae Erickson, President of the Washington based Corn Refiners Association. “It has been highly disparaged and highly misunderstood.”", "\"...the premium is high-fructose corn syrup, first commercialized in 1967 by the Clinton Corn Processing Co. of Clinton, Iowa, which patented Isomerose (named for the enzyme xylose isomerase, which converts glucose to fructose). By 1972, the company had increased the sweetness from 14 to 42 percent fructose, to make it equivalent to ordinary sugar. As sugar prices rose, food and beverage industrialists began to replace more and more sucrose with \"Isosweet.\" Within four years, production of the supersweet syrup jumped from two hundred thousand to two and a half billion pounds a year, and within the decade it had become a major component of all major soft drinks. Today, HFCS can be made 25 percent sweeter than sugar...and in crystalline form is an important rival to saccharin in the sugar-substitute industry.\"", "Also called glucose-fructose syrup. A combination of fructose and glucose made by processing corn syrup. Enzymatic processing converts some of the corn syrup’s glucose into fructose to produce a desired sweetness. The resulting syrup is sweeter and more soluble. HFCS 55 (mostly used in soft drinks) is approximately 55% fructose and 42% glucose. A recent University of Southern California analysis of popular sodas (all sweetened with HFCS) found that the percent of fructose can be as high as 65 percent.( Link ) As much as 60% of the sugar consumed in the US is actually HFCS. A very controversial product. More than one study has detected unsafe mercury levels in HFCS. In a Princeton study rats given HFCS gained 48% of their body weight in fat, a much greater weight gain than rats fed sugar. This is the equivalent of a 200 pound person gaining 96 pounds. (Link)", "High fructose corn syrup is made from the natural grain product of corn. It contains no synthetic ingredients or color additives and it meets the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's definition of \"natural\".", "Much of the soft drink industry in the United States stopped using sugar in the 1980s, in response to a series of price supports and import quotas introduced beginning in 1982 that increased the price of sugar above the global market price. As a result, most U.S. soft drinks, including Dr Pepper, now use high-fructose corn syrup instead of sugar.[10]", "Much of the soft drink industry in the United States stopped using sugar in the 1980s, in response to a series of price supports and import quotas introduced beginning in 1982 that increased the price of sugar above the global market price. As a result, most U.S. soft drinks, including Dr Pepper, now use high fructose corn syrup instead of sugar. [23]", "Following a symposium that brought together scientific leaders on this topic from varying backgrounds, including former high fructose corn syrup critics who had earlier expressed concern that high fructose corn syrup might pose unique problems, a consensus is emerging that this sweetener is in fact indistinguishable from sucrose in its metabolic effects. According to Victor Fulgoni, Symposium Chair, in his summary of the presented papers, \"Thus, we now have a clearer picture about HFCS; namely, metabolic responses are similar to sucrose as would be expected from the composition of these 2 sweeteners.\"", "  Much of the soft drink industry in the United States stopped using sugar in the 1980s, in response to a series of price supports and import quotas introduced beginning in 1982 that increased the price of sugar above the global market price. As a result, most U.S. soft drinks, including Dr Pepper, now use high fructose corn syrup instead of sugar.", "Now, producers of high fructose corn syrup (and producers of food who use it) argue that it is no different on a molecular level from regular sugar, and is thus a safe alternative to sugar in food and drinks.", "The soft drink industry in some other countries never stopped using sugar as a sweetener. For instance in the European Union, high fructose corn syrup is subject to a production quota. In 2005, this quota was set at 303,000 tons; in comparison, the EU produced an average of 18.6 million tons of sugar annually between 1999 and 2001. Therefore, most European soft drink producers, including most Dr Pepper bottling plants, still use sugar to sweeten their products. However, the bottlers of Dr Pepper in Germany and the United Kingdom use instead a combination of sugar and artificial sweeteners.", "Many soft drinks are sweetened mostly or entirely with high-fructose corn syrup, rather than sugar. Some nutritionists caution against consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type-2 diabetes more than cane sugar. ", "1967 High-fructose corn syrup was introduced commercially by Clinton Corn Processing Co. (of Clinton, Iowa.) Manufactured using their patented enzyme Isomerose, the fructose sweetness of corn syrup was raised from 14% to 42%. With rising sugar prices, \"Isosweet\" became the sweetener for all major soft drinks. (Fussell, 1992)", "Corn Syrup is a thick, sweet syrup created by processing cornstarch with acids or enzymes . It comes in light or dark forms. Light corn syrup has been clarified to remove all color and cloudiness. Dark corn syrup, because it has caramel favor and coloring added to it, has a deeper color and a stronger flavor. Corn syrup is particularly popular as an ingredient in frostings, candies, jams and jellies because it inhibits crystallization. It's also used as a pancake syrup.", "A thick, sweet syrup created by processing cornstarch with acids or enzymes. Corn syrup comes in light or dark forms. Light corn syrup has been clarified to remove all color and cloudiness; dark corn syrup, which has caramel flavor and coloring added to it, has a deeper color and stronger flavor. Because it inhibits crystallization, corn syrup is particularly popular as an ingredient in frosting, candy, jams and jellies. It's also used as a pancake syrup, either maple-flavored or plain.", "Corn Syrup: Made from corn and usually 100% glucose. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “corn syrup” can be used to describe numerous corn-derived products.", "Corn syrup, which consists mostly of dextrose, is a sweet, thick liquid made by treating cornstarch with acids or enzymes. It may be dried and used as corn syrup solids in coffee whiteners and other dry products. Corn syrup contains no nutritional value other than calories, promotes tooth decay, and is used mainly in foods with little intrinsic nutritional value.", "Corn Syrup (V): a form of glucose made from corn starch . It is used as a sweetener", "So, if \"Corn Sugar\" becomes accepted, it will later have to be replaced by some term that consumers don't know, such as \"Maize Jelly\" or \"Kernel Ooze\".", "Golden syrup, which is especially popular in England, is made from evaporated cane juice. As its name implies, golden syrup has high clarity with a golden hue. It has the smooth consistency of corn syrup and a unique rich, toasty, butterscotch flavor. It readily substitutes for corn syrup in most baking applications, adding more character to products such as pecan pie and nut bars.", "In Britain Syrup = Lyle's Golden Syrup (pretty much like \"Beanz Meanz Heinz\"). There are loads of pictures on Google. My tin of Lyle's describes the contents as \"partially inverted refiners syrup\".", "Syrups can be made by dissolving sugar in water or by reducing naturally sweet juices such as cane juice, sorghum juice, or maple sap. Corn syrup is made from corn starch using an enzymatic process that converts it to sugars.", "Originally, golden syrup was a product made at the white sugar refinery from the recovered mother liquor (recovered molasses) \"washed\" of the raw sugar crystals in the process of creating white sugar. This liquor is generally known as refiners return syrup. Today most golden syrups are produced by a specialist manufacturer by inverting half the refiners return syrup to fructose and glucose and blending it back again; this ensures the product remains liquid and will never crystallize again. ", "War Time Suggestion: For chocolate syrups, sugar may be replaced by half sugar and half corn syrup." ]

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[ "“The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is an English pangram. It has been used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, and in other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.", "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" is an English-language pangram (a phrase that contains all of the letters of the alphabet ). It has been used to test typewriters and computer keyboards , and in other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Due to its shortness and coherence, it has become widely known and is often used in visual arts.", "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" is an English-language pangram—a phrase that contains all of the letters of the alphabet. It is commonly used for touch-typing practice. It is also used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, show fonts, and other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.", "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" is a pangram! \"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.\" is not a pangram. Press any key to continue . . .", "x_ = x_ + 1; pangrams[0] = x_; pangrams[x_] = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.' -- not as short but at least it's still a pangram", "The best known English pangram is \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" It has been used since at least the late 19th century, was utilized by Western Union to test Telex / TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability, and is now used by a number of computer programs (most notably the font viewer built into Microsoft Windows) to display computer fonts. An example in another language is ', containing all letters used in German , including every umlaut (ä, ö, ü) plus the ß. It has been used since before 1800.", "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog (where brown is assigned by “colour of roasted earth”)", "6. Do you know what is special about the following sentence? ‘The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’. This type of sentence is called a ‘pangram’ as it uses every letter in the English language.", "By far the most well-known pangram is, \"The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.\" Frequently this is the sentence used to test out new typewriters, presumably because it includes every letter of the alphabet. Curiously, this sentence is often misquoted by changing \"jumps\" to \"jumped.\" The past tense version, lacking an \"s,\" is not a pangram. Often, too, it is misquoted as \"the lazy dog\" rather than \"a lazy dog.\" This error is not as grievous; the sentence remains a pangram, just a slightly longer one.", "isPangram$(\"the Quick brown FOX jumps over the lazy do\") no isPangram$(\"the Quick brown FOX jumps over the lazy dog\") yes isPangram$\"My dog has fleas.\" no isPangram$\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" yes isPangram$\"Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.\" yes isPangram$\"What's a jackdaw?\" no isPangram$\"Lynx c.q. vos prikt bh: dag zwemjuf!\" yes", "The earliest known appearance of the phrase is from The Michigan School Moderator, a journal that provided teachers with education-related news and suggestions for lessons. [1] In an article titled \"Interesting Notes\" in the March 14, 1885 issue, the phrase is given as a suggestion for writing practice: \"The following sentence makes a good copy for practice, as it contains every letter of the alphabet: 'A quick brown fox jumps over the very lazy dog.'\" [2]", "Quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. (32 letters) (Not attested as frequently as the traditional, and better-formed, The quick brown fox… , below)", "The sentence \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" uses every letter of the alphabet!", "The sentence \"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" uses every letter in the english language", "*The sentence \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" uses every letter in the alphabet. It was developed by Western Union to test telex communications.", "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. (33 letters) (A variant of the better-known, but longer, version with the in place of a, below.)", "Did you know the sentence \"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" uses every letter in the English alphabet", "The sentence is often mistakenly rendered as \"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog,\" which does not include an s. However, this can be corrected by typing: \"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy cats\". (But only if written in Spanish, i.e. \"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy gatos\".", "\"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog\" is not a pangram \"The five boxing wizards jump quickly\" is a pangram", "Due to the widespread knowledge of the phrase, and due to its comical nature, many works of art have been developed that pictorially depict the action of a fox jumping over a dog or a related variation of it. Dan Santat , creator of Disney Channel's The Replacements and children’s book author, has created a cartoon of the pangram on his blog in which he mistakenly substituted \"jumped\" for \"jumps,\" thereby removing the letter \"s\" from his phrase. [7] Other instances of phrase-related artworks include a typography workshop flyer, [8] a widespread clipart image, [9] and a music CD cover [10] . A footage of the actual act was to be found on some video sites [11] . The May 9, 2008 issue of John Allen's web-based comic Nest Heads features a child saying the phrase to a sleeping dog, in attempts to arouse him to play. [12] In the Disney movie The Fox and the Hound , there is a scene near the end where the fox is running fast and jumps over the lying-down hound, creating an in-context, non-contrived instance of the phrase. The phrase plays a key role in the plot of the 2001 Mark Dunn novel Ella Minnow Pea , which is set in a fictitious island nation supposed to be the home of the phrase's originator.", "A pangram is a sentence that contains all the letters of the English alphabet at least once.", "Move from the start word (LAZY) to the end word (DOGS) in the same number of steps as there are rungs on the Word Ladder. You must only change one letter at a time.", "page 87 1., 2. (Answers will vary.) page 92 1. a. The cat jumped the fence. b. A clock tells us the time. c. A bicycle has two wheels. d. A donkey has four legs. e. Freya likes to read books. 2. a. b. c. d.", "\"A dog can express more with his tail in minutes than his owner can express with his tongue in hours.\"", "Bumpy Dog, Noddy's pet and constant companion. He is highly excitable and will rush at friends and lick them in greeting, but has sensitive feelings if scolded by Noddy.", "\"The greatest pleasure of a dog is that you may make a fool of yourself with him and not only will he not scold you, but he will make a fool of himself too.\"", "Like your new dog Arkwright! Here boy — up-up — down — sit — heel — fetch … don’t do much does ’e?", "\"The reason a dog has so many friends is that he wags his tail instead of his tongue\"", "\"(most) Dogs have a better life than you. If you think about it your waiting on them hand a foot.\"", "dogmadic - loss of mental power or dementia suffered by dogs [from OE words \"dog\" and \"mad\" + the Latin suffix \"-ic\", pertaining to]", "An animal with two feet is called a biped. The word comes from Latin, and the equivalent term for an animal with four feet is \"quadruped.\"", "As Quote Investigator explains, allegories about animals doing impossible things have been incredibly popular in the past century. But no, this one isn't from Einstein. (Source: [13] .)" ]

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[ "Trident® sugarless gum used to advertise that \"4 out of 5 dentists surveyed recommend Trident® sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.\"", "For years, Trident was promoted with the slogan, “Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.” This slogan is believed to have been based on the results of a survey of practicing dentists with either D.D.S. or D.M.D. degrees, apparently conducted in the early 1960s, whose patients included frequent users of chewing gums; the percentage of respondents to the survey whose responses indicated they would make such references to their patients is believed to have been approximately 80%, rounded off to the nearest full percentage point, of the total number of respondents. It became strongly associated with the Trident brand. As of the middle of June 2014, however, Kraft Foods's Cadbury Adams group, whose parent company, Mondelēz International, had become owners of the Trident copyright and patents, was not known to have made any public disclosures of any details about the survey, presumably citing the proprietary nature of the survey data and conclusions as its rationale.", "From the beginning, Trident's ads touted its cavity-fighting properties and good taste. Its first tagline was \"Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.\"", "But the market was becoming more competitive, with 21 new gum products, many of them sugarless, debuting in 1991 alone. At the same time, other products from toothpastes to fluoridated water also were able to prevent cavities. Consumers not only demanded cavity protection, they also wanted long-lasting flavor and fresh breath. Trident began to focus on those properties in ads with the tagline, \"All that good stuff and great taste, too.\"", "William \"Bill\" Wrigley IV (1963–), following the death of Wrigley III (his father), led the sugar-free gum campaign across Europe, Australia, Spain, India, and China. In 2005, Kraft Foods sold the Life Savers and Altoids businesses to Wrigley in exchange for $1.5 billion as part of a reorganization plan. Wrigley led the establishment of the Wrigley Science Institute (WSI) in 2006 to study the oral health benefits of gum chewing. The WSI investigates the effects of gum chewing on weight management, stress relief, concentration, and oral health.", "In 1986, Warner-Lambert began to publicize research showing that Trident gum could prevent cavities if chewed after eating sugary snacks, spending $15 million to promote the message. It marked the first time a gum was able to make such a claim to dentists and consumers.", "Trident is a brand of sugar free chewing gum. It was introduced by Cadbury in the United Kingdom. In many other European countries, Trident is branded as Stimorol gum; it is generally the same as Trident. ", "The sugar-free chewing gum, introduced in 2003, was made in the United States. Flavours include peppermint, cinnamon, spearmint, wintergreen and two sour flavours, cherry and apple. The gum has not been seen in stock in US stores since January 2010 and has been discontinued.[5]", "Black and white 5 1/4\" x 14\" ad for their Ribbon Dental Cream. The ad has a series of photos that tell a story. The first photo is of a U.S. Navy Seaman looking despondent as he leans against a fire hydrant thinking \"I musta slipped her mind!\". A friend stops by and tells him to \"Try policing up that breath\". He sees a dentist who tells him to use Colgate which he does and his girlfriend, and other girls, won't leave him alone. This ad is taller than my scanner bed so the outer edges of the ad will not be visible in the scanned view.", "In some countries, xylitol is used to sweeten gum instead of aspartame. By avoiding sugar, the chance of tooth decay is lowered, since the sugar otherwise used may turn into acid after chewing the gum. It is also claimed that in chewing, it may help to remove food residues. Xylitol based products are allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration to make the medical claim that they do not promote dental cavities.[10]", "Stock phrase in commercials for non-prescription products with some purported health benefit — especially items which are not actually health care items, such as sugar-free gum.", "Surely one of the most recognized company mascots in the world is Mr. Bibendum, better known as the Michelin Man. Equally recognizable, but in an entirely unrelated field, is the Chiclets brand of chewing gum. In our top photo, Mr. B can be seen pointing directly to “Afamadas Gomas Michelin” on the side of this confectioner’s Model “T” delivery van which translates to “Famous Michelin Gum”. This seems to imply that the famous tire maker licensed the name for a brand of chewing gum.", "In 2003, household-manufacturing company Church & Dwight purchased the Pepsodent brand rights in the United States from Unilever.  Unilever still holds the rights to Pepsodent, where it is sold outside the U.S. Church & Dwight also holds the rights to such toothpaste brands as Aim, Arm & Hammer, Close-Up and Mentadent. This change of ownership eventually led to addition of fluoride to the toothpaste. The company’s new marketing strategy was retro packaging, retro flavor, modern levels of fluoride content and low price. They offer two versions of Pepsodent; one with the original flavor, as some consumers like the minty flavor it had in its glory days, and another with enhanced whitening ingredients. Both versions, according to Church & Dwight, feature a “proven cavity-fighting formula” that aids in the removal of plaque and promotes strong enamel and healthy gums as well as tartar control.", "In 2001, a formulation of the diluted Ribena cordial, sold as Ribena Toothkind (and endorsed by the British Dental Association as being less damaging to teeth than other soft drinks), was judged by the United Kingdom Advertising Standards Authority to have been advertised in a misleading manner, and claims that the drink did not encourage tooth decay should be removed from the packaging. The opinion was upheld by a hearing in the High Court. In 2003, The Food Commission in the United Kingdom criticised the sugar levels in regular Ribena as contributing to childhood obesity. ", "In the 1950s, soon after NIDCR’s founding, millions of Americans often flipped on their black-and-white tube televisions and watched commercials that warned of a tongue-twisting condition called gingivitis. As the ads warned, gingivitis was step one on the road to chronic gum, or periodontal, disease and tooth loss.", "In 2003, the name was licensed to a Hackensack, New Jersey, company named Gumrunners, Inc., which manufactures a line of caffeinated gum and mints bearing the Jolt label and the slogan \"Chew More, Do More.\" The gum comes in two flavors: Spearmint and Icy Mint.", "Another ingredient, \"I.M.P.\" was purported to whiten teeth. Its best-known slogan was \"You'll wonder where the yellow went / when you brush your teeth with Pepsodent!\" British comedian Jasper Carrott referred to the slogan in one of his stand-up routines, saying \"On your tongue - that's where the yellow went!\"", "The repositioning of Marlboro as a men’s cigarette was handled by Chicago advertiser Leo Burnett. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they eventually greenlighted the campaign.", "The repositioning of Marlboro as a men's cigarette was handled by Chicago advertiser Leo Burnett. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they eventually greenlighted the campaign.", "TV commercials for which brand of chewing gum featured a special dance step named for the gum?", "The company is known for its \"31 flavors\" slogan, with the idea that a customer could have a different flavor every day of any month. The slogan came from the Carson-Roberts advertising agency (which later merged into Ogilvy & Mather) in 1953. Baskin and Robbins believed that people should be able to sample flavors until they found one they wanted to buy, hence their famous small pink spoons. The company has introduced more than 1,000 flavors since 1945.", "The company, British American Tobacco, has launched a campaign for its Vype electronic cigarettes. It marks the first time a big tobacco company has marketed products on TV since cigar ads were banned in 1991. Cigarette adverts have been banned since 1965.", "Creamy snuff is a tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in India, and is known by the brand names Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, Ganesh. According to the U.S NIH-sponsored 2002 Smokeless Tobacco Fact Sheet, it is marketed as a dentifrice. The same factsheet also mentions that it is \"often used to clean teeth. The manufacturer recommends letting the paste linger in the mouth before rinsing.\"", "The Mighty Chew. \"A mans got to chew what a mans got to chew\". \"Someone should've told him - a Texan takes time a-chewin\". Chocolate-covered nougat which you could stretch to the floor whilst still attached to your teeth. Red Indian/Mexican firing squad-baiting TV adverts (\"Hold on there, bald eagle! You wouldn't light that fire until I open my Texan Bar, would ya?\") are the stuff of legend.", "Most dentists advise against drinking a lot of soda – and this includes diet. This is because both the sugar and acid can dissolve enamel. Citrus-flavored sodas have higher acid levels than others and are therefore more risky to drink. Sports drinks and energy drinks may also contain high levels of acid, so you should avoid these as much as possible, too.", "Oral-B became part of the Gillette group in 1984. Braun, also part of the Gillette group at that time, started to use the Oral-B brand for electric toothbrushes.", "A spokesperson for a cigarette company, such as Laramie Cigarettes' Menthol Moose , or Joe Camel.", "Mike: Can you tell us a little bit, about where your passion comes from on this topic and people would like to know a bit about your background and your organization � Consumers for Dental Choice.", "(Cut to woman's face, brushing teeth very theatrically.) \"You're doing your gums good and toughening them to resist infection.\" (Woman gives big smile. Cut to diagram, a grid with large squares.) \"And as this chart shows\" (under heading \"Gum Infection\", a bar appears made up of four unspecified squares - cases of rotten incisors per 100 head of population?) \"gum infection is the cause of more tooth loss than tooth decay itself.\" (Under \"Tooth Decay\", a bar of two unspecified squares: two fillings per 1,000 grains of sugar?)", "There's a billboard along a freeway in Michigan, advertising a dentist willing to do implants for only a couple hundred dollars. Next to it is a statement saying \"Voted best dental office in Michigan\". Just below that, in smaller text, is the disclaimer \"by our dental staff\".", "I'm never going to singapore. I love gum. it whitens teeth and prevents cavities. it's like a bleeping dentist in your mouth!", "Homer, in need of a triple bypass, sees an infomercial showcasing the surgical \"talents\" of Dr. Nick. In the ad, Dr. Nick gives the (presumably) toll-free number as, \"1-600-DOCTORB\", going on to explain that \"...The B is for 'bargain'!\" It is pronounced /ˈdɔkˌtoːɻb/." ]

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[ "On this day in 1963, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald, President John F. Kennedy's accused assassin, in a Dallas police station.   Television network cameras were present, broadcasting live.   To those of us watching, it seemed that the World was coming undone.   First, the shock of JFK�s assassination, and now this.   Ruby was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death.   He appealed the conviction and sentence, but died of cancer before a new trial was held.", "Jack Ruby shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald, accused assassin of president John F. Kennedy, on 24 November 1963. Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner with several minor arrests on his police record, fired his handgun as Oswald was being transferred in the basement garage of Dallas police headquarters; the killing was broadcast on live TV. Ruby was arrested, tried, and sent to prison; he died there of cancer in 1967.", "Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy, is shot to death by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner.", "Although his suspected murderer, Lee Harvey Oswald was captured, Oswald himself was murdered by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters two days after JFK’s death. Ruby claimed he killed Oswald because he was distraught over JFK’s death, but because Oswald never had a trial, many questions surrounding JFK’s murder were left unanswered.", "Nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald as the prisoner was being transferred through the underground garage of Dallas police headquarters. ", "Strip club owner Jack Ruby famously shot accused Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald on live television on Nov. 24, 1963, two days after the president was killed.", "Birth of Jack Ruby, American nightclub owner who shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald 2 days after the latter was arrested for the assassination of President Kennedy", "Dallas officials on Friday will memorialize the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination with bagpipes and drums, speeches, hymns, prayers and a moment of silence at 12:30 p.m., the moment a rifle bullet killed Kennedy as he rode in an open-air motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963. Police later arrested Oswald, accusing him of firing the fatal shot from a sixth-story window of the nearby Texas School Book Depository. Two days later, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald as police transferred him to another jail.", "On Sunday, November 24, Oswald was being led through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters toward an armored car that was to take him to the nearby county jail. At 11:21 a.m. CST, Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby stepped from the crowd and shot Oswald in the abdomen. Oswald was taken unconscious by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where doctors tried to save President Kennedy's life two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m. Oswald's death was announced on a TV news broadcast by Dallas police chief Jesse Curry.", "Oswald was later apprehended at the Texas Theater. Two days later, while in police custody and being transported to the county jail, Oswald was shot to death by club owner Jack Ruby.", "Oswald was buried one day after nightclub owner Jack Ruby (born Jack Rubenstein) fatally shot him at Dallas Police headquarters while he was being transferred to the county jail.", "Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas", "While campaigning in Dallas on November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot in the head, and rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. Lee Harvey Oswald, was captured a few hours later and accused of the crime. He was killed two days later when he was shot on national television by a man named Jack Ruby.", "\"From our CBS newsroom in New York, a bulletin: Lee Harvey Oswald, the man who Dallas police say killed President Kennedy, himself is dead. He was cut down by a single bullet an hour and fifteen minutes before he died in Parkland Hospital in a room just ten feet from that room where President Kennedy died. He was being taken from the Dallas City Jail to the Dallas County Jail but in the basement of the Dallas City Jail, before he left that building, he was shot. The man Dallas police seized at the scene and are holding has been identified as Jack Rubenstein, known in Dallas as Jack Ruby , a man who years ago moved to Dallas from Chicago and was operating two nightclubs, and well-known nightclubs, in Dallas. He is fifty-two years old, balding, with black hair. He is being held by the Dallas police, who say they will charge him with the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald.\"", "John F. Kennedy - On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was mortally wounded while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. His apparent assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald , was killed by Jack Ruby before standing trial. The Warren Commission was called to investigate Kennedy's death and found that Oswald had acted alone to kill Kennedy. Many argued, however, that there was more than one gunman, a theory upheld by a 1979 House Committee investigation . The FBI and a 1982 study disagreed. Speculation continues to this day.", "This much is known: Jack Ruby, born Jacob Rubenstein in Chicago in 1911, moved to Dallas in 1947 and managed a series of nightclubs and strip clubs. At the time of the assassination, he owned the Carousel Club in downtown Dallas and the Vegas Club in the city's Oak Lawn district.", "Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was an American sniper who assassinated President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. According to five U.S. government investigations,These were investigations by: the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1963), the Warren Commission (1964), the House Select Committee on Assassinations (1979), the Secret Service, and the Dallas Police Department. Oswald shot and killed Kennedy as Kennedy traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in the city of Dallas, Texas.", "* Ruby — 1992 film by John Mackenzie about Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby (Danny Aiello), the killer of the presumed assassin of John F. Kennedy", "Lee Harvey Oswald, born in New Orleans in 1939, joined the U.S. Marines in 1956. He was discharged in 1959 and nine days later left for the Soviet Union, where he tried unsuccessfully to become a citizen. He worked in Minsk and married a Soviet woman and in 1962 was allowed to return to the United States with his wife and infant daughter. In early 1963, he bought a .38 revolver and rifle with a telescopic sight by mail order, and on April 10 in Dallas he allegedly shot at and missed former U.S. Army general Edwin Walker, a figure known for his extreme right-wing views. Later that month, Oswald went to New Orleans and founded a branch of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, a pro-Castro organization. In September 1963, he went to Mexico City, where investigators allege that he attempted to secure a visa to travel to Cuba or return to the USSR. In October, he returned to Dallas and took a job at the Texas School Book Depository Building.", "On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. The upper two floors of the building from which alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy, the Texas School Book Depository, have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments.", "12:30pm: The second shot is fired, causing Kennedy to go into Thornburn’s position. This is a common neurological response to spinal damage. The third shot is fired, hitting the president on the back, right side of his head, causing a portion of his head behind his right ear to blow out. Right after the third shot is fired, Sheriff Bill Decker orders Dallas police officers to the railroad tracks behind the fence on the Grassy Knoll. Oswald gets a Coke from the soda machine in the book depository and starts walking out of the buildings after being stopped briefly by Dallas police officer Marrion Baker. Oswald walks passed NBC’s Robert MacNeil who is looking for a phone to call in the shooting.", "Ruby was seen in the halls of the Dallas Police Headquarters on several occasions after the arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963; and newsreel footage from WFAA-TV (Dallas) and NBC shows Ruby impersonating a newspaper reporter during a press conference at Dallas Police Headquarters on the night of the assassination. District Attorney Henry Wade briefed reporters at the press conference telling them that Lee Oswald was a member of the anti-Castro Free Cuba Committee. Ruby was one of several people there who spoke up to correct Wade, saying: \"Henry, that's the Fair Play for Cuba Committee,\" a pro-Castro organization. Ruby told the FBI, a month after his arrest for killing Oswald, that he had his loaded snub-nosed Colt Cobra .38 revolver in his right pocket during the press conference. ", "* In 1981, Charles Rocket, portraying the gunshot victim in a parody of the \"Who Shot J.R.\" plot on the program Dallas, said, \"I'd like to know who the fuck did it,\" during the live feed of the \"goodnights\" segment. Afterward, everyone except Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo were fired.", "On November 21, 1963 Jack O’ Halloran come to Dallas the day before John F. Kennedy was killed, to try out for the Dallas Cowboys which was owned by Clint Murchison. That night the coach took him to a party at the Murchison ranch and the honored guest was J. Edgar Hover the head of the FBI. While there he had an interesting encounter with some very rich and powerful people who were all in town for this occasion. Several New York Bankers were there like John J McCloy, the Rockefellers, and their adviser", "Fatal ride: Oswald shot and killed President Kennedy as he drove through Dallas on November 22", "Less than an hour after Kennedy was shot, Oswald, a former Marine who had recently started working at the Texas School Book Depository Building, killed a policeman who questioned him on the street near his Dallas rooming house. Thirty minutes later, Oswald was arrested in a movie theater by police responding to reports of a suspect. Oswald was formally arraigned on November 23 for the murders of Kennedy and Officer J.D. Tippit.", "President's Assassin Shot To Death In Jail Corridor By A Dallas Citizen; Grieving Throngs View Kennedy Bier", "Dealey Plaza, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas (U.S.), is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. The Dealey Plaza Historic District was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993 to preserve Dealey Plaza, street rights-of-way, and buildings and structures by the plaza visible from the assassination site, that have been identified as witness locations or as possible assassin locations.", "But complexity surrendered to the image when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dealey Plaza on Nov. 22, 1963. Dallas became known to the world as the city of hate, the city that killed Kennedy.", "in 1954 - Johnny Ace shot himself dead backstage at the City Auditorium in Houston, Texas. The R&B singer was playing with a revolver during a break between sets, someone in the room said �Be careful with that thing�� and he said �It�s OK the gun�s not loaded�see?� and pointed it at himself with a smile on his face.", "President Kennedy in Fort Worth on Friday morning, November 22, 1963. He was assassinated in Dallas later in the day.", "Abraham Zapruder (May 15, 1905 – August 30, 1970) was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a home movie while filming the presidential limousine and motorcade as it traveled through Dealey Plaza." ]

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[ "1986 –  Mike Tyson  defeated  Trevor Berbick  to become the youngest Heavyweight champion in boxing history on the 22nd November 1986.", "On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. \"I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,\" Tyson told his manager after the fight, \"and I’m going to be the oldest.\"", "On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. “I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,” Tyson told his manager after the fight, “and I’m going to be the oldest.”", "Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American retired professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American boxer . He was the undisputed heavyweight champion and remains the youngest man ever to win the WBC , WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles. He won the WBC title at just 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old, after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. Throughout his career, Tyson became well-known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior both inside and outside the ring.", "1986 – Mike Tyson defeated Trevor Berbick to claim the heavyweight boxing championship of the World Boxing Council, and became the youngest boxing champion of the world.", "Mike Tyson knocks down Trevor Berbick, November 22, 1986. It took Tyson two rounds to become, at age 20, the youngest heavyweight champion ever.", "Born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 30, 1966, Mike Tyson became the youngest heavyweight boxing champion of the world in 1986, at age 20. He lost the title in 1990 and later served three years in prison over rape charges. He subsequently earned further notoriety by biting Evander Holyfield 's ear during a rematch in 1997. Tyson has gone on to appear in several films, including a documentary and Broadway show on his life.", "Nov. 22, 1986 -- Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20.", "James “Buster” Douglas began boxing professionally in the 1980s and was considered a talented fighter, but it was believed he lacked the motivation to become a champion. By contrast, Tyson had become the youngest heavyweight champion in boxing history when he defeated Trevor Berbick by knockout in 1986, when he was just 20 years old.", "Trevor Berbick (August 1, 1954 – October 28, 2006) was a Jamaican Canadian professional boxer. He won the WBC heavyweight title in 1986 by defeating Pinklon Thomas, and lost it in his first defence to a then 20-year-old Mike Tyson. Berbick was the last man to fight Muhammad Ali, defeating him in 1981.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson, also known as Malik Abdul Aziz,[2][3] (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American boxer. He was the undisputed heavyweight champion and remains the youngest man ever to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles. He won the WBC title at just 19 years old. Throughout his career, Tyson became well-known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior both inside and outside the ring.", "* November 22 – Mike Tyson wins his first world boxing title by defeating Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas.", "Won the vacant World Heavyweight Championship with a fifth-round KO of Archie Moore on November 30, 1956. At age 21, Patterson was the youngest ever World Heavyweight Champion . His record was surpassed by Mike Tyson , who won the WBC Heavyweight Championship at age 20 in 1986.", "On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by second round TKO, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history. [19] Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: \"The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano and Ali.\" [20]", "Nov. 22, 1986 - Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20. Video Obtained From: vpo", "On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by second round TKO, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history. Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: \"The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano and Ali.\" ", "By the time he was 20, Tyson had a 22-0 record, 21 of those fights won by KO. A year after his mentor died, in 1986, Tyson was given the chance they both had worked for: his first championship fight, against Trevor Berbick. In just the second round, Tyson knocked out Berbick and won the World Boxing Council heavyweight championship. He also became the youngest heavyweight champion in history, at just 20 years and four months.", "Tyson's was a meteoric rise, as he burned through the amateur heavy circuits with a reputation for the knockout win. At just 20, Tyson was already fighting for the World Boxing Council championship against Trevor Berbick who — though older and more seasoned — could not handle Tyson's power. Berbick was knocked out in the second round and Tyson became the youngest heavyweight champion ever, quickly following up that feat by securing the remaining two major heavyweight belts. By 21, \"Kid Dynamite\" was indisputably the best fighter in the world.", "He is the youngest ever boxer to become world heavyweight champion at 20 years old when he knocks out Trevor Berbick in 1986, bagging the WBC strap after scoring multiple knockdowns against an overwhelmed Berbick. Then in 1987, he bagged the WBA and IBF belts scoring decisions over James Smith and Tony Tucker. This made him the first boxer to unify the WBA, IBF and WBC titles.", "Trevor Berbick does not hold a major title, but he certainly holds the trump card when it comes to fighting for the heavyweight championship. Berbick, who signed to fight World Boxing Council champion Pinklon Thomas earlier this year before being encouraged by promoter Don King to fight World Boxing Association champion Tony Tubbs instead, now holds binding contracts to fight both title-holders. Because Thomas and Tubbs are handled by King, Berbick has been at King`s mercy. This week, King informed Berbick he would be fighting Thomas for the WBC title in Las Vegas, Nev., in late November or early December.", "On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship.", "On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. … Read More", "It was enough for Berbick to earn a shot at WBC champion Pinklon Thomas on March 22, 1986, in Las Vegas. Berbick, again an underdog, won a close unanimous decision. For once, Berbick was the story After the fight, Thomas told the assembled media, \"Trevor Berbick fought a great fight. He took my title. It's his.\"", "Awards: WBC title, making him the youngest heavyweight champion in boxing history, 1986; WBA title, 1987; IBF championship, August 1, 1987; regained WBC championship, 1996; regained WBA championship, 1996.", "The youngest fighter to win an undisputed world heavyweight title was Floyd Patterson. He was 21 years and 10 months when he knocked out Archie Moore to win the vacant title on November 30, 1956.", "1986, Tyson finally reached his goal: He was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing", "He officially retired from boxing in 1981 after a unanimous decision loss to Trevor Berbick, ending his career with a 55-5 record. He remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion, having won titles in 1964, '74 and '78.", "He won the lightly regarded 'WBF' version of the heavyweight crown in 1998, by defeating James \"Bonecrusher\" Smith. At the age of 49 years and a 110 days, it made him the oldest ever boxer to hold a world championship belt.", "He won the lightly regarded 'WBF' version of the heavyweight crown in 1998, by defeating James \"Bonecrusher\" Smith. At the age of 49 years and a 110 days, it made him the oldest ever boxer to hold a World championship belt.", "Loss Trevor Berbick Decision (unanimous) 10 (10) December 11, 1981 39 years, 328 days Nassau, Bahamas \"Drama in the Bahamas\"[76]", "1951 - After trying four times without success, �Jersey� Joe Walcott became the world heavyweight boxing champ by knocking out Ezzard Charles (whose real name was actually Charles Ezzard) in Pittsburgh, PA. Walcott became the oldest heavyweight titlist to the time (age 37)." ]

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[ "1995 –  Toy Story  was released on the 22nd November 1995, as the 1st feature-length film created completely using computer-generated imagery .", "Toy Story, the first film in the franchise, was released on November 22, 1995. It was the first feature-length film created entirely by CGI and was directed by John Lasseter. The plot involves Andy, an imaginative young suburban boy, getting a new Buzz Lightyear toy, causing Sheriff Woody, a vintage cowboy figure, to think that he has been replaced as Andy's favorite toy. Jealous, Woody tries to knock Buzz behind a table, but accidentally sends him out the window, causing the other toys to assume that he tried to murder Buzz. Determined to set things right, Woody attempts to save Buzz, and both try to escape from the house of the next-door neighbor Sid Phillips, who likes to torture and destroy toys. The film was critically and financially successful, grossing over $361 million worldwide. The film was later re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with Toy Story 2, for a 2-week run, which was later extended due to its financial success.", "Toy Story, the first film in the franchise, was released on November 22, 1995. It was the first feature-length film created entirely by CGI and was directed by John Lasseter . The plot involves Andy getting a new Buzz Lightyear toy, and Woody thinking that he has been replaced as Andy's favorite toy. As a result of Woody's jealousy, he tries to knock Buzz behind a table, but accidentally knocks him out the window. Determined to set things right, Woody attempts to save Buzz, and both try to escape from the house of the next-door neighbor Sid Phillips, who likes to torture and destroy toys. The film was critically and financially successful, grossing over $361 million worldwide. The film was later re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with Toy Story 2, for a 2-week run, which was later extended due to its financial success.", "The first feature film created solely with Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) was Toy Story (1995). Over 800,000 hours of mathematical equations went into the film, which works out to more than a week of computer time for every second on the screen.", "* November 22 - Toy Story is released debuting at the #1 and remains on the film charts for 18 weeks, marking the first feature-length film created completely using computer-generated imagery.", "Pixar Studios (and director John Lasseter) and Disney, in a 1991 deal worth $26 million, created the first completely computer-generated animated feature film - the landmark Toy Story (1995) - Pixar's feature debut film, and everything evolved from there. The visuals were entirely generated from computers, creating a wonderfully-realistic 3-D world with lighting, shading, and textures, that included real toys in supporting roles (Etch-A-Sketch, Slinky Dog, the plastic toy soldiers, Mr. Potato Head, etc.). The story itself dealt with the anxiety experienced by a toy (cowboy Woody) upon the arrival of a rival plaything (spacetoy Buzz Lightyear)-- mirroring the tension felt by a child when a younger sibling is born. The tale also referenced the historical change in genre emphasis in the 50s when westerns were supplanted by science-fiction films. It scored three Oscar nominations: Best Original Score, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"You've Got a Friend\"), and at the box-office totaled $192 million (domestic) and $362 million (worldwide).", "The first production from Walt Disney Pictures' Pixar Studios is the ground-breaking computer-animated Toy Story. The film was the first feature film to fully utilize CGI (Computer Generated Imagery), and is nearly unanimously hailed as the benchmark film for animation.", "It lit the path to a future where meticulous pen-and-ink drawings would no longer be needed to make animated movies. The future arrived with a bang less than a decade later, in 1995, when Lasseter, Jobs and Pixar unveiled Toy Story, the first feature film made entirely on computers.", "Beginning with the Disney studios' Tron (1982), animation has become increasingly computer generated, largely due to the work of two California-based animation studiosa—DreamWorks and Pixar. Their early computer-made feature films include Pixar's Toy Story movies (1995, 1999) and A Bug's Life (1998) and DreamWorks' Antz (1998). By 2000, traditional cartoons were in decline and most U.S. film animation (with the exception of nearly all the features produced by Disney) was digital, seemingly three-dimensional, and computer-generated. In DreamWorks' Shrek (2001) and Shrek 2 (2004) and Pixar's Monsters, Inc. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), and The Incredibles (2004), computer animation reached new heights of technological sophistication and complexity. Their seemingly real characters, voiced by actors but otherwise completely electronic in origin, interact in an apparently organic environment.", "*November 21 - The sci-fi movie Westworld is the first feature film to use digital image processing.", "The Wrath of Khan was one of the first films to extensively use electronic images and computer graphics to speed production of shots. Computer graphics company Evans & Sutherland produced the vector graphics displays aboard the Enterprise and the fields of stars used in the opening credits. Among ILM's technical achievements was cinema's first entirely computer-generated sequence: the demonstration of the effects of the Genesis Device on a barren planet. The first concept for the shot took the form of a laboratory demonstration, where a rock would be placed in a chamber and turned into a flower. Veilleux suggested the sequence's scope be expanded to show the Genesis effect taking over a planet. While Paramount appreciated the more dramatic presentation, they also wanted the simulation to be more impressive than traditional animation. Having seen research done by Lucasfilm's Computer Graphics group, Veilleux offered them the task. The graphics team paid attention to detail for the sixty-second sequence; one artist ensured that the stars visible in the background matched those visible from a real star light-years from Earth. The animators hoped it would serve as a \"commercial\" for the studio's talents. The studio would later branch off from Lucasfilm to form Pixar.", "Tron (1982) Steven Lisberger's fantasy inside-a-computer-video-game adventure/science-fiction film was one of the first films to be derived from the video-game craze. It was the first film to use computer-generated imagery (CGI) to any large degree - in this case, to create a 3-D world. This film was heralded as the first live action film with over 20 minutes of full 3D graphics and computer animation.", "Disney's TRON, with two nominations for Best Sound and Best Costume Design, was disqualified for a Best Visual Effects award because the Academy believed that it \"cheated\" by using a computer - the concept of using computers to craft environments, rather than drawing them by hand, was considered inauthentic. [Three years later, Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) received an Oscar nomination for Best Visual Effects, highlighted by Pixar's CGI \"stained glass knight\" effect using computer animation. An additional four years later, James Cameron's The Abyss (1989) was also honored with a Best Visual Effects Oscar (the film's only win) for using computer animation.]", "Shrek (2001) is a fully computer-animated, colorful fantasy film (from DreamWorks and Pacific Data Images), and the first Oscar winner in the newly created category of Best Animated Feature, by the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences. The realistic-ness of the characters was actually scaled back to have a more \"cartoony\" look. The film also featured the most advanced CGI liquid and fire effects of the time. Followed by the biggest box-office earning animated film ever, Shrek 2 (2004).", "The use of CGI, or computer-generated imagery, can be considered a form of collage, especially when animated graphics are layered over traditional film footage. At certain moments during Amélie (Jean-Pierre Juenet, 2001), the mise en scène takes on a highly fantasized style, including fictitious elements like swirling tunnels of color and light. David O. Russel’s I Heart Huckabees (2004) incorporates CGI effects to visually demonstrate philosophical theories explained by the existential detectives (played by Lily Tomlin and Dustin Hoffman). In this case, the effects serve to enhance clarity, while adding a surreal aspect to an otherwise realistic film.", "Futureworld (1976) featured the first use of 3D Computer Generated Imagery - for a representation of Peter Fonda's animated face and hand, created by the early computer visual effects company Triple I. The film also used 2-D digital compositing to materialize characters over a background.", "Host Bob Edwards talks with Steve Daly of Entertainment Weekly about Disney's new film \"Toy Story\" -- the first full-length feature film that is completely computer-animated. (6:40)", "RoboCop 2 (1990) contain the very first use of real-time computer graphics or \"digital puppetry\" to create a character (a representation of the villain Cain (Tom Noonan)) in a feature film. (Digital puppetry is the manipulation and performance of digitally animated 2D or 3D figures and objects in a virtual environment that are rendered in real-time by computers.)", "Minority Report was the first film to have an entirely digital production design. Termed \"previz\", as an abbreviation of previsualization (a term borrowed from the film's narrative), production designer Alex McDowell said the system allowed them to use Photoshop in place of painters, and employ 3-D animation programs (Maya and XSI) to create a simulated set, which could be filled with digital actors then used to block out shots in advance. The technology also allowed the tie-in video game and special effects companies to cull data from the previs system before the film was finished, which they used to establish parameters for their visuals. When Spielberg quickly became a fan, McDowell said \"[i]t became pretty clear that [he] wouldn't read an illustration as a finished piece, but if you did it in Photoshop and created a photorealistic environment he focused differently on it.\" Filming took place from March 22 to July 18, 2001, in Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Los Angeles. Film locations included the Ronald Reagan Building (as PreCrime headquarters) and Georgetown. The skyline of Rosslyn, Virginia is visible when Anderton flies across the Potomac River. During production, Spielberg made regular appearances on a video-only webcam based in the craft services truck, both alone and with Tom Cruise; together they conferenced publicly with Ron Howard and Russell Crowe via a similar webcam on the set of \"A Beautiful Mind\" in New York. ", "Some of the notable films from the 2000s that have been considered to have art film-qualities differed from mainstream films in controversial subject matter or in narrative form. Elephant (2003), a film directed by Gus Van Sant, for example, depicting mass murder at a high school that echoed the Columbine High School massacre, won top prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Other of his films include Gerry, Last Days, and Paranoid Park. Todd Haynes' complex deconstruction of Bob Dylan's persona, I'm Not There (2007), tells its story using non-traditional narrative techniques, intercutting the storylines of the six different Dylan-inspired characters. Mexican director Guillermo del Toro's film Pan's Labyrinth uses computer-generated imagery (CGI) technology to create a fantastical world that a ten-year-old girl imagines to block out the horror of the Spanish Civil War. Encyclopædia Britannica calls del Toro's film \"...a wonderful marriage of Hollywood genre [film] and European art film\". ", "Fur has been a major challenge for 3D computer graphics artists due to its visual complexity and physical properties. The first movie which made extensive use of CGI fur was Pixar's 2001 film Monsters, Inc.", "            “TOY STORY”, first computer animated feature released and it takes in more money at the box office than any other film in 1995.", "Computer technology began to enter mainstream culture and appeared in movies such as Tron (1982) and WarGames (1983), using then-state of the art special effects that would go on to have a major impact on movie making.", "The use of computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. The most notable use of computer animation is in the \"wildebeest stampede\" sequence. Several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel-shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half minute stampede sequence. Other usages of computer animation were done through CAPS , which helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots, and was employed on the coloring, lighting, and particle effects. [5]", "The Matrix is a 1999 American-Australian neo-noir science fiction action film written and directed by The Wachowskis, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano. It depicts a dystopian future in which reality as perceived by most humans is actually a simulated reality called \"the Matrix\", created by sentient machines to subdue the human population, while their bodies' heat and electrical activity are used as an energy source. Computer programmer \"Neo\" learns this truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, which involves other people who have been freed from the \"dream world\".", "The use of computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. The most notable use of computer animation is in the \"wildebeest stampede\" sequence. Several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half minute stampede sequence. Other usages of computer animation were done through CAPS, which helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots, and was employed on the coloring, lighting and particle effects.", "Joining with Spielberg in creating the futuristic worlds of \"A.I.\" are some of the most celebrated effects artists working today. The creature/makeup effects were created by Stan Winston, whose filmography includes some of the most ambitious and complex effects films of all time. Visual effects visionary Dennis Muren and Scott Farrar of Industrial Light & Magic supervised the film's groundbreaking visual effects. Michael Lantieri coordinated the practical effects. And Christopher Baker provided conceptual art.", "The Matrix Reloaded is a 2003 American science fiction film and the second installment in The Matrix trilogy, written and directed by the Wachowski brothers. It premiered on May 7, 2003, in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, and went on general release by Warner Bros. in North American theaters on May 15, 2003, and around the world during the latter half of that month. It was also screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival.", "This article is about the art movement. In computer graphics, the phrase \"photorealism\" is used to describe photorealistic rendering of scenes.", "Principal photography took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes. A comprehensive soundtrack was featured in the film, using music intended to pinpoint specific time periods portrayed on screen. Its commercial release made it a top-selling soundtrack, selling over twelve million copies worldwide.", "            Ken Perlin at NYU publishes a paper on noise functions for textures. He later applied this technique to add realism to character animations. Ref: K. Perlin, “An Image Synthesizer”, Computer Graphics, July 1985. (In the SIGGRAPH 98 Seminal Graphics collection)", "The 1995 video is a work of art by director Joe Pytka, who used the concept of a bird's-eye view to pay homage to many Beatles songs and images." ]

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[ "Last time we heard from Michael Symon, chef-owner of Lola and Lolita in Cleveland, he had just battled some of the nation's best chefs on the Food Network's Next Iron Chef to earn the esteemed title of Iron Chef. Joining the four other Iron Chefs -- Mario Batali, Cat Cora, Bobby Flay, and Masaharu Morimoto -- means he will test his skill, speed, and creativity against cunning culinary challengers in Iron Chef America's Kitchen Stadium on a rotating basis.", "Kitchen Stadium once again opens its doors to find a new culinary warrior in the sizzling primetime series The Next Iron Chef. Ten top chefs from around the country will compete to join the ranks of Mario Batali, Cat Cora, Bobby Flay, Masaharu Morimoto and Michael Symon and be launched into instant fame. Hosted by Alton Brown (Good Eats, Iron Chef America), the reality show will force the contestants into a series of challenging situations that test their culinary skills and mental toughness. As they travel near and far, the chefs must demonstrate their speed, artistry, innovation and leadership as they strive to attain greatness and become America’s Next Iron Chef. Premieres: October 2009.", "Based upon the Japanese cult sensation, Iron Chef America carries on the legend of Kitchen Stadium and the famed \"secret ingredient.\" Each week, world-class chefs battle the legendary Iron Chefs of America: Bobby Flay, Mario Batali, Masaharu Morimoto, Cat Cora, Jose Garces, Michael Symon, Marc Forgione and Geoffrey Zakarian. Alton Brown serves as Commentator and Mark Dacascos is Chairman.", "A 90-minute \"Thanksgiving Showdown\" premiered on November 16, 2008. The secret ingredients were foods that might have been used at the first Thanksgiving feast: duck, lobster, heritage turkey, venison, leeks and walnuts. This battle marked the first time in ICA history that the American Iron Chefs competed against each other, with the team of Bobby Flay and Michael Symon battling against Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto. There were two floor reporters for this special: regular floor reporter Kevin Brauch covered Flay and Symon while ICA judge Ted Allen covered Cora and Morimoto. In addition, Mark Ecko appeared early in the episode to present the new Iron Chef jackets and describe the design process. Iron Chefs Flay and Symon defeated Iron Chefs Cora and Morimoto by one point.", "Flay and Michael Symon defeated the team of Iron Chefs Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto in a special episode titled \"Thanksgiving Showdown,\" which originally aired on November 16, 2008. ", "The show is presented as a successor to the original Iron Chef, as opposed to being a remake. The Chairman is portrayed by actor and martial artist Mark Dacascos, who is introduced as the nephew of the original Japanese chairman Takeshi Kaga. The commentary is provided solely by Alton Brown, & Kevin Brauch is the floor reporter. The music is written by composer Craig Marks, who released the soundtrack titled \"Iron Chef America & The Next Iron Chef\" by the end of 2010. In addition, regular ICA judge and Chopped host Ted Allen provided additional floor commentary for two special battles: Battle First Thanksgiving (Symon/Flay v. Cora/Morimoto) and Battle White House Produce (Batali/Lagasse v. Flay/Comerford).", "Symon was one of the rotating hosts of Food Network's show Melting Pot. He appeared on Sara's Secrets with Sara Moulton, Ready, Set, Cook, and FoodNation with Bobby Flay. In 2005, he appeared on Iron Chef America, where he lost to Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Asparagus. ", "^ Morimoto's record includes his battle as a competitor in the Battle of the Masters, but does not include his battles against Bobby Flay while an Iron Chef on the Japanese program, nor does it include his 16-7-1 record as an Iron Chef in the original Japanese program.", "Flay had a cameo appearance in the Disney Channel original movie Eddie's Million Dollar Cook-Off as the host of the cook-off. He appeared on the television game show Pyramid with fellow Iron Chef Mario Batali as the guest celebrities in an episode originally airing on November 18, 2003. He appeared as a judge on the CBS television show \"Wickedly Perfect\" during the 2004–05 season.", "Morimoto speaks English with a thick Japanese accent, and he sometimes speaks in Japanese when describing his dishes. Consequently, his voice is at times dubbed by Joe Cipriano . Cipriano, a veteran TV announcer and Los Angeles radio personality, also provided the voice for Hiroyuki Sakai in Battle of the Masters. When his voice is not dubbed, subtitles may be provided to help viewers understand what Morimoto is saying. In the episode Battle Eggs, Takashi Yagihashi had subtitles when the screen showed whom he challenged ( Michael Symon ).", "When Iron Chef America was greenlighted as a regular series, it moved from Los Angeles to New York. When Puck was unavailable, Morimoto came on board to replace him. His voice is usually dubbed by American voiceover personality Joe Cipriano during the judgment phase of the show; during the battle, his use of English is not dubbed, but conversations with his sous-chefs in Japanese are subtitled. In 2007, Morimoto's third year at Iron Chef America, he published his first cookbook, Morimoto: The Art of New Japanese Cooking. ", "Gordon James Ramsay, OBE (born 8 November 1966) is a Scottish-born British chef, restaurateur, and television personality. His restaurants have been awarded 16 Michelin stars in total and currently hold 6. His signature restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea, London, has held 3 Michelin stars since 2001. Ramsay is known for presenting TV programmes about competitive cookery and food, such as the British series Hell's Kitchen, The F Word, and Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, along with the American versions of Hell's Kitchen, Kitchen Nightmares, MasterChef, MasterChef Junior, and Hotel Hell. In 2015, Forbes listed his earnings at $60 million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 21st highest earning celebrity in the world. ", "The Celebrity Apprentice is an American television reality game show. It is a variation of The Apprentice series which was previously hosted by real estate magnate, businessman and television personality Donald Trump. Also like its precursor, the show's opening theme song is \"For the Love of Money\" by The O'Jays. Unlike its precursor, however, Celebrity Apprentice consists of famous people as competing apprentices rather than unknowns. Some of the celebrities are relatively current while others tend to be those who have been out of the public eye for some time. All of them are competing to win money for a charitable organization of their choice. The celebrities come from a wide variety of different fields in the media: sitcoms, professional sports, music industry, reality television, radio, and other backgrounds.", "American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, and ended on April 7, 2016. It started off as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with the winner determined by the viewers in America through telephones, Internet, and SMS text voting. Winners chosen by viewers in its fifteen seasons were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, and Trent Harmon.", "“Hell’s Kitchen” is the Emmy-nominated reality competition show that minted chef Gordon Ramsay as a breakout television star, and not just a renowned chef. Renewed for seasons 17 and 18 by Fox, each season features a class of ambitious chefs, who must enter a series of grueling challenges and dinner services, to compete for a head chef position at one of Chef Ramsay’s portfolio of restaurants. Contestants are split into two teams and rewarded or punished after completing each challenge. Throughout the show, they must endure Chef Ramsay’s candid and often times scathing and shouty critiques that live up to the show’s name.", "Series 1 winner Thomasina Miers went on to co-star in the (slightly bonkers) Channel 4 series The Wild Gourmets, and now runs Wahaca in Covent Garden which serves up Mexican street food. [1] (The contestants in one of the editions of the 2009 regular series had to go through their Pressure Test in her restaurant - she assured them at the start that she didn't envy them one bit, as she'd been through it herself, but that certainly didn't stop her demanding the exacting standards that all the professional chefs demand). 2007 champion Steven Wallis has been spotted working as a \"home economist\" (or \"dogsbody\") in the background of Great British Menu . In addition, the 2008 winner, James Nathan, is now working as a chef in Rick Stein's famous Seafood Restaurant in Padstow, while the 2009 champion, Mat Follas, is now running his own restaurant in Dorset, no doubt serving up excellent food made from ingredients for which he has foraged and/or fished (see below).", "The show is broadcast live on BBC One on Saturday evenings, and is currently presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman (however Zoë Ball covered for Winkleman for a number of weeks in 2014). Sir Bruce Forsyth presented the live shows alongside Daly from 2004 to 2013, announcing his departure in 2014. He will continue to present special editions of the show. For some of the second series, Natasha Kaplinsky stood in temporarily for Daly while she took maternity leave, Claudia Winkelman has hosted the results show and editions that Forsyth had missed from 2010–2013. The judging panel initially consisted of Bruno Tonioli, Arlene Phillips, Len Goodman and Craig Revel Horwood. Alesha Dixon took Phillips' place from series 7 to 9, after which she left the programme to judge Britain's Got Talent which led retired ballerina Darcey Bussell to replace Dixon and remains a judge alongside Tonioli, Goodman and Revel Horwood. Tonioli commutes weekly between Hollywood and London to judge both the American and British versions of the show simultaneously. Each judge gives the performance a mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of forty. The voice-over announcer is Alan Dedicoat. During series four, an hour-long highlight show was shown on Sundays at 19:00 on BBC Two, and during series five and six, the results show moved to Sunday evenings, although it was filmed on Saturday and then broadcast \"as live\" on the Sunday.", "In 2004 Brown appeared on Iron Chef America: Battle of the Masters. This was the second attempt to adapt the Japanese cooking show Iron Chef to American television. The first being UPN's Iron Chef USA, which featured William Shatner. The latter was not well received. Brown served as the expert commentator, a modified version of the role played by Dr. Yukio Hattori in the original show. When the show became a series, Brown began serving as the play-by-play announcer, with Kevin Brauch as kitchen reporter. Brown also served as the host for all four seasons of the spin-off The Next Iron Chef.", "Harry Hill presents the ‘not live’ final of the legendary makeover show which sees impersonators of Christina Aguilera, Frankie Valli, Paloma Faith, Lady GaGa and John Legend battle it out to lift the coveted trophy and be crowned Stars in Their Eyes 2015 champion. 13:40 14:10 15:10 16:15 18:35 18:45 19:00 20:15 21:00 22:00 22:20 23:15", "Ninja Warrior UK is the British version of the Japanese assault course game show Sasuke. The show, which began airing on 11 April 2015, is hosted by Ben Shephard, Chris Kamara and Rochelle Humes.", "AARON BASHA AmEDEO ANITA KO cOLETTE DAvID YURmAN DEGRISOGONO DJULA DOvES fARAONE mENNELLA H. STERN HOORSENBUHS JAcK vARTANIAN JAcqUIE AIcHE JAmIE WOLf KHAI KHAI LILLY STREET LOvE & LUcK mARTIN BERNSTEIN NIKOS KOULIS PHILLIPS HOUSE SARA WEINSTOcK SYDNEY EvAN", "David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show. The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season. ", "Symon was born in Cleveland, Ohio and is of Greek, Italian, and Eastern European ancestry. He was raised in North Olmsted, Ohio, attending St. Richard School in North Olmsted and St. Edward High School in Lakewood, graduating in 1987. He took a part-time job at Gepetto's Ribs on Warren Rd. as a cook. ", "The role model for all previous winners is Thomasina Miers , the 2005 champion, whose Mexican restaurant Wahaca has now grown into a small chain. Mat Follas, the series five winner, opened the Wild Garlic in Beaminster, Dorset, the year he won, while viewers of this series saw former finalist Alex Rushmer returning as a mentor at his Cambridgeshire gastropub the Hole in the Wall . Permalloo has plans for a Mauritian-themed restaurant to open in London next year.", "The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan. Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern for season eleven (2016). Regis Philbin was the original host (season one), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007–08), and Nick Cannon has hosted since season four (2009).", "Special considerations have been given for contestants who were unable to return as champion because of circumstances beyond their control, especially when there is a considerable time between taping of episodes. This occurred for the first time in season 25, when Priscilla Ball, who won on January 16, 2009, was unable to attend the taping of the next episode because of illness; as a result, three new contestants appeared on the next episode. Ball returned as a co-champion to play on the episode airing April 9, 2009. On the episode aired December 21, 2015, the returning champion, Claudia Corriere, could not return as champion because of a job offered in the weeks between tapings, so three new contestants played that day as well. Corriere returned as a co-champion on the January 18, 2016 episode, but was eliminated in a three-way loss.", "Olympic gymnast Louis Smith and professional partner Flavia Cacace won the series on 22 December 2012. The final was also notable as Pasha Kovalev became the second male professional dancer to reach two consecutive finals, equaling the record of Ian Waite, Erin Boag, Lilia Kopylova and Aliona Vilani.", "Ji Yun Martel Justice Martinez Gerardo Molinero Dimas Dorcas Muange Conrad Naydiuk Zach Nelson-Bryan Adam Nobes Brennan Norwood Erick Nuno Dominic Nutt Celia Ochoa-Cruz Hayden Orn Edgar Rivera-Bautista Christopher Rodriguez Adylene Romero Salvador Santos-Santos Yasmeen Shakalia Kristina Sotnikov Nathan Stiers Olga Tello-Mendoza Vastin Vastina Andrew Vigovskiy Tatyana VlasovaJ Tyler Warneke Jacob Williams", "Seth Stewart, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Eliseo Roman, Doreen Montalvo (u/s Abuela Claudia), Krysta Rodriguez (u/s Carla), Andrea Burns, Carlos Gomez, Priscilla Lopez, Robin de Jesus, Christopher Jackson, Janet Dacal (u/s Vanessa), Mandy Gonzalez, Doreen Montalvo,Tony Chiroldes, Noemi del Rio, Rosie Lani Fiedelman, Marcus Paul James, Stephanie Klemons, Nina Lafarga, Javier Munoz, Luis Salgado, Shaun Taylor-Corbett, Rickey Tripp", "Los Angeles, CA, May 22, 2014 - Popular entertainment host, journalist, author, producer and reality show star Maria Menounos has signed a multi-year agreement with E! that includes both talent and producing roles. As part of the comprehensive partnership, Menounos will host a new one-hour entertainment news magazine series, \"Untold with Maria Menounos.\"  Menounos...", "Kate Thornton returned as host; Craig Revel Horwood, Bruno Tonioli and Len Goodman returned as judges. Iveta Lukosiute also performed on the tour, but did not partner a celebrity. Louis Smith and Ola Jordan were the overall champions of the tour, with the most wins.", "Pete Hoida Michael Lyons Holly Parot ti Lynn Parot ti Lélia Pissarro Paul Vans tone Presented by Sandra Higgins F ine Ar t" ]

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[ "Every day in Vegas, about 4,000 people flock to The Gold and Silver Pawn Shop, home to the hit History Channel show “Pawn Stars.”", "Do you to \"pawn it, sell it or drink it?\" might be the new catchphrase you'll hear around the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop later next year. Rick and Corey Harrison, the Old Man and Chumlee, stars of the History Channel's mega hit Pawn Stars TV show, are the draw behind an under construction retail and dining concept destined to sit across the parking lot from the Pawn Shop, on the site of a now demolished tattoo parlor.", "The famed Gold and Silver Pawn shop, featured on History Channel’s hit series “Pawn Stars,” may have melted down a precious coin collection that was allegedly stolen from a man by his niece.", "* Richard (Rick) Kevin Harrison  – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop. The son of \"The Old Man\" Richard and father of \"Big Hoss\" Corey, he has earned the nickname of \"The Spotter\" due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the pawn business at age 13.[http://www.history.com/shows/pawn-stars/bios/rick-the-spotter-harrison Meet the Pawn Stars: Rick \"The Spotter\" Harrison]. History.com, accessed August 30, 2011. Rick claims in \"Steaks at Stake to own 50% of the store, but Richard insists that Rick owns only 49%. Rick co-founded the \"Gold & Silver\" pawn shop with his father in 1989 at the age of 23. Boasting that \"Gold & Silver\" is the only family-owned pawn shop in Las Vegas, Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags. An avid reader since childhood, his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy, from the late 1700s to the early 1800s. Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America, an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history, which premiered in June 2014.", "Gold and Silver Pawn is featured on the hit History Channel series. During each episode, customers bring in unique items and try to convince Rick Harrison, Corey Harrison, “The Old Man” and Chumlee to fork up cash for their goods.", "In 2010, Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show. ", "In October 2012, A+E Networks and History, as well as cast members from the show, were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies, a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons' manager, who represented them and Austin Lee \"Chumlee\" Russell in their television business dealings. Jefferies, who was instrumental in helping to launch the series, states that after the show premiered, his influence in the show was increasingly reduced, and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series. Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast was taken aback by History's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars, of which the cast had been unaware. ", "In Season 7, Episode 28 of the History Channel reality show \" Pawn Stars \", a patron offered to sell the store an Enigma machine for $149,300. After an inspection by an expert, Rick Harrison counteroffered $50,000. The customer lowered his asking price to $115,000. Harrison declined to buy the machine.", "* Antwaun Austin  – The shop's 6'5\"\"Pawn Stars: Security Detail\", History Channel's official YouTube channel. December 18, 2009. Accessed June 14, 2011. security guard. Usually seen in the background, Antwaun sometimes sells store T-shirts to people who come in, helps customers bring in large items, and, when necessary, removes customers who are unruly or disruptive. In \"Flight of the Chum\", for example, he attempts to intervene when a seller becomes irate after Rick informs him that the Perseus statue he brought into the shop is not an original by Émile Louis Picault, but a copy. He features heavily in an episode storyline for the first time in Season 4 \"Teacher's Pet\", in which he is revealed to have worked at the shop for three years, and is tutored by Chumlee on negotiating prices and discerning genuine gold. When he later prepares to take a few days off in \"Security\", he in turn tutors Chumlee on how to work the door. ", "* American Restoration was Pawn Stars' first spinoff. It stars Rick Dale and his crew at Rick's Restorations, and premiered in October 2010.", "The History Channel is searching for contestants to compete against the guys from “ Pawn Stars ” in a simple trivia game show. This is a chance for trivia enthusiasts to win cash and coveted items from the pawn shop.", "Rated 4 out of 5 by De08 Great place to visit especially if you love Pawn Stars I purchased a t-shirt and had Chumlee sign it for my husband. He couldn't make it out to the Pawn Stars Shop that day while we were on vacation in Vegas. I brought the shirt back to him because he is a huge fan. He was so happy. Well, someone ended up taking my bag the shirt was in after I set it down somewhere. I was hoping maybe someone from the show will read this and be able to send out another shirt to me with Chumlee's signature. I will even pay for another shirt. March 9, 2015", "Pawn Stars personalities Rick Harrison, Corey Harrison and Austin \"Chumlee\" Russell are panelists as contestants answer questions for a chance to win cash and items for sale from the Gold ... See full summary  »", "While the guys still show up to work at the shop almost every day, they now spend most of their time filming or working behind the scenes. Even without the men of \"Pawn Stars\" working the floor on a daily basis, the shop has plenty of its own appeal. It's packed with thousands of unique items including rare jewelry,artwork from famous artists including Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso and even a Congressman's chair, an item that normally isn't accessible to the public. In addition to being filled with items from the past, the shop itself is of historical significance. The edifice was built in 1934 and is one of the oldest buildings on the Strip. Since the show started, Harrison has gone from purchasing about 100 items a month to more than 1,000.", "Nelson's Garage Car Museum, 629 Main Street (Located in the Celebrity Hotel & Casino), ☎ +1-(605)-578-1909, [5] . This museum has collected some of the world's most recognized automobiles such as the jeep from TV's M*A*S*H, Magnum P.I.'s Ferrari and James Bond's Aston Martin. Free admission.   edit", "Billings’ West End. The beautiful and spacious interior provides a warm and welcoming atmosphere for shoppers to experience. Owners Scott and Kelly Wickam, along with their knowledgeable staff, offer top-quality jewelry lines as well as custom-created pieces and in-house repairs.", "When the Herschend brothers acquired Goldrush Junction, they were just as committed to preserving the heritage of the Smoky Mountains as they had been to preserving the traditions of Branson. They poured more than a million dollars into the park right away, bringing in even more craftsmen to show off their trades, as well as adding more rides and attractions. In 1983 Silver Dollar City opened the first working grist mill Tennessee had seen in over 100 years. Under the Herschend’s direction and commitment, attendance grew steadily through the early 1980s attracting the attention of one of Sevier County’s most famous natives, Dolly Parton.", "100+ dealers in a modern, air conditioned facility. . 12,000 sq. ft. of pre-1980s treasures (phase I) and 10,000 sq.ft. of antiques and newer collectibles (phase II). Specializing in everything from fine china and porcelain to country primitives, vintage jewelry, clothing and much more. Also visit the adjacent flea market with over 400 dealers! Saturday and Sunday Only", "NAVASOTA BLUES ALLEY MUSEUM AND SHOPS — Museum displays and artifacts cover local history and notable residents, including musician Mance Lipscomb and Frank Hamer, a city marshal who became the Texas Ranger leading the effort to catch Bonnie and Clyde. Open 10 a.m.–5 p.m. Mon.–Sat. and noon–5 p.m. Sun. 129 E. Washington Ave. 936/870-3331. Www.navasotabluesalley.com.", "Hours: Wed-Fri 11-5 • Sat 11-4 Sun Noon- 5 Antiques • Collectibles Bobble-heads Memorabilia • Twins for sale.", "We begin with a real showpiece: a set of Japanese “samurai” armor, made in the 17th century. Frederick Stearns, who co-founded Stearns Brothers’ Pharmacy in Detroit, purchased the armor in the latter part of the 1800’s. He donated it to the Detroit Arts Council (later the Detroit Institute of Arts) as part of a large collection that he had amassed from around the world. It was then passed on to Cranbrook in the 1940’s.", "Museum is one of a kind; its mission is to preserve the art and craft of metalworking. It has a working blacksmith's shop.", "If \"Chitty\" is a bit beyond your budget, there are some other pieces of entertainment memorabilia also on the block at the auction being held by Profiles in History, run by appraiser Joe Maddalena of \"Hollywood Treasure\" fame.", "Dreams Of Cookies And Cream: The buyers head to Moreno Valley and descend upon auctions at a facility that has been known for great scores. (S9, ep 17)", "Located in and around the city are a number of historical sites, museums, and landmarks dedicated to Dodge City's Old West heritage. The Boot Hill Museum, located downtown, contains thousands of artifacts and a variety of exhibits portraying the culture of the city's early years. To capitalize on its heritage, the city promotes its downtown business district as historic Old Doge City complete with Western-themed tourist attractions, shops, and restaurants. Visitors can tour the district by trolley or by taking the Dodge City Trail of Fame walking tour.", "Gallery and Gifts, at 109 North Main. Their 100+ year old building on the historic courthouse square is filled with antiques, art from local and regional artists, pottery, glassware and much more.", "An Elite Collection of Dealers Offering Top Quality Merchandise 18th & 19th Century Furniture Accessories · Jewelry Folk Art · Prints Paintings · Silver China · Rare Books Fine Art & Decoys Hours: Tues. - Sat. 10-5, Sun. 11- 4", "In 1960, two families opened businesses that became popular family-oriented attractions in the Branson/Lakes Area. Hugo and Mary Herschend opened a small old-time Ozarks village attraction atop the long-popular Marvel Cave, about 10 miles west of Branson on Highway 76. They called it Silver Dollar City and offered an 1880s steam train ride, country shops, crafts and music.", "Over 70 antiques booths cover 11,000 sq ft. Also featuring gifts and home decor. Open 7 days/week Mon-Sat: 10-5; Sun: 11-5", "Museum in structure built as a bank in 1866 and recently restored. Is town's oldest extant building; has a cast-iron balcony. Rotating collec-tion allows museum to showcase large exhibits of jewelry, clothing, firearms, books, and newspapers.", "The museum exhibits are separated into different time periods in America. For example, the Great Depression in the early nineteen thirties was a very difficult period. During this time, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow became famous for stealing from stores and banks and killing police officers in several states. Police officers finally shot and killed them in their car along a highway in Louisiana in nineteen thirty-four.", "Downtown’s heritage as a mercantile center can still be experienced in its historic shopping districts, popular with bargain hunters." ]

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[ "Situated in the western United States.  Utah is the 45th  state to join the Union (on January 4, 1896) and with a population of 2,995,919 is today the 31st most populous state. Known as The Beehive State.", "Utah  is a state in the United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-largest, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States.", "1896 - Utah (45th state) entered the United States of America; capital: Salt Lake City; bird: seagull; flower: sego lily; nickname: Beehive State. The entrance of Utah into the Union followed the Mormon�s abandonment of polygamy.", "The northernmost slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were contested territory but the Union won control by 1862. In 1861, martial law was declared in Maryland (the state which borders the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., on three sides) to block attempts at secession. Delaware , also a slave state, never considered secession, nor did Washington, D.C. . In 1861, during the war, a unionist legislature in Wheeling, Virginia seceded from Virginia, claiming 48 counties, and joined the United States , in 1863, as the state of West Virginia , with a constitution that gradually abolished slavery. There also was a rump state of Virginia that stayed loyal to the U.S.", " Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the eighteenth most populous state. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The largest city is Kansas City, and the four largest urban areas are, in descending order, St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally purchased from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state in 1821.", "Indiana, constituent state of the United States of America. The state sits, as its motto claims, at “the crossroads of America.” It borders Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south, and Illinois to the west, making it an integral part of the American Midwest . It ranks 38th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area and, except for Hawaii , is the smallest state west of the Appalachian Mountains . With a name that is generally thought to mean “land of the Indians,” Indiana was admitted on December 11, 1816, as the 19th state of the union. Its capital has been at Indianapolis since 1825.", "The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession. Prior to the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and, even, secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860 and adopted the \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union\". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The \"cotton states\" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.", "Missouri (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.", "1890 - Wyoming, the state with the smallest population entered the Union this day. The 44th state was named after an Algonquin Indian word meaning �large prairie place�. Appropriately, the Indian paintbrush that covers much of the large prairie is the state flower and the meadowlark, frequently seen circling the prairie land, is the state bird. Another Indian term, Cheyenne, is also the name of the state capital. Wyoming is called the Equality State because it is the first state to have granted women the right to vote (1869).", "Georgia, one of the 50 US states is situated in the southeastern United States, with a coastline at the Atlantic Ocean in southeast. Not to be confused with Georgia , a country in southwestern Asia and formerly part of the Russian empire. The US state is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the south by Florida , to the west by Alabama , the Savannah River formes a natural border with South Carolina . The states nickname is \"Peach State\" and also \"Yankee-land of the South\".", "1876 - Colorado, the 38th state, entered the United States of America this day. It is the only state to enter the union in the one hundredth year after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Consequently, Colorado is called the Centennial State. The Rocky Mountains are Colorado�s most famous feature; which explains why the Rocky Mountain columbine is the state flower. The lark bunting is the state bird. Denver, Colorado�s largest city, is also the state capital.", " West Virginia is a state in the Appalachia / Upland South region of the United States. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War and was admitted to the Union as a separate state on June 20, 1863. It is the only state formed as a direct result of the American Civil War, and the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. West Virginia is one of the Border States. The Census Bureau considers West Virginia part of the South because most of the state is below the Mason-Dixon Line, though its northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio with Weirton on a parallel with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "The Gold Rush also increased pressure to make California a U.S. state. Pro-slavery politicians initially attempted to permanently divide northern and southern California at 36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise. But instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state.", "In the 1880s, New York suffered plagues of insects which originated in the marshes of New Jersey, which led the state to be known as the Mosquito State. The clam fisheries on the coast led some to call it the Clam State, and others called it Switzerland of America (one of five states to be so-called). The famous \"Camden and Aboy Railroad\" led to the state sometimes being known as the Camden and Aboy State, and the blue uniforms of the Civil war gave it the Jersey Blue State. But these days New Jersey is simply known as the Garden State, a name coined by Abraham Browning in a speech at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876, and which has, despite the objection and veto of the governor, appeared officially on state licence plates since about 1954.", "On this day in 1876, Colorado became the 38th state to join the Union when President Ulysses Grant signed a proclamation of statehood. President Andrew Johnson had vetoed its first bid.", "1845 - Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. The word �Florida� comes from the Spanish �feast of flowers�. But we call it the Sunshine State. The capital of the Sunshine State is ... no, not Walt Disney World ... Tallahassee. The state flower is the fragrant orange blossom and the mockingbird is the state bird. Do you think the mockingbird can mimic Donald Duck? Or maybe it sings the Florida state song, \"Suwannee River\". The Florida state motto is: �In God we trust.�", "In 1850, to the consternation of Southerners, California was admitted into the Union as a free state—mainly because the Gold Rush miners did not want to find themselves in competition with slave labor. But for the first time it threw the balance of power in the Senate to the Northern states.", "Delaware Ratifies the US Constitution and is the First State Admitted to the Union | World History Project", "Nobody quite knows where the modern-day Delaware's Blue Hen State comes from. It was first recorded in the early 1800s, and may be an allusion to a \"blue hen chicken\", a term meaning a \"quick-tempered and fiery person\", possibly deriving from the fact that Delaware soldiers took \"Blue Hen Cocks\" with them as entertainment in the form of cock fights. In the 16th cenury, the Spanish introduced peaches into the state, and a hundred years later the state was almost overrun with them, leading to the nickname The Peach State (which in turn led the state to adopt the Peach Blossom as the state flower in 1895). It also once had the nickname New Sweden, after the name of the original Swedish settlement of \"Nye Sverige\", founded in 1638. And its small size gave it the nickname of Uncle Sam's Pocket Handkerchief, or more recently, Small Wonder. The state also had two other common nicknames - The Diamond State (because of its small size) and the semi-official name (as it appears on licence plates), The First State (being the first to be admitted to the Union in 1787). In 2002, the state formally adopted The First State as its official nickname after a group of elementary school children approached the majority leader of the House and asked for help in getting the unofficial nickname made official.", "Montana is located in the western United States and is known by the nicknames the Big Sky Country and the Treasure State . The state motto is Oro y Plata, which translates from Spanish to English as Gold and Silver. With 989,415 residents, Montana is ranked 44th in United States population, and its area of 147,042 square feet makes it the fourth largest state. Montana was the 41st state to join the Union, and that was on November 8, 1889. Its state capital is Helena, while the largest city is Billings. ", "1836: The Wisconsin Territory is organized. Arkansas is the 25th state admitted to the Union despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory of Arkansas was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "67. Along with New Mexico which US state joined the Union in 1912? Doing so on February 14th and so gaining its nickname, the Valentine State.", "Until 1796, there was a state in the United States called Franklin. Today it is known as Tennessee.", "In December 1847, a second constitutional convention was called. This convention resulted in a new, more moderate state constitution that Wisconsinites approved in a March 1848 referendum, enabling Wisconsin to become the 30th state on May 29, 1848. Wisconsin was the last state entirely east of the Mississippi River (and by extension the last state formed entirely from territory assigned to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris) to be admitted to the Union.", "South Carolina, one of the thirteen colonies, became the eighth state on May 23, 1788. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede form the Union. It re- entered after the Civil War.", "In 1880, the territories remaining in the continental United States were largely in the Mountain States, the Southwest, and the northernmost portions of the Great Plains. Unlike most of the other territories that became individual states, Dakota Territory became two states: North and South Dakota.", "Illinois became a state on Dec. 3, 1818. It was the 21st state to join the union.", "name of the new country formed by eleven states that seceded from the United States of America", "Nevada became a state on Oct. 31, 1864. It was the 36th state to join the union.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback (Macon, Georgia, 10 de mayo de 1837 - Washington, 21 de diciembre de 1921) fue el primer afroamericano que llegó a gobernador de un estado de los Estados Unidos. Miembro del partido republicano, en 1871 ocupó el cargo de teniente gobernador de Luisiana en sustitución del fallecido Oscar Dunn. Al año siguiente, tras el cese del gobernador Henry Clay Warmoth, ocupó el cargo de gobernador interino de dicho estado durante 35 días, desde el 9 de diciembre de 1872 hasta la toma de posesión del gobernador titular John McEnery el 13 de enero de 1873." ]

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[ "Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. It started in 1952, and it was the third study of its kind (the first two were projects Sign (1947) and Grudge (1949)). A termination order was given for the study in December 1969, and all activity under its auspices ceased in January 1970.", "Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force (U.S.A.F.). Started in 1952, it was the second revival of such a study. A termination order was given for the study in December 1969, and all activity under its auspices ceased in January 1970.", "And now we have French, who served more than 27 years in the military, including as an investigator and debunker for the Air Force's famous study of UFOs, known as Project Blue Book , which began in 1947.", "Part II looks into the diverse features of government involvement. In January 1948 the U.S. Air Force began a formal study of UFO reports under the sequential program names of project \"Sign\", Grudge\" and \"Blue Book\". These mostly ineffective endeavors were discontinued after 1969.", "In June 1952, Dr. J. Allen Hynek , an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force's Project Blue Book UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted. [26]", "Ruppelt implemented a number of changes: He streamlined the manner in which UFOs were reported to (and by) military officials, partly in hopes of alleviating the stigma and ridicule associated with UFO witnesses. Ruppelt also ordered the development of a standard questionnaire for UFO witnesses, hoping to uncover data which could be subject to statistical analysis. He commissioned the Battelle Memorial Institute to create the questionnaire and computerize the data. Using case reports and the computerized data, Battelle then conducted a massive scientific and statistical study of all Air Force UFO cases, completed in 1954 and known as \"Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14\" (see summary below).", "In June 1952, Dr. J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force's Project Blue Book UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers told Hynek about their sightings, including Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted.", "In June 1952, Dr. J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force's Project Blue Book UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted. ", "From 1947 to 1969, the Air Force investigated Unidentified Flying Objects under Project Blue Book. The project, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio, was terminated December 17, 1969. Of a total of 12,618 sightings reported to Project Blue Book, 701 remained \"unidentified.\"", "At the same time that CIA was conducting this latest internal review of UFOs, public pressure forced the Air Force to establish a special ad hoc committee to review BLUE BOOK. Chaired by Dr. Brian O’Brien, a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, the panel included Carl Sagan, the famous astronomer from Cornell University. Its report offered nothing new. It declared that UFOs did not threaten the national security and that it could find “no UFO case which represented technological or scientific advances outside of a terrestrial framework.” The committee did recommend that UFOs be studied intensively, with a leading university acting as a coordinator for the project, to settle the issue conclusively. (70)", "Thousands of UFO reports were collected, analyzed and filed. As the result of the Condon Report (1968), which concluded there was nothing anomalous about UFOs, Project Blue Book was ordered shut down in December 1969 and the Air Force continues to provide the following summary of its investigations:", "All this was done secretly. The public face of Blue Book continued to be the official Air Force investigation of UFOs, but the reality was it had essentially been reduced to doing very little serious investigation, and had become almost solely a public relations outfit with a debunking mandate. To cite one example, by the end of 1956, the number of cases listed as unsolved had dipped to barely 0.4 percent, from the 20 to 30% only a few years earlier.", "In 1966, Sagan was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project Blue Book , the U.S. Air Force's UFO investigation project. The committee concluded Blue Book had been lacking as a scientific study, and recommended a university-based project to give the UFO phenomenon closer scientific scrutiny. The result was the Condon Committee (1966–1968), led by physicist Edward Condon , and in their final report they formally concluded that UFOs, regardless of what any of them actually were, did not behave in a manner consistent with a threat to national security.", "In 1960, there were U.S. Congressional hearings regarding UFOs. Civilian UFO research group NICAP had publicly charged Blue Book with covering up UFO evidence, and had also acquired a few allies in the U.S. Congress. Blue Book was investigated by the Congress and the CIA, with critics—most notably the civilian UFO group NICAP [10] that Blue Book was lacking as a scientific study. In response, ATIC added personnel (increasing the total personnel to three military personnel, plus civilian secretaries) and increased Blue Book's budget. This seemed to mollify some of Blue Book's critics, [10] that but it was only temporary. A few years later (see below), the criticism would be even louder.", "Though many accepted Blue Book's final conclusions that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs, critics — then and now — have charged that Blue Book, especially in its later years, was engaging in dubious research, or even perpetuating a cover up of UFO evidence. Some evidence suggests that not only did some UFO reports bypass Blue Book entirely, but that the U.S. Air Force continued collecting and studying UFO reports after Blue Book had been discontinued, despite official claims to the contrary. [3]", "Sign was officially inconclusive regarding the cause of the sightings. However, according to US Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt (the first director of Project Blue Book), Sign's initial intelligence estimate (the so-called Estimate of the Situation) written in the late summer of 1948, concluded that the flying saucers were real craft, were not made by either the Russians or US, and were likely extraterrestrial in origin. (See also extraterrestrial hypothesis.) This estimate was forwarded to the Pentagon, but subsequently ordered destroyed by Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, USAF Chief of Staff, citing a lack of physical proof. Vandenberg subsequently dismantled Project Sign.", "In response to the Condon Committee's conclusions, Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr. announced that Blue Book would soon be closed, because further funding \"cannot be justified either on the grounds of national security or in the interest of science.\"Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, p480 The last publicly acknowledged day of Blue Book operations was December 17, 1969. However, researcher Brad Sparks, citing research from the May, 1970 issue of NICAP's UFO Investigator, reports that the last day of Blue Book activity was actually January 30, 1970. According to Sparks, Air Force officials wanted to keep the Air Force's reaction to the UFO problem from overlapping into a fourth decade, and thus altered the date of Blue Book's closure in official files.", "According to Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, by the end of 1951, several high-ranking, very influential USAF generals were so dissatisfied with the state of Air Force UFO investigations that they dismantled Project Grudge and replaced it with Project Blue Book in March 1952. One of these men was Gen. Charles P. Cabell. Another important change came when General William Garland joined Cabell's staff; Garland thought the UFO question deserved serious scrutiny because he had witnessed a UFO.Dr. Michael D. Swords; \"UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era\", pages 82-121 in \"UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge\" David M. Jacobs, editor; 2000, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-1032-4; p103.", "(7) See US Air Force, Projects GRUDGE and BLUEBOOK Reports 1- 12 (Washington, DC; National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, 1968) and Jacobs, The UFO Controversy, pp. 50-54.", "Each U.S. Air Force Base had a Blue Book officer to collect UFO reports and forward them to Ruppelt.Blum, Howard, Out There: The Government's Secret Quest for Extraterrestrials, Simon and Schuster, 1990 During most of Ruppelt's tenure, he and his team were authorized to interview any and all military personnel who witnessed UFOs, and were not required to follow the chain of command. This unprecedented authority underlined the seriousness of Blue Book's investigation.", "* The secret USAF Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 by the Battelle Memorial Institute (1951–1954)", "Additionally, Blum reports [8] that Freedom of Information Act requests show that the U.S. Air Force has continued to catalog and track UFO sightings, particularly a series of dozens of UFO encounters from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s that occurred at U.S. military facilities with nuclear weapons . Blum writes that some of these official documents depart drastically from the normally dry and bureaucratic wording of government paperwork, making obvious the sense of \"terror\" that these UFO incidents inspired in many U.S.A.F. personnel.", "By the time Project Blue Book ended, it had collected 12,618 UFO reports, and concluded that most of them were misidentifications of natural phenomena (clouds, stars, etc.) or conventional aircraft. According to the National Reconnaissance Office a number of the reports could be explained by flights of the formerly secret reconnaissance planes U-2 and A-12. A small percentage of UFO reports were classified as unexplained, even after stringent analysis. The UFO reports were archived and are available under the Freedom of Information Act, but names and other personal information of all witnesses have been redacted.", "Thousands of documents released under FOIA also indicate that many U.S. intelligence agencies collected (and still collect) information on UFOs. These agencies include the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), FBI, CIA, National Security Agency (NSA), as well as military intelligence agencies of the Army and U.S. Navy, in addition to the Air Force.Many of these documents are now online at the FOIA websites of these agencies such as the , as well as private websites such as [http://www.theblackvault.com/ The Black Vault], which has an archive of several thousand U.S. government UFO-related documents from the USAF, Army, CIA, DIA, DOD, and NSA.", "According to later estimates from CIA officials who worked on the U-2 project and the OXCART (SR-71, or Blackbird) project, over half of all UFO reports from the late 1950s through the 1960s were accounted for by manned reconnaissance flights (namely the U-2) over the United States. (45) This led the Air Force to make misleading and deceptive statements to the public in order to allay public fears and to protect an extraordinarily sensitive national security project. While perhaps justified, this deception added fuel to the later conspiracy theories and the coverup controversy of the 1970s. The percentage of what the Air Force considered unexplained UFO sightings fell to 5.9 percent in 1955 and to 4 percent in 1956. (46)", "A multi-service group made up of members from all the armed services (Code-named \"BLUEBOYS\") is said to be responsible for piloting helicopters that guard, recover, escort, and accompany flights of unidentified flying objects. On December 29th, 1980, a low-flying UFO was escorted by a group of 23 Chinook heavy-lift and Huey light transport helicopters from the BLUEBOYS detachment. Researchers speculate that the group was headed towards a Top Secret underground facility at Gray Army Air Field in Fort Hood, Texas. Researchers also report that select members from the Texas Department of Safety work closely with Gray Army Airfield on all Texas-based UFO recovery and test flight cases. Many have also speculated that the recent flap in UFO activity in Texas can be traced to this facility.", "By the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Friedman, Karl Pflock, and the team of Kevin Randle and Don Schmitt had interviewed several hundred people [12] who had, or claimed to have had, a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947. Additionally, hundreds of documents were obtained via Freedom of Information Act requests, as were some apparently leaked by insiders, such as the “ Majestic 12 ” documents. [13]", "*In one of the more well-known unidentified flying object incidents of the 1960s, 87 students at a women's dormitory at Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan, along with the county Civil Defense director William E. Van Horn, observed a bright glowing object in the sky that momentarily touched down at a nearby field before departing again. Van Horn determined that the area had significantly higher radiation levels than the surrounding terrain and was contaminated with the element boron. ", "In 1973, while Governor of Georgia, Carter filed a report on his 1969 UFO sighting with the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. However, in the July 25, 2007 episode of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast Carter claimed not to remember why he filed the report and believes he probably only did it at the request of one of his children. He also stated he does not believe it was an alien spacecraft or the planet Venus but rather believes it was likely some sort of military experiment being conducted from a nearby military base.", "By the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Friedman, William Moore, Karl T. Pflock, and the team of Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt had interviewed several hundred people who had, or claimed to have had, a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947. Additionally, hundreds of documents were obtained via Freedom of Information Act requests, as were some apparently leaked by insiders, such as the disputed \"Majestic 12\" documents.", "By the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Friedman , William Moore, Karl Pflock, and the team of Kevin Randle and Don Schmitt had interviewed several hundred people who had, or claimed to have had, a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947. Additionally, hundreds of documents were obtained via Freedom of Information Act requests, as were some apparently leaked by insiders, such as the disputed Majestic 12 documents .", "Yes, another one! ABC filmed a pilot in 1976 for their version of Dad’s Army - The Rear Guard featured the WWII antics of the American Civil Defense!" ]

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[ "The first humans to live in the area, the Spokane people (their name meaning \"children of the sun\" in Salishan), arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago, living off plentiful game. Known as the birthplace of Father's Day, Spokane is officially nicknamed the \"Lilac City\". David Thompson explored the area with the westward expansion and establishment of the North West Company's Spokane House in 1810. This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington. Completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area, and that same year it was officially incorporated as a city with the name \"Spokan Falls\". The \"e\" was added to Spokane in 1883, and \"Falls\" was dropped in 1891. In the late 19th century, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Northwest. The local economy depended on mining, timber, and agriculture until the 1980s. Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed World's Fair at Expo '74.", "Olympia has served as the capital of both Washington Territory and State since 1853. Seattle is the state’s most populous city (population 563,000 in 2000), followed in rank by Spokane, Tacoma, Vancouver, Bellevue, and Everett.", "Founded in the northwest upon the pacific coast and bordering the Canadian province of British Columbia, is the US state of Washington. Nicknamed ‘The Evergreen State’, Washington is home to the Olympic Mountains, an area covered in temperate rainforest. Washington’s biggest city is Seattle and its capital is Olympia.", "Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States located north of Oregon, west of Idaho, and south of the Canadian province of British Columbia on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the capital of the U.S., which is often shortened to Washington.", "Seattle Center—featuring the 605-ft (184-m) Space Needle tower, Opera House, and Pacific Science Center—helps make Washington's largest city one of the most exciting on the West Coast. Nevertheless, scenic beauty and opportunities for outdoor recreation are Washington's principal attractions for tourists from out of the state. Although Washington state was only settled in the mid-19th century, there are over 11,000 documented archaeological sites. There are caves, petroglyphs and the burial site of the 9,300 year old Kennewick Man.", "...college campus. Pipestone National Monument is immediately northwest, and Split Rock Creek State Park is southwest. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow popularized the quarries in The Song of Hiawatha (1855); the city has a Hiawatha Club that stages an annual theatrical pageant. Inc. village, 1881; city, 1901. Pop. (2000) 4,280; (2010) 4,317.", "Nature here is a powerful force, and Seattle’s history is a series of attempts to tame and master it. The environmental movement became so powerful here not just because of the damage done by industrial domination of nature (beginning in the 1950s, Lake Washington was often considered too filthy to swim in), but also because environmentalism was part of a long tradition of challenging relationships to the landscape.", "Washington is the capital city of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, which included the preexisting settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria. Named in honor of George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia and created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District in 1871. The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, president, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations.", "South of the University of Washington is a necklace of green space -- a network of large parks connected by green belts.  Some of these green belts hosted bicycle paths for Seattle's bike boom in the late 1800.  In the early 1900 the Olmstead Brothers drew up a city wide park plan which incorporated these facilities and helped to preserve them to this day.  One of the larger parks in the system is the Washington Park Arboretum.", "World renowned as the birth place of grunge music, tasty coffee served in innovative shops, and as a corporate base for Boeing, Microsoft and Starbucks, Seattle is a major cultural, economic and educational center, and a fabulous place to live. Frankly, it's a must visit on any Washington vacation", "Seattle is located between an inlet of the Pacific Ocean to the west called Puget Sound and Lake Washington to the east at the mouth of the Duwamish River, which empties into the city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, an inlet of the Sound. West beyond the Sound are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains, on the Olympic Peninsula; east beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. The sea, rivers, forests, lakes, and fields were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary hunter-gatherer societies. Opportunities for sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking are nearby and accessible almost year-round.", "Regional population has remained relatively low, though two major urban centers have developed in the region. Portland, Oregon, is a dominant commercial center at the mouth of the Columbia River, and Seattle, Washington, is a large urbanized development on the shores of Puget Sound.", "tells the state's story in terms of where to go and what to see. With words, photographs, and maps, the authors evoke the cultural landscape and portray Washington's people and events from the days of the fur trade and pioneer settlement to the recent past. Capsule descriptions of small communities - from Altoona to Zillah - are interwoven with those of better known cities, and eastern and western Washington receive equal attention.", "The Pacific Northwest (in the United States, commonly abbreviated as PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region and megaregion in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exists, a common conception includes the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into far northern California and east into Idaho and western Montana, western Wyoming, and western Alberta, to the Continental Divide. Narrower conceptions may be limited to the northwestern US or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the region's history, geography, society, and other factors.", "Tacoma-Pierce County has been named one of the most livable areas in the United States. In 2006, Tacoma was listed as one of the \"most walkable\" cities in the country. That same year, the women's magazine Self named Tacoma the \"Most Sexually Healthy City\" in the United States.[http://www.soundpolitics.com/archives/007548.html Sound Politics: Garbage In, Garbage Out] In contrast, Tacoma was also ranked as the \"most stressed-out\" city in the country in a 2004 survey. ", "A century later the Nation's Capital park system received two major additions. Rock Creek Park, Washington's largest, was authorized by Congress on September 27, 1890 two days after Sequoia and four days before Yosemite. Some of the same legislative language that the California parks inherited from Yellowstone appeared in this act as well. Rock Creek Park was \"dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States,\" and regulations were ordered to \"provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, animals, or curiosities within said park, and their retention in their natural condition, as nearly as possible.\" Its value as a preserved natural area increased with the growth of its urban environs (although the NPS has magnified its significance since 1975 by listing the park with its California contemporaries as a discrete National Park System unit).", "In the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for small-scale coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has been significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains, and rain. This may account for the fact that the Northwest has many high-quality libraries and bookshops (most notably Powell's Books and the Seattle Central Library) and a \"bibliophile soul\". The region also has a marginal, but growing independence movement based on bioregionalism and a Cascadian identity. The Cascadian flag has become a popular image at Portland Timbers games.", "Seattle: Seattle, with its iconic Space Needle still reigning from the 1962 World's Fair, is the grande dame of the Pacific Northwest, perhaps only surpassed on the \"appeal\" scale by Victoria, British Columbia. Seattle's busy port and important international airport, as well as Boeing headquarters, assure its place as a world capital.", "Why We Love It: Situated between Vancouver and Seattle , Bellingham offers a very low-key entrance into the Pacific Northwest via what used to be mostly a paper mill and cannery town, but has of late become an enclave for outdoorsy types who don't want the bustle of Seattle but still want quick access to the San Juan Islands, the Olympic peninsula, the Cascade Mountains and more.", "The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 ft above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington. The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River. The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW. Contrary to the urban legend, Washington was not built on a reclaimed swamp, but wetlands did cover areas along the water. ", "Seattle is proud of its arts and cultural institutions, the many live theaters, and the downtown art museum. It is proud of its parks, of its professional and collegiate sports, of Pioneer Square and the Pike Place Market, and, above all, of the beauty of its surroundings. Seattle is also a city of parades, not always respectful of its own brief heritage, not as radical as its legend would have it; a city of homes that has many who are homeless, a city that wants great growth but demands that somehow the setting remain untouched.", "Little more than a century ago, Seattle—nicknamed \"The Emerald City\"—was a pioneer outpost and a quiet lumbering town. Transformed by the Yukon gold rush into a thriving metropolis, Seattle has become the transportation, manufacturing, commercial, and services hub for the Pacific Northwest as well as the largest urban area north of San Francisco , California . The city's arts community has gained an international reputation, annually drawing audiences from throughout the United States and abroad. Nestled between two magnificent mountain ranges, with a breathtaking view of a lake and bay, Seattle enjoys a climate one observer has likened to \"an airborne ocean bath.\"", "Parks: Henry Vilas Zoo (one of the few free zoos in the US). Olbrich Botanical Gardens (gardens with many ponds and Midwest-hardy plants, a conservatory and a Thai Pavilion). UW Arboretum (1,200 acres of cultivated fields and pastures that had previously fallen into disuse). Capital Springs State Recreation Area (state park and recreation area around Lake Waubesa)", "Between the Coast and Cascade ranges lies a long, troughlike depression—the Western Corridor—where most of Washington's major cities are concentrated. The northern section of this lowland is carved by Puget Sound, a complex, narrow arm of the Pacific wending southward for about 80 mi (130 km) and covering an area of 561 sq mi (1,453 sq km). Of all the state's other major regions, only south-central Washington, forming part of the Columbia Plateau, is generally flat.", "Aberdeen is located at the eastern end of Grays Harbor, near the mouth of the Chehalis River and southwest of the Olympic Mountains. Grays Harbor is notable as the northernmost ria on the Pacific Coast of North America because it has remained free of glaciers throughout the Quaternary due to unfavorable topography and warm temperatures. It is thought that, during glacial periods of the Quaternary, the Chehalis River was a major refugium for aquatic species, as was the west coast from the Olympic Peninsula southward for plants that later formed the northern part of the Pacific temperate rainforest in formerly glaciated areas.", "Henry Miller, one of America's greatest writers lived and worked for nearly two decades in Big Sur. He was a founding preservationist for the Ventana region, and wrote of it. \"That same prehistoric look. The look of always,\" he wrote. \"Nature smiling at herself in the mirror of eternity.\"", "Aberdeen was named for a local salmon cannery to reflect its Scottish fishing port namesake of Aberdeen and because it too is also situated at the mouth of two rivers just like its namesake in Scotland which is located between the rivers 'Don' at the north and the river 'Dee' to the south side of the Scottish city. Aberdeen was founded by Samuel Benn in 1884 then incorporated on May 12, 1890. Although it became the largest and best-known city in Grays Harbor, Aberdeen lagged behind neighbors Hoquiam and Cosmopolis in the early years. When A.J. West built the town's first sawmill in 1894, the other two municipalities had been in business for several years. Aberdeen and its neighbors vied to be the terminus for Northern Pacific Railroad, but instead of ending at one of the established mill towns, the railroad skimmed through Cosmopolis and headed west for Ocosta. Hoquiam and Aberdeen citizens banded together to build a spur; and in 1895, the line connected Northern Pacific tracks to Aberdeen.", "The Pacific Northwest has a large but limited natural resource base, leading to an economy that is not highly diversified. The area�s abundant precipitation and temperate climate support dense, coniferous forests, which are the basis of the region�s dominance in the production of lumber, plywood, particleboard, pulp, and paper. Mountainous terrain and high levels of precipitation have provided this region with an enormous hydroelectric potential, focused on a system of dams and power-generating plants located on the Columbia and Snake rivers.", "Mount Rainier National Park is a United States National Park located in southeast Pierce County and northeast Lewis County in Washington state. It was one of the US's earliest National Parks, having been established on March 2, 1899. Mount Rainier is circled by the Wonderland Trail and is covered by several glaciers and snowfields totaling some 35 square miles.", "There’s a story that the District, then known as the Federal City, was a swamp. This is nonsense. At the time, people used the term “swamp” to mean uncultivated land. But there was salt water, brackish and cattail marshes along the Potomac River and low lands to the north of GW’s current campus, just beyond K Street.", "SEWARD PARK Seward Park sits on a peninsula jutting into Lake Washington. It is a quiet neighborhood with some of the best views of Mount", "I live right near the George Washington National Forest which is perhaps small compared to some of the Western forests, but it is beautiful. Does anyone else here feel a closeness to any of these forests, even if you don't live near them?" ]

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[ "*Bill Nye (born 1955): American science educator, comedian, television host, actor, mechanical engineer and scientist. Popularly known as \"Bill Nye the Science Guy\". ", "With its hyperlocal humor—sending up Ballard and Kent with equal abandon—Almost Live! would transmit regional pop culture nationally at a time when everyone wanted a piece of our grungy city. TV stars Joel McHale (Community, The Soup) and Lauren Weedman (The Daily Show, Hung) would cut their teeth doing Seattle sketch; so did writers Jim Sharp and Bob Nelson, who would go on to prominence at Comedy Central and as a screenwriter, respectively. (Nelson penned Alexander Payne’s Nebraska, out this year.) And thanks to a conversation around the Almost Live! writers’ table, Bill Nye will forever be known as “the Science Guy.”", "Nye earned a degree in mechanical engineering from Cornell University - Carl Sagan was one of his professors - and he worked for several years at Boeing after college. He also had a knack for comedy and began working nights as a standup comic. He got his start in TV on Almost Live, a Seattle sketch comedy show where his “Science Guy” persona originated. That led to his Emmy Award-winning show, Bill Nye the Science Guy, which ran from 1993-97.", "Nye was born in 1955 , in Washington, D.C. He graduated from Cornell University 's Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering in 1977 with a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering . At Cornell, he studied under Carl Sagan , who is also well known for popularizing science. Bill has been a licensed mechanical engineer in the state of Washington since 1983 . Before starting into entertainment, Bill worked as a consultant , and in the aeronautics industry. At one time while working on the A-12 fighter jet, Bill had level 3 security clearance with the Department of Justice . Bill Nye is also a member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal . Nye got his television start performing on a Seattle-area sketch comedy show called Almost Live! , and appeared regularly on the show for many seasons. He left the show to start producing Bill Nye the Science Guy in 1992.", "Dara O'Briain has built up a reputation and prestige as being one of the finest comedians in the world. His quick wit and silver-tongue has been the regular host of hit TV show 'Mock The Week', as well as being a guest presenter on 'Have I Got News For You'. Dara also hosts Ireland's popular show RTE 2's The Panel, becoming one of very few actors to successfully and simultaneously host shows in the UK and Ireland. Dara's role has recently gone beyond comedy, implementing his degree in mathematics and theoretical physics by co-hosting Stargazing Live with Brian Cox, and a host of other science-based shows including 'School of Hard Sums'.", "Template:See also As the theme of the show revolves around science, many distinguished and high profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show. Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in episode 17 \" The Terminator Decoupling \", of the second season. Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in \" The Herb Garden Germination \", episode 20 of the fourth season. Astrophysicist, science populizer, and physics outreach specialist, Neil deGrasse Tyson appeared in \" The Apology Insufficiency \", episode 7 of the fourth season. Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth-season episode \" The Hawking Excitation \" on April 5, 2012. In the episode he meets Sheldon Cooper and points out a mistake in Sheldon's new Higgs boson analysis. Hawking also speaks on the phone at the end of the episode \"The Extract Obliteration\" with Sheldon, but is not seen on-camera. In the end of season 5 and the beginning of season 6 NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino was featured as himself multiple times in the role of Howard's fellow astronaut.", "In 1998, Burns produced a television special about the series, hosted by John Larroquette and Robot B-9 (performed by actor Bob May and voice actor Dick Tufeld). The special was hosted within a recreation of the Jupiter 2 upper deck set. The program ends with Laroquette mockingly pressing a button on the Amulet from \"the Galaxy Gift\" episode, disappearing and being replaced by Mumy and Harris as an older Will Robinson and Zachary Smith. They attempt one more time to return to Earth but find that they are \"Lost in Space... Forever!\"", "Steve is best known for his role as Blue Peter's resident science expert. He is also known for incorporating humor into his knowledge of science, seeing the development of his hit show 'Festival of the Spoken Nerd'", "Sheldon Cooper : Professor Proton hosted my favorite science show when I was a child. I never missed an episode. Uh, he demonstrated scientific principles using everyday objects.", "Daniel Edward \"Dan\" Aykroyd, (born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian actor, comedian, producer, screenwriter and musician. He was an original member of the \"Not Ready for Prime Time Players\" on Saturday Night Live (1975–79), as Elwood Blues of The Blues Brothers (with John Belushi), and as Ray Stantz in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989). In 1990, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in the 1989 film Driving Miss Daisy.", "Physicist Professor Hawking, will be making an appearance in a scene with awkward scientist Sheldon Cooper, who is played by Jim Parsons. Stephen’s new voice synthesizer – which replaced the robotic voice he had previously become associated with – will also be revealed on The Big Bang Theory, which has previously featured guest", "Harry Hill's TV Burp is my Personal Favorate Shows for Comedy, Its based Differantly to other Blooper/Gags shows, And like Always, Its Harry Hill who just makes the show Hilarous. One good thing about this Blooper show is that Its recent TV Clips, The Half Hour show is written in Just 6 Days! Its Truey Amazing, Andd you have to give full credit to Harry hill for being able to Write, Host, And find 1/2 of Gags in a week!", "comedian, actor: Hope & Gloria, Angels In The Outfield, Young Doctors In Love, Easy Money, Punchline, The Last Boy Scout", "* In The Big Bang Theory, Arthur Jeffries (a.k.a. Professor Proton), the former host of a children's science show, received a Ph.D. from Cornell.", "Alan welcomes comedy legend Dan Aykroyd, along with Kate Hudson and Zach Braff. UK pop star Professor Green performs.", "Since then he has hosted other TV programs and continues to advocate for science education while also working as a consulting engineer on various projects. His latest media projects are the show Stuff Happens on the Planet Green channel, which focuses on the environment, and the upcoming Solving for X, which will show the importance of algebra for school-age children.", "\"Despite all that he's still a really funny guy and he gets great guests on the show. Today was Lee Evans, Stephen Fry and Tom Cruise. It's pretty spectacular.\"", "     Since then he has hosted other TV programs and continues to advocate for science education while also working as a consulting engineer on various projects. His latest media projects are the show Stuff Happens on the Planet Green channel, which focuses on the environment, and the upcoming Solving for X, which shows the importance of algebra for school-age children.", "For 14 years, he served as the host of Scientific American Frontiers, a television show that explored cutting-edge advances in science and technology. He is currently a visiting professor at Stony Brook University and a founder and member of the advisory board of the university's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science and the Future of Life Institute. He serves on the board of the World Science Festival and is a judge for Math-O-Vision.", "Rob's father, Carl Reiner , was a regular guest at The Tonight Show. One time Johnny Carson asked him who the funniest people in the world were, to which he replied: \" Mel Brooks and a 12-year-old kid named Albert Einstein .\" According to Albert, that quote \" was a big deal \" for him, so it's possible that he got his stage name from there.", "This dude (american/aussie) funny as and on late night TV in OZ for deacdes with Moonface (Bob Newton)", "The distinction is worth noting because Parsons plays Sheldon Cooper, the socially awkward theoretical physicist on CBS's Thursday night comedy The Big Bang Theory. Cooper is brilliant within academia, but baffled by basic social situations.", "Met Professor Stephen Hawking twice before filming Hawking (2004) to prepare for the role. He then subsequently provided the voice of the physicist in \"Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking\" in 2010 and \"Stephen Hawking's Grand Design\" in 2012 which both aired in Discovery Channel.", "DP combines the adaptability and professionalism of an experienced presenter with the lighthearted wit and humor of a curious worldly Irishman.", "The comedian explains the art of crafting the perfect goodbye and how he made Stephen Hawking laugh", "Discovery Channel announced on Wednesday that \"Saturday Night Live\" star Andy Samberg will host their annual \"Shark Week\" this summer. Samberg takes over for last year's host, Craig Ferguson, who helped the network bring in 31 million viewers; he'll also serve as the network's first Chief Shark Office.", "As one of the longest running cast members on NBC’s “Saturday Night Live” (from 1986-1995), Nealon anchored the “Weekend Update” segment and created some of the show’s most memorable characters, including The Subliminal Man and “Pumping Up” host Franz. In 1987, he earned an Emmy Award nomination as part of the show’s writing team.", "That shindig looks like it was a blast Mr. Mike. Seeing Al Harrington is a wonderful site, he'd look great on the new show. Any sign of Doug Mossman?", "He was the co-star of the Bill Dana show. Much of his banter from that show was used on the robot in \"Lost in Space\".", "actor: Freaky Friday, Back to the Future series, Superman series, Apollo 13, That Thing You Do!", "Richard Karn is most well known for his role of Al Borland on the television series Home Improvement, where he starred next to Tim Allen. He also hosted the show Bingo America in 2008.", "S2.What is the name of the scientist in The Muppet Show, usually accompanied by his terrified assistant Beaker?" ]

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[ "The original Scooby-Doo-based cartoon series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969–70), established the basic template for more than 30 years of stories. The dog—cowardly and gluttonous but good-natured—traveled around the United States in a van called the Mystery Machine with four young friends, the Mystery, Inc., gang: slacker Shaggy (voiced for most of the series by disc jockey Casey Kasem , longtime host of the countdown show American Top 40), shrewd ascot-wearing group leader Fred, beautiful but “danger-prone” Daphne, and brainy, tomboyish Velma (the group was later joined by Scooby’s brash nephew, Scrappy-Doo). Scooby and his owner, Shaggy (one of the first serial abusers of the word like), were generally afraid of their own shadows, but, ever motivated by insatiable hunger, they put themselves in harm’s way, provided they were compensated with Scooby Snacks. Everywhere they went, the quintet encountered some mystery with a seemingly supernatural origin—frequently a monster. Upon investigation by the amateur sleuths , though, the mystery proved to have a human origin, and the episodes invariably ended with the evildoers convinced that they would have gotten away with their nefarious deception “if it weren’t for those meddling kids.”", "Scooby-Doo!, the hit franchise follows the adventures of Daphne, Fred, Shaggy, Velma and Scooby-Doo as they travel in their van “The Mystery Machine” and solve cases typically involving ghosts, monsters or other supernatural forces. High-jinks always ensue, with their investigations resulting in entertaining chase scenes mixed with catchy musical numbers and comedic antics. The original television program went on to become one of the most successful animated television programs in history and spawned several spin-off series, specials, consumer products and live action films.", "Watching all the shows back-to-back reveals evolving complexity in the scripts. Over time, \"Scooby-Doo\"'s creators added multiple bad guys in cahoots with major villains, and developed sub-plots, backstories, and even appealing allies and friends of Mystery, Inc., a traveling band of young debunkers of supernatural phenomena. Riding around in their psychedelic Mystery Van, preppie leader Fred and his friends--haughty Daphne, brainy Velma, quasi-hippie Shaggy, and Shaggy's best pal, Scooby, an excitable Great Dane--chase down and are chased by alleged ghouls who generally turn out to be venal humans running various scams.", "Debuting in 1969 as Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?, the show found its formula right away: Scooby, perpetually hungry (and equally cowardly) best friend Shaggy, blonde dreamboat Freddy, miniskirted hottie Daphne and brainy brunette Velma arrived at some backwater locale in their custom psychedelic van, the Mystery Machine. Trouble would strike – usually involving supposed swamp creatures, ghosts, robots, or other scary beasts – and the gang was called in to crack the case.", "A cowardly great Dane, Scooby-Doo, and his four teenage partners-Freddy, Daphne, Velma and Shaggy-tour the country in their \"Mystery Machine\" van in search of the supernatural. Episodes of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You? to include \"Don't Go Near the Fortress of Fear,\" \"The Beast is Awake in Bottomless Lake\" and \"The Warlock of Wimbledon.\"", "What do you call the most recognized and loved van in cartoon history? The Scooby Doo Mystery Machine! The Mystery Machine is as much a part of the Scooby gang as any of the characters. It was included in the very first episode and has regularly made appearances throughout the various series. In the original television show it went with the gang to Hawaii in A Tiki Scare is No Fair . Interestingly, in For a Dognapper the van was outfitted with high tech gear for tracking Scooby. However, most episodes show the back of the van as empty.", "These five characters (collectively known as “Mystery, Inc.”, but never referred to as such in the original series) drive around the world in a van called the “Mystery Machine,” and solve mysteries typically involving tales of ghosts and other supernatural forces. At the end of each episode, the supernatural forces turn out to have a rational explanation, typically criminal plots involving costumes, latex masks and special effects intended to frighten or distract.", "After finishing up their senior year of high school, the Scooby-Doo-gang decide to travel in the Mystery Machine, seeking fun and adventure during what could possibly be their last summer together. However, monsters prevent them from completing their journey.", "Police in California are looking for the driver of a real-life Scooby Doo Mystery Van following a high-speed chase.", "Scooby-Doo's Mystery Machine has been voted the best screen motor of all time - ahead of the Batmobile, 007's gadget-laden Aston Martin and Del Boy's Reliant Robin. The vehicle - based on a 1968 Chevrolet Sportvan - made its TV debut in 1969.", "Owing to its exposure on Only Fools and Horses, the Reliant Regal van is now often linked with the show in the British media. [86] [88] [89] The one used by the Trotters has attained cult status and is currently on display at the Cars of the Stars exhibition at the National Motor Museum , alongside many other vehicles from British and American television and movies, such as the Batmobile and the DeLorean from Back to the Future . [2] Boxer Ricky Hatton , a fan of the show, purchased one of the original vans in 2004. [2] Another of the vans used in the series was sold at auction in the UK for £44,000 in February 2007. [2]", "1969, the height of the age of hippies and Woodstock. A beatnik teenager (aptly named \"Shaggy\") is walking with his dog, a Great Dane, on a spooky night. They come across a truck with a suit of armor in the drivers seat, the driver having mysteriously vanished. Enter their 3 friends, a handsome blond, with a pair of opposite-extreme females; a pretty but ditzy redhead, and a less attractive, but brainy genius. They arrive in a green van decorated with orange flowers and words \"The Mystery Machine\". And their curiosity leads them to the spooky museum where the suit of armor was to be delivered. There they discover the legend of the Black Knight, the suit of armor, which soon comes to life and confronts them.", "We can't figure out what the name of the van was called. We think we're hearing \"The Dome Mobile\" but we're not sure.", "A light, general purpose, four-wheeled, trade vehicle with a square body and flat sides, often covered with a canvas top on hoops.  The driving seat is the entire width of the front with a low footboard and there is no proper dashboard.  A van has springs whilst a waggon or cart has solid axles.  The name is derived from Caravan, which was a train or convoy of goods travelling together for safety.  See photographs of a real Kinross Van here.", "For more than two decades, the family car had been a station wagon. In 1985, a year after the introduction of the Plymouth Voyager and the Dodge Caravan , the family is seen in a strip trading in its station wagon for a brand-new minivan, which they still get around in today. The family's minivan also bears a striking resemblance to the aforementioned Chrysler-branded vehicles, complete with the Chrysler pentastar logo on its hood.", "Scooby-Doo is an American animated cartoon franchise, comprising several animated television series produced from 1969 to the present day. The original series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, was created for Hanna-Barbera Productions by writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears in 1969. This Saturday-morning cartoon series featured four teenagers—Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville \"Shaggy\" Rogers—and their talking brown Great Dane named Scooby-Doo, who solve mysteries involving supposedly supernatural creatures through a series of antics and missteps. ", "In the British Isles, minivans are sometimes called multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) or people carriers. The Mini Van, a van version of the Mini was produced from 1960 to 1978, after which it was renamed the Mini 95.", "SCOOBY DOO / MYSTERY MACHINE LARGE TIN LUNCHBOX OR CARRY BOX. SCOOBY ON ONE SIDE AND THE MYSTERY MACHINE ON THE OTHER. GOOPD OVERALL CONDITION WITH A FEW FAINT SURFACE MARKS AND DINGS HERE AND THERE A...", "Scooby-Dooby Doors : Done in at least one episode with Johnny on a motorbike being chased by villains in a jeep.", "Once we pass by Scrooge, guests meander through the maintenance garage for the big top's various vehicles, including a Herbie-like clown car, a traditional circus caravan, and a Toon Town-esque fire engine, complete with flat tires. Finally, the path leads us to the loading area, where we board our ride vehicles: trackless vehicles made to look like circus caravans (much like the non-cage cars of the Casey Jr. Circus Train).", "In the fourth episode (Rock-A-Bye Munster), Lily buys a hot-rod and a hearse from a used car dealership and has them customised into one car (Munster Koach) for Herman's birthday present. The Munster Koach and DRAG-U-LA were designed by Tom Daniel and built by auto customizer George Barris for the show. The \"Munster Koach\" was a hot rod built on a lengthened 1926 Ford Model T chassis with a custom hearse body. It was 18 feet long and cost almost $20,000 to build. Barris also built the \"DRAG-U-LA,\" a dragster built from a coffin (according to Barris, a real coffin was, in fact, purchased for the car), which Grandpa used to win back \"The Munster Koach\" after Herman lost it in a race.", "The house once again became a condemned mansion in the New Scooby-Doo Movies television show, in which the Addamses made a guest appearance. In the subsequent Addams Family 1980s cartoon, the mansion was mounted on a trailer and dragged all over the world with the globetrotting Addams clan.", "In 1950 Dinky Supertoys introduced a number of appealing Guy Vans finished in period liveries. Each model was an identical all metal box van with opening rear doors. The Guy cab was joined by a Bedford S cab in 1955 and a Guy Warrior cab was introduced in 1960. Supertoys were commonly packaged in white boxes with thin blue horizontal lines and were marketed all on their own - no longer were the models solely focused on railroad accessories. Still, they were not quite reached the commercial marketing level of later diecast brands like Corgi Toys or Solido .", "Pat soon recieved his own post bus as well as the van, which he first tested on a journey to Ingledale. After this, he only use it on special occasions and if the van broke down, or in the case of Ted Glen's robot postman use it as a reinforced pursuit vehicle. But eventually, it was decided that the post bus was not so important for the postal service, so Pat sold it to the school as their own personal transport.", "Bigfoot individuals can be utilized all year wish for practically any type of experience you could think up. No matter just what kind of journey you will start, you will certainly have the ability to delight in all the modern features of house here inside your individual, regardless of where you are. Bigfoot individuals have actually been provided by Bigfoot Recreational Vehicle for nearly thirty years. The firm is understood for its quality in rvs consisting of motorhomes, traveling trailers, as well as vehicle individuals. Actually Bigfoot, as a firm, prides itself on generating premium items that are constructed to last. Please be conscious that there are a number of vehicles in the collection if you are interested in a Bigfoot individual. Bigfoot presently supplies the 1500 Series, 2500 Series, as well as the 3000 Series. The Bigfoot 3000 Series Camper is a vehicle individual created high-end. This increasing design provides fantastic convenience as well as will certainly make one of the most city-loving person have a greater respect for outdoor camping as well as traveling. This specific individual includes the trademarked Fibrecore Wallsystem ® which supplies exceptional insulation. Bigfoot individuals have actually been supplied by Bigfoot Recreational Vehicle for practically thirty years. If you are interested in a Bigfoot individual, please be mindful that there are a number of vehicles in the collection. The Bigfoot 3000 Series Camper is a vehicle individual made for deluxe.", "83. The Munsters 1965 Drag-U-La: Built at George Barris' shop by Korky Korkes, the coffin-based Drag-U-La first appeared in the 1965 episode \"Hot Rod Herman.\"", "One night, while heading home from a night out, I was wandering down the road (it happened to be trash night), when I passed a second-hand store and noticed the pile seemed to be unusually large. When I stopped to take a closer look at the pile, I spotted it — an original \"Full Size\" Radio-Flyer wagon. It was in good condition — not a spot of rust on it anywhere — and the only real problem was that the two front wheels were missing. Other than that, though, I was pleasantly surprised to see there were absolutely no dings or dents in it at all. Now I realize that monetarily speaking, I haven't found an item that's worth a huge amount of money, but that's not why I grabbed it in the first place. To me, it's the gem I'd been looking for, for years. It was the one gift I'd always wanted as a child, but never gotten — now I feel like the big kid on the block.", "* The Count von Jones: Fred's uncle who lives in a castle near a factory that makes specialized coffins, and runs a museum. Fred intended to visit him during one episode of What's New Scooby-Doo but was outvoted by the gang, who decided to watch a dog show instead. He is never seen in the series.", "motorcoach: a large, comfortable, well-powered bus that can transport groups and their luggage over long distances", "Every episode of Pee-Wee's Playhouse ended with Pee-Wee riding on his red motor scooter after flying out of his playhouse. Later episodes showed him wearing a red one-eyed monster helmet, and also had him fly past Mt. Rushmore.", "Owner Andy Rankin told Metro Vancouver that his brother originally got the van from his neighbour who works in props. The brother drove the van for three years and then left the country, so Rankin used it for another year.", "An inventory of the contents of a caravan or camper van is required on temporary importation." ]

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[ "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is an 1889 novel by Mark Twain, originally published in book form in 1896. The novel is a satirical comedy that looks at 6th-Century England and its medieval culture through the eyes of Hank Morgan, a 19th-century resident of Hartford, Connecticut, who, after a blow to the head, awakens to find himself inexplicably transported back in time to early medieval England at the time of the legendary King Arthur.", "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by Mark Twain first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII.", "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII.", "The Prince and the Pauper is a historical fiction novel by the American author Mark Twain . It was first published in Canada in 1881 and in the United States in 1882.", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens, born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835, came into this world as just another person and died as one of America’s greatest novelists. Better known as Mark Twain, this skilled writer created a name for himself during the 1800’s. In two of his most well-known novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Huckleberry Finn, Twain used many rhetorical strategies throughout his writing to help capture the reader and sell his stories. Twain’s novels are full of satire,...", "Twain - Mark Twain was the pen-name of the great American author - Samuel Clemens. \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" and \"The Prince and the Pauper\" are among his best-known works.", "The Pince and the Pauper by Mark Twain is an 1881 novel that has been adapted many times. When a young poor boy wanders near the palace gates, he meets the Prince of Wales (Edward VI) who bears an uncanny resemblance. They decide to switch clothes and end up switching roles. Edward discovers the stark class inequality in England and Tom struggles to survive as the prince. When the king dies, Edward must race against the clock and the bounds of society to regain his rightful throne.", "A Connecticut Yankee In King Arthur's Court Clemens aka Twain deconstructs Camelot in this classic piece of American literature. An easy read, we gather Twain's viewpoints on slavery, chivalry, and the church. His insights are still relevant in the 21st Century.", "November 30th, 1835- Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, was born in the town of", "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court vs. Le Morte D'Arthur - Connecticut Yankee vs Le Morte DArthur King Arthur’s Britain, a vastly different Britain than we know today, is revealed through many timeless classics in literature. Two of these pieces of literature are Thomas Malory’s seriously toned Le Morte D’Arthur and Mark Twain’s satirical A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. These works show distinctly different visions of the Arthurian legend. King Arthur’s Britain in Twains A Connecticut Yankee and Malory’s Morte D’Arthur may be compared through the unique portrayal of living conditions, chivalry, knightly adventures and the role of magic and mystery....   [tags: essays papers]", "\"What am I writing? A historical tale of 300 years ago, simply for the love of it.\" Mark Twain's \"tale\" became his first historical novel, The Prince and the Pauper, published in 1881. Intricately plotted, it was intended to have the feel of history even though it was only the stuff of legend. In sixteenth-century England, young Prince Edward (son of Henry VIII) and Tom Canty, a pauper boy who looks exactly like him, are suddenly forced to change places. The prince endures \"rags & hardships\" while the pauper suffers the \"horrible miseries of princedom.\" Mark Twain called his book a \"tale for young people of all ages,\" and it has become a classic of American literature.", "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, Part 8 eBook by Mark Twain - 1230000111829 | Kobo", "    schema:description \"The prince and the pauper: When young Edward VI of England and Tom Canty, a poor boy who looks just like him, exchange places, each learns a valuable lesson about the other's very different station in life in sixteenth-century England. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's court: A blow to the head transports a Yankee to 528 A.D. where he proceeds to modernize King Arthur's kingdom by organizing a school system, constructing telephone lines, and inventing the printing press. Personal recollections of Joan of Arc: Twain's most ambitious work is a fictional translation of Sieur Louis de Conte's memoirs, the one person who was with Joan during the three important stages of her life: as a visionary village peasant, as a military genius and as the defendant at her trial.\"@ en ;", "1835 –  Mark Twain  the American author was born on the 30th November 1835 (died 1910).", "1889. Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court is a sardonic inversion of Scott-esque medieval romances. But — as you might expect — still a fun story.", "Twain first conceived of the idea behind A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court in December 1884 and worked on it between 1885 and 1889. It was first published in England by Chatto & Windus under the title A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur in December 1889. Writer and critic William Dean Howells called it Twain's best work and \"an object-lesson in democracy\". ", "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) finds Twain in high satiric form. When hard-headed Yankee mechanic Hank Morgan is knocked out in a fight, he wakes up in Camelot in A.D. 528—and finds himself pitted against the medieval rituals and superstitions of King Arthur and his knights. In a hilarious burlesque of the age of chivalry and of its cult in the 19th-century American South, Twain demolishes knighthoods romantic aura to reveal a brutish, violent society beset by ignorance. But the comic mood gives way to a darker questioning of both ancient and modern society, culminating in an astonishing apocalyptic conclusion that questions both American progress and Yankee “ingenuity” as Camelot is undone by the introduction of advanced technology.", "Twain in his old ageTwain next focused on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which featured him making his first big pronouncement of disappointment with politics. Written with the same \"historical fiction\" style of The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee showed the absurdities of political and social norms by setting them in the court of King Arthur. The book was started in December 1885, then shelved a few months later until the summer of 1887, and eventually finished in the spring of 1889.", "The bestselling Uncle Tom's Cabin, the book Abraham Lincoln half-jokingly accused of starting the Civil War, was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-86) in Brunswick, Maine. She lived much of her life as a neighbor of Mark Twain (himself an adopted New Englander) in Hartford, Connecticut. Another bestseller was the children's book Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott (1832-88), whose father, Bronson, was part of the Transcendentalist movement.", "Authors: Washington Irving - James Fenimore Cooper - Ralph Waldo Emerson - Louisa May Alcott - Samuel Clemens", "The Twains lived in Hartford for twenty years. Most of those years were spent in residence in an architecturally bizarre mansion—designed by Twain—replete with turrets and a conservatory. Nearby lived other writers, including Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Dudley Warner. Though Stowe herself realized substantial fame—and, some might say, notoriety—for her anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, Twain was probably the community's most celebrated writer. After completing Roughing It, he conducted a successful lecture tour of England, then returned home to collaborate with neighbor Warner on The Gilded Age, a love story set in President Ulysses S. Grant's corrupt administration. This work is memorable for naive protagonist Mulberry Sellers, who remains steadfastly optimistic despite his poverty and inevitable failures. Despite its episodes of humor, the novel does not stand with Twain's more distinguished works.", "In 1819, Irving published The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon in America, though British publishers also released a version without the author's permission. The book mainly consisted of picturesque vignettes of English life, but it also contained what would become his two most famous stories and gained him a following in Europe. Washington Irving lived in Spain from 1828 to 1832, during which time he wrote four fictionalized Spanish history books, focusing on the topics of Christopher Columbus and the Moorish occupation. The Royal Society of Literature in London awarded Irving with a gold medal in history in 1830, and the author also earned honorary degrees from Columbia Oxford, and Harvard.", "Washington Irving, one of the first Americans to achieve international recognition as an author, was born in New York City in 1783. His A History of New York, published in 1809 under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker, was a satirical history of New York that spanned the years from 1609 to 1664. Under another pseudonym, Geoffrey Crayon, he wrote The Sketch-book, which included essays about English folk customs, essays about the American Indian, and the two American stories for which he is most renowned--\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and \"Rip Van Winkle.\" Irving served as a member of the U.S. legation in Spain from 1826 to 1829 and as minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846. Following his return to the U.S. in 1846, he began work on a five-volume biography of Washington that was published from 1855-1859. Washington Irving died in 1859 in New York.", "When: 1783-1859 (76 years old) Where: New York, Spain, England. What: American author, biographer, historian. Best known for short stories \"Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", and \"Rip Van Winkle\". Historica. works include biography of George Washington, Muhammad, and Oliver Smith. He also served as ambassador to Spain from 1842-1846. Did What: Wrote, became world wide best-selling author. Moved to England for family business in 1815. Importance: Argued for stricter laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement. Also first american international best-selling author.", "American author and poet who worked with Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He was at one point America's highest-paid magazine writer, founding Town & Country magazine. He visited Ryde in 1830, writing:", "James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 15, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century.", "He was born a Jew, but his father had him baptized at age 13 in a fit of pique. Disraeli the elder (who spelled his name Isaac D'Israeli) was angry with the local synagogue for insisting that he serve as an officer and fining him when he refused. Isaac was a modestly well-off literary man who published An Essay on the Manners and Genius of the Literary Character in 1795, and several collections of short pieces on a grab bag of topics, from \"The Chinese Language\" to \"The History of Gloves.\" They were popular in their day and are still charming and readable, literary snackfood of a high order. Lord Byron admired D'Israeli, and called him the author \"whose works in general I have read oftener than perhaps those of any other English author whatever.\"", "Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett (24 November 1849 – 29 October 1924) was an English-American novelist and playwright. She is best known for the three children's novels Little Lord Fauntleroy (published in 1885–1886), A Little Princess (1905), and The Secret Garden (1911).", "English novelist. He became a US citizen in 1955. His humorous novels and stories portray the accident-prone world of such characters as the socialite Bertie Wooster and his invaluable and impeccable manservant Jeeves, and Lord Emsworth of Blandings Castle with his prize pig, the Empress of Blandings.", ", American literary critic (Atlantic Monthly) and author (The Ambassadors, The American, The Bostonians, Daisy Miller, The Golden Bowl, The Portrait of a Lady, The Princess Casamassima, Roderick Hudson, The Sacred Fount, The Tragic Muse, The Turn of the Screw, What Maisie Knew and The Wings of the Dove), was born on April 15, 1843", "first American to win international recognition as an author, example of the post war nationalism from the revolution and war of 1812", "Prolific British-American playwright and children's author Frances Eliza Hodgson was born on November 24, 1849. A writer from a young age to lift her once-wealthy family from poverty, she went on the publish twenty novels, many of which became plays, and numerous short stories." ]

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[ "Arboreal animals are creatures who spend the majority of their lives in trees. They eat, sleep and play in the tree canopy. There are thousands of species that live in trees, including monkeys, koalas, possums, sloths, various rodents, parrots, chameleons, geckos, tree snakes and a variety of insects. Many animals have evolved special adaptations to aid their arboreal lifestyles.", "Arboreal animals are animals that live in trees, and they include monkeys, sloths and tree snakes. These animals usually adapt to living in treetops by forming specialized limbs, such as tails for balancing or grasping.", "Arboreal animals are animals that spend most or all of their time in trees. Many of them exist, and some are quite famous — the koala , lemur, flying squirrel , New World porcupine, tree sloth, spider monkey , tarsier, leopard , orangutan, chameleon , gecko, fruit bat, and many tree frogs, snakes, birds, and lizards. Animals of this type live in all the forests of the world, but are the most common in tropical forests, where the lush foliage and the canopy level creates a veritable floor of trees and leaves. In the nooks and crannies of trees, water collects in small pools, providing a source of moisture for a whole mini- ecosystem .", "The word arboreal comes from the Latin arboreus, which means \"pertaining to trees.\" It's a word that refers not just to animals that live in trees, but also to anything that resembles the branching form of a tree — like a chandelier or a family geology drawn out. It even can be used to describe, as its Latin root suggests, something pertaining to trees. A Christmas tree shop is an arboreal wonderland. There are trees everywhere!", "Squirrels are arboreal animals that have specialized ankle joints that enable them to run down tree trunks. Tree frogs and geckos have adhesive fingers and toes to keep them on trees. The arboreal salamander lives off of the insects it finds in the trees. It has a dark-colored, moist body with a lighter underside. Its toes and tail aid it in climbing high above the ground.", "Sloths are one type of arboreal animal. They are especially adapted for living in treetops because of their curved claws, which hook over tree limbs and keep them in place as they hang from branches. They spend the majority of their lives in the treetops.", "The term terrestrial is typically applied for species that live primarily on the ground, in contrast to arboreal species, which live primarily in trees.", "Many arboreal animals have elongated limbs that allow them to swing efficiently from branch to branch. Many monkey species show this anatomical adaptation. Several creatures have long tails -- called prehensile tails -- that can grasp branches and act as an extra limb. Spider monkeys, possums and chameleons are examples of animals that use their tails to help move and stabilize themselves in the tree canopy.", "Arboreal locomotion is the movement of animals in trees. In every habitat in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may only scale trees occasionally, while others are exclusively arboreal. These habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving through them, leading to a variety of anatomical, behavioural and ecological consequences including the evolution of sharper claws and prehensile tails.. Furthermore, many of these same principles may be applied to climbing without trees, such as on rock piles or mountains.", "Most primates have adapted to an arboreal, or tree living, way of life.  Even the terrestrial", "Bigfoot:  All descriptions of bigfoot are that of a fur-covered, non-english speaking humanoid that lives in the forest.", "(Animals) a slow-moving Australian arboreal marsupial, Phascolarctus cinereus, having dense greyish fur and feeding on eucalyptus leaves and bark. Also called (Austral): native bear", "The members of this family are mainly arboreal species, and frequent wooded and bushy areas, open arid areas with scattered small trees, dry thornscrub, woodlands of various types, primary evergreen forests, swamp-forest and mangroves, but also plantations, parks and gardens, and cultivated fields.", "The woolly monkeys (genus Lagothrix, two species) have also a prehensile tail. The most common, the Lagothrix ( Lagothrix lagothricha ), lives in numerous groups between the points emerging at the top of the forest, usually near wetlands.", "It has been recognized for a long time that many of these features are adaptations for living in trees. However, it has been proposed more recently that primates may have developed their specializations as a consequence of being visually directed predators, living among the smaller branches of the forest canopy or undergrowth, that captured insects with their hands.", "They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from the rainforest canopy to the scrubby undergrowth of the dry forests, though each species occupies its own niche and the species seldom meet. Together, they are the liveliest and most vocal jungle tenants. Beyond the reach of most predators, they have little inhibition in announcing their presence with their roughhousing and howls, chatterings, and screeches. The sudden explosive roar of the howler monkey--a sound guaranteed to make your hair stand on end--is said to be the loudest sound in the animal kingdom.", "They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from the rainforest canopy to the scrubby undergrowth of the dry forests, though each species occupies its own niche and the species seldom meet. Together, they are the liveliest and most vocal jungle tenants. Beyond the reach of most predators, they have little inhibition about announcing their presence with their roughhousing and howls, chatterings, and screeches. The sudden explosive roar of the howler monkey -- a sound guaranteed to make your hair stand on end -- is said to be the loudest sound in the animal kingdom.", "Humans form cities from concrete, metal, and glass, designing structures and infrastructure primarily to serve a single bipedal species. Walking down a familiar city street, it is easy to overlook squirrels climbing in trees, weeds growing up through cracks in the concrete, and pigeons pecking along the sidewalk. Those creatures that do manage to live all around us, thriving alongside humans, are rarely celebrated for their ingenuity. In many cases, however, such synanthropes (from the Greek syn [“together with”] + anthro [“man”]) tell fascinating stories of urban fortitude. Author Nathanael Johnson began digging into some of these everyday urban species, leading him to write Unseen City: The Majesty of Pigeons, the Discreet Charm of Snails & Other Wonders of the Urban Wilderness. Unseen City: Wonders of the Urban Wilderness<img src=\"http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/99percentinvisible/~4/GKzggg5OXPA\" height=\"1\" width=\"1\" alt=\"\"/>", "In the forest, a creature believed to be the spirits of ancestors of people living in the area are said to dwell. Called the Eloko, the creature possesses the characteristics of a dwarf. If they are in the forest, legend says that they stay close because they are harboring a grudge against someone that is living. In the majority of instances, the Eloko are seen as malevolent creatures.", "Most of the species of treeshrews live on the trees; but there are some living on the soil and nidifying in dens of hollows of the same, such as the Large Treeshrew ( Tupaia tana ) and the Mindanao Treeshrew ( Urogale everetti ) of the Philippines.", "You are wandering through a tropical rainforest. It is late morning and the humidity seems to rise with every step. Life is crawling, buzzing, slithering, climbing, burrowing all around you. Brightly-colored poison dart frogs light up the dark undergrowth like mobile glow-sticks. Fantastic caterpillars, otherworldly insects, ghoulish spiders, tiny scattering creatures. All aspects of nature fascinate you. But you are here for the birds. And there are none. In fact, there have been none for over an hour. The curse of forest birding – a bird drought. You sit down and wait. Maybe the birds will come to you. BZZZUUUZZZZUUUURRR. What was that? Instinctively you cover your face and neck so that you don’t get stung by a giant forest wasp. BZZZUUUZZZZUUUURRR. And then you see it. A hummingbird is hovering a foot from your bright red T-shirt, zigzagging back and forth. Back and forth. You can see from its bill that it is a hermit. A seriously peeved hermit. The giant red tubular flower that is your T-shirt has gotten the better of this blur of fury. Angrily the hermit spins like a tiny attack helicopter and disappears into the darkness.", "The echidna resembles the hedge hog and the porcupine in that they are covered by sharp spines. They can survive in a vast range of climates and habitat. They have pointy snouts and extremely long sticky tongues to catch ants and termites. Echidnas have no fixed home and can be found in a variety of shelters. Those with this totem will feel at home wherever they are and often live in unusual dwellings.", "ECOLOGY: Aotus is the only nocturnal monkey. Adopting a system of nocturnal behavior seems disadvantageous to animals like primates that have a high dependence on vision: food, including insects, animal prey, and fruit, is more difficult to find at night, locomotion through the forest canopy is significantly more dangerous in dim light, and a different set of environmental conditions such as cooler temperatures, differences in humidity, competitors, and predators pose threats. Despite these obstacles, the fossil record proves that owl monkeys assumed this nocturnal role from diurnal ancestors and, based on their wide geographical distribution, have been successful in exploiting this niche. Many of the ecological and behavioral characteristics of Aotus can be explained or at least linked to their unique pattern of life. Though most species of owl monkeys are nocturnal, A. a. azarae shows the particularly rare pattern of cathemeral activity in which it is regularly active during both daylight and nighttime hours. Because of its range in the very seasonal Chaco of Argentina and Paraguay, the ability to forage during daylight hours is probably an adaptation to avoid activity on extremely cold, moonless nights.", "Found in moist shaded areas in forests, oak woodlands, mixed grassland, and chaparral. Eats a wide variety of invertebrates, including spiders, beetles, crickets, sowbugs, centipedes, millipedes, worms, snails, and termites.", "The second largest spider in the world, the goliath bird-eater (Theraphosa blondi), is related to the tarantula. It received its fearsome name after Victorian explorers witnessed one feasting on a hummingbird.", "This strange looking animal has four legs, a long snout, large ears,and lurks in the forests of Central and South America.", "an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism", "Webweavers are arachnid creatures that live on Kashyyyk. They are the dominant species on the dark lower and ground levels of the forest planet, where they use their violent characteristics to thrive.", "There are many dangerous species of snakes, spiders and animals in the Amazon rainforest. It is also home to the anaconda.", "The Brazilian Wandering Spider is the name given to any number of spider species that belong to the Phoneutria genus. Large, intimidating, and infamous for having the most toxic spider venom in the world, these spiders actually occur in many areas outside of Brazil, including the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica south to northern Argentina. Nevertheless, the Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria nigriventer) is the most well known member of this group of eight species due to its tendency to live near human habitations and occasionally bite people. It gets its name from being a familiar spider in many parts of Brazil as well as its behavior of actively searching for prey rather than lying in wait at a spider web.", "An ecosystem of its own, distinct from the lightless depths of the broken jungle floor, the lofty canopy was a green maze of dizzy spans and shifting leaf walls. Wind, either gently caressing or violently shaking, rendered the canopy a world in perpetual motion. This was a transitory environment, a place that water, light, and life passed through on their way to the earth. The creatures of the canopy clung in this no-man’s-land by whatever claws, fingers, or prehensile limbs they had, swatted by elements in service to the inexorable pull of gravity. By whatever adaptations they might possess, the inhabitants of the jungle’s ceiling struggled to interrupt and steal what water, light, and life they could as it passed, fragile things clinging to a tenuous existence.", "Even its name indicates how deadly it is, the word Phoneutria means murderer in Greek… Did we mention that it’s highly aggressive? If you’re thinking you can fight it off with a broom, as we do with most of our eight-legged opponents, think again! The Brazilian wandering spider has been known to frequently climb up the broom handle and bite the human who’s trying to fight him off." ]

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[ "1946 – The term \"Iron Curtain\", describing the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas during the Cold War, was popularised by former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during a speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, US.", "The phrase Iron Curtain, which refers to the harsh and 'impenetrable' nature of the divide, was popularised by Winston Churchill in his speech of March 5th 1946, when he stated:", "March 5, 1946, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill popularized the term “Iron Curtain”—describing the separation between Soviet and Western nations—in a speech at Fulton, Missouri.", "March 5, 1946 - The \"Iron Curtain\" speech was delivered by Winston Churchill at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. Churchill used the term to describe the boundary in Europe between free countries of the West and nations of Eastern Europe under Soviet Russia's control.", "World War II was a global military conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945 which involved most of the world's nations , including all of the great powers , organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel were mobilized. The war ended when the Axis powers Japan, Germany, surrendered. This was the background to which the iron curtain was developed. The Iron Curtain was a speech by Winston Churchill on March 5, 1946. He made the speech at west Minister College in Fulton Missouri.  The Iron curtain represents the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal of itself and its dependent eastern European allies from open contact from the west and other non-communist areas. While he was saying the speech this quote was made From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.", "At the beginning of the Cold War, he famously popularised the term \"The Iron Curtain\", which had been used before by Nazi leaders Hitler and Goebbels. The term entered the public consciousness after a speech given on 5 March 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, when Churchill, a guest of Harry S. Truman, famously declared:", "On March 5, 1946, the United Kingdom's wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill, while accepting an honorary degree from Westminster College, placed out front the separation between the western world and Eastern Europe. In Fulton Missouri, the former Prime Minister gave his famous \"Iron Curtain\" speech to a crowd of 40,000. With the words \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent,\" the Cold War received its initial impetus.", "- Less than a year after the end of the World War II, the great wartime leader of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered this speech coining the term \"iron curtain\" to describe the line in Europe between self-governing nations of the West and those in Eastern Europe under Soviet Communist control.", "Less than a year after the end of World War II, the great wartime leader of Britain, Winston Churchill, delivered this speech in which he first coined the term \"iron curtain\" to describe the ominous postwar boundary in Europe between self-governing nations of the West and those in Eastern Europe which had recently come under the powerful grip of Soviet Russia.", "British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gives his famous \"Iron Curtain\" speech at a college graduation in Fulton, Missouri: \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.\" 4", "A Western term made famous by Winston Churchill referring to the boundary that symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly 1945 to 1990.", "A statement made by Winston Churchill describing the \"boundary\" that divided Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe (Communism)from Western European nations (Capitalism)not under Soviet domination.", "symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from 1945-91; Winston Churchill's \"Sinews of Peace\" address in 1946 used the term in the context of Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe; much of the Western public still regarded the Soviet Union as a close ally in the context of the recent defeat of Nazi Germany and Japan; speech seen by as warmongering and unnecessary", "The actual title of Churchill’s speech was “Sinews of Peace,” though most people know it as the “Iron Curtain speech.” Over the years there has been another twist of the record. Churchill often gets credit for coining that metallic metaphor—on that stage—for the figurative barrier drawn across Europe between the capitalist West and the communist East. But he did not. In fact, there’s evidence of the phrase being used to mean exactly that a good 26 years earlier when an E. Snowden (seriously) published a travelogue about her adventures in Bolshevik Russia.", "A few weeks after the release of this “Long Telegram”, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous “ Iron Curtain ” speech in  Fulton, Missouri . [57]  The speech called for an Anglo-American alliance against the Soviets, whom he accused of establishing an “iron curtain” from “ Stettin  in the  Baltic  to  Trieste  in the  Adriatic “. [43] [58]", "1. The Iron Curtain was a name, coined by Winston Churchill in 1946, for the Soviet occupation of eastern Europe.", "George Skadding—The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivers a speech at Westminster College that addressed the Communist threat, and in which he uttered the now-famous phrase 'Iron Curtain,' Fulton, Mo., Mar. 5, 1946.", "In one of the most famous orations of the Cold War period, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill condemns the Soviet Union’s policies in Europe and declares, “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” Churchill’s speech is considered one of the opening volleys announcing the beginning of the Cold War.", "Lamenting the deepening shadow of the Soviet Union's occupation of Eastern Europe and fearing Soviet-directed, fifth-column activities in the West, Winston Churchill delivered this opening salvo of the Cold War at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. The speech heralds an increasingly widespread feeling in the West that a tougher stance was needed toward Russia, a departure following the positive image that the country enjoyed as a wartime ally in World War II. Churchill famously pronounced that \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.\" Selected for the 2008 registry.", "In a March 5, 1946, speech in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill used this term to describe the division that the Soviet Union had created between itself and its Eastern European allies and Western Europe and the United States. Churchill emphasized the need for the United States to stand up to potential Soviet aggression in the future.", "In a famous speech (1946) at Fulton, Mo., Sir Winston Churchill warned of an implacable threat that lay behind a Communist \"iron curtain.\" The United States, taking the lead against the expansion of Soviet influence, rallied the West with the Truman Doctrine, under which immediate aid was given to Turkey and Greece. Also fearing the rise of Communism in war-torn Western Europe, the United States inaugurated the European Recovery Program, known as the Marshall Plan Marshall Plan", "Public statements defined the beginning of the Cold War. In 1946 Stalin declared that international peace was impossible \"under the present capitalist development of the world economy.\" Winston Churchill, wartime prime minister of Great Britain, delivered a dramatic speech in Fulton, Missouri, with Truman sitting on the platform during the address. \"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,\" Churchill said, \"an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.\" Britain and the United States, he declared, had to work together to counter the Soviet threat.", "After Soviet forces remained in Eastern and Central European countries, with the beginnings of communist puppet regimes in those countries, Churchill referred to the region as being behind an \" Iron Curtain \" of control from Moscow. [220] [221] The countries under Soviet control in Eastern and Central Europe were sometimes called the \" Eastern bloc \" or \"Soviet Bloc\".", "In particular, he warned against the expansionistic policies of the Soviet Union. In addition to the \"iron curtain\" that had descended across Eastern Europe, Churchill spoke of \"communist fifth columns\" that were operating throughout western and southern Europe.", "The now-former prime minister spent the next several years warning Britons and Americans about the dangers of Soviet expansionism. In a speech in Fulton, Missouri , in 1946, for example, Churchill declared that an anti-democratic “Iron Curtain,” “a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilization,” had descended across Europe. Churchill’s speech was the first time anyone had used that now-common phrase to describe the Communist threat.", "The United States and the Soviet Union disagreed over postwar policy in central and eastern Europe. The USSR wanted to demilitarize Germany to prevent another war; to control Poland to preclude any future invasion from its west; and to dominate Eastern Europe. Stalin saw Soviet domination of Eastern Europe as vital to Soviet security. Within months of the war�s end, Stalin installed pro-Soviet governments in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. Independent Communist takeovers in Albania and Yugoslavia provided two more �satellite nations.� Finally, the Soviets barred free elections in Poland and suppressed political opposition. In March 1946 former British prime minister Winston Churchill told a college audience in Fulton, Missouri, that a Soviet-made �Iron Curtain� had descended across Europe.", "The Crimean Peninsula juts into the Black Sea, all but an island except for a narrow strip of land in the north connecting it to the mainland. On its eastern shore, a finger of land reaches out almost to Russia. It's best known in the West as the site of the 1945 Yalta Conference, where Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sealed the postwar division of Europe.", "In 1945, the world’s three great powers met at the Yalta Conference to divide the world between them. UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee. With the relative decline of Britain compared to the two superpowers, the USA and the Soviet Union, however, many viewed the world as \"bi-polar\" — a world with two irreconcilable and antagonistic political and economic systems. Many termed the Soviet Union \"socialist\", not least the Soviet Union itself, but also commonly in the USA, China, Eastern Europe, and many parts of the world where Communist Parties had gained a mass base. In addition, scholarly critics of the Soviet Union, such as Friedrich Hayek , the Austrian-British economist and political philosopher, were commonly cited as critics of socialism.", "When World War II was grinding to an end in 1945, the Allied leaders -- U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin -- met to divide up Europe. That meeting, which laid the groundwork for the Cold War, took place in the Crimean resort of Yalta.", "describes an imaginary line that separated communist countries in the soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from countries in Western Europe", "The barrier, political and military, that was considered to separate the Soviet bloc from western Europe after World War II.", "Nonetheless, at the Potsdam Conference , the Allies assigned parts of Poland, Finland, Romania, Germany, and the Balkans to Soviet control or influence. In return, Stalin promised the Western Allies that he would allow those territories the right to national self-determination. Despite Soviet cooperation during the war, these concessions left many in the West uneasy. In particular, Churchill feared that the United States might return to its pre-war isolationism , leaving the exhausted European states unable to resist Soviet demands. (President Franklin D. Roosevelt had announced at Yalta that after the defeat of Germany, U.S. forces would withdraw from Europe within two years. [30] )" ]

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[ "Harry James Potter is the title character of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The majority of the books' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter, who, on his eleventh birthday, learns he is a wizard. Thus, he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practice magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors. Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel's magical community, and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort, the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents Lily and James.", "The central character in the series is Harry Potter, an English orphan who discovers, at the age of eleven, that he is a wizard, though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and in secrecy. His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships, infatuation, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety, depression, stress, and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation, that lies ahead, in wizarding Britain's increasingly-violent second wizarding war. ", "Potter becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland , where most of the events take place between midge attacks, torrential downpours and political smears by the SNP for educating “Th’english” for free, which they made illegal for all Welsh and English Muggles. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as World of Warcraft , foot-shuffling monosyllabic moods, girls, athlete’s foot and being forced to get out of bed and go outdoors occasionally.", "The speaking with snakes, and the disappearing glass, are only the latest manifestations of Harry's magical background; we have also, in this chapter, read about flying to a rooftop to avoid a beating from Dudley's gang, hair that grew back overnight, and a jumper (sweater) that shrunk impossibly when Aunt Petunia was trying to fit it onto Harry. While it seems that these early magical signs could be the trigger that puts Albus Dumbledore 's great plan into action, we must recall that Harry is about to turn 11. It is when magical children turn that age that they are invited to attend Hogwarts , which they begin the September that follows their eleventh birthday. The author has stated that Hogwarts is the only Wizarding school in the United Kingdom, thus every magical child will receive the opportunity to attend when he or she reaches 11. Not all children do attend; some, like Marvolo Gaunt , who we will meet later in the series, likely would never have entrusted the established school system with their children. Others may attend a school in another country. Draco Malfoy , Harry's future nemesis, mentions that he almost went to Durmstrang , a school hidden somewhere in Eastern Europe, and a place Harry will likely wish Draco had attended.", "A photo is shown on the wall showing Gromit getting his degree from Dogwarts. This is a reference to the Harry Potter stories - Harry studies at a school called Hogwarts.", "Also in this year, Harry Potter , who Minerva had been watching over for many years, would start his first year of education at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , not knowing this, as he did not know that he was a wizard. Once Harry eventually arrived at Hogwarts, after the delivery of many acceptance letters, Harry was Sorted into the house of Gryffindor which Minerva was head of. Harry was therefore again placed under the watchful eye and care of McGonagall.", "CCBC Review (from CCBC Choices 2000): In his second year at Hogwarts School for Witchcraft and Wizardry, 12-year-old Harry Potter continues to learn about his destiny as the greatest wizard of his generation. New challenges and adventure seem to lie in wait for him at every turn of the twisting staircases and corridors of Hogwarts. What is the meaning of the mysterious whispered messages only Harry can hear: \". . . so hungry . . . for so long . . . kill . . . time to kill . . .\" Who is attacking the selected students and, one by one, turning them into petrified human pillars? Do all the answers lie in the rumored Chamber of Secrets, if such a place even exists? With his mates, Ron and Hermione, Harry sets out to find solve these mysteries, using intellect, rudimentary magic, and a little bit of luck. Readers of the first volume of this extremely popular series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (Levine/Scholastic, 1998), will recognize the setting and many of the characters. In addition, they will be pleased to meet some new cast members, including Dobby, a self-deprecating, gossipy house elf and Gilderoy Lockhart, a self-important best-selling author who's come to teach Defense Against the Dark Arts at Hogwarts. Ingenious plotting, dazzling humor, and an overall inventive vision are fast becoming the hallmark of J.K. Rowling's highly appealing novels. (Age 8 and older) �1998 Cooperative Children's Book Center", "Harry's story begins in suburban London, in the fictional town of Little Whinging. In the first film, The Sorcerer's Stone (2001), the gentle giant Hagrid touches down on his flying motorcycle at #4 Privet Drive. There, baby Harry — who was orphaned by the murder of his wizard parents — is left on the doorstep to be raised by an anti-magic aunt and uncle. The scene was shot in the town of Bracknell (pop. 50,000, 10 miles west of Heathrow) on a street of generic brick rowhouses called Picket Close. Later, 10-year-old Harry first realizes his wizard powers when talking with a boa constrictor, filmed at the London Zoo's Reptile House in Regent's Park (Tube: Great Portland Street). Harry soon gets invited to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he'll learn the magical skills he'll need to eventually confront his parents' murderer, Lord Voldemort.", "Founded roughly a thousand years before the events of the series by the four Founders ( Godric Gryffindor , Rowena Ravenclaw , Helga Hufflepuff and Salazar Slytherin ), Hogwarts, the premier Wizarding school in Britain, is housed in a large magically-active castle near the Wizarding village of Hogsmeade . The castle itself is protected by Anti- Apparition wards (preventing an attacker from suddenly appearing in its midst), and Muggle-Repellent charms (to the occasional Muggle who is determined to approach, the castle is spelled to look like a dangerous ruin, with keep-away warning signs posted). The Forbidden Forest , adjacent to the school grounds, contains many wild magical creatures, some of which are actively hostile towards humans, Wizarding or not. Situated at the edge of the Forest, the Groundskeeper's Hut, where Rubeus Hagrid (\"Keeper of the Keys and Grounds\") lives, is well-placed for looking after the subjects of each Care of Magical Creatures class (taught by Hagrid starting in Harry's third year).", "Hogwarts, Harry's prestigious wizarding prep school, is a composite of several locations, many of them real places in Oxford.", "Radcliffe first expressed a desire to act at the age of five, and in December 1999, aged 10, he made his acting debut in BBC One's televised two-part adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel David Copperfield, portraying the title character as a young boy. He was educated at two independent schools for boys: Sussex House School, a day school in Chelsea's Cadogan Square, and the City of London School, a day school on the North Bank of the River Thames in London's financial district (known as the City of London). Attending school became difficult for Radcliffe after the release of the first Harry Potter film, with some fellow pupils becoming hostile, though he says it was people just trying to \"have a crack at the kid that plays Harry Potter\" rather than jealousy. ", "Harry Potter (2001-11)No academic institution has ever dominated the big screen like Hogwarts. St Trinian’s can boast seven screen outings, but Harry Potter’s Hogwarts was the setting for eight films; a bastion of wizardry and Britishness, based clearly on public school lines but phenomenally popular the world over. Houses include Slytherin and Gryffindor; classes feature transfiguration, defence against the dark arts and muggle studies; teachers comprise Albus Dumbledore, Severus Snape and Minerva McGonagall; it is reached by the Hogwarts Express", "In an interview with J. K. Rowling , she said there are about one-thousand students attending Hogwarts at any given time. This is supported by the fact, that when Harry sees his father doing his O.W.L. (in the Pensieve in Snape's office), there are over 150 students. Secondly, during a Quidditch match, everybody was supporting Gryffindor except around 200 Slytherins supporting their own. However, if each year had the same number of students as Harry's, with five boys and five girls in each dorm, there would only be two-hundred and eighty students. This means that there are usually around 35 or 36 students per house per year (give or take, since you can't expect an equal assignment to each house each year). (Or there are more dormitories that you don't see. The only ones mentioned in the books are the ones that house the students who are actually in the book, e.g.Harry, Ron, Neville, Hermione. There are probably more than two dorms for each year.)", "Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. For most of the series, he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts. As part of his backstory, it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix, an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort.", "She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College, where her mother, Anne, had worked as a technician in the Science Department. Rowling has said of her adolescence, \"Hermione [A bookish, know-it-all Harry Potter character] is loosely based on me. She's a caricature of me when I was eleven, which I'm not particularly proud of.\" Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth owned a turquoise Ford Anglia, which she says inspired the one in her books. \"Ron Weasley [Harry Potter's best friend] isn't a living portrait of Sean, but he really is very Sean-ish.\"", "- Some of the Hogwart's school scenes were filmed at Christ Church college at Oxford University (Hogwart's dining room is based on the Great Hall in this college) ( http://www.visitchristchurch.net ). See also: http://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/harry_potter/oxford_tour.shtml .", "During the journey on the train, Harry meets Ron Weasley , a boy from a large, but poor, pure-blood wizarding family, and Hermione Granger , a witch born to Muggle (non-magical) parents, who would both become Harry's lifelong best friends. Upon arriving at the school, the first year students are sorted into four houses: Gryffindor , Hufflepuff , Ravenclaw , and Slytherin . As Slytherin is noted for being the house of darker wizards and witches, Harry begs the magical Sorting Hat not to put him in Slytherin. He is assigned to Gryffindor, along with Ron and Hermione. Harry notices a professor, Severus Snape , giving him peculiar looks.", "Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years, as well as flying lessons. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Muggle Studies, Divination, Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures. Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years, if there is sufficient demand. There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts, each specializing in one of these subjects.", "Late in October, students had their first visit to Hogsmeade . There, Harry, Ron, and Hermione met with several students who were interested in learning proper defence. Ron defended Harry when questions rose, and was among the first to sign the recruitment parchment. On the way home from Hogsmeade, Ron became upset when he learned from Hermione that his sister Ginny was dating Ravenclaw student Michael Corner . The following morning, Ron awoke to find that suddenly, by order of Professor Umbridge, all student groups had been disbanded including the House Quidditch teams, but he was mollified when Harry said they would continue with their secret group, which Ginny named \" Dumbledore's Army \" during their first meeting, mocking the Ministry of Magic 's fears of student uprisings.", " First published in 1857 �by an Old Boy of Rugby�, Thomas Hughes, this story of life in a mid-Victorian public school has become a classic of English Literature. You will study this text in conjunction with a very modern work, by JK Rowling, whose own story of school life shows many parallels. The Harry Potter series (at present an unfinished account of seven years in a similar school system) is seen by many critics as something of a future �classic� of children�s literature. Whether or not you agree with this, you will certainly find that the two texts do have a good deal in common. ", "It is the school's second week of classes, and Harry is dismayed that flying lessons are also shared with Slytherin House . Because he has not yet learned to fly, Harry knows he will be ridiculed by Draco Malfoy , who is as well-loved by Harry as cousin Dudley .", "Established around the 10th century , Hogwarts is considered to be one of the finest magical institutions in the wizarding world, though other notable schools included Beauxbatons Academy of Magic and the Durmstrang Institute . Children with magical abilities are enrolled at birth, and acceptance is confirmed by owl post at age eleven. However, if the child in question is a Muggle-born , a professor from the school would come and inform the child's parents.", "Do you think that you will write about Harry after he graduates from Hogwarts? Isn't there a University of Wizardry?", "Professor Albus Dumbledore ( Richard Harris ), headmaster of Hogwarts, Professor Minerva McGonagall ( Maggie Smith ), deputy headmistress of Hogwarts, head of Gryffindor House, and teacher of Transfigurations, Professor Severus Snape ( Alan Rickman ), head of Slytherin House and Potions Master, Professor Quirinus Quirrell ( Ian Hart ), temporarily-assigned teacher of Defence Against the Dark Arts, Professor Flitwick head of Ravenclaw House and Charms teacher, and Madam Hooch, who teaches first-years to fly on broomsticks. Although not a professor, Rubeus Hagrid plays an important role as Hogwarts groundskeeper.", ".  Alastair Sim’s portrayal of Potter is characteristically wide eyed and lugubrious, masking an inner devilment which slowly exudes from his character.  You are either winner or loser, is the simple philosophy of the College, and your enemies are everyone who is not you.  Potter’s tuition begins immediately with an exercise in name calling and continues as he demonstrates how to make Henry feel guilty for asking Potter to return the pen which he has stolen.  The College’s somewhat steep fee is, however, soon earned as the students enjoy a somewhat unusual curriculum consisting of such classes as “Partymanship”, “Woomanship”, and of course “Gamesmanship” all at beginners and advanced levels.  Henry proves a marked success and, when the students take to the field with a mentor to try out their newly won skills in the real world, he is assigned no less a mentor than Mr. Stephen Potter himself.", "Ron is stunned as he realises the Viktor Krum, one of the best Seekers in the world, is still at school. He tells Harry and Hermione as they walk back into the castle and towards the Great Hall that he is going to get Krum's autograph if he can, and asks Harry if he has a quill with him. Ron takes care to sit on the side of the Gryffindor table facing the doorway to try to catch the Durmstrang students' attention, and tells Hermione to budge up and make space for them at the table. He is bitterly disappointed when the Durmstrang students sit at the Slytherin table instead.", "Goblet of Fire states that Beauxbatons Academy owns a large carriage the size of a house flown by horses whose hooves are as big as dinner plates; it can accommodate a large party of students and their half-giant (according to Hagrid) headmistress. The carriage is pale blue and has the Beauxbatons coat of arms on it (two crossed, golden wands, each emitting three stars).", "Quit waiting around for your Hogwarts letter that you're sure got lost in the mail – you can now make your dreams of a wizarding education come true. For those of us who know we're more than Muggles, Poland now has a real-life wizarding school, complete with houses, potions class and magic wands.", "Crouch/Moody becomes noted for teaching and demonstrating normally higher-level topics to Harry's fourth-year class (such as the Unforgivable Curses). He is a demanding teacher who expects students to work. He puts up with very little, for example punishing Draco Malfoy by transforming him into a ferret to stick up for Harry when Malfoy was tormenting him. And yet, he can be compassionate; he takes Neville Longbottom off for a cup of tea and a talk after Neville is badly shaken by the demonstration of the Cruciatus Curse.", "There are twelve named teachers (referred to as Professors), each specialising in a single subject. All professors are overseen by a school head and deputy head. Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years, as well as flying lessons. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Muggle Studies, Divination, Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures. \"Very specialised subjects such as alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years, if there is sufficient demand.\" ", "It seems that it was while he was in Switzerland that his fascination with espionage began - the story goes that it was triggered by a meeting with a British diplomat who may or may not have been in intelligence. In 1952 Cornwell continued his education at Lincoln College, Oxford, studying modern languages. He had to leave in 1954 when his father went bankrupt. He took a job teaching at a boy's prep school (the term prep school in England usually refers to a school for children aged approximately 8-12). However, he was able to return to Oxford a year later and graduated with first class honors in 1956. After spending two years teaching French and German at Eton (a boy's boarding school for ages 13-18) he joined the Foreign Service and within three years was posted to Bonn, West Germany as the second secretary to the British embassy.", "I have always sort of assumed that Durmstrang was in Bulgaria, since Viktor Krum went there and he's Bulgarian. But there is nothing that says you can't go to school in another country than the one you were born in (IIRC, Lucius Malfoy wanted to send Draco to Durmstrand even though they're British), so it could just as well be in Russia, I guess." ]

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[ "Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the 1996 Summer Olympics.[4][7] Volleyball is also a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled.", "Beach volleyball, or sand volleyball, is an Olympic team sport played on sand. Like other variations of volleyball, two teams, separated by a high net, try to score points against the other by grounding a ball on the other team's court. Competitive beach volleyball teams usually consist of two players, though recreational variations can contain up to six players.", "Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net. It has been an Olympic discipline since the 1996 Games.", "Though the surface on which volleyball is played varies in traditional versus beach volleyball, the primary difference that affect strategy and rules is the number of players. Traditional volleyball requires six players, compared to the much smaller teams of two in beach volleyball.", "The first country outside of the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900.  Much of volleyball's international growth came in 1919, when 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by American Expeditionary Forces and their allies to people all over the world.  Team volleyball was established, with the number of players on each team limited to six.  Beach volleyball is played with only two players on each team.  The winning score of a game was changed in 1917 from 21 to 15 points.", "Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side, much like indoor volleyball. The concept of the modern two-man beach volleyball game, however, is credited to Paul “Pablo” Johnson, an indoor player. In the summer of 1930, while waiting for players to show up for a six-man game, Johnson decided to try playing with only the four people present. The game was forever changed.", "Beach volleyball (a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team) though popularized in Southern California, the first recorded beach volleyball games took place on the beaches of Waikiki in Honolulu, Hawai’i at the Outrigger Canoe Club. Originally designed to give bored surfers something to do when the surf was down, the game quickly developed into more organized six-man matches. The most famous early player was legendary waterman, Duke Kahanamoku.", " Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.[1]", "Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side, much like indoor volleyball. The concept of the modern two-man beach volleyball game is credited to Paul \"Pablo\" Johnson, an indoor player of Santa Monica Athletic Club. In the summer of 1930, while waiting for players to show up for a six-man game, Johnson decided to try playing with only the two people present. The game was forever changed. Though recreational games continue to be played with more players, the most widely played version of the game, and the only one contested at an elite level, has only two players per team.", "A total of 96 of the world’s finest beach volleyball players, 24 two-person teams per gender, artistically drove their way across their special stage at the fifth Olympic beach volleyball competitions in London.", "Beijing 2008 - it is proposed to increase the number of beach volleyball teams from 24 to 32 for men and women.", "Each team consists of six players. To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A player from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve). The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on offense.", "Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.", "Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team’s court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.", "Volleyball is a team sport. Two teams of six players are separated by the net. Grounding the ball on the other team’s court is point. Each team tries to score under some organized rules. The game has been a part of the official program of Summer Olympic Games, started from 1964.", "Beach volleyball rules for coed and reverse coed, teams must contain at least one male and one female player, unless otherwise specified by the tournament director. Opposing teams need not contain equal numbers of males and females. ", "The game of volleyball is played by two teams, six on each team. The teams are separated by a net. The teams compete with one another using an inflated ball.", "3.2. Team Numbers:   Up to 18 players are allowed per team with no more than 7 players on the field at any one time.  It is advisable that for A-grade, tournament and representative games a team consists of up to 12 players with no more than 6 on the field at any one time.  Male teams may use female players but only one can be on the field at any one time.  Infringement will incur a penalty where the extra player entered the field.", "There are two (2) teams in the water at a time, with each team playing with six (6) field players and a goalie.  One team wears a light coloured bathing cap or protective water polo cap, while the other team wears a dark coloured cap so that both teams can be identified. ", "The Olympic beach volleyball competition runs over 12 days in Athens with 24 men’s and 24 women’s teams competing. More than 60 countries take part in the qualifying process on the SWATCH FIVB World Tour. With its new 10,000-seat main stadium built in the style of a traditional Greek amphitheatre, the beach volleyball venue and its surroundings provide an amazingly entertaining atmosphere in Athens. For the first time in an Olympic Games, an entertainment programme is implemented with the involvement of 12 dancers, DJs, multilingual announcers and production managers.", "Implemented in 2013, the format of all the FIVB Beach Volleyball international tournaments – whether FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships, FIVB Beach Volleyball Grand Slam or FIVB Beach Volleyball Open – are the same, featuring pool play followed by single elimination knockout rounds. While the FIVB World Championships had 48 teams, all other tournaments have 32 teams and begin with a qualification tournament in each gender to determine the final eight teams in the main draw fields.", "Points are awarded if the ball hits the ground in the opponents' court, if the opponents commit a fault, or if they fail to return the ball over the net. Scoring is done using the rally point system (new volleyball rules). Match scoring is usually up to the event organizer's discretion. Generally speaking matches are one set to 18 points; or best of three sets to 15 points (with third set to 11 points). The court is 29.5 feet x 59 ft (old beach volleyball). The height of the net varies based on the competition. The Official International Rule for the net height set is 2.2 meters or 7 feet 2 inches for the men's competition. For the women's competition, the height of the net should be set at 2 meters or 6 feet 6 inches.", "For Beach Volleyball, matches are a best of three sets using the rally point system. The first two sets are played to 21 points, with the final tie‑breaker set being played to 15 points. A team must win a set by two points. There is no ceiling, so a set continues until one of the teams gains a two‑point advantage.", "A team can touch the ball three times on its side of the net. The usual pattern is a dig (an underarm pass made with the forearms), a set (an overhead pass made with the hands) and a spike (the overhead attacking shot). The ball is served into play. Teams can also try to block the opponent's spike as it crosses the net. A block into your own court counts as one of your three touches in beach volleyball, but not in volleyball.", "In volleyball, a team can touch the ball three times on their side of the net, the usual pattern being a dig (an underarm pass made with the forearms), a set (an overhead pass made with the hands) and a spike (the overhead attacking shot). The ball is served into play. Teams can also try to block the opponent's spike as it crosses the net. A block into your own court counts as one of your three touches in beach volleyball, but not in volleyball.", "A Although beach volleyball players must be well-rounded, there is still some specialization. One partner will usually be the designated blocker because they are more imposing at the net, while the defender is quick and agile, ready to dig anything that comes past the blocker. Many times, the shorter player is the defender and is served the majority of the balls, since a taller player will more likely be the better attacker. ", "According to FIVB rules, female beach volleyball players have the option of playing in shorts or a one-piece swimsuit. Most players, however, prefer the two-piece bikini. ", "The true \"birth\" of \"beach volleyball\" apparently began on the beaches of Waikiki Beach in Hawaii, at the Outrigger Canoe Club in 1915. From the moment that this first recorded game in Hawaii took place, this outdoor game of volleyball has continued to be played and known as \"beach volleyball\" rather than just \"volleyball.\"", "Sports commentator Jeanne Moos commented, \"Beach volleyball has now joined go-go girl dancing as perhaps the only two professions where a bikini is the required uniform.\" British Olympian Denise Johns argues that the regulation uniform is intended to be \"sexy\" and to attract attention. Rubén Acosta, president of the FIVB, says that it makes the game more appealing to spectators.", "Fashion often extends from the clothing worn during play, like the bikini or boardshorts. And much like surfers, beach volleyball players are at the mercy of the weather; patterns of play often develop based on weather conditions like sun and wind.", "Actually, they probably will. If beach volleyball can be taken seriously anywhere, it has to be Brazil, who are very good at it. Brazil and USA are usually the teams to beat, having the great advantages of large beaches and – in Florida at least – perpetual sun. They'll probably scrap all the other sports in Rio in 2016, and just have beach volleyball – on horseback, on bicycles, in canoes, with small bore rifles. It could work.", "It’s true – about the rules, that is. International beach volleyball has rules about the MAXIMUM amount of fabric allowed in the women’s uniforms. The rules as stated right now state that female beach volleyball players should wear bikini bottoms no wider than 7 cm (2.76 inches) at the hip." ]

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[ "On the dome above the court stands a bronze statue of Lady Justice , executed by British sculptor F. W. Pomeroy . She holds a sword in her right hand and the scales of justice in her left. The statue is popularly supposed to show blind Justice ; however, the figure is not blindfolded: the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant. [3]", "On the dome above the court stands a bronze statue of Lady Justice , executed by the British sculptor F. W. Pomeroy . She holds a sword in her right hand and the scales of justice in her left. The statue is popularly supposed to show blind Justice , however, the figure is not blindfolded: the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant. [3]", "On the dome above the court stands a famous bronze statue of Lady Justice, executed by the British sculptor F. W. Pomeroy. She holds a sword in her right hand and the scales of justice in her left. The statue is popularly supposed to show blind Justice; however, the figure is not blindfolded.", "Symbolizing impartiality, virtue, strength and the quest for justice, this exquisite statue of Lady Justice is a perfect gift for the lawyer or judge. Since ancient Greek and Roman times, this iconic figure has represented the most noble aspirations of world-wide cultures seeking to find balanced and fair-minded ways to govern. The blindfolded figure holds the scales of justice in one hand and a sword in the other. Made of cold cast bronze, the statue stands 11-1/2\" high atop a base measuring 3-1/4\" square x 1/2\" high. There is room on the base to attach a plate engraved with a name or short phrase. (Item #2535)", "The Old Bailey is located on the street of the same name. If you stand in street across from the building and look up, you’ll see the gold-leaf statue of Lady Justice perched on top of the dome. With her commanding view over the streets of London, Lady Justice is the personification of the moral force of the justice system. She holds a sword in one hand and the scales of justice in the other. Inscribed in the top level of the entrance, above the columns, are the words “defend the children of the poor and punish the wrongdoer”.", "On the dome above the court stands a bronze statue of Lady Justice, executed by British sculptor F. W. Pomeroy. She holds a sword in her right hand and the scales of justice in her left. The statue is popularly supposed to show blind Justice; however, the figure is not blindfolded: the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant.", "The Lady Justice statue is one of the most famous statues and is a moral symbol in judiciary. In Greek mythology, Themis' daughter was depicted carrying scales, and hence the Lady Justice is regarded as an entity that balances the scales of truth and equality. The Greek Goddess Themis holds the scales in her right hand, but there are also numerous versions of Lady Justice holding the scales in the left hand, with the right hand holding a double-edged sword symbolizing rationality and justice.", "Most know that when they see a statue of a blindfolded woman holding a sword or scroll in one hand and scales in the other that they are looking at the aspirational symbol of Justice.", "in one compartment...Justice holding the scales in one hand and a sword in the other; in another a large eye...On the reverse...were..two hands, both decorated in shirt ruffles clasped in each other. 611", "As I have already roughing out a few lines before this female statue is holding both symbols of Law and Justice: under her left arm there is a book (standing for “Erudition” and maybe even for the legal “Knowledge”) and in her right hand there is sculptured maybe the real Lady Justice symbol (as we know it).", "The woman holding the scales and the sword, which are its attributes; she is supported by an ostrich.", "The symbol of Justice began centuries ago and continues to be the link between the natural law and the rational law. It incorporates the culture of the divine, the inherent right of the individual and the culture of civil society,  and the responsibilities of people and law.  She is elevated, as the intermediary between divine justice and human justice, representing the highest standards and virtues of humanity. She carries the scale, a sword or scroll and she is often blindfolded.", "In Crawford's Justice and History, Justice, the figure to the right, is half reclining and heavily draped like a Roman matron at a banquet. She supports a large tome with the words \"Justice, Law, Order\" and rests her right elbow on the visible portion of a globe draped with the stars and stripes. Her right hand holds the scales of justice, which lie loosely on the edge of the base, their chains slack. The History figure has long flowing hair crowned with a laurel wreath. She holds an open scroll, with the top draped over a plinth, on which the words \"History July 1776\" are inscribed.", "Image:Justice statue.jpg|19th-century sculpture of the Power of Law at Olomouc, Czech Republic—lacks the blindfold and scales of Justice, replacing the latter with a book", "The Central Criminal Court gets its nickname from the street on which it stands: baillie was Norman French for ‘enclosed courtyard’. The current building opened in 1907 on the combined site of a previous court and Newgate Prison. Intriguingly the figure of justice holding a sword and scales in her hands above the building’s copper dome is not blindfolded (against undue influence, as is traditionally the case).", "4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 601 – JUSTICE – Statue hold rod and a balance beam, cartoon man (judge) behind a desk, judge’s mallet, a female lawyer", "The scales and sword are similar to those carried by the Statue of Justice on the roof of the Old Bailey.", "The bronze finished figure, which has a stainless-steel frame, will hold a glass-fibre sword aloft and a pair of scales behind her back and stand on a plinth of law books, staring out to sea.", "Lady Justice and her symbols are used in heraldry, especially in the arms of legal government agencies.", "The statue portrays a seated woman holding a book of laws with her left arm and a figure of blindfolded Justice is in her right hand.", "The Scales of Justice represents the balance of the individual against the needs of society and a fair balance between interests of one individual and those of another.The personification of justice balancing the scales dates back to the Egyptian Goddess of Justice, Maat, who stood for truth and fairness.", "Statue Of Justice, A Woman Holding A Sword In Her Right Hand.. Stock Photo, Picture And Royalty Free Image. Image 445426.", "In classical sculpture she was represented as a woman holding a large serpent in her arms.", "1. Following the artist’s brush; 2. The united stated supreme court’s lady justice; 3.Lady justice statue on the central criminal court of", "The statue is of a robed woman holding a lit flame, and is made of a sheeting of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally puddled iron) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of stained glass and lit from the inside.) It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is 151 feet (46.02 m) tall, with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 feet (92.96 m) tall.", "is rich of Lady Justice statues. I want to analyze two of them: the one settled in the city of", "Whatever else she might be, she was proven by that dagger to be a person of practical intelligence. It was no slender stiletto, selected because of a jeweled hilt or gold guard, fitted only for dainty murder in milady's boudoir; it was a forthright poniard, a warrior's weapon, broad-bladed, fifteen inches in length, tapering to a diamond-sharp point.", "The Trials used to take place at the Palace of Westminster but from 1870 they have been held at Goldsmiths’ Hall where the Assay Office is situated. The presiding judge is the Queen’s Remembrancer, the Senior Master of the Queen’s Bench, the oldest judicial office in the country, also dating back to the twelfth century. It is his or her responsibility to ensure that the Trial be held in accordance with the law and to deliver the jury’s final verdict to Her Majesty’s Treasury.", "\"A woman in a ceremonial dress brandishes a sceptre around which a dragon-headed snake is coiled.\" ( Janduz version)", "Justice Bell (today at the Washington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge) is a 2000-pound replica of the Liberty Bell, forged in 1915 to promote women's suffrage. It traveled the country with its clapper chained to its side, silent until women won the right to vote. On September 25, 1920, it was brought to Independence Hall and rung in ceremonies celebrating the ratification of the 19th amendment.", "She had several notable cases as a district judge on religious liberties. In 1993, she struck down as unconstitutional a White Plains law that prohibited the displaying of a menorah in a park. In 1994, she ordered New York prison officials to allow inmates to wear beads of the Santeria religion under their belts, even though prison officials said the beads were gang symbols.", "The Old Bailey, on the site of the Londons former Newgate prison, houses the Central Criminal Courts. Barristers wear a wig and gown when appearing before the courts. The fact that Bastable has a silk gown marks him as a Queens Counsel, a distinction awarded by the Lord Chancellor to senior barristers with a high reputation." ]

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[ "A set of irons will comprise the bulk of the 14 different golf clubs you’re allowed to carry in your bag. A typical bag might comprise: A driver (sometimes called a 1 wood), a fairway wood , a putter , maybe a utility wood . The other ten will be irons – some of which will be wedges – a sand wedge, pitching wedge, or maybe a lob wedge. There is more information about wedges HERE .", "An adult male’s bag may begin more full then that of a junior or ladies because they are more likely to be able to handle the weight and have the swing speed capable of creating a good disparity (10 yards on average) between clubs. While an adult male may begin with all 14 clubs in their bag, some may choose to carry less so they can focus on hitting fewer clubs well. For more advanced male golfers that do carry 14 clubs, the type of clubs may vary depending on personal preference and age, and may evolve over time. A standard bag would consist of a driver, three woods, a three hybrid or iron, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 iron, pitching wedge, sand wedge, and putter. Many golfers will then substitute a gap wedge and/or loft wedge and remove one or two of their fairway woods.", "A modern set of golf clubs typically consists of three woods (the 1-driver, 3, and 5), at least 1 hybrid (3H) seven irons (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and PW), and a putter. This gives you a total of twelve clubs. The rules of golf allow you to carry fourteen clubs in your bag, so many golfers add another wedge or specialty hybrid. After all, the more tools we have in our toolbox, the more options you have to make doing your job easier!", "THE GEAR EFFECT WINNERS’ BAGS ON TOUR HUNTER MAHAN The Barclays DRIVER: Ping G25 (10.5) FAIRWAY WOOD: Titleist 913 F.d (15) HYBRID: Ping i25 (17) IRONS: Ping S55 (3-PW) WEDGES: Ping i25 (54, 59) PUTTER: Ping TR Anser 2 BALL: Titleist Pro V1x JAMIE DONALDSON D+D REAL Czech Masters DRIVER: TaylorMade SLDR (9.5) FAIRWAY WOODS: TaylorMade RBZ Tour (15), Callaway Big Bertha SteelHead III (19) IRONS: Ping i15 (3-9) WEDGES: Titleist C-C (48, 54, 60) PUTTER: Odyssey Versa Sabertooth BALL: Titleist Pro V1x CAMILO VILLEGAS Wyndham Championship DRIVER: TaylorMade JetSpeed (13) FAIRWAY WOOD: TaylorMade SLDR (17) HYBRID: TaylorMade SLDR (21) IRONS: TaylorMade TP CB (5-PW) WEDGES: TaylorMade TP ATV Grind (52, 58, 60) PUTTER: Titleist Scotty Cameron Select Newport Squareback BALL: TaylorMade TP", "Set comprises of: 2 woods (Driver and 3 wood), 2 hybrids (18° and 21°) 6 irons (5-PW), blade style putter with a deluxe stand bag and matching headcovers. All clubs -1\" from lady's standard length. Titanium Matrix driver with an oversized 460cc head and a 12.5° loft and a 15° 3 wood.", "What about 2 and 4 woods? These woods actually exist and were popular 20 or more years ago, but they have fallen out of favor as newer technologies have improved the performance of woods. Today, most golfers prefer 7 and 9 woods in their bag (which can only have fourteen clubs) than a 2 or 4 wood. In fact, there is now a trend to include higher numbered woods and eliminate the traditional low numbered irons in your set of golf clubs. That will be discussed in greater detail when we talk about irons.", "Set comprises of: 2 woods (10.5 ° Driver and 15° 3 wood), 2 hybrids (18° and 21°) 6 irons (5-PW), blade style putter with a deluxe stand bag all youth length: -1\" from men's standard.", "The 1-wood, or driver, is the lowest-lofted, longest, and often lightest club in a player's bag, and is meant to launch the ball the longest distance of any club. Originally, the driver was only slightly larger than any other wood and was designed to be used from the tee or the fairway, but with the advent of hollow metal clubhead construction, the driver has become highly specialized for use off the tee by incorporating an oversized head and a deep striking face to maximize the \"sweet spot\" that gives the best results. It is possible to hit a modern driver off the fairway turf, but it requires a high degree of skill and a certain amount of luck regarding the lie of the ball. Certain 2-woods are available with a similar deep-faced design but a higher loft, which can be used in situations when a player needs slightly less distance than their average drive, or must make a driver-distance shot from the fairway or rough. However, 2-woods of any kind are uncommon, as a player in these situations will more often opt for the 3-wood, and save the space in the bag for a less specialised club like a wedge or hybrid.", "While the most common modern clubset includes only one fairway wood, the 3-wood, woods are typically available from major brands in lofts up to a 9-wood. A 4-wood is sometimes seen instead of a 3-wood (to fine-tune range differences between a player's driver and fairway wood), while a 5-wood is a common addition to the 3-wood for players who prefer fairway woods to long irons for play through the green. 7-woods are rarer in men's clubs but more common in ladies' and seniors' sets, again as a substitute for lower-lofted irons which are difficult to hit well and whose low launch angle can be risky on a hilly or undulating fairway. Some custom clubmakers offer woods in lofts up to 55° (a \"25-wood\" equivalent to a sand wedge); these can be used to replace the entire standard set of irons with woods, for players who prefer the swing mechanics and behavior of woods to that of irons and wedges.", "A wood is a type of club used in the sport of golf. Woods have longer shafts and larger, rounder heads than other club types, and are used to hit the ball longer distances than other types.", "A logical 9 club set would be Driver, 4W, 3i (or hybrid), 5i, 7i, 9i, PW, 58* and Putter.", "Variations on this basic set abound; several club options usually exist for almost any shot depending on the player's skill level and playing style, and the only club universally considered to be indispensable is the putter. Some consider the modern deep-faced driver to be equally irreplaceable; this is cause for some debate, as professional players including Tiger Woods have played and won tournaments without using a driver, instead using a 3-wood for tee shots and making up the difference on the approach using a lower-lofted iron.", "The above set is only 12 clubs; these (or equivalent hybrid substitutes) are found in virtually every golf bag. To this, players typically add two of the following:", "The merchandising opportunities of numbered clubs and matching sets was a great boon to manufacturers. In 1938 the USGA limited the number of clubs a player could carry in any particular round of golf to fourteen. (including the Driver and the Putter)", "Fourteen clubs are the maximum allowed in one player's golf bag during a round played under the Rules of Golf . Any number below 14 is fine, but more than 14 is not.", "There are rules and regulations that stipulate what type and how many golf clubs can be carried in a golfer’s bag. The optimum type and number of clubs can vary by age, gender, and of course experience and skill. The maximum number of clubs allowed for any golfer to carry during a given round is 14. However, it may not be necessary to carry that many clubs.", "Plus, the Rules of Golf allow you to carry a maximum of 14 clubs in your bag. (That doesn't mean you have to carry 14, though; you can carry fewer if you wish.)", "Eagles & Birdies Magnetic 345 Golf Bag  The flagship of the Eagles & birdies range, this bag is engineered with cutting-edge magnetic features, including magnetic openings in the six stadium pockets, and magnetic head cover and ball marker port. This bag includes a 14way full length individual horizontal and vertical dividers organize and protect your club shafts and grips, as well as concave indentations to slot your clubs into place. The bag also has an integrated waterproof rain cover underneath the cooler pocket. The high performance water repellent fabric is also further enhanced with laser lamination technology which prolongs fabric structure. The three very popular ‘stadium’ side pockets provide optimum positioning to get quick and easy access to all your golfing necessities. Other features are a waterproof velour lined valuables pocket, oversize cooler pocket with drainage holes, a semi umbrella sheath positioned at the front of the bag, magnetic ball markers and lift assist handles. Five colour combinations available in Eagles Birdies premium legendary fabric. www.underpar.com.au; (02) 9417 4055", "A 4 Wood is a versatile club off the tee and from the deck, and if you find a favorite it can live in your bag forever.", "I was talking to a golf fanatic (who bored me sh*tless) in the cricket club over the weekend and the question of how many clubs came up I answered 18 he came back with 14, as I had put 14 on your quiz and been told 18 on the answers I had thought no more about it but his reply made me check up. I got this from 'wiki' \"A maximum of fourteen clubs is allowed in a player's bag at one time during a stipulated round. The choice of clubs is at the golfer's discretion, although every club must be constructed in accordance with parameters outlined in the rules. (Clubs which meet these parameters are usually called 'conforming'.) Violation of these rules can result in disqualification.\" Methinks I need an extra point (and anyone else who answered 14).", "Prior the 20th Century, when golf clubs had wooden shafts and for example woods were made out of wood, the grass club was a club, whose loft most closely matched today's drivers. Nowadays the term is actually not any more in use. A commonly used synonym is play club.", "A special golf club is called gap wedge. Characteristic for the gap wedge is, that it has a high loft and therefore it provides more precision and multiplicity and usually it is used in order to play short shots into the putting green. With regard to the loft this golf club closes the gap between the pitching wedge and the sand wedge. The gap wedge is also known as attack wedge , approach wedge or a-wedge .", "There are many different types of golf clubs that a player can choose from. These clubs are designed to hit the ball varying distances and come with assorted degrees of loft to get the ball into the air. The typical set of golf clubs is composed of a combination of different clubs so that players have one for every shot they may be faced with.", "b. Sports Any of a series of golf clubs used to hit long shots, having a bulbous head made of wood, metal, or graphite, and numbered one to five in order of increasing loft.", "The set comprises of a lofted Driver, Mid Iron, Mashie, Mashie Niblick, Niblick ans Putter. All with good lofts and swing weights and fitted with matching hide grips except for putter which has a period grip. The clubs have been fully restored to play condition.", "(i) An implement used by a player to hit a golf ball. A player is allowed to carry up to fourteen (14) clubs during a round of golf. (ii) An organised group of golfers , usually owning or managing a golf course. (iii) The entirety of a golf facility, including course, club-house, pro-shop, practice areas etc.", "2002 CALLAWAY GOLF CLUBS BIG BERTHA 8 PIECE IRON SET STEEL BIG BERTHA X-12 IRON. And 1 Callaway Big Bertha X-12 IRONS-S. CALLAWAY GOLF CLUBS- 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 One W 50?. ALL 9 GOLF CLUBS ARE IN USED...", "TaylorMade R11s TMX stand bag The perfect companion for 18 tees and 18 greens includes five pockets, a pivot shoulder-strap system, hardware and towel clips and weighs a mere 6.8lbs.", "Girls Junior Golf Club Set with Stand Bag for Kids Ages 8-12 Pink Color Right Handed Premium Professional Quality", "Higher-number woods are generally known as fairway woods and, as their name suggests, are designed for shots from off the turf of the fairway that still require long distance, such as the second shot of a par-5 or a long par-4 hole. They have two important features: a higher loft to lift the ball out of the turf and over low obstacles like hills, and a shallower face height which allows a player to hit a ball from the ground using the exact center of the club, providing greater distance for such shots. These two design features enable players to hit fairway woods off the ground with greater ease than modern deep-faced drivers. Fairway woods are also useful off the tee depending on the hole; players may for instance wish to play their tee shot short (known as \"laying up\") due to a dogleg or a hazard in range of their driver, and will opt instead for their 3-wood. Fairway woods are typically made with a slightly shorter and stiffer shaft, a smaller clubhead and more loft than a driver or 2-wood.", "The xcg6 is the longest fairway wood in golf. Independent tests prove it. The new powerhouse design features a 15-3-3-3 beta titanium cup face, a high density steel body and a tungsten sole plate which are combo brazed to create the ultimate in power and forgiveness. If distance and perfection is important to you; try Exotics at your local Pro Shop or Speciality golf Retailer. We guarantee you wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be disappointed.", "What is for certain, though, is that the golf club you’re using plays a major role in how far you can hit. In this guide, we’ll go over the various types of golf clubs a golfer has at their disposal, and study the average golf club distances of each. Don’t let your skill go to waste on the wrong golf club!" ]

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[ "Your blood contains three types of cells: white blood cells, which fight off infection; platelets, which help blood to clot; and red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs throughout your body. Red blood cells are made in your bone marrow. They contain hemoglobin, an iron-based protein that helps blood cells carry oxygen. With anemia, your body either does not make enough red blood cells, or loses them faster than they can be replaced.", "Red blood cells circulate in the blood and carry oxygen throughout the body. They are produced in the bone marrow and then released into the bloodstream as they mature. RBCs have a typical lifespan of about 120 days and are continuously renewed and replaced as they age and degrade or are lost through bleeding. A relatively stable number of RBCs is maintained in the circulation by increasing or decreasing the rate of production by the bone marrow.", "Red blood cells bring oxygen to the body's tissues. Healthy red blood cells are made in your bone marrow. Red blood cells circulate through your body for 3 to 4 months. Parts of your body, such as your spleen, remove old blood cells.", "Red blood cells play an important role in your health by carrying fresh oxygen throughout the body.", "Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes, their primary function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells all around the body. They do this through haemoglobin, an iron containing protein that actually carries the oxygen and gives blood its red colour.", "Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin, a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. Red blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow and after approximately seven days of maturation are released into the bloodstream. Unlike many other cells, red blood cells have no nucleus and can easily change shape, helping them fit through the various blood vessels in your body. However, while the lack of a nucleus makes a red blood cell more flexible, it also limits the life of the cell as it travels through the smallest blood vessels, damaging the cell's membranes and depleting its energy supplies. The red blood cell survives on average only 120 days.", "Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system. RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries.", "RBCS have a shape of a disk that appears to be “caved in” or almost flattened in the middle; this is called bi-concave. This bi-concave shape allows the RBC to carry oxygen and pass through even the smallest capillaries in the lungs. This shape also allows RBCs to stack like dinner plates and bend as they flow smoothly through the narrow blood vessels in the body. RBCs lack a nucleus (no DNA) and no organelles, meaning that these cells cannot divide or replicate themselves like the cells in our skin and muscles. RBCs have a short life span of about 120 days, however, as long as our myeloid tissue is working correctly, we will produce about 2-3 million RBCs per second. That is about 200 billion a day! This allows us to have more to replace the ones we lose.", "Oxygen (O2) is the most immediate need of every cell and is carried throughout the body by the blood circulation. Oxygen is used at the cellular level as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (the primary method of generating ATP for cellular reactions). Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen when passing through the alveoli of the lungs and releases oxygen in the warmer, more acidic environment of bodily tissues, via simple diffusion.", "The erythrocytes, or red blood cells, make up the largest population of blood cells, numbering from 4.5 million to 6 million per cubic millimeter of blood. They carry out the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues. To effectively combine with oxygen, the erythrocytes must contain a normal amount of the red protein pigment hemoglobin , the amount of which in turn depends on the iron level in the body. A deficiency of iron and therefore of hemoglobin leads to anemia and poor oxygenation of the body tissues.", "You make millions of blood cells every day. Each type of cell has an expected lifespan. For example, red blood cells normally last about 120 days. Some white blood cells last just hours or days - some last longer. Every day millions of blood cells die and are broken down at the end of their lifespan. There is normally a fine balance between the number of blood cells that you make and the number that die and are broken down. Various factors help to maintain this balance. For example, certain hormones in the bloodstream, and chemicals in the bone marrow, called growth factors, help to regulate the number of blood cells that are made. Erythropoietin is a hormone made in the kidneys which increases production of red blood cells and is used to treat some blood disorders. It is also known as EPO and is one of the most widely known drugs used to enhance athletic performance; it is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency.", "The rate of blood cell production is controlled by the body's needs. Normal blood cells last for a limited time (ranging from a few hours to a few days for white blood cells, to about 10 days for platelets, to about 120 days for red blood cells) and must be replaced constantly. Certain conditions may trigger additional production of blood cells. When the oxygen content of body tissues is low or the number of red blood cells decreases, the kidneys produce and release erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. The bone marrow produces and releases more white blood cells in response to infections. It produces and releases more platelets in response to bleeding.", "formation of red blood cells; carry oxygen from the lungs to the reast of the body and return carbon dioxide and other waste products", "red blood cells carry oxygen around the body and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products; they give blood its red colour", "*Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are transporters. The role of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen. To do this, they contain great quantities of hemoglobin, which carry oxygen molecules and give blood its distinct red colour. Blood that has passed through the heart and been oxygenated (oxygenated blood travels through the arteries) tends to have a brighter shade of red as opposed to blood that is returning to the heart (in the veins). There are about 30 trillion erythrocytes circulating in the human blood at any given time.", "Erythrocyte Red blood cells  (RBCs),  also called erythrocytes,  are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen  (O2)  to the body tissues--via blood flow through the circulatory system.  RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries.", "Erythrocytes: They are also known as Red Blood Cells (RBC). They are the most abundant of all the cells in blood. A healthy adult man has, on an average, 5 millions to 5.5 millions of RBCs mm–3 of blood. RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow in the adults. RBCs are devoid of nucleus in most of the mammals and are biconcave in shape. They have a red coloured, iron containing complex protein called haemoglobin, hence the colour and name of these cells. A healthy individual has 12-16 gms of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood. These molecules play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases. RBCs have an average life span of 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen. Hence, spleen is also known as the graveyard of RBCs.", "A hormone called erythropoietin and low oxygen levels regulate the production of RBCs. Any factor that decreases the oxygen level in the body, such as lung disease or anemia (low number of RBCs), increases the level of erythropoietin in the body. Erythropoietin then stimulates production of RBCs by stimulating the stem cells to produce more RBCs and increasing how quickly they mature. Ninety percent of erythropoietin is made in the kidneys . When both kidneys are removed, or when kidney failure is present, that person becomes anemic due to lack of erythropoietin. Iron, vitamin B-12 and folate are essential in the production of RBCs.", "The Red blood cells, known as erythrocytes consist of a special protein called haemoglobin that distribute oxygen to all parts of the body and eliminate carbon dioxide from the tissues.  These cells make up 40 to 45 % of the blood with the haemoglobin containing iron that gives them the characteristic bright red colour.", "First of all, I think I will focus only on those cells in your body which are your own. That means that I won't count the 40 trillion bacterial cells that live in body. However, as you note above, most of the cells in your body are Red Blood Cells (aka Erythrocytes, or just RBCs). There are about 30 trillion of these, and we know that they have a lifespan of only 120 days. That means that every 120 days, your body has gone through 30 trillion RBCs. That doesn't mean that all 30 trillion of them are made at the same time, or that they all die at the same time, but at any given time you can be certain that all of the RBCs you had 4 months ago are gone.", "Our erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the most abundant cell type in the human body. Additionally, erythrocytes are anucleated, which means they don't have a nucleus. This extra room allows for more hemoglobin to be stored in our red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment , which binds to either oxygen or carbon dioxide. This allows oxygen to be transported around our body to our tissues and organs (and carbon dioxide to be taken away). Hemoglobin is largely comprised of iron, which when combined with oxygen, gives blood its red color. Additionally, blood helps cycle nutrients and hormones throughout our bodies.", "The blood contains more red blood cells than any other type of cell. In a single drop of blood there are millions of red blood cells .", "The body contains more RBCs than any other type of cell, and each has a life span of about 4 months. Each day, the body produces new RBCs to replace those that die or are lost from the body.", "Erythroblast (Erythro- blast ) - immature nucleus containing cell found in bone marrow that forms erythrocytes (red blood cells).", "Understand what is blood made up of. An adult human has about 4–6 liters (1.6 US gal) of blood circulating in the body. Among other things, blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body. Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues. The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example. The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.", "Red blood cells become healthy. They are far apart, wrapped in a layer of oxygen and move freely in the entire body.", "An RBC contains hemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it.", "An erythroblast is a type of red blood cell which still retains a cell nucleus. It is the immediate precursor of a normal erythrocyte.", "From this lesson you will learn about the cells in the body called erythrocytes. Find out how they are specifically designed to complete their functions related to oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "Erythrocyte formation (erythropoiesis) in adults takes place in the bone marrow, principally in the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hip bone, diploë of cranial bones, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur. erythrocytes arise from large nucleated stem cells (promegaloblasts), which give rise to pronormoblasts, in which hemoglobin appears. These become normoblasts, which extrude their nuclei. erythrocytes at this stage possess a fine reticular network and are known as reticulocytes. This reticular structure is usually lost before the cells enter circulation as mature erythrocytes. The proper formation of erythrocytes depends primarily on nutrition, with protein, iron, and copper essential for the formation of hemoglobin, and vitamin B12 and folic acid necessary for DNA synthesis in stem cells of the red bone marrow.", "Human erythrocytes are produced through a process named erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days. When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant). At the end of their lifespan, they become senescent, and are removed from circulation. In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the erythrocytes is markedly reduced (e.g. patients requiring haemodialysis).", "Mammalian erythrocytes are unique among the vertebrates as they are non-nucleated cells in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis, but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin. The enucleated erythrocytes, called reticulocytes, go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum." ]

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[ "Iron is the element with atomic number 26 and symbol Fe (from the latin ferrum) and is a metal in the first transition series. It is the Earth's most common element (by mass), forming much of Earth's outer and inner core and the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Iron is very common in rocky planets, like Earth, due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars and supernova explosions. It has been known for at least 5000 years although its tendency to rust means few ancient objects survive intact.", "Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.", "\"Iron\" : \"Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.\",", "Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element ...", "Iron is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 element and is therefore classified as a transition metal. Iron and iron alloys (steels) are by far the most common metals and the most common ferromagnetic materials in everyday use.", "Iron. Iron - chemical symbol Fe (latin: ferrum), atomic number 26 - is a lustrous, silvery soft metal, metallic, ferromagnetic chemical element in the group of ...", "Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from , ultimately from ferre to bear or carry) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to the most common isotope of iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic. Consequently, radioactive nickel is the last element to be produced before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters this precursor radionuclide of stable iron into space.", "Iron in its pure form is a malleable, ductile, silvery metal.  The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal, iren; the chemical symbol \"Fe\" is derived from the Latin word for iron, ferrum.  It is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, having a concentration of about 4.1% by mass.  Its most common ores are hematite [iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3], magnetite [Fe3O4, actually a mixture of Fe2O3 and iron(II) oxide, FeO], goethite and lepidocrocite [iron(III) oxide hydroxide, FeO(OH)], and siderite [iron(II) carbonate, FeCO3].", "The chemical symbol for iron is Fe. That symbol comes from the Latin name for iron, ferrum.", "metallic chemical element; symbol Fe [Lat. ferrum]; at. no. 26; at. wt. 55.845; m.p. about 1,535&degC;; b.p. about 2,750&degC;; sp. gr. 7.87 at 20&degC;; valence +2, +3, +4, or +6. Iron is biologically significant.", "Iron was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name : from the Anglo-Saxon word \"iron\" or \"iren\" (the origin of the symbol Fe comes from the Latin word \"ferrum\" meaning \"iron\"). Possibly the word iron is derived from earlier words meaning \"holy metal\" because it was used to make the swords used in the Crusades..", "Iron was discovered by Known since ancient times at no data in not known. Origin of name : from the Anglo-Saxon word \"iron\" or \"iren\" (the origin of the symbol Fe comes from the Latin word \"ferrum\" meaning \"iron\"). Possibly the word iron is derived from earlier words meaning \"holy metal\" because it was used to make the swords used in the Crusades.", "Name: Iron derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon 'iren'. The element symbol , Fe, was shortened from the Latin word 'ferrum' meaning 'firmness'.", "The Latin names of these elements are commemorated in their atomic symbols, Au (aurum) for gold and Fe (ferrum) for iron.", "What's in a name? From the Anglo-Saxon word iron. Iron's chemical symbol comes from the Latin word for iron, ferrum. Say what? Iron is pronounced as EYE-ern.", "A metallic element, atomic no. 26, atomic wt. 55.847, which occurs in the heme of hemoglobin, myoglobin, transferrin, ferritin, and iron-containing porphyrins, and is an essential component of enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and the various cytochromes; its salts are used medicinally. For individual salts not listed below, see ferric and ferrous entries.", "atomic number 26 - a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood", "Step #1 - the first part of the name is the root of the first element in the formula plus a suffix. For iron the root to use is \"ferr-\". The suffix will be either \"-ous\" or \"-ic.\"", "Iron is an element that has been known in its pure form for at least 5,000 years. The name \"iron\" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word \"iron\" and Scandinavian \"iarn\" for the metal.", "The symbol is Lr since 1963; formerly Lw was used. Unniltrium was used as a temporary systematic element name . [12]", "Still, the influence of Latin at least hasn't quite died out on the periodic table. There's a long lag today between the discovery of an element in a lab and when that element is declared official by outside chemists. And between those times, elements receive three-letter Latin abbreviations, based on their number. The letter u stands for un-, one; the letter b for bi-; t for tri-; and so on. Hence the provisional Element 113 is Uut, ununtrium, and 114 is Uuq, ununquadrium, etc. These symbols and names are about the last holdout of what was once the most dominant language in all of science.", "Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is one of the two least electronegative elements, the other being caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron. Bulk francium has never been viewed. Because of the general appearance of the other elements in its periodic table column, it is assumed that francium would appear as a highly reflective metal, if enough could be collected together to be viewed as a bulk solid or liquid. However preparing such a sample is impossible, since the extreme heat of decay would immediately vaporize any viewable quantity of the element. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in France in 1939. It was the last element discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis. Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts found in uranium and thorium ores, where the isotope francium-223 continually forms and decays. As little as 20–30 g exists at any given time throughout the Earth's crust; the other isotopes are entirely synthetic. The largest amount produced in the laboratory was a cluster of more than 300,000 atoms.", "Russium was a suggested name for element 114 but was rejected due to it having previously been suggested for a false discovery of element 43. However, the eventual name given to the element, flerovium, had also been previously suggested and rejected for element 102. Under IUPAC rules, this should mean that the name doesn’t get another shot at being used for another element; it’s unclear why IUPAC overlooked their own rule in this particular case.", "\"Tungsten\" : \"Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.\",", "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.", ":\"As the name for the element of atomic number 96 we should like to propose \"curium\", with symbol Cm. The evidence indicates that element 96 contains seven 5f electrons and is thus analogous to the element gadolinium with its seven 4f electrons in the regular rare earth series. On this base element 96 is named after the Curies in a manner analogous to the naming of gadolinium, in which the chemist Gadolin was honored.\"", "Symbol S A pale-yellow, brittle nonmetallic element that occurs widely in nature, especially in volcanic deposits, many common minerals, natural gas, and petroleum. It is used to make gunpowder and fertilizer, to vulcanize rubber, and to produce sulfuric acid. Atomic number 16. See Periodic Table .", "Wolfram is the german name for tungsten (atomic number 74) and the name from which its symbol (W) is derived. It is a hard, rare metal which is found naturally only in compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. It has the highest melting point of all the elements and forms many useful alloys.", "Rhenium, atomic number 75 with symbol Re, is a silvery-white, hard, transition metal with a high melting point. In 1925, it was discovered by the Germans, Noddack, Tache and Berg, and was the last of the stable elements to be discovered. It is one of the rarest naturally occurring elements and it is named after the river Rhine. Rhenium is a constituent of high-temperature superalloys used to make jet engine parts.", "Francium is a heavy chemical element. Its atomic number is 87 and its chemical symbol is Fr. It is highly radioactive alkali metal.", "This element was once named, unnilhexium; Symbol: Unh; which is the Latin equivalent for the number \"106\".", "chemical element with the atomic number 44, and is represented by the symbol Ru . It is a rare transition metal" ]

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[ "A quire of paper is a measure of paper quantity. The usual meaning is 25 sheets of the same size and quality: of a ream of 500 sheets. Quires of 25 sheets are often used for machine-made paper, while quires of 24 sheets are often used for handmade or specialised paper of 480-sheet reams. (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a quire was originally 24 sheets. ) Quires of 15, 18 or 20 sheets have also been used, depending on the type of paper. ", "Used for measuring paper. Sometimes 24 sheets but more often 25. There are 20 quires to a ream.", "The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the size and type of paper being sold. Reams of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) were known in England in c1594; in 1706 a ream was defined as 20 quires, either 24 or 25 sheets to the quire. In 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the size of the ream varied widely. In Lombardy a ream of music paper was 450 or 480 sheets; in Britain, Holland and Germany a ream of 480 sheets was common; in the Veneto it was more frequently 500. Some paper manufacturers counted 546 sheets (21 quires of 26 sheets). J.S. Bach's manuscript paper at Weimar was ordered by the ream of 480 sheets. In 1840, a ream in Lisbon was 17 quires and 3 sheets 428 sheets, and a double ream was 18 quires and 2 sheets ", "A ream is 500 sheets of paper. As there were 24 sheets in a quire, and 20 quires made up a ream, there used to be 480 sheets in a ream. Ever since the standard was changed to 500, a 480-sheet packet of paper has been called a \"short ream\".", " 434 sheets; and in Bremen, blotting or packing paper was sold in reams of 300 (20 quires of 15 sheets). A mid-19th century Milanese-Italian dictionary has an example for a risma (ream) as being either 450 or 480 sheets. ", "a traditional unit of quantity used for counting sheets of paper. The word is thought to be derived from the Arabic rizmah, meaning a bundle. A ream is equal to 20 quires , which would be 480 sheets with the traditional definition of a quire as 24 sheets. In recent years, however, the ream has been redefined to equal 500 sheets. (Working backwards, this changes the definition of a quire from 24 to 25 sheets.) The new definition reflects the current practice of marketing many kinds of paper in packages of 500 sheets. The older size of 480 sheets is now called a short ream.", "A paper ream is a package of 500 sheets of paper of the same quality and style that have been cut to the same size. Consumers often purchase paper in the form of reams, while printers may work in even bigger volumes. This amount is also used as unit of base measurement for calculating the weight of paper, which is a reference to its density. Weight is usually indicated with the pound symbol (#), often on the endcap of a ream so that consumers can refer to this information when selecting paper.", "1. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) a set of 24 or 25 sheets of paper; a twentieth of a ream", "1. a standard quantity of paper, consisting of 20 quires or 500 sheets (formerly 480 sheets), or 516 sheets.", "*480 sheets – (20 short quires of 24 sheets) – now called 'short' ream (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a ream was previously equal to 480 sheets.)", "A paper bale is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 5,000 sheets. A bale consists of 5 bundles, 10 reams or 200 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 4800 sheets.", "the traditional ream of 480 sheets of paper. The standard size for the ream has been increased in recent years to 500 sheets.", "It is fairly common these days to see specialist papers sold in 100 sheet (4 quire) packages and heavier weight card (160gsm+) being sold in 250 sheet (10 quire) packages.", "# is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper.  This is", "Area of paper in a ream, as indicated by (inches width) x (inches length) x (number of sheets / ream).", "Example: “20 lb paper” can mean that a reference ream of 500 pages in format 24×36 in has a total mass of 20 pounds. The particular reference ream size of 24 in × 36 in × 500 pages = 278.70912 m²/ream is often used in news-print applications. With 453.59237 g/lb and 278.70912 m²/ream, we get a conversion factor of about 1 lb/ream = 1.63 g/m². But that factor applies only for the news-print reference ream size 24×36 in, which is by no means universal!", "Aluminium is produced in commercial foils as thin as 0.0065 mm (or 6.5 µm). Material thicker than 0.2mm is called sheet or strip.", "Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web, sheet, strand, or fiber; especially subclasses 175 + , 190, 193+, 196+, and 365 for such a product including mechanically interengaged strand or strand portions (e.g., woven, knitted) and subclass 62 for metallic composite in which a component has a semiconductor base.", "The unit into which a full sheet is divided before sale at post offices. The \"sheets\" that one normally sees at post offices are panes. Most United States full sheets are divided into four regular panes or many more booklet panes before they are shipped to post offices.", "Coil Stock A sheet (usually prefinished aluminum), commonly packaged 12 to 30 inches wide on a 50-foot roll. Used for external covering and trim, shaped and cut using a brake.", "Paper kept in stock by a printer and suitable for a variety of printing jobs. Also called floor sheet.", "Basic Size: The standard sheet size from which the basis weight of a given grade of paper is determined.", "A transitional size called PA4 (210 × 280 mm/8.27 × 11.02 in) was proposed for inclusion into the ISO 216 standard in 1975. It has the height of Canadian P4 paper (215 mm × 280 mm, about 8½ in × 11 in) and the width of international A4 paper (210 × 297 mm/8.27 × 11.69 in). The table to the right, shows how this format can be generalized into an entire format series.", "** A quarto volume is typically about by , roughly the size of most modern magazines. A sheet folded in quarto (also 4to or 4º) is folded in half twice at right angles to make four leaves. Also called: eight-page signature.", "This item TOPS Notebook Filler Paper, College Ruled, 8.5 x 5.5 Inches, Hole Punched, Heavyweight, 100 Sheets/Pack (62304)", "A transitional size called PA4 (210 ×) was proposed for inclusion into the ISO 216 standard in 1975. It has the height of Canadian P4 paper (215 mm × 280 mm, about  in × 11 in) and the width of international A4 paper (210 ×), i.e. it uses the smaller value among the two for each side. The table below, shows how this format can be generalized into an entire format series.", "2 × 11 in (215.9 × 279.4 mm) “letter” size which it assigned “ANSI A”. This series also includes “ledger”/”tabloid” as “ANSI B”. This series is somewhat similar to the ISO standard in that cutting a sheet in half would produce two sheets of the next smaller size. Unlike the ISO standard, however, the arbitrary aspect ratio forces this series to have two alternating aspect ratios. The ANSI series is shown below.", "Large sheet size 27.5\"x54\"(69x138cm) *Sold in bundles of 5. 10, 50, 100. Please see quantity prices below to order.   ", "Answer: Size 276mm x 209mm x 43mm; 800 pages = 400 sheets with an area of 0.0577 m2 at 0.080 kg per sq. metre = 1.8459 kg.", "As well as the ISO 'A' paper sizes, there are 'B' and 'C' sizes as well. They have the same proportions but a different starting point.", "10r Black, block of 6 with large to enormous margins tied to reverse of folded wrapper to Obidos by light though legible red-brown octagonal boxed GRAMPARA cancels, very fine (RHM $550 for block of 6 on cover)", "The ISO 216 A, B and C drawing series - dimensions of regular, oversized and envelope sheets" ]

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[ "What is going on here? Decimate always meant to reduce something by one tenth. I would prove that point to others using M-W. The definition is now changed to match the incorrect common usage?", "Decimate literally means to kill every tenth person, but has come to mean to inflict heavy casualties. Avoid using it to refer to complete destruction (the city was completely decimated) or when a percentage is specified (the disaster decimated 23 percent of the population).", "* To reduce something by one tenth is to decimate. (In ancient Rome, the killing of one in ten soldiers in a cohort was the punishment for cowardice or mutiny; or, one-tenth of the able-bodied men in a village as a form of retribution, thus causing a labor shortage and threat of starvation in agrarian societies.)", "Yes, originally “decimate” meant to destroy one tenth, but if 95% of native English speakers think it refers to widespread destruction, in what sense can we say it “means” (rather than “meant”) one tenth?", "A “critically endangered” species has experienced a loss in population of 80% or more over the past 10 years or the past three generations, whichever time period is longer. “Critically endangered” can also mean an 80% population reduction that is expected to take place in the next 10 years (or next three generations). A species can also be labeled “critically endangered” if it has become extremely fragmented (living in scattered locations or even a single location). Other criteria that is used when listing a species as critically endangered includes:", "Some people are of the opinion that the word decimate should properly only be used to refer to a punishment or event in which every tenth person is killed, since that is how the word was used by the ancient Romans.", "Whenever we talk about a percentage, it is important to specify what it is relative to, i.e. what is the total that corresponds to 100%. The following problem illustrates this point.", "# An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 50% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.", "Usage: One talks about the whole of something being decimated, not a part: disease decimated the population, not disease decimated most of the population", "One talks about the whole of something being decimated, not a part: disease decimated the population, not disease decimated most of the population", "The inference of a reduction in population size of 50% was supported by a simple simulation in which the population was assumed to increase at a constant rate of 4% per year and the direct and incidental removals (as indicated by points (1), (2) and (3) above) were estimated realistically. This simulation showed that a decline of more than 50% in the last three generations would be required for the current population size to be about 15,000.", "* Decimation — a sentence carried out against an entire unit that had mutinied, deserted, or shown dereliction of duty. One out of every ten men, chosen by lots, would be beaten to death, usually by the other nine with their bare hands, who would be forced to live outside the camp and in some instances obliged to renew the military oath, the sacramentum.", "Slovic said people probably are inappropriately -- and unconsciously -- using a similar metric in humanitarian crises: Failing to save only half the victims in a tragedy seems less dreadful than failing to save 93 percent of the victims of another tragedy. The mathematical side of our brain could tell us the absolute number of victims saved is more important than the percentage of survivors, but our analytical side isn't usually in charge.", "To determine verb usage, follow this guideline: When the subject is a fraction or a word such as \"half,\" \"part,\" \"plenty\" or \"rest,\" its intended number is suggested by the object of the preposition that follows it. Examples: Three-fourths of the enemy's army is wounded. Three-fourths of the enemy's soldiers are wounded. ", "The amount of a specified fuel type or strata that is removed through the fire process, often expressed as a percentage of the preburn weight.", "The key word \"less\" suggests subtraction, but subtracting will yield a wrong answer in Part (a) of the next problem.", "Shrinkage: Reductions of actual quantities of items in stock, in process, or in transit. The loss may be caused by scrap, theft, deterioration, evaporation, etc.", "I don't like how people use the word decimate. It doesn't mean to wipe things out. Words are precise tools, not blunt instruments.", "cut - v. to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to reduce", "Method of computing a deduction to account for a reduction in value of extractable natural resources.", "used preceding a noun or determiner of quantity: a cupful, a dozen eggs, a great many, to read a lot", "Technically, the term for the total number of people who are killed, wounded, or captured in a battle. Use of this word varies, but historians generally follow this convention.", "Choose the right preposition: Cannery Row which produces a tougher breed than the rest _________ the town was late in contracting it, but finally it got them too. The schools were closed", "(transitive; foll by off or out) to remove hastily, carelessly, or roughly: they ripped out all the old kitchen units", "Extirpation - To extirpate a species is to remove, exterminate, or eradicate it from an area. For example, overhunting and trapping has caused the loss of many of the large predators in Grand Canyon National Park. Source: National Park Service", "Rate Of Removal -- An inexactly-defined term that can mean either rate of exploitation or rate of fishing--depending on the context .", "eviscerate - take away a vital or essential part of; \"the compromise among the parties eviscerated the bill that had been proposed\"", "1. Deforestation- destroying the forest and converted it into land to build different structures. So animals lost their natural habitat in the forest. And also they lose their source of food. When it happen, animals died and become endangered then they will extinct.", "\"full\" (the word, meaning \"having no space for any more\") vs. \"-ful\" (the suffix, meaning \"full of\").", "If a large number of people are murdered, the words slaughter or massacre are sometimes used.", "Think of a car with missing parts: Imagine you see a car, and your friend says, \"What's that?\" You say, \"It's a car\". Imagine that the car is missing a wheel, and your friend asks you the same question. Still, you say, \"It's a car\". But what if all four wheels were gone, and the doors were gone, and the engine was gone. Then, what would you say when your friend asked, \"What's that?\" You might say something like, \"Junk\". We may not know the exact point of change, but somewhere along the way, in removing the parts, you'd naturally stop saying, \"It's a car\".", "In some areas, where the population is large, they destroy a large number of trees by tearing off the bark. This in turn can lead to a loss of food sources as well as a loss of wood that can be used to provide shelter." ]

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[ "Several types of green teas are commonly rolled into \"gunpowder\" form, including Chunmee , Tieguanyin , Huang Guanyin , and Dong Ding , as well as many other oolong and higher-end jasmine teas .", "The origin of the English term may come from the tea's similarity in appearance to actual gunpowder: greyish, dark pellets of irregular shape used as explosive propellant for early guns. The name may also have arisen from the fact that the grey-green leaf is tightly rolled into a tiny pellet and \"explodes\" into a long leaf upon being steeped in hot water. Another explanation is that the tea can also have a smoky flavor.", "In addition to the broad categories based on fermentation, teas are also identified by a leaf-grading system. For black teas, the grades are: souchong, orange pekoe, and pekoe. For green teas, the leaf grades are: gunpowder and young hyson. There are several other identifiers for types of tea, including classic blends (such as Earl Grey) and districts (such as Darjeeling).", "Green tea is usually brewed and drunk as a beverage. Green tea extracts can be taken in capsules and are sometimes used in skin products.", "Gunpowder has a light yellow-green brew and a mild grassy taste, with a slightly smoky character. The tea leaves are rolled into tiny pearls or pellets that resemble old-time gunpowder.", "The projectile is the munition or \"bullet\" fired downrange. This may or may not be an explosive device. Traditionally, projectiles have been classified as \"shot\" or \"shell\", the former being solid and the latter having some form of \"payload\".", "Projectile Object, such as a bullet or shell, that is propelled from a weapon by anexplosive propelling charge.", "A projectile containing an explosive component that acts on contact with the target. Seldom found and generally ineffective as such bullets lack the penetration necessary for defense or hunting.", "ARMSTRONG PROJECTILE: But one kind of projectile is used in the Armstrong breech-loading guns for the field-service, and this is so constructed as to act as a shot, shell, or case-shot, at pleasure. It consists, as shown in Fig. 1, of a very thin cast-iron shell, snugly inclosing forty-two segment-shaped pieces of cast-iron (B B), built up so as to form a cylindrical cavity in the center (D), which contains the bursting-charge and the concussion-fuze. The exterior of the shell is thinly coated with lead (C C), which is applied by placing the shell in a mold and pouring it in a melted state. The lead is also allowed to percolate among the segments, so as to fill up the interstices, the central cavity being kept open by the insertion of a steel core. In this state the projectile is so compact that it may be fired without injury; while its resistance to a bursting-charge is so small that less than one ounce of powder is required to burst it. When the projectile is to be fired as a shot, it requires no preparation; but the expediency of using it otherwise than as a shell is doubted.", "The projectile represented in Fig. 2 has a thick circular plate of copper attached to its base by means of a screw-bolt at its center. To prevent it from turning around this bolt there are three pins, or dowels, fastened into the base of the projectile, and projecting into corresponding holes in the circular plate. This plate is slightly cupped, and the angle between it and the bottom of the projectile is filled with a greased cord for lubricating the bore of the gun.  This projectile is referred to as a \"Tennessee Cup or Sabot\" and often called a \"Mullane\" shell.", "From the earliest period, gunpowder has been composed of a nitrate salt, sulfur, and carbonaceous matter. The Nitrate component is the Oxidizing agent, Sulfur is a low melting Reducing agent and serves to aid in the transfer of heat through the gunpowder mass, and Carbon is a reducing component producing hot, high pressure gas. The utility of gunpowder lies in its ability to accelerate a projectile by the explosive expansion of gas. The development of new explosive materials in the 19th century naturally led to improvements in the rate and magnitude of pressure rise as well as new means for ignition of the charge.", "ROCKET: A projectile set in motion by a force within itself. Most rockets were composed of a strong case of paper or wrought iron containing a composition of nitre, charcoal, and sulphur. This composition was designed to burn slower than gunpowder. The rocket head was either a solid shot, shell, or spherical case-shot and the base was perforated by one or more vents. The majority of Civil War rockets were patterned after William Hales design. The Hale rocket had three vents in the base for stability and rotation and no guide stick. The Confederates also used a pattern designed by Colonel William Congreve. The Congreve rocket used a directing stick which was inserted directly through the case. The size of rockets were indicated by the diameter of the cases in inches or by weight.", "These “clay” targets have several significant disadvantages. First, they are made from materials such as calcium carbonate—limestone, pitch, and latex paint that are generally not bio-degradable or otherwise environmentally friendly. In fact, the waste from one year's worth of shattered clays would extend for more than 39,000 miles—more than 1� times around the earth at the equator. Biodegradable targets made from environmentally friendly materials such as bird seed and sugar, such as the target disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,581, have been largely unsuccessful because they do not withstand the force of being thrown from the launching device. Another reason biodegradable targets have been unsuccessful is that they tend to crumble when they impact projectile ammunition which does not provide the definite visual and audible indication of impact provided by the shattering of traditional clay targets.", "[For additional technical details regarding the Hindenburg’s covering and “rocket fuel,” see: The Hindenburg Hydrogen Fire: Fatal Flaws in the Addison Bain Incendiary-Paint Theory, A. J. Dessler “Dressler” – download pdf ]", "Proponents of this hypothesis point out that the coatings on the fabric contained both iron oxide and aluminum-impregnated cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) which remain potentially reactive even after fully setting. Iron oxide and aluminum can be used as components of solid rocket fuel or thermite. For example, the propellant for the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster includes both \"aluminum (fuel, 16%), (and) iron oxide (a catalyst, 0.4%)\". The coating applied to the Hindenburg's covering did not have a sufficient quantity of any material capable of acting as an oxidizer, which is a necessary component of rocket fuel, however, oxygen is also available from the air.", "Cordite is a smokeless propellant used in munitions, including artillery shells, naval guns, mortars and rifle cartridges.", "These newer propellants were more stable and thus safer to handle than Poudre B, and also more powerful. Today, propellants based on nitrocellulose alone are known as single-base, whereas cordite-like mixtures are known as double-base. A triple-base flashless cordite was also developed, primarily for large naval guns, but also used in battle tank ammunition.", "On the next page, the villain diverts the heat seeking missile with a molotov cocktail he happened to be carrying.", "Highly nitrated cellulose—i.e., nitrocellulose containing more than approximately 12.5 percent nitrogen—will dry to a fluffy white substance known variously as pyrocellulose and guncotton . Guncotton is unstable to heat, and even carefully prepared samples will ignite on a brief heating to temperatures in excess of 150 °C (300 °F). Guncotton is employed in gunpowders, solid rocket propellants, and explosives. Moderately nitrated cellulose (containing approximately 10.5 to 12.5 percent nitrogen) is also flammable, though less violently so than guncotton, and is soluble in alcohols and ethers . Nitrocellulose of this type, once referred to by various names such as pyroxylin, xyloidin, and collodion cotton, is employed as a film-forming agent in solvent-based paints, protective coatings, and fingernail polishes.", "Guncotton did not come into use as an ingredient of gunpowder until the 1860s. The early history of its use was punctuated by many disastrous explosions, caused partly by the failure to appreciate that nitrocellulose is an unstable material and is subject to catalytic decomposition caused by its own decomposition products. In 1868 English chemist Sir Frederick Augustus Abel showed that the methods then prevalent for washing nitrocellulose after nitration were inadequate and that the residual acid was causing instability. In the 1880s French engineer Paul Vieille added special stabilizers to nitrocellulose to neutralize the catalytically active decomposition products; the first stable and reliable propellant , smokeless powder , resulted from his work and became the main form of gunpowder.", "A rocket shaped item. When ignited it is launched like a missile into the air. Some missiles have colored stars, reports or whistles. They come singular or in multi shot cakes.", "FIG. 6 is a cross section through the sabot body and subcaliber projectile along the line 2--2 of FIG. 4.", "Solid shot may contain a pyrotechnic compound if a tracer or spotting charge is used. Originally it was called a \"bombshell\", but \"shell\" has come to be unambiguous in a military context.", "These fire arrows were a simple form of solid-propellant rocket. A tube, capped at one end, contained gunpowder. The other end was left open and the tube was attached to a long stick. When the powder was ignited, the rapid burning of the powder produced fire, smoke and gas that escaped out the open end, producing a thrust. The stick acted as a simple guidance system that kept the rocket headed in one general direction as it flew through the air.", "The Rand Corporation publishes a report reviewing the potential to weaponize space. The authors identify four main classes of space weapons that could be developed in the future. The study does not argue in favor of or against the development of these weapons, nor does it address any other issues related to US space policy. Directed-energy weapons, one type of weapon profiled in the report, could destroy targets in space or on the ground. An example of this type of weapon would be a laser. A major hindrance to the development direct-energy weapons is that they would require millions of watts of power. Kinetic-energy weapons could be used against missile targets in space or high up in the Earth’s atmosphere. Its destructive force would come solely from the combination of mass and velocity. Space-based kinetic energy weapons would be launched from space against targets the Earth’s surface, such as large ships, tall buildings, and fuel tanks. The last type of weapons reviewed in the study is space-based conventional weapons that would also be used to attack land targets. The weapons could use radio-frequency or high-power-microwave munitions to destroy their targets.", "High Green Orb: A higher version of the curved energy bolt. (MKII, MKT, MK4, MKG, MK 2011, MKX)", "Significant research is still being applied toward this technique. For example, by modifying the properties of the liquid, its breakup when subjected to aerodynamic stress can be controlled and an idealized particle distribution achieved, even at supersonic speed. Additionally, advances in fluid dynamics, computer modeling, and weather forecasting allow an ideal direction, speed, and altitude to be calculated, such that warfare agent of a predetermined particle size can predictably and reliably hit a target.", "If the cannon fires its ball with a low initial velocity, the trajectory of the ball curves downward and hits the ground (A). As the firing velocity is increased, the cannonball hits the ground farther (B) away from the cannon, because while the ball is still falling towards the ground, the ground is increasingly curving away from it (see first point, above). All these motions are actually \"orbits\" in a technical sense – they are describing a portion of an elliptical path around the center of gravity – but the orbits are interrupted by striking the Earth.", "As shown in figure 9E2, the collision point and the successive positions of missile and target form a series of similar triangles. If", "The beam cartridge 20, as shown in FIGS. 2a, 2 b, and 3, is designed to approximate the same external dimensions as a conventional ammunition or shot cartridge so that it can be loaded into the chamber 17 of a standard firearm 16 without modification. The beam cartridge 20 produces an actuating beam 22 such as a brief burst of light that travels down the barrel 18 of the firearm 16 when the firing pin 19 is released by the trigger and strikes the base 31 or rear of the beam cartridge 20. The actuating beam 22 is then used to activate circuitry in the beam choke 21, resulting in the emission of the emission beam 24 forming the link between shooter and target 26. The emission beam 24, as set forth above, may be any electromagnetic beam including a patterned burst of infrared (IR) energy.", "FIGS. 8-17 show a reusable target 26 that includes at least one triggering motion detector 200 (FIG. 12) that detects a triggering motion such as acceleration, speed, vibration, rotation, or other significant movement that is associated with the target 26 being launched or thrown from a launching device into a shooting arena. The triggering motion enables the target so that it is active and that at least one beam sensor 28 is receptive to an emission beam 24 from the transmitter system 25. If the beam sensor 28 senses an emission beam 24 it activates at least one hit indicator 30.", "During the Second World War, German scientists researched the theoretical concept of an orbital weapon based on a space station. Pursuing Oberth's idea of a space-based weapon, the so-called \"sun gun\" was a concept of a space station orbiting Earth at a height of 8200 km, with a weapon that was to utilize the sun's energy. " ]

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[ "African-American Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama.", "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African-American seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a white man while riding on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. For doing this, Rosa Parks was arrested and fined for breaking the laws of segregation. Rosa Parks' refusal to leave her seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and is considered the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement.", "Rosa Parks, an African-American bus passenger, is arrested after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama.", "Rosa Parks, the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement” was one of the most important citizens of the 20th century. Mrs. Parks was a seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama when, in December of 1955, she refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white passenger. The bus driver had her arrested. She was tried and convicted of violating a local ordinance.", "Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat at the front of the \"colored section\" of a bus in Montgomery, Ala., to a white passenger, defying a southern custom of the time. In response to her arrest, the Montgomery black community launched a bus boycott that lasted over a year until the buses desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., the newly elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), was instrumental in leading the boycott.", "December 5, 1955 - In Alabama, the Montgomery bus boycott began in response to the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her seat on a municipal bus to a white man. Organized by the African American community, the boycott lasted until December 20, 1956, when a U.S. Supreme Court ruling integrated the public transportation system.", "In Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks made history by being the black woman who refused to obey the driver of the bus when he gave her the order to give up her seat on the city bus to make room for a white passenger. Her actions sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and made history. Her refusal became a key part of the modern movement for civil rights, and her actions sparked further action and set an example for many.", "And on this day in 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger when a bus was full.   Her arrest led to a boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama bus system and a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation.   It was in many ways the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement.   Never was so much achieved by one diminutive, middle-aged woman simply sitting still.", "The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, United States (the Deep South). The boycott protested against the city’s policy of racial segregation. Many important people in the CRM were involved in the boycott; including Martin Luther king jr, Ralph Abernathy, Thurgood marshal and Rosa Parks (the spark that ignited the flame). The boycott caused financial problems for the public transport system in Montgomery, because the city’s black population made up 70% of the customers on the buses and when a bulk figure like that stop’s riding the buses then the transport system becomes financially insecure. Rosa parks was the key to the whole civil rights movement, On December 1, 1995 a black women named Rosa parks sat in the white section on a bus, with a bunch of African Americans. When confronted by the driver the African Americans moved down the back of the bus except for one, Rosa Parks. She was arrested for refusing to follow orders of a white man and sitting in a white only zone. She was then fined$ 14 and this triggered the boycott which was lead by martin Luther king jr, who preached until his death, fight violence with non-violence. On June 4, 1956, the federal district court ruled that Alabama’s racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional. This victory led to black bus passengers being able sit anywhere they wanted and the boycott officially ended December 20, 1956.", "Rosa Parks (4 Feb 1913 – 24 Oct 2005) - Often referred to as the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”, Rosa Parks began her life on February 4, 1913 as Rosa Louise McCauley in Alabama. She was part African, part Native American Indian and part Scot-Irish. As an adult, Parks was involved with the NAACP and a dedicated civil rights activist. She changed the course of history on December 1, 1955 when she refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white passenger. For this seemingly innocuous act, Rosa Parks was jailed and instantly became an iconic heroine and symbol of the Movement. As a result of her conviction, her fellow activists were inspired to conduct a one-day citywide boycott of buses in Birmingham, Alabama. The boycott was so effective that Civil Rights leaders decided to continue the strike for more than a year. In 1979, Rosa Parks was awarded the Spingarn Medal (the NAACP's highest award), and in 1996 President Clinton presented Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the U.S. executive branch. A remarkable woman indeed!", "Rosa Parks - Legacy (TV-14; 3:03) On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national Civil Rights Movement for racial equality.", "BARBARA WALTERS: (voice-over) Rosa Parks was arrested, and for the first time in this nation, black citizens rose up in defiance. In Montgomery, they refused to ride the public buses, a crippling boycott that lasted a full year. It took the Supreme Court to finally rule that segregated public buses were illegal. And it had taken just one person, a woman, to set the ball in motion.", "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks , a black seamstress, was arrested for not relinquishing her seat to a white bus rider. The reaction to this act of defiance led to the 382-day Montgomery bus boycott that forced the city to desegregate its transit system on December 21, 1956.", "The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 21, 1956, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional. The protest was triggered by the arrest of African American seamstress Rosa Parks...", "4. Rosa Parks (42) refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger on December 1, 1955. Parks is arrested for violation Alabama segregation laws by refusing to follow orders from the bus driver. Parks becomes a figurehead for the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Civil Rights Movement due to her image as a respected member of the community and her involvement with the NAACP.", "Rosa Parks booking photo following her February 1956 arrest during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. She refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined. The boycott of public buses by blacks, began on the day of Parks’s court hearing and lasted 381 days. (Alabama Department of Archives)", "Year-long refusal by blacks t ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, because of their segregation policies. Boycott began in December 1955; Supreme Court finally ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks began the protest when she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white man, and Martin Luther King was a young minister involved in organizing the boycott.", "On the evening of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American, was arrested for disobeying an Alabama law requiring black passengers to relinquish seats to white passengers when the bus was full. Blacks also were required to sit at the back of the bus. Her arrest sparked a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus system and led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation.", "1913-2005 - Rosa Parks . \"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.\" Sparked bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama .", "Many historians have identified the Brown case as the pivotal moment in the history of American race relations and the beginning of a broad civil rights movement that escalated in the 1960s. In December 1955, grassroots activists in Montgomery, Alabama—NAACP members E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks chief among them—sparked what soon became a large-scale boycott of buses and of white-owned businesses in Montgomery. The boycott began after a white bus driver had Parks arrested for refusing to obey rules that required blacks to move to the back of buses when no seats were available for whites. The Montgomery movement catapulted the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. to leadership in the Civil Rights Movement. By 1957, King had created his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to carry on the struggle.", "In this web page we will be telling people about the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give up her seat to a white man. This triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which ended bus segregation. This web page is to inform people about the events of the Bus Boycott. Below is a computer simulation to visually show and give an understanding of what happened in the Boycott. We all took John Zola's Protest and Reform History class. With this web page and simulation we would like to share what we have learned.", "In 1955, African Americans were still required by a Montgomery, Alabama , city ordinance to sit in the back half of city buses and to yield their seats to white riders if the front half of the bus, reserved for whites, was full. On December 1, 1955, African-American seamstress Rosa Parks (1913-2005) was returning home from her job at a local department store on the Cleveland Avenue bus. She was seated in the front row of the “colored section.” When the white seats filled, the driver, J. Fred Blake (1912-2002), asked Parks and three others to vacate their seats. The other African-American riders complied, but Parks refused. She was arrested and fined $10, plus $4 in court fees. This was not Parks’ first encounter with Blake. In 1943, she had paid her fare at the front of a bus he was driving, then exited so she could re-enter through the back door, as required. Blake pulled away before she could re-board the bus.", "On December 1, 1955, Ms. Parks boarded a Montgomery city bus through the rear entrance. She sat in the section designated for ``colored.'' She obeyed the ludicrous segregation laws until a white man, wanting a seat, demanded hers. It was then that Ms. Parks decided that her compliance would end.", "On 1 December 1955, after her day of work as a seamstress at a local department store, Parks boarded a city bus. When she refused to give up her seat to a white man, the bus driver called police, and Parks was arrested and fined.", "Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed, or rather, sat down for what she believed. On the evening of December 1, 1955, Parks, an African American, chose to take a seat on the bus on her ride home from work. Because she sat down and refused to give up her seat to a white passenger, she was arrested for disobeying an Alabama law requiring black people to relinquish seats to white people when the bus was full. (Blacks also had to sit at the back of the bus.) Her arrest sparked a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus system. It also led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation. Who was Rosa Parks, the woman who helped spark the civil rights movement of the 1960s?", "----------------------- December 1st 1955 Black African American citizen, Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat when the bus was filling up. She was allegedly arrested for violating bus segregation laws and behaving in disorderly conduct. 1955 The Montgomery Bus Boycott April 23th 1956 The Montgomery bus company decides to implement a policy of desegregation after the U. S. Supreme Court dismisses the appeal of...", "On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a city bus and sat with three other blacks in the fifth row, the first row that blacks could occupy. A few stops later, the front four rows were filled with whites, and one white man was left standing. According to law, blacks and whites could not occupy the same row, so the bus driver asked all four of the blacks seated in the fifth row to move. Three complied, but Parks refused. She was arrested.", "Ms. Parks was arrested for her civil disobedience. The arrest incited a reaction. Ms. Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., and others channeled that reaction to form one of the most powerful and positive movements in world history. The following day, civil rights advocates organized a boycott of the bus system that lasted for 381 days. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on the transportation system was unconstitutional and this provided one of the first victories for desegregation. We recognize the many people responsible for the effective boycott and the tremendous support of civil rights leadership. But, today, we celebrate the woman who imbued the movement with such dedication, dignity, and courage.", "In 1955, Parks completed a course in \"Race Relations\" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the frontmost row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4 , but she appealed.", "The first stage of this boycott was on a normal day on the 1st of December, 1955 where an African-American women named Rosa Parks was quite tired from working all day, where a white man had ordered her to move off the seat immediately due to whites having priority when a bus was filled up. She responded by refusing to leave her seat. this resulted in here been arrested immediately, this boycott had caused a lot of tension between both white and African-American communities.", "Allison M. 1/17/09 Mr. Bishop Writing The Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 1st, 1955, one woman’s refusal to move from a bus seat made a huge contribution to the Civil Rights Movement. As a matter of fact, it was almost as if she started it herself. Rosa Parks and her arrest are what led up to be a main event during the Civil Rights Movement. The African American community knew that by having this boycott, it would cost many white people money, but more importantly...", "After Rosa Parks left work at the Montgomery Fair department store on Thursday, December 1, 1955, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus at Court Square to go home. At the time, she was thinking about a workshop she was helping organize and thus she was a bit distracted as she took a seat on the bus, which turned out to be in the row right behind the section reserved for whites.1" ]

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[ "82 According to the song, who left Kenny Rogers with “four hungry children and a crop in the field”?", "Our parents are country music fans, so my sister and I had some interesting versions of old country songs: First it was Glen Campbell’s “Round Stout Cowboy,” also known as “Rhinestone Cowboy.” Then there was “Johnny make my Brown Eyes Blue” (Don’t it Make my Brown Eyes Blue,” and my personal favorite, from Kenny Rogers “Lucille”: “You picked a fine time to leave me Lucille; four hundred children and a cop in the field!” (four hungry children and a crop in the field.) Our step-mom always says that she would have left 396 kids ago.", "Unfortunately, I can't see/hear this name without thinking of the Kenny Rogers' song: \"You picked a fine time to leave me, Lucille!\" In the song, Lucille leaves her husband and four kids.", "\"Lucille\" is a popular song recorded by Kenny Rogers. Written by Roger Bowling and Hal Bynum and produced by Larry Butler, it tells the story of an unfaithful wife and mother and was inspired by real life events, as Bynum's own marriage was in trouble when he started writing this tune. [1] It became Rogers' first major hit as a solo artist after leaving the successful Country/Rock group The First Edition the previous year. An international hit, it reached #1 on the Billboard Country Singles chart and #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of the UK singles chart in June 1977, Rogers second single to top a sales chart on that side of the Atlantic.", "Kenneth Ray \"Kenny\" Rogers (born August 21, 1938) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.", "Penned by the Bee Gees, “Islands in the Stream” was one of the biggest multi-format hits in American music following its release. Played around the world (in every format), everyone just fell in love with the chemistry between Kenny and Dolly. The duet launched other successful projects, including a 1984 Christmas TV special, holiday album and 1985’s No. 1 hit “Real Love,” which was also accompanied by a TV special. This all-time favorite country duet is a must-include on our Top 10 Kenny Rogers songs compilation.", "This song had a huge impact on both Kenny Rogers and its writer Don Schlitz. Rogers had three #1 Country hits under his belt, but \"The Gambler\" gave him the title track to his biggest-selling album. Schlitz was able to quit his day job (actually a night job - he worked the graveyard shift) and become a full time songwriter. Some of his other songs include \"He Thinks He'll Keep Her\" by Mary Chapin Carpenter and \"On the Other Hand\" by Randy Travis.", "It took several tries before Kenny Rogers became a star. As a member of the First Edition (and the New Christy Minstrels before that), he shared in some million-sellers, among them \"Reuben James\" and \"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town,\" an excellent Mel Tillis song about a disabled veteran. But superstardom lay ahead for this Texan, and it arrived in the late '70s. His experience with the two previous pop groups had prepared him well: he knew the easy listening audience was...", "The Kenny Rogers 1977 hit song \"Lucille\" was written by Hal Bynum and inspired by his trip to Toledo in 1975. ", "The single \"Lucille\" (1977) was a major hit, reaching number one on the pop charts in 12 countries, selling over five million copies, and firmly establishing Rogers' post-First Edition career. On the strength of \"Lucille,\" the album Kenny Rogers reached No. 1 in the Billboard Country Album Chart. More success was to follow, including the multi-million selling album The Gambler and another international Number 1 single, \"Coward of the County,\" taken from the equally successful album, Kenny. In 1980, the Rogers/Butler partnership came to an end, though they would occasionally reunite: in 1987 on the album I Prefer the Moonlight and again in 1993 on the album If Only My Heart Had a Voice.<br /><br /> In the late 1970s, Rogers teamed up with close friend and Country Music legend Dottie West for a series of albums and duets. Together the duo won 2 gold records (1 of which later went platinum), 2 CMA Awards, an ACM nomination, two Grammy nominations and 1 Music City News Award for their two hit albums \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\" (#1) and \"Classics\" (#3), selling out stadiums and arenas while on tour for several years, as well as appearing on several network television specials which showcased them. Their hits together \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\" (#1), \"Anyone Who Isn't Me Tonight\" (#2), \"What Are We Doin' in Love\" (#1), \"All I Ever Need Is You\" (#1) and \"Till I Can Make It On My Own\" (#3) all became Country standards. Read Less", "Kenny Rogers , born August 21, 1938, in Houston, Texas, is an American country music singer-songwriter, photographer, record producer, actor and entrepreneur. He has been very successful, charting more than 70 hit singles across various music genres and topping the country and pop album charts for more than 420 individual weeks in the United States alone. Two of his albums, The Gambler and Kenny, are featured in the About.com poll of \"The 200 Most Influential Country Albums Ever\". He was voted the \"Favorite Singer of All-Time\" in a 1986 joint poll by readers of both USA Today and People. He has received hundreds of awards for both his music and charity work. These include AMAs, Grammys, ACMs and CMAs, as well as a lifetime achievement award for a career spanning six decades in 2003.Success in recent years include the 2006 album release, Water & Bridges, an across the board hit, that peaked at #5 in the Billboard Country Albums sales charts, also charting high in the Billboard 200. The first single from the album, \"I Can't Unlove You,\" was also a chart hit. \" Artist Discography \"", "As the lead singer of the First Edition, Kenny Rogers’ voice was at the forefront of some of their biggest hits — like this one. Penned by Mel Tillis, “Ruby” was Rogers’ first country chart entry. Although the song peaked at a modest No. 39, it’s since become a staple of his catalog of hits and live shows. The tragic love story, set to a catchy beat, is a must-have on our list of Top 10 Kenny Rogers Songs.", "Kenny Rogers has become known as one of the great storytellers in country music. The gravelly voice has been the narrator for such story songs as “The Greatest,” “Tomb of the Unknown Love” and “The Factory.” In addition to the story songs that appear on this list of the Top Kenny Rogers songs, we’ve included “Twenty Years Ago,” a sentimental journey back in time. Regardless of age, the chorus seems to resonate the feelings of everyone — that “life was so much easier twenty years ago.”", "Waylon Arnold Jennings (born June 15, 1937 in Littlefield, Texas, died February 13, 2002 in Chandler, Arizona), was an American country music singer , musician, and actor. A self-taught guitar player, he rose to prominence as a bass player for Buddy Holly following the break-up of The Crickets . He escaped death in the February 3, 1959 plane crash that took the lives of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens , and The Big Bopper when he gave up his seat to the latter. By the 1970s, he had become associated with so-called \"outlaws,\" an informal group of musicians who worked outside of the Nashville corporate scene. A series of duet albums with Willie Nelson in the late 1970s culminated in the 1978 crossover hit, \" Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys \". In 1979, he recorded the theme song for the hit television show The Dukes of Hazzard, and also served as the narrator (\"The Balladeer\") for all seven seasons of the show.", "He is unique in that he has enjoyed success in such a variety of genres—jazz, folk, country and pop. Houston-born Rogers formed his first band while in high school in 1956—a rockabilly group called the Scholars—and has never quit making music. He charted as a solo artist in the late 50’s with “That Crazy Feeling” (released on Kix Records in 1957 as Kenneth Rogers and picked up by Carlton Records in 1958) and performed the song on American Bandstand, played stand-up bass in the jazz group the Bobby Doyle Three (appearing on their album released by Columbia Records), and in 1966 became a member of the popular folk group, The New Christy Minstrels.", "Conway Twitty (1 Sep 1933 - 5 Jun 1993) was born in the state of Mississippi, USA.  He began playing music at high school, and formed a band in the army during the early 1950s.  After leaving the army he pursued a musical career, changing his name, and spending time at Sun Studios in Memphis.  In 1958 he recorded this song for MGM which went to the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic.  After a few smaller pop hits he moved into Country Music in the mid-1960s and enjoyed massive success, achieving over 30 number ones in the US Country Chart by the 1980s.  He died whilst on tour, aged 59.", "\"The Farmer in the Dell\" is also known as \"The Farmer's In His Den\". This song can be termed both a nursery rhyme or a children's game. Originating possibly in Germany and taken to North America by immigrants the song tells the story of a farmer in a dell who takes a wife, who takes a child, who takes a nurse, etc, until finally a rat takes a cheese, and the cheese \"stands alone\".", "During a tour of the Midlands in England on September 16, 1968, he received the news that his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee, had burned down and his two eldest sons had died. The property was sold to Johnny Cash, who planted an orchard on it. On March 25, 1969, Orbison married German teenager Barbara Jakobs, whom he had met several days before his sons' deaths. His youngest son with Claudette (Wesley, born 1965) was raised by Orbison's parents. Orbison and Barbara had a son (Roy Kelton) in 1970 and another (Alexander) in 1974. In 1969, Orbison recorded an album which was related to the tragedy, but, after contractual disputes with MGM, it was shelved and went unheard until 2015.", "Coward of the County was released on 26 January 1980 from the album Kenny. The album featured an array of musical styles including one song with a jazz feel and several with a disco/rock vibe. Coward of the County was one of the few country songs on the album. The song tells the story of a boy named Tommy, who when he is 10 years old his father dies in prison. Tommy and his uncle come to see him for the last time, and Tommy's father makes him promise not to fight when provoked if at all possible, and that to ‘turn the other cheek’ is not automatically a sign of weakness. This earns Tommy a reputation as the Coward of the County.", "The Cash children were: Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, J. R., Reba, Joanne, and Tommy. Tommy Cash also became a successful country artist. In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas. He started working in cotton fields at age five, singing along with his family while working. The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions, which later inspired him to write the song \"Five Feet High and Rising\". His family's economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, especially those about other people facing similar difficulties.", "A paraphrasing of the 1978 song “Mammas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys,” by the aforementioned Waylon Jennings, which was his biggest hit.", "\"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Cowboys\" - Waylon Jennings & Willie Nelson (1978, Waylon & Willie)", "Roy Rogers (Leonard Franklin Slye) 1911-1998. Life as a kid in that era was often hard. In 1919, the Slye’s purchased a farm in Ohio. There they built a six-room home. Leonard's father soon realized that the farm alone would provide insufficient income for his family, so he took a job at a shoe factory in Portsmouth. He lived there during the week and returned home on the weekends, bearing gifts for the family following paydays. One notable gift was a horse on which Leo", "Her horse's name was Buttermilk. She wrote the song, \"Happy Trails\", which became her and Roy Rogers ' theme song.", "The film score by Alfred Newman is based on the song \"Red River Valley\". Additionally, the song \"Goin' Down The Road Feelin' Bad\" is sung in a nighttime scene at a labor camp.", "Waylon Jennings (as himself) came to Hazzard with a mobile Country Music museum, which Boss Hogg promptly stole (a crime he framed the Duke boys with). While Waylon is revealed as being an old friend of the Duke family and refuses to believe they had anything to do with the theft, his associate falls for Boss's tricks and is convinced that they stole the museum. The primary evidence is a hat that Waylon gave to the Duke boys (although he had also given out similar hats to other people), which was left at the scene of the crime. Naturally, everything is eventually cleared up and the Dukes help find and return the museum. During this episode, it is revealed that the Balladeer is, indeed, Waylon Jennings (who is recounting the tales of the Dukes, rather than just narrating the stories). One of the memorable \"Waylonisms\" of this episode is \"Now, I should've known better than that...\"", "Kenneth Arnold \"Kenny\" Chesney (born March 26, 1968) is an American country music singer, songwriter and record producer. He has recorded 20 albums, 14 of which have been certified Gold or higher by the RIAA. He has also produced more than 40 top 10 singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, 29 of which have reached number one on the charts. Most of these have also charted high within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, making him one of the few successful crossover country artists. He has sold over 30 million albums worldwide.", "One of country music’s most successful artists, Kenny Chesney worked his way up from Nashville’s honky tonk bars to the top of the charts, releasing 16 studio albums, 14 of which have been certified gold. Beginning with his album “Me and You,” the Knoxville-born singer and songwriter has recorded more than 40 top 10 singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs and sold more than 30 millions albums. In 2005 he received the first of four consecutive Entertainer of the Year awards from the Academy of Country Music Awards. Among his numerous charitable efforts, Kenny is a regular performer at Farm Aid, an organization that supports family farms.", "Jim Reeves - Bimbo - 1964 [1:42] - The 1950s song Bimbo, about a toddler, was one of the early", "Jennings took several years off from the recording industry, but continued working in radio. In 1965, he moved to Nashville, where he met Willie Nelson. A decade later, Nelson and Jennings would team up on their compilation album Wanted: The Outlaws, which became a platinum record. In 1978, Nelson and Jennings released their biggest hit, \"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys.\"", "Ry Cooder recorded the folk song \"Billy the Kid\", on the album Into The Purple Valley,[129] with his own melody and instrumental. It was also on Ry Cooder Classics Volume II.[130]", "Jimmie Rodgers - his first hit record was \"Blue Yodel (T for Texas)\". The first country solo artist to achieve national fame in the US." ]

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[ "The narrative of the show focuses on Carrie Bradshaw and her three best friends, Miranda Hobbes, Charlotte York and Samantha Jones. The women discuss their sexual desires and fantasies, and their travels in life, love and lesbianism. The show often depicts frank discussions about romance and sexuality, features a short montage of interviews of people living in New York City regarding topics discussed in that episode. These continue through season two but are eventually phased out.", "Before leaving for Paris, Carrie runs into Big outside of her apartment, but she makes it clear to him that she wants him totally out of her life. Ms. Bradshaw then has one last dinner with Samantha, Charlotte and Miranda, and it's clear that the four women know that Carrie's absence will have a major impact on all of their lives.moreless", "Carrie walks through the streets of New York City thinking about events that have happened to her and her friends during Sex and the City. Charlotte is now happily married to Harry Goldenblatt, but she had a hard time getting pregnant - so they adopted a Chinese girl named Lily; Miranda has settled down in Brooklyn with Steve (David Eigenberg) to raise their son Brady together; and Samantha has relocated her business to Los Angeles to be close to Smith (Jason Lewis), who is now a superstar, although she misses her old life and takes every opportunity to fly East to be with Carrie, Miranda and Charlotte.", "The sequel officially began filming on September 1, 2009 and continued until the end of the year. Photos of all four leading women filming scenes around New York together and separately have emerged, featuring present-day scenes as well as a range of looks believed to be flashbacks from the earlier years of Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte's long-standing friendships. Images of Samantha in a wedding dress have also been released. Additionally, scenes featuring prominent characters such as Mr. Big, Magda, Smith, Steve, and the children of Miranda and Charlotte have been filmed and photographed.", "Summary: After a long wait--like the entire fifth season--Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker) is dating again. The sixth season of the popular HBO show starts with Carrie and her sparkly new potential, Berger (Ron Livingston), trying to leave past relationships and hit it off. The results are mixed (up to Berger's memorable exit), but the good news is Carrie is at it again, and a new love interest can be found in the member of a wedding party, an old high school flame (David Duchovny), or an über-famous painter (Mikhail Baryshnikov). As Carrie plays the field, her friends seem to be settling down, relatively speaking. Miranda (Cynthia Nixon) decides that her affair with TiVo cannot compete when Mr. Perfect (Blair Underwood, at his most charming) moves into her building. Charlotte's (Kristin Davis) feelings for her \"opposites attract\" boyfriend (Evan Handler, perhaps fans' most-loved boyfriend) deepen, but they still have a few things to iron out. Most surprising is Samantha's (Kim Cattrall) hot relationship with waiter-actor-stud Smith Jerrod (Jason Lewis) taking on something resembling love, despite Samantha's best intentions.", "The fifth season begins two years later. Carrie has left the CIA, and is living in Berlin with Franny and her boyfriend Jonas (Alexander Fehling). She now works as head of security for the charitable Düring Foundation, and is tasked by her boss Otto Düring (Sebastian Koch) to prepare him for a trip to Lebanon. She meets with her former colleague Allison Carr (Miranda Otto) to assess the security situation there; Allison refuses to help unless Carrie gives her inside information on the Foundation, a request Carrie refuses. She arranges safe passage for Düring to Lebanon - where an attempt is made on his life. Carrie meets with a contact named Behruz (Mousa Kraish), who tells her that she, not Düring, was the target of the attack. ", "In recent years, Days of Our Lives has hired back many former cast members. Twenty of the current contract cast members have been with the show, off-and-on, since at least 1999. Since 2005, cast members from the 1980s and 1990s, such as Christie Clark (Carrie Brady), Stephen Nichols (Steve Johnson), Austin Peck (Austin Reed), Mary Beth Evans (Kayla Brady), Joseph Mascolo (Stefano DiMera), and Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) have been brought back to Days of Our Lives. More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell (Dr. Carly Manning), and Louise Sorel (Vivian Alamain). In June 2010, characters such as Jennifer Horton, Bill Horton, Shane Donovan, and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton. Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley. In late 2012, the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake DiMera after a fourteen-year absence. In mid 2013, the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers. ", "Quinn shows up at her father's funeral, and the two share a kiss; Carrie balks at the idea of a relationship. She also sees her estranged mother (Victoria Clarke), and finds out that she has a half-brother. She tries to contact Quinn, but his phone has been disconnected. She confronts Adal, and learns that Quinn has accepted a mission in Syria and that Saul and Adal are negotiating with Haqqani. ", "Lily Aldridge, Kendall Jenner, Gigi Hadid, Jourdan Dunn, Diane Von Furstenberg, Jaime King, Karlie Kloss, Irina Shayk, Elsa Hosk and Alanna Arrington", "Carrie : [to Samantha] This past week I've seen Miranda's boobs and Charlotte's boob. Why don't you show me your boobs too and the circle is full?", "Guest starring as Deacon's ex girlfriend on ABC's Nashville , Charlotte also recurs as Quinn's Mom on the hit show, _Glee_, and on CW's hit show, Arrow , as the beloved Felicity's Mother, Donna (aka \"Mama Smoak\"). Charlotte continues to challenge and reinvent herself for a diverse array of roles. Whether it be showing off her athleticism as the first female umpire in professional baseball in the highly anticipated short film, The Umpire , seducing Nicolas Cage as the white trash, tattoo covered sex cougar, 'Candy' in Summit's 3D film, _Drive Angry (2012)_, or starring in _Street Kings: Motor City (2013)_ opposite Ray Liotta , Charlotte continues to captivate audiences and impress critics with her unbelievable range as an actress.", "Hermione Norris does not return as Carol Jordan in series 4 (the character having emigrated to South Africa), but remains a character in the books. Simone Lahbib joins the cast as D.I. Alex Fielding.", "Carrie is perhaps best known for her popular recurring role as 'Brooke' on Disney Channel's hit original series, \"Austin & Ally.\" She has guest starred on shows such as NBC's \"Parks and Recreation,\" \"Surviving Jack,\" \"Instant Mom\" and \"Malibu Country\" as well as portraying lead roles in AwesomenessTV's \"A Christmas Carol + Zombies,\" and the thriller anthology series \"Sleep Tight\" on Go90. Her television movie credits include \"Blue Lagoon: The Awakening\" opposite Brenton Thwaites directed by Mikael Salomon and \"Expecting Amish\" with AJ Michalka.", "The third season saw several new people who only stayed on for that season, Teresa Graves , Jeremy Lloyd , Pamela Rodgers, and Stu Gilliam. Lily Tomlin joined in the middle of the season. Jo Anne Worley, Goldie Hawn, and Judy Carne left after the season.", "Elise Martinoski Taylor Masters Vanessa McCagg Keith McElhaney Jefre Jose Mendez Kimberly Mickelson Janelle Mitchell Jesse Muirhead Finley Murphy Samuel Newhook Wade Noble Keiren O’Brien Amanda Omilon Angelina Ortwein Alexandra Parrilla Bridgit Patchett Michael Peesker Brayden Posyluzny Jenna Propp Jacob Reeves Piper Rempel Quintin Robin Jared Sandquist Dakota Schepp Trevor Schoen Nicholas Schumacher Chrystyna Shumska Madison Stang Cierra Stephens Sara Sylvestre Sheldon Therriault Katarina Thiessen Daniel Thompson Kendra Tieken-Maerz Allana Villanueva Nicholas Villeneuve Joel Volk Fern Wennerstrom Cheyenne White Maria Zuluaga", "The aforementioned character's storylines were largely developed by supporting cast members. Susan Stewart (Brooke Shields) is shown as Miley and Jackson's deceased mother in flashback scenes, while Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton) is portrayed as Miley's godmother (Parton is Cyrus's real-life godmother). Jake Ryan (Cody Linley) was depicted as an actor for the popular television series Zombie High. He briefly attended Seaview Middle School with Stewart, Truscott, and Oken, and engaged in an on-again/off-again relationship with Stewart in several points during Hannah Montana. Roxy Roker (Frances Callier) was close friends with the Stewart family, and additionally served as their bodyguard during public appearances. Amber Addison (Shanica Knowles) and Ashley Dewitt (Anna María Pérez de Tagle) are shown as stereotypical school divas, and are notably the rivals of Stewart and Truscott. Jesse (Drew Roy) is introduced as one of Miley's later love interests.", "Absentee Actor : The Buried Treasure storyline is the only one in which Boris appears but Natasha doesn't.", "During its fourteen-year run, Dallas saw several actors appearing in supporting roles. Among the most notable are Mary Crosby (seasons 3–4 and 14) as Sue Ellen's scheming sister Kristin Shepard (also portrayed by Colleen Camp for two season 2 episodes), who has an affair with J.R. and is revealed to be the one who shot J.R. in the \"Who shot J. R.?\" storyline; Jared Martin (seasons 3–6, 8–9, and 14) as Sue Ellen's cowboy lover, and Clayton's foster son, Steven \"Dusty\" Farlow; Leigh McCloskey (seasons 4–5, 8 and 12) as medical student Mitch Cooper, Lucy's husband; Audrey Landers (seasons 4–8 and 12–13) as Mitch's sister Afton Cooper, an aspiring singer and Cliff's longtime fiancée; stage actress Priscilla Pointer (seasons 4–6) as Rebecca Barnes Wentworth, Pam's and Cliff's estranged mother; Morgan Brittany (seasons 5–8 and 11) as Rebecca's daughter, Katherine Wentworth, Cliff's and Pam's crazy half-sister who falls madly in love with Bobby; John Beck (seasons 6–7 and 9) as Mark Graison, Pam's beau after her first divorce from Bobby; William Smithers (seasons 3–13) as Rival Oil Baron and CEO of WestStar Oil, Jeremy Wendell; Miss USA winner Deborah Shelton (seasons 8–10) as model Mandy Winger, longtime mistress of J.R.; Jenilee Harrison (seasons 8–10) as Jack Ewing's sister and Cliff's wife Jamie Ewing Barnes; and Andrew Stevens (seasons 11–12) as Casey Denault, a young hustler who works for J.R., romancing Lucy in order to get to her money.", "Kate Piluso Riley Protz Brian Quach Mercedes Quinn Eddie Ramirez Maritza Ramirez Tony Ray R.j Relos Kelsey Resendiz Heather Ries Travis Riley Schyler Ritmiller Alana Roberts Elizabeth Roberts Jake Roberts Bonita Rodriguez Kortney Rogstad Angelica Romero Michael Rosenboom Rebecca Rust Olivia Rynevich Krystena Saenz Tatiana Salas-Munoz Luis Salazar-Lemus Christina Salgado Katie Samperi Harpriya Samra Samantha Sanders Ariell Sangolt Juana Santiago Santos Marcos Santos Avendano J.T Scott Jon Scroggins Lauren Searls Robert Senn Matthew Serino Christina Shackelford Shayla Sharp Logan Sheehan Chelsea Shepherd Courtney Shropshire Betania Silva", "Meanwhile, Carrie is distraught and unhappy in her relationship with Aleksandr. She passes Big in his limo on the street in Paris while looking for a cab, but neither of them see each other. Big appears to be searching for Carrie, but the limo rides on and Carrie continues on her way.", "In 2002, a television film based on King's novel and starring Angela Bettis in the titular role was released. The film updated the events of the story to modern-day settings and technology while simultaneously attempting to be more faithful to the book's original structure, storyline, and specific events. However, the ending was drastically changed: instead of killing her mother and then herself, the film has Carrie killing her mother, being revived via CPR by Sue Snell and being driven to Florida to hide. This new ending marked a complete divergence from the novel and was a signal that the film served as a pilot for a Carrie television series, which never materialized. In the new ending, the rescued Carrie vows to help others with similar gifts to her own. Although Bettis' portrayal of Carrie was highly praised, the film was cited by most critics as inferior to the original. ", "Elizabeth Mitchell (born Elizabeth Joanna Robertson: March 27, 1970) is an American actress known for her role as Dr. Juliet Burke on the ABC series Lost. She also had lead roles on the TV series V and Revolution, as well as recurring as the Snow Queen on Once Upon A Time and as Deb Carpenter on Dead of Summer. Mitchell has starred in such films as The Santa Clause 2 & 3, Gia and The Purge: Election Year.", "In 1998 they filmed a remake starring Lindsay Lohan as the twins and Nathasha Richardson as their mother. In that version she lives in an elegant house in London. You can see the photos I posted of it  here ! 🙂", "\"They said they couldn't get them. But I was on the phone to them immediately and they said they hadn't even been asked and of course they'd come back. And Kelly, played by Adele Silva, is coming back in the show anyway! It is a shame for Viv and for everyone who's been watching her.\"", "The characters of Lonelygirl15: from left, Bree (Jessica Rose), Katharine McPhee, Jonas (Jackson Davis) and Daniel (Yousef Abu-Taleb). Credit lonelygirl15.com", "Roddy Scheer, Nick O’Connell, Tina Lassen and John Levesque with Sarai Dominguez, Cayla Lambier, Jennifer Lee and Anna Samuels", "(Name) has lost her mother, now she must call a family she's never met. Now she's stuck in the UK version of Keeping Up With The Kardashians just you know with vampires, werewolves, Nazi's, oh and Dracula of all people.", "Soon after playing the second incarnation of Marissa's younger sister, Willa had a recurring role in Gossip Girl, and since 2012 she has played the main role of Thea Queen in Arrow, a character she has also reprised in The Flash. She has also had film appearances in Straw Dogs and Legion.", "In 2004, she began lending her voice to television and radio spots created by Kaiser Permanente in the health maintenance organization's broad \"Thrive\" media campaign, and in a radio campaign for the American Institute of Architects. In 2010, she appeared as Allison Pearson in In Plain Sight. In May 2010, she appeared in the antepenultimate episode of the ABC television series Lost as the adoptive mother of the show's two mythological opponents, Jacob and the Man in Black.", "In the late 2000s, Shields guest-starred on shows like FX's Nip/Tuck and CBS' Two and a Half Men. In 2005, Shields appeared in a season-two episode of HBO's Entourage, entitled \"Blue Balls Lagoon.\" In 2007, she made a guest appearance on Disney's Hannah Montana, playing Susan Stewart, Miley and Jackson's mother, who died in 2004. In 2008, she returned in the primetime drama Lipstick Jungle. The series ended a year later.", "What is going on? That’s not Jennifer Aniston! Those cheekbones aren’t Aniston’s cheekbones! That hair is not Aniston’s hair! And that’s not even the same shirt that Rachel was wearing just a second before!!!", "In the late 2000s, Shields guest-starred on shows like FX's Nip/Tuck and CBS' Two and a Half Men. In 2005, Shields appeared in a season two episode of HBO's Entourage, entitled \"Blue Balls Lagoon.\" In 2007, she made a guest appearance on Disney's Hannah Montana playing Susan Stewart, Miley and Jackson's mother, who died in 2004. In 2008, she returned in the primetime drama Lipstick Jungle. The series ended a year later." ]

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[ "The state's most populous city is Anchorage, home to 278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area. The richest location in Alaska by per capita income is Halibut Cove ($89,895). Yakutat City, Sitka, Juneau, and Anchorage are the four largest cities in the U.S. by area.", "Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the U.S. state of Alaska. With an estimated 300,950 residents in 2013, it is Alaska's most populous city and contains more than 40 percent of the state's total population; among the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in its most populous city. All together, the Anchorage metropolitan area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 396,142 in 2013. ", "Downtown Juneau 58°18′07″N 134°25′11″W / 58.30194, -134.41972 is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island . As of the 2010 census , the City and Borough had a population of 31,275. In 2014, the population estimate from the United States Census Bureau was 32,406, making it the second most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage . [2] Fairbanks , however, is the second most populous metropolitan area in the state, with roughly 100,000 residents. Juneau's daily population can increase by roughly 6,000 people from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September.", "Alaska consists of nineteen organized boroughs and one unorganized. It is one of only two states in the US that do not refer to areas as counties. Alaska has one hundred and forty-eight incorporated cities. The cities and towns cover less than 2.1% of the land mass.  Over one third of the population lives in Anchorage. Alaska defines its cities as a unified home rule municipalities, home rule cities, first class cities, and second class cities. Transporting products between cities is mostly done with freight trucking services. The state capital of Alaska is Juneau. A land route cannot reach Juneau.  The top ten cities by population in Alaska are.", "Alaska is the fourth least-populated state, with a population of 710,231. Its capital is Juneau and its largest city is Anchorage. Alaska has the largest land area of all 50 states, with 663,268 square miles and a density of 1.26 persons per square mile. Half of the state's residents live within Anchorage's metropolitan area. Mount McKinley -- also known as Denali -- is the highest point, reaching more than 20,000 feet high. Two oceans and two national countries border Alaska. To the North, Alaska borders the Arctic Ocean; to the east, Alaska borders the Canadian territory, Yukon and the Canadian province of British Columbia; to the west, the Pacific Ocean; to the south, Russia.", "Anchorage, the dominant population and economic center in Alaska, contains approximately half of the state�s inhabitants, with a population of 260,283 (2000). Other large communities include Fairbanks and Juneau, the state capital.", "Anchorage - Surrounded by all the beauty and activities of Alaska, Anchorage offers a unique blend of spectacular scenery, Russian and Native heritage, Alaskan adventure and big city amenities. Alaska's largest city lies between the Knik and Turnagain arms of Cook Inlet and the rugged Chugach Mountains. It is home to more than 240,000 residents, 40 percent of the state's population, and serves as the financial, communications and transportation hub of Alaska. The municipal boundaries stretch for more than 50 miles from Portage Glacier to the head of Cook Inlet and encompass 1,955 square miles.", "importance and the seat of government was moved to Juneau. Juneau was the largest city in Alaska during the inter-war years, passing Fairbanks in the 1920 census and displaced by Anchorage in 1950.", "Alaska is the largest state as far as land mass goes, but remains sparsely populated and remote. One might say that Juneau is the most distinct capital city in the U.S due to its relative remoteness. Residents from the rest of the state cannot just drive to Juneau; they must take a plane or a ferry. Geographically not only is Alaska one of the most wild and remote of the 50 states, it harbors what is believed to be the last, large storehouse of petroleum, much of it lying beneath government protected land—National and State parks. While every other state cuts itself into counties, Alaska is measured out in boroughs, a vestige of densely populated regions where municipalities are not so multi-layered.", "Beer is a big deal in Alaska with 7 breweries in Anchorage alone. Alaskan Brewing Company [40] in Juneau is the best known brewery in the state and its Alaskan Amber leads beer sales. Other towns with local Breweries include Anchorage, Homer, Haines, Kodiak, Fox (near Fairbanks), and Wasilla. In January there is the Great Alaska Beer and Barleywine event. It is the third largest in the United States and may be the largest event highlighting barleywine in the US.", "The name Alaska is derived from the Aleut alaxsxa or alaxsxix̂, both meaning “mainland” or “great land.” Indeed, Alaska has an immense area and a great variety of physical characteristics. Aside from its mainland peninsula, the state includes about 15,000 square miles (38,800 square km) of fjords and inlets and about 34,000 miles (54,400 km) of indented tidal coastline. In addition, most of the continental shelf of the United States lies along Alaska’s coast. In the Alaska Range north of Anchorage is Denali ( Mount McKinley ), 20,310 feet (6,190 metres) high—the highest peak in North America. Nearly one-third of the state lies within the Arctic Circle , and about four-fifths of Alaska is underlain by permafrost (permanently frozen sediment and rock). Tundra—the vast treeless Arctic plains—makes up about half of the state’s surface area. The southern coast and the panhandle at sea level are fully temperate regions. In those and in the adjoining Canadian areas, however, lies the world’s largest expanse of glacial ice outside Greenland and Antarctica . Rimming the state on the south is one of Earth’s most-active earthquake belts, the circum-Pacific seismic belt. Alaska has more than 130 active volcanoes, most of which are on the Aleutian Islands and the adjacent Alaska Peninsula. The Alaska earthquake of 1964 was one of the most-powerful earthquakes recorded in the United States.", "Alaska's largest city lies between the Knik and Turnagain arms of Cook Inlet and the rugged Chugach Mountains. It is home to more than 240,000 residents, 40 percent of the state's population, and serves as the financial, communications and transportation hub of Alaska. The municipal boundaries stretch for more than 50 miles from Portage Glacier to the head of Cook Inlet and encompass 1,955 square miles.", "Due to the northern climate and steep terrain, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska; although Alaska is the largest state (nearly 148 million ha), fewer than 405 000 ha are farmed. Most farms are in either the Matanuska-Susitna Valley (Figure 5.2.22; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matanuska-Susitna_Valley.jpg ), about 64 km northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 97 km southwest of Anchorage.", "Anchorage and Denali National Park - Alaska’s largest city is a thriving seaport town in the south central part of the state. Due north of this fascinating city is the highest mountain peak in North America, Mount McKinley, which is home to Denali National Park. Its impressive peak, over 3.5 miles above sea level, dominates the landscape.", "There's a lengthy list of fascinating coastal towns, like Sitka and Skagway, rich with gold rush history and symbols of Russian heritage, especially in the form of onion-domed churches. Ketchikan is a center for native Tlingit culture, with totem pole parks showcasing the indigenous heritage. The region includes Alaska's capital city of Juneau, an \"urban\" center (seriously, the population is around 31,000) with its nearby icy blue Mendenhall Glacier. Juneau is accessible by plane from Seattle, but most travelers visiting the Inside Passage do so via cruise ship.", "About one-seventh of the population lives in the Greater Fairbanks area, including the town of Delta Junction, historically the centre of gold mining and the terminus of the Alaska Railroad, which runs from Seward to Fairbanks. The larger cities of the south coastal archipelago and the Gulf of Alaska islands— Ketchikan , Petersburg, Sitka , and Juneau—and surrounding areas collectively contain about one-fourth of Alaska’s population and are fishing and tourism centres.", "Juneau’s population of 31,275 residents makes it a bit more crowded than Wrangell, but “crowded” by Alaska standards still leaves a lot of room for people to spread out. Juneau lays claim to 2,701.9 square miles which makes it larger than the states of both Rhode Island and Delaware. Juneau is also the state capital of Alaska and is not all that far from Wrangell on the southeast portion of the state.", "The most northerly city in the USA is Barrow, Alaska. It is definitely the most northern city in Alaska. The latitude is 71.62.", "The state's population density is just over one resident per square mile (0.4 people per square km), mostly concentrated into three cities, leaving lots of open space in between. Because of this, Alaska serves as a setting for many adventure stories, such as Jack London's Call of the Wild, and more recently, reality series about the ... unique job opportunities available in the state. Deadliest Catch is set in and around Dutch Harbor/Unalaska, on the Aleutian island chain that projects from the state's southwest coast. Seasons three and four of Ice Road Truckers took place on the Dalton Highway, which connects the city of Fairbanks to the oil fields of the North Slope. Due to the cost constraints, most films set in Alaska are actually filmed in Washington state or the Canadian province of British Columbia .", "Thanks to the Alaskan and Canadian Gold Rush and the rebuilding of Seattle and San Francisco, the annual volume of business in Seattle topped out at more than $50 million. Gold was discovered in the Tanana Valley of Alaska, and the city of Fairbanks was established. The Alaska Club, a Seattle organization of miners who had struck it rich in the Alaskan and Canadian gold territory and other Alaskan businessmen, was created.", "The Alaska State Capitol is located in the state capital of Juneau at the corner of East 4th Street and Main Street. It houses the Alaska Legislature and the offices for the governor of Alaska and lieutenant governor of Alaska.", "Alaska is located the in far Northwest corner of North America, bordering Canada. It is one of two non-contiguous U.S. states. Alaska is the largest state by area, however it is the least densely populated state with only 736,732 people in an area of 663,268 square miles. It was accepted into the union in 1959 as the 49th state.", "Barrow (Iñupiaq Utqiaġvik or Ukpiaġvik) is the largest city of the North Slope Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska and is located above the Arctic Circle. It is the 11th northernmost public community in the world and is the northernmost city in the United States, with nearby Point Barrow being the nation's northernmost point.", "Alaska [1] is the 49th and largest state in the United States of America . Separated from the rest of the country, (the \"lower 48\"), by Canada , Alaska lies on the Arctic Circle. It is still the least densely populated state in the union and for a long time was home to the lowest population. America's final frontier is the size of California, Texas and Montana combined, making it huge in comparison to the rest of the states! Alaska is also home to the highest point in North America and all of the top ten highest mountains in the USA. Across the Bering Strait lies the country of Russia and the continent of Asia.", "In 2010, Alaska ranked as the 47th state by population, ahead of North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming (and Washington, D.C.) Alaska is the least densely populated state, and one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world, at , with the next state, Wyoming, at . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, and the tenth wealthiest (per capita income). As of November 2014, the state's unemployment rate was 6.6%. ", "As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as \"The Bush\" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.", ", city (1990 pop. 3,500), W Alaska, on the southern side of Seward Peninsula, on Norton Sound; founded c.1898, when gold was discovered on the beach there. It is the commercial, government, and supply center for NW Alaska, with an airport.", "Juneau is larger in area than the state of Delaware and was, for many years, the country's largest city by area. Juneau continues to be the only U.S. state capital located on an international border: it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: Joe Juneau died in 1899, a year", "Unimak Island () is the largest island in the Aleutian Islands chain of the U.S. state of Alaska.", "The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2000 census, the City and Borough had a population of 30,711. The U.S. Census Bureau's", "Slightly more tourist friendly is Nome, a town rich with gold rush history, and the famous ending point for the yearly Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race (held in March). Another \"popular\" destination is the 3,500-resident Inupiat Eskimo village of Kotzebue, which features a museum of native history and serves as a taking off point for rafting and float trips. Both towns are accessible only by plane.", "For more than 60 years gold mining dominated the identity of Juneau and influenced its growth.After the decline of the gold mines, the influx of government kept Juneau's economy thriving.In 1900 the town had been incorporated and Juneau was designated the temporary seat of government of the territory.By this time, it was a thriving city with numerous wooden buildings lining the streets.Residential and commercial areas had developed and there were nearly 2,000 inhabitants." ]

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[ "The novel Moby Dick by Herman Melville is an epic tale of the voyage of the whaling ship the Pequod and its captain, Ahab, who relentlessly pursues the great Sperm Whale (the title character) during a journey around the world. The narrator of the novel is Ishmael , a sailor on the Pequod who undertakes the journey out of his affection for the sea.", "The Essex was an American whaleship from Nantucket, Massachusetts. She was 87 feet (27 m) long, measured 238 tons,[1] and was captained by the 28-year-old George Pollard, Jr. She is best known for being attacked and sunk by a sperm whale in the Pacific Ocean in 1820. The incident was an inspiration for Herman Melville's 1851 classic novel Moby-Dick.", "The Pequod is a fictional 19th-century Nantucket whaling ship that appears in the 1851 novel Moby-Dick by American author Herman Melville. The Pequod and her crew, commanded by Captain Ahab, are central to the story, which, after the initial chapters, takes place almost entirely aboard the ship during a three-year whaling expedition in the Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific oceans. Most of the characters in the novel are part of the Pequods crew, including the narrator Ishmael.", "Set in 19th-century New England, the story follows the whaling ship Pequod and its crew. Leading them is Captain Ahab, who was almost killed in an encounter with the \"great white whale\", Moby Dick. Now he is out for revenge. With the crew that has joined him, Ahab is out to destroy the huge sea mammal, but his obsession with vengeance is so great that he cannot turn back, eventually leading to the death of Ahab and all of his crew, save his newest able seaman, Ishmael.", "Moby-Dick was published on this day in 1851. The novel opens with “Call me Ishmael,” perhaps the most famous opening line in all literature. It’s author, Herman Melville, himself worked as a whaler and Moby-Dick is likely based on two actual events at sea. One is the sinking of the Nantucket ship, Essex, in 1820 off the coast of South America after being rammed by a sperm whale. The second was the killing of an albino sperm whale named Mocha Dick in Chilean waters.", "Captain Ahab is a fictional character in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), the monomaniacal captain of the whaling ship Pequod. On a previous voyage, the white whale Moby Dick bit off Ahab's leg, leaving him with a prosthesis made out of whalebone. The whaling voyage of the Pequod ends up as a hunt for revenge on the whale, as Ahab impels the crew-members to support his fanatical mission. When Moby Dick is finally sighted, Ahab's hate robs him of all caution, and the whale drags Ahab to the bottom of the sea.", "Once at sea, Ishmael introduces the particulars of the boat and of whaling, and often makes asides to the reader regarding the historical, scientific, religious, and philosophical components of whale-fishing. Ishmael also introduces Starbuck, the practical and cautious first mate, Stubb, the wild and talented whale-fisher and second mate, and Flask, the “mediocre” third mate. Ahab finally makes an appearance on the deck of the Pequod, and announces to the crew that, although they are a normal whaling ship, they also have a special mission—to find and kill Moby Dick. Ahab vows to give a one-ounce gold doubloon to the first man to spot the “white whale.”", "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is a novel by American writer Herman Melville, published in 1851 during the period of the American Renaissance. Sailor Ishmael tells the story of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaler Pequod, for revenge on Moby Dick, the white whale which on the previous whaling voyage destroyed his ship and severed his leg at the knee. The novel was a commercial failure and out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891, but during the 20th century, its reputation as a Great American Novel was established. William Faulkner confessed he wished he had written it himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it \"one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world\", and \"the greatest book of the sea ever written\". \"Call me Ishmael\" is among world literature's most famous opening sentences. ", "Essex was an American whaleship from Nantucket, Massachusetts. The ship, captained by George Pollard, Jr., was widely known for being attacked and sunk by a sperm whale in the southern Pacific Ocean in 1820 � an incident that served as inspiration for Herman Melville's 1851 novel, Moby-Dick.", "Herman Melville 's novel Moby-Dick is based on a true story about a sperm whale that attacked the whaleship Essex . [122] [123] Melville associated the sperm whale with the Bible's Leviathan . [123] [124] The fearsome reputation perpetuated by Melville was based on bull whales' ability to fiercely defend themselves from attacks by early whalers, occasionally resulting in the destruction of the whaling ships.", "Obsessed, one-legged captain of the whaling-ship Pequod who seeks revenge in capturing the white whale that cost him his leg in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick", "* Nathaniel Philbrick's In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex the story that inspired Melville's classic, Moby Dick.", "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851) is a novel by Herman Melville , in which the sole survivor of a lost whaling ship relates the tale of his captain's self-destructive obsession to hunt the white whale , Moby-Dick.", "Moby Dick by Herman Melville (Penguin Classics, 1851) Moby Dick is rightly regarded as one of the classics of English literature, but when it was published in 1851 it went unnoticed. It took another century before Melville’s story of a man’s obsession received the recognition it was due. Superficially, Moby Dick is the story of Ahab, captain of the Pequod, and his quest to kill Moby Dick, a rogue albino whale. But that is like saying all you need to know about the Pacific Ocean, where most of the story is set, can be gleaned from the waves on its surface.", "Before we can allow the Pequod to enter our readerly imaginations as a species of Flying Dutchman, a mythy world-ship launched as in a dream after world-truths, we need Melville's reminder . . . that this journey out is indeed the 'WHALING VOYAGE BY ONE ISHMAEL' promised in Chapter I . . . the tale [is a] necessary frame of Moby Dick's larger concerns. [6]", "The Pequod rounds Africa and enters the Indian Ocean. A few whales are successfully caught and processed for their oil. From time to time, the ship encounters other whaling vessels. Ahab always demands information about Moby Dick from their captains. One of the ships, the Jeroboam, carries Gabriel, a crazed prophet who predicts doom for anyone who threatens Moby Dick. His predictions seem to carry some weight, as those aboard his ship who have hunted the whale have met disaster. While trying to drain the oil from the head of a captured sperm whale, Tashtego, one of the Pequod’s harpooners, falls into the whale’s voluminous head, which then rips free of the ship and begins to sink. Queequeg saves Tashtego by diving into the ocean and cutting into the slowly sinking head.", "The Essex is thought to be the only vessel in history to be sunk by a whale. If this story sounds familiar, it’s because a young Herman Melville was a whaler himself at the time and fashioned much of the story of Moby Dick on the Essex.", "With this famous first line begins a novel that Melville himself called \"a romance of adventure.\" Set sail with Captain Ahab as he deftly maneuvers the Pequod across the ocean, hunting his prey. He is a man bent on revenge against the ever-elusive white whale that took his leg. Blineded by his ego-maniacal illusions of invincibility, he recklessly pursues Moby Dick, dragging an ill-fated crew in his wake--men bound to him by awe and terror alike. Relentless in his quest, Ahab believes Moby Dick to be the incarnation of evil and will not rest until that evil is extinguished. Will he triumph? Can Moby Dick, the monster of the sea and the embodiment of man's never ending struggle against nature, be destroyed?", "As noted above, word of the sinking reached a young Herman Melville when, while serving on the whaler Acushnet, he met the son of Owen Chase who was serving on another whaler. Chase lent his father's account of the ordeal to Melville, who read it at sea and was inspired by the idea that a whale was capable of such violence. In time, he wrote Moby-Dick: or, The Whale, in which a sperm whale is said to be capable of similar acts. Melville's book draws its inspiration from the first part of the Essex story, ending with the sinking.", "Moby Dick delves deep into unchartered waters with its exploration of good and evil and the madness of obsession. The story is told by a narrator, Ishmael, who delivers perhaps the most famous opening line in English literature: “Call me Ishmael.” Melville, a whaler himself, was inspired by a true story of an albino whale responsible for a number of deadly attacks on whaling ships, across the Pacific in 1820. The whale was finally killed off the coast of Chile. The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the Southern Seas by Thor Heyerdahl (Simon & Schuster, 1948) In 1947, Norwegian biologist Thor Heyerdahl travelled 5000 kilometres across the Pacific Ocean, from Peru to Polynesia, on a balsa-wood raft just to prove a point. His point? Polynesia could have been populated by South Americans not just from peoples of the East, as was the conventional wisdom of the time. To do it, he used only the tools that the pre-Columbians South Americans possessed. Hence, the balsawood raft and his insistence that the tides and the wind would get him, his five crew and a Spanish-speaking parrot to where they wanted to go.", "Skipper Ahab: A fictitious character penned by American author Herman Melville, skipper Ahab is a brooding captain of the whaling vessel Pequod. His character portrayal is often regarded to be quite intense as the plot of the novel details his obsession and vengeance with the albino black whale (sperm whale), a unique paradox in itself.", "Greylock, the shape of an enormous white whale.  Melville himself had crewed aboard a whaling ship, so his story is technically accurate.  Moby Dick has two dimensions.  On one level it is an exciting, but tragic, adventure tale.  On another, it explores the psychology of obsession and revenge. The theme of Moby Dick carries on today in the likes of Captain Quint, in Jaws and Khan in Star Trek II, the Wrath of Khan.  Although it may be hard to believe, Melville’s iconic manuscript had its share of rejections.  Here is one of them: It was termed \"unsuitable for the juvenile market.\"", "Moby Dick by Herman Melville . This now-famous book about a man's hunt for the great whale is considered one of the greatest novels. The book is heavy on symbolism, but is also famous for the nature writing and detailing of the whaling industry.", "Ishmael, the narrator, announces his intent to ship aboard a whaling vessel. He has made several voyages as a sailor but none as a whaler. He travels to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he stays in a whalers’ inn. Since the inn is rather full, he has to share a bed with a harpooner from the South Pacific named Queequeg. At first repulsed by Queequeg’s strange habits and shocking appearance (Queequeg is covered with tattoos), Ishmael eventually comes to appreciate the man’s generosity and kind spirit, and the two decide to seek work on a whaling vessel together. They take a ferry to Nantucket, the traditional capital of the whaling industry. There they secure berths on the Pequod, a savage-looking ship adorned with the bones and teeth of sperm whales. Peleg and Bildad, the Pequod’s Quaker owners, drive a hard bargain in terms of salary. They also mention the ship’s mysterious captain, Ahab, who is still recovering from losing his leg in an encounter with a sperm whale on his last voyage.", "Moby-Dick contains large sections—most of them narrated by Ishmael—that seemingly have nothing to do with the plot, but describe aspects of the whaling business. Although a successful earlier novel about Nantucket whalers had been written, Miriam Coffin or The Whale-Fisherman (1835) by Joseph C. Hart, which is credited with influencing elements of Melville's work, most accounts of whaling tended to be sensational tales of bloody mutiny, and Melville believed that no book up to that time had portrayed the whaling industry in as fascinating or immediate a way as he had experienced it. Early Romantics also proposed that fiction was the exemplary way to describe and record history, so Melville wanted to craft something educational and definitive.", "Herman Melville drew inspiration for Moby-Dick from the 1820 whale attack on the Essex. Photo: Wikimedia Commons", "3. If the crew of the Pequod symbolizes humanity and Moby Dick symbolize nature, what do you think the voyage symbolizes?", "Moby Dick is such a creature. What the whale symbolizes in the sailor’s minds—the terror and potential", "to Moby Dick. For several years the whale has been sighted at the time and place known as", "throughout the world. New Bedford, Massachusetts, the setting of the opening scene in Moby-Dick, had a fleet", "A modern adaptation of Herman Melville's classic adventure. The obsessive quest of the captain of a high tech submarine to destroy the enormous prehistoric whale that maimed him.", "Everyone knows the classic tale of a crazy captain's quest for a white whale. Review the main events in Melville's classic novel here." ]

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[ "Roses are Red Violets are Blue - 3D Animation English Nursery rhyme for children - YouTube", "Mix - Roses are Red Violets are Blue - 3D Animation English Nursery rhyme for childrenYouTube", "Roses Are Red Violets Are Blue - English Nursery Rhymes for Children | Kids Tv Rhymes - Duration: 2:05. Kids Tv Rhymes 353 views", "This collection of five bedtime nursery rhymes includes Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star, Wee Willie Winkie, Hush-a-bye, Baby, Hey Diddle Diddle and Rock-a-bye, Baby. Little hands will find stimulating pictures and interesting textures such as a a sparkly star, a glittery moon and a fleecy blanket in this bright board book. There is a fun question for each rhyme to share with your toddler.", "\"Little Boy Blue\" is a popular English-language nursery rhyme, often used in popular culture. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 11318.", "Origins:   Many of us fondly recall the rhyming ditties we learned as children, such as \"Jack Be Nimble\" and \"The Farmer in the Dell.\" But how many of us realize that several of our most fondly-recalled nursery rhymes (e.g.,", "Two examples of these types of nursery rhymes history and origins are 'Ring a Ring of Roses' which refers to the Bubonic plague and 'Remember, Remember the Fifth of November' nursery rhyme which alludes to Guy Fawkes' foiled attempt to blow up the English Houses of Parliament! Many of the words and nursery rhymes lyrics were used to parody the British royal and political events of the day, direct dissent would often be punishable by death! Strange how these events in history are still portrayed through children's nursery rhymes, when for most of us the historical events relationship to the nursery rhymes themselves are long forgotten!", "It is a single quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre, which is common in nursery rhymes. The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (London, 1870). The Roud Folk Song Index catalogues folk songs and their variations by number, and classifies this song as 13026. ", "The free download (link below) is the original song of course (as released on The Nursery Rhyme Collection IV)", "As you can see, almost every nursery rhyme has a story behind it. Humpty Dumpty was actually King Richard III, and the famous farmer’s wife from the Three Blind Mice was supposedly Queen Mary I. Baa Baa Black Sheep was about taxation, and The Old Woman Who Lived In a Shoe was referring to the British Empire trying to control its colonies.", "Nursery Rhyme - Book and CD Music composed by Peter Cobbin Format : Hardcover (padded) plus CD problem : New proportions : 20cm x 26cm x 1cm in regards to the BookBeatrix Potter adored traditional rhymes and riddles and she wove all of them into this lady stories when she could. This beautifully illustrated volume mixes over fifty of the woman nursery rhymes in a single range and tends to make an amazing book of earliest verse for almost any youngster. The associated CD contains most of the rhymes set-to sounds in Peter Cobbin s incredibly diverse and tuneful arrangements. About Beatix Potter just a little girl in Victorian England Beatrix Potter is taught in the home by governesses and learned art while the lady cousin was sent away to class. She ended up being a shy set aside individuality when reaching the outside world but the girl key journal printed in her own code disclosed a lively youthful woman with very crucial opinions of the woman other music artists.Beatrix Potter s ArtDespite perhaps not planning sch", "It is is a classic nursery  rhyme. The origin of the rhyme are several theories. The rhyme is known to date back to at least the eighteenth century.  It was first published s in France. There are  four  stanzas.", "            The hopeless description above is framed by the last verse (Under the twinkle of a fading star), which inescapably underlies the nursery rhyme �twinkle twinkle little star�. This childlike connotation will be better explained in Part V.", "Next I took out my Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes by Iona and Peter Opie to see if they refer to “rowley powley”. That’s usually the first book I’ll refer to when there’s a question about a nursery rhyme. Here’s what it had to say:", "Children love this nursery rhyme as it combines lyrics and words with actions. This also improves the manual dexterity and coordination of a child whilst firing their imagination. An oft repeated song ending with the hands clasped together as if in prayer! Probably steeped in English history where the architecture of churches and its steeple dominated the skyline of all towns.", "2) Have you heard of this nursery rhyme before? If so, do you feel any differently reading it now than you did when you were younger? Are you receiving a different message now that you are older?", "From James Orchard Halliwell, ed., The Nursery Rhymes of England, 4th ed. (London: John Russell Smith, 1846, p. 140):", "Here's a similar rhyme that I found in A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899) by Percy B. Green:", "Here are some ideas for using the nursery rhyme Sing a Song of Sixpence with your class.", "The words and lyrics of this  American nursery rhyme would appeal to a young child and introduces imagery and the use of similes (white as snow) as part of use of the English language. The words also convey the morale that love is reciprocated! We can find no specific connection in history for the origins of this nursery rhyme but the origins are American as the lyrics were written by ", "The words and lyrics to this useful little nursery rhyme are probably used by many adults to prompt them into remembering how many days are in each month! The origins and history of the lyrics are obscure but use of olde English can date this rhyme back to at least the 16th century. When was the last time that you found yourself muttering the words to this nursery rhyme?", "In response to a question posted to an Internet mailing list, it turns out that this was a nursery rhyme taught to children. One responder wrote:", "Lucy Locket Lost Her Pocket 3D Animation English Nursery Rhyme for Children with lyrics only on KidsAdda", "These are some of the lyrics from nursery rhymes and other children's songs you may have forgotten, you may have never heard, or may have haunted you for years...", "The lyrics of this nursery rhyme are not based on origins dating back in history. This is an education rhyme with the lyrics devised with the specific intention of teaching a child to count.", "This is a very lyrical rhyme by the poet Edward. Even though it is a spoken poem it has a musical quality to it, and this will help you remember it if you read it out loud.", "I am sure everyone has a favorite nursery rhyme they heard as a child and has always remembered. I decided to explore and see what nursery rhymes were out there and if there was any history to how they came about. Here are some that you may recognize and others maybe new to you.", "That being said, what are the events that our nursery rhymes mirror in their lyrics? Here are some answers from rhymes.org.uk .", "A well illustrated version of a traditional English folk rhyme. A wonderful gift for a child.", "The music of the first and last verses only are here given, as each verse not only commemorates the gifts of a day, but also re-enumerates those of the preceding days, requiring no slight effort of memory on the part of those who try it. The melody for each gift is the same in all the repetitions, so that the 1st verse contains the whole of the tune, and the total number of gifts amount to three hundred and sixty-five � one for each day of the year; the twelve pear trees being in commemoration of the twelve days of Christmas.", "The dark origins behind this little rhyme are pretty well known, but in case you weren’t aware; the rhyme comes from the Great Plague of London in 1665. England is pretty much the birthplace of most disturbing rhymes. As  brainz.org  reports, “The symptoms of bubonic plague included a rosy red ring-shaped rash, which inspired the first line. It was believed that the disease was carried by bad smells, so people frequently carried pockets full of fresh herbs, or “posies.” The “ashes, ashes” line is believed to refer to the cremation of the bodies of those who died from the plague.” Fun stuff!", "For this rhyme, get your child to skip around any stationary object, while singing each verse. It’ll also help to drill in the importance of a good morning routine!" ]

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[ "The Burger King Company was established by David Edgerton and James McLamore who launched their first restaurant called Insta Burger King on December 4, 1954 in Miami, Florida, USA. During 1989, it was re-branded as Burger King and became internationally known. The original BK corporate logo also referred to as the \"Bun Halves\" was established in 1969 and lasted till early 1990s. It was a simple logo having the name \"Burger King\" in red letters sandwiched between two bun halves. In 1994, Burger King modernized its first logo by using a smoother font with rounded edges. By 1999, the company again updated the logo that is a stylized version of the \"bun halves\" logo. The new logo featuring a blue swirl gives the Burger King logo a circular appearance making it look more contemporary.", "In a way, Burger King was an outgrowth of McDonald's. The same year that Ray Kroc visited the original McDonald's, James McLamore and David Edgerton visited as well. They were both graduates of the Cornell University course in hotel administration, and they also saw the potential of assembly-line fast food. They opened their first restaurant in 1954 in a suburb of Miami, Florida. Now, Burger King has more than 11,220 franchise outlets in 61 countries.", "At the end of its 2013 fiscal year, Burger King is the second largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants in terms of global locations, behind industry bellwether McDonald's (32,400 locations); it is the fourth largest fast food restaurant chain overall after Yum! Brands (parent of KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut totaling 37,000 locations), McDonald's, and Subway (32,000 locations). ", "At roughly the same time as Kroc was conceiving what eventually became McDonald's Corporation, two Miami, Florida businessmen, James McLamore and David Edgerton, opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King. McLamore had visited the original McDonald's hamburger stand belonging to the McDonald brothers; sensing potential in their innovative assembly line-based production system, he decided he wanted to open a similar operation of his own. The two partners eventually decided to invest their money in Jacksonville, Florida-based Insta-Burger King. Originally opened in 1953, the founders and owners of the chain, Kieth J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns, opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers, they required all of their franchises to carry the device. By 1959 McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations within the Miami-Dade area and were growing at a fast clip. Despite the success of their operation, the partners discovered that the design of the insta-broiler made the unit's heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties. The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit. After the original company began to falter in 1959, it was purchased by McLamore and Edgerton who renamed the company Burger King. ", "When the predecessor of Burger King first opened in Jacksonville in 1953, its menu consisted predominantly of basic hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. After being acquired by its Miami, Florida, franchisees and renamed to its current moniker in 1954, BK began expanding the breadth of its menu by adding the Whopper sandwich in 1957. This quarter-pound (4 oz) hamburger was created by Burger King's new owners James McLamore and David Edgerton as a way to differentiate BK from other burger outlets at the time. Since its inception, the Whopper has become synonymous with Burger King, and has become the focus of much of its advertising. The company even named its new kiosk-style restaurants Whopper Bars. ", "The McDonald's fast-food chain sells the Big Mac , one of the world's top selling hamburgers. Other major fast-food chains, including Burger King (also known as Hungry Jack's in Australia), A&W , Culver's , Whataburger , Carl's Jr. / Hardee's chain, Wendy's (known for their square patties), Jack in the Box , Cook Out , Harvey's , Shake Shack , In-N-Out Burger , Five Guys , Fatburger , Vera's, Burgerville , Back Yard Burgers , Lick's Homeburger , Roy Rogers , Smashburger and Sonic also rely heavily on hamburger sales. Fuddruckers and Red Robin are hamburger chains that specialize in mid-tier \"restaurant-style\" variety of hamburgers.", "The McDonald's fast-food chain sells a sandwich called the Big Mac, one of the world's top selling hamburgers. Other major fast-food chains, including Burger King (also known as Hungry Jack's in Australia), A&W, Culver's, Whataburger, Carl's Jr./Hardee's chain, Wendy's (known for their square patties), Jack in the Box, Cook Out, Harvey's, In-N-Out Burger, Five Guys, Fatburger, Burgerville, Back Yard Burgers, Lick's Homeburger, Roy Rogers, and Sonic, also rely heavily on hamburger sales. Fuddruckers and Red Robin are popular hamburger chains that specialize in mid-tier \"restaurant-style\" variety of hamburgers. The \"slider\" style of mini hamburger is still popular regionally in the White Castle and Krystal chains.", "In the 1950s, Jacksonville was home to Insta-Burger King, which sold $.18 hamburgers and milkshakes. Nowadays, the name is different, but their HQ is still in Miami. And lest you think it's all burgers and fries (and old people) in the Sunshine State, FL has also spawned the healthy Giardino Gourmet Salads, the chicken-forward joints PDQ and Pollo Tropical, the seafood-heavy Snappers, and the Tex-Mex-flavored Tijuana Flats. Florida is also home to some of the best fast-food from the South, like Bojangles, Whataburger, and Krystal.", "Burger King is headquartered in a nine-story office tower by the Miami International Airport in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida. Elaine Walker of the Miami Herald stated that the headquarters has a \"Burger King\" sign that drivers on State Road 836 \"can't miss.\" In addition, the chain planned to build a neon sign on the roof to advertise the brand to passengers landing at the airport. On Monday 8 July 2002, 130 employees began working at the Burger King headquarters with the remainder moving in phases in August 2002. Prior to the moving to its current headquarters in 2002, Burger King had considered moving away from the Miami area; Miami-Dade County politicians and leaders lobbied against this, and Burger King stayed. In August 2014 the future of the company's Miami headquarters was again in doubt as reports surfaced Burger King was in talks with Tim Hortons about buying the Canadian restaurant chain, with a view to relocating its headquarters to Canada where the corporate tax rate is lower. ", "The Golden Arches are the famous symbol of McDonald’s, the global fast-food hamburger chain. Originally real arches that were part of the restaurant design, they were incorporated into the chain’s logo in 1962.The arches were introduced in 1953, when Dick and Mac McDonald were building a new outlet in Phoenix, Arizona. Architect Stanley Meston designed a walk-up hamburger stand with red and white tiles and a distinctive sloped roof, but Dick McDonald, wanting more visual appeal, sketched a pair of stylized yellow arches, one at each side. Meston accepted other changes but rejected the arches; in the end, sign-maker George Dexter was hired to construct the arches. When viewed from an angle, the design was reminiscent of the letter M. A sign out front incorporated yet a third yellow arch along with the chain’s signature character, a chef named Speedee.", "They were looking for a new agent and Kroc saw an opportunity. In 1955, he founded McDonald’s System, Inc., a predecessor of the McDonald’s Corporation, and six years later bought the exclusive rights to the McDonald’s name. By 1958, McDonald’s had sold its 100 millionth hamburger.", "Rex David “Dave” Thomas (July 2, 1932 – January 8, 2002) was an American businessperson and philanthropist. Thomas was the founder and chief executive officer of Wendy’s , a fast-food restaurant chain specializing in hamburgers . He is also known for appearing in more than 800 commercial advertisements for the chain from 1989 to 2002, more than any other company founder in television history. [1]", "Kroc backed up the advertising blitzkrieg with several new products, many of which were created by franchisees. Pittsburgh operator Jim Delligatti, seeking to bolster sales, in 1967 began testing a new double-decker hamburger that he dubbed the Big Mac. McDonald's introduced the sandwich throughout the chain in less than a year, and it has since become the firm's enduring signature product. Other new menu items, ranging from the Filet-o-Fish to the Egg McMuffin, also sprouted from the fertile imaginations of McDonald's operators and were similarly welcomed by Hamburger Central, as the headquarters came to be known.", "The \"Faster\" McRevolution of the 1950's - In the 1950’s, one of the words to help describe America was faster. Americans craved faster cars, faster music, and faster lives. This was the perfect time for Ray Kroc to contribute his groundbreaking ideas for the fast food industry. At first, Ray Kroc was just a salesman for the Multimixer shake machine, while McDonald’s was just a single, small hamburger stand in San Bernardino, California, that offered quick service. Kroc saw the potential of this small stand (to which he had sold 8 Multimixers) operated by Richard “Dick” McDonald, and his brother, Maurice “Mac” McDonald....   [tags: mcdonalds, ray kroc, fast food, franchise]", "The Big Mac is a hamburger sold by international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was introduced in the metropolitan area of Pittsburgh, United States, in 1967 and nationwide in 1968. It is one of the company's signature products.", "Ronald McDonald is a clown character used as the primary mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant chain. In television commercials, the clown inhabits a fantasy world called McDonaldland, and has adventures with his friends Mayor McCheese, the Hamburglar, Grimace, Birdie the Early Bird, and The Fry Kids. In recent years, McDonaldland has been largely phased out, and Ronald is instead shown interacting with normal children in their everyday lives.", "The first McDonald's franchise was sold by the McDonald brothers to a Phoenix entrepreneur in 1952. Neil Fox paid $1,000 for the rights to open an establishment based on the McDonald brothers' restaurant. The hamburger stand opened in 1953 on the southwest corner of Central Avenue and Indian School Road on the growing north side of Phoenix, and was the first location to sport the now internationally known \"golden arches\", which were initially twice the height of the building. Three other franchise locations opened that year, a full two years before Kroc purchased McDonald's and opened his first franchise in Illinois.", "The world's largest chain of fast food restaurants that serve around 68 million customers each day in 119 countries began operation in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant run by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California. The original restaurant was named \"McDonald's Famous Barbeque\" and served over forty barbequed items.", "With the deal in hand, Kroc set about fulfilling his vision of McDonald's restaurants blooming from coast to coast. He started by building the chain's first link -- an experimental model in Des Plaines, Illinois, outside Chicago, that featured the same low prices, limited menu, and rapid service as the San Bernardino stand. Opening on April 15, 1955, the store rang up a respectable $366.12 in sales, and quickly became profitable. Kroc watched over the store with the vigilance of a new mother, personally overseeing the kitchen and scraping gum off the parking lot with putty knife.", "Other local franchises include: Bill Gray's (a hamburger/hot dog joint that lays claim to having \"The World's Greatest Cheeseburger\"), DiBella's, Tom Wahl's, American Specialty Manufacturing producers of Boss Sauce, Pontillo's Pizzeria and Abbott's Frozen Custard. Dinosaur Bar-B-Que, which originated in Syracuse, also operates its second franchise downtown in the former Lehigh Valley Railroad station on the Genesee River.", "As automobiles became popular and more affordable following World War I, drive-in restaurants were introduced. The American company White Castle, founded by Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson in Wichita, Kansas in 1921, is generally credited with opening the second fast food outlet and first hamburger chain, selling hamburgers for five cents each. Walter Anderson had built the first White Castle restaurant in Wichita in 1916, introducing the limited menu, high-volume, low-cost, high-speed hamburger restaurant. Among its innovations, the company allowed customers to see the food being prepared. White Castle was successful from its inception and spawned numerous competitors.", "Eventually he opened up a taco place oddly named Der Weinerschnitzel (German for breaded veil) with his wife and a friend. Eventually he focused on his taco making skills and when one thing led to another he had 100 restaurants. Officially, Taco Bell went public in 1962 and the rest is history.", "In 2007, Mike Delligatti, James’ son, opened the McDonald’s Big Mac Museum Restaurant in North Huntington Township, Westmoreland County in honor of his father. The museum includes memorabilia, celebratory exhibits, and a 14-foot high Big Mac statue and life-size bronze bust of Jim Delligatti. Additionally, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Big Mac in 1993, Pittsburgh was temporarily renamed Big Mac, USA.", "Sedano's Supermarket is the largest Hispanic-owned supermarket chain in the United States.The chain has grown to include more than 30 supermarkets in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Orange and Osceola counties in Florida. Sedano's has become the largest member of Associated Grocers of Florida, a wholesale grocery food cooperative. While Sedano's success has come primarily from serving their niche of the Hispanic market, they strive to attract all demographic markets.", "1984 - The first McDonald�s franchise was closed -- in Des Plaines, IL. After 30 years of selling burgers, Mickey D�s opened a new drive-in restaurant right across the McStreet.", "In 1957, Jim Delligatti opened his first McDonald’s on McKnight Road in the North Hills area of Pittsburgh. He was one of McDonald’s earliest franchise owners; by the 1960s, he was operating a dozen stores in the Pittsburgh area. Delligatti had an exclusive territorial franchise for metropolitan Pittsburgh but was struggling with sub-par store volumes. He decided that the only way to broaden his customer base and increase sales was to add to the McDonald’s menu.", "Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch, a small lunch wagon in New Haven, Connecticut, sold its first hamburger in 1895. New York magazine states that \"The dish actually had no name until some rowdy sailors from Hamburg named the meat on a bun after themselves years later\", noting also that this claim is subject to dispute.", "Various non-specific claims of invention relate to the term \"hamburger steak\" without mention of its being a sandwich. The first printed American menu which listed hamburger is said to be an 1834 menu from Delmonico's in New York. [25] However, the printer of the original menu was not in business in 1834. [22] In 1889, a menu from Walla Walla Union in Washington offered hamburger steak as a menu item. [8]", "** Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in a former steakhouse in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain Wendy's after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou (nicknamed \"Wendy\" by her siblings).", "Various non-specific claims of invention relate to the term \"hamburger steak\" without mention of its being a sandwich. The first printed American menu which listed hamburger is said to be an 1834 menu from Delmonico's in New York. However, the printer of the original menu was not in business in 1834. In 1889, a menu from Walla Walla Union in Washington offered hamburger steak as a menu item.", "Aired in December 1986. Was considered a local advertisement for the popular burger chain. The pitch was for Chicken Tenders, which were new on the menu that year. The fine print in the ad said \"Available Only In Northern New Jersey, New York, and Conneticut\" The ad aired on a NY Affiliate Network of CBS, WCBS 2.", "A young and budding entrepreneur took a huge shot at creating America’s first and oldest fast food restaurant way back in 1921 in Wichita, Kansas. His name was Walter Anderson and together with a fellow investor named Billy Ingram made White Castle a famous American name by serving Americans the infamous “Slyder” mini burger for a mere 5 cents a piece." ]

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[ "* Skeet shooting is an Olympic sport where participants attempt to break clay disks flung into the air at high speed from a variety of angles. The firearm of choice for this task is usually a high quality, double-barreled over and under shotgun with 28/30 inch barrels and open chokes. The event is in part meant to simulate the action of bird hunting. The shooter shoots from eight positions on a semicircle with a radius of 21 yards (19 m), and an 8th position halfway between stations 1 and 7. There are two houses that hold devices known as \"traps\" that launch the targets, one at each corner of the semicircle. Skeet shooting began in Andover, Massachusetts in 1915, when grouse hunter Charles Davis invented a game he called \"shooting around the clock\" to improve his wingshooting.[263]", "Clay pigeon shooting, also known as clay target shooting, and formally known as Inanimate Bird Shooting, is the art of shooting a firearm at special flying targets, known as clay pigeons or clay targets.", "* Skeet shooting is an Olympic sport where participants attempt to break clay disks flung into the air at high speed from a variety of angles. The firearm of choice for this task is usually a high quality, double-barreled over and under shotgun with 28/30 inch barrels and open chokes. The event is in part meant to simulate the action of bird hunting. The shooter shoots from eight positions on a semicircle with a radius of 21 yards (19 m), and an 8th position halfway between stations 1 and 7. There are two houses that hold devices known as \"traps\" that launch the targets, one at each corner of the semicircle. Skeet shooting began in Andover, Massachusetts in 1915, when grouse hunter Charles Davis invented a game he called \"shooting around the clock\" to improve his wingshooting.[110]", "A game of more value to hunters than trap or skeet is sporting clays. Originating in England, it came to the United States in the early twentieth century and has become exceedingly popular since 1989, when the [National Sporting Clays Association (NSCA)][ http://www.mynsca.com/ ] was founded. Sporting clays courses are all unique, usually laid out to include field, woodland, and, where convenient, marsh. Traps are installed to throw targets at tough angles, into the sun and through thick vegetation where gunners get only a small window for the shot. “Rabbits” add variety. They’re special clay disks made to launch on edge and to scoot along the ground, bouncing unpredictably. Doubles are part of sporting clays. A “true pair” means a simultaneous toss. A “report pair” gives you the second bird at the sound of your first shot. A “following pair” puts one bird up at your call and the second target aloft at the pleasure of the trap operator. A round of sporting clays uses up fifty shot shells. Scores on most courses are much lower than on trap and skeet fields. About 5,393,000 shotgunners fired at clay targets in organized U.S. events during 2002.", "The targets themselves are made of lime and pitch, which is poured into molds and \"warmed up\" but not baked, as in a kiln, then the colors are painted on. They're available for different games in a variety of styles, sizes and colors -- standard, mini clays, midi clays, battue, clay rabbits -- but the standard Skeet target is round, dome-shaped, 108mm (4-1/4\") in diameter and about one inch high.", "Skeet shooting is a recreational and competitive activity where participants, using shotguns, attempt to break clay targets mechanically flung into the air from two fixed stations at high speed from a variety of angles.", "Skeet is hard, but easy to master. In Skeet, clay targets are thrown from two fixed and stationary machines located in âhigh houseâ (left side) & âlow houseâ (right side) of the field.", "The event is in part meant to simulate the action of bird hunting. The shooter shoots from seven positions on a semicircle with a radius of 21 yd, and an eighth position halfway between stations 1 and 7. There are two houses that hold devices known as \"traps\" that launch the targets, one at each corner of the semicircle. The traps launch the targets to a point 15 feet above ground and 18 feet outside of station 8. One trap launches targets from 10 feet above the ground (\"high\" house) and the other launches it from 3 feet above ground (\"low\" house).", "Folks enjoying trap shooting, which is similar to skeet. In trap, discs fly up, down and away, whereas in skeet, discs side to side.", "There are several types of targets that are used for the various disciplines, with a standard 108 mm size being the most common used in American Trap, Skeet, and Sporting Clays while International disciplines of these same games use a slightly larger 110 mm diameter size. Only the standard 108/110 mm target is used in all of the trap and skeet disciplines. Sporting shoots feature the full range of targets (except ZZ) to provide the variety that is a hallmark of the discipline.", "The terminology commonly used by clay shooters often relates to times past, when live-pigeon competitions were held. Although such competitions were made illegal in the UK in 1921, a target may still be called a \"bird\", a hit may be referred to as a \"kill\", and a missed target as a \"bird away\"; the machine which projects the targets is still known as a \"trap\".", "The first formal trap shoot in the United States occurred in Cincinnati in 1831. The passenger pigeon, a wild bird but then plentiful and easy to catch, was the target of choice. By 1850, live pigeon shooting had drawn lots of interest—but also complaints from people who objected to wholesale killing. Also, wild pigeons had become scarce. States began outlawing the sport. Then, in 1866, Charles Portlock of Boston improved on a sling device or trap used in England to throw glass balls. The balls flew and broke inconsistently; nonetheless, the sport grew. Captain Adam Borgardus, market hunter and exhibition shooter, devised a better trap. George Ligowsky of Cincinnati developed a clay disk that flew flatter and faster. In 1880 he demonstrated the target at a live bird shoot on Coney Island. A year later his improved trap gave the disks even more appeal. An Englishman named McCaskey soon made them easier to break by substituting river silt and pitch for the ground clay and water used by Ligowsky. Limestone later replaced the silt. “Clay pigeons” or “clay birds,” as they’re known today, are still made of limestone and pitch.", "Single and double target sequences are slightly different from American Skeet, with a high single and one pair of doubles from Stations 1 & 2; high and low singles and one pair of doubles from Stations 3, 4 and 5 (on Station 4, the high bird must be attempted first in doubles); a single low and a double from Station 6; one pair of doubles from Station 7; a single high and a single low from Station 8. A round is 25 targets, with no option shot.", "For buckshot, the numbers usually start at 4 (6.1 mm, 0.24 in) and go down to 1, 0, 00 (\"double aught\"), 000, and finally 0000 (9.7 mm, .38 in). A different informal distinction is that \"bird shot\" pellets are small enough that they can be measured into the cartridge by weight, and simply poured in, whereas \"buckshot\" pellets are so large they must be stacked inside the cartridge in a fixed geometric arrangement in order to fit. The diameter in hundredths of an inch of bird shot sizes from #9 to #1 can be obtained by subtracting the shot size from 17. Thus, #4 bird shot is 17 - 4 13 ", "\"In sporting clays, you shoot at various target presentations that are intended to simulate actual hunting situations, such as flushing quail, springing teal, incoming ducks, and so on,\" said Glenn Holland of Joplin, a member of the Missouri State Skeet Association. \"If you want to see some frustrated target shooters, you should watch them try to shoot at a rabbit target bouncing fast across uneven ground.\"", "Skeet shooting is a relative newcomer that first gained widespread popularity in the 1930's. Invented in Massachusetts in 1920, it was named by Mrs. Gertrude Hurlbutt of Dayton, Montana, in a 1926 contest sponsored by National Sportsman magazine. \"Skeet\" is an old Scandinavian word for \"shooting.\"", "Shot, small and round and delivered without spin, is ballistically inefficient. As the shot leaves the barrel it begins to disperse in the air. The resulting cloud of pellets is known as the shot pattern, or shotgun shot spread. The ideal pattern would be a circle with an even distribution of shot throughout, with a density sufficient to ensure enough pellets will intersect the target to achieve the desired result, such as a kill when hunting or a break when shooting clay targets. In reality the pattern is closer to a Gaussian, or normal distribution, with a higher density in the center that tapers off at the edges. Patterns are usually measured by firing at a 30 in diameter circle on a large sheet of paper placed at varying distances. The hits inside the circle are counted, and compared to the total number of pellets, and the density of the pattern inside the circle is examined. An \"ideal\" pattern would put nearly 100% of the pellets in the circle and would have no voids—any region where a target silhouette will fit and not cover 3 or more holes is considered a potential problem.", "Non-military applications include the use of small-calibre spigot mortars to launch lightweight, low-velocity foam dummy targets used for training retriever dogs for bird hunting. Extremely simple launchers use a separate small primer cap as the sole propellant (similar or identical to the cartridges used in industrial nail guns).", "This is a new shotgun game that offers sporting clays and FITASC target presentations on a skeet/trap or open field. This is possible by using a movable support system that carries the release buttons (wired or wireless setup) from 6 to 9 traps and the dual safety screen in any place on the field. As a result, the shooter can shoot in safe conditions upon target presentations in varying range (10 to 60 yards) and varying angles (sharp to wide).", "One method of killing was to blind a single bird by sewing its eyes shut using a needle and thread. This bird's feet would be attached to a circular stool at the end of a stick that could be raised five or six feet in the air, then dropped back to the ground. As the bird attempted to land, it would flutter its wings, thus attracting the attention of other birds flying overhead. When the flock landed near this decoy bird, nets would trap the birds and the hunters would crush their heads between their thumb and forefinger. This has been claimed as the origin of the term stool pigeon , though this etymology is disputed.", "One method of killing was to blind a single bird by sewing its eyes shut using a needle and thread. This bird's feet would be attached to a circular stool at the end of a stick that could be raised five or six feet in the air, then dropped back to the ground. As the bird attempted to land, it would flutter its wings, thus attracting the attention of other birds flying overhead. When the flock landed near this decoy bird, nets would trap the birds and the hunters would crush their heads between their thumb and forefinger. This has been claimed as the origin of the term stool pigeon, though this etymology is disputed.", "All three sports use a shotgun, and in the sporting disciplines are sub-classified by the type of game the clay target represents (pigeon, rabbit, etc.). The two primary methods of projecting clay targets are airborne and ground (rolling).", ";Battue: A very thin target measuring about 108–110 mm in diameter, it flies very fast and falls off very suddenly simulating a duck landing. They are generally more expensive than other targets.", "The most ubiquitous of all smallbore rifle targets is the NRA 50-foot A-17, the \"Bucket Bull.\" There is probably not a rifle shooter in the United States who has not shot at least one match on this venerable icon of smallbore competition. Originally it was called the \"50-Foot Slow-Fire\" target and its dimensions have never varied, although in its early days the aiming black only extended to the 1.150-inch seven ring as opposed to the current 2.483-inch X-ring.", "wadcutter: A special-purpose bullet specially designed for shooting paper targets, usually at close range and at subsonic velocities typically under 800 ft/s (240 m/s). They are often used in handgun and airgun competitions. A wadcutter has a flat or nearly flat front that cuts a very clean hole through the paper target, making it easier to score and ideally reducing errors in scoring the target to the favor of the shooter.", "The projectile represented in Fig. 2 has a thick circular plate of copper attached to its base by means of a screw-bolt at its center. To prevent it from turning around this bolt there are three pins, or dowels, fastened into the base of the projectile, and projecting into corresponding holes in the circular plate. This plate is slightly cupped, and the angle between it and the bottom of the projectile is filled with a greased cord for lubricating the bore of the gun.  This projectile is referred to as a \"Tennessee Cup or Sabot\" and often called a \"Mullane\" shell.", "For less than $500, a curious hobbyist can better inspect the excitement and satisfaction related to skeet shooting.  In addition to friends met and time invested in an enjoyment, some practitioners report an increase in agility related to eye-hand coordination as well as improved concentration regarding tactile tasks.", "The cartridge for a shotgun. It is also called a \"shell,\" and its body may be of metal or plastic or of plastic or paper with a metal head. Small shotshells are also made for rifles and handguns and are often used for vermin control.", "BB ... 1) Round ball Airgun projectile of .175 inch diameter, much used in the USA for casual 'plinking' and seldom encountered in the UK. 2) A round shotgun cartridge projectile of .181 inch diameter.", "Laser Clay Pigeon Shooting, also known as Laser Clay Shooting or even Laser Shooting, is a variation on the traditional sport of Clay Pigeon Shooting where the shotguns are disabled and fitted with laser equipment that can detect hits on specially modified reflective clays. Laser clay pigeon shooting offers a safe alternative for beginners.", "Fig. 1 presents a shell with a copper ring (b) fitting into a rabbet formed around its base in casting. This projectile would seem to resemble the Parrott projectile in its construction. The lower edge of the band, however, projects below the bottom the base, which in Parrotts it does not. Recesses are formed in the sides of the rabbet to prevent the ring from turning.", "Since the 16th century, lead shot has been used in waterfowl hunting. Lead shot was originally poured down the barrel. Later, shells were made of paper and brass in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. In the early 1960s, manufacturers began making shotshells of plastic. In the late 1960s, it was determined that lead shot poisoned waterfowl eating in shallow water areas where there was heavy hunting. In 1974, steel shot shells were offered for sale to hunters at the Brigantine Waterfowl Refuge in southern New Jersey, and at Union County State Fish & Wildlife area in Union County, Illinois, by Winchester at five dollars a box. These shells were marked \"Experimental\" and were orange in color." ]

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[ "Angostura bitters are a key ingredient in many cocktails. Originally used to help with upset stomachs of the soldiers in the Simón Bolívar army, it later became popular in soda water and was usually served with gin. The mix stuck in the form of a pink gin, and is also used in many other alcoholic cocktails such as long vodka, consisting of vodka, Angostura bitters, and lemonade. In the United States, it is best known for its use in whiskey cocktails: the Old Fashioned, made with whiskey, bitters, sugar, and water, and the Manhattan, made usually with rye whiskey and sweet vermouth. In a Pisco Sour a few drops are sprinkled on top of the foam, both for aroma and decoration. In a Champagne Cocktail a few drops of bitters are added to a sugar cube. Though not in the classic recipe, bartenders sometimes add more flavour to the Mojito cocktail by sprinkling a few drops of Angostura bitter on top. Bitters can also be used in \"soft\" drinks; a common drink served in Australian and New Zealand pubs is lemon lime and bitters. ", "Another variation of the pink gin is a pink gin and tonic, made from four dashes of Angostura bitters and two shots of gin, topped off with tonic and served in a highball glass. Angostura bitters are also added to a manhattan , a whiskey cocktail with Italian vermouth and a maraschino cherry. A classic British champagne cocktail is made from champagne, a squeeze of lemon, an ice cube, and a lump of sugar soaked in Angostura bitters.", "One-half piece Sugar, 2 dashes Angostura Bitters, 1½ jiggers Paul Jones or Four Roses Whiskey, 1 slice Orange, 1 slice Lemon, 1 slice Pineapple, 2 dashes Curacao. Muddle sugar and bitters with pestle. Add cube of ice, whiskey and Curaçao and decorate with fruit. This cocktail was created at the Pendennis Club in Louisville in honor of a famous old-fashioned Kentucky Colnel. I claim it was worthy of him.", "1 lump Sugar 3 dashes Angostura Bitters 2 ice cubes 1 jigger Rye or Bourbon Splash of Seltzer or 1 tablespoon of Water Place the lump of sugar in an Old Fashioned glass and saturate it with Angostura Bitters. Add the seltzer or water and muddle. Add the ice, a cherry, and a twist of lemon peel. Then pour in the liquor, stir and serve. Serious-minded persons omit fruit salad from \"Old Fashioneds,\" while the frivolous window-dres the brew with slices of orange, sticks of pineapple, and a couple of turnips.", "1½ ounces of your favorite bourbon 2 dashes of angostura bitters 1 sugar cube A few dashes of water", "A recipe with many variations, almost always featuring bourbon and sugar. Add slice of orange, tsp of sugar (5 mL) or simple syrup, maraschino cherry (without stem) and two dashes of Angostura bitters to bottom of an Old Fashioned glass. Fill glass with ice. Add 2 oz (60 mL) bourbon and stir. Serve with stir or short straw. An Old Fashioned glass is similar to a bucket or tumbler. This drink is sometimes ordered as a call. On occasion Southern Comfort, Scotch, or various Rye whiskies may be desired.", "In a glass soak the sugar cube in the Angostura bitters. Fill a champagne flute with champagne then add the soaked sugar cube. Garnish with a twist of lemon.", "Old-Fashioned Cocktail (Gin) Use Old Fashioned Cocktail glass. 1/2 piece Domino Sugar 2 dashes Angostura Bitters 1 drink El Bart gin 1 slice Orange Peel 1 slice Lemon Peel 1 slice Pineapple Muddle sugar and bitters, add cube of ice and the Gin, decorate with fruit.", "Angostura Bitters. Shake with lots of ice, double strain, serve either straight up in a Martini glass or on the rocks. Garnish with a twist of orange peel. J STOP PRESS … The Loch Fyne Living Cask Batch 2 is now available. As devotees know, the Living Cask is continually topped up, so each batch contains liquid from the previous batch, its flavour subtly adjusting by the addition of new malts.", "the Moulin Rouge: Combine one and a half ounces of sloe gin, a half ounce of sweet vermouth, two dashes of angostura bitters and three or four ice cubes. Stir well and strain into a cocktail glass.", "This cocktail lightens the hard flavor of whiskey by mixing it with sparkling wine. The coolest part is the bitters soaked sugar cube that floats in your glass.", "Pour into each glass 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls simple syrup and add 1 to 3 dashes Angostura. Stir with a spoon to blend the bitters with the syrup. Add about 1 oz. whisky and stir again. Add 2 large cubes of ice, cracked but not crushed (see page 100). Fill glass to within about 3/8\" of top with whisky and stir again. Add a twist of lemon and drop peel in the glass. Decorate with a maraschino cherry on a spear. Serve with short stir rod or Old-Fashioned spoon.", "1 dash of Angostura bitters 1 dash of orange Curacao 100% whiskey Fill glass with ice. Stir, strain and serve.", "1. Splash a generous few drops of Angostura bitters into an old-fashioned glass and tilt it around until the inside is coated. Shake out any excess. Pour in the gin.", "1 dash Angostura bitters, 40 mL gin. Add a few drops of Angostura bitters to the glass, then pour in the gin. Add an ice cube and top up with tap water to taste.", "Gin and tonic; Whisky and coke; Rum and coke; Vodka and orange; Vodka and tonic; Bloody Mary (this is vodka and tomato juice)", "3 strawberries, 3/4 oz (20 mL) butterscotch schnapps, 3/4 oz (20 mL) Bacardi light rum, 3/4 oz (20 mL) Baileys Irish Cream, 3/4 oz (20 mL) cream, 1 1/2 oz (45 mL) milk, 4 ice cubes. For garnishing and presentation: thimble full of strawberry syrup, 1 strawberry. Blend ingredients until smooth. Coat the glass with the thimble full of strawberry syrup. Pour blended drink gently into glass. Garnish glass with the extra strawberry (of course!) Serve immediately (if possible in a tall cocktail glass/hurricane glass), and enjoy!", "In a shaker half-filled with ice cubes, combine the gin, lemon juice, and sugar. Shake well. Strain into a collins glass almost filled with ice cubes. Add the club soda. Stir and garnish with the cherry and the orange slice.", "Pour 60ml scotch whisky into an ice-filled high-ball glass. Squeeze in the juice of half a lime. Stir them together, and then top up the glass with soda water. Garnish with a half slice of lime if you so desire.", "1 part gin, 1 part blue curaçao, 1 part creme de cacao (dark), 1 part lime cordial, ice. Mix the ingredients into a whisky glass and top with ice.", "Cracked ice, 1.5 oz (45 mL) gin, juice of one lemon (about 1 oz [30 mL]), 1 tsp (5 mL) fine sugar or sugar syrup, club soda. Garnish. Fill a Collins glass up about two-thirds with ice. Add sugar, lemon juice and gin. Stir well. Top off glass with club soda. A garnish, such as a maraschino cherry, is optional. Variations include using (unsweetened) lime juice instead of lemon juice; skipping the sugar in the above recipe, and using lemon-lime soda instead of club soda; and using \"Collins mixer\" soda (essentially slightly sweet lime soda) om place of the lime juice, sugar and club soda.", "Fill a cocktail shaker with plenty of ice. Pour in 50ml blended whisky , 20ml lemon juice and 20ml sugar syrup. Shake, shake, shake. Strain into a glass and garnish with a slice of lemon and a maraschino cherry.", "1 part Southern Comfort, 1 part amaretto liqueur, 1 part sloe gin, splash of orange juice. Shake with ice and strain into shot glass or cordial. Slam it down. If you have no sloe gin, grenadine syrup can be substituted. Drink as a shooter or as a cocktail.", "Prepare in an ice filled glass, Pour in the Campari and tonic water. Garnish with a slice of orange.", "Campari and Tonic: Fill a tumbler with ice and add 50ml Campari and top with tonic water. Finish with a squeezes of fresh lime.", "a cocktail made of vodka, cranberry and lime juices, and orange liqueur, served in a martini glass", "1oz (30 mL) Vodka. Celery salt the rim of the glass. Dash Worcestershire sauce, dash Tabasco, Clamato Juice", "an iced mixed drink usually containing alcohol and prepared for multiple servings; normally served in a punch bowl1", "It too also has a unique history all its own in terms of evolution over the years. In the Fine Art of Mixing Drinks it is noted that of all the recipes published for this drink, no one has ever seen any two alike. The \"original recipe\" was noted as mixing two measures of gin with one of cherry brandy and one of orange, pineapple and lime juice. An alternative \"original recipe\" used gin, cherry heering, benedictine, and fresh pineapple juice, primarily from Sarawak pineapples which enhances the flavor and creates a foamy top. So if you haven't figured out by now, here is the guest of honor for this week!", "Mix liquids together and pour over ice into an old fashioned glass. Garnish with maraschino cherry or an orange slice.", "Shake all ingredients with ice and strain into a chilled glass. Garnish with an apple slice.", "Pour gin and juice of lemon into an old-fashioned glass over ice cubes. Fill with ginger ale, stir and serve." ]

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[ "The International Court of Justice (; commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations (UN). Seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, the court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.", "The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.", "The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial tribunal of the United Nations , to which all member states are parties. It is often informally referred to as the World Court. The ICJ was established in 1946 by the United Nations (Statute of the International Court of Justice [ICJ Statute], June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1055, 3 Bevans 1179). It replaced the former Permanent Court of International Justice, which had operated within The Hague, Netherlands, since 1922. Like its predecessor, the headquarters of the ICJ is also located in the Peace Palace at The Hague.", "International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations, established 1946 by chapter 14 of the UN Charter. It superseded the Permanent Court of International Justice (see World Court ), and its statute for the most part repeats that of the former tribunal. The court consists of 15 judges chosen for nine-year terms by the General Assembly and the Security Council, voting independently, from a list of candidates nominated by government-appointed national groups of international-law experts. No two judges may be from the same country. Nine judges constitute a quorum, and questions are decided by a majority of the judges present. The permanent seat of the court is in the Peace Palace at The Hague, the Netherlands, but it may hold hearings elsewhere. All members of the United Nations are ipso facto members of the court; other states may adhere to the statute. If a member of the United Nations fails to comply with a judgment of the court, an appeal for assistance may be made to the Security Council. The court may render judgment in certain disputes between states, and with the authorization of the General Assembly, it may deliver advisory opinions to any organ of the United Nations and its agencies.", "The International Court of Justice , sometimes known as the \"World Court\" is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations . [7] The General Assembly or the Security Council may request that the International Court of Justice provide an advisory opinion on any legal question. Any organ or agency of the UN so authorized by the General Assembly may also request the IJC for an advisory opinion. [8]", "Until late 2015, the ICC was housed in interim premises in The Hague provided by the host state of the Netherlands. Formerly belonging to KPN, the provisional headquarters were located at Maanweg 174 in the east-central portion of the city. The building continues to serve as the seat of Eurojust.", "The foundation of The Hague as an \"international city of peace and justice\" was laid in 1899, when the world's first Peace Conference took place in The Hague on Tobias Asser's initiative, followed by a second in 1907. A direct result of these meetings was the establishment of the world's first organisation for the settlement of international disputes: the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). Shortly thereafter the Scottish-American millionaire Andrew Carnegie made the necessary funds available to build the Peace Palace to house the PCA. After the establishment of the League of Nations, The Hague became the seat of the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was replaced by the UN's International Court of Justice after the Second World War. The establishments of the Iran-US Claims Tribunal (1981), the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and the International Criminal Court (2002) in the city further consolidated the role of The Hague as a center for international legal arbitration. Most recently, on 1 March 2009, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, a U.N. tribunal to investigate and prosecute suspects in the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, opened in the former headquarters of the Netherlands General Intelligence Agency in Leidschendam, a town within the greater area of The Hague.", "\"She is also part of the legal team representing the government of Cambodia in a case involving a territorial dispute with Thailand at the International Court of Justice in The Hague,\" the site says. \"She has previously worked as a legal adviser to judges at the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and as senior legal adviser to the prosecutor of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.\"", "The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The ICC is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore only exercise its jurisdiction when certain conditions are met, such as when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals or when the United Nations Security Council or individual states refer investigations to the Court. The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force. The Rome Statute is a multilateral treaty which serves as the ICC's foundational and governing document. States which become party to the Rome Statute, for example by ratifying it, become member states of the ICC. Currently, there are 124 states which are party to the Rome Statute and therefore members of the ICC.", "World Court, popular name of the Permanent Court of International Justice, established pursuant to Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The protocol establishing it was adopted by the Assembly of the League in 1920 and ratified by the requisite number of states in 1921. By the time of its dissolution in 1945 (when its functions were transferred to the newly created International Court of Justice ), the court had 59 member states. Established at The Hague, the court was empowered to render judgments in disputes between states that were voluntarily submitted to it and to give advisory opinions in any matters referred to it by the Council or the Assembly of the League. Its functions, thus, were judicial rather than, as in the case of the older Hague Tribunal , purely arbitral and diplomatic. It also differed from the Hague Tribunal in having a permanent group of judges instead of a panel from which judges might be selected to hear a particular dispute. The court originally had 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, but in 1931 its composition was changed to 15 regular judges. Judges were elected for nine-year terms by the Council and the Assembly concurrently; they were selected from a list of nominees of the Hague Tribunal regardless of nationality, except that not more than one citizen of a country might sit on the bench at any one time.", "It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues. The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions.", "The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established in 1993 as a body of the UN to prosecute war crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal is an ad hoc court which is located in The Hague, the Netherlands. ", "On July 1, 2002, the International Criminal Court, a treaty-based court located in The Hague, came into being for the prosecution of war crimes committed on or after that date. Several nations, most notably the United States, China, Russia, and Israel, have criticized the court. The United States still participates as an observer. Article 12 of the Rome Statute provides jurisdiction over the citizens of non-contracting states in the event that they are accused of committing crimes in the territory of one of the state parties. ", "Eyffinger, Arthur. The International Court of Justice 1946–1996. The Hague and Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1996.", "* The Palais Wilson in Geneva, Switzerland, is the current headquarters of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; the Quai Wilson is a street nearby, on the west shore of Lake Geneva.", "The Hague — the judicial capital of the world, the seat of government and the royal house", "This article addresses the unfolding pursuit of state cooperation by the chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It explains that the prosecutor's recent shift from a cautionary to a confrontational pursuit is due to 1) the failure to persuade states to hand over suspects and 2) the lack of international backing for arrests amid the quest for a negotiated peace to ongoing conflicts. The article focuses on the prosecutor's forceful campaign to apprehend rebel leaders from Uganda and government suspects implicated in atrocities in Darfur, including President Bashir of Sudan.", "Only after the Cold War ended, did the two new international ad hoc tribunals -- the ICTY and the ICTR -- finally usher in the modern age of international criminal justice. When horrifying atrocities occurred in the Balkans and Rwanda, the United States led the push for accountability, resorting to the UN Security Council’s Chapter VII authority to establish those ad hoc tribunals. As my old boss Madeleine Albright told the UN Security Council when the ICTY was established in 1993, “There is an echo in this chamber today. The Nuremberg principles have been reaffirmed. The lesson that we are all accountable to international law may finally have taken hold in our collective memory.”", "The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. The court was established in 1899 as one of the acts of the first Hague Peace Conference, which makes it the oldest global institution for international dispute resolution. Its creation is set out under Articles 20 to 29 of the 1899 Hague Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes, which was a result of the first Hague Peace Conference. The most concrete achievement of the Conference was the establishment of the PCA as the first institutionalized global mechanism for the settlement of disputes between states. The PCA encourages the resolution of disputes that involve states, state entities, intergovernmental organizations, and private parties by assisting in the establishment of arbitration tribunals and facilitating their work. The court offers a wide range of services for the resolution of international disputes which the parties concerned have expressly agreed to submit for resolution under its auspices. Dutch-Jew legal scholar Tobias Asser's role in the creation of the PCA at the first Hague Peace Conference (1899) earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911.", "The court's exclusive focus on Africa at present has led to criticism among some African states and ICC observers that the continent is the court's main target. However, a number of objective factors undermine such accusations, including:", "This page covers the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the UN system's highest judicial body. The ICJ settles legal disputes between states, who must agree to abide by the Court's jurisdiction before their case will be heard. The ICJ also gives advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by UN bodies and agencies. Here, particular emphasis is given to the relationship between the ICJ and the Security Council. Many have suggested that the ICJ should have the power of judicial review over the Security Council's actions to ensure that they are consistent with the UN Charter and other instruments of international law.", "The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice (), is the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its equal application across all EU member states. The Court was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per member state – currently 28 – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or 15 judges. The court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015.", "Superficially, it is puzzling, if not disconcerting, that each of the eight situations currently under investigation at the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) involves an African country. 1 Critics of the Court attempt to explain this phenomenon by claiming a so-called “Africa bias.” The ICC is, in their view, inappropriately targeting African states because the Court, and in particular the Office of the Prosecutor, is prejudiced against and or predisposed towards prosecuting African officials. 2 Some of these critics even brand the ICC as a neo-colonial institution. 3", "The European Court of Justice (ECJ), created in 1951, is a central institution of the European Union (EU). Its permanent seat (the Palais) is on the Kirschberg plateau above the city of Luxembourg.", "Kelly, Barbara. 1992. \"The International Court of Justice: Its Role in a New World Legal Order.\" Touro Journal of Transnational Law 3.", "The Permanent Court of International Justice was provided for by the Covenant, but not established by it. The Council and the Assembly established its constitution. Its judges were elected by the Council and the Assembly, and its budget was provided by the latter. The Court was to hear and decide any international dispute which the parties concerned submitted to it. It might also give an advisory opinion on any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or the Assembly. The Court was open to all the nations of the world under certain broad conditions. ", "The International Criminal Court has 123 member nations and investigates and prosecutes genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. For there to be jurisdiction for the prosecution of a crime against humanity under Article 7, there must an intentional act meeting the Element of Crimes, otherwise known as a prima facie case. Under Article 7, a \"crime against humanity\" includes “any inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health”, as well as ”persecution Subscription link www.female-exec.com/s.html", "This Human Rights Watch essay examines the development of a \"system\" of international justice in the 1990's, consisting of ad hoc tribunals, the International Criminal Court and other international mechanisms. It further assesses the challenges facing international justice and gives recommendations to strengthen the existing institutions.", "The European Court of Human Rights was set up in 1959 and is based in Strasbourg, in the Human Rights Building. The Court is the judicial organ of the Council of Europe (and not of the European Union). Its mission is to ensure respect of the \"Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms\", commonly referred to as the European Convention on Human Rights.", "3. What differentiates the International Court of Justice from the International Criminal Court and the ad hoc international criminal tribunals?", "* Sang-Hyun Song (J.S.D. 1970) – Judge (2003–2015) and President (2009–2015) of the International Criminal Court", "The global community's growing interest in fighting impunity for crimes against humanity has contributed significantly to the internationalization of law. This Integrated Regional Information Networks report examines the historically complex relationship between international criminal law and state sovereignty. The report further analyzes the controversial concept of \"humanitarian\" intervention, which some defend as a means to justice, but critics often deride as a tool used by powerful nations to meddle in smaller states' affairs." ]

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[ "Jeopardy!s record for the longest winning streak is held by Ken Jennings, who competed on the show from June 2 through November 30, 2004, winning 74 matches before being defeated by Nancy Zerg in his 75th appearance. He amassed $2,520,700 over his 74 wins and a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance. At the time, he held the record as the highest money-winner ever on American game shows, and his winning streak increased the show's ratings and popularity to the point where it became TV's highest-rated syndicated program. Jennings later won the $500,000 second-place prize in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions, the $300,000 second-place prize in the IBM Challenge, and the $100,000 second-place prize in the Battle of the Decades.", "2004 – Longtime Jeopardy! champion Ken Jennings finally lost on his 75th appearance, leaving him with US$2,520,700, the most winnings on any game show ever played.", "Any defeat of a lengthy, seemingly unstoppable Jeopardy! champion could be considered this, particularly Nancy Zerg's defeat of Ken Jennings in his 75th game in November 2004. Averted when said champion loses to someone who goes on a long reign of their own, like when 9 day champion Jason Keller lost to eventual 6 day champion Dave Leach in December 2011.", "His record lasted about three and a half years until it was broken in November 2004 by Ken Jennings on Jeopardy!. Olmstead still holds the record for the highest game show earnings on a U.S. network, since Jennings won on a syndicated game show. Olmstead currently ranks third behind Jennings and Brad Rutter, whose $2 million (US) win in the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 catapulted him to a then record total (which Jennings surpassed in 2008).", "Before 2003, Jeopardy! contestants were limited to five consecutive games. At the beginning of the show's twentieth season (in 2003), the rules were changed to allow contestants to remain on the show as long as they continued to win. After this rule change, and until Jennings' run, the record winning streak was set by Tom Walsh, who won $186,900 in eight games in January 2004.", "Before his Jeopardy! appearance, Jennings was a member of BYU's Quiz Bowl Team. Jennings' run began during Jeopardy!'s 20th season with the episode aired on Wednesday, June 2, 2004, in which he unseated two-time returning champion Jerry Harvey, and continued into season 21. In that first episode, Jennings's entire win streak nearly ended before it even began. The Final Jeopardy answer was \"She's the first female track & field athlete to win medals in 5 different events at a single Olympics.\" Jennings responded with \"Who is Jones?\", referring to Marion Jones (the shows were recorded before she was stripped of her medals as a result of admitted doping). Host Alex Trebek said, \"We will accept that, in terms of female athletes, there aren't that many.\" If the response had not been accepted, Jennings would have lost, and challenger Julia Lazarus would have won instead. Jennings' run was interrupted by the off-season break in July until September, 2004 Kids' Week, the Tournament of Champions (aired from September 20, 2004 through October 1, 2004), the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election (aired on Tuesday November 2, 2004, pushing his weeks of episodes to air from Wednesday to Saturday) and the College Championship (aired from November 10, 2004 through November 23, 2004). He did not participate in the Tournament of Champions, as invitations are only extended to champions who have already been defeated (with the exception of the winner(s) of the College Championship), which Jennings had not yet been.", "Ties for first place following Final Jeopardy! are broken with a tie-breaker clue, resulting in only a single champion being named, keeping their winnings, and returning to compete in the next show. Previously, if two or all three contestants tied for first place, they were declared \"co-champions\", and each retained his or her winnings and returned on the following episode. A tie occurred on the January 29, 2014 episode when Arthur Chu, leading at the end of Double Jeopardy!, wagered to tie challenger Carolyn Collins rather than winning; Chu followed Jeopardy! College Champion Keith Williams's advice to wager for the tie to increase the leader's chances of winning. A three-way tie for first place has only occurred once on the Trebek version, on March 16, 2007, when Scott Weiss, Jamey Kirby, and Anders Martinson all ended the game with $16,000. ", "Sports Jeopardy! host Dan Patrick occasionally gives nicknames to successful repeat champions, like \"The Duke of Earl\" for season 3 8-time champion Earl Holland, and \"Vinny V\" for season 2 15-time champion Vinny Varadarajan.", "In his string of “Jeopardy!” appearances, which began June 2, Mr. Jennings gave more than 2,700 correct responses. On July 13 he broke the $1 million mark in cash winnings, and on Sept. 15 he broke the record for the longest winning streak on any game show in TV history, with a 43-show run. On Nov. 3 Mr. Jennings made history as the all-time top game show cash winner, amassing $2,197,000.", "The 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions was littered with upsets and dark horse victories in the early rounds. Of the \"Nifty Nine\" champions that were byed to the second round following their record setting and accomplished prior runs on the show, seven of them lost their opening game, with only Brad Rutter and Frank Spangenberg advancing to the quarterfinals (and only one other TOC winner, Dan Melia, joining them there.) On the flip side, the UTOC was a great showcase for John Cuthbertson, Chris Miller, and Pam Mueller, who won their own share of upsets on their route to the semifinals, after ending their previous Jeopardy! runs as semifinalists in their regular TOCs. Cuthbertson, in particular, impressed many by knocking off TOC winners Bob Verini & Bob Blake, plus TOC finalist Tad Carithers in the first two rounds alone.", "Competition wise, Jeopardy!'s first two seasons are seen by many fans as lacking in \"great\" champions and the common gameplay strategies and preparation that most notable champions have since utilized. No one from the inaugural 1984-85 season has ever won a game in a later reunion tournament, and from season 2, the only contestant to do so is 1986 TOC winner Chuck Forrest (who is often considered the modern show's first great player.) In fact, six of the nine lowest earning TOC qualifiers in history came from season 2.", "In a tournament wide variant, the 2003 Tournament of Champions saw eight of the ten losing quarterfinalists finish with no money (six wagered everything in Final Jeopardy! and were incorrect, while two finished Double Jeopardy! in the red.) As four wild cards are needed for the semifinals, the six-way tie at $0 was broken by which two contestants had the highest post-Double Jeopardy! scores in their games, with Eric Floyd (an eventual finalist that year) and Max Levaren advancing as a result. This was especially unlucky for Mark Lee, whose score after Double Jeopardy! was just $200 less than Max's score. As well, Travis Troyer's quarterfinal score of $2,599 was good for the third lowest by a wild card semifinalist in TOC history if adjusted for inflation, behind only Floyd and Levaren.", "Celebrity Jeopardy! are sketches that aired regularly on the television comedy/variety show Saturday Night Live between 1996 and 2002, the years when Will Ferrell was a cast member. It parodies the same-named special event on the television quiz show Jeopardy! which features competition between notable individuals with all winnings going towards charitable organizations, and significant reductions to the game's level of difficulty. Fourteen sketches aired between December 1996 and May 2009: two sketches per season from 1996 to 2002, when Ferrell was a regular on the show; and one each in 2005 and 2009, when Ferrell returned to the show as host.", "On December 1, 2004, the day after his defeat, Jeopardy! broke with tradition by having Jennings make a guest appearance at the start of the broadcast, during which host Alex Trebek acknowledged his success and enumerated the various game show records he had broken.", "Averted with the 2004 addition of extra rehearsal time before games taped in season 21, which followed Ken Jennings' then-48 game winning streak to end season 20 (his first 38 games, plus the first two weeks of season 21, taped during season 20 as a precaution against a potential strike-related work stoppage.) With Ken's streak in full force, producers realized that new challengers might not have as much rehearsal time to effectively compete, hence the added rehearsal time. As a result, Ken only won 26 more games once season 21 tapings resumed that summer.", "On December 28, 2004, Sony announced a 15-week, 75-show Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions. It featured Tournament of Champions, College Championship, and Teen Tournament winners from the show's 21-year run, as well as over 100 five-time champions. Jeopardy!'s executive producer, Harry Friedman, explained:", "WINNERS: Barbara (Sacramento, CA); Jim Richards (NO); Chris Ceccoli (Sandusky, OH); Willa J. Chambers (Lexington, KY);D. Shevlin (NV); Irene Roy (Texas); Ham990bz; Tom Sturrock (Burlington, Ontario); Jasmine (NJ); Jamie L. Thompson (Eaton, Ohio)", "Only once has the Tournament of Champions featured two female finalists, and surprisingly, it was back in 1993, courtesy of Bev Schwartzberg and Seniors Tournament winner Marilyn Kneeland. However, both lost to Tom Nosek, and Jeopardy! had to wait another year for a woman (Rachael Schwartz) to win the whole thing.", "Going into the finals of 1990's Super Jeopardy! tournament, Bob Verini was the understandable favourite, having won the 1987 Tournament of Champions, and having defeated fellow Super Jeopardy! finalist Dave Traini in the 1987 finals too. However, both were upset by Bruce Seymour, a 4 day champion who didn't make it out of the 1988 TOC quarterfinals, and who hasn't been invited to any reunion tournaments since.", "Three contestants each take their place behind a lectern, with the returning champion occupying the leftmost lectern (from the viewer's perspective). The contestants compete in a quiz game comprising three rounds: Jeopardy!, Double Jeopardy!, and Final Jeopardy!. The material for the questions covers a wide variety of topics, including history and current events, the sciences, the arts, popular culture, literature, and languages. Category titles often feature puns, wordplay, or shared themes, and the host will regularly remind contestants of topics or place emphasis on category themes before the start of the round. ", "In an episode of 227, Mary Jenkins (Marla Gibbs) & Sandra Clark (Jackee Harry) played the game and lost to a fish-loving fisherman named Rusty Lewis (Jim Doughan). Rusty solved the first puzzle with just one letter; that would happen for real in the 28th season by a contestant named Caitlin Burke (in that same episode, there was an end-of-the-show tribute to late announcer Charlie O'Donnell who passed away that same week). More recently, a male contestant named Robert achieved the same thing, but during a Toss-Up round.", "If a contestant is found to have lost a game via an unfair ruling on a question that impacted the outcome, or via a flaw in game mechanics, they're often brought back on later episodes as a concession. Contestants like India Cooper, Paul Croshier, Bob Mesko, Tom Nichols, and Claudia Perry have benefited from such re-invites to later secure Tournament of Champions slots.", "Philbin has appeared three times on Celebrity Jeopardy!, the most appearances for any competing celebrity on the game show Jeopardy! . He played for Cardinal Hayes High School, his alma mater. In November 2006, he won his competition and earned $50,000 for the school.", "Another glitch interfered with a playing of Final Jeopardy!; the light pen of one of the contestants wasn't writing properly. The contestant held up the pen to indicate this, and he was granted a card to write his answer in with a regular pen. The contestant won the game (and the partially-written answer on the light board seemed to indicate that he knew the correct answer all along, and that there actually was a problem with the pen), but because of the special treatment, both he and the second-place contestant for that game appeared in the next game. The marker and card are now standard equipment for all players.", "Parodied on Saturday Night Live (1975) by Darrell Hammond , most famously as a bumbling contestant on the TV game show Jeopardy! (1984).", "Despite Dan Melia's impressive Tournament of Champions run in 1998, losing finalists Bob Harris and Kim Worth (coincidentally, both comedians) stole the show with their witty and self-deprecating remarks during the finals, especially in game 2 after Bob's all-in Final response didn't work out. By the time of 2002's Million Dollar Masters tournament, Bob and fellow 1998 TOC fan favourite Claudia Perry both made the field, even though Dan defeated both in 1998.", "Michael Falk may have won 2006's Tournament of Champions, but it's hard to overshadow 19 day champion David Madden, who defeated Falk in the quarterfinals. When David declined his Battle of the Decades invite due to conflict of interest concerns, it warranted an acknowledgement on-air by Alex Trebek, which definitely says something.", "Alex Trebek has served as host of the daily syndicated version since it premiered in 1984, except when he switched places with Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak as an April Fool's joke on the episode aired April 1, 1997. His most recent contract renewal, from March 2015, takes his tenure through the 2017–18 season. In the daily syndicated version's first pilot, from 1983, Jay Stewart served as the show's announcer, but Johnny Gilbert took over the role when that version was picked up as a series and has held it since then.", "On an episode of the game show 1 vs. 100, which aired on October 27, 2006, Olmstead appeared in the mob of 100 along with top prize winners John Carpenter and Nancy Christy opposing the singular contestant. All three were eliminated without winning any money.", "The original 1985 Tournament of Champions quarterfinals saw contestants grouped together in games in chronological order by when their original run on the show was (resulting in one game featuring two contestants named Paul.) Starting the next year, Jeopardy! ignored chronological order when selecting quarterfinal matchups.", "In the season 25 finale from July 2009, contestant John Munson wrote his first name on the podium in the shape of a penis, which somehow escaped producers until the episode aired. The gag attracted viral attention, but Munson was stuck in third place for the whole game, losing to eventual 2010 Tournament of Champions finalist Stefan Goodreau in his 5th and final victory.", "November 19, 1986: During a Tournament of Champions semifinal match, 4 day champion Lionel Goldbart found the last Daily Double with two other clues left in play. In third place at the time, he wagered everything and provided the correct response... but forgot to phrase it in the form of a question. To make matters worse, his opponents snagged the other two clues, knocking him out of the tournament." ]

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[ "On December 1, 1955, during a typical evening rush hour in Montgomery, Alabama, a 42-year-old woman took a seat on the bus on her way home from the Montgomery Fair department store where she worked as a seamstress. Before she reached her destination, she quietly set off a social revolution when the bus driver instructed her to move back, and she refused. Rosa Parks, an African American, was arrested that day for violating a city law requiring racial segregation of public buses.", "On December 1, 1955, an African–American woman named Rosa Parks was riding a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama when the driver told her to give up her seat to a white man. Parks refused, and was arrested for violating the city’s racial segregation ordinances, which mandated that blacks sit in the back of public buses and give up their seats for white riders if the front seats were full. Parks, a 42–year–old seamstress, was also the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. As she later explained: “I had been pushed as far as I could stand to be pushed.I had decided that I would have to know once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen.” Four days after Parks’ arrest, an activist organization called the Montgomery Improvement Association—led by a young pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr.—spearheaded a boycott of the city’s municipal bus company. Because African Americans made up some 70 percent of the bus company’s riders at the time, and the great majority of Montgomery’s black citizens supported the bus boycott, its impact was immediate.", "Revolution was in the air that year. On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama,  a black seamstress named Rosa Parks refused to relinquish her seat on a bus to a white passenger. After her arrest, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, the pastor of a local Baptist church, led a boycott of the city owned transit system which would result in the desegregation of the city-owned bus lines. The civil rights movement was born, and Sidney Poitier, age 28, would soon become one of its most famous symbols.", "On the afternoon of December 1, 1955, 42-year-old African American Rosa Parks, returning home from her job as an assistant tailor at a Montgomery, Alabama, department store, boarded bus 2857 on the Cleveland Avenue line. When told to give up her seat for a white man, she refused and was arrested for violating the city’s racial segregation laws. Her act of civil disobedience precipitated the 13-month Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Explore 10 surprising facts about the civil rights activist.", "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks , a black seamstress, was arrested for not relinquishing her seat to a white bus rider. The reaction to this act of defiance led to the 382-day Montgomery bus boycott that forced the city to desegregate its transit system on December 21, 1956.", "On the evening of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American, was arrested for disobeying an Alabama law requiring black passengers to relinquish seats to white passengers when the bus was full. Blacks also were required to sit at the back of the bus. Her arrest sparked a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus system and led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation.", "The Montgomery bus boycott played a massive role in the civil rights movement because it was the first uproar by African Americans to protest for their rights for equality. This protest started on the 1st of December 1955 when an African American woman named Rosa Parks was told to get off her seat on the bus for a white man who was standing, but she refused to move and as a result was arrested by police.", "Civil rights leaders began focusing on Montgomery, Alabama, highlighting extreme forms of segregation occurring there. On December 1, 1955, local black leader Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. She was arrested and received national publicity, hailed as the \"mother of the civil rights movement.\" Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Center in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience as a strategy was taught. African-Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a bus system in which passengers would be treated equally. After the city rejected many of their suggested reforms, the NAACP, led by E.D. Nixon, pushed for full desegregation of public buses. With the support of most of Montgomery's 50,000 African Americans, the boycott lasted for 381 days, until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed. Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue significantly, as they comprised the majority of the riders. In November 1956, a federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated and the boycott ended.", "1955: The Montgomery, Alabama transportation system employs a segregated system on city buses where African-Americans are required to sit in the back rows of the bus. If all seats are full and a white person comes on the bus, African-Americans are required to give up their seat. Rosa Parks boards the bus on December 1, 1955 after a long day of work. After a few stops all seats are full and when the next white person gets on the bus, she is asked to give up her seat. She refuses, is arrested, and placed in jail. African-American community leaders come and pay her bail and soon organize a boycott to challenge the Montgomery transportation segregation laws.", "In March 1955, a fifteen-year-old school girl, Claudette Colvin, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with the Jim Crow laws. King was on the committee from the Birmingham African-American community that looked into the case; Edgar Nixon and Clifford Durr decided to wait for a better case to pursue. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed. The boycott lasted for 385 days, and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a United States District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses.", "On the 1st December 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama after the white section of the bus became full. Her refusal led to her being arrested.... . .", "In 1955, a black woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a pubic bus to a white man – she was later arrested. This act caused an uproar in the black community which resulted in a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. All blacks ceased to board buses and found other forms of transport. As most of the black community do not have the luxury of private cars, majority of the passengers were not white, sending the bus companies into bankruptcy. This famous protest began intergration in the public transport system and kickstarted the civil rights movement.", "1955 – African-American Civil Rights Movement: Seamstress Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the racial segregation laws of Montgomery, Alabama, after refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man, precipitating the Montgomery Bus Boycott.", "AMY GOODMAN: Pete Seeger singing \"We Shall Overcome.\" He wrote it with others, the enduring anthem of the civil rights movement, at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee, where Rosa Parks trained. This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report. I’m Amy Goodman, as we return to our conversation with historian Jeanne Theoharis, author of the book The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. I asked her about the fateful day, December 1st, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to obey a white bus driver, James Blake, who ordered her to give up her seat to a white passenger. I asked how long Rosa Parks was detained and what she did next.", "In Montgomery, Alabama in 1955, African-American Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the \"colored section\" to a white passenger, after the \"white section\" was filled, as was the law at that time. She was then arrested for her act of defiance. That arrest resulted in demonstrations and a boycott of Montgomery buses by African-Americans that lasted until December 1956.", "Many historians believe the beginning of the modern Black revolt against inequality was marked in Montgomery, Ala. on December 1, 1955. Four Black passengers were asked by the driver of a downtown bus to give up their seats. Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old Black seamstress, refused and was arrested under a local segregation ordinance. In protest, Black leaders organized a boycott of the Montgomery bus system that lasted 382 days, ending only when the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the buses integrated.", "On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. The Montgomery bus boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed. The boycott lasted for 385 days, and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested during this campaign, which concluded with a United States District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses. King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.", "----------------------- December 1st 1955 Black African American citizen, Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat when the bus was filling up. She was allegedly arrested for violating bus segregation laws and behaving in disorderly conduct. 1955 The Montgomery Bus Boycott April 23th 1956 The Montgomery bus company decides to implement a policy of desegregation after the U. S. Supreme Court dismisses the appeal of...", "In Montgomery, King began to be known as a prominent leader in the civil rights movement. In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and was arrested. Local leaders formed an organization to protest Parks’ arrest and chose King to head the group. In this role, he became the primary spokesperson for what would become the 382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott. During the boycott, King was abused and arrested, and his house was bombed, but he remained a stalwart and committed leader.", "The 1955-56 Montgomery Bus Boycott, a protest against segregated public facilities in Alabama, was led by Martin Luther King Jr. and lasted for 381 days.", "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama during the 1955 bus boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement and was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. (National Archives)", "The bus driver agent plays the specific part of James Blake, the bus driver that got Rosa Parks arrested in 1955.", "a seamstress and a secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP was known as the \"mother of the civil rights movement.\" In December of 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider. She was jailed and fined $14 for the offense. This led to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Montgomery Bus Boycott.", "On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, although eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts while the Browder v. Gayle case succeeded. ", "5. The Montgomery Bus Boycott by African-American citizens began in December of 1955 after Parks is convicted. The boycott is led by civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.", "During the civil-rights movement in the 1950s and 60s, Montgomery was marked by demonstrations led by Martin Luther King , Jr., who was a minister there in the mid-1950s. In Dec., 1955, African Americans organized a nonviolent boycott of the segregated public bus system; by the following year a desegregation edict regarding public transportation was issued. Racial unrest ensued in the 1960s.", "\"December 3,1955, was the day that the African American community in Montgomery issued the cry to stay off the buses as a one day protest on behalf of Mrs. Parks. The vast majority of African American riders did just that. Mrs. Parks was convicted and fined ten dollars. As a result of this blatant injustice, the African American community scheduled a mass meeting at one of the local churches. However, because of deep-seated fear, many of the ministers were reluctant to participate. Mr. Nixon expressed his outrage, I almost lost patience with them, he continued, I told them what I thought about and told them, unless you accept this program to continue this boycott this evening, there'll be more than a thousand people at the church tonight. I'll take the microphone and tell the people that we don't have a program because you all are too cowardly to stand on your feet and fight.", "United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)", "In 1943, Blake had ejected Parks from his bus after she refused to re-enter the vehicle through the back door after paying her fare at the front. “I never wanted to be on that man’s bus again,” she wrote in her autobiography. “After that, I made a point of looking at who was driving the bus before I got on. I didn’t want any more run-ins with that mean one.” After the written order from the Supreme Court outlawing bus segregation arrived and the Montgomery Bus Boycott ended on December 21, 1956, one of the newly integrated buses that Parks boarded to pose for press photographs happened to be driven by Blake.", "Parks was on the executive board of directors of the group organizing the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and she worked for a short time as a dispatcher, arranging carpool rides for boycotters. On February 21, 1956, a grand jury handed down indictments against Parks and dozens of others for violating a state law against organized boycotting. She and 114 others were arrested, and The New York Times ran a front-page photograph of Parks being fingerprinted by police.", "While imprisoned for having taken part in a nonviolent protest, Dr. King wrote the now famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, a defining treatise in his cause against segregation. Birmingham is also known for a bombing which occurred later that year, in which four black girls were killed by a bomb planted at the 16th Street Baptist Church. The event would inspire the African-American poet Dudley Randall's opus, The Ballad of Birmingham, as well as jazz musician John Coltrane's song, \"Alabama.\"", "A campaign of direct action by African Americans against segregation in public accommodations and against discriminatory hiring practices began in Birmingham on April 3, 1963, under the direction of King, who was president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); it included meetings, sit-ins at lunch counters that refused to serve black customers, boycotts of businesses that refused service to African Americans, and marches on city hall. As the number of participants in such demonstrations continued to increase, a court injunction was issued on April 10 to forbid further protests. The marches continued, nonetheless, and on April 12 King was among those arrested for violating the injunction. While incarcerated, King wrote the famed letter from the Birmingham jail, in which he explained the urgency of the cause and spelled out the reasons for the nonviolent protest tactics that he espoused." ]

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[ "Dick Clark ( IMDB / Wikipedia ) - Dick Clark was a legendary television and music pioneer best known for hosting American Bandstand, Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve and the Pyramid game show. He died on April 18, 2012, after suffering a heart attack following a medical procedure at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. He had suffered a stroke in December 2004. Mr. Clark, known as \"The World's Oldest Teenager\" for his youthful appearance, was 82.", "Richard Augustus Wagstaff \"Dick\" Clark Jr. (November 30, 1929 – April 18, 2012) was an American radio and television personality, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting American Bandstand from 1957 to 1987. He also hosted the game show Pyramid and Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve, which transmitted Times Square's New Year's Eve celebrations. Clark was also well known for his trademark sign-off, \"For now, Dick Clark — so long!\", accompanied with a military salute.", "Trivia Answer: Richard Augustus Wagstaff Clark, Jr. -- Dick Clark. As host of American Bandstand, Clark introduced rock & roll to many Americans. The show gave many new music artists their first exposure to national audiences, including Ike and Tina Turner, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Stevie Wonder, Talking Heads and Simon & Garfunkel. During an interview in Rolling Stone magazine in 1990, it was noted that over two-thirds of the people who've been initiated into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame had their television debuts on American Bandstand. Due to his perennial youthful appearance, Clark was often referred to as America's oldest teenager. Clark suffered a stroke in December 2004. Following his stroke, Clark ceded the majority of hosting duties on his New Year's Rockin' Eve to Ryan Seacrest. Seacrest has remained host and an executive producer of the special ever since. Clark died on this date in 2012 of a heart attack at the age of 82.", "In 1957, a popular television show featuring rock and roll performers, American Bandstand, went national. Hosted by Dick Clark, the program helped to popularize the more clean-cut, All-American brand of rock and roll. By the end of the decade, teen idols like Bobby Darin, Ricky Nelson, Frankie Avalon, Paul Anka, Neil Sedaka, Bobby Rydell, Connie Francis, and Fabian Forte were topping the charts. Some commentators have perceived this as the decline of rock and roll; citing the deaths of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Richie Valens in a tragic plane crash in 1959 and the departure of Elvis for the army as causes.", "(I'm Deeply saddened...RIP Dick Clark) Richard Wagstaff \"Dick\" Clark (November 30, 1929 – April 18, 2012) was an American game-show host, radio and television personality, and businessman.He served as chairman and chief executive officer of Dick Clark Productions, which he sold part of late in his life. Clark was best known for hosting long-running television shows such as American Bandstand,five versions of the game show Pyramid, and Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve.", "Dick Clark is an American television personality and former head of Dick Clark Productions. He has received several Emmy awards for his work in the Pyramid series of game shows, was the only host of the aforementioned American Bandstand, and has often been the butt of jokes for his seemingly ageless appearance year after year as the host of Dick Clark’s New Year’s Rockin’ Eve. After a stroke in 2004, no one makes those jokes anymore.", "1989: 26-year-old David Hirsch replaced 59-year-old Dick Clark on American Bandstand. His debut also marked Bandstand’s move to the USA cable network from national syndication. Clark had been the host of the program for 33 years.", "*December 31 – The ninth annual New Year's Rockin' Eve special airs on ABC, with appearances by The Charlie Daniels Band, Billy Preston, Syreeta, Chuck Berry and Barry Manilow.", "1989 – Dick Clark announced that he would no longer be hosting the show “American Bandstand.” He had been the host for 33 years.", "He hosted The Dick Clark Show (1958) on ABC, from New York City's Little Theater (renamed, in 1983, The Helen Hayes Theater). The half-hour weekly show headlined five top pop/rock acts each week. Many of the regular teens who appeared on New American Bandstand 1965 (1952) made the trip from Philadelphia to New York City and were seated in the audience.", "Bandstand was picked up by the ABC television network, renamed American Bandstand, and debuted nationally on August 5, 1957. The show took off, due to Clark's natural rapport with the live teenage audience and dancing participants as well as the non-threatening image he projected to television audiences. As a result, many parents were introduced to rock and roll music. According to Hollywood producer Michael Uslan, \"he was able to use his unparalleled communication skills to present rock 'n roll in a way that was palatable to parents.\"", "In 1972, he produced and hosted the very first edition of \"Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve\", a musical program where Clark counted down until the New Year ball dropped in Times Square, featuring taped performances from musical artists. \"New Year's Rockin' Eve\" soon became a cultural tradition, airing on ABC every year with Clark as host (except in 1999 when ABC aired \"ABC 2000: Today\", a news milestone program hosted by Peter Jennings). In December 2004, Clark suffered a minor stroke and was unable to host, so Regis Philbin stepped in as a substitute. The following year, Clark returned as co-host alongside primary host Ryan Seacrest. Many were worried about Clark due to his slurred and breathless speech, and he admitted on-air he was still recovering but that he wouldn't have missed the broadcast for the world. The following year, Seacrest became \"New Year's Rockin' Eve's\" primary host, but Clark always returned for the countdown.", "In 1972, entertainer Dick Clark began hosting a live half-hour ABC special detailing the event entitled Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve, which not only aired the descent of the ball, but also performances from popular bands and commentary from various hosts in other cities, notably Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Orlando. During the millennium celebrations in 1999, Peter Jennings based ABC's operations in Times Square, hosting ABC 2000 Today.", "Ryan Seacrest, producer and host of Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on ABC, poses for a portrait Friday, Dec. 28, 2012 in New York. As New Year's Eve nears, Seacrest is focused on getting ready for the show, which, with related programming, will blanket ABC from 8 p.m. until past 2 a.m. EST. (Photo by Dan Hallman/Invision/AP Images)", "In August 2005, ABC announced that Dick Clark would return to New Year's Rockin' Eve for its 2006 edition, marking his first television appearance since the stroke. For that broadcast, it was also announced Clark would be joined by a new co-host, media personality and American Idol host Ryan Seacrest. Seacrest had previously hosted Fox's competing New Year's Eve Live—which, ironically, would be hosted by Philbin that year. Speaking to USA Today, Seacrest reminisced on having watched New Year's Rockin' Eve in his childhood, stating that \"I knew when I was on other shows, I knew we weren't going to beat Dick Clark. He is New Year's Eve.\" As a part of a long-term deal with Dick Clark Productions, Seacrest also became an executive producer for the special. In an interview with People Magazine in December 2005, Seacrest revealed that while Clark had not completely recovered from the stroke, and that his speech was not exactly like how it was beforehand, Clark had made great progress since the original diagnosis. ", "Since 2000–01's edition, coverage has begun with a segment airing in primetime: initially airing at 10:00 p.m. ET/PT, beginning with the 2012-13 edition, the show was extended to 8:00 p.m. ET/PT to accommodate musical retrospective specials that aired from the 2011-12 to 2013-14 editions. These specials primarily featured countdowns of archived music performances from the Dick Clark Productions library, including the top New Year's Rockin' Eve performances, and the \"30 Greatest Women in Music\". On the 2014-15 edition, the retrospective specials were dropped, leaving the Primetime portion occupying the entire ABC primetime lineup.", "Dick Clark hosted New Year's Rockin' Eve annually from 1973 through 2004, and served as a Times Square correspondent alongside Peter Jennings for ABC News's special coverage of year 2000 celebrations. The complications of a stroke suffered by Clark in December 2004 had a major effect on his role in the special. After having Regis Philbin serve as a guest host for 2005, Clark returned for the 2006 edition to serve as a host: due to speech impediments that had resulted from his stroke, he ceded hosting duties to Ryan Seacrest. The death of Dick Clark on April 18, 2012 left Ryan Seacrest as the sole host of New Year's Rockin' Eve beginning with its 2012–13 edition. Seacrest has most recently been joined by Jenny McCarthy as a correspondent from Times Square, with Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas serving as the presenter of the Hollywood concert segments.", "New Year's Rockin' Eve was temporarily placed on hiatus for New Year's Eve 1999–2000. Instead, Clark participated in ABC News's day-long telecast, ABC 2000 Today, which as part of an international broadcast consortium, televised festivities from around the world celebrating the arrival of the year 2000. Clark joined host Peter Jennings and ABC News reporter Jack Ford as correspondents for the festivities from Times Square. Clark took on a similar role on ABC 2000 Today as he did on New Year's Rockin' Eve, including conducting his traditional countdown alongside Ford at midnight on the East Coast. However, unlike New Year's Rockin' Eve, festivities from Times Square were also broadcast live across the entire country instead of tape-delayed for the West Coast, since the special broadcast midnight festivities in other cities and time zones for the remainder of the night, as they had done throughout the day. ", "Today's Birthdays: Comedian-director Jerry Lewis is 84. Country singer Ray Walker (The Jordanaires) is 76. Movie director Bernardo Bertolucci is 69. Game show host Chuck Woolery is 69. Singer-songwriter Jerry Jeff Walker is 68. Country singer Robin Williams is 63. Actor Erik Estrada is 61. Actor Victor Garber is 61. Actress Kate Nelligan is 59. Country singer Ray Benson (Asleep at the Wheel) is 59. Rock singer-musician Nancy Wilson (Heart) is 56. Golfer Hollis Stacy is 56. Actress Isabelle Huppert is 55. Actor Clifton Powell is 54. Rapper-actor Flavor Flav (Public Enemy) is 51. Rock musician Jimmy DeGrasso is 47. Folk singer Patty Griffin is 46. Actress Lauren Graham is 43. Actor Judah Friedlander (TV: \"30 Rock\") is 41. Actor Alan Tudyk (TOO'-dihk) is 39. Actor Tim Kang (TV: \"The Mentalist\") is 37. Rhythm-and-blues singer Blu Cantrell is 34. Actress Brooke Burns is 32. Rock musician Wolfgang Van Halen is 19.", "Birthdays: Country legend Merle Haggard is 79; actor Billy Dee Williams is also 79; Cliff Claven on Cheers, actor John Ratzenberger is 69; Elaine Nardo on Taxi, actress Marilu Henner is 64; former candidate for US President Michelle Bachmann is 60; former Seattle Mariner Bret Boone is 47; actor Paul Rudd is also 47; Wayne Arnold on The Wonder Years, actor Jason Hervey is 44; and DJ Tanner on Full House, actress Candace Cameron Bure is 40.", "Birthdays: The Say Hey Kid, baseball Hall of Famer Willie Mays is 85; singer-songwriter Bob Seger is 71; former British Prime Minister Tony Blair is 63; best known as the host of America's Funniest Home Videos in the early 2000s and host of Dancing with the Stars starting in 2005, Tom Bergeron is 61; actor George Clooney is 55; Hootie & The Blowfish guitarist Mark Bryan is 49; and the Houston Astros' second baseman Jos� Altuve is 26.", "Today’s Birthdays: Author Barbara Taylor Bradford is 83. Rhythm-and-blues singer Henry Fambrough (The Spinners) is 78. Actor David Clennon is 73. Writer-producer-director Jim Abrahams is 72. Singer Donovan is 70. Singer-songwriter Graham Gouldman (10cc) is 70. Singer Dave Mason is 70. Actor Mike Hagerty is 62. Sports anchor Chris Berman is 61. Actor Bruce Penhall is 59. Former Sen. Rick Santorum, R-Pa., is 58. Actress Victoria Rowell is 57. Rock singer Bono (U2) is 56. Rock musician Danny Carey (Tool) is 55. Actor Darryl M. Bell is 53. Playwright Suzan-Lori Parks is 53. Model Linda Evangelista is 51. Rapper Young MC is 49. Actor Erik Palladino is 48. Rock singer Richard Patrick (Filter) is 48. Actor Lenny Venito is 47. Actor Dallas Roberts is 46. Actress Leslie Stefanson is 45. Actor-singer Todd Lowe is 44. Country musician David Wallace (Cole Deggs and the Lonesome) is 44. Actress Andrea Anders is 41. Race car driver Helio Castroneves is 41. Rock musician Jesse Vest is 39. Actor Kenan Thompson is 38. Rhythm-and-blues singer Jason Dalyrimple (Soul For Real) is 36. Rock musician Joey Zehr (The Click Five) is 33. Singer Ashley Poole (Dream) is 31. Actress Odette Annable is 31. Actress Lindsey Shaw is 27. Actress Lauren Potter is 26. Olympic gold medal swimmer Missy Franklin is 21.", "Birthdays: Danny Tanner on Full house, actor-comedian Bob Saget is 60; sportscaster Jim Nantz ia 57; singer Enya is 55; comedian, actor, and talk show host Craig Ferguson is 54; from Nine Inch Nails, Trent Reznor is 51; from New Kids on the Block, singer Jordan Knight is 46; and soccer's Mia Hamm is 44.", "-- “Michael Feinstein's New Year's Eve,” 10-11 p.m., PBS. Backed by a 17-piece band, Feinstein is joined by Broadway's Kelli O'Hara, Aaron Tveitand Christine Ebersole, plus Darren Criss of “Glee,” Leslie Odom Jr. Of “Smash” and Julia Goodwin of “America's Got Talent.”", "Between 1988 and 1990 he performed and co-hosted along with David Sanborn during the two seasons of the music performance programme Sunday Night on NBC late-night television. Since 1992 he has presented the music programme Later... with Jools Holland, plus an annual New Year's Eve Hootenanny.", "Johnny Carson is the longest-serving host to date. The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson aired for 30 seasons between October 1962 and May 1992. Leno, however, has the record of having hosted the greatest number of total televised episodes. Leno's record accounts for the fact that unlike Carson (who only produced new shows three days a week), Leno never used guest hosts (except Katie Couric, once) and produced new shows five days a week; Leno himself was also Carson's primary guest host for the last five years of Carson's tenure, giving him even more episodes to his credit.", "‘I’ll be at the Hootenanny,’ he says when asked what he’ll be doing this New Year’s Eve. But that’s a big fat porky. His hugely popular annual television show is actually recorded more than a week in advance. How else could he get superstars like Kylie and Tom Jones to sing Auld Lang Syne with his big band and a sozzled studio audience, on that night of all nights?", "Lombardo is remembered for almost a half-century of New Year's Eve big band remotes, first on radio, and then on television. Lombardo's orchestra played at the Roosevelt Grill in the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City from 1929 (\"radio's first nationwide New Year's eve broadcast\") to 1959, and from then until 1976 at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel. Live broadcasts (and later telecasts) of their performances were a major part of New Year's celebrations across North America; millions of people watched the show with friends at house parties. Because of this popularity, Lombardo was called \"Mr. New Year's Eve\".", "John William �Johnny� Carson (October 23, 1925 � January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson for 30 years (1962-92).", "1962 – Johnny Carson began hosting the “Tonight” show on NBC-TV. He stayed with the show for 29 years. Jack Paar was the previous host. It is currently hosted by Jay Leno.", "singer: I�ll Save the Last Dance for You, If You Go Away; died Dec 25, 1998", "People we lost in 2013 – Ed Shaughnessy , the longtime drummer for \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson,\" died May 24. He was 84." ]

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[ "Today is World AIDS Day.   By all means wear a red ribbon, but remember, a condom is usually more effective.", "The AIDS Awareness Ribbon, or red ribbon, is commonly worn on jacket lapels and other articles of clothing as a symbol of solidarity and commitment to fight against AIDS.", "The red ribbon is an international symbol of AIDS awareness that is worn by people all year round and particularly around World AIDS Day to demonstrate care and concern about HIV and AIDS, and to remind others of the need for their support and commitment. You can easily make your own using ordinary red ribbon and a safety pin!", "As part of international cricket's partnership with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Aids (UNAIDS) and to coincide with World Aids Day on 1st December, red awareness ribbons were worn by all attendees at the European Coaching and Development Conference at Lord's between 29th November and 3rd December.", "Wear red and join us in forming the 4th annual Ribbon of Life to raise awareness about the HIV/AIDS epidemic.", " to create a visual symbol to demonstrate compassion for people living with AIDS and their caregivers. The red ribbon becomes the international symbol of AIDS awareness.", "Join in creating greater awareness about those living with and affected by HIV/AIDS. This event will feature a Guinness World Record attempt to gather more than 3,800 individuals standing in solidarity in recognition of HIV/AIDS to create the World's Largest Living Red Ribbon Formation. The day will also include free HIV testing, refreshments, entertainment, a health fair and workshops.", "Aside from all the campaigning and marketing, the Red Ribbon still continues to cause waves. Like the poppy campaign in Britain to remember World War heroes, the ribbon is worn in remembrance of the dead, the people living positively with AIDS and it also helps as a reminder to people of the danger of AIDS.", "The Ribbon Project was conceived in 1991 by Visual AIDS, a New York-based charity group of art professionals that aims to recognize and honor friends and colleagues who have died or are dying of AIDS. Visual AIDS encourages arts organizations, museums, commercial galleries, and AIDS support groups to commemorate those lost to AIDS, to create greater awareness of AIDS/HIV transmission, to publicize the needs of Persons With AIDS, and to call for greater funding of services and research. Inspired by the yellow ribbons honoring American soldiers of the Persian Gulf War, the color red was chosen for its \"connection to blood and the idea of of passion -- not only anger, but love, like a valentine,\" as stated by Frank Moore of Visual AIDS.", "Thirty years after the HIV virus was first documented, the red ribbon is the ubiquitous symbol of support for those living with the illness. Who thought of it and how did it get so big?", "The Ribbon Project was conceived in 1991 by Visual AIDS, a New York-based charity group of art professionals that aims to recognize and honor friends and colleagues who have died or are dying of AIDS. Visual AIDS encourages arts organizations, museums, commercial galleries, and AIDS support groups to commemorate those lost to AIDS, to create greater awareness of AIDS/HIV transmission, to publicize the needs of Persons With AIDS, and to call for greater funding of services and research. The color red was chosen for its \"connection to blood and the idea of passion— not only anger, but love, like a valentine,\" as stated by Frank Moore of Visual AIDS.", "Worn by host Jeremy Irons, the ribbon made its public debut at the 1991 Tony Award. Red ribbons soon became popular symbols to be worn by celebrities at special functions, especially awards ceremonies. Eventually, some activists worried that the ribbon had become popular to the point that it was being worn as a politically correct fashion statement, therefore only paying lip service to AIDS causes. For example, the U.S. First Lady Barbara Bush wore a red ribbon while sitting in the audience with her husband, but when she stood at the President's side during his speech, her ribbon was conspicuously missing.", "Worn by host Jeremy Irons, the ribbon made its public debut at the 1991 Tony Awards, and soon became a popular and politically correct fashion statement for celebrities and other awards ceremonies. Because of this popularity, some activists worry that the ribbon has become simple lip service to AIDS causes; in one particular incident the First Lady Barbara Bush wore a red ribbon while sitting in the audience with her husband, but when she stood at the President's side during his speech, her ribbon was conspicuously missing.", "There are countless other colors of ribbons out there representing many different causes. Some environmentalists wear green ribbons to protest the destruction of rain forests. Some people use a purple ribbon to signify the toll of urban violence on our cities. The blue ribbon was once also used to promote awareness of crime victims' rights. With all of these ribbons floating around, it's important to note that no one cause or organization is trying to outdo the others. Ribbons have simply become a very effective and visual icon in today's culture for all causes.", "December 1: At the ONE Campaign and (RED) event in Washington, DC, President Obama marks World AIDS Day by announcing accelerated efforts to increase the availability of treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States . He challenges the global community to deliver funds to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ,", "* The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity. ", "In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the (RED) campaign, together with other brands such as Girl, American Express and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is \"Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation\").", "December – AIDS LifeCycle Day: The Tunisian HIV/AIDS Association organises every year a bicycle tour to raise awareness on this condition. Children and grown-ups ride through the centre of town and, when the tour ends, they release red balloons into the sky across the medina.", "World AIDS Day was created by the World Health Organization and the United Nations General Assembly. The day is observed on December 1 to increase international awareness of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), and to promote greater social tolerance and understanding of the issues faced by people living with the disease. More than sixty-five million people have been infected with HIV, and over twenty-five million people have died of AIDS worldwide since the first cases were diagnosed in 1981. The World Health Organization forecasts more than 117 million additional deaths from AIDS by 2030. World AIDS Day draws attention to the seriousness of HIV/AIDS and its impact on a global scale. Since the first observance of World AIDS Day in 1988, it has become one of the most widely recognized international health awareness campaigns.", "Today is World Aids Day â a day for remembering that while major advancements have been made over the past few decades, too many people are still being infected and dying of AIDS. In South Africa, we were able to turn things around quite significantly given the years of denialism by our government â but a lot more still needs to be done. On the line we have the Western Cape MEC for Health, Dr Nomafrench Mbombo Additional info: ⢠World AIDS Day was the first ever global health day, held for the first time in 1988. ⢠World AIDS Day is held on the 1st December each year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died. ⢠World AIDS Day is important because it reminds the public and Government that HIV has not gone away â there is still a vital need to raise money, increase awareness, fight prejudice and improve education.", "Candlelight service. This is the day of the year where millions of people come together to commemorate those who have lost their lives to HIV, applaud progress made in responding to the epidemic & recommit to ending the epidemic.", "“It is still critical to support the organisations who provide advice, treatment and education for people living with HIV/AIDS, and World AIDS Day helps to raise essential funds needed to ensure this vital work can continue. We all have a part to play in tackling the ongoing rise of HIV in the city\"", "By the late 1980s, AIDS had been in the United States for almost a decade. AIDS had be the number one killer of young men in New York City, then of young men in the country, then of young men and women in the country. Despite the gravity of the AIDS crisis, in the late 1980s there was little public acknowledgement of AIDS. A group of artists in Manhattan decided to change that. New York artist Patrick O’Connel would spend days visiting friends in the hospital, going to funerals, and coming home to a panicked answering machine message from friends who just learned they were sick. O’Connel and other artists banded together and started making art in response to AIDS. In 1988 they began calling their collective Visual AIDS. Visual AIDS held public events and organized gallery shows to raise AIDS awareness. But of all the work the group did, they made their biggest impact with a simple little symbol. A little concept that, at the time, was very novel: The AIDS awareness ribbon.<img src=\"http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/99percentinvisible/~4/dF-K0Y56Sl8\" height=\"1\" width=\"1\" alt=\"\"/>", "During both days, students will decorate and customize luminary lanterns; the luminaries will then be distributed and displayed down the CVA pathway on World AIDS Day, lighting up Brookdale's campus in honor of those whose lives have been impacted by AIDS. Lanterns, candles and decorative supplies will be provided. All are encouraged and welcome to participate.", "Colored ribbons have become a prominent symbol of many causes in recent years. Ribbons of nearly every color are displayed and worn everyday, each one dedicated to a very important cause. Here are some of the more popular ribbons, most of which aren't specifically affiliated with the gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender movements at all. Like everything in life, these causes touch all of us.", "Get involved in your local community during this year's activities to mark the global World AIDS Day.", "In 1990 the mediasensationalised another “old AIDS case,” this time an unmarriedEnglish sailor who died in Manchester in 1959. When his stored tissue remainstested positive for HIV, major newspapers throughout the world used this caseto again discredit the persistent rumor that AIDS was a man-made disease. TheNew York Times (July 24) declared:", "Student Life will have three panels from the internationally-celebrated AIDS Memorial Quilt on display in the Center for Visual Arts Fine Arts Gallery both days. Founded in 1987, The AIDS Memorial Quilt is a poignant memorial and a powerful tool for use in preventing new HIV infections. It is the largest ongoing community arts project in the world.", "Julie Scofield will be the keynote speaker. Ms. Scofield is the Executive Director of the National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD). NASTAD represents public health employees from every state and U.S. territories directly responsible for the care, treatment, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Phil Witt, Fox4 News Anchorman, will serve as Emcee. Reservations for both the Community Luncheon and Reception are required and can be made by calling 816-931-0959 or by email at michael@lintecumgroup.com.", "*2010 – Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her work fighting AIDS and poverty in Africa", "For years, many governments in Sub-Saharan Africa denied that HIV infection was an issue, which stunted their ability to stem the progress of AIDS. Now, many have begun to work toward solutions. The introduction of the ABC method of AIDS prevention has been proven to garner the strongest and most effective results.", "The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome was detected in a group of American homosexual men and entered global consciousness in June 1981. By 1985–1986 it was declared a pandemic as it spread across sub-Saharan Africa ." ]

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[ "The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the Alabama Crimson Tide (this name can be shortened to Alabama, the Crimson Tide, or even the Tide). The nickname Crimson Tide originates from a 1907 football game versus Auburn University in Birmingham where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a \"Crimson Tide\", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.", "As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a vast cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the African-American Civil Rights Movement. The University of Alabama varsity football program (nicknamed the Crimson Tide), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of 10 winningest programs in US history. In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the \"capstone of the public school system in the state [of Alabama],\" lending the university its current nickname, The Capstone. The University of Alabama has consistently been ranked as one of the top 50 public universities in the nation by the U.S. News & World Report. ", "At the same time, the University Of Alabama was a football powerhouse, winning the National Championship in 1973 and losing just one game in each of their next two seasons under the direction of their famous coach Paul \"Bear\" Bryant. Alabama is known as \"The Crimson Tide,\" a grandiose name that Steely Dan's Walter Becker and Donald Fagen found amusing.", "Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl. It seats 80,601. Ladd-Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646. In 2009, Bryant-Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham. ", "On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back Mark Ingram was awarded the Heisman Trophy as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21-0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015 #1 Alabama lost to #4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42-35. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45-40.", "Rivals include the traditional intra-SEC West rivals the Alabama Crimson Tide, Arkansas Razorbacks, Auburn Tigers, Mississippi State Bulldogs, Ole Miss Rebels, Texas A&M Aggies, and the SEC East rival Florida Gators (designated under the SEC's inter-division \"designated rival\" format). LSU and Arkansas play annually in football, alternating sites between Baton Rouge and Fayetteville (Little Rock from 1994 through 2010). The winner of the game is awarded the \"Golden Boot\", a gold-plated trophy that is formed in the shape of the two states. The game was previously played the Friday after Thanksgiving in 1992, and every year between 1996 and 2013, except 2009, but starting in 2014, the SEC separated LSU and Arkansas on the final weekend of the regular season. The Tigers now play Texas A&M on the final weekend of the regular season, while Arkansas plays Missouri.", "ALABAMA DEGREES: Alabama's success on the field over the past two seasons under the direction of head coach Nick Saban has coincided with the Crimson Tide's success in the classroom. After playing the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with 21 players that already had their degrees, the 2010 Crimson Tide began the 2010 season with four players that already have degrees in hand, including Earl Alexander (financial planning), Greg McElroy (business marketing), Brian Motley (general studies) and David Ross (consumer affairs). Over the past three seasons (2008-10) the Crimson Tide has seen 31 players compete for the Crimson Tide after having already graduated.", "In this predictable but charming comedy set during a fictional NFL players strike, Gene Hackman is tasked with coaching a bunch of has-beens and wannabes, led by none other than Keanu Reeves. Can you say “ragtag team of underdogs”?", "*Woodlawn (2015) — American Christian sports drama film based on the true story of Tony Nathan and the Woodlawn High Colonels football team as coaches and teammates struggle to ease racial tensions during the 1973 desegregation of the Birmingham, Alabama school system", "Athletic sports for the Tigers include men's and women's basketball, baseball, cross country, football, golf, gymnastics, swimming & diving, softball, track, tennis, volleyball, women's soccer, and wrestling. Historic sports included a shooting club, in which the ladies' team in 1934 won a national championship. Former football coach Gary Pinkel holds the record at the university for the most wins on the gridiron. Additionally, former basketball coach and alum Norm Stewart maintains the record for the most wins on the hardcourt.", "On the field Alabama (12–1) secured its second Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) title in three seasons by upsetting top-ranked Southeastern Conference (SEC) champion Louisiana State University (LSU; 13–1) by a score of 21–0 in New Orleans on Jan. 9, 2012. The game was a rematch between teams that had met on November 5, when LSU secured a 9–6 overtime win over the Crimson Tide. Big 12 Conference champion Oklahoma State (12–1) won its first BCS bowl game with a thrilling 41–38 overtime victory over Stanford University (11–2) in the Fiesta Bowl . The Rose Bowl also was wildly entertaining, with Pacific-12 Conference champion Oregon (12–2) defeating Big Ten Conference winner Wisconsin (11–3) by a margin of 45–38 in the highest-scoring Rose Bowl ever. It was the Ducks’ first Rose Bowl victory since the 1916–17 season. Michigan (11–3) won its first BCS bowl since the 1999–2000 season with a 23–20 overtime victory over Virginia Tech (11–3) in the Sugar Bowl . Big East Conference champion West Virginia (10–3) set a bowl scoring record in the Orange Bowl when it beat Atlantic Coast Conference winner Clemson (10–4) by a margin of 70–33.", "basketball: Auburn Univ, Indiana Pacers [NBA Rookie of the Year: 1986-1987], Minnesota Timberwolves, San Antonio Spurs, Charlotte Hornets; given nickname �the Rifleman� because his mom liked the TV Western of that title, whose star [Chuck Connors] once played for the Boston Celtics", "Quinton Aaron stars as Michael Oher, alongside Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuohy, Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy, and Kathy Bates as Miss Sue. The movie also features appearances by several current and former NCAA coaches, including SEC coaches Houston Nutt and Ed Orgeron (Oher's coaches in college, though Nutt represented Arkansas at the time and therefore does so in the film) and Nick Saban (who was at LSU at the time the movie is set and represents it in the film, but was the head coach at Alabama at the time of filming), former coaches Lou Holtz, Tommy Tuberville, Phillip Fulmer, as well as recruiting analyst Tom Lemming. ", "One of the toughest and best-remembered sports movies of the 1970s gets a humorous makeover in this comedy. Paul \"Wrecking\" Crewe (Adam Sandler) was once a famous professional football player, but after several years out of the limelight and an alcohol problem have taken their toll, Crewe is arrested for a serious traffic accident aggravated by the fact he was drunk. Crewe is sentenced to Allenville Penitentiary, where Warden Hazen (James Cromwell) is something of a football fan. Hazen had organized his guards into an impressive football team, and clears a healthy profit by taking bets on their games. Looking to make the competition more interesting, Hazen suggests that Crewe put together a team from the inmate population to play his guards. With the help of fellow prisoner Caretaker (Chris Rock), Crewe recruits the heaviest hitters from the cell block for the team, but the guys don't play like a unit until Crewe and Caretaker get some help from Nate Scarborough (Burt Reynolds), a former college and NFL coach doing hard time. Adapted from Robert Aldrich's 1974 box-office smash of the same name, The Longest Yard also features rap star Nelly and Nicholas Turturro; the film has previously been loosely remade in 2001 as Mean Machine, with the action moved to England and the game changed to soccer. - Mark Deming", "Vanderbilt's line coach then was Wallace Wade, who in 1925 coached Alabama to the south's first Rose Bowl victory. This game is commonly referred to as \"the game that changed the south.\" Wade followed up the next season with an undefeated record and Rose Bowl tie. Georgia's 1927 \"dream and wonder team\" defeated Yale for the first time. Georgia Tech, led by Heisman protege William Alexander, gave the dream and wonder team its only loss, and the next year were national and Rose Bowl champions. The Rose Bowl included Roy Riegels' wrong-way run. On October 12, 1929, Yale lost to Georgia in Sanford Stadium in its first trip to the south. Wade's Alabama again won a national championship and Rose Bowl in 1930.", "CRIMSON CATHEDRAL: Sporting News selected its top `Saturday Shrines' in its most recent issue and Alabama's Bryant-Denny Stadium was listed at No. 1. The voting was done by 70 former coaches, current coaches and broadcasters, who voted based on each school's stadium, fans, city/surroundings, traditions and history. The latest expansion of Bryant-Denny Stadium, which raised the seating capacity to 101,821, and was called a `masterpiece of mixing history and modern updates.' The two-page Alabama spread also lists Sporting News' opinion of the `Five Biggest Moments' and `A Fan's View.'", "*Gridiron Gang (2006) — based on real incidents involving youth gang members in a youth jail named \"Killpatrick Camp\" who played for a football team led by coach Sean Porter", "The Virginia Cavaliers, also known as Wahoos or Hoos, are the athletic teams representing the University of Virginia. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level for football), primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 1953-54 season. The media generally refers to the University's athletic teams as simply \"Virginia\" for short, or \"the Cavaliers,\" the University's official mascot of a mounted swordsman. An unofficial moniker, the Wahoos, or 'Hoos for short, based on the University's rallying cry \"Wah-hoo-wah!\" is also commonly used. Though originally only used by the student body, both terms - Wahoos and 'Hoos - have come into wide use by the media as well.", "The 1986 film Hoosiers involves a final scene which a small-town high school basketball team takes on a big-city team for the Indiana state championship. In the final moments before the small-town team from \"Hickory\" takes the court, the passage describing how, \"David took a stone from the bag and slung it... knocking the Philistine to the ground\" is read to inspire the team.", "The committee will narrow the field to three finalists, whose names will then be submitted to a national panel of roughly 50 sports writers, sportscasters, coaches and former players who vote to determine the winner. The announcement of the Jim Thorpe award will be featured on The Home Depot ESPNU College Football Awards live on Thursday, Dec. 9, at 6 p.m. (CT) on ESPN. Antonio Langham (1993) is the only Crimson Tide player to have ever captured the Thorpe Award. Javier Arenas is the most recent Tide player to be selected as a semifinalist (2009). Barron paces the Tide this season with 71 tackles, has three interceptions and six passes defended.", "The fight over the nickname and an accompanying logo of an Indian in feathers has been going on for decades. In 2006, the NCAA instituted a policy requiring schools to abandon nicknames, logos and mascots considered “hostile and abusive” to American Indians. Any school that chose to ignore the policy would be sanctioned by not being allowed to host championship games nor wear its team logo at postseason games. Exceptions were made for schools that got consent from relevant tribes to keep using their nicknames. Tribal permission was obtained for the University of Utah Utes, Central Michigan University Chippewas and Florida State University Seminoles. FSU even got to keep its Appaloosa-riding “Chief Osceola” mascot.", "This standard-issue sports flick dramatizes the eventful first season of the Kilpatrick Mustangs – a team based out of a juvenile detention camp. Whipping 'em into shape is Dwayne Johnson, himself a former University of Miami linebacker.", "This might only interest me: The Rock plays Joe Kingman, quarterback of the New England Rebels. In the climactic game of 2007, the Rebels play the New York Dukes for the championship. In the same football season, the Patriots and Giants played in the Super Bowl. Also, Kingman is a huge Elvis fan, which The Rock had written in the movie so he could sing \"Are you Lonesome tonight?\" because somebody once told The Rock he had a great singing voice.", "The Blind Side is a 2009 American biographical sports drama film. It was written and directed by John Lee Hancock, and based on the 2006 book The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game by Michael Lewis. The storyline features Michael Oher, an offensive lineman who played for the Baltimore Ravens and the Tennessee Titans, and currently is signed with the Carolina Panthers in the NFL. The film follows Oher from his impoverished upbringing, through his years at Wingate Christian School (a fictional representation of Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis, Tennessee), his adoption by Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy, to his position as one of the most highly coveted prospects in college football, then finally becoming a first-round pick of the Ravens.", "Like college hoops, NCAA football has given us many, many upsets throughout the years, from Centre College’s win over Harvard in 1921 to Notre Dame knocking off Oklahoma and ending the Sooners’ 47-game winning streak in 1957 and beyond. Yet, as impressive as many of these upsets are, the simple fact is that there is one that outshines them all, and that is Appalachian State’s 34-32 upset of the #5 Michigan Wolverines in 2007. By blocking Michigan’s last second field goal attempt, the Mountaineers became the first Division I-AA (FCS) team to ever beat a team ranked in the Associated Press Top 25. Adding to the magnitude of the feat is the fact that the win came at the Big House in Ann Arbor, in front of over 100,000 U of M fans, and that the victims of this historic upset just happened to be the winningest program in college football history. The only reason this amazing accomplishment doesn’t rank even higher on our list is because the Mountaineers, despite being an FCS team, were pretty damn good in their own right. They came into the Michigan game having won 1-AA titles in 2005 and 2006, and they would go on to win a third consecutive FCS national championship in 2007.", "It's the big game for little Tate College. Cheerful, energetic, dogged Harold Lamb is warming the bench for the Tate eleven, but he gets his chance when the team suffers a streak of casualties. Plucky Harold gets in the game, and, through a series of trick plays, wins the game, the girl, and the glory. Likeable schlemiel Harold is transformed into the biggest man on Tate's little campus. Presumably, Harold's next four years are a happy montage of homecoming dances, more successes on the gridiron, University Players Revues, good-natured hazing of underclassmen, all of it ending with a segue into graduation day accompanied by the old song \"You gotta be a football hero...\" played on the ukulele and sung by the College Glee Club. Harold is a king, Tate's leafy campus his empire, and the ivy on its buildings his laurels.", "Plot Intro: A white high school and an African-American high school are combined in a Southern US city. An African-American coach is chosen to head up the coaching staff. He has to mold a group of coaches and player, men who don't trust each other, into a team.", "The big hang up: This was a good movie, but the factual inaccuracy of the West Virginia vs. Syracuse game hangs over this (the game was actually played in Syracuse). Other players have spoken out against this movie, which moves it way down the list.", "At the FedEx Orange Bowl on January 2 , 2007 , Ali was an honorary captain for the Louisville Cardinals wearing their white jersey, number 19. Ali was accompanied by Miami Heat star Dwyane Wade and golf legend Arnold Palmer , who was the honorary captain for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons .", "The game was played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on January 18, 1976, one of the first major national events of the United States Bicentennial year. Both the pre-game and halftime show celebrated the Bicentennial, while players on both teams wore special patches on their jerseys with the Bicentennial logo.", "The game was played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on January 18, 1976, one of the first major national events of the United States Bicentennial year. Both the pre-game and halftime show celebrated the Bicentennial, while players on both teams wore special patches on their jerseys with the Bicentennial logo.", "JaMychal Green, Tony Mitchell and Alabama�s defense are still in fine form. The offense has a ways to go. Green scored 18 points, and Mitchell had 17 points and 10 rebounds to lead No. 19 Alabama to a 64-44 victory over North Florida on Friday night in the season opener for both teams." ]

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[ "Harold Francis \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan is a fictional San Francisco police detective in the Dirty Harry film series , encompassing Dirty Harry (1971), Magnum Force (1973), The Enforcer (1976), Sudden Impact (1983), and The Dead Pool (1988). Callahan is portrayed by Clint Eastwood in each movie.", "The most famous and controversial officer in the San Francisco Police Department, Detective Inspector Harold \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan, is well known in the city for his mixture of ruthless and occasionally brutal pursuit of criminals and sharp detective skills. After a stint as a youth in the Marine Corps, Callahan joins the SFPD in the 1950s and eventually rises to the rank of Inspector, along the way becoming involved in several controversial cases and losing his wife in an automobile accident.", "In the movie, Dirty Harry (1971), Clint Eastwood’s “Dirty Harry” Callahan was an inspector for the San Francisco Police Department. He spent his days killing hippies and restoring masculinity to the city. He was also on the trail of Scorpio, a serial killer who loved to taunt the police.  The real Dirty Harry was inspired by Dave Toschi, an inspector in the San Francisco Police Department.  The flamboyant San Francisco cop would also serve as the inspiration for 1968’s Bullitt, played by Steve McQueen.  Toschi was the cop who hunted down the real life Zodiac killer.  So were filmmakers suggesting that Toschi secretly killed the Zodiac killer in his off-hours? Not exactly. Dirty Harry writer John Milius said that whole aspect of Dirty Harry was inspired by another cop – a friend of his in Long Beach who remained unnamed, probably to avoid the wrath of Internal Affairs.", "During the playing of the credits with jazzy, upbeat music from Lalo Schifrin (of TV's Mission: Impossible fame later in his career) (\"DIRTY\" in the title of the film is a muddy brown color, \"HARRY\" is bright yellow), a sunglasses-wearing Inspector Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) of the San Francisco police force (Homicide Division) investigates, by himself, the scene of the crime and the probable location of the shooter [another rooftop with a gorgeous and dramatic skyline view of the Bay Bridge, Treasure Island, Yerba Buena Island and the surrounding city]. High above the entire city, he discovers the spent shell of the rifle (later identified as a \"30 ought 6\") and carefully places it in a used envelope (addressed to himself at the Homicide Department at 850 Bryant Street from an address in Provo, Utah) and then he finds a ransom note pinned to a TV antenna. A man of few words throughout the entire film, he reacts with a simple expletive, his first line of dialogue: \"Jesus.\" ['Dirty Harry' is called upon to be an avenging angel - an outcast cop to seek and exterminate the evil, Satanic, conscience-less killer destructively let loose in the urban environment. In semi-religious settings, a church near a revolving 'Jesus Saves' sign, and a giant cross atop Mount Davidson Park, Callahan confronts the murderer.]", "Dirty Harry is the name of a series of films and novels starring fictional San Francisco Police Department Homicide Division Inspector 'Dirty' Harry Callahan, portrayed by Clint Eastwood. In the early 70s and for almost two decades, Clint Eastwood starred as the magnum-packing Dirty Harry. The original film in the series about the fascist, vigilante-hero cop was the action film Dirty Harry (1971) , directed by Eastwood's directorial mentor Don Siegel. It unleashed a flurry of similar, quasi-Mickey Spillane thrillers. In the first of many sequels, Eastwood starred as the intolerant Harry Callahan on the trail of the elusive 'Scorpio killer'.", "Dirty Harry (1971), written by Harry and Rita Fink, centers on a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means. Dirty Harry has been described as being arguably Eastwood's most memorable character, and the film has been credited with inventing the \"loose-cannon cop\" genre. Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the \"first true archetype\" of the action film genre. His lines (quoted right) are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force that catapulted the ownership of .44 Magnum revolvers to new heights in the United States; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan. Dirty Harry achieved huge success after its release in December 1971, earning $22 million in the United States and Canada alone. It was Siegel's highest-grossing film and the start of a series of films featuring the character Harry Callahan. Although a number of critics praised Eastwood's performance as Dirty Harry, such as Jay Cocks of Time magazine who described him as \"...giving his best performance so far, tense, tough, full of implicit identification with his character,\" the film was also widely criticized as being fascistic. ", "There were five films in the Dirty Harry series, as I said, and they stretched from 1971 to 1988. Each film was made by a different director (the fourth being directed by Eastwood himself), but all followed Inspector Harry Callahan of the San Francisco police department and his no-nonsense way of conducting police work; he would rather shoot down a perp in the street than take him back to the station. Why read Miranda rights to a rapist, after all, when you can wrench him off his victim and throw him out a window? Harry Callahan is more of a vigilante than he is a cop, doling out punishment rather than actual arrests.", "Fuerza Magnum (1973) - Famoso detective de Clint Eastwood Dirty Harry regresa! Esta vez, el Inspector de Policía de San Francisco 'Dirty' Harry Callahan está en el camino de policías vigilantes que no están por encima van más allá del derecho a matar a los indeseables de la ciudad.", "Dirty Harry took its name from the fact that its unorthodox title character, San Francisco Inspector Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood), became embroiled with the most challenging and controversial ('dirty') cases of urban crime, often using tactics of police brutality and an attitude of \"take-no-prisoners\" that ignored criminals' rights in order to restore victims' rights. Callahan's open contempt for normal Miranda law restrictions illustrated his belief that criminals must be stopped - by any means, since traditional law enforcement (\"by the book\") tactics weren't effective.", "San Francisco Police Inspector Harry Callahan returns in the third of the Dirty Harry movies. Teamed with his new partner, Policewoman Inspector Kate Moore, they hunt for a group of terrorists that are blackmailing the City of San Francisco for two million dollars.", "The script for Dirty Harry (1971) was written by Harry Julian Fink and Rita M. Fink. It is a story about a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means.Dirty Harry is arguably Eastwood's most memorable character and has been credited with inventing the \"loose-cannon cop genre\", which is still imitated to this day. Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the \"first true archetype\" of the action film genre. His lines (quoted at left) have been cited as among the most memorable in cinematic history and are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force which catapulted the ownership of .44 Magnum pistols to unprecedented heights in the United States; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan.Dirty Harry proved a phenomenal success after its release in December 1971, earning some $22 million (US$119 million in 2011 dollars) in the United States and Canada alone. It was Siegel's highest-grossing film and the start of a series of films featuring the character of Harry Callahan. Although a number of critics praised his performance as Dirty Harry, such as Jay Cocks of Time magazine who described him as \"giving his best performance so far, tense, tough, full of implicit identification with his character\", the film was widely criticized and accused of fascism.", "When a mad man calling himself 'the Scorpio Killer' menaces the city, tough as nails San Francisco Police Inspector Harry Callahan, played by Clint Eastwood, is assigned to track down and ferret out the crazed psychopath in this crime thriller.  © Warner Bros", "Director Don Siegel first introduces us to SFPD Inspector Harry Callahan in the movie Dirty Harry made in 1971. He is a cop that is not quite rogue, but doesn't actually follow the rules either. He has no time for rules that impede him from capturing criminals and street thugs, and either taking them down, or putting them behind bars. Harry main task in Dirty Harry is to track down a serial killer by the name of Scorpio, but he has to deal with robbers and criminals of whom he handles by a shoot first, ask questions later policy. Based loosely on the Zodiac killer that haunted San Francisco at the time, Scorpio is a killer that taunts the public and the police alike, killing randomly, but choosing victims that create controversy as well as fear. Harry is determined to bring Scorpio to justice, and does not mind breaking every rule in the book to do it. The problem with this approach is that criminals are usually released on technicalities, which prevents Harry from getting his satisfaction. In the end not even technicalities can prevent Harry from getting his brand of justice.", "Magnum Force .  Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1987.  2 videodiscs (LaserVision) (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in.  PN1995.9.D555 M34 1987 Video (12 inch) disc  videodisc 1-2 : A mysterious wave of assassinations is sweeping the San Francisco underworld. Detective \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan (Eastwood) discovers why: sharpshooting rookie policemen have turned vigilante.  Cast : Clint Eastwood, Hal Holbrook, Mitchell Ryan, David Soul, Felton Perry, Robert Urich.", "Harold Francis Callahan, better known as \"Dirty Harry\", is the titular main protagonist of the Dirty Harry film series.", "\"Dirty Harry\" Callahan blasts his way from the mean streets of San Francisco to the blazing byways of San Antonio . His target — a crime boss who's got the whole town, including the cops, under his thumb. Harry's all alone now, with nothing but a .44 Magnum and a bagful of dirty tricks between him and instant death! (Published September 1981)", "LOS ANGELES -- The stick-up men are trapped in a liquor store. The cops have the place surrounded. There are innocent hostages inside. One of them will be killed unless the police supply a getaway car. \"Hey, Harry - what are you doing?\" asks a cop. \"Taking them a car,\" says Harry Callahan . He commandeers a car. spins it 180 degrees, drives it straight through the plate glass front of the liquor store, runs down one robber, leaps out and opens fire on the others. It's amazing this guy is still on the force. Dirty Harry has been taking the law into his own hands in three films now, gunning down the bad guys on the streets of San Francisco, As punishment, he keeps getting transferred to assignments like traffic and personnel, but by the next film he's back on homicide again.", "Callahan went a step further in Dirty Harry: determined to know the location of a 14-year-old girl that serial killer Charles \"Scorpio\" Davis has kidnapped and tortured, he ignores Scorpio's pleas for a doctor and a lawyer and pressed his foot on Scorpio's wounded leg until he gave up the location. Callahan was later informed by the District Attorney that due to numerous civil rights violations much of the evidence against Scorpio was inadmissible and he would be released without charge. Callahan explains his outlook to the Mayor of San Francisco, who asked how Callahan ascertains that a man he had shot was intending to commit rape; the inspector responds, \"When a naked man is chasing a woman through an alley with a butcher's knife and a hard-on, I figure he isn't out collecting for the Red Cross.\"", "The Inspiration: Dirty Harry Callahan was inspired by real-life detective Dave Toschi, who worked as the lead investigator on the Zodiac murders in San Francisco. Toschi was a flamboyant detective, and 'Dirty Harry' wasn't the first character he inspired -- Toschi also inspired Steve McQueen's Frank Bullitt character in 'Bullitt' back in 1968. Several decades later, David Fincher made 'Zodiac,' and Toschi was brought on as an advisor for the film, in which he was played by Mark Ruffalo .", "Dirty Harry is likely Clint Eastwood’s most memorable character (without whom the “loose-cannon cop” archetype likely wouldn’t exist). Eastwood’s Harry Callahan is ruthless in his apprehension of criminals and unwelcoming in a time of detrimental bureaucracy. In this crime thriller, City Hall is covered in red tape, has a tendency of letting dangerous murderers loose, and obstructs Harry’s particular brand of justice on a regular basis, but when the Zodiac Killer starts killing people at random, the higher-ups put Harry on the case due to his unusual methods and history of getting results. Dirty Harry is more or less an evolution of the classic John Wayne hero image, set in a more tumultuous period. The film (like Eastwood’s character) is tight, graphic, and absolutely brutal, but has an air of justice and is absolutely engaging. Not only is this Eastwood’s finest performance, it is also him at his most heroic.", "Lieutenant Donnelly, Harry's supervisor and other angry senior officers call Callahan in. They cannot fire or suspend the notorious inspector because, as the police commissioner admits, his \"unconventional methods ... get results,\" albeit with many deaths and bad publicity for the department. They instead order him to take a vacation, which Callahan spends target shooting with his .44 AutoMag and shotgun-armed partner Horace. But Callahan's relaxation is short-lived, as four of Threlkis's hitmen attack him. The inspector dispatches three, and the other narrowly escapes. The suspect from the dismissed case and his friends also attack Callahan, throwing two Molotov cocktails into Callahan's car. He retrieves an unbroken firebomb and throws it at the attackers' car, causing the punks to swerve and drive into the bay. Lieutenant Donnelly immediately sends the inspector to San Paulo to investigate the murder of the man Spencer killed. While the victim is from there, the assignment is also to protect both Callahan and civilians. As Donnelly notes, \"People have a nasty habit of getting dead around you.\"", "From his debut in Dirty Harry , Callahan became the template for a new kind of movie cop — someone who does not hesitate to cross professional and ethical boundaries in pursuit of his own vision of justice , especially when the law is poorly served by an inept bureaucracy.", "While his partners and many other officers respect and admire Callahan, others see him as unfit to serve on the police force. He often clashes with superiors who dislike Callahan's methods, and judges and prosecutors are wary of handling his cases because of frequent violations of the Fourth Amendment and other irregularities. A police commissioner admits that Callahan's \"unconventional methods ... get results\", but adds that his successes are \"more costly to the city and this department in terms of publicity and physical destruction than most other men's failures.\" (The publicity makes him well known; in Sudden Impact, the police chief of another city calls him \"the famous Harry Callahan.\") Callahan is often reprimanded, suspended, and demoted to minor departments. At the start of Magnum Force Lt. Briggs transfers him to stakeout. In The Enforcer Captain McKay assigns him to personnel. In Sudden Impact he is threatened with a transfer to traffic and being fired, and in The Enforcer he begins a 180-day suspension imposed by McKay. According to film critic Roger Ebert, \"it would take an hour in each of these movies to explain why he's not in jail.\"", "There are many parallels between Dirty Harry and  Jack Bauer , the lead character on the television series  24 . Like Harry, Bauer is a law enforcement officer with a strong desire to protect innocent civilians, although his actions to that end border on vigilantism as he deals with criminals (or Bauer's case, terrorists) with a \" whatever it takes \" attitude and often without regard for rules or legality. As with Callahan, Bauer's actions often bring him into conflict with his superiors and he is variously demoted and sidelined. Both characters emerged at a time when there was growing concern about crime (in the 1970s) and terrorism (in the 2000s). As one critic commented, \"It is not hard to imagine Jack Bauer delivering Dirty Harry Callahan’s famous line [\"Go ahead, make my day\"] from the 1983 film Sudden Impact\".", "Dirty Harry was a critical and commercial success and set the style for a whole genre of police films. It was followed by four sequels: Magnum Force in 1973, The Enforcer in 1976, Sudden Impact in 1983 (directed by Eastwood himself) and The Dead Pool in 1988.", "Inspector Harry Callahan and his partner Earlington Smith visit the crime scene. Callahan is controversial within the department. His superior Lieutenant Briggs views Callahan and his tactics—such as his handling of the Scorpio case , and foiling an aircraft hijacking at the airport by impersonating a pilot—as reckless and dangerous. The dislike is mutual, with Callahan mocking Briggs about the fact Briggs had never pulled his gun since he had been on the Police Force, saying \"Well, you're a good man Lieutenant, and good men always know their limitations\". Others, such as rookie traffic cops Philip Sweet, John Davis, \"Red\" Astrachan, and Michael Grimes, see the inspector as a role model. The young officers' zeal and marksmanship impress Callahan.", "Clint Eastwood's vigilante cop \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan never actually says: \"Do you feel lucky, punk?\" while pointing his giant .44 Magnum at a downed bank robber in the opening of Dirty Harry (1971). He does say, however: \"Being as this is a .44 Magnum, the most powerful handgun in the world, and would blow your head clean off, you've got to ask yourself one question, 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?\" The same quote is repeated almost word for word at the film's conclusion.", "Dirty Harry is known for carrying a Smith & Wesson .44 Magnum revolver and for sometimes warning criminals caught in his sights that they are facing \"the most powerful handgun in the world,\" capable of blowing their heads \"clean off.\" In Sudden Impact, Callahan also packs a customized .44 Magnum \"Automag\" given to him by a gunsmith he once rescued. This unique weapon proves vital when Harry is attacked by three thugs. In the ensuing scuffle Harry loses his regular gun and turns to the Automag for the climatic shootout, where he kills an entire gang of criminals in a closed amusement park, the last member winding up impaled on a merry-go-round's unicorn horn after Harry shoots him off the tracks of a nearby rollercoaster.", "Harry Callahan : Or this job, either. Having to wade through the scum of this city, being swept away by bigger and bigger waves of corruption, apathy and red tape. Nah, that doesn't bother me. But you know what does bother me?", "In the  Simpsons , a television character called McGarnagle is a parody of Dirty Harry, as well as other Clint Eastwood hard-boiled cops. [2 ]", "Of all the Dirty Harry films, this one has the most humor. The comments that Callahan makes at the personel review of Moore are hilarious. We also have him driving a car through a liquor store, (continuing with the traditon of breaking up a robbery). Another funny sequence is when he chases Henry Lee Coldwell halfway across the city and back! He follows him over fences, across rooftops, and through skylights, disturbing a porn shooting in the process! Read more ›", "Callahan's magnum refers to Dirty Harry's signature Smith & Wesson revolver, and it's also the strongest revolver in the game, fitting with Harry's quote \"and it's the most powerful handgun in the world\"." ]

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[ "When the first issue of Playboy magazine came out in December 1953, the centerfold was Marilyn Monroe.", "The first issue of Playboy Magazine was released in December 1953. It was produced in the kitchen of Hugh Hefner’s Hyde Parke house. The undated first issue contained a Sherlock Holmes story and an article about the Dorsey Brothers. The first centerfold was late actor Marilyn Monroe. Playboy’s first edition sold 54,175 copies out of 70,000. The original price of the first edition was 0.50$. In 2002, copies of the first issue sold for more than $5,000.", "When the first issue of Playboy magazine came out in December 1953, the centerfold was Marilyn Monroe. Founded by Hugh Hefner, Playboy has managed to keep a steady stream of bombshells and beauties on the magazine's cover for more than half a century. In many cases, landing a Playboy shoot has propelled models to new heights of fame and fortune. Here's a look at some of the famous women who have been Playboy playmates and bunnies.", "Marilyn Monroe put Playboy on the publishing map in December 1953, by serving as the magazine's cover model and its first centrefold.", "The first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the \"sexiest\" image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an upraised arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes and mouth open. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyn's nudity on the already-famous calendar, together with the teasers in marketing, made the new Playboy magazine a success. ", "Playboy was a success from its first issue in December 1953 that featured Marilyn Monroe on the cover and as a centerfold. It sold for 50 cents back then, which is $4.45 in today’s dollars. West’s issue has a cover price of $9.99.", "Mr Hefner founded Playboy in 1953 with actress Marilyn Monroe as its debut centrefold \"Playmate of the Month\".", "In December 1953, 27-year-old Hugh Hefner published the very first Playboy magazine. This first edition of Playboy was 44-pages long and had no date on its cover because Hefner wasn't sure there would be a second edition. In that first run, Hefner sold 54,175 copies of Playboy magazine at 50 cents each. The first edition sold so well because Marilyn Monroe was the \"Sweetheart of the Month\" which was thereafter termed \"playmate\".", "Monroe was known for being the publication’s first Sweetheart of the Month and was the original cover and centrefold star, chosen by Hefner, for the magazine’s first issue in December 1953.  ", "* First Playmate to pose for a full frontal nude centerfold: Marilyn Cole (Miss January 1972)", "Marilyn Monroe, who was featured in the first issue, was the only one to appear as \"Sweetheart of the Month\". The first model called a Playmate of the Month was Margie Harrison, Miss January 1954, in the second issue of Playboy.", "The magazine’s iconic centerfold actually dates to March 1956, when long-ago Miss March Marian Stafford received the star treatment.", "Monroe became Playboy magazine’s first monthly Playmate in 1953 after the magazine published a nude calendar photo she had posed for six years earlier.", "The beach films led a wave of films that made the bikini pop-culture symbol. In the sexual revolution in 1960s America, bikinis became quickly popular. Hollywood stars like Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, Gina Lollobrigida, and Jane Russell helped further the growing popularity of bikinis. Pin-up posters of Monroe, Mansfield, Hayworth, Bardot and Raquel Welch also contributed significantly to its increasing popularity. In 1962, Playboy featured a bikini on its cover for the first time. Two years later, Sports Illustrated featured Berlin-born fashion model Babette March on the cover wearing a white bikini. The issue was the first Swimsuit Issue. It gave the bikini legitimacy, became an annual publication and an American pop-culture staple, and sells millions of copies each year. In 1965, a woman told Time it was \"almost square\" not to wear one. In 1967 the magazine wrote that 65% of \"the young set\" were wearing bikinis. ", "4. She was Playboy’s first Sweetheart (later Playmate) of the Month, in 1953. Marilyn had been paid $50 to model for the picture in 1949; Hugh Hefner bought it for $500. ", "Some of Playboy's simplest covers appeared in the 1960s. This cover features just a redhead in a head wrap, staring intently above her sunglasses. Cutting off at the nape of her neck, the cover resembles more of a sculptured bust than a traditional men's magazine cover. Playboy definitely took a risk with the cover: There's a 12-page pictorial of Ursula Andress inside. Considering her popularity at the time, it would have been a much safer move to give her the cover.", "actress: Gentleman Prefer Blondes, The Seven-Year Itch, Some Like It Hot, Bus Stop, The Asphalt Jungle, Diamonds are a Girl�s Best Friend, The Misfits, Scudda-Hoo!Scudda-Hay!; famous centerfold: Playboy [1952]; died Aug 5, 1962", "Portrait of American publisher Hugh Hefner sitting in front of a wall collage of female centerfolds from his men's magazine \"Playboy\" which he launched in 1953.  (Photo by Archive Photos/Getty Images)", "We don’t mean this as a disservice to women like Kelly Brook and Nicolette Nightingale, but few Playboy cover girls ever make the transition from bare-skinned bombshell to Oscar-winning actress. That’s what makes Kim Basinger such an enigma: A leading lady with both the chest and chops to rule Hollywood. Basinger used her blonde locks and big lips to become a model in the 1970s, a movie icon in the ’80s, and an award-winner for her role as a prostitute in L.A. Confidential in the ’90s. It’s true that her starpower may have cooled in recent years, but even in her fifties she’s still almost as sexy as she was when she graced the pages of Playboy nearly three decades ago.", "2 In December 1953, she appeared smiling and waving on the cover of the first ever edition of Playboy.", "Anna Nicole Smith (born Vickie Lynn Hogan; November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress, and television personality. Smith first gained popularity in Playboy, winning the 1993 Playmate of the Year. She modeled for fashion companies including Guess, H&M, Heatherette, and Lane Bryant.", "In October 1971, Darine Stern was the first African-American model to appear on a Playboy cover. By putting Stern on the cover, Playboy helped shift the nation's standards of mainstream beauty. Although the magazine had already featured two black Playmates by this time -- Jennifer Jackson (March 1965) and Jean Bell (October 1969) -- nude African-American models were mainly seen in publications produced for and by the black community.", "Playboy thinks so. As part of its 60th anniversary celebration, the mag has reprinted copies of its inaugural issue, December 1953.", "Dynasty star Joan Collins made her debut in Playboy in December 1983 at the age of 50.", "Fawcett, who had steadfastly resisted appearing nude in magazines throughout the 1970s and 1980s (although she briefly appeared topless in the 1980 film Saturn 3), caused a major stir by posing semi-nude in the December 1995 issue of Playboy. At the age of 50, she returned to Playboy with a pictorial for the July 1997 issue, which also became a top seller. The issue and its accompanying video featured Fawcett painting on canvas using her body, which had been an ambition of hers for years.", "1987 - The first celebrity cover girl to grace Cosmopolitan magazine since Elizabeth Taylor in 1969 was Madonna and she did it on this day.", "Playboy reveals final centrefold model after more than 60 years of nude pictures - Mirror Online", "Playboy has recently returned to running the more art-inspired, concept covers that the magazine was known for in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Photographed by Tony Kelly and art directed by Mac Lewis, this \"Lips\" cover was recently awarded \"Cover of the Day\" by the Society of Professional Designers.", "In 1965, she posed nude for Playboy; it would be the first of seven times she was pictured in the magazine over the next fifteen years. When asked why she had agreed to do the Playboy shoot, Andress replied coolly, \"Because I'm beautiful.\" She went on to appear nude or semi-nude in nearly all of her film roles between 1969 and 1979, earning her the nickname \"Ursula Undress.\" ", "Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. This list is only a small portion of those who have posed. Some of them are:", "American actress, model, and singer, who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s and early 1960s. She was the subject of a lush nude calendar, photographed on 5/27/1949.", "Photographer of the stars who gained fame for her pictures, which appeared in Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, and other major publications." ]

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[ "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, activist, businesswoman, fashion designer, actress and philanthropist. Born and raised in City of Storms, United Communities , on the moon. She started singing on open mike night on the moon and quickly started singing song about life on the moon and how she would never be comfortable living on high gravity earth.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28 , 1986 ), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer, activist, businesswoman, fashion designer, actress and philanthropist who along with Elton John contributed the song \" Hello, Hello \" in the 2011 Touchstone Pictures film Gnomeo & Juliet . She also appeared in the 2012 Disney animated short Electric Holiday . She has recently recorded a holiday special with the Muppets , which was aired in 2013 , and made a cameo appearance in Muppets Most Wanted with Tony Bennett . She took Kermit the Frog as her date to the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. In an interview with Perez Hilton, Miss Piggy dismissed the concept of them dating, saying that \"No, no I don’t talk about lies. I talk about truth.\" She also made headlines wearing a top made entirely of plush Kermit the Frogs by Jean Charles de Castelbajac on German television. She wore the outfit as a statement against wearing fur as it \"looked like a bunch of dead Muppets\". Jason Segel had written a cameo for her in The Muppets , but she does not appear in the finished movie. She also made a cameo in the Phineas and Ferb episode, \" Great Balls of Water \".", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), better known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), better known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American pop singer-songwriter . After performing in the rock music scene of New York City's Lower East Side in 2003 and later enrolling at New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , she soon signed with Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records . During her early time at Interscope, she worked as a songwriter for fellow label artists and captured the attention of rapper Akon , who recognized her vocal abilities, and signed her to his own label, Kon Live Distribution .", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( / ˈ s t ɛ f ə n iː dʒ ʌr m ə ˈ n ɑː t ə / ; born March 28, 1986), better known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City , she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University ‘s Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan ‘s Lower East Side , and by the end of 2007, was signed with Streamline Records. Employed as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon , who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution .", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), better known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She initially performed in theater, appearing in high school plays, and studied at CAP21 through New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career. After leaving a rock band, participating in the Lower East Side's avant garde performance art circuit, and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings, Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing. There, recording artist  Akon  noticed her vocal abilities and helped her to sign a joint deal with  Interscope Records  and his own KonLive Distribution.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( ; born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She performed initially in theater, appearing in high school plays, and studied at CAP21 through New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career. After leaving a rock band, participating in the Lower East Side's avant garde performance art circuit, and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings, Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing. From there, recording artist Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her to sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution.", "\"Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta\", better known by her stage name \"Lady Gaga\", is an American singer, songwriter and performance artist. After being signed to and then dropped from Def Jam Records at age 19, she began performing in the rock music scene of New York City's Lower East Side. During this time, she was also working at Interscope Records as a songwriter. While at Interscope Records, Akon, after hearing Gaga sing, convinced Interscope chairman Jimmy Iovine to sign her to a joint deal with the label and Akon's Kon Live Distribution label.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007.…  Read More", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She performed initially in theater, appearing in high school plays, and studied...", "Gaga has been influenced by glam rock musicians such as David Bowie and Freddie Mercury, as well as pop music artists such as Madonna and Michael Jackson. The Queen song \"Radio Ga Ga\" inspired her stage name, \"Lady Gaga\". She commented: \"I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name Freddie was unique one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music.\" Madonna told Rolling Stone that she sees \"herself in Lady Gaga.\" In response to the comparisons between herself and Madonna, Gaga stated: \"I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionise pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago.\" Actress and singer Grace Jones was also cited as an inspiration by her. She has often been likened to Blondie singer Debbie Harry.", "Birth name: Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta Born: March 28, 1986 (1986-03-28) Yonkers, New York Origin: New York City Genres: Pop, Electronic Dance Occupation: Singer, songwriter, musician Instruments: Vocals, piano, synthesizer Years active: 2006–present          Labels: Def Jam, Interscope, Kon Live, Streamline, Cherrytree", "Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, [7] Lady Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel , for an audio book accompanying the children’s book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey. [27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman and drummer Alex Beckham – in September of that year. [7] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin ‘s “ D’yer Mak’er “. [7] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village ‘s The Bitter End and the Lower East Side’s the Mercury Lounge , the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis. [7] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis’ studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene. [21]", "Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone (born August 16, 1958), simply known by the stage name Madonna, is a pop singer considered by many to be the queen of popular music . She has had a long career that has been marked by success and controversy.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone (born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\", Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists.", "Stefani's debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. was released in November 2004. The album features a large number of collaborations with producers and other artists, including Tony Kanal , Linda Perry , André 3000 , Nellee Hooper , The Neptunes and New Order . Stefani created the album to modernize the music to which she listened when in high school, and L.A.M.B. takes influence from a variety of music styles of the 1980s and early 1990s such as New Wave and electro . [31] Stefani's decision to use her solo career as an opportunity to delve further into pop music instead of trying \"to convince the world of [her] talent, depth and artistic worth\" was considered unusual. [3] As a result, reviews of the album were mixed, and it was described as \"fun as hell but…not exactly rife with subversive social commentary.\" [32] The album debuted on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart at number seven, selling 309,000 copies in its first week. [33] It sold well, reaching multi-platinum status in the United States, [14] the United Kingdom, [34] Australia, [35] and Canada. [36] At the 2005 Grammy Awards , Stefani was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , [37] and at the next year's awards , Stefani received five nominations for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Best Pop Vocal Album , and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration . [38]", "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. One of the most prominent cultural icons for over three decades, she has achieved an unprecedented level of power and control for a woman in the entertainment industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have praised her diverse and innovative musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Cited as an influence among numerous artists around the world, she is often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\".", "The release of Stefani's first solo album brought attention to her entourage of four Harajuku Girls , named for the area around the Harajuku Station of Tokyo, Japan. Stefani treats the back-up dancers, who appear in outfits influenced by Gothic Lolita fashion, [107] as a figment of her imagination. Stefani's clothing also took influence from Japanese fashion, in a style described as a combination between Christian Dior and Japan. [41] The dancers are featured in her music videos, press coverage, and on the album cover for Love. Angel. Music. Baby., with a song named for and dedicated to them on the album. They were also featured in, and the namesake for, Stefani's Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005 .", "On April 12, 2014, Stefani made a surprise appearance at the Coachella festival, where she joined Pharrell Williams onstage during his set to perform \"Hollaback Girl\". She and Williams were coaches for season 7 of The Voice. After nine years since the last time, she attended the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, and during an interview on the red carpet she said, \"I didn't know I was gonna have a baby, I didn't know I was gonna be on The Voice, I didn't know I was gonna be writing new music, so I'm just like, what's gonna be next?\". Stefani appears as a featured artist on \"My Heart Is Open\", co-written by Sia Furler, from Maroon 5's V, which was performed for the first time with Adam Levine and an orchestra at the 2015 Grammy Awards. Gwen also appeared on \"Together\", from Calvin Harris' Motion. Both albums were released in 2014. A collaboration with Snoop Dogg, entitled \"Run Away\", was released on his 2015 studio album, Bush.", "Cheryl Cole, born as Cheryl Ann Cole, is simply famous among her fan by Cheryl, her stage name that brought her fame across the nation. Cheryl is popular mainly being a gorgeous model, dancer, songwriter, R&B and Pop recording artist in England. She was born in 1983 and rose to prominence in late 2002 when she appeared “Popstars: The Rivals” reality television show. She has earned five nominations for the notable BRIT Awards for five consecutive years.", "Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985, in New York City, New York), better known by her stage name Lana Del Rey, or previous stage names such as Lizzy Grant or May Jailer, is an American singer-songwriter, model, artist, and musician. She was born to her mother Patricia Grant , and father Robert Grant . Though born in New York City, she was raised in Lake Placid, New York. She has two younger siblings: Caroline \"Chuck\" Grant , her sister, and  Charlie Grant , her brother. She has been performing professionally as Lana Del Rey since 2011.", "Alecia Beth Moore (born September 8, 1979), better known by her stage name Pink (stylized as P!nk), is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Originally a member of the girl group Choice, she began her solo career with the 2000 single “There You Go” from her debut album, Can’t Take Me Home; the R&B album was certified double-platinum in the United States. She gained further recognition alongside Lil' Kim, Christina Aguilera, and Mýa covering “Lady Marmalade” for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack; the collaboration earned Pink both her first Grammy Award and first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100", "Which Queen hit ends with a rendition of \"I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside\"?", "Alecia Beth Moore (born September 8, 1979), better known by her stage name Pink (frequently stylized as ), is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. Originally a member of the girl group Choice, Pink rose to fame as an R&B artist with her debut solo album, Can't Take Me Home (2000). The album was certified double-platinum in the United States and spawned two Billboard Hot 100 top-ten hits, \"There You Go\" and \"Most Girls\". She gained further recognition with the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack \"Lady Marmalade\", which gave Pink her first Grammy Award as well as her first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. Pink took more artistic control and pursued pop rock direction for her second album, Missundaztood (2001). It sold more than 15 million copies worldwide and yielded three U.S. top-ten singles, \"Get the Party Started\", \"Don't Let Me Get Me\", and \"Just Like a Pill\".", "Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions and television shows as a child before signing with Jive Records in 1997. Spears's first and second studio albums, ...Baby One More Time (1999) and Oops!... I Did It Again (2000), became international successes, with the former becoming the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks \"...Baby One More Time\" and \"Oops!... I Did It Again\" broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her self-titled third studio album, Britney, and played the starring role in the film Crossroads (2002). She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, In the Zone (2003), which yielded the worldwide success of the \"Toxic\" single.", "The songstress doesn’t just use her middle name as her stage name, but as her only name, which she’s used since first starting her prolific career.", "Leona Louise Lewis, born April 3, 1985, in the London Borough of Islington, London, England, becomes a British singer, songwriter and animal welfare campaigner. Lewis achieved national recognition when she won the third series of “The X Factor,” in 2006, winning a $1 million recording contract with Simon Cowell's record label, Syco Music. Lewis's success continued with the release of her debut album, “Spirit,” in 2007; it went 10x platinum in the United Kingdom, while the lead single, \"Bleeding Love\", spent seven weeks at number-one. She achieved international recognition with the album in 2008, when she became the first British female solo artist to top the US Billboard 200 album chart in more than 20 years. Spirit has sold more than eight million copies worldwide, and \"Bleeding Love\" peaked at number one in over 30 countries, becoming the best-selling single of 2008. As a result, she was proclaimed 'Top New Artist' by Billboard in 2008. Under the guidance of Cowell and Davis, Lewis released her second UK number-one album “Echo” and recorded the theme song for the film “Avatar” in 2009, while embarking on her first UK arena tour,  The Labyrinth,” in 2010.", "She is better known by her stage name Katy Perry, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. Perry was born in Santa Barbara, California, and raised by Christian pastor parents; she grew up listening to only gospel music and sang in church as a child. After earning a GED during her freshman year of high school, she began to pursue a music career. She released a self-titled gospel album in 2001 as Katy Hudson which failed with the closing of its record label that year. She recorded an album with production team The Matrix and completed most of a solo album from 2004–2005, neither of which were released.", "Leona Louise Lewis (born 3 April 1985) is a British pop singer. Lewis rose to prominence in 2006 as the winner of the third series of the British television series The X Factor.", "In 2005, Olivia re-emerged as the first lady of G-Unit. She has contributed vocals to their debut album Beg For Mercy and to 50 Cent 's The Massacre, including that album's #1 single \"Candy Shop\". Her next album, Behind Closed Doors, is slated for a 2005 release on Interscope and G-Unit Records.", "Image caption The group's name is Italian for \"pop icon\" - and was suggested by Caroline's mother", "is a 46 year old Australian Singer born on 3rd August, 1970 in Brisbane, Queensland. Her zodiac sign is Leo" ]

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[ "On January 2, 2002, the new European currency , the euro, became official in 12 countries, known as the eurozone. The original currencies were no longer accepted in transactions after Feb. 28, 2002.", "The history of Euro is that on January 1, 2002 the Euro replaces the old national currencies. We can see in the history of Euro chart above that European currencies have always fluctuated against the dollar, even as debates have raged about the Euro.", "Historical Headlines of the world 1990 • Hubble Telescope Launched Into Space • Lech Walesa Becomes First President of Poland Nelson Mandela Freed 1991 • Bronze Age Man Found Frozen in Glacier • Collapse of the Soviet Union • Operation Desert Storm • South Africa Repeals Apartheid Laws 1992 • Official End of the Cold War • Riots in Los Angeles After the Rodney King Verdict 1993 • Cult Compound in Waco, Texas Raided • Use of the Internet Grows Exponentially • World Trade Center Bombed 1994 • Channel Tunnel Opens, Connecting Britain and France • Lorena Bobbit Takes Brutal Revenge • Nelson Mandela Elected President of South Africa • O.J. Simpson Arrested for Double Murder • Rwandan Genocide Begins 1995 • Ebola Virus Spreads in Zaire • Gas Attack in Tokyo Subway • Oklahoma City Bombing • Yitzhak Rabin Assassinated 1996 • Mad Cow Disease Hits Britain • Two Royal Divorces • Unabomber Arrested 1997 • British Au Pair on Trial for Murder • Hale-Bopp Comet Visible • Hong Kong Returned to China • Pathfinder Sends Back Images of Mars • Princess Diana Dies in Car Crash • Scientists Clone Sheep • Tallest Buildings in the World Built in Kuala Lumpur Tiger Woods Wins Masters 1998 • India and Pakistan Test Nuclear Weapons • Titanic Most Successful Movie Ever • U.S. President Clinton Impeached • Viagra on the Market 1999 • The Euro the New European Currency • Fear of Y2K Bug", "The non-cash form of the single currency was introduced on 1 January 1999. Three years later, on 1 January 2002, the euro was put into circulation in its cash form in the euro area, gradually replacing the national currencies.", "1992 In Technology The first Nicotine patch is introduced to help stop smoking and DNA Fingerprinting is Invented. The continuing Balkan War for the next 3 years between Muslims, Serbs and Croats prompting UN intervention. In The UK Rioting breaks out in Cities including Bristol and in France Euro Disney opens. In the US Bill Clinton becomes president and the largest Mall in America Minnesota's Mall of America is constructed spanning 78 acres", "Jan 1944: the world's monetary system is anchored to the dollar and the dollar to gold, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are created (\"Bretton Woods agreement\")", "1781 Lord Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, marking the end of the American War of Independence. 1813 The Allies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig. 1860 The first company to manufacture internal combustion engines was formed in Florence. 1864 In the American Civil War, General Sheridan was victorious over the Confederates at the Battle of Cedar Creek. 1872 The Holtermann nugget was mined at Hill End, New South Wales; weighing 630lbs, it was the largest gold-bearing nugget ever found. 1935 The League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy, following her invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). 1987 Wall Street was struck by `Black Monday', during which millions were wiped out on stock markets around the world. 1989 After serving 14 years in prison for the IRA Guildford and Woolwich bombings, the `Guildford Four' had their convictions quashed.", "1648 The Treaty of Westphalia was signed, ending the Thirty Years' War. 1857 The first football club was formed by a group of Cambridge University Old Boys meeting in Sheffield. 1901 Mrs Ann Edson Taylor braved a descent over Niagara Falls in a padded barrel to help pay the mortgage. 1945 The United Nations charter came into force. 1977 Saudi Arabia purchased the transatlantic liner France for use as a floating luxury hotel. 1987 Heavyweight boxing champion Frank Bruno knocked out Joe Bugner in Britain's most hyped boxing match held at White Hart Lane, London. 1989 US television preacher Jim Bakker was sentenced to 45 years in prison and fined $500,000/�272,000 for his multi-million dollar scam.", "The euro is now the new currency for many Europeans. During the decade more and more countries adopt the euro. 11 September 2001 becomes synonymous with the 'War on Terror' after hijacked airliners are flown into buildings in New York and Washington. EU countries begin to work much more closely together to fight crime. The political divisions between east and west Europe are finally declared healed when no fewer than 10 new countries join the EU in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. A financial crisis hits the global economy in September 2008. The Treaty of Lisbon is ratified by all EU countries before entering into force in 2009. It provides the EU with modern institutions and more efficient working methods.", "JUNE 10 - 1793 â The Jardin des Plantes museum opens in Paris. A year later, it becomes the first public zoo. 1854 â The first class of the United States Naval Academy students graduate. 1898 â Spanish- American War : U.S. Marines land on the island of Cuba. 1935 â Dr. Robert Smith takes his last drink, and Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, United States , by him and Bill Wilson. 1944 â In baseball, 15-year old Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds becomes the youngest player ever in a major-league game. 1967 â The Six- Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a cease-fire.", "1662 Charles II sold Dunkirk to Louis XIV for 2.5 million livres. 1901 In Paris, a `getaway car' was used for the first time, when thieves robbed a shop and sped away. 1904 The first section of New York City's subway system was opened. 1917 US troops entered the war in France. 1936 Mrs Wallis Simpson was granted a divorce from her second husband, leaving her free to marry King Edward VIII. 1971 The Republic of Congo changed its name to the Republic of Zaire. 1986 The City of London experienced `Big Bang' day, due to the deregulation of the money market.", "In 1999 the currency was born virtually and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. It rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded behind the rest of the EU. In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty finalised its political authority, the Eurogroup, alongside the European Central Bank.", "• Pol Pot Becomes the Communist Dictator of Cambodia 1976 • Nadia Comaneci Given Seven Perfect Tens • North and South Vietnam Join to Form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam • Tangshan Earthquake Kills Over 240,000 1977 • Elvis Found Dead • Miniseries Roots Airs • South African Anti-Apartheid Leader Steve Biko Tortured to Death Star Wars Movie Released 1978 • First Test-Tube Baby Born • John Paul II Becomes Pope • Jonestown Massacre 1979 • Ayatollah Khomeini Returns as Leader of Iran • Iran Takes American Hostages in Tehran • Margaret Thatcher First Woman Prime Minister of Great Britain • Mother Theresa Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize • Nuclear Accident at Three Mile Island Sony Introduces the Walkman 1980 • Failed U.S. Rescue Attempt to Save Hostages in Tehran • John Lennon Assassinated • Mount St. Helens Erupts • Rubik’s Cube Becomes Popular Ted Turner Establishes CNN 1981 • Assassination Attempt on the Pope • Assassination Attempt on U.S. President Reagan • First Woman Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court • Millions Watch Royal Wedding on T.V. • New Plague Identified as AIDS • Pac-Man is Extremely Popular • Personal Computers (PC) Introduced by IBM 1982 • E.T. Movie Released • Falkland Islands Invaded by Argentina • King Henry VIII’s Ship the Mary Rose Raised After 437 Years • Michael Jackson Releases Thriller • Reverend Sun Myung Moon Marries 2,075 Couples at Madison Square Garden • Vietnam War Memorial Opened in Washington, DC", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1789, Mutiny on the Bounty occured. Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors were set adrift and the rebel crew returned to Tahiti briefly and then set sail for Pitcairn Island. In 1930, the first night game in organized baseball history took place in Independence, Kansas. In 1967, Muhammad Ali refused induction into the US Army and was stripped of boxing title. He cited religious grounds for his refusal. In 1969, Charles de Gaulle resigned as President of France. In 1987, on a plane that was returning to Boston from Miami, Ozzy Osbourne bought three rounds of drinks for everybody and sang Crazy Train over the PA system.", "Rise and rise of the Internet, CERN creates particles of anti-matter 1997 Hong Kong handed back to ChineseTony Blair PM, Death of Princess DianaNATO and Russia agree on NATO's expansion into Eastern Europe, Sierra Leone coup", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1654, America's first toll bridge was competed over the Newbury River at Rowley, Massachusetts. The authorizing legislation set the toll at two shillings per cow, ox, or horse, and a half shilling per hog, sheep, or goat. No toll was permitted on people crossing the bridge. In 1921, West Virginia imposed the first state sales tax in the US. In 1937, Margaret Mitchell won a Pulitzer Prize for Gone With The Wind. In 1976, Wings kicked off their Wings Over America tour in Fort Worth, Texas. It was Paul McCartney's first American live show in 10 years. In 1991, the final episode of Dallas aired on CBS. Lasting 13 seasons in prime-time, it was second in longevity only to Gunsmoke. In 1992, five days of rioting and looting ended in Los Angeles. The riots, that killed 53 people, began after the acquittal of police officers in the beating of Rodney King. In 2003, President Bush told a news conference in Crawford, Texas, it was a matter of when, not if, weapons of mass destruction would be found in Iraq.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1974, The Streak by Ray Stevens became America's top single, capitalizing on the streaking fad that year on college campuses. In 1978, the movie The Buddy Holly Story starring Gary Busey premiered in Dallas. In 1980, Mt. Saint Helens erupted killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage. In 1992, the National Archivist quietly certified the 27th Amendment to the US Constitution prohibiting Congress from voting itself instant pay raises. The measure was written by James Madison in 1789, but the ratification process took over two centuries. In 1998, the federal government and 20 states filed a sweeping antitrust case against Microsoft saying the software company had a choke hold on competitors which denied consumer choices by controlling 90% of the software market. In 2004, at the age of 40, Randy Johnson became the oldest pitcher in major league history to throw a perfect game, retiring all 27 batters to lead the Arizona Diamondbacks over the Atlanta Braves 2-0.", "1989 - In Leipzig, East Germany a protest took place demanding the legalization of opposition groups and the adoption of democratic reforms. 1990 - The Allies ceded their rights to areas they occupied in Germany. 1993 - Opponents of Russian President Boris Yeltsin fought police and set up burning barricades. 1998 - Hawaii sued petroleum companies, claiming state drivers were overcharged by about $73 million a year in price-fixing. 1998 - About 10,000 Turkish soldiers crossed into northern Iraq and attacked Kurdish rebels. 2001 - The U.S. Postmaster unveiled the \"Tribute to America\" stamp. The stamp was planned for release the next month. 2001 - NATO, for the first time, invoked a treaty clause that stated that an attack on one member is an attack on all members. The act was in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States.", "1685 The Edict of Nantes, granting religious freedom to the Huguenots, was revoked by King Louis XIV of France. 1826 Britain's last state lottery was held. 1887 Russia transferred Alaska to the USA for $7.2 million. 1922 The British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) was officially formed. 1977 Germany's anti-terrorist squad stormed a hijacked Lufthansa aircraft at Mogadishu Airport, Somalia, killing three of the four Palestinian hijackers and freeing all of the hostages. 1989 Following a wave of pro-democracy demonstrations in East Germany, Erich Honecker was replaced as head of state by Egon Krenz. 1989 With the end of Communist rule, Hungary was proclaimed a free republic.", "1981 - U.S. Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig said the U.S. had physical evidence that Russia and its allies used poisonous biological weapons in Laos, Cambodia and Afghanistan. 1988 - Forecasters reported that Hurricane Gilberts barometric pressure measured 26.13. It was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. 1993 - \"Late Night with Conan OBrien\" premiered on NBC. 1993 - Israel and Palestine signed their first major agreement. Palestine was granted limited self-government in the Gaza Strip and in Jericho. 1994 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signed a $30 billion crime bill into law. 1998 - The New York Times closed its Web site after hackers added offensive material. 2001 - U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell named Osama bin Laden as the prime suspect in the terror attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. Limited commercial flights resumed in the U.S. for the first time in two days.", "The designs for the new coins and notes were announced between 1996 and 1998, and production began at the various mints and printers on 11 May 1998. The task was large, and would require the full three years and a half. In all, 7.4 billion notes and 38.2 billion coins would be available for issuance to consumers and businesses on 1 January 2002. In 7 nations, the new coins, struck in the run-up to 1 January 2002, would bear a 2002 date. In Belgium, Finland, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, the new coins would bear the date of striking, so those 5 countries would be the only ones to strike euro coins dated 1999, 2000, and 2001. Small numbers of coins from Monaco, Vatican City, and San Marino were also struck. These immediately became popular collector's items, commanding premiums well above face value. New issues continue to do so to this day.", "July 3 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. July 4 – Cape Verde recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. July 5 – Queen Elizabeth II attends the millennium celebrations of the Isle of Man's Parliament, Tynwald.[5] July 8 – Los Angeles passes its gay and lesbian civil rights bill. July 9 – A car bomb destroys a Renault owned by Nazi hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld at their home in France. A note purportedly from ODESSA claims responsibility. July 11 – NASA's first orbiting space station Skylab begins its return to Earth, after being in orbit for 6 years and 2 months. July 12 The Gilbert Islands become fully independent of the United Kingdom as Kiribati. A Disco Demolition Night publicity stunt goes awry at Comiskey Park, forcing the Chicago White Sox to forfeit their game against the Detroit Tigers. Carmine Galante, boss of the Bonanno crime family, is assassinated in Brooklyn. A fire at a hotel in Zaragoza, Spain, leaves 72 dead, the worst hotel fire in Europe in decades.", "Chronology i The duel An old man challenged a young man to a duel, and he said ‘I’ll be back in no time’ And in the meantime the last United States soldier leaves Vietnam, the World Trade Center opens, And Pablo Picasso dies, And President Georges Pompidou dies, And Ordine Nuovo bombs demonstra tors in Brescia, killing 6. And Turkey invades Cyprus, And Gerald Ford becomes the 38th president, And Ali knocks out Foreman, And professional stuntman Evel Knievel fails to cross the Snake River Canyon in Idaho. The first public service information system is started by the BBC, And the Arecibo radio telescope sends an interstellar radio message to- ward a Great Globular Cluster. The message will reach its destination around the year 27 000. A skeleton from the hominid spec ies Australopithecus Afarensis is dis covered and named Lucy and at the same time the World population reaches 4 billion people, And then Onasiss dies, And Pier Paolo Pasolini dies too. The first commercially developed su percomputer, the Crai-1 is released, And Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom sends the first royal e-mail, And Apple Computer Company is formed, And at the same time The Ramones", "The 1990s were also the years of European convergence. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in December 1991 foreseeing monetary union within five to seven years, although that was nearly knocked off course in September 1992 by a crisis with the EU's exchange-rate mechanism. Macro speculator George Soros allegedly made $2 billion when sterling expelled itself from the ERM.", "1992 ( MCMXCII ) was a leap year that started on a Wednesday . In the Gregorian calendar , it was the 1992nd year of the Common Era , or of Anno Domini ; the 992nd year of the 2nd millennium ; the 92nd year of the 20th century ; and the 3rd of the 1990s .", "1990 – The first McDonald's in the Soviet Union opens in Moscow. This would also mark the first time anyone paid over $60 U.S. for a Big Mac.", "October October 1 – The Israeli air force bombs PLO Headquarters near Tunis. October 3 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis makes its maiden flight. October 4 – The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts, USA. October 7 – The cruise ship Achille Lauro is hijacked in the Mediterranean Sea by 4 heavily armed Palestinian terrorists. One passenger, American Leon Klinghoffer, is killed. October 18 – The first Nintendo home video game console in United States is released as the Nintendo Entertainment System.", "In Europe and the United States, as well as elsewhere, the 1980s represented a time when the welfare state b had expanded in the United States and Europe, the agitation of the civil rights movement had produced results, and globalization, in the form of multi-national corporations, had gotten underway, producing economic dislocation among many who depended on manufacturing for a living. Timothy McVeigh’s bombing of the Oklahoma City Federal Building, the most lethal terrorist attack in the U.S. until the 9/11 attacks, exemplified this trend.", "Although those were important aspects of this decade, other events occurred as well. For instance, the Berlin Wall was built, the Soviets launched the first man into space, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, the Beatles become popular, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made his \"I Have a Dream\" speech, and so much more!", "This interpretation is consistent with that of the ETOA: the games by themselves greatly expanded the supply of hotel rooms without automatically increasing the demand for hotel rooms commensurately. Hotel prices fell, the hospitality sector fretted, and the city took action. In 1993, Barcelona established its Bureau of Tourism (Turisme de Barcelona), a combination of public and private interests. The bureau is presided over by the city's mayor, while its executive committee is headed by the president of the Chamber of Commerce. The bureau undertook extensive market research and launched an aggressive promotional campaign. As well, new port facilities were exploited to develop a cruise market; today those facilities can accommodate more than 26,000 passengers daily. Serendipitously, the deregulation of European airlines in 1997 led to the emergence of new, private companies offering heavily discounted air service within Europe. Together, these factors, along with Barcelona's inherent attractions, catapulted the city onto its gilded path to tourism glory. TABLE 5-1. European Tourism by City", "Despite the massive amounts of euros available, chaos was feared. In France, these fears were accentuated by a threatened postal workers’ strike. [23] The strike, however, was settled. Similarly, workers at the French bank BNP Paribas threatened to disrupt the introduction of euro currency with a strike. That was also settled. [24]", "In an effort to free international trade and fund postwar reconstruction, the member states agreed to fix their exchange rates by tying their currencies to the U.S. dollar. American politicians, meanwhile, assured the rest of the world that its currency was dependable by linking the U.S. dollar to gold; $1 equaled 35 oz. of bullion. Nations also agreed to buy and sell U.S. dollars to keep their currencies within 1% of the fixed rate. And thus the golden age of the U.S. dollar began." ]

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[ "Qualcomm Stadium — Home to the NFL’s San Diego Chargers, this football stadium seats 71,000 in the heart of Mission Valley just minutes from downtown San Diego. The stadium is host to the Holiday Bowl, the Poinsettia Bowl, Street Scene and more.", "The second-oldest stadium in the NFL (only Lambeau Field, built in 1957, is older), Qualcomm has served as home to the Chargers from its first year in 1967 and the Padres since 1969, until the Padres moved into a new stadium in 2004.", "San Diego is home to two major professional teams — the National Football League's San Diego Chargers, who play at Qualcomm Stadium, and Major League Baseball's San Diego Padres, who play at Petco Park.", "Qualcomm Stadium was home to a round of the AMA Supercross Championship each year, usually in early February, from 1980 to 2014. The stadium also hosted a round of Monster Jam, also ran and operated by Feld Entertainment. In 2015, both events were moved to Petco Park.", "The National Football League's Buffalo Bills announced its intentions to play one of its games in the Rogers Centre in October 2007; the first of these games took place on December 7th of the 2008 NFL season versus the Miami Dolphins. [3] It marked the first time an NFL team has established a \"home\" stadium outside the United States. The Bills played a preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at the Rogers Centre on August 14, 2008. See National Football League in Toronto for more information regarding this.", "The Houston NFL Holdings group came to Populous (then HOK Sport) to begin the schematic design for the first-ever NFL retractable roof football stadium in 1997. The intention was to create a football stadium to replace the Astrodome that would operate like an open-air facility but have the intimacy and comfort of an indoor arena. With the design for football and the square footage requirements of the rodeo, the building was designed in the 1900000 sqft range. Groundbreaking for the stadium was on March 9, 2000 and the building was officially topped off in October 2001. The stadium opened on August 24, 2002, with a preseason game between the Miami Dolphins and Houston Texans which the Dolphins won 24–3. The stadium hosted its first regular season NFL football game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans on September 8, 2002. Construction was completed in 30 months. The first rodeo was held in the stadium in February 2003.", "The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team, and only the Green Bay Packers, their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. Soldier Field re-opened in 2003 after an extensive renovation.", "The National Football League's Buffalo Bills announced its intentions to play five \"home\" games (and three pre-season games) in Rogers Centre in October 2007; the first of these regular-season games took place on December 7 of the 2008 NFL season versus the Miami Dolphins. [24] It marked the first time an NFL team has established a \"home\" stadium outside the United States. The Bills played a preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at the Rogers Centre on August 14, 2008. (See Bills Toronto Series for more information regarding this.)", "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks are owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001).", "The National Football League's Buffalo Bills announced its intentions to play one of its games in the Rogers Centre in October 2007; the first of these games will take place on December 7th of the 2008 NFL season vs the Miami Dolphins. [13] It will mark the first time an NFL team has established a \"home\" stadium outside the United States. The Bills played a preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at the Rogers Centre on August 14, 2008.", "The Miami Dolphins are a professional American football franchise located in the Miami metropolitan area. The Dolphins compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The Dolphins play their home games at New Miami Stadium in the northern suburb of Miami Gardens, and are headquartered in Davie, Florida. The Dolphins and the Atlanta Falcons (who also began play in 1966) are the oldest NFL franchises in the Deep South, and Miami is the oldest AFC team in that region. However, of the four AFC East teams, they are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of the AFL.", "The Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the premier association of professional American football. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970. After the merger, each league became a \"conference\", and the game was then played between conference champions. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played in 1967 to determine the championship of the regular season played in 1966, while Super Bowl XLV was most recently played on February 6, 2011, which the Green Bay Packers won to become the champions of the 2010 regular season.", "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24–10 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives during the 2015 season, as well as suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"), so the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 50. ", "NRG Stadium will host Super Bowl 51 bringing the biggest game of the NFL season back to Texas for the 4th time in Super Bowl history. Formerly known as Reliant Stadium, NRG Stadium has been home to the NFL franchise Houston Texans since opening in 2002. Touted as one of the more modern stadiums in the NFL, NRG Stadium also plays host to some of the countries most recognizable events including the Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo, the 2011 Men's Final Four, WrestleMania XXV, multiple CONCACAF Gold Cup matches, and some of the worlds most talented musicians. With a max football capacity of more than 70,000 fans, NRG Stadium offers a prime location for one of the largest events in football as Super Bowl 51 takes the excitement to Houston.", "Heinz Field is a stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It primarily serves as the home to the Pittsburgh Steelers and University of Pittsburgh Panthers American football teams, members of the National Football League (NFL) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) respectively. The stadium opened in 2001, after the controlled implosion of the teams' previous stadium, Three Rivers Stadium. The stadium is named for locally based H. J. Heinz Company, which purchased the naming rights in 2001.", "*2008 – August 14 – Rogers Centre plays host to a pre-season National Football League game between the Buffalo Bills and Pittsburgh Steelers, the first of a five-year lease deal that sees the Bills playing occasional home games in Toronto.", "The first game of the season was held on Thursday, September 10, at 8:30 pm EDT, with the Super Bowl XLIII champion Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Tennessee Titans 13–10 in overtime at Heinz Field. The opening weekend game on NBC Sunday Night Football featured the Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers, which the Packers won, 21–15. The opening weekend doubleheader games on Monday Night Football were both part of the AFL 50th Anniversary celebration: Buffalo Bills at New England Patriots in the first game, and San Diego Chargers at Oakland Raiders in the second game. New England defeated Buffalo in an epic end-of-game rally, coming from behind 24–13 to win 25–24 in the final three minutes in what has been dubbed the \"Nightmare in New England\" by at least one newspaper. San Diego defeated Oakland by a score of 24–20 in the nightcap with their own fourth quarter comeback.", "Located in downtown Cleveland on over 30 acres of land, Cleveland Browns Stadium, also known as \"The Dawg Pound,\" is the only stadium in the NFL that has yet to host a playoff game. With new owner Jimmy Haslam at the helm, talented stars like Brandon Weeden and Trent Richardson on the field and over 73,000 fans in the stands, the Browns look to reverse that trend in the near future.", "The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. They are currently members of the South division of the National Football Conference (NFC) of the National Football League (NFL). The team was founded by John W. Mecom, Jr. and David Dixon and the city of New Orleans. The Saints began play at Tulane Stadium in 1967.", "Super Bowl XLVIII will be the 48th edition of the Super Bowl in American football, and the 44th annual championship game of the modern-era National Football League (NFL). It is scheduled to be held on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, to determine the champion for the 2013 season. This would be the first Super Bowl to be played outdoors in a cold weather environment, the first in 38 years to be played outdoors on artificial turf and the first in which two US states (New York and New Jersey) will work together with hosting duties. It will also be the first Super Bowl in NFL history to have two host teams (the New York Jets and New York Giants) as both play in the same stadium, thus it will be possible to have these two host teams play against each other should they get this far in the post-season.", "The Mercedes-Benz Superdome is a domed sports and exhibition venue, located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Plans were drawn up in 1967, by the New Orleans modernist architectural firm of Curtis and Davis. Its steel frame covers a 13-acre expanse. Its 273-foot dome is made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet, making it the largest fixed domed structure in the world. Because of the size and location in one of the major tourist destinations in the United States, the Superdome routinely makes the \"short list\" of candidates being considered for major sporting events, such as the Super Bowl and the Final Four. It is the home stadium of the New Orleans Saints American football team. In 2005, the Superdome gained international attention of a different type when it housed thousands of people seeking shelter from Hurricane Katrina. The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm, and was closed for many months afterward. On October 3, 2011, it was announced that German automaker Mercedes-Benz purchased naming rights to the stadium. The new name took effect on October 23, 2011. It is the third stadium that has naming rights from Mercedes-Benz, after the Mercedes-Benz Arena, the stadium of Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart, in Stuttgart, Germany and the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Shanghai, China.", "2005 - NFL plays first regular season game outside United States when the Arizona Cardinals defeat the San Francisco 49ers 31-14 in Mexico City, Mexico", "Indianapolis Colts, 39.760056 -86.163806 10 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis — The Colts have proved fierce competitors in recent years, making regular playoff appearances. Once an NFL team from Baltimore, they first moved to the AFC upon the AFL-NFL merger and later controversially relocated to Indianapolis \"overnight\". Peyton Manning used to play here until 2011 and is both credited with spurring the construction of their stadium (\"the house that Peyton built\") and the team's enduring success. After an injury kept Manning out for a season, the Colts drafted Andrew Luck first overall, who has been their quarterback since.", "Jan 3, 2016; East Rutherford, NJ, USA; Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Sam Bradford (7) throws the ball against the New York Giants during the first quarter at MetLife Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Brad Penner-USA TODAY Sports", "The Denver Broncos are an American football team based in Denver, Colorado. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The Broncos began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970. The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust. The Broncos have played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High since , after previously playing at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000.", "Sun Life Stadium, the current home of the Orange Bowl, is the only stadium in the country that is home to an NFL, MLB and NCAA college football team. It has also hosted five Super Bowls, two World Series and the 2010 Pro Bowl.", "For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium. The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first-ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game. The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in , with the exception of two replacement games during the strike (but both were sold out before the strike).", "The name \"Saints\" is an allusion to November 1 being All Saints Day in the Catholic faith, New Orleans' large Catholic population, and the spiritual \"When the Saints Go Marching In\", which is strongly associated with New Orleans and often sung by fans at games. The team's primary colors are old gold and black; their logo is a simplified fleur-de-lis. They played their home games in Tulane Stadium through the 1974 NFL season. The following year, they moved to the new Louisiana Superdome (now the Mercedes-Benz Superdome, since Mercedes-Benz has purchased the stadium's naming rights).", "Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl. It seats 80,601. Ladd-Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646. In 2009, Bryant-Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham. ", "Which NFL team have signed to play a regular season game at Wembley for the next four years, starting in 2013?", "Cowboy Stadium (later renamed AT&T Stadium in 2013). Image available on the  Internet  and included in accordance with  Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 .", "NRG Stadium (formerly Reliant Stadium) is a multi-purpose stadium, in Houston, Texas, United States. NRG Stadium has a seating capacity of 71,795, a total area of 1900000 sqft with a 97000 sqft playing surface." ]

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[ "2) LAST noun [circa1000]: A wooden model of the foot, on which shoemakers shape boots and shoes.", "Shoemakers have been designing, making, repairing, and cleaning shoes for hundreds of years. To make a shoe, a shoemaker will usually use a last. A last is shaped like a human foot, and using this tool will ensure a properly sized shoe.", "shoemaker's last - holding device shaped like a human foot that is used to fashion or repair shoes", "Commonly known as bunions, this is a very common condition affecting women to a far greater extent than men. The proposed etiology is shoewear. Studies done in un-shoed populations in Africa and in the Hong Kong Chinese have shown that the normal shape of the human foot is splayed in the forefoot region. The adaptation where the great toe sits next to the 2nd toe is felt to be due to shoewear.", "cobbler's last - holding device shaped like a human foot that is used to fashion or repair shoes", "The traditional shoemaker would measure the feet and cut out upper leathers according to the required size. These parts were fitted and stitched together. The sole was next assembled, consisting of a pair of inner soles of soft leather, a pair of outer soles of firmer texture, a pair of welts or bands about one inch broad, of flexible leather, and lifts and top-pieces for the heels. The insole was then attached to a last made of wood, which was used to form the shoe. Some lasts were straight, while curved lasts came in pairs: one for left shoes, the other for right shoes. The 'lasting' procedure then secured the leather upper to the sole with tacks. The soles were then hammered into shape; the heel lifts were then attached with wooden pegs and the worn out-sole was nailed down to the lifts. The finishing operation included paring, rasping, scraping, smoothing, blacking, and burnishing the edges of soles and heels, scraping, sand-papering, and burnishing the soles, withdrawing the lasts, and cleaning out any pegs which may have pierced through the inner sole.", "   The \"last\" was a mold around which the shoemaker fashioned the shoe. Carved from wood, the last would be made by first measuring the customer's feet at several particular points, then the last would be whittled out of a block of wood until the contours matched the measurements taken from the customer's feet. Heinrich Naftzger's great-grandfather, working as a shoemaker in the late 1600s and early 1700s would have made both shoes in a pair from a single last, their shape being exactly the same. In 1785, the shoemakers in England began to mate left and right shoes, making them slightly different from the squared-toe design of previous ages. (Children's shoes, though continued to be unmated.) The pair of lasts would be marked with the customer's name and often would be used for the life of the customer. If the customer's feet increased size or changed shape, the wooden last could be adjusted by attaching a piece of leather to the wood where necessary.", "In humans, the hallux is usually longer than the second toe, but in some individuals, it may not be the longest toe. There is an inherited trait in humans, where the dominant gene causes a longer second toe (\"Morton's toe\" or \"Greek foot\") while the homozygous recessive genotype presents with the more common trait: a longer hallux. People with the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characteristically have a short hallux which appears to turn inward, or medially, in relation to the foot.", "Figure 55.—Blake’s leather-stitching machine patent model of July 6, 1858; the inventor claimed the arrangement of the mechanism used and an auxiliary arm capable of entering the shoe, which enabled the outer sole to be stitched both to the inner sole and to the upper part of the shoe. (Smithsonian photo 50361.)", "A bunion is a “bump” on the joint at the base of the big toe—the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint—that forms when the bone or tissue at the big toe joint moves out of place. The toe is forced to bend toward the others, causing an often painful lump of bone on the foot. Because this joint carries a lot of the body's weight while walking, bunions can cause extreme pain if left untreated. The MTP joint itself may become stiff and sore, making even the wearing of shoes difficult or impossible. A bunion—from the Latin \"bunio,\" meaning enlargement—can also occur on the outside of the foot along the little toe, where it is called a \"bunionette\" or \"tailor's bunion\".", "McCarthy AD, Davies MB, Wembridge KR, Blundell C. Three-dimensional analysis of different first metatarsal osteotomies in a hallux valgus model. Foot Ankle Int. 2008 Jun. 29(6):606-12. [Medline] .", "Some shoe stores use optical devices to precisely measure the length and width of both feet and recommend the appropriate shoe model and size. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944246/]", "The hindfoot is composed of the talus (or ankle bone) and the calcaneus (or heel bone). The two long bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula, are connected to the top of the talus to form the ankle. Connected to the talus at the subtalar joint, the calcaneus, the largest bone of the foot, is cushioned inferiorly by a layer of fat.", "The hindfoot is composed of three joints and links the midfoot to the ankle (talus). The top of the talus is connected to the two long bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula), forming a hinge that allows the foot to move up and down. The heel bone (calcaneus) is the largest bone in the foot. It joins the talus to form the subtalar joint. The bottom of the heel bone is cushioned by a layer of fat.", "Dr. William M. Scholl, The Human Foot: Anatomy, Deformities and Treatment (Chicago: Foot Specialist Publishing Co., 1915), accessed GoogleBooks", "The hindfoot connects the foot to the leg at the ankle joint, and comprises two large bones called the talus and calcaneus.", "Skeleton Insole Process: A method of shoe construction in which a single-sole blank is split into two parts that form the outsole and insole. The insole has a skeleton forefront, while the outsole has the full thickness of the blank at the center. The insole is attached to the last, and subsequent operations conform to the methods for sewed or cemented shoes. Also shown as Single Sole Process, Sbicca-Del Mac, or Del Welt Process.", "Our most recent report , published in MSSE, is the first to assess the force-deformation properties of the heel pad in healthy subjects while walking barefoot at preferred speed using a dynamic radiographic imaging technique coupled with a pressure measuring platform. We confirmed previous observations and showed the heel pad had a distinct nonlinear behavior during walking, in which increasing force was associated with progressively less deformation. Initial stiffness of the heel pad was a tenth of its final stiffness and only about one joule of energy was dissipated by the heel pad with each walking step. The energy dissipated by the heel pad in our carefully controlled laboratory–based experiment was 5 to 10 times less than that reportedly dissipated by other structures such as the Achilles tendon and the ligaments of the medial longitudinal arch. In our view, this finding warrants a critical reappraisal of the relative shock reduction and energy dissipating role of the heel pad during locomotion.", "Shoe (n.) An incShoe (n.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; -- called also slipper, and gib.", "In our experiment, we also found that the energy required to deform the heel pad during walking was only marginally less than that reported during barefoot running at moderate speed. Furthermore, we found that the peak deformation of the heel pad during walking was close to that predicted for the limit for pain tolerance. This finding has important clinical implications. For instance, to avoid potential pain and injury at higher barefoot gait speeds, movement of the rearfoot and soft tissues of the shank must increasingly contribute to energy dissipation during heel contact or gait adjustments must occur to ensure the contact energy during heel strike is comparable during barefoot walking. These findings also provide indirect support to the so–called ‘Robbins and Hanna’ hypothesis in which plantar foot sensation is proposed to moderate impact loading of the foot during gait. These findings also may, in part, account for the more plantar–grade foot strike pattern that occurs with barefoot gait at speeds faster than walking.", ". . Erik Trinkaus, an anthropologist at Washington U in St. Louis, was the first person to apply this understanding of how fashion alters physical bodies to anthropology. He found a point in human history where the size of toe bones began to shrink. Combining that data with knowledge of how shoes change the way people walk, Trinkaus reasoned that smaller toe bones meant people had started wearing shoes.", "Also known as club foot. A turning of the foot in the wrong direction. There are several different forms: the main ones being Talipes valgus: the foot turns outwards; varus, the foot turns inwards; equinus, the heel is lifted from the ground. (19thC) The condition can exist at birth or be acquired during life.", "A clubfoot, or talipes equinovarus (TEV), is a birth defect. The foot is twisted in (inverted) and down. Without treatment , persons afflicted often appear to walk on their ankles, or on the sides of their feet. It is a common birth defect, occurring in about one in every 1,000 live births.", "Horton GA, Park YW, Myerson MS. Role of metatarsus primus elevatus in the pathogenesis of hallux rigidus. Foot Ankle Int. 1999 Dec. 20(12):777-80. [Medline] .", "Shoe is pulled over last and attached to midsole during construction. Makes shoe lighter and flexible.", "The tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints are plane articulations that allow gliding. The medial cuneiform and first metatarsal have an independent joint cavity (see fig. 12-31 A). The second metatarsal fits into a socket formed by the three cuneiforms (see fig. 12-32 ). The metatarsophalangeal joints are ellipsoid, and the interphalangeal joints are hinge, but the ligamentous arrangements of both are similar. Collateral ligaments are present, as are fibrous or fibrocartilaginous pads termed plantar ligaments (cf. palmar ligaments of fingers). The pads are interconnected by the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, which helps to hold the metatarsal heads together. The metatarsophalangealjoints allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The interphalangeal joints permit flexion and extension. The metatarsophalangeal joint ofthe big toe is specialized. Two grooves on the plantar aspect of the head of the first metatarsal articulate with the sesamoids that are embedded in the plantar ligament (fig. 17-9 ). The sesamoids are attached to the plantar aponeurosis and anchored to the phalanx. The sesamoids of the big toe take the weight of the body, especially during the latter part of the stance phase of walking. The sesamoid mechanism is deranged in bunions and in hallux valgus. A bunion is a swelling medial to the joint, and it is due to bursal thickening. In hallux valgus the big toe is displaced laterally because of angulation at the metatarsophalangeal joint.", "Articulated metal shoes. Could have long pointy toes, or large, rounded ones - or anything in between", "A simple way to make shoes in which the last is forced into the upper and then stitched to the sole.", "The five metatarsals are dorsally convex long bones consisting of a shaft or body, a base, and a head. Body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped, articulating proximally with the tarsal bones, and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones: its dorsal and plantar surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments. The head or anterior extremity presents a convex articular surface, oblong from above downward, and extending farther backward below than above. Its sides are flattened, and on each is a depression, surmounted by a tubercle, for ligamentous attachment. Its plantar surface is grooved antero-posteriorly for the passage of the flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.", "A general term for a group of common congenital deformities of the ankles and/or feet, in which the foot is turned downward and inward, and which are usually present at birth; the defect may be mild or severe and may affect one or both ankles and/or feet; uncorrected CF may result in gait defects", "The head at the distal end presents a convex articular surface, oblong from above downward, and extending farther backward plantar than dorsal. Its sides are flattened, and on each is a depression, surmounted by a tubercle, for ligamentous attachment. Its plantar surface is grooved anteroposteriorly (for the passage of the flexor tendons) and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.", "Realigning the long bone between the back part of your foot and your big toe, to straighten out the abnormal angle in your big toe joint" ]

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[ "Rahm Israel Emanuel (; born November 29, 1959) is an American politician who serves as the 55th mayor of Chicago. A member of the Democratic Party, Emanuel was elected in 2011, becoming Chicago's first Jewish mayor. He was reelected on April 7, 2015.", "Rahm Israel Emanuel is an American politician who has served as the 55th Mayor of Chicago since 2011. He previously served as the White House Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2010, a Member of the United States House of Representatives representing from 2003 to 2009, and as senior advisor to President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1998.…  Read More", "Prior to becoming Mayor, Emanuel served as the White House Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama and served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Chicago’s 5th District. He previously served as a key member of the Clinton administration from 1993 to 1998, rising to serve as Senior Advisor to the President for Policy and Strategy.", "On November 6, 2008, Emanuel accepted the Cabinet-level [67] position of White House Chief of Staff for Barack Obama . [5] He resigned his congressional seat effective January 2, 2009. [68] A special primary to fill his vacated congressional seat was held on March 3, 2009, and the special general election on April 7. [69] [70] Chicago newspapers reported that one candidate for that seat said at a forum that Emanuel had told him he may be interested in running for the seat again in the future. [71]", "Rahm Emanuel has served as the 55th mayor of the city of Chicago since 2011. During that time he has made the tough choices necessary to secure Chicago’s future as a global capital. The Mayor added more than 200 hours to the school day and year, taking Chicago from having the least educational time of any large school district in the country to being on par with its peers. He implemented full-day kindergarten for every Chicago child, and fought for and won new accountability measures to ensure every teacher and principal had the necessary resources to succeed. The Mayor’s comprehensive public safety strategy is focused on expanded prevention programs for at-risk youth, smarter policing strategies, and empowering parents and communities to reduce violence in their neighborhoods. He attracted numerous companies to Chicago and helped to build the next generation of start-ups, while investing in the infrastructure, public transportation, open space and cultural attractions that make Chicago a great place to live, work, and play. And he has worked to make our government more effective, to deliver better services at a more competitive price, and to open government to the public.", "Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.", "Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. [199] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal \"independent\" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley , the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.", "Emanuel was elected on February 22, 2011 with 55% of the vote and was sworn in as the 55th Mayor of Chicago on May 16, 2011 at the Pritzker Pavilion. At his inauguration were outgoing Mayor Richard M. Daley, Vice President Joe Biden, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, and William M. Daley, brother of the outgoing mayor and who would later serve as White House Chief of Staff. Emanuel is Chicago's first Jewish mayor. ", "Rahm Emanuel . The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.", "Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley , the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.", "After his role in helping the Democrats win the 2006 elections, Emanuel was believed to be a leading candidate for the position of Majority Whip. Nancy Pelosi, who became the next Speaker of the House of Representatives, persuaded him not to challenge Jim Clyburn, but instead to succeed Clyburn in the role of Democratic Caucus Chairman. In return, Pelosi agreed to assign the caucus chair more responsibilities, including \"aspects of strategy and messaging, incumbent retention, policy development and rapid-response communications.\" Caucus vice-chair John Larson remained in his role instead of running for the chairman position.", "After being cleared as eligible to run for mayor by the Board of Elections and the Cook County Circuit Court (his eligibility was challenged on the basis of his lack of residency in Chicago for one year prior to the election), a divided Court of Appeals reversed holding on January 24, 2011, that residency for purposes of a candidate is different from residency for purposes of being a voter. [7] Nevertheless, a further appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court resulted in a unanimous decision reversing the Court of Appeals and affirming Emanuel's eligibility to run for mayor. Emanuel was elected mayor on Tuesday, February 22, 2011. [8] [83] He is Chicago's first Jewish mayor. [84]", "Rahm Emanuel , won the mayoral election, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote, and was sworn in as Mayor on May 16, 2011.", "“I hope Mayor Daley seeks reelection. I will work and support him if he seeks reelection,” Emanuel said at the time. “But if Mayor Daley doesn’t, one day I would like to run for mayor of the City of Chicago. That’s always been an aspiration of mine even when I was in the House of Representatives.”", "Emanuel worked for Democrat Paul Simon's 1984 election to the U.S. Senate. He also worked as the national campaign director for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in 1988, and was senior advisor and chief fundraiser for Richard M. Daley's successful initial campaign for mayor of Chicago, in 1989.", "Emanuel was elected after the October 2002 joint Congressional resolution authorizing the Iraq War , and thus was not able to vote on it. However, in the lead up to the resolution, Emanuel spoke out strongly in support of the war, urging a United States' \"muscular projection of force\" in Iraq. Emanuel has been the focus of anti-war protests for his support of funding bills for the war in Iraq, and his support, during Democratic party primaries, of Democratic party candidates that are more hawkish. In his first term, Rahm Emanuel was a founding member and the Co-Chair of the Congressional Serbian Caucus. [44]", "Rahm Emanuel took control of City Hall on Monday, calling for change and challenging Chicagoans to share in the work — and the pain — that lies ahead. On a crisp morning in picturesque Millennium Park, a landmark achievement of Richard M. Daley, the...", "Emanuel, a Chicago native who has represented part of the city in the House, spoke of his interest in the job earlier this year.", "Formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a US Senator, the city is home of United States President Barack Obama", "The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. [200] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget. [201]", "Bill de Blasio (born Warren Wilhelm, Jr., May 8, 1961) is an American politician who is serving as the 109th mayor of New York City. From 2010 to 2013, he held the citywide office of New York City public advocate, serving as an ombudsman between the electorate and the city government. He formerly served as a New York City Council member, representing the 39th district in Brooklyn, which contains Borough Park, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Gowanus, Kensington, Park Slope, and Windsor Terrace. De Blasio, the Democratic Party nominee for mayor of New York City in the 2013 election, defeated Republican Joe Lhota with more than 73 percent of the vote. De Blasio is the first Democratic mayor of the city since David Dinkins, from 1990 to 1993. ", "Emanuel was born in Chicago , Illinois , to Jewish parents. [6] His father, Benjamin M. Emanuel, is a Jerusalem -born [10] pediatrician who was once a member of the Irgun , a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine . His mother, Marsha Smulevitz, is the daughter of a Chicago union organizer. [1] She worked in the civil rights movement and owned, briefly, a local rock and roll club. [11] She is now a psychiatric social worker . [11] The two met in Chicago in the 1950s. [1] Emanuel's older brother Ezekiel Emanuel is an oncologist and bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health , and his younger brother Ari Emanuel , a Hollywood talent agent. [12] He has an adopted sister, Shoshanna, who is 14 years younger. [11] Emanuel's grandfather was a Romanian Jew from Moldova . [13]", "In 2015, Emanuel won 56 percent of the vote in the run-off election against Jesús \"Chuy\" García held on April 7, 2015. He had been hurt by sharp neighborhood criticism of his decision to shut down 50 public schools in black and Latino neighborhoods and his installation of red light cameras, together with anger at the high level of gun violence on the streets. On the other hand, he was supported by the business community and most elements of the Democratic party. ", "In 1946, U.S. Representative James Michael Curley vacated his seat in the strongly Democratic 11th Congressional district in Massachusetts—at the urging of Kennedy's father—to become mayor of Boston. Kennedy ran for the seat, beating his Republican opponent by a large margin in November 1946. [38] He served as a congressman for six years.", "A Democrat, Blagojevich was a state representative before being elected to the United States House of Representatives representing parts of Chicago. He was elected governor in 2002, the first Democrat to win the office since Dan Walker's victory 30 years earlier. Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office for corruption; he solicited bribes for political appointments, including Barack Obama's vacant U.S. Senate seat after he was elected president in 2008, and Blagojevich was convicted and sentenced to 14 years in federal prison.", "Richard Michael Daley (born April 24, 1942) is an American politician, who served as the 54th Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1989 to 2011. Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was re-elected five times until declining to run for a seventh term. At 22 years, he was the longest-serving Chicago mayor, surpassing the tenure of his father, Richard J. Daley. Mayor Daley took over the Chicago Public Schools, developed tourism, oversaw the construction of Millennium Park, increased environmental efforts and the rapid development of the city's central business district downtown and adjacent near North, near South and near West sides. Daley expanded employee benefits to same-sex partners of city workers, and advocated for gun control. Daley was a national leader in privatization and the lease and sale of public assets to private corporations. Daley was criticized when family, personal friends, and political allies seemed to disproportionately benefit from city contracting. Mayor Daley took office in a city with regular annual budget surpluses and left the city with massive structural deficits. His budgets ran up the largest deficits in Chicago history. Prior to serving as mayor, Daley served in the Illinois Senate and then as the Cook County State's Attorney. Police use of force was an issue in Daley's tenures as state's attorney and mayor.", "Rudolph William Louis \"Rudy\" Giuliani (; born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, former politician, and public speaker from New York.", "In March 2015, the City Council appointed Joseph Cupoli, the eighth-place finisher in the 2014 election, to fill the vacant seat of Matthew Grabowski, who had died in office the previous month. In the November 2015 General Election, Raymond Grabowski was elected to serve the balance of his brother's unexpired term of office, and was sworn into office after the election results were certified. ", "Mayor Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting, many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based on race. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.", "Prior to serving as mayor, Mr. Daley served in the Illinois Senate and then as the Cook County State’s Attorney. He also served as the 11th Ward Democratic committeeman after his father died.", "The potent Democratic machine that dominated Chicago politics for nearly half a century formed under the leadership of Anton Cermak, a Bohemian immigrant of working-class origins. After the death of Cook County Democratic leader George Brennan in 1928, Cermak secured control of the party hierarchy and defeated Thompson in the 1931 mayoral campaign. He subsequently forced the party's dominant Irish contingent to accept other ethnic groups into his “house for all peoples,” bringing representatives from the German , Polish , Czech , and Jewish communities into leadership positions. The life of the Democratic machine's George Washington was cut short in 1933 when Cermak became the unintended victim of an attempted assassination of president-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "* Dan Lipinski (born 1966), member of the United States House of Representatives (D-IL), representing the 3rd District of Illinois (son of Bill Lipinski)" ]

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[ "Since its launch in the late 1990's Google ( GOOG ) has grown to become the dominant leader in Internet-related searches. So much so that its name has entered our lexicon as a verb to describe online searches (“I googled the recipe”). The company has only two direct competitors with substantial market share ː Microsoft Corporation's ( MSFT ) Bing and Yahoo Inc.'s ( YHOO ) search. However, its most threatening competition may come from search engines within websites and apps that offer more than just searches, such as those of Amazon.com, Inc. ( AMZN ) and Facebook, Inc. ( FB ).", "The Google co-founders will not be short of challenges in the next 12 months. They face a new search engine competitor in the shape of Microsoft's Bing, backed by an $80m to $100m marketing budget, and other so-called \"intelligent\" search engines that claim to offer a smarter alternative. But luring people from a company whose brand is synonymous with searching the web will be no easy task.", "Microsoft launched their search engine, Bing, in 2009, competing directly with Google. Bing took over from its predecessor called Live Search, which was launched in 2006. Microsoft invested heavily in promoting Bing, and it was successful in increasing its market share within a relatively short timeframe. In 2009, Bing began to also power Yahoo Search. According to comScore, Microsoft sites had a 20% share of U.S. desktop searches as of April 2015. Like Google, Bing makes money from selling online advertising, which currently allows customers to place ads alongside both Bing and Yahoo search results.", "Microsoft's latest vehicle for achieving the elusive goal of Web dominance is Bing . Previously known as Kumo while in development, Bing replaces Microsoft's Live Search brand and carries forward the company's strategy for taking on Google and Yahoo. Besides introducing a new look to Microsoft's search interface, Bing adds a spruced-up navigation for search results, including a new left-hand navigation bar, a hover feature that lets users preview Web pages before visiting them, and a categorized search feature that groups search results by topic category.", "Google would then be completely vulnerable to accusations of having a monopoly on the US search engine market, and would quickly become the next subject of the Department of Justice's anti-trust investigations. Conjoined twins Yahoo and Bing hold second and third places in the search engine market, protecting Google from allegations of monopoly, and  making Bing more useful to Google than to Microsoft.", "All three are well behind Google Chrome, which has more than one billion users across all platforms  and accounts for over 60 percent of StatCounter’s traffic, but it’s notable that Firefox had trailed the Microsoft browsers in February and March, according to StatCounter’s data. Apple’s Safari and soon-to-be-China-owned Opera are among the also-rans make up the rest of the field.", "As of this past June, Google occupies 68.75 percent of the global search engine pie. Baidu is a distant second, carving out 18.03 percent for itself. That’s more than Yahoo and Bing combined. Yahoo holds third place as of June, with 6.73 percent. Bing trails it, eating up only 5.55 percent of the global search engine market, as of last month.", ", Microsoft is market dominant in both the IBM PC-compatible operating system (while it lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android) and office software suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including Internet search (with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox, Xbox 360 and Xbox One consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the operating systems of Nokia's former phones and Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers.", "Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University, and it was incorporated in 1998. For more than a decade, the company has been the leader in online searches and as of June 2015, their website is ranked as the most popular in the world by web traffic data firm Alexa Internet, Inc. Google boasts a 64% share of U.S. desktop searches as of April 2015, according to Internet analytics company comScore. The company makes money primarily through selling online advertising and in this area they are also dominant. EMarketer estimates that Google's 2015 search ad revenue will grow to $44 billion worldwide, a 54.5% share, with Microsoft and Yahoo combined taking just 6.5%.", "NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Microsoft Corp. on Thursday offered Internet users a first glimpse at Bing, its fresh attempt to gain ground in the online search market.", "To this end the company is putting a lot of emphasis on social and mobile, though its Facebook partnership and Windows Phone, while offering more granular search in verticals by marring Bing with many of its own products. Microsoft hopes this will help it gain a semantic understanding of the web and seems willing to keep burning money on the effort. Of course, even if they can steal market share from Google, there's still a long road toward profitability.", "Before the launch, some analysts announced positive expectations for Bing in the marketplace. \"Today most advertisers buy search ads just with Google and Yahoo because Microsoft has a measly...share of searches-not enough reach to make buying search ads with MS worth the trouble,\" Shar Von Boskirk, an analyst with Forrester, wrote in a May 28 posting on the Forrester Blog for Interactive Marketing Professionals. \"Forrester expects Bing to change that.\"", "Search Engine – Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc., are examples of Search Engines which locate, list and rank (according to various crietria and unknown algorithms) relevant websites and website content on the Internet when the user types in key words or phrases.", "The software giant is set to launch an $80 million to $100 million campaign for Bing, the search engine it hopes will help it grab a bigger slice of the online ad market. That’s a big campaign — big compared with consumer-product launches ($50 million is considered a sizable budget for a national rollout) and very big when you consider that Google spent about $25 million on all its advertising last year, according to TNS Media Intelligence, with about $11.6 million of that focused on recruiting. Microsoft, by comparison, spent $361 million. Certainly Google has never faced an ad assault of anything like this magnitude…”", "Stefan Weitz, director of Live Search for Microsoft, calls Bing a \"decision engine\" and says that it can help you explore, research, and find what you are looking for. \"Google has done a great job of turning the word Google into a verb,\" he says. Bing is less about repeat searches, which Weitz sees as the key feature of Googling , and more about finding the answer you're looking for the first time or helping you refine that search from the search results page.", "Bing is a Microsoft decision (search) engine that attempts to understand the context behind the search, which Microsoft claims gives users better results.", "Since its inception Google has experienced explosive growth and quickly emerged as the world’s premier search engine. The word “Google” has been listed as an English Verb (-to search the internet) in Merriam Webster and Oxford Dictionaries since 2006 - a testament to its widespread popularity. Aside from the company’s web search engine it offers a variety of other online applications meant to enhance how people acquire information and connect online. The following are some: Gmail (email), Google Buzz (Social networking), Google Docs (document collaboration), You Tube (video sharing), Google maps, Google News, and many more. For advertisers Google has Google AdWords which allows advertisers to bid on having their ads appear alongside specific Google word searches. In addition Google AdSense enables advertisers to have their ads displayed alongside relevant content on other private websites. In addition Google developed a smart phone operating system (called Android) to compete in that segment of the web-search market.", "Speaking to the Wall Street Journal’s Walt Mossberg at D: All Things Digital in Carlsbad, Calif., Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said the name Bing was chosen because it “is short, it’s easy to say, and it works globally.” But for searchers, will Bing’s technology be easy, and will it work? And will it help Microsoft come closer to the $20+ billion in revenue Google earned from its AdWords program in 2008?", "The article points out that Bing has gained a 14.7% share of the search market since then but these gains are not coming at Google's expense. According to online data tracker comScore, Google currently commands 64.8% of the market, down from the 65% it held when Bing debuted. More than half the share that Bing has gained has actually come from its deal to power Yahoo searches, while the rest has come from smaller partners and players like Ask or AOL.", "The company has continued to grow dramatically, through strategic alliances with AOL and Netscape, along with a number of cunning acquisitions, most spectacularly that of online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in 2006. Google has introduced a number of popular new services and applications, including a toolbar that allows users to perform searches from their desktops, without visiting the Google web site. The web site itself enables searches for video and still imagery as well as HTML documents. Google also provides a free web-based e-mail service called G-Mail. Google Apps Premium Edition offers a suite of business tools including e-mail, word processing and spreadsheet applications at a fraction of the cost of competing office software packages. One of Google's most dramatic projects is Google Earth, which allows users to access satellite imagery to zoom in on locations all over the world. The most ambitious project of all, Google Book Search, aims to make the contents of vast libraries of books available and searchable online.", "So who is the loser then, now that Microsoft has withdrawn its takeover bid for rival Yahoo?", "Microsoft first launched MSN Search in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999 the site began to display listings from Looksmart, blended with results from Inktomi. For a short time in 1999, MSN Search used results from AltaVista instead. In 2004, Microsoft began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own web crawler (called msnbot).", "So along comes Microsoft's search machine with a large-hearted promotion, asking you to truly think about whether it could be better than the great Lord Google.", "Around 2000, Google's search engine rose to prominence. The company achieved better results for many searches with an innovation called PageRank, as was explained in the paper Anatomy of a Search Engine written by Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the later founders of Google. This iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others. Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a web portal. In fact, Google search engine became so popular that spoof engines emerged such as Mystery Seeker.", "Google's rise to success was largely due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string. When Google was a Stanford research project, it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site's importance. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes human-generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important. The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to PageRank, Google, over the years, has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be over 250 different indicators, the specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally.", "PageRank is a link analysis algorithm used by the Google Internet search engine that assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of “measuring” its relative importance within the set. PageRank was invented at Stanford University by Larry Page as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine. The project started in 1995 and led to a functional prototype, named Google, in 1998. Shortly after, Larry Page founded Google Inc., the company behind the Google search engine.", "A strategic collaboration with Microsoft was announced in August under which customers of BT's mass market dial-up Internet service - BT Internet - would be offered Internet Explorer 3.0, then the latest Internet browser from Microsoft.", "I wonder if this reflects the relative popularity of the alternative search engines in different countries. Google's search ranking algorithms hold many mysteries.", "\"Bing (and Ask before it) has built a service on top of commodity search results, one that does not require you to go back and forth, back and forth, but rather instrument your search session using intelligent, persistent navigation. This is exactly what Google's new UI lets you do.\"", "By June 2000, Google had indexed one billion Internet URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators, making it the most comprehensive search engine on the Web at the time. The company cited NEC Research Institute data in its June 26 press release, stating that \"there are more than 1 billion web pages online today,\" with Google \"providing access to 560 million full-text indexed web pages and 500 million partially indexed URLs.\" ", "Windows Vista Ultimate does not put Search on the desktop (it's buried within applications, within the Start Menu); optimized only for the Microsoft Windows from ; no new software yet written exclusively for Windows Vista;", "While the search engine infuriates the media by sucking up online advertising, it does a crucial job for web publishers by referring people to their site. Hence the term \"frenemy\" - part friend, part enemy." ]

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[ "Atlas trained himself to develop his body from that of a \"scrawny weakling\", eventually becoming the most popular muscleman of his day. He took the name Charles Atlas after a friend told him that he resembled the statue of Atlas on top of a hotel in Coney Island and legally changed his name in 1922. He marketed his first body building course with health and fitness writer Dr. Frederick Tilney in November 1922. Tilney wrote the original course \"Health & Strength by Charles Atlas,\" and the duo ran the company out of Tilney's home for the first six months. In 1929, Tilney sold his half of the business to advertising man Charles P. Roman and moved to Miami, Florida, where he operated a very successful health food business until his death in 1977. Charles Atlas Ltd. was founded in 1929 and, as of 2015, continues to market a fitness program for the \"97-pound weakling\" (44 kg). The company is now owned by Jeffrey C. Hogue.", "Of relevance to the business success was the public persona presented by Atlas and his business partner Roman. Randy Roach perhaps sums up the fitness industry best when he described much of it as “muscle, smoke and mirrors.” [12] Atlas himself was an almost mythical embodiment of many of the prevailing societal changes discussed above. He was an Italian immigrant who, according to legend, went from being a “97 pound weakling” as a boy, to winning Bernarr McFadden’s “Most Perfectly Developed Man” competition in 1921 and 1922. After Atlas’s victory in 1922, it is said that McFadden ceased holding the competition since Atlas would win every time. [13] Atlas himself preached and practiced a healthy, clean life, reminiscent of “Christian Muscularity” of the previous century. [14] Some contemporaries, including Atlas himself, compared Atlas’s physique with that of the Greek Gods. [15] Atlas set up an exercise mail order business in 1922, however it did not take off until Charles Roman joined the business in 1929,. Roman was an  account executive at a New York Advertising Agency before he met Atlas. Months afterwards, Roman became Atlas’s partner in their new company. Roman preferred, it seems, to allow Atlas to be the face of the campaign, while he focused on the marketing aspect. [16] Upon Roman’s death, the New York Times obituary declared Roman to have been “the Brains Behind the Brawn.” [17]", "He could tear phone books in half, bend iron bars into giant Us, and pull a 145,000-pound train with his bare hands. But Charles Atlas wasn't always one of America's most famous strong men. Once upon a time, he was a \"97-pound weakling\" who was picked on by neighborhood bullies.Using her trademark humor, Meghan McCarthy brings to life the story of Charles Atlas, the man who would become \"the World's Most Perfectly Developed Man\" and, with his fitness campaign, inspired the entire nation to get in shape, eat right, and take charge of our lives.", "Many other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include: Bernarr Macfadden, Earle Liederman (writer of some of the earliest bodybuilding instruction books), Zishe Breitbart, Georg Hackenschmidt, Emy Nkemena, George F. Jowett, Finn Hateral (a pioneer in the art of posing), Frank Saldo, Monte Saldo, William Bankier, Launceston Elliot, Sig Klein, Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe Nordquist, Lionel Strongfort (Strongfortism), Gustav Frištenský (the Czech champion), Ralph Parcaut, a champion wrestler who also authored an early book on \"physical culture,\" and Alan P. Mead, who became an impressive muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in World War I. Actor Francis X. Bushman started his career as a bodybuilder and sculptor's model before beginning his famous silent movie career. Bushman was a disciple of Eugen Sandow.", "Bodybuilding magazines soon began capitalizing on his image, but Larry - an IFBB athlete - wrote exclusively for Joe Weider's publications. Larry's popularity completely eclipsed all other bodybuilders of his time, including such famous personalities as Freddy Ortiz, Chuck Sipes, Dave Draper, Leo Robert, Harold Poole, and a very young Sergio Oliva. The phenomenon has since become known as \"Larry fever\" and reached its apex at the 1966 Mr. Olympia competition, where Larry defended his title and once again took home the crown (literally, since the prize was $1,000 and an actual crown).", "It´s fair to say that there´s bodybuilding before Arnold and there´s bodybuilding after Arnold. Pumping Iron launched a worldwide resurgence in the appeal of weight training and \"Arnold Mania\" had begun. Gyms memberships skyrocketed. At a time when movie producers declared \"muscle movies\" to be dead, Arnold Schwarzenegger single-handedly redefined movies, muscles and the public´s perception of the bodybuilder. A muscular body was now looked upon as a work of art. The garish novelty which a  muscular man once represented was replaced by intellect and aesthetics. Muscle no longer connoted vanity and narcissism. It symbolized discipline, focus, and self improvement. In other words, it perfectly matched the ideals of the time.", "A bully kicked sand into Siciliano's face at a beach when he was a youth, according to the story that he always told. At this time in his life, also according to the story, he weighed only 97 lb. However, an early Atlas brochure from 1924 showed a 1903 picture of a small, thin Angelo Siciliano dressed in clothes for the period, including traditional knickerbockers. In later editions of the brochure, Angelo's age was changed to 15. According to several stories and claims, he was at the zoo watching a lion stretch when he thought to himself, \"Does this old gentleman have any barbells, any exercisers?...And it came over me....He's been pitting one muscle against another!\" ", "Joe Weider, a legendary figure in bodybuilding who helped popularize the sport worldwide and played a key role in introducing a charismatic young weightlifter named Arnold Schwarzenegger to the world, died Saturday. He was 93.", "Perhaps the most famous of all muscle promoters was  a man named Angelo Siciliano, better known as Charles Atlas. Atlas marketed a mail order course which was a combination of isometrics, calisthenics and general health advice. It didn´t sell. Then Atlas tried a novel approach. (With the help of promoter Charles Rodin and Dr. Frederick Tilney) He advertised in comic books and retitled the course \"Dynamic Tension.\" It seemed as if he hit upon something. Before long, sales went through the roof! Atlas inadvertently discovered that even boys wanted to be more muscular. To many an insecure young man, Atlas´  promise of \"getting a body women will desire and men will envy\" struck a nerve. In many ways, Atlas´ course was selling hope. It worked.", "Legendary bodybuilder 'Mr Olympia' who introduced America to Arnold Schwarzenegger dies at 93 | Daily Mail Online", "The newfound interest in muscle which was sweeping the country prompted the physical culturist George Jowett to start what is considered the first bodybuilding magazine, STRENGTH. Among Jowett´s students was a young man who had high aspirations, both as a strongman and a businessman. His name was Bob Hoffman. ", "Charles Atlas, original name Angelo Siciliano (born Oct. 30, 1892, Acri, Calabria , Italy —died Dec. 24, 1972, Long Beach , N.Y., U.S.), Italian-born American bodybuilder and physical culturist who, with Frederick Tilney and Charles P. Roman, created and marketed a highly popular mail-order bodybuilding course.", "Poster commemorating bodybuilding and movie career of Steve Reeves at the York Barbell Museum and USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame in York, Pennsylvania. (Photo © Richard Grigonis)", "NOTE: * The sale of Physical Culture mail order courses date back to before the turn of the 19th to the 20th Century, to such instructors as Eugen Sandow (known as the \"Father of Bodybuilding\"), Wrestling Champion, Martin \"Farmer\" Burns and Sicilian immigrant, Angelo Siciliano-who was far better known by his professional name of \"Charles Atlas\". Although Atlas died in 1972, his course is still sold via the mails and over the internet!", "Clancy Ross costars in this short. He was the first truly massive body builder and beat Steve Reeves (who went on the play Hercules in several Italian movies) in the 1948 Mr. USA contest.", "Competitive bodybuilding attracted increased public interest in the post World War II era as the physique champions of the day gained high visibility when featured in motion picture productions centering on biblical, mythologic or other themes. Foremost in this corps of musclemen-turned-movie stars was Steve Reeves (1926–2000), who landed prominent roles in such epics as Athena in 1954 (Dick DuBois, “Mr. America” for 1954, was also in the cast), Hercules, Hercules Unchained, Morgan the Pirate and his only western, A Long Ride from Hell.", "[3] D. Chapman, Sandow the Magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 2.", "Arnold's phenomenal success as a bodybuilder, coupled with his contribution to the sport both as a promoter and spokesman, cement his position as the greatest bodybuilding identity of all time. Hear what bodybuilding's champions have to say:", "Joe Weider , revolutionary founder of a bodybuilding empire, died from heart failure in Los Angeles, California on Mar. 23. He was 93 years old.", "Arnold´s fame crossed all boundaries. To the bodybuilding community, he exemplified the unobtainable goal. His massive size, along with  outstanding symmetry, set a new standard. He also obliterated the misnomer of the bodybuilder as \"all brawn and no brain.\" Arnold was sharp, witty and magnetic. He  proved the American dream could indeed be a reality.  Bodybuilding had found a new spokesman -- one who will, in all probability,  never be equaled.", "Connery began bodybuilding at the age of 18, and from 1951 trained heavily with Ellington, a former gym instructor in the British army. While his official website claims he was third in the 1950 Mr. Universe contest, most sources place him in the 1953 competition, either third in the Junior class or failing to place in the Tall Man classification. Connery stated that he was soon deterred from bodybuilding when he found that the Americans frequently beat him in competitions because of sheer muscle size and, unlike Connery, refused to participate in athletic activity which could make them lose muscle mass.", "Indeed, prior to the 1970's, the period in which Arnold made his mark as the greatest bodybuilder of all time, bodybuilding and its adherents were together seen as a strange and somewhat insular subculture of social deviants.", "One fellow who was an inspiration to early strongmen (and who capitalized off of them) was Louis Atilla (1844–1924) known as “the Professor.” He was the originator of globe barbells, the bent press, the Roman chair, the Roman column, the art of tearing playing cards, and he popularized many types of apparatus. With the success of his health studios in London and Brussels, Belgium and that of his famous student Eugen Sandow (who he met in Brussels around 1886), Atilla came to New York and founded an equally famous Health Studio and Gymnasium in 1894. Here he trained such famous strongmen as Warren Travis, Lionel Strongfort, George Rolandow, Louis Cyr, boxers such as “Gentlemen Jim” Corbett, as well as businessmen and a surprising number of women.", "He began demonstrating his strength to audiences as well as posing as a Greek statue to attract attention to himself. In 1898, Sandow was considered the most famous man alive when he started publishing the magazine Physical Culture which later became Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture.", "Bob Hoffman had a love for business, to say the least. He made a great profit from selling barbells to the hungry crowd looking for the road to muscle. As expected barbells represented “the ultimate way to get strong and build big arms”. Hoffman sold over 300, 000 weights sets as well as a ton of training programs. By 1946, millions of dollars were filling his bank account. How did it happen? One word: propaganda.", "At WrestleMania III, he was billed at 520 lb, and the stress of such immense weight on his bones and joints resulted in constant pain. After recent back surgery, he was also wearing a brace underneath his wrestling singlet. In front of a record crowd of 93,173 Hogan won the match after body slamming André (later dubbed \"the bodyslam heard around the world\"), followed by Hogan's running leg drop finisher. Years later, Hogan claimed that André was so heavy, he felt more like 700 lb, and that he actually tore his latissimus dorsi muscle slamming him.", "He looked, Dann thought, and everyone else who knew him agreed, incredible. He was slim and trim. The talents of expert and expensive gymnasts had gone into keeping him lean and fit, and either gracefulness of aging or the benefits of modern medicine had spared him bags under the eyes and sagging skin.", "This is troubling as I saw him on PBS a year or so ago doing a local interview here in CT. He was very fit and mentioned how working out at the gym changed his career as it gave him the energy to continue performing. I mean he looked built, not just fit. He looked MUCH younger than his age. I wonder if he was taking growth hormone or something. Very weird.", "I can remember kids at school describing him in a talk-show appearance. “He looks big and strong when he’s flexing,” someone opined. “But when he sits down, his muscles all sag and he just looks deformed.”", "This was pretty interesting. I wonder if he had used any type of steroid or other growth hormone. Considering the time, it probably wasn’t any safe, and it might be the reason he ended up with diabetes and kidney failures. Even with the “mob ties” he still seems like he was an incredible boxer on his own.", "Won a silver medal in light-heavyweight weight-lifting at the 1948 summer Olympics. He pursued a successful career as a professional wrestler before moving into acting.", "Won a silver medal in light-heavyweight weight-lifting at the 1948 summer Olympics. He pursued a success career as a professional wrestler before moving in to acting." ]

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[ "The justices of the U.S. Supreme Court sit for their official photograph on October 8, 2010, at the Supreme Court. Front row, from left: Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony M. Kennedy and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Back row, from left: Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito Jr. and Elena Kagan. Scalia was found dead on February 13 at a Texas ranch he was visiting.", "The (Supreme Court) Justice League of America. Pictured from left to right: Baldy the Supreme Court Mascot, Stephen G. Breyer, Samuel Alito, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, John Roberts, Jr., Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, John Paul Stevens, Anthony Kennedy, Sonjua Soultimierre.", "Sonia Sotomayor (born June 25, 1954) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving since August 2009. Sotomayor is the Court’s 111th justice, its first Hispanic justice, and its third female justice.", "Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. (born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006.", "Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and one of three female justices currently serving on the Supreme Court (along with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan).", "The court divided along ideological lines. Justices Stephen Breyer, John Paul Stevens, David Souter and Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the majority. Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas dissented.\"", "Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas succeeded Thurgood Marshall and is the second African American to serve on the court.", "Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II, who retired within a week of each other. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations, such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor (though Roberts' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died).", "Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by Democratic President Bill Clinton with the support of Republican Judiciary Chairman Senator Orrin Hatch in 1993 and generally votes with the liberal wing of the court. She is the second female Justice — Sandra Day O’Connor being the first — and the first Jewish woman to serve on the Court.", "John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States. He has served since 2005, having been nominated by President George W. Bush after the death of former Chief Justice William Rehnquist. He is usually considered to be a judicial conservative.", "The court currently has eight justices and one vacancy after the death of Justice Antonin Scalia on February 13, 2016. ", "Hon. John Glover Roberts, Jr., AB, JD, (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States. Before joining the Supreme Court on September 29, 2005, Roberts was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for two years.", "Four months after being sworn in as the first African- American president, Barack Obama made history again on May 26, 2009 when he nominated U.S. Court of Appeals Judge Sonia Sotomayor to be the first Hispanic justice and only the third woman on the U.S. Supreme Court. After a relatively brief but intense confirmation process, on August 8, Sotomayor became the Court’s 111th justice.", "On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated long time White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position. After facing significant opposition from both parties, who found her to be ill-prepared and uninformed on the law, Miers asked that her name be withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito. Alito was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006. ", "Associate Justices have seniority by order of appointment, although the Chief Justice is always considered to be the most senior. If two justices are appointed on the same day, the older is designated the senior Justice of the two. Currently, the senior Associate Justice is Anthony Kennedy. By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. If there is a knock at their conference room door, the junior justice (who sits closest to the door) must answer it. The current junior justice is Elena Kagan.", "Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice. Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history. ", "In May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sotomayor for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court to replace retired Justice David Souter. Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68–31.", "1930 – Joseph Force Crater (41), an associate justice of the New York Supreme Court , was last seen on August 6 entering a New York City taxicab (his mistress , Sally Lou Ritz (22), often claimed to have disappeared a few weeks later, was interviewed by police as late as July 1937 [40] ). Judge Crater was never seen or heard from again. Crater's disappearance, which prompted one of the most sensational manhunts of the 20th century, [41] was the subject of widespread media attention and a grand jury investigation. Crater was declared legally dead in 1939 and his missing persons file was officially closed in 1979; however, Cold Case Squad detectives have investigated new leads as recently as 2005. [42] To \"pull a Crater\" became slang for a person vanishing. [43]", "In May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sotomayor to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice David Souter. Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68–31. Sotomayor has supported, while on the court, the informal liberal bloc of justices when they divide along the commonly perceived ideological lines. During her tenure on the Supreme Court, Sotomayor has been identified with concern for the rights of defendants, calls for reform of the criminal justice system, and making impassioned dissents on issues of race, gender and ethnic identity.", "William Orville Douglas – (October 16, 1898 January 19, 1980) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. With a term lasting 36 years and 209 days, he is the longest-serving justice in the history of the Supreme Court. Douglas was known for writing short, pithy opinions which relied on philosophical insights, observations about current politics, and literature, as much as more conventional “judicial” sources.", "** August 6: New York Supreme Court associate justice Joseph Force Crater disappears, last seen entering a taxicab. He was declared legally dead in 1939. His mistress Sally Lou Ritz (22) disappeared a few weeks later.", "Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger announces his retirement; Regan elevates Justice William Rehnquist to the position of chief justice and nominates Anthony Scalia as an associate justice. June 17, 1986", "* Wallace B. Jefferson (born 1963), former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas; resigned 2013", "The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13-6 on July 28 to recommend Sotomayor to the full Senate. Only one Republican senator, Lindsay Graham of South Carolina, supported Sotomayor’s confirmation. Sen. Graham called Sotomayor “one of the most qualified nominees to be selected for the Supreme Court in decades,” adding that she “follows precedent and has not been an activist judge.” But few of Sen. Graham’s Republican colleagues agreed.", "Newsday reports: \"Well-informed court observers say that there could be two Supreme Court resignations next month, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, bringing the greatest upheaval on the court in 32 years. Rehnquist's resignation is considered likely, though not certain, while O'Connor's is considered likely by some court insiders and less so by others... With no change on the court in nearly a decade - the longest period without turnover in 180 years - the level of anticipation and preparation by groups on the left and the right is intense. Both sides expect a brutal battle, with the Republicans even threatening to force a legally questionable change in Senate procedure to prevent a Democratic filibuster. Such a move could itself force a constitutional crisis.\" Expect their replacements to be Federalist Society members that believe in strict (de)construction of the Constitution.", "William H. Rehnquist (Supreme Court Chief Justice) -- Dead. Thyroid cancer. Died September 3, 2005. Born October 1, 1924. Wrote The Supreme Court.   IMDb   Obituary", "When Earl Warren announced his retirement in 1968, Johnson nominated Fortas to succeed him as Chief Justice of the United States , and nominated Homer Thornberry to succeed Fortas as Associate Justice. However, Fortas was filibustered by senators and neither nominee was voted upon by the full Senate.", "UPDATE: On Wednesday, April 8, Chief Justice Abrahamson filed a brief in federal court requesting a temporary restraining order. The brief notes that there is no language in the constitutional amendment that makes it apply retroactively and its implementation would shorten the 10-year term of office to which Abrahamson was elected as Chief Justice abridging her constitutional rights to due process and equal protection.", "* Not choosing enough cases to review: Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should \"decide more cases\". On the other hand, although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court, he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case, nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards. He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s, at least in part, to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts.", "July 17, 1998: Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist denies an extension of the temporary stay on Secret Service testimony. The subpoenaed Secret Service agents appeared before the grand jury, although only three of them testify. Larry Cockell, who is not one of the agents to testify, spends the afternoon waiting.", "As of September 1, 2001, the federal judiciary consisting of Supreme, Circuit and District Court Judges was about 22% women. In 1992, nearly ten years ago, when I was first appointed a District Court Judge, the percentage of women in the total federal judiciary was only 13%. Now, the growth of Latino representation is somewhat less favorable. As of today we have, as I noted earlier, no Supreme Court justices, and we have only 10 out of 147 active Circuit Court judges and 30 out of 587 active district court judges. Those numbers are grossly below our proportion of the population. As recently as 1965, however, the federal bench had only three women serving and only one Latino judge. So changes are happening, although in some areas, very slowly. These figures and appointments are heartwarming. Nevertheless, much still remains to happen.", "Justice John Paul Stevens, in his dissent for the minority, wrote: “Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year’s presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the nation’s confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law.”" ]

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[ "was an African-American construction worker who, while on parole for robbery, became nationally known after being beaten with excessive force by Los Angeles police officers following a high-speed car chase on March 3, 1991. George Holliday, a resident in the nearby area, witnessed the beating and videotaped much of it from the balcony of his nearby apartment.", "Rodney Glen King III born April 2 1965, in Sacramento, California (died June 17, 2012), becomes a construction worker who became nationally known after being beaten by Los Angeles, California officers following a high-speed car chase on March 3, 1991. A local witness, George Holliday, videotaped much of it from his balcony, and sent the footage to local news station KTLA. The footage shows four officers surrounding King, several of them striking him repeatedly, while other officers stood by. Part of the footage was aired around the world, inflaming outrage in cities where racial tensions were high, and raising public concern about police treatment of minorities. Four officers were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and use of excessive force. Three were acquitted of all charges. The jury acquitted the fourth of assault with a deadly weapon, but failed to reach a verdict on the use of excessive force. The jury deadlocked at 8–4 in favor of acquittal at the state level. The acquittals are generally considered to have triggered the 1992 Los Angeles riots, in which 53 people were killed and over 2,000 were injured, ending only when the military was called in. The acquittals also led to the federal government's obtaining grand jury indictments for violations of King's civil rights. The trial of the four in a federal district court ended on April 16, 1993, with two of the officers being found guilty and subsequently imprisoned. The other two were acquitted again.", "Rodney Glen King (born April 2, 1965) is an American who was famously the victim in a police brutality case involving the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) on March 3, 1991. A bystander, George Holliday, videotaped much of the incident from a distance.", "The 1992 Los Angeles riots started on April 29, 1992, after a jury trial resulted in the acquittal of four Los Angeles Police Department officers accused in the videotaped beating of motorist Rodney King following a high-speed police pursuit. Thousands of people throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area rioted over the six days following the announcement of the verdict. [1] Widespread looting , assault , arson and murder occurred during the riots, and property damages topped roughly one billion dollars. The rioting ended after soldiers from the California Army National Guard , along with U.S. Marines from Camp Pendleton were called in to stop the rioting. In total, 53 people were killed during the riots and over two thousand people were injured. [2] [3]", "March 3, 1991: Rodney King's arrest and beating by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department was videotaped by a bystander. Four law enforcement officers, including one sergeant, were charged locally with assault and other charges, of which they were acquitted, leading to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. King accepted a $3.8 million settlement in his civil lawsuit against the city, while the officers were later charged in federal court of violating King's civil rights. Two of them were convicted.[23]", "The Holliday video of the Rodney King arrest is a fairly early example of modern sousveillance, wherein private citizens, assisted by increasingly sophisticated, affordable video equipment, record significant, sometimes historic events. Several \"copwatch\" organizations subsequently appeared throughout the United States to safeguard against police abuse, including an umbrella group, October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality.[http://www.pbs.org/speaktruthtopower/issue_police.html PBS.org] and the ACLU [http://www.aclu.org/police/gen/14614pub19971201.html#credits] draw connections between the event and the subsequent activities of many organizations.", "George Holliday's videotape of the incident was shot from his apartment near the intersection of Foothill Blvd and Osborne St. in Lake View Terrace. Two days later Holliday contacted the police about his videotape of the incident, but they ignored him. He then went to KTLA television with his videotape, although the station edited out ten seconds of the video, before the image was in focus, that showed an extremely blurry shot of King charging at the officers; the cut footage would later be cited by members of the jury as essential to the acquittal of the officers. The footage as a whole became an instant media sensation. Portions of it were aired numerous times, and it \"turned what would otherwise have been a violent, but soon forgotten, encounter between the Los Angeles police and an uncooperative suspect into one of the most widely watched and discussed incidents of its kind.\" ", "The 1992 Los Angeles riots, also known as the Rodney King riots, the South Central riots, the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbance, the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest, and the Los Angeles uprising, were a series of riots, lootings, arsons, and civil disturbance that occurred in Los Angeles County, California, in 1992. The riot started in South Central Los Angeles and then spread out into other areas over a six-day period within the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California, beginning in April 1992. The riots started on April 29 after a trial jury acquitted four police officers of the Los Angeles Police Department of the use of excessive force in the videotaped arrest and beating of Rodney King, following a high-speed police chase. Thousands of people throughout the metropolitan area in Los Angeles rioted over six days following the announcement of the verdict.", "This April 17, 2012 photo shows street signs at the intersection of Florence and Normandie Avenues in South-Central Los Angeles. The intersection was the location of much of the early violence in the Los Angeles riots that began on April 29, 1992, beginning with the beating of truck driver Reginald Denny. The acquittal of four police officers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King sparked rioting that spread across the city and into neighboring suburbs. Cars were demolished and homes and businesses were burned. Before order was restored, 55 people were dead, 2,300 injured and more than 1,500 buildings were damaged or destroyed. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello)", "For his part, Holliday says he feels no responsibility for the events that unfolded following the beating, including the April 1992 riots. The Canadian-born Holliday, who grew up in Argentina before moving to the United States 11 years ago, said racial tensions had already been simmering and that \"anything\" could have sparked the fires, and looting, and violence.", "Watts was only the beginning, as 1966, 1967, and 1968 each brought more unrest. In 1967, 250 serious uprisings occurred, including the Detroit riots, which killed forty-three people. More disturbances erupted in multiple cities after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . in April 1968. As Kinder and Sanders observe:", "The King assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, was a wave of civil disturbance which swept the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. They were the greatest wave of social unrest the United States experienced since the Civil War. Some of the biggest riots took place in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago, and Kansas City.", "April 29th – Rioters Protest Rodney King Verdict in Los Angeles Four LA police officers pulled Rodney King over for erratic driving.  He resisted arrest and the officers knocked him to the ground, tasered him, and beat him with nightsticks.  A bystander videotaped the attack.  The video was released to the media and became a national sensation. The four officers were eventually indicted on charges of using excessive force.  On April 29, 1992, an all white jury found the officers not guilty.  African Americans in south central L.A. looted and vandalized the  city.  More than 50 people died, 2,000 were injured and $1 billion of property damage occurred.", "1992 - Race Riots / Los Angeles - April, 1992: \"There was an explosion of race rioting in Los Angeles, in the wake of the acquittal of four white policeman, videotaped as they beat the hell out of a black man, Rodney King. In two days of savage violence 58 people died.\"", "The third day was punctuated by live footage of Rodney King at an impromptu news conference in front of his lawyer's Los Angeles offices on Wilshire & Doheny, saying, \"People, I just want to say, you know, can we all get along?\" [34] [35] That morning, at 1:00 am, California Governor Pete Wilson had requested federal assistance, but it was not ready until Saturday, by which time the rioting and looting was under control. National Guard units (doubled to 4,000 troops) continued to move into the city in Humvees , eventually seeing 10,000 National Guard troops activated. Additionally, a varied contingent of 1,700 federal law-enforcement officers from different agencies from across the state began to arrive, to protect federal facilities and assist local police. As darkness fell, the main riot area was further hit by a power cut .[ citation needed ]", "On April 29, 1992, a jury announced a not-guilty verdict for four white police officers who were videotaped beating Rodney King, a black man, in Los Angeles, CA. Within hours, protests and demonstrations turned violent, and by 8 p.m. that night, full-scale riots had broken out and were spreading throughout Los Angeles.", "*Los Angeles, California - May 1, 1992. In response to the Rodney King trial, citizens rioted against the decision that the police officers who beat King were not guilty. The riots lead to the death of at least 39 individuals, and more than 1,500 injured. Fourteen-hundred fires were reported, and 3,000 arrests were made.", "These protests were the subject of the documentary The War at Home. David Maraniss's book, They Marched into Sunlight, incorporated the 1967 Dow protests into a larger Vietnam War narrative. Tom Bates wrote the book Rads on the subject (ISBN 0-06-092428-4). Bates wrote that Dyke's attempt to suppress the annual Mifflin Street block party \"would take three days, require hundreds of officers on overtime pay, and engulf the student community from the nearby Southeast Dorms to Langdon Street's fraternity row. Tear gas hung like heavy fog across the Isthmus.\" In the fracas, student activist Paul Soglin, then a city alderman, was arrested twice and taken to jail. Soglin was later elected mayor of Madison, serving from 1973 to 1979, 1989 to 1997, and is the current mayor, elected again in April, 2011. During his middle term he led the construction of the Frank Lloyd Wright designed Monona Terrace.", "1992 The acquittal of the police in the beating of Rodney King sparks days of rioting and 50 people are killed.", "The 1992 Los Angeles riots were a series of riots that occurred over a series of six days in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California in April 1992.", "Mayor Richard J. Daley later told reporters that he had ordered police \"to shoot to kill any arsonist or anyone with a Molotov cocktail in his hand . . . and . . . to shoot to maim or cripple anyone looting any stores in our city.\" In the first two days of rioting, police reported numerous civilian deaths but were unable to determine whether they were caused by the riots or other crimes. No official death toll was given for the tragedy, although published accounts say nine to 11 people died during the rioting. Three hundred fifty people were arrested for looting, and 162 buildings were destroyed by arson. Bulldozers moved in to clean up after the rioters, leaving behind vacant lots that remained empty three decades later.", "The violence raged unchecked for three days, and three days longer in sporadic eruptions. Blacks looted stores, set fires, burned cars, and shot at policemen and firemen. Before the violence was halted, 14,000 National Guard troops, 1,000 police officers and 700 sheriff’s deputies were pressed into service.… In the end, 1,000 buildings were damaged, burned, looted or completely destroyed; almost 4,000 people were arrested; more than 1,000 were injured seriously enough to require medical treatment; and 34 were dead, all but three of them black. (Kinder and Sanders 1996, p. 103)", "The cumulative effect of civil-rights violence, assassinations, urban rioting and unrest, the tumult at the 1968 Democratic convention, and the comparatively peaceful 1968 Republican convention in Miami was to create a climate unmistakably ripe for Republican law-and-order appeals. Many Americans were shell-shocked by the rising crime rates and domestic violence of the 1960s, amplified by the increasingly controversial Vietnam War, with antiwar demonstrators burning their draft cards and soldiers coming home, some in body bags, others maimed. In May 1970, Ohio National Guardsmen opened fire on antiwar protesters at Kent State University, killing four students and injuring nine. Many Americans sympathized more with the shooting guardsmen than with the dead students—a sentiment captured in Neil Young’s protest song “ Ohio ” (written immediately after the Kent State shootings and performed by Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young). The song characterized conservative sentiment as celebrating the shootings: “should’ve been done long ago.”", "Sony 148778711 keyboard Other riots followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971.", "Scottsboro  : An American Tragedy / produced by Daniel Anker and Barak Goodman ; written and directed by Barak Goodman ; WGBH Boston.  [Alexandria, Va.] : PBS Home Video, [2005]  1 DVD videodisc (ca. 90 min.) : sd., col. and b&w ; 4 3/4 in. KF224.S34 S363 2005 VideoDVD : Documentary filmmaker Barak Goodman explores the famed Scottsboro case of 1931. That year, nine black males, aged 13 to 19, were tried, convicted, and almost executed for raping two white women of dubious reliability. The case soon became an international cause célèbre and proved to be a catalyst for the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s.", "11.6.1967 Race riot in Tampa, Florida after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing a camera store. The unrest lasted several days.", "1998 – Russell Eugene Weston Jr. bursts into the United States Capitol and opens fire killing two police officers. He is later ruled to be incompetent to stand trial.", "1998 - Russell Eugene Weston Jr. bursts into the United States Capitol and opens fire killing two police officers. He is later ruled to be incompetent to stand trial.", "2002 – American civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murders of four girls in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church.", "2002 American civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, AL, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murders of 4 girls in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church", ";Racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska: 5 July 1966, North Omaha, Nebraska, USA, More than 500 black youth gathered to protest the absence of recreation programs and jobs storm a local business district, throwing rocks and bricks at Jewish-owned businesses in the area. The National Guard is called in after three days of random violence and organized raids. ", "1966 - Five nights of racial rioting begin in Atlanta. Stokely Carmichael arrested for \"inciting riot\" along with 15 others." ]

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[ "Dr. Julius M. Hibbert, usually referred to as Dr. Hibbert, is a recurring character on the animated series The Simpsons. His speaking voice is provided by Harry Shearer and his singing voice was by Thurl Ravenscroft, and he first appeared in the episode \"Bart the Daredevil\". Dr. Hibbert is Springfield's most prominent and competent doctor, though he sometimes makes no effort to hide or makes light of his high prices. Dr. Hibbert is very good-natured, and is known for finding a reason to laugh at nearly every situation.", "Dr. Julius Hibbert on The Simpsons is an example of this. Over the show's 20-plus-year history, he has been portrayed as a general practitioner, hospitalist, cardiologist, orthopedic surgeon, neurosurgeon, OB-GYN, pediatrician, radiologist, anesthesiologist, and psychiatrist, amongst other specialties, as well as being proprietor of the local HMO.", "Dr. Julius Hibbert is Springfield’s go-to person when you’ve got a medical condition. Best known for his iconic laugh and jovial nature, he’s a great addition to the growing number of Simpsons minifigures.", "Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they gradually evolve into seasoned doctors, while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships. The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray. The show's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as an executive producer, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. Although the show is set in Seattle at the fictional Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital (Formerly Seattle Grace-Mercy West) it is primarily filmed in Los Angeles, California. The show was originally titled Complications following the complicated medical procedures and personal lives of the cast. ", "Gregory House, MD — typically referred to simply as House — is the title character of the American medical drama series House. Created by David Shore and portrayed by English actor Hugh Laurie, he leads a team of diagnosticians as the Head of Diagnostic Medicine at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey (based on the real-life Yale–New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut). ", "Preston Xavier Burke, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on ABC in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actor Isaiah Washington from 2005 to 2007. Introduced as an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, Burke's romantic relationship with intern Cristina Yang formed one of the main storylines in the shows' first three seasons.", "House (also known as House, M.D.) is an American television medical drama that debuted on the Fox network on November 16, 2004. The show's central character is Dr.Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), an unconventional and misanthropic medical genius whoheads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton", "Seven series aired between 2004 and 2015, together with a feature-length special that aired on Christmas Day 2006. The seventh series began airing on ITV on 7 September 2015 and aired its last episode \"The Doctor Is Out\" on 2 November 2015.[http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press-releases/martin-clunes-returns-britains-favourite-grumpy-medic Martin Clunes returns as Britain’s favourite grumpy medic] An eighth and final series has been announced, to air in 2017, and an American TV remake of the series is also being planned. ", "'Hill Street Blues': Where are they now? – Wyner has continued his string of lawyers, judges and doctors, with appearances in \"The Mentalist\" (shown here) as a coroner, \"Desperate Housewives\" as a doctor and \"Days of Our Lives\" as a judge. He was also the camp director in \"American Pie 2.\"", "Doogie Howser, M.D. is an American television comedy-drama starring Neil Patrick Harris as a teenage physician who also faces the problems of being a normal teenager. Creators Steven Bochco and David E. Kelley, partnering with ABC, aired the show from 1989 to 1993 for four seasons totaling 97 episod...", "A much better medical drama is Monroe Series 1 (Acorn Media, 274 min., $39.99), which includes all six episodes of the ITV series that stars James Nesbitt (Murphy’s Law) as a brilliant, but difficult neurosurgeon with an ego the size of Greenland.  Folks who are suffering withdrawal symptoms from the end of the House TV series should give Monroe a try.", "Unflappable family doctor to the Simpsons and a number of other Springfieldians. Voiced by Harry Shearer .", "In season 9, J.D. becomes a visiting professor at Winston University, a medical school built on the old site of Sacred Heart, which has been torn down. He forms a bond with the series' new main character, Lucy Bennett (Kerry Bishé), whom he counsels through the rigors of life as a doctor. After a few months, however, he tells her that he eventually plans to move on, and that she must find a new mentor before he leaves. Finally, he leaves his teaching position and steps back from mentoring Lucy, determined that she must learn to function on her own. ", "Marcus Welby, M.D. is an American medical drama television program that aired on ABC from September 23, 1969, to July 29, 1976. It starred Robert Young as a family practitioner with a kind bedside manner and James Brolin as the younger doctor he often worked with, and was produced by David Victor an...", "Medical Drama about an unconventional and misanthropic medical genius who leads a team of diagnosticians at a Teaching Hospital in New Jersey, often clashing with other physicians due to his subtle or controversial insights on the illnesses of patients. The main character has many similarities to the Sherlock Holmes character. Ending after 8 seasons. Original Run: November 16, 2004 � Spring, 2012", "The last of the present series examines what patients expect of doctors and vice versa. Taking part with presenter Joe Jordan are general practitioners Dr Brian Jarman and Dr Tim Paine, and members of Practice Associations Jean Elledge and Chris Sketcher. The writer is John Oxley, the medical adviser Dr Ken Dickinson and medical researcher Tony Van den Bergh. DESIGNER ANN CROOT-HAWKINS DIRECTOR/PRODUCER JOHN OXLEY A TV Network Production", "Casualty follows the professional and personal lives of the medical and ancillary staff of Holby City Hospital's emergency department. It features an ensemble cast of regular characters, and began with ten main characters in its first series. The original characters were consultant Ewart Plimmer (Bernard Gallagher), senior house officer Baz Samuels (Julia Watson), charge nurse Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson), staff nurse Clive King (George Harris), state enrolled nurse Megan Roach (Brenda Fricker), student nurse Lisa \"Duffy\" Duffin (Cathy Shipton), paramedics Sandra Mute and Andrew Ponting (Lisa Bowerman and Robert Pugh), receptionist Susie Mercier (Debbie Roza) and porter Kuba Trzcinski (Christopher Rozycki). New main characters have been both written in and out of the series since, with only Charlie remaining in the show.", "Doctor George Bullard - Causton's resident pathologist. Bullard goes about his work with a professional skill and a cheery demeanour. He is a good friend of Barnaby. He has been a regular throughout the series (save for a brief spell, when his place was taken by Dr. Dan Peterson played by Toby Jones). In later episodes he has often played a greater role in the plot, even making a sterling appearance in the Midsomer Worthy Choir in \"Death in Chorus\". In one episode he admits to the \"accidental\" death of his wife while on tour at a slaughter house.", "*Leon Ockenden as Dr Chris Oakley (series 17–only). Dr Oakley, a doctor at Ashfordly General Hospital, was introduced in series 17 when he was knocked off his bike by a myopic driver under the care of Nurse Cassidy. Romance blossomed between the two until an ethical disagreement over a pregnant teenager caused them to split up.", "In this delightful fish-out-of-water series, BAFTA-winner Martin Clunes (Shakespeare in Love) plays Martin Ellingham, a rude, self-centered doctor with a crippling phobia of blood. Formerly a hotshot London surgeon, he relocates to the idyllic seaside village of his youth and immediately offends everyone in town. He eventually earns the grudging respect of the local citizens, but what he really wants are the affections of Louisa Glasson (Caroline Catz, Murder in Suburbia), a beautiful schoolteacher. The second series sees the return of Louisa's former beau, a development that makes the good doctor even crankier. Also starring Ian McNeice (Dune) and Stephanie Cole (Waiting for God).", "To celebrate season nine getting into full swing, let’s play a round of the most entertaining game in all of Whovia: ranking our favorite Doctors of all time. I’ve come up with my list ranking the Doctors 1 through 13 (yes, that includes the War Doctor, thank you very much). Any disagreements (or agreements!), find me on the Twitter Machine and tell me all about it.", "New medical drama series about brilliant neurosurgeon Gabriel Monroe. At work, Monroe has the courage to perform cutting-edge brain surgery but at home, he is afraid to admit that his life is falling apart. When Alison Bannister is admitted with a brain tumour, Monroe has to help her make a frightening decision. To go ahead with an operation could leave Alison paralysed or unable to speak, yet without surgery, she is likely to die within a few years. Does she want to survive if surgery might change who she is? And can Monroe get her through this crisis as his own life starts to spiral out of control? With James Nesbitt, Sarah Parish, Tom Riley, Susan Lynch, and Manjinder Virk", "Department Head: Diagnostic Medicine. As theshow's protagonist, Dr. Gregory House is a maverick diagnostician with a doublespecialty in infectious disease and nephrology. Dr. House utterly lacks bedside mannerand prefers to avoid direct contact with his patients whenever possible. Due to aninfarction in his right thigh, House lost a substantial portion of the muscle in his upperleg and must use a cane to assist with walking. As a result, House is also forced to dealwith constant physical pain, which he manages through a dependency on theprescription pain medication Vicodin. Although his behavior can border on antisocial ormisanthropic, House is viewed as a genius physician whose unconventional thinkingand excellent instincts have afforded him a great deal of respect and an unusual level of tolerance from his colleagues and the medical world.Dr. Lisa Cuddy (Lisa Edelstein)", "Shonda Rhimes noted Washington's commitment to his role, revealing that he learns all his surgeries before he performs them on television. \"I think if he stopped at an accident on the street, he'd know exactly what to do. He has pulled shifts at hospitals where he follows the surgeons around for 48 hours\". At the beginning of the series, Burke is one of the three African american characters, along with Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) and Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.).", "The series follows the life of anti-social, pain killer addict, witty and arrogant medical doctor Gregory House with only half a muscle in his right leg. He and his team of medical doctors try to cure very ill ordinary people in the United States of America. Written by Samtroy", "Top 10 Classic TV Doctors - Who´s your favourite doctor on TV? - Series & TV", "Cast : Tom Baker (Doctor Norman Zeigler), Ian Hendry, John Salthouse, Gary Raymond, Tamara Steele, Bob Curtiss, William Cripps, Arnold Yarrow, Susan Tracy, Trevor Bowen, Paul Dadson, Eva Louise, Sarah Mortimer, Alan Turner.", "gs: Rozsika Halmos (Manya) Liz Sheridan (Helen) Barney Martin (Morty) Len Lesser (Uncle Leo) David Fresco (Isaac) Scott N. Stevens (Intern) Earl Boen (Eulogist)", "Guest Stars: Francis Matthews (1) as Dr. James Alway, Sue Jenkins as Maggie Byrne, T. J. Sorrell as Bobby Gray, William Gaunt as Charles Robertson, James Barron (1) as Harry Robertson, John Kindersley as Ken, Alan David (2) as Sam Smithers, Terence Hillyer as Tex Byrne", "* Julianne Nicholson as Dr. Lillian DePaul, a doctor working in the Obstetrics Department of Washington University Hospital (seasons 1–2)", "About the middle of the first season, Allen realized the series needed a new focus \"to keep the attention of the sophisticated American viewer.\" He then made Dr. Smith, a guest star who appeared regularly in every episode, a regular who was listed as a guest star. \"I felt this was the change the series needed.\"", "The major characters of the first season were divided between those on the side of the law and those involved in drug-related crime. The investigating detail was launched by the actions of Detective Jimmy McNulty (Dominic West), whose insubordinate tendencies and personal problems played counterpoint to his ability as a criminal investigator. The detail was led by Lieutenant Cedric Daniels (Lance Reddick) who faced challenges balancing his career aspirations with his desire to produce a good case. Kima Greggs (Sonja Sohn) was a capable lead detective who faced jealousy from colleagues and worry about the dangers of her job from her domestic partner. Her investigative work was greatly helped by her confidential informant, a drug addict known as Bubbles (Andre Royo). Like Greggs, partners Thomas \"Herc\" Hauk (Domenick Lombardozzi) and Ellis Carver (Seth Gilliam) were reassigned to the detail from the narcotics unit. The duo's initially violent nature was eventually subdued as they proved useful in grunt work, and sometimes served as comic relief for the audience. Rounding out the temporary unit were detectives Lester Freamon (Clarke Peters) and Roland \"Prez\" Pryzbylewski (Jim True-Frost). Though not initially important players in the operation, Freamon proved a quietly capable and methodical investigator with a knack for noticing tiny but important details, and Prez turned out to be a natural at following paper trails and his persistence when dealing with seemingly unbreakable codes paid off eventually." ]

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[ "Levinson and Link, who met in junior high school, dusted off Prescription: Murder again in 1968--this time as a telefilm for NBC. They originally wanted Lee J. Cobb to play Columbo. When his schedule prevented him from taking the role, they offered it to Bing Crosby. When he also declined, the part went to Peter Falk. Levinson and Link initially worried that the 41-year-old Falk was too young to play Columbo (Mitchell was 70). However, once they saw his performance, they knew it was a perfect pairing of actor and role. ", "But it was \"Columbo\" that made Falk's name. The TV movie character, which succeeded a play and TV episode that included him, was originally offered to Bing Crosby, of all people. But \"Der Bingle\" turned it down allegedly because it would get in the way of his golf game, according to Tim Brooks' and Earle Marsh's Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable Shows.", "In 1968, the play was made into a two-hour television movie that aired on NBC. The writers suggested Lee J. Cobb and Bing Crosby for the role of Columbo, but Cobb was unavailable and Crosby turned it down. Director Richard Irving convinced Dick Levinson and Bill Link that Falk, who wanted the role, could pull it off even though he was much younger than the writers had in mind.[citation needed]", "Finally, the play was made into a two-hour television movie that aired on NBC in 1968. Mitchell had died, and the writers suggested Lee J. Cobb and Bing Crosby for the role of Columbo, but Cobb was unavailable and Crosby turned it down. Director Richard Irving convinced Dick Levinson and Bill Link that Falk, who wanted the role, could pull it off even though he was much younger than the writers had in mind.[citation needed]", "In 1977 he was considered to replace Peter Falk as Columbo. However, McGoohan turned the part down because he was a close friend of Falk, and believed that only Falk should play Columbo. In addition he did not want to be the star of another TV series but only make guest appearances.", "Peter Falk – Peter Falk, who played TV detective Lt. Columbo, died June 23. He was 83. The renowned actor earned two Oscar nominations and starred in many movies and plays such as \"The In-Laws\" and \"The Princess Bride.\" Full story", "Peter Falk was smalltime crook Tony Pino in “The Brink’s Job,’’ a 1978 film about the famous 1950 robbery in Boston’s North End. He played Columbo (left) for most of the 1970s, and starred with Fred Savage as the grandfather in “The Princess Bride,’’ a hit movie in 1987. (Universal City Studio)", "It is worth noting that Peter Falk, who appeared as the original inspiration for Muttley/Mumbly would go on to use these same characters to inspire his own creation: Frank Columbo in the hit series ‘Columbo’ (1968-2003). In Columbo, Falk would wear a similar trench coat to Mumbly, walk with the same stoop, drive broken-down old cars, and generally had the same dry satirical style and speech patterns as Mumbly, often muttering words under his breath and talking to himself. In addition, Mumbly and Columbo were both Police Lieutenant Detectives and both had wheezy laughs – in Columbo’s case due to smoking cigars.", "In Peter Falk's first appearance as Columbo in the 1968 TV-movie, \"Prescription: Murder\", the character had the rank of police lieutenant. Despite solving numerous murders over the next few decades, Columbo never received another promotion from the Los Angeles Police Department. In Falk's last appearance as Columbo in the 2003 cable-TV movie \"Columbo: Columbo Likes the Nightlife,\" the detective is still only a lieutenant. It is possible that although Columbo may have certainly been offered promotions and other assignments, he likely declined them so he could continue to do what he does best: solve murders.", "Inspector Columbo is the lead character in the most popular American TV series, Columbo which is a Crime fiction. The character is played by Peter Falk as Inspector Columbo, who works as Homicide detective in Police Department in Los Angeles. Inspector Columbo is a shabby looking officer who is often undervalued by his colleagues and by the murderers.", "The character of Columbo had previously been played by Bert Freed in a single television episode of The Chevy Mystery Show in 1960, and by Thomas Mitchell on Broadway. Falk first played Columbo in Prescription: Murder, a 1968 TV movie, and the 1970 pilot for the series, Ransom for a Dead Man. From 1971 to 1978, Columbo aired regularly on NBC as part of the umbrella series NBC Mystery Movie. All episodes were of TV movie length, in a 90- or 120-minute slot including commercials. In 1989, the show returned on ABC in the form of a less frequent series of TV movies, still starring Falk, airing until 2003. Falk won four Emmys for his role as Columbo. ", "Take an odd-looking man, a half smoked cigarillo and a dirty raincoat and what have you got? Discard any thoughts of sexual depravity – the man described is above reproach. He’s Lieutenant Columbo, for heaven’s sake! Brilliantly played by Peter Falk, Columbo was a star of 1970s telly and well beyond. Behind the shambling, scruffy exterior was a mind as sharp as a razor. Viewers and smug murderers alike cringe time and again at his catch-phrase: “Oh, just one more thing…’ Yet it’s a serious mistake to underestimate this disheveled Los Angeles version of Poirot – as many a paisley trousered and flares clad miscreant discovered at their peril. Peter Falk passed away in 2011 but reruns of his cases are still being broadcast to this day.", "Falk was best known for his role as the iconic cop Lt. Columbo in his long-running TV series. He'd show up on a case -- raincoat rumpled, old car rumbling -- hang about, and then just as it seemed as if the bad guy might get away with the crime, he'd show up again, polite as ever, scratch his head and say there was just one nagging detail he couldn't quite figure out. He won four Emmy awards for his work on the show.", "Actor Peter Falk, who rose to fame on a rumpled raincoat and a shambling manner as the TV detective Lt. Columbo, has died at 83.", "Falk also appeared as Columbo in the 1977 Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of Frank Sinatra .", "Although Falk appeared in numerous other television roles in the 1960s and 1970s, he is best known as the star of the TV series Columbo, \"everyone's favorite rumpled television detective.\" His character was a shabby and ostensibly absent-minded police detective lieutenant, who had first appeared in the 1968 film Prescription: Murder. Rather than a whodunit, the show typically revealed the murderer from the beginning, then showed how the Los Angeles police detective Columbo went about solving the crime. Falk would describe his role to Fantle:", "Peter Falk, who died in 2011 at the age of 84, made 65 episodes of Columbo over a period of 32 years. The show and subsequent movies are still broadcast all over the world, translated into many languages. Bobbi's article about buying Peter Falk a jockstrap for a play she stage-managed in New York in 1955 has been sold to many magazines and newspapers over the years, and now appears in Prose to Go .   Falk, an Oscar and Emmy winner, wrote an autobiography, Just One More Thing, in 2006, in which he recounts many episodes in his life as an actor, but not the jockstrap incident!", "And as the character grew, the line between the actor and the role grew hazier. They shared a general disregard for nattiness, an informal mode of speech, an obsession with detail, an irrepressible absent-mindedness. Even Columbo’s favorite song, “This Old Man,” which seemed to run through his mind (and the series) like a broken record, was one that Mr. Falk had loved from childhood and that ended up in the show because he was standing around humming it one day, in character, when Columbo was waiting for someone to come to the phone.", "actor Peter Falk , the affable detective in the long-running TV series Columbo , was propelled to stardom by portraying a vicious killer in the 1960 film Murder, Inc. ?", "Famous for his title role in the TV series Columbo, American actor Falk died on June 23, aged 83. He had been suffering from dementia for a number of years.", "Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping : Peter Falk is of Polish descent and Jewish faith, while Columbo is Italian of possibly Roman Catholic faith. In a lot of the later seasons, Falk's voice was noticeably different and a Yiddish accent tended to slip through on occasion.", "Trivia: Won a Tony Award for playing Harold Hill in The Music Man on Broadway in 1957. Was Meredith Willson’s choice for the lead in the film while Frank Sinatra was Jack Warner’s. Also originated the role of Henry II during the Broadway production of The Lion in Winter. Sang the “Chicken Fat” song which was distributed to schools across the nation and played for students in calisthenics every morning (which you can listen to on the website of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Really it’s the first result when you Google it.)", "The reluctant actor who was nominated for two Oscars and who immortalised Lieutenant Columbo around the world shares his hilarious and often touching stories - in his own inimitable voice.", "Claimed that Frank Sinatra had the potential to be the best actor there ever was. He once told Frank to quit his musical career and concentrate solely on acting and that if he did he would go down as the greatest actor who ever lived.", "Leslie Townes \"Bob\" Hope, KBE, KC*SG, KSS (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), was an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, athlete, and author. With a career spanning nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in over 70 films and shorts, including a series of \"Road\" movies also starring Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour. In addition to hosting the Academy Awards 19 times (more than any other host), he appeared in many stage productions and television roles and was the author of fourteen books. The song \"Thanks for the Memory\" is widely regarded as Hope's signature tune.", "On February 15, 1945, Command Performance presented \"Dick Tracy In B Flat,\" or \"For Goodness Sakes, Isn't He Ever Going To Marry Tess Trueheart?\" Billed as \"the world's first comic strip operetta\", it starred Bing Crosby as Dick Tracy, Dinah Shore as Tess Trueheart, and Bob Hope as Flattop Jones . The cast also included Jerry Colonna (police chief), Frank Morgan (Vitamin Flintheart), Jimmy Durante (The Mole), Judy Garland (Snowflake Falls), The Andrews Sisters (The Summer Sisters—May, June & July), Frank Sinatra (Shaky), Cass Daley (Gravel Gertie), and Harry Von Zell (narrator).", "            1964 – Seventy three million viewers watched The Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show.  They sang All My Lovin', Til There Was You, She Loves You, I Saw Her Standing There and I Wanna Hold Your Hand. Also appearing on the show was a pre-Monkees Davy Jones who was appearing in the Broadway show Oliver at the time. He did a duet of I’d Do Anything with co-star Georgia Brown. Impressionist Frank Gorshin who would go onto fame as the Riddler in TV’s Batman also performed.", "(w) Sammy Cahn (m) Jimmy Van Heusen (I) Film: Robin and The Seven Hoods by Frank Sinatra (P) Frank Sinatra", "In 1977, he released his first comedy album, a platinum selling \"Let's Get Small\". He followed it with \"A Wild and Crazy Guy\" (1978), which sold more than a million copies. Both albums went on to win Grammys for Best Comedy Recording. This is when he performed in arenas in front of tens of thousands of people, and begun his movie career, which was always his goal. His first major role was in the short film, The Absent-Minded Waiter , which he also wrote. His star value was established in The Jerk , which was co-written by Martin, and directed by Carl Reiner . The film earned more than $100 million on a $4 million budget. He also starred in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid , The Man with Two Brains , and All of Me , all directed by Reiner. To avoid being typecast as a comedian, he wanted do more dramatic roles, starring in Pennies from Heaven , a film remake of Dennis Potter 's 1978 series. Unfortunately, it was a financial failure.", "Pal Joey (1957) (directed by George Sidney) (starring Frank Sinatra, Kim Novak, and Rita Hayworth) (music by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart)", "in 1967 - Nelson Eddy dies at age 65. American singer and actor who appeared in 19 musical films during the 1930s and 1940s, as well as in opera and on the concert stage, radio, television, and in nightclubs. A classically trained baritone, he is best remembered for the eight films in which he costarred with soprano Jeanette MacDonald. He was one of the first \"crossover\" stars, a superstar appealing both to shrieking bobby-soxers as well as opera purists, and in his heyday was the highest paid singer in the world. During his 40-year career, he earned 3 stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one each for film, recording, and radio, left his footprints in the wet cement at Grauman's Chinese Theater, earned three Gold records, and was invited to sing at the third inauguration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He also introduced millions of young Americans to classical music and inspired many of them to pursue a musical career (Eddy was singing \"Dardanella\" at the Sans Souci Hotel in Palm Beach, Florida, when he was stricken on stage with a cerebral hemorrhage, he died a few hours later)", "Musician, singer, and actor. Famed chiefly for his powerful, operatic vocal delivery and wildly theatrical performances of songs such as I Put a Spell on You and Constipation Blues.  He served in the U.S. Army in the Pacific theater during World War II, primarily as an entertainer. Although he claimed to have been tortured for some time as a prisoner of war, stories of the circumstances of his actual capture vary. According to the documentary, I Put a Spell on Me, upon liberation he blew his chief tormentor's head off by taping a hand-grenade into his mouth and pulling the pin. " ]

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[ "David Carradine (born John Arthur Carradine; December 8, 1936 – June 3, 2009) was an American actor and martial artist, best known for his leading role as a warrior monk, Kwai Chang Caine, in the 1970s television series Kung Fu. He was a member of a productive acting family that began with his father, John Carradine. His acting career, which included major and minor roles on stage, television and cinema, spanned over four decades. A prolific \"B\" movie actor, he appeared in more than 100 feature films and was nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award. The last nomination was for his title role in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill.", "David Carradine (born John Arthur Carradine; December 8, 1936 – June 3, 2009) was an American actor and martial artist, best known for his leading role as a Shaolin peace-loving monk, Kwai Chang Caine, in the 1970s television series Kung Fu. He was a member of a productive acting family that began with his father, John Carradine. His acting career, which included major and minor roles on stage, television and cinema, spanned over four decades. A prolific \"B\" movie actor, he appeared in more than 100 feature films and was nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award. The last nomination was for his title role in Quentin Tarantino 's Kill Bill.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. David Carradine (born John Arthur Carradine; December 8, 1936 – June 3, 2009) was an American character actor, best known for his role as warrior monk, Kwai Chang Caine, in the 1970s television series, Kung Fu  which later had a 1990s sequel series, Kung Fu: The Legend Continues. He was a member of a productive acting family dynasty that began with his father, John Carradine. His acting career, which included major and minor roles on stage, television and cinema, spanned over four decades. A prolific \"B\" movie actor,  he appeared in more than 100 feature films  and was nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award.  The last nomination was for his title role in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill.", "David Carradine, who is an American of Cherokee, English, Irish, Italian, Scottish, German, Spanish, Ukrainian and Welsh descent, played the half-Chinese Shaolin Master Kwai Chang Caine in Kung Fu . Carradine's half-brother Keith portrayed a teenage Caine, while an equally non-Asian Radames Perá played young Caine.", "He is best remembered for his role as Kwai Chang Caine in the 1970s US TV series Kung Fu and more recently starred as Uma Thurman's nemesis, Bill, in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill feature films. Tarantino was a fan of Carradine.", "Lee returned to Los Angeles in 1985, where he worked for Ruddy Morgan Productions as a script reader, doing an uncredited cameo in the action film Crime Killer (1985) starring George Pan Andreas. He was asked to audition for a role by casting director Lyn Stalmaster and got his first credited acting role in Kung Fu: The Movie, a feature-length television movie which was a follow-up to the 1970s television series Kung Fu. The film aired on ABC on February 1, 1986 which was also Lee's 21st birthday. In Kung Fu: The Movie, Lee played Chung Wang, the suspected son of Kwai Chang Caine (David Carradine). Lee's real-life father was originally considered to play the leading role in the Kung Fu TV series.", "David Carradine, famous for his roles in the 1970s series Kung Fu and the Kill Bill movie trilogy, was found hanging in a hotel closet with a yellow nylon rope around his neck and a black rope around his genitals. Family members deny it was a suicide.a", "Despite being Caucasian, David Carradine achieved stardom as a Eurasian Buddhist monk in Kung Fu. He would later go on to be the guy Uma Thurman was trying to kill in 2 Quentin Tarantino movies before succumbing to a death from autoerotic asphyxiation.", "He was made most famous by his role in the US series Kung Fu where he played Kwai Chang Caine, a half-Asian martial arts specialist, which earned him an Emmy nomination.", "oo Asian to be anything more than a masked sidekick, Hollywood told Lee, and gave the Kung Fu series lead to David Carradine. Lee returned to Hong Kong and cranked out three flicks that offered nothing but his physical virtuosity and explosive emotional power. Their poor production values couldn't keep audiences from turning him into the world's most popular action star within two years. Fearing that it would be cut out of the action, Hollywood decided that it was ready for an Asian star after all. Bruce Lee's mysterious death at age 32 couldn't keep him from rescuing Asian manhood from Hop Sing hell.", "* Michael Clarke Duncan (died September 3, 2012, age 54) (Tug in Brother Bear and sequels, Commander Vachir in Kung Fu Panda and its sequel)", "Bruce Lee , a Chinese American actor from Hong Kong, was considered one of the greatest martial arts exponents of all time. He is credited with popularizing the martial arts in the west by showcasing his skills in many Hollywood films. But before he could expand his body of work, he died as a result of hypersensitivity to a certain medicine he was being administered at that time. He was 32.Given his iconic status, there are many conspiracy theories still doing rounds about his death.", "Martial arts actor Bruce Lee was 33 when he died of possible allergic reaction in 1973.", "Enter the Dragon is a 1973 Hong Kong-American martial arts film directed by Robert Clouse, starring Bruce Lee, John Saxon and Jim Kelly. The film was produced by Fred Weitraub and Paul Heller, at the companies Warner Brothers Inc., Concord Productions, and Sequoia Pictures. This was Bruce Lee's final film appearance before his death on 20 July 1973 at age 32. The film was first released on 26 July 1973 in Hong Kong, six days after Lee's death. Lee was also one of the film's writers, along with Michael Allin.", "Enter the Dragon premiered on August 24, 1973, at Graumann's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. (Game of Death was released by Raymond Chow in 1978 with a badly disguised stand-in for its original star.) With this film, Bruce Lee became the \"biggest Chinese star in the world,\" according to his plan, and he would become an \"immortal\" legend around the world. Sadly, he did not live to experience it.", "Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee, was a Hong Kong American martial artist, actor, philosopher, filmmaker, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time, and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films. ", "According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971 Lee pitched a television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions which were also confirmed by Warner Bros. In a December 9, 1971 television interview on The Pierre Berton Show , Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him \"to be in a modernized type of a thing, and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to do the Western\". Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been developing an identical concept, [55] created by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander. According to these sources, the reason Lee was not cast was in part because of his ethnicity, but more so because he had a thick accent. [56] The role of the Shaolin monk in the Wild West , was eventually awarded to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine . In The Pierre Berton Show interview, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers' attitudes towards casting in the series: \"They think that business wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If the situation were reversed, and an American star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there\". [57]", "Already a veteran of the Peking Opera, he starred in countless black and white costume dramas before son Woo-Ping Yuen cast him in _Snake in Eagle's Shadow_ , the film which launched Jackie Chan 's career. He then went on to feature alongside Chan and Jang Lee Hwang (_Snake in Eagle's Shadow_'s main villain and the villain again in this film) in the sequel _Drunken Master_. These two films saw his stock rising and on the production of one film, he had to change hotels every night to avoid producers with dubious connections. He died during the filming of the Sammo Hung picture _The Magnificent Butcher_, meaning his scenes had to be re-filmed. This film was also directed by his son, who directed his last completed film _The Buddhist Fist_.", "Last night (9/6/10) on Inside Edition, the rumors about Jack Lord having alzheimers was verified. I was very sorry to learn that he suffered with this insidious disease for the last 19 years or so of his life. He was a great actor, a wonderful artist and philanthropist...and although he was often crucified by the media and portrayed as an egotistical perfectionist, Hawaii Five-O became a classic because of his presence. No one else could have brought such energy and quality to the role of Steve McGarrett. It saddens me to know that he was so very ill all those years after Five-O ended its run.", "During the taping of the TV sitcom 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter, the 54-year-old American actor, comedian and voiceover artist was stricken by a previously undiagnosed heart problem—aortic dissection. Initially complaining of severe chest pains, he was brough off-set and taken to the Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center where he died later that night.", "Bamboo Harvester was a quirky eater. He ate 20 pounds of hay each day, then washed it down with sweet tea! The tea contained the only sugar he was allowed, though. He did receive carrots when he behaved, and he did behave. He was a hard-working actor who arrived on the set at 7:30 in the morning and worked until 6 at night. He also toured the country for 15 years after the show ended and Mr. Ed gained its cult status, then died peacefully in his sleep at the age of 33. ", "Richard Bakalyan, the quintessential tough guy character actor who sparred with Jack Nicholson and shot Faye Dunaway in Chinatown � just one of his many dozens of appearances in films and on television � has died. He was 84.", "The movie star died in New York in 2008 from an accidental overdose of prescription drugs. He portrayed The Joker in his final film Batman: The Dark Knight in a role that has seen him receive several posthumous awards. He is also famed for his roles as a gay cowboy in Brokeback Mountain, a bad boy in 10 Things I Hate About You and a valiant knight in A Knight’s Tale.", "The actor died Sunday of a lung infection at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, said his former agent Bruce Tufeld . He had been slowed in recent years by a hip injury.", "On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed in Golden Harvest studios in Hong Kong while doing dubbing work for the movie Enter the Dragon. Suffering from seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol. These same symptoms that occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his death.", "Bruce made it to be rich and popular but he met an untimely death after finishing his last movie “ Enter the Dragon”. He died in 1973 by an acute cerebral edema. His death still remains a mystery.", "On other occasions the former �freak� donned a pinstripe suit with a colorful tie and looked like nothing more than an Asian film gangster. Thus he really did play brilliantly through the ambivalent spectrum completely laid out in the tantric repertoire, from poetic anarchist and flower power dancer to saber-rattling dictator and underworld boss. In 1987 the master warrior died and his body was committed to the flames in Vermont (USA).", "Veteran Hong Kong actor, who appeared in more than 350 films and was known for his role as Bruce Lee's archrival in the 1973 movie Enter the Dragon. Kidney failure, June 3.", "The veteran actor best known for his starring role in 1970s TV sitcom On the Buses had been admitted to a nursing home a few weeks earlier after developing a chest infection.", "actor: F Troop, Love American Style, Evening Shade, Doris Day Show, The China Syndrome, Force Five", "The British actor who starred in Hollywood hits, Sleepy Hollow and Batman, died on March 17, aged 94, after a short illness.", "Wolfman Jack was born on January 21, 1938 in Brooklyn, New York, USA as Robert Weston Smith. He was an actor, known for American Graffiti (1973), Motel Hell (1980) and Diana Ross: Red Hot Rhythm and Blues (1987). He was married to Lucy Lamb. He died on July 1, 1995 in Belvedere, North Carolina, USA." ]

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[ "• Which of these are ailments from the original Operation board game? Adam's Apple, Brain Freeze, Broken Heart, Butterflies in Stomach, Spare Ribs, Water on the Knee, Wish Bone, Wrenched Ankle", "The Operation game features 13 pieces, including the Adam's apple, broken heart, wrenched ankle, butterflies in stomach, spare ribs, water on the knee, funny bone, writer's cramp, Charley horse, ankle bone connected to the knee bone, wish bone, bread basket and brain freeze. The purpose of \"Operation\" is to remove each of the these ailments from the body of Cavity Sam.", "Operation is a board game created in 1964 by a University of Illinois student, who sold the rights to the game to Milton Bradley. The game is now produced by Hasbro. The game board has an outline of a rotund man named Sam, with holes for comical body parts outlined in metal. Players must remove small plastic parts from these holes with a pair of tweezers without touching the metal surrounding the holes.", "The game is a variant on the old-fashioned electrified wire loop game popular at funfairs around the United States. It consists of an \"operating table\", lithographed with a comic likeness of a patient (nicknamed \"Cavity Sam\") with a large red lightbulb for his nose. In the surface are a number of openings, which reveal cavities filled with fictional and humorously named ailments made of plastic. The general gameplay requires players to remove these plastic ailments with a pair of tweezers without touching the edge of the cavity opening.", "The item you are looking at is a replacement WRENCH funatomy game piece for the 2004 Operation edition game. I also have other game pieces for sale if in need of any - please check them out! I use tracking and delivery confirmation with all my items. All my items come from a smoke-free home and are shipped within 3 business days of payment. Subscribe to my store newsletter so you don't miss out on new arrivals! Please feel free to contact me with any questions you may have, or if you'd like to see more pics. Thank you for looking and have a great day!.", "Be the doctor, and take turns using the tweezers to carefully remove 11 easy-grab ailments from large openings in the game tray. Be careful! Touch the side of an opening, and you'll hear the buzzer and Cavity Sam's nose will light up. Players take turns trying to remove wacky ailments like headphone headache, gamer's thumb, a cranky knee and frostbite. The player who successfully removes the most ailments from Cavity Sam is the winner!", "The game board is yellow with a red outline and features a large man looking down concerned at his many ailments. This game features tiny plastic parts, a metal pair of tweezers, a red lightbulb for Sam’s nose, and small cavities in the game board for where the plastic body parts sit during gameplay.", "There is a success button on the patient's nose. Rather than cards or money, the game now prompts players on which part to remove next", "* Spanner (wrench in North American editions and depicted as a monkey wrench; it may also be shown as an open-ended spanner in some traditional UK versions)", "Each player is represented by a small pewter token which is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured to the left and are as follows (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999 editions onwards), a horse and rider, a car , a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a cannon (1937b edition), an old style shoe, a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat.", "Spanner (called Wrench in North American editions, and depicted as a Monkey wrench , it may also be shown as an Open-end wrench in some traditional UK versions)", "Each player is represented by a small pewter token which is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured to the left and are as follows (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship , a sack of money (1999 editions onwards), a horse and rider , a car , a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble , a cannon (1937b edition), an old style shoe , a Scottie dog , an iron , and a top hat .", "If you find it necessary to tilt up the playfield, it is recommended that you remove the pinball(s) first.  Otherwise, raising the playfield may eject the pinball, which could damage the playfield or backglass.  Removing the pinball can be simple on single ball machines or tricky on multiball games.  For single pinball games, you may be able to reach in and remove the ball, or manually press the solenoid ball eject mechanism.  For complex SS games, it may be easier to enter the service menu to eject the balls.  Consult the repair or operating manual for the specific procedure.", "The only switches in a SS game that may require filing or sanding are the EOS (end of stroke) switches located on the flipper solenoid, and some flipper switches.  For older SS games, the full current flows through these switches and they need to be cleaned following the method described under Cleaning EM switches.  The only exception is machines controlled by Fliptronics circuits or similar designs.  Fliptronics EOS switches handle low voltages and should never be cleaned with sandpaper or other abrasives.  They must be cleaned following the same procedure outlined for SS leaf switches, with a q-tip and isopropyl alcohol .  Fliptronics switches can be easily identified because they are not touching (normally open) when the flipper is not in use.", "Each player flips through a deck of interstellar \"malfunction\" cards while hunting for all 6 of the spaceship cards hidden among them. You solve each malfunction card by laying down specific \"tool\" cards, of which everyone has a hand. The problem? The tool cards are dispersed through all the players, requiring you to call aloud for them by physical description, or by their absurd names. You'll find yourself repeatedly yelling \"The Quasipaddle! I need the Quasipaddle!\" or \"For the love of god, I still need the circle-y vacuum looking thing with handles! Who has it?!\"", "These various forms of sim/scen games--as well as the generic or vectorial versions--may be embodied in the aforementioned game case of the invention, wood, plastic, cardboards, table tops, and the like; or may be computerized and reduced to electro-mechanical formats. In order to master the diverse applications of the process the language of Machcala must be mastered. (See definitions of technical terms as stated hereintofore).", "Designed by Klaus Palesch and Wolfgang Kramer. Published in USA by US Games 1996. German edition is called \"6 Nimmt!\" and is published 1994 by Amigo Spiel. For 2-10 players and takes about 45 minutes to play. It has a deck of cards numbered 1 to 104. Players are given a hand of cards and then five more are played face up in the middle of the table. Players secretly pick one of their cards, and then in ascending order the cards are added to those in the middle of the board. When the sixth card of a set is placed in the middle, the five cards are taken by that player, leaving the sixth card to start a new set. Plus, each card has a variable number of bullheads on it, and when someone has taken sixty-six points worth of bullheads, the player with the lowest total is the winner.", "A dice game requiring recalling acceptable words and phrases. In each round 19 large picture dice are shaken in the box, with one other die marked \"slow play\" or \"fast play\" indicating how the round is played. With \"slow play\", a sand timer is turned over and each writes words/phrases on their own pad. Making words/phrases requires using a pair of picture dice for each word/phrase. For example a picture of a snowflake and a picture of an eye can make \"cold stare\". Once time is up, each player compares their list, only scoring a point for the word/phrase no-one else has written. In \"fast play\", all players shout out the word/phrase, the quicker player removing the pair of dice from the box. Once all the dice are removed or no-one can make an acceptable word, each player scores a point for each pair of dice. After several rounds, first player to 20 points wins the game.", "Despite being a fairly simple game to play, this specific model contains 14 stepper units and 18 score reels - far more than any normal EM pinball game. Over time, the grease applied to the stepper units to lubricate them breaks down into a gel which gunges up the mechanisms and prevents them from working. So they need to be stripped, cleaned and re-lubricated which is not a quick job.", "As a conventional screwdriver without physical contact with screws . ( TV : The War Games )", "A hole is drilled in a large, hard conker using a nail, gimlet , small screwdriver, or electric drill. A piece of string (often a shoelace is used), about 20 cm (8 inches) long, is threaded through it. A large knot at one or both ends of the string secures the conker.", "On most EM games, if the coin door switches used to start the game when a coin is inserted are molested (accidentally bent closed), the game will never reset. This is a real common problem because many home owners try to start a game \"manually\". This means some big sausage fingered owner tried to add credits to the game without using a coin, and bent the fragile coin switches together, sending the game into a non-operational mode.", "Jenga - An example of a game with a large dexterity requirement. Players take turns moving pieces of a tower and trying to avoid knocking down the structure as they do so.", "Peg solitaire is a board game for one player involving movement of pegs on a board with holes. Some sets use marbles in a board with indentations. The game is known simply as Solitaire in the United Kingdom where the card games are called Patience. It is also referred to as Brainvita (especially in India).", "This rotating tray can also be used for a game board that needs to be able to rotate.", "To avoid the stigma attached to dice, many early game makers used “teetotums”–devices like spinning tops; the numbers 1-6 (or 1-8) were printed on a hexagonal (or octagonal) piece of cardboard, then a small, wooden shaft with a pointed tip was pushed through the middle of the card.  When the teetotum stopped spinning, the uppermost number dictated the number of spaces or the direction a player was allowed to move.", "I’m restoring a puck bowling game for a customer right now.  The right parts for this game are hard to come by – mostly, because they’re 60 years old!  Fortunately, there are no dead mice (or remnants of live mice) in this old game, but the challenges of restoring it to its former glory abound!  Some of the parts can be rebuilt, while others (if they can be located) can cost hundreds of times more than they’re actually worth, because of supply (i.e. lack there of) and demand.  These costs drive up the price of a restored game.", "In August 2008, Hasbro released a \"Silly Skill Game\" version which features 13 different sound effects for each of the different parts. Here the winner of the game is the player who removes most parts successfully.", "Eureka published by Amigo Spiel (Germany), designed by Haim Shafir, 2-6 players aged 10+, pub April '97. A word is hidden in the mechanism, players roll dice to enable them to open flaps, revealing letters. When they guess the word they score the values of the closed flaps. [PE]", "Danger nut: A \"fun\" game in which one or more sailors place a washer or nut around a rod or similar metal device and then hold it to a steam vent. The washer or nut spins wildly due to the high pressure of the steam. Once it reaches a high enough speed, the rod is turned so that the steam blows the object completely off the rod and likely at another sailor, who then has to dodge the \"danger nut.\"", "* Tock, also known as Tuck, is a cards/board game in which players race their four marbles (or tokens) around the board, with the objective being to be the first to take all of one's marbles \"home\".", "Danger Nut: A \"fun\" game in which one or more sailors place a washer or nut around a rod or similar metal device and then hold it to a steam vent. The washer or nut spins wildly due to the high pressure of the steam. Once it reaches a high enough speed, the rod is turned so that the steam blows the object completely off the rod and (hopefully) at another sailor, who then has to dodge the \"danger nut.\"" ]

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[ "A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) , a notorious slasher film from director Wes Craven, came out late in the year 1984, after both other competing franchises Halloween and Friday the 13th had been launched. This one featured a \"dream world,\" sexually-deviant, sadistic, hideously-grotesque child killer (one of the most popular horror movie icons of all time) - very different from the hulking, mask-wearing Jason Voorhees, and the lunatic homicidal escapee Michael Myers. Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), a vengeance-crazed dream demon terrorizing teens in the town of Springwood was noted for his blood red/green sweater, horribly disfigured/scarred face, wicked sense of humor, brown fedora hat, and right-hand razor-fingered glove. Craven's film was rejected by all the major studios - and ultimately became one of the earliest films of neophyte New Line Cinema, which went on to major studio status later in the decade. New Line became known as \"The House That Freddy Built.\" There would be many more sequels (seven) and a remake, stretching from 1985 to 2010.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher film written and directed by Wes Craven, and the first film of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. The film stars Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon, Ronee Blakley, Amanda Wyss, Jsu Garcia, Robert Englund, and Johnny Depp in his feature film debut. Set in the fictional Midwestern town of Springwood, Ohio, the plot revolves around several teenagers who are stalked and killed in their dreams (and thus killed in reality) by Freddy Krueger. The teenagers are unaware of the cause of this strange phenomenon, but their parents hold a dark secret from long ago.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American supernatural slasher horror film written and directed by Wes Craven, and the first film of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. The film stars Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon, Ronee Blakley, Amanda Wyss, Jsu Garcia, Robert Englund, and Johnny Depp in his feature film debut. Set in the fictional Midwestern town of Springwood, Ohio, the plot revolves around several teenagers who are stalked and killed in their dreams (and thus killed in reality) by Freddy Krueger. The teenagers are unaware of the cause of this strange phenomenon, but their parents hold a dark secret from long ago.", "Some critics cite Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) as an early influential \"slasher\" film, and most believe that the genre's peak occurred in American films released during the 1970s and 1980s. These classic slasher films include Tobe Hooper's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), Victor Miller and Sean S. Cunningham's Friday the 13th (1980), Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), and Don Mancini and Tom Holland's Child's Play (1988). Wes Craven's satirical film Scream (1996) revived public interest in the genre, and several of the original slasher franchises were rebooted in the years following the release of Scream.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) — Directed and written by Wes Craven . In the original film, Heather Langenkamp plays Nancy Thompson, an average teenage girl who has nightmares for several successive nights. Her friends (including Johnny Depp in his first acting role ever) end up murdered, one by one, in their sleep — by the same man Nancy sees in her nightmares: a badly-burnt man who wears a red-and-green striped shirt, wields a knifed glove, and calls himself Freddy Krueger. Nancy confronts her mother, who tells her that Krueger, a child molester/murderer known as \"The Springwood Slasher\", died as the result of a vigilante murder by the parents of his victims after a botched police investigation let Freddy go free . Freddy wants revenge against his killers, so he decides to kill the children of those parents in their dreams, where their parents can't protect them. Can Nancy stop Freddy once and for all? Well...since several sequels followed this one, one can only assume...", "The story follows four suburban teens—the good girl Nancy (Heather Langenkamp), the slut Tina (Amanda Wyss), the jock Glen (Depp), and the bad boy Rod (Nick Corri)—who all have the same nightmare. They’re chased through their dreams by a figure with burned skin and a glove with razor fingers; he dons a green and red sweater, and wears a brown fedora. The teens learn that his name is Fred Krueger, that he was a child murderer, and that he was torched by the town’s parents when a legal technicality kept him out of jail. By some incredible means (it’s not explained how), Freddy comes back from the dead, enters the dreams of the children whose parents killed him, and proves himself capable of harming them in reality by slaying them in their dreams.", "In the film Scream also directed by Wes Craven, Craven has a cameo as a janitor at Woodsboro High School named Fred who wears a sweater and fedora identical to Freddy Krueger. The sweater Fred wears resembles the one from the first A Nightmare on Elm Street as the sleeves are not striped.", "the first film in the series, A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) , introduced the scary character of Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), a re-incarnated, sadistic child molester and serial killer with razor-fingered gloves and a burn-scarred face; years earlier, the local child killer had faced parental vigilantes in the town after escaping justice on a legal technicality, and been burned to death in a basement furnace. The premise was that the children of his persecutors -- grown-up teens (Heather Langenkamp, Amanda Wyss, and Johnny Depp in his feature film debut, among others) who fell asleep would experience the nightmare of Freddy's returning presence, who had emerged from Hell to haunt them", "Freddy's glove appeared in the 1987 horror-comedy Evil Dead II: Dead by Dawn above the door on the inside of a toolshed. This was Sam Raimi's response to Wes Craven showing footage of The Evil Dead in A Nightmare on Elm Street, which in turn was a response to Sam Raimi putting a poster of Craven's 1977 film The Hills Have Eyes in The Evil Dead. The glove also appears in the 1998 horror-comedy Bride of Chucky in an evidence locker room that also contains the remains of the film's villain Chucky, the chainsaw of Leatherface from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and the masks of Michael Myers from Halloween and Jason Voorhees from Friday the 13th.", "Freddy's glove has appeared in the 1987 horror-comedy Evil Dead II: Dead by Dawn above the door on the inside of a toolshed. This was Sam Raimi's response to Wes Craven showing footage of The Evil Dead in A Nightmare on Elm Street, which in turn was a response to Sam Raimi putting a poster of Craven's 1977 film The Hills Have Eyes in The Evil Dead. The glove also appears in the 1998 horror-comedy Bride of Chucky in an evidence locker room that also contains the remains of the film's villain Chucky, the chainsaw of Leatherface from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and the masks of Michael Myers from Halloween and Jason Voorhees from Friday the 13th.", "The role of \"The Shape\"—as the masked Michael Myers character was billed in the end credits—was played by Nick Castle, who befriended Carpenter while they attended the University of Southern California. After Halloween, Castle became a director, taking the helm of films such as The Last Starfighter (1984), The Boy Who Could Fly (1986), Dennis the Menace (1993), and Major Payne (1995). ", "1980 was the year that the slasher film exploded into the public consciousness, largely because of the success of Friday the 13th as well as hits like Silent Scream and Prom Night. With the election of Ronald Reagan as the 40th President of the United States, a new age of conservatism was ushered into America. Growing concern about rising violence, as well as the debate about the depiction of violence against women in entertainment, manifested into protests and boycotts. The slasher film, at the height of its commercial power, also unwittingly found itself at the center of a political and cultural maelstrom.", "Bernard Rose's Candyman (1992), based on the short story by Clive Barker, saw its eponymous villain (Tony Todd), become the first black slasher film icon. The ghostly \"Candyman\" appears to kill those foolish enough to say his name in the mirror five times, borrowing from the Bloody Mary urban legend. The movie anticipated films that would take common folklore as their hook, notably Urban Legend (1998). The film's $25.8 million box office earnings were enough to generate two sequels, as well as arguably providing the impetus for revival of the slashers several years later in New Nightmare (1994) and Scream (1996).", "If Sean Cunningham, John Carpenter and Tobe Hooper defined the horror genre in the late 70's, early 80's then Wes Craven destroyed it, not only once, but twice, with Scream. However, before Scream, there was A Nightmare On Elm St and before there was the ghostface, there was Freddy Krueger, bastard son of 100 maniacs. Up until this point, horror was very predictable, most films adhered to the 'rules' of horror (if you have no idea what the rules are, they are simply, the 'virgin' survives, if you have sex, you die, if you drink or get high, you die and never say, \"I'll be right back\" cause u won't, for more details, see Randy in the Scream Trilogy). In 1984, this little film came out about a murderer who killed you in your dreams.", "The genre's eventual transition from theatrical releases to home video began in 1983, with the release of Sledgehammer, the first slasher made directly for home video. Produced for just $40,000, Sledgehammer features a climax with a gender reversal, as former Playgirl model Ted Prior takes off his shirt to fight the killer for no other reason than to reveal his six-pack abdomen. 1983 had a few sexualized home-video slashers, including Blood Beat, about a woman who conjures up a seven-foot-tall samurai serial killer while masturbating, and Double Exposure, where female nudity is on display as a photographer Michael Callan, (who also produces) dreams of murdering models and is shocked to discover that they are really dying. Prolific B-movie director Fred Olen Ray released Scalps, which became one of the most censored films in history, largely due to its graphic rape scene where the spirit possesses one of the student's and proceeds to rape his girlfriend and then scalp her.", "The film features references to the A Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th, Halloween, Hellraiser, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchises, implying that they all occur in the same universe. The poster of the film also parodies that of Scream 2.", "The film later identifies the Hitchhiker as one of the brothers of the main villain of the film, Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) and of Drayton Sawyer (Jim Siedow), as well as one of the family members of a mentally unstable and murderous family of cannibals. It's also revealed that he was the one responsible for the grave robbings mentioned at the beginning of the film. Together, they torment Sally Hardesty (Marilyn Burns), Franklin's sister whom Drayton had captured. Eventually deciding to kill Sally, the Hitchhiker, Drayton and Leatherface are at first content to allow their highly regarded Grandpa (John Dugan) to do so, but when Grandpa proves unable to kill Sally with a hammer, the Hitchhiker and his brothers become impatient and over-eager in trying to help him, the Hitchhiker forgets to keep a hold on Sally, allowing her break free of their grasp and jump out a nearby window; as Sally flees, the Hitchhiker and Leatherface give chase to her, with the Hitchhiker catching up to her on a road. While slashing Sally with a knife, a 18-wheeler fast approaches him. Not noticing this, he continues to try to kill Sally. He soon hears the honking of the truck but is too late to get out of the way as he watches in horror as the truck runs him over, killing him. Deleted scenes show the Hitchhiker's corpse lying in the road, his dislodged jaw spewing blood. ", "In 1984, Wes Craven dreamed up the bogeyman to end all bogeymen and a nightmare was born. We go behind the make-up to tell the whole glove story… words Oliver Pfeiffer AdditionAl reporting Mark SaMuelS", "Tobe Hooper's low-budget The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) was a major hit and the most commercially successful horror film since 1973's The Exorcist. The story concerns a violent clash of cultures and ideals, including the death of late 1960's counter-culture, and the darkly conservative values of a rural family. The film's main antagonist is Leatherface, a squealing man who carries a chainsaw, wears the skin of past victims, and eats human flesh. While Norman Bates was the first iconic cinematic serial killer, Leatherface was the first bonafide boogeyman that impacted the American horror film's portrayal of villains through both his appearance and mental state.", "The film's twist was that the slashers/killers (often costumed in grassy weeds) were drug traffickers searching for cash and wrapped cocaine bags in a wooden case. Ludicrous death scenes included head-beating, drowning, strangulation, a bamboo booby trap, decapitation, impalement by a spear, and head-slashing with a hurled machete.", "Freddy Krueger is also mentioned in a loose cameo in \"Weird Al\" Yankovich's parody, \"The Night Santa went Crazy,\" which mentions that Santa killed Dasher the Reindeer by cutting him up \"just like Freddy Krueger.\" The music video sports a shot of santa armed with Freddy's glove.", "The lead horror character, chain-saw toting, human skin-mask wearing Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) was part of a crazed, inbred family of psychopathic cannibals who ran a human meat-packing plant. Leatherface was both repulsive and muscular, in his Grand Guignol pursuit of victims -- five young hippie Texans (including Marilyn Burns as victimized Sally) to butcher with a power tool. Its tagline: \"Who will survive and what will be left of them?\" hinted at the massacre to follow, although it was fairly bloodless, surprisingly.", "The film essentially opened during the vicious and agonizing necktie strangulation-rape scene of ex-Mrs. Brenda Blaney (Barbara Leigh-Hunt). At first, the charming ladies man, serial killer Bob Rusk (Barry Foster) confronted her: \"You're the one I wanted to see....I like you. You're my type of woman.\" When she begged for her life, he tore off her dress and bra, screamed at her: \"Love me!...Women - they're all the same,\" and then revealed that he was the notorious Necktie Killer. After a lengthy struggle, she was left dead with her twisted tongue hanging out.", "The Original: A 1980 slasher film starring Leslie Nielsen and Jamie Lee Curtis about a group of high school kids who get systematically killed by an unknown murderer for their part in the accidental death of a young girl six years earlier.", "*Kemper – Kemper is a character from the 2003 remake, and the first to die. He and his friends are passing through Texas, on their way to a Lynard Skynard concert, when they pick up a distraught hitchhiker who commits suicide in their van. Kemper, and his girlfirend Erin, go to the Hewitt's house in search of the Sheriff, although only Erin is allowed in side. When Kemper enters to look for her, Leatherface finds him and kills him with a sledgehammer. Leatherface then cuts off Kemper's face and wears it as a mask. He is portrayed by Eric Balfour.", "The Original: 1981 slasher film about a legendary killer wreaking revenge on those couples who dare to celebrate Valentines Day.", "A comedic film Clue , based on the American version of the game, was released in 1985. In this version, the person murdered was Mr. Boddy. The film, which featured different endings released to different theatres, failed at the box office, but has subsequently attracted a cult following . All three endings released to theatres are available on the VHS and DVD versions of the film, to watch one after the other (VHS), or to select playing one or all three endings (DVD).", "Things That Go \"Bump\" in the Night : The Shape (aka Michael Myers) is repeatedly compared to the boogeyman, apparently unkillable, and deeply enigmatic. He also seems to particularly target teenagers who are transgressive against social norms . In a subversion of this particular trope, he doesn't show much if any interest in actual children.", "The 1988 film gave more insight into the character of Eddie, who was played by Bob Hoskins . He also does not smoke but is an alcoholic. He does not like Toons since Teddy was killed by one years ago.", "Cast: John F. Goff, Steve Vincent, Douglas Gudbye Dir. Stu Segall Horror Two police detectives try to catch a serial killer who is stalking a rural California drive-in theater, randomly killing people with a sword.", "In 1963, Roger Corman directed The Raven , a horror-comedy written by Richard Matheson very loosely based on the poem, \" The Raven \" by Edgar Allan Poe . It stars Vincent Price , Peter Lorre , and Boris Karloff as a trio of rival sorcerers .", "2. Which 1980 horror film about a deranged, hockey mask wearing psychopath spawned nine sequels as well as a remake of the original?" ]

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[ "The Pearl Harbor Naval Base is the site of the December 7, 1941 surprise aerial attack by the Japanese upon American Pacific forces, that thrust the United States into World War II. This devastating attack took more than 2,000 lives. The battleship USS Arizona was sunk and 1,177 American crewmen were entombed within its confines. Altogether 18 ships were sunk or disabled. Of the eight battleships at Pearl Harbor the Arizona, California and West Virginia were sunk; the Nevada was grounded; the Oklahoma capcized, and the others were damaged. The remains of the USS Arizona today serve as a memorial to the men who lost their lives that fateful day. The shrine which rests atop the ship's superstructure can be accessed by motor launch. Pearl Harbor has continued its role as a United States naval base since 1911.", "Almost half of the casualties at Pearl Harbor occurred on the naval battleship USS Arizona, which was hit four times by Japanese bombers and eventually sank. Among the 1,177 crewmen killed were all 21 members of the Arizona’s band, known as U.S. Navy Band Unit (NBU) 22. Most of its members were up on deck preparing to play music for the daily flag raising ceremony when the attack began. They instantly moved to man their battle positions beneath the ship’s gun turret. At no other time in American history has an entire military band died in action.", "The 70th anniversary of the tragedy at Pearl Harbour is being marked with a week of commemorative events in Hawaii. They culminate on Wednesday in a minute's silence and a ceremony of remembrance overlooking the wreck site of the USS Arizona, which sank with the loss of 1,177 lives.", "The Imperial Japanese Navy attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu on the morning of December 7, 1941 brought the United States into World War II. The surprise attack was aimed at the Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Forces and Marine Air Forces. The attack damaged or destroyed twelve American warships, destroyed 188 aircraft, and resulted in the deaths of 2,335 American servicemen and 68 civilians (of those, 1,177 were the result of the destruction of the USS Arizona alone).", "During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Arizona was bombed. She exploded and sank, killing 1,177 officers and crewmen. Unlike many of the other ships sunk or damaged that day, Arizona could not be fully salvaged, though the navy removed parts of the ship for reuse. The wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated on 30 May 1962 to all those who died during the attack, straddles the ship's hull.", "The surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, marked the day the United States entered World War II. Over three thousand Americans lost their lives in the attack and in 1962 the USS Arizona Memorial was constructed over the sunken battle ship USS Arizona to remember those who lost their lives that day.", "The USS Arizona was pounded by Japanese bombers as it rested at anchor at Pearl Harbor. The ship ultimately sank, taking the lives of 1,177 crew members.", "The attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 brought the United States into the war, but with eight battleships sunk or damaged by air attack. On 10 December 1941 HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Repulse were sunk by land-based torpedo bombers northeast of Singapore. It was now clear that surface ships could not operate near enemy aircraft in daylight without air cover; most surface actions of 1942-43 were fought at night as a result. Generally, both sides avoided risking their battleships until the desperate Japanese attack at Leyte Gulf in 1944. ", "President Franklin Roosevelt called December 7, 1941, \"a date which will live in infamy.\" On that day, Japanese planes attacked the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory. The bombing killed more than 2,300 Americans. It completely destroyed the American battleship U.S.S. Arizona and capsized the U.S.S. Oklahoma. The attack sank or beached a total of twelve ships and damaged nine others. 160 aircraft were destroyed and 150 others damaged. The attack took the country by surprise, especially the ill-prepared Pearl Harbor base.", "Situated on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, the USS Arizona Memorial straddles the sunken hull of the battleship, marking the final resting place of 1,102 soldiers who were killed on that fateful attack that led to the United States’ involvement in World War II.  ", "Three U.S. battleships are hit from the air during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Japan's bombing of U.S. military bases at Pearl Harbor brings the U.S. into World War II. From left are: USS West Virginia, severely damaged; USS Tennessee, damaged; and USS Arizona, sunk. (AP Photo)", "Situated on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, the USS Arizona Memorial straddles the sunken hull of the battleship, marking the final resting place of 1,102 soldiers who were killed on that fateful attack that led to the United States’ involvement in World War II.   960 1280", "* USS Arizona Memorial, Pearl Harbor, Oahu (those killed during the attack on Honolulu on December 7, 1941)", "US battleships sunk at Pearl Harbor during the sneak attack by Japanese naval planes. This cowardly attack triggered the American involvement in World War II. Death toll from both ships amounted to 1,592 men, 1177 from the 1,400 crew on board theArizona and 415 from the Oklahoma. Two other battleships, the West Virginia (429 dead) and the Tennessee were damaged and 196 Navy and 65 Army Air Force planes destroyed. All told, a total of 2,409 servicemen and 68 civilians were killed and 1,178 were wounded. Only 29 Japanese aircraft were shot down. That same afternoon the United States Chief of Naval Operations issued the following order \"Execute unrestricted air and submarine warfare against Japan\". During the Pearl Harbor attack, fifteen navy men earned the nation's highest award, the Congressional Medal of Honor. Ten were awarded posthumously. (Rear Admiral Izaac C. Kidd was killed when the Arizona blew up. He was the highest ranking US naval officer to lose his life during the war.)", "USS Oklahoma (BB-37) , originally sunk during Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. Raised, sunk while under tow between Hawaii and California.", "View looking up \"Battleship Row\" on 7 December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "USS Arizona (BB-39) a battleship lost in the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.", "December 7, 1941 - The U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was attacked by nearly 200 Japanese aircraft in a raid that lasted just over one hour and left nearly 3,000 Americans dead.", "December 7th 1941 - Japanese war planes attacked US naval forces at in Hawaii. Sinking ships and killing 2400. Marks the US entrance into WWII", "On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise air attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After just two hours of bombing, more than 2,400 Americans were dead, 21 ships* had either been sunk or damaged, and more than 188 U.S. aircraft destroyed.", "The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941.", "On December 7, 1941 at 0753, the attack on Pearl Harbor begin. The two bombing raids accounted for 8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers and four other ships sunk, capsized or damaged and 292 aircraft damaged or wrecked, including 117 bombers. And 2,403 Americans, military and civilians killed, 1,178 wounded in unprovoked attacks that lasted only minutes.", "Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II.", "On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. Roosevelt called for war in his famous \"Infamy Speech\" to Congress, in which he said: \"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\"", "The attack on Pearl Harbor, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, and Operation Z during planning, was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.", "At 7:48 on the morning of the 7th December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack against the United States’ Hawaiian naval base at Pearl Harbor. Sixteen US Navy ships were sunk or.... . .", "In 1941, Japanese warplanes attacked the home base of the U.S. Pacific fleet located at Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, an act that resulted in America's entry into World War II. It happened at 7:55 AM local time, more than 3,000 killed. This Pearl Harbor Day will live in infamy.", "Pearl Harbor, named for the pearl oysters once harvested there, is the largest natural harbor in Hawaii, a World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument and the only naval base in the United States to be designated a National Historical Landmark. The devastating aerial attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in 2,390 dead and hundreds wounded, and drove the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor honors this history-changing event with the Pearl Harbor Historic Sites:", "In all, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor crippled or destroyed nearly 20 American ships and more than 300 airplanes. Dry docks and airfields were likewise destroyed. Most important, almost 2,500 men were killed and another 1,000 were wounded.", "-1941, the U.S. naval base in Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes, killing more than 2,400 people and destroying a good portion of America's fleet.", "World War II: Japan attacks the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, destroying many war ships; the U.S. declares war on Japan.", "The observances carried special meaning this year because of the Sept. 11 attacks that killed even more Americans in New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania, than died at Pearl Harbor. The death toll at Pearl Harbor was 2,390, nearly all of them members of the military. The Sept. 11 toll stands at around 3,500. " ]

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[ "Clarence Frank Birdseye II (December 9, 1886 – October 7, 1956) was an American inventor who is considered the founder of the modern method of freezing food. In 2005, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.", "Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956) found a way to flash-freeze foods and deliver them to the public - one of the most important steps forward ever taken in the food industry.", "Birdseye was born on December 9, 1886, in New York, New York. After working as a field naturalist for the U.S. government, he went to Labrador in Canada as a fur trader in 1912 and again in 1916. While there he experimented with freezing foods to preserve them for later use. After returning to the United States, he perfected his freezing methods. He helped form General Seafoods Company in 1924. Five years later he began selling his quick-frozen foods, a successful line of products that made him wealthy. Birdseye's process consisted of rapid freezing of packaged food between two refrigerated metal plates. Though his were not the first frozen foods, Birdseye's freezing process was a highly efficient one that preserved the original taste of a variety of foods, including fish, fruits, and vegetables.", "birdseye: A spotlight with a reflector back invented by Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956), who is better known for developing methods for quick-freezing foods.", "(18861956). American businessman and inventor Clarence Birdseye's development of a process for freezing foods in small packages suitable for retailing helped create the modern frozen food industry.", "\"...'Connell mortuary to Hillside Clarence Birdseye inventor of a quick-freeze food process that netted him a fortune died in New York la...", "Clarence Birdseye was a man of vision, curiosity and persistence. During his travels through the Arctic, he saw Eskimos use ice, wind and temperature to freeze just-caught fish almost instantly to retain its freshness. He envisioned a way to apply this flash freezing process to vegetables—a simple biological concept that would revolutionize the frozen food industry.", "Clarence Birdseye, who invented and commercialized a method for quick-freezing food products in convenient packages and without altering the original taste, was simply seeking a way for his family to have fresh food all year round. The solution came to him while conducting fieldwork in the arctic, where he observed how the Inuit would preserve freshly caught fish and others meats in barrels of sea water that quickly froze due to the frigid climate. The fish were later thawed, cooked and most importantly tasted fresh -- much more so than anything at the fish markets back at home. He surmised that it was this practice of rapid freezing in extremely low temperatures that allowed meat to retain freshness once thawed and served months later.", "It wasn't until 1927 that Birdseye applied to patent a multiplate freezing machine. According to the Handbook of Frozen Foods, Birdseye placed food between two metallic plates at -13 degrees F against a low convection tunnel to flash-freeze the product. In 1928, Birdseye was successful in creating the double belt freezer which would be the forerunner to modern freezing technology. In 1930, the first line of frozen foods went public through the Birds Eye Frosted Food Company which was later sold to Postum, Inc.", "1886: Birth of Clarence Birdseye, US inventor of a process to deep-freeze foodstuffs in small packages for retailing, who got the idea from his days as a fur trader in Alaska where he had seen the Inuit do exactly that.", "\"...of Clarence Birdseye 69 inventor of a quickfreeze process that netted him a fortune died in New York City He developed the process on...", "Frozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for most bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions. Clarence Birdseye offered his quick-frozen foods to the public. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods.[152]", "\"...COMPANY Phone 5746 Food Processor Dies NEW YORK IP Clarence Birdseye 69 inventor of a freeze food process that netted him a fortune d...", "BIRDSEYE, CLARENCE. Clarence \"Bob\" Birdseye (1886–1956), American businessman and inventor, was originally an Amherst biology major, but dropped out and became a U.S. field naturalist in Labrador in 1920. There he became impressed with the well-preserved cellular structure of cooked fish that was frozen naturally in the Arctic outdoors. He noted that this quick freezing process caused less crystallization within the fish tissue. Once he returned to the United States , Birdseye developed his crude Multiplate Quick Freeze Machine: tightly sealed cartons, encased in metal, that were filled with food and then lowered into a low-temperature brine solution that froze the foods. Later, he froze foods with calcium chloride brine chilled to 40°F. In 1924 he organized the General Seafood Corporation and turned his attention to developing refrigerated railroad boxcars to transport frozen foods nationwide. In 1929 Birdseye sold his company to Postum, Inc., which became General Foods Corporation. His line of frozen foods was renamed Birds Eye.™ Ultimately, in 1949, using the anhydrous freezing process, Birdseye managed to cut freezing time from 18 hours to 90 minutes.", "As a young scientist, Birdseye was making notes on his fascinating discovery and also realized that this could be highly profitable. Birdseye returned to the United States in 1917 to develop commercial techniques of rapidly freezing food. In 1923 he invested all of his savings into Birdseye Seafoods, marketing frozen fish. In 1924 he along with three partners founded General Seafoods in Gloucester, Massachusetts, becoming the first company to use the method of rapid dry freezing of foods in compact, packageable units.", "But it was Clarence Birdseye and his American company that finally made frozen foods a practical reality in 1930. Legend has it that Birdseye’s interest in freezing food began in 1912, when, as a young engineer in Labrador, he often froze his catch after a day of fishing to keep it fresh. But it wasn’t until 1928 that Birdseye was successful in creating the double belt freezer, the forerunner of modern freezing technology, and not until 1930 that he finally introduced a line of frozen foods to the public. Contrary to popular belief, the line was not strictly vegetables, but included 18 cuts of meat, spinach, peas, fruits and berries, fish fillets and Blue Point oysters.", "Most are eaten at room temperature, but or \"ice lollies\" are frozen water-based lollipops. The term ‘epsicle ‘was patented in 1923 by Frank Epperson, and described a \"frozen ice on a stick.\" His children re-named it the Popsicle. In 1925 Epperson sold the rights to the Joe Lowe Company of New York which in turn is now owned by Good Humor.", "1866 - Charles Feltman started as baker on Classon Avenue, Brooklyn, NY; delivered freshly baked pies to inns, lager-beer saloons that lined Coney Island's beaches; expanded product line to hot sandwiches - built tin-lined chest to keep rolls fresh, small charcoal stove inside to boil sausages; served hot sausage on a roll; 1871 - opened first Coney Island hot dog stand, sold 3,684 dachshund sausages in a milk roll first year; built ocean pavilion ($20,000), hotel, beer gardens, restaurants, food stands, various rides to amuse customers; considered true inventor of hot dog (ten cents).", "In addition, says Kraig, the 1910s saw the beginning of the proliferation of processed foods. In a scant 10 years, Hellmann’s mayonnaise, Oreo cookies, Crisco, Quaker Puffed Wheat and Puffed Rice, Marshmallow Fluff and Nathan’s hot dogs took a bow. Aunt Jemima’s smile was already imprinted upon the American culinary psyche, as were the Kellogg’s and C.W. Post’s brand names. And lucky Clarence Birdseye — who on an ice-fishing trip noticed that a fish left out in the cold froze instantly and tasted good when cooked weeks later — set about perfecting his “Frosted Foods,” which he would introduce to the world in 1930.", "Clarence Birdseye born in New York, died 1956. An American businessman and inventor, who during a trip to Labrador in 1920 noticed that fish caught by the eskimos and left exposed to the air froze rapidly and was told they would remain edible for months. On his return to the USA he perfected a method of ultra rapid freeze, in 1924 he formed a company to distribute the products. Economic crisis later forced him to sell the company and his name.", "Around 1926, the first commercially successful continuous process freezer for ice cream was invented by Clarence Vogt.", "Fourteen years later, Nicolas Appert, a French confectioner, unveiled his method of food preservation, although he could not explain why it worked. Appert sealed food tightly inside a glass bottle or jar, which was then heated for some time. Provided the jar was not opened, the food inside remained fresh.", "Two years later, The Goldman-Sachs Trading Corporation and the Postum Company (later the General Foods Corporation) bought Clarence Birdseye’s patents and trademarks in 1929 for $22 million. The first quick-frozen vegetables, fruits, seafoods, and meat were sold to the public for the first time in 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts, under the trade name Birds Eye Frosted Foods®. ", "William Crapo \"Billy\" Durant (December 8, 1861 – March 18, 1947) was a leading pioneer of the United States automobile industry, who created the system of multi-brand holding companies with different lines of cars; and the co-founder of General Motors with Frederic L. Smith, and of Chevrolet with Louis Chevrolet. He also founded Frigidaire.", "In rural households in Europe from the 1890s until about the 1950s, food preservation in jars of glass and bottles by means of Appert techniques was common (Shephard, 2000), and small portable canning machines made it possible to use the new food preservation techniques in the 1930s and 1940s. As the technology of food preservation improved, however, homemade food preservation by means of salting and pickling in pots and jars of glass gradually decreased. With the invention of the home freezer, it largely disappeared.", "Much later, in 1768, an Italian priest and scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani proved experimentally that heat killed bacteria, and that they do not re-appear if the product is hermetically sealed. In 1795, a Parisian chef and confectioner named Nicolas Appert began experimenting with ways to preserve foodstuffs, succeeding with soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams, and syrups. He placed the food in glass jars, sealed them with cork and sealing wax and placed them in boiling water. In that same year, the French military offered a cash prize of 12,000 francs for a new method to preserve food. After some 14 or 15 years of experimenting, Appert submitted his invention and won the prize in January 1810. Later that year, Appert published L'Art de conserver les substances animales et végétales (or The Art of Preserving Animal and Vegetable Substances). This was the first cookbook of its kind on modern food preservation methods.", "I often put boiling water in the freezer.  Then whenever I need boiling water, I simply defrost it. �Grace Ethel Cecile Rosalie �Gracie� Allen, American comedienne, 1906-1964", "1895 African American inventor Joseph Lee patented a machine for \"bread crumbing.\" It was intended for use by restaurants to crumb large quantities of bread scraps.", ", received a  patent for his mouth-watering process that baked a combination of extracts from meat with flour to produce a meat biscuit capable of long term storage. This preserved meat-based product could be carried by the military , seamen and other travelers. It was reconstituted with hot water as a soup, so the product was cleverly called \"Preparation of Portable Soup-Bread.\" This came before he developed the process to heat milk in a vacuum to produce condensed milk capable of extended storage known as evaporated milk.", "�In the winter of 1887 or 1888, alone, (Mary, the girl we had raised, was visiting relatives in a western state), I was trying to busy myself in the art of cooking, reading questions and an�swers in the Toledo Blade. A lady asked to give a recipe for old fashioned ginger bread our grandmother�s had made. A lady gave a recipe, stating that if the roller process of flour was used, it would be better. It was signed Mrs. D. D., East-Hampton, Long Island, New York.", "The fish had to be frozen in small portions both for speed and because he wanted to sell it to individual customers. He was also concerned with eliminating the little air pockets that in whole fish could harbor bacteria and lead to decomposition. So a key part of his original 1924 process called for filleting the fish — which was an unusual thing to do in 1920s. It had to be done by hand. But it allowed them to be packed tightly into rectangular fiberboard boxes.", "Reprinted with permission of the University of Georgia. B.A. Nummer. 2002. Historical Origins of Food Preservation. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia, National Center for Home Food Processing and Preservation." ]

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[ "It was once assumed that oysters were only safe to eat in months with the letter 'r' in their English and French names. This myth is based in truth, in that in the Northern Hemisphere, oysters are much more likely to spoil in the warmer months of May, June, July, and August. [5] In recent years, pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus have caused outbreaks in several harvesting areas of the eastern United States during the summer months, lending further credence to this belief.", "It was once assumed that oysters were only safe to eat in months with the letter ‘r’ in their English and French names. This is a myth whose basis in truth is that in the northern hemisphere oysters are much more likely to spoil in May, June, July, and August. [24]", "It was once assumed that oysters were only safe to eat in months with the letter ‘r’ in their English and French names. This myth is based in truth, in that in the Northern Hemisphere, oysters are much more likely to spoil in May, June, July, and August.", "In \"The Walrus and the Carpenter\" sequence, the \"R\" in the word \"March\" on the mother oyster's calendar flashes. This alludes to the old adage about only eating oysters in a month with an R in its name. That is because the months without an R are the summer months (May through August) when oysters would not keep due to the heat in the days before refrigeration.", "Common lore states that we should only be eating shellfish, especially oysters, in months with the letter “R.” So we can help ourselves to all the oysters,  mussels , and  clams  we can eat from September through April, but put the brakes on come May. What about year-round oyster bars? Or fried clam po’boys in the summer?", "The rock oyster is now the standard British oyster; around 30,000 tons of them were produced last year, compared to just 500 tons of native oysters. Unlike natives, which spawn in the summer months, rock oysters can be eaten all the year round, rather than only in months whose names contain the letter \"r\".", "R Month – folklore says oysters should not be eaten in months that end with an “R,” namely May through August. Before refrigeration and ready ice-at-hand, oysters would spoil more easily during this time, and there is some truth that in these warm weather months oysters are more susceptible to possible bacteria in the water, but oysters are available and delicious year-round, although in the summer they may not be as plump due to spawning.", "      The colony of New York passes a law making it illegal to \"gather, rake, take up, or bring to the market, any oysters whatsoever\" between the months of May and September. This regulation was only one of many that were passed in the early days of America to help preserve certain species [however this one may have been intended more as a public health measure, for, in the days before refrigeration, oysters were considered unsafe in months without an R].", "Oysters are absolutely delicious and are widely farmed all across the region. You have 2 sorts of oysters, rock oysters (huitres creuses) and flat oysters (huitres plates). Two third of France's production of flat oysters is actually based in Cancale near Saint-Malo on the Emerald Coast . Although oysters can be enjoyed all year round, they are at their best between September and April (as the French say:", "THE EDIBLE OYSTER:—This shell-fish is almost universally distributed near the shores of seas in all latitudes, and they especially abound on the coasts of France and Britain. The coasts most celebrated, in England, for them, are those of Essex and Suffolk. Here they are dredged up by means of a net with an iron scraper at the mouth, that is dragged by a rope from a boat over the beds. As soon as taken from their native beds, they are stored in pits, formed for the purpose, furnished with sluices, through which, at the spring tides, the water is suffered to flow. This water, being stagnant, soon becomes green in warm weather; and, in a few days afterwards, the oysters acquire the same tinge, which increases their value in the market. They do not, however, attain their perfection and become fit for sale till the end of six or eight weeks. Oysters are not considered proper for the table till they are about a year and a half old; so that the brood of one spring are not to be taken for sale, till, at least, the September twelvemonth afterwards.", "Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life: up to four weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Oysters should be refrigerated out of water, not frozen, and in 100% humidity. Oysters stored in water under refrigeration will open, consume available oxygen and die. Oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive. The shells of live oysters are normally tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap. If the shell is open, the oyster is dead, and cannot be eaten safely. Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves. Traditionally, oysters that don’t open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe. [22] However, according to at least one marine biologist, Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly-researched cookbook's advice regarding mussels, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found in experiments that 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were \"both adequately cooked and safe to eat.\" [23]", "Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life: up to two weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Oysters should be refrigerated out of water, not frozen, and in 100% humidity. Oysters stored in water under refrigeration will open, consume available oxygen and die. Oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive. The shells of live oysters are normally tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap. If the shell is open, the oyster is dead, and cannot be eaten safely. Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves. Traditionally, oysters that don占쏙옙t open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe. [22] However, according to at least one marine biologist, Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly-researched cookbook's advice regarding mussels, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found in experiments that 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were \"both adequately cooked and safe to eat.\" [23]", "Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life of up to four weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Oysters should be refrigerated out of water, not frozen, and in 100% humidity. Oysters stored in water under refrigeration will open, consume available oxygen, and die. Oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive. The shells of live oysters are usually tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap. If the shell is open, the oyster is dead, and cannot be eaten safely. Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves. Traditionally, oysters that do not open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe. However, according to at least one marine biologist, Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice regarding mussels, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were \"both adequately cooked and safe to eat.\" ", "Oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive. The shells of live oysters are normally tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap. If the shell is open, the oyster is dead, and cannot be eaten safely. Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves. Traditionally, oysters that do not open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe. [32] However, according to at least one marine biologist, Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice regarding mussels, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were \"both adequately cooked and safe to eat.\" [33]", "— A meal of Oysters (1661, 27x20cm) _ Oysters in the late 17th-century Dutch paintings were generally interpreted as erotic - vaginal - symbols. Here, however, they still had the religious symbolism of shell, with the meaning that had been given to it in a 3rd-century Christian book on animals called 'Physiologus.' Describing the behaviour of animals in 55 chapters, it then relates them to Christian doctrine. The shell is symbolically likened to Mary who gave birth to the 'pearl of great price,' Jesus.", "Some kinds of oysters are commonly consumed, cooked or raw, by humans as a delicacy. Other kinds, such as pearl oysters, generally not eaten by humans, are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle.", "Oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive. The shells of live oysters are usually tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap. If the shell is open, the oyster is dead, and cannot be eaten safely. Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves. Traditionally, oysters that do not open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe. However, according to at least one marine biologist, Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice regarding mussels, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were \"both adequately cooked and safe to eat.\" Giant oyster", "Can we now concentrate on something tasty and worthwhile? I shall now turn our thoughts to oysters. The word “oyster” is used as a common name for a number of distinct groups of bivalve mollusks which live in marine or brackish habitats. The valves are highly calcified. They can be eaten cooked or raw and are considered an aphrodisia. There are 50 types of oysters that are edible throughout the oceans.", "Opening or \"shucking\" oysters has become a competitive sport. Oyster-shucking competitions are staged around the world. Widely acknowledged to be the premiere event, the Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship is held in September at the Galway Oyster Festival. The annual Clarenbridge Oyster Festival 'Oyster Opening Competition' is also held in Galway, Ireland.", "In the early 19th century, oysters were cheap and mainly eaten by the working class. Throughout the 19th century, oyster beds in New York Harbor became the largest source of oysters worldwide. On any day in the late 19th century, six million oysters could be found on barges tied up along the city's waterfront. They were naturally quite popular in New York City, and helped initiate the city's restaurant trade. New York's oystermen became skilled cultivators of their beds, which provided employment for hundreds of workers and nutritious food for thousands. Eventually, rising demand exhausted many of the beds. To increase production, they introduced foreign species, which brought disease; effluent and increasing sedimentation from erosion destroyed most of the beds by the early 20th century. Oysters' popularity has put ever-increasing demands on wild oyster stocks. This scarcity increased prices, converting them from their original role as working-class food to their current status as an expensive delicacy.", "First attested in English during the 14th century, the word \"oyster\" comes from Old French oistre , in turn from Latin", "Oysters : Located on the back, near the thigh, these small, round pieces of dark meat are often considered to be a delicacy. [7]", "That was not all. The nation's oyster beds were neglected significantly during the First and Second World wars. Frozen winters in 1929, 1940, 1947 and 1963 wiped out nearly all the native stocks. More recently, a growing yachting leisure industry painted the underside of its boats with an anti-barnacle paint which was toxic to oysters. Run-off from fertilisers, weed-killers and pesticides has polluted waters, as has industrial pollution from paper mills and other factories. New predators on oysters – snails, limpets and molluscs – arrived from abroad in the bilge water of foreign ships.", "Jonathan Swift is quoted as having said, \"He was a bold man that first ate an oyster\", [5] but evidence of oyster consumption goes back into prehistory, evidenced by oyster middens found worldwide. Oysters were an important food source in all coastal areas where they could be found, and oyster fisheries were an important industry where they were plentiful. Overfishing and pressure from diseases and pollution have sharply reduced supplies, but they remain a popular treat celebrated in oyster festivals in many cities and towns.", "Common oyster predators include crabs, seabirds, starfish, and humans. Some oysters contain live crabs, known as oyster crabs.", "Jonathan Swift is quoted as having said, “He was a bold man that first ate an oyster”, but evidence of oyster consumption goes back into prehistory, evidenced by oyster middens found worldwide. Oysters were an important food source in all coastal areas where they could be found, and oyster fisheries were an important industry where they were plentiful. Overfishing and pressure from diseases and pollution have sharply reduced supplies, but they remain a popular treat celebrated in oyster festivals in many cities and towns.", "Archaeological evidence suggests oysters were consumed from the dawn of humanity forwards. Easy to collect, nourishing and tasty, these versatile molluscs were consumed raw, cooked, and preserved. Recipes varied according to place and taste. General notes here:", "a tiny creature with a jointed shell, found under stones etc. houtluis دُوَيبَه كَثيرَة الأرْجُل мокрица bicho de conta svinka die Bohrassel bænkebider ξυλόψειρα cochinilla mullakakand خر خاکی؛ شیشه چوب kyhmysiira cloporte טְחַבִית काष्ठयुका obična mokrica fatetű kutu tanah grápadda onisco わらじ虫 쥐며느리 vëdarëlis mitrene kutu kayu pissebed skrukketroll stonoga د ډبرو ميده ګى bicho-de-conta aselul-de-ziduri, crustaceu terestru care trăieşte sub pietre şi în locuri umede мокрица pavoš lesna uš vaš gråsugga แมลงไม่มีปีกอาศัยอยู่ตามไม้ผุ หรือดินชื้น ๆ tespih böceği 潮蟲 стонога, мокриця ایک قسم کا چھوٹا کیڑا 土鳖", "The oyster is considered by some ethicists [25] to be an appropriate food choice for those concerned with animal rights, arguing it is acceptable to eat oysters due to their lack of a central nervous system and the generally sustainable and environmentally friendly way in which they are raised and harvested.", "The oyster is considered by some ethicists [48] to be an appropriate food choice for those concerned with animal rights, arguing it is acceptable to eat oysters due to their lack of a central nervous system and the generally sustainable and environmentally friendly way in which they are raised and harvested.", "Sea animals: Kosher sea dwellers must be equipped with fins and scales. So, while salmon and tuna are fit for consumption, lobsters, clams and oysters are not.", "- A mollusk whose large adductor muscle connecting its single shellis edible; used in both Chinese and Japanese cooking, either fresh, dried, or canned; found throughout the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of California, and inthe English Channel where it is called ormer 2." ]

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[ "Barney & Friends is an American children's television series aimed at children from ages 1 to 8, created by Sheryl Leach and produced by HIT Entertainment . It premiered on PBS Kids on April 6, 1992. The series features the title character Barney, a purple anthropomorphic Tyrannosaurus rex who conveys educational messages through songs and small dance routines with a friendly, optimistic attitude. [4] [5] [6] [7] It ended on September 18, 2009.[ citation needed ] Reruns of the series no longer air on PBS Kids ; From 2005 until 2015 reruns aired on Sprout . A revival of the series is set for a 2017 launch. [8]", "Barney & Friends is an American children's television series aimed at children from ages 1 to 8, created by Sheryl Leach and produced by HIT Entertainment . It premiered on PBS Kids on April 6, 1992. This spin-off of Barney and the Backyard Gang features the title character Barney, a purple anthropomorphic tyrannosaurus rex who conveys educational messages through songs and small dance routines with a friendly, optimistic attitude. [4] [5] [6] [7] Although it originally ended on September 18, 2009,[ citation needed ] reruns of the series were still shown on several PBS stations in following years. From 2005 until 2015, reruns aired on Sprout . A revival of the series is set for a 2017 PBS Kids launch. [8] [9]", "Barney & Friends is an American children's television series aimed at children from ages 1 to 8, created by Sheryl Leach and produced by HIT Entertainment. It premiered on PBS Kids on April 6, 1992. The series features the title character Barney, a purple anthropomorphic tyrannosaurus rex who conveys educational messages through songs and small dance routines with a friendly, optimistic attitude. Production of new episodes originally ceased on September 18, 2009, although reruns of the series were still shown on several PBS stations in following years. From 2005 until 2015, reruns aired on Sprout. A revival of the series is set for a 2017 launch. ", "The main character is a purple and green Tyrannosaurus rex in stuffed animal likeness, who comes to life through a child's imagination. His theme song is \"Barney Is a Dinosaur,\" which is sung to the tune of \"Yankee Doodle\". Barney often quotes things as being \"Super dee-duper\". Episodes frequently end with the song \"I Love You\", sung to the tune of \"This Old Man\", which happens to be one of Barney's favorite songs. Despite being a carnivorous type dinosaur, Barney likes many different foods such as fruits and vegetables, but his main favorite is a peanut butter and jelly sandwich with a glass of milk. He also loves marching bands and parades. He also has a slight northeastern accent.", "The main character is a purple and green Tyrannosaurus rex in stuffed animal likeness, who comes to life through a child's imagination. His theme song is \"Barney Is a Dinosaur,\" which is sung to the tune of \" Yankee Doodle \". Barney often quotes things as being \"Super dee-duper\". Episodes frequently end with the song \"I Love You\", sung to the tune of \" This Old Man \", which happens to be one of Barney's favorite songs.[ citation needed ] Despite being a carnivorous type dinosaur, Barney likes many different foods such as fruits and vegetables, but his main favorite is a peanut butter and jelly sandwich with a glass of milk. He also loves marching bands and parades [ citation needed ]. He also has a slight northeastern accent.", "* The long-running PBS children's TV series Sesame Street parodied the \"Do you know me?/Don't Leave Home Without It\" ad campaigns with three skits involving a Muppet character holding a Grown-Up Friend's hand while crossing the street. One skit featured Forgetful Jones (performed by Richard Hunt) with Olivia (Alaina Reed Hall) as his Grown-Up Friend, a second featured Bert and Ernie (Frank Oz and Jim Henson respectively) with Gordon (Roscoe Orman) as their Grown-Up Friend, and the third featured Big Bird (Caroll Spinney) with Bob (Bob McGrath) as his Grown-Up Friend. All three skits ended with the grownups' names being embossed at the bottom of a card resembling an American Express card that had a big human left hand in the middle, with the words \"Grown-Up Friend's Hand\" above it, and a voiceover saying \"A Grown-Up Friend's Hand. Don't cross the street without it.\"", "The show was first broadcast on US public TV last spring where it is now as popular as another children's show, Barney, a singing dinosaur. But perhaps parents should beware of Barney as well - he also happens to be purple.", "Super Dinosaur is a T. rex genetically modified to be smaller and smarter - close but not-quite-human in both respects. Also, many of the villains are anthropomorphic dinosaurs; and one of the major ones is Tyrannosaurus X.", "Tweety has been a staple of prime time and daytime television animation for over 30 years. He has been the co-star of the Saturday morning series \"The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show\" on ABC since 1986. Tweety can also be seen weekdays-on Fox's \"Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny and Friends\" and daily on \"Looney Tunes on Nickelodeon.\" A select collection of Tweety's cartoons is also available on videocassettes and laser discs. Tweety is also the spokesperson for \"Tweety's Global Patroll\", a national education program urging elementary school children to reduce, reuse and recycle.", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and currently distributed by DreamWorks Classics. It first aired Sunday, December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States, and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the Johnny Marks song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" which was itself based on the 1939 poem Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer written by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS, with the network unveiling a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph no longer airs just once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season on CBS. Unlike other specials that also air on several cable channels (including ABC Family), Rudolph only airs on CBS. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest running Christmas TV special in history. 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the television special and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014. ", "The Public Broadcasting Service is the largest public television broadcaster in the United States, originating in October 1970 as the successor of National Educational Television (which was established in 1954). Unlike the commercial networks, PBS does not officially produce any of its own programming; instead, individual PBS stations (most notably, WNET in Newark, New Jersey/New York City, WGBH-TV in Boston and WETA-TV in Washington, D.C.), station groups and affiliated producers create programming and provide these through PBS to other affiliates. While it does provide a base slate of programming to its member stations (which is limited to roughly thirteen hours a week of programming in prime time, airing on Sunday through Fridays with fewer programs on Thursday and Friday evenings, as well as daytime children's programming during the morning and afternoon), PBS does not schedule all programs it supplies in set time slots, giving its members leeway in scheduling these programs in time slots of their choosing. Like the six conventional English language broadcast networks, its member stations handle the responsibility of programming time periods where programming supplied by the service is not broadcast, which are filled by cultural and public affairs programming of relevance to their market or region of service, and syndicated programs of various genres.", "Nicely averted in the Jim Henson series Dinosaur Train - while the main character is a T. rex, some of the lesser known dinosaurs like Stygimoloch, Daspletosaurus, and Euoplocephalus all have episodes devoted to them.", "Since the success of Jurassic Park, Velociraptor has become a ubiquitous representation of dinosaurs in popular culture. It has appeared in several other films and television programs, including several of The Land Before Time animated films and a spin-off of the Transformers television series, Beast Wars . Velociraptor was also featured in three documentary programs, The Discovery Channel 's Dinosaur Planet , most notably a female trying to locate a pack, a special of the BBC's Walking With... series (\" The Giant Claw \"), attacking a Protoceratops and The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs , another BBC production which featured Velociraptor in an animated fight with an Ankylosaurus .", "The Big Bad of The Adventures of Bleeposaurus is a T. rex named King Tyrannus. Interestingly, the main character is a Triceratops.", "Curiously, the sequels have a friendly Tyrannosaur and have featured popular (or fun to animate) recently-discovered animals in the cast as well. Also, the cartoon series has a feathered Oviraptor (Ruby), as well as a returning Chomper (the friendly Tyrannosaurus) joining the main cast.", "In the Phineas and Ferb episode \"It's About Time\" (not the only time travel episode, but the only one where they go into prehistoric times), Phineas, Ferb, Candace, and eventually Isabella's entire Fireside Girl troop go back to 300 million BC and almost get eaten by a T. rex. 300M BC is waaaaaay too early to meet a tyrannosaur, but Danville ... might be in Central North America...", "Night at the Museum has the skeleton of a T. Rex coming to life at night. It likes drinking water out of a fountain, play fetch with its own bone, and generally behave like a dog .", "A seven year old yellow protoceratops , B.J. has been on the show since September 27, 1993. His theme song is \"B.J.'s Song\". He wears a red baseball cap and red sneakers (as heard in the lyrics of his theme). He has lost his hat in the episode Hats Off to B.J.! and sometimes says stuff to hide fears (like in the episode Barney's Halloween Party, he was shocked by the paper spiders and after learning they were fake, he said \"I knew that, sort of.\"). Pickles are his favorite food and because of that, he actually has had them in different ways like pickles (also with pepperoni, peppers, pineapple and peanut butter) on a pizza (in the episode Barney's Adventure Bus). He is Baby Bop's older brother.", "Here's a famous cartoon that everybody know and loved. It features an Apatosaurus (which was then called Brontosaurus), part of the dinosauria, perhaps my most beloved and most all time favorite animals, although they're extinct now.", "Description : The life of American dinosaurs is seen in amazing detail. The Feathered Dromeosaurs (Raptors) debut on this film along with the bizarre Therizinosaur. Each story is compelling and well-written. From a Coelophysis exploring the world around him to a teenage Tyrannosaurus learning from his mother how to hunt and even a love story between two Stegosaurus. This film also shows audiences real fossil finds and museum displays to show the researcher's work. This is educational, thrilling, and is a well-executed Discovery Channel response to BBC's ground-breaking \"Walking with Dinosaurs\" miniseries.", "* S. Scott Bullock (Flap in Dink, the Little Dinosaur, FT and Sam Smith in Attack of the Killer Tomatoes, Tom Lockjaw in Darkwing Duck, Argos Bleak in Captain Planet and the Planeteers and The New Adventures of Captain Planet, Wendell in Mike, Lu and Og, Fred in Timon and Pumbaa, King Goobot in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Larry from The Buzz on Maggie, Eddy the Cow in Barnyard, Glow Worm and Worm Supervisor from The Ant Bully, Dharman in Afro Samurai, Dash Baxter, Operative O and Klemper from Danny Phantom, various characters in The Fairly OddParents, Invader Zim and The Misadventures of Flapjack)", "\"The Hunt for Chinese Dinosaurs\" (1991) shows several dinosaurs from China and from Canada. The first includes Protoceratops. North American setting focuses mainly on Troodon (and the Dinosauroid theory) and Tyrannosaurus rex. We can see animated Troodon as well. Stop motion animation and hand drawn animation are well implemented. It's also to note the Lampshade Hanging about the Dinosaurs Are Dragons thing during the entire program. Originally it was it's own separate 90 minute documentary, but was shortened for NOVA, cutting some ancillary bits of varied animation including sand animation and some stop motion sequences.", "The Fairly OddParents : Tyrannosaurus appeared in the episodes \"The Big Bash\" and \"Land Before Timmy\". Wanda even turned into one in the into of the TV movie Abra Catastrophe .", "Jurassic Park was broadcast on television for the first time on May 7, 1995, following the April 26 airing of The Making of Jurassic Park. Some 68.12 million people tuned in to watch, garnering NBC a 36 percent share of all available viewers that night. Jurassic Park was the highest-rated theatrical film broadcast on television by any network since the April 1987 airing of Trading Places. In June–July 1995 the film was aired a number of times on the TNT network.", "The show mixed elements of The Flintstones and The Simpsons, focusing on a blue-collar family of dinosaurs. Something that was referenced in the 21st episode of the 3rd season of the Simpsons:", "In recent years, Westheimer has made regular appearances on the PBS Television children's show Between the Lions as \"Dr. Ruth Wordheimer\" in a parody of her therapist role, in which she helps anxious readers and spellers overcome their fear of long words. She also made a cameo on PBS's Dinosaur Train as an Archeopteryx.", "Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs is a 2009 American 3D computer animated comedy adventure film, produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Carlos Saldanha and co-directed by Mike Thurmeier, at his directorial debut, and it features the voices of Ray Romano, John Leguizamo, Denis Leary and Queen Latifah.", "[30min] Hokey Pokey | Dino Friends Sing Along Show - Duration: 31:20. Kids And Friends - Kids Songs & Stories 132 views", "A version of the song Proud Mary plays in a commercial for the new episodes of the CGI animated children's TV series Dinosaur Train in 2016", "* Ringo Starr (narrator for children's television show Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends (Seasons 1-2))", "The show aired on ABC until 1971. When the show was cancelled by the head of programming there, Welk formed his own production company and continued airing the show, on local stations and, often from 7 to 8 P.M. Eastern time on Saturdays over some of the ABC affiliates on which he had previously appeared, along with some stations affiliated with other networks. The syndicated version of the program aired from 1971 to 1982.", "In the Dinosaurs episode \"We Are Not Alone\", Earl changes the channels on the TV at the end of the episode and one of the channels has a man saying, \"Okay, Pat, I'd like to buy a vowel!\"" ]

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[ "While according to Greek mythology the realm of Hades is the place of the dead, Tartarus also has a number of inhabitants. When Kronos came to power as the King of the Titans, he imprisoned the one-eyed Cyclopes and the hundred-armed Hecatonchires in Tartarus and set the monster Campe as its guard. Zeus killed Campe and released these imprisoned giants to aid in his conflict with the Titans. The gods of Olympus eventually triumphed. Kronos and many of the other Titans were banished to Tartarus, though Prometheus, Epimetheus, Metis and most of the female Titans were spared (according to Pindar, Kronos somehow later earned Zeus' forgiveness and was released from Tartarus to become ruler of Elysium). Another Titan, Atlas, was sentenced to hold the sky on his shoulders to prevent it from resuming its primordial embrace with the Earth. Other gods could be sentenced to Tartarus as well. Apollo is a prime example, although Zeus freed him. The Hecatonchires became guards of Tartarus' prisoners. Later, when Zeus overcame the monster Typhon, he threw him into \"wide Tartarus\". ", "Tartarus - The lowest region of the underworld. Hesiod claimed that a brazen anvil would take none days and nights to fall from heaven to earth, and nine days and nights to fall from earth to Tartarus. Tartarus rose out of Chaos and was the destination of wicked souls. Uranus banished his children the Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires to Tartarus, as Zeus also did to the Titans. Other famous inhabitants of Tartarus include Sisyphus, Ixion, Tantalus, Salmoneus, Tityus, Ophion, and the daughters of Danaus.", "The Titans were first dwelling in Mount Olympus in Ancient Greece, but were overthrown and expelled to the lower basement of Hades, the Tartarus, after their defeat in a huge battle with the Olympian Gods.", "The Titans were the first dwelling in Mount Olympus in Ancient Greece, but were overthrown and expelled to the lower basement of Hades, the Tartarus, after their defeat in a huge battle with the Olympian Gods , known as Titanomachy.", "Tartarus is not considered to be directly a part of the underworld, it is described as being as far beneath the underworld as the earth is beneath the sky. It is so dark that the \"night is poured around it in three rows like a collar round the neck, while above it grow the roots of the earth and of the unharvested sea.\" Tartarus is the place that Zeus cast the Titans along with his father Cronus after defeating them during the Titanomachy. Homer wrote that Cronus then became the king of Tartarus. While Odysseus does not see them himself, he mentions some of the people within the underworld who are experiencing punishment for their sins. Tartarus was later made a place for those who had created havoc on the world and committed crimes specifically against the gods. Known afterlife residents in Tartarus include King Sisyphus, King Tantalus, King Ixion, the Daughters of Danaus, and the giant Tityos.", "In the aftermath of the battle, the Elder Cylopes chained up all of the defeated Titans, while the Hekatonkheires forced them to kneel before Zeus, Poseidon and Hades. Zeus took his father's Scythe, and sliced Kronos into a thousand pieces, before casting him into Tartarus, along with the rest of his followers (except for Atlas , who was forced to hold the Sky). Afterwards, Zeus offered the Hekatonkheires to return to Tartarus, this time as the jailers of the Titans, to which they readily agreed.", "Zeus, Hades, and Poseidon battled the Titans in a conflict that lasted ten years. Zeus also had the help of 300 armed giants and of the Cyclopes, one-eyed giants imprisoned in Tartarus, a deep pit", "Zeus exiled the Titans who had fought against him into Tartarus. Except for Atlas, who was singled out for the special punishment of holding the world on his shoulders.", "Tartarus, in Greek mythology, lowest region of the underworld. The wicked (e.g., Sisyphus , Tantalus , and Ixion ) were sent to Tartarus as punishment for their sins.", "The Titans preceded the Twelve Olympians, who, led by Zeus, eventually overthrew them in the Titanomachy ('War of the Titans'). The Titans were then imprisoned in Tartarus, the depths of the underworld, with the exception of a few", "In the aftermath of the battle, the Elder Cylopes chained up all of the defeated Titans, while the Hekatonkheires forced them to kneel before Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Zeus took his father's Scythe, sliced Kronos into a thousand pieces, and then cast him into Tartarus along with the rest of his followers (except for Atlas, who was forced to hold the Sky).", "Then, with the help of his siblings, Zeus overthrew the Titans in the depths of the Underworld, the Tartarus.", "The classical Greek myths of the Titanomachy fall into a class of similar myths throughout Europe and the Near East concerning a war in heaven, where one generation or group of gods largely opposes the dominant one. Sometimes the elders are supplanted, and sometimes the rebels lose and are either cast out of power entirely or incorporated into the pantheon. Other examples might include the wars of the Æsir with the Vanir in Scandinavian mythology, the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish, the Hittite \"Kingship in Heaven\" narrative, the obscure generational conflict in Ugaritic fragments, Virabhadra's conquest of the early Vedic Gods, and the rebellion of Lucifer in Christianity. The Titanomachy lasted for ten years. The Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus after the war had ended. Tartarus is the deepest spot known in the Underworld, where the most evil beings would usually end up in.", "When he had grown up, Zeus caused Cronus to vomit up his sisters and brothers, and these gods joined him in fighting to wrest control of the universe from the Titans and Cronus, their king. Having vanquished his father and the other Titans, Zeus imprisoned most of them in the underworld of Tartarus.", "Those souls judged to have led bad lives were put in the hands of the Furies and taken to Tartarus, the lowest level of Hades, to receive punishment for their misdeeds. The worst-offending souls, those who had offended the gods with their impiety, were condemned to eternal torment. Examples of those so punished were Sisyphos who had to forever roll a rock up a hill, Tantalos who could never quench his thirst, Oknos who plaits one end of a rope while a donkey eats the other end, the daughters of Danaus who had to try and fill a sieve with water, and Ixion who was tied to an ever-spinning wheel.", "    In the Greek view, the lands of the living were divided from Tartarus, the land of the dead, by fierce obstacles, rivers, and bodies of water or fire. The greatest of these was Oceanus, which not only comprised all the seas of the world, but was also the largest of the 'rivers' which the Greeks believed swept into and through Tartarus, to emerge from the underworld on the opposite side of the earth. Other subterranean torrents included Lethe, the river of forgetfulness, and the Styx, the river of death. Tartarus was said to 'sink twice as far below the earth as the earth was beneath the sky', and to be bounded by many perils. As well as being the home of the dethroned gods called the Titans, it contained a variety of regions or kingdoms, ranging from the Elysian Fields to the many grottoes, caverns, and pits of torment reserved for the damned [29].", "\"[Zeus battles the monster Typhoeus :] And through the two of them . . . through the thunder and lightning, and through the fire from the monster, and the scorching winds and blazing thunderbolt . . . Haides trembled where he rules over the dead below, and the Titenes (Titans) under Tartaros who live with Kronos (Cronus), because of the unending clamour and the fearful strife.\"", "\"Saturnus [Kronos (Cronus)] was thrust from his realm by Jove [Zeus]. In anger he stirs the mighty Titanes (Titans) to arms and seeks the assistance owed by fate. There was a shocking monster born of Mother Terra (Earth) [Gaia], a bull, whose back half was a serpent. Roaring Styx [as an ally of Zeus] imprisoned it, warned by the three Parcae (Fates) [Moirae], in a black grove with a triple wall. Whoever fed the bull's guts to consuming flames was destined to defeat the eternal gods.\"", "Tartarus: Where Greeks who live bad lives go after death Tantalus In Tartarus, their punishments equal the sins they committed on earth. Tantalus was the son of Zeus and the king of Sipylos. He was invited to share the food of the gods. However, he abused the guest-host relationship and was punished by being \"tantalized\" with hunger and thirst in Tartarus: he was immersed up to his neck in water, but when he bent to drink, it all drained away; luscious fruit hung on trees above him, but when he reached for it the winds blew the branches beyond his reach.", "In Greek mythology, Tartarus is both a deity and a place in the underworld even lower than Hades. In ancient orphic sources and in the mystery schools Tartaros is also the unbounded first-existing \"thing\" from which the Light and the cosmos is born.", "Tartarus was the terrifying area of Hades, the Underworld where wicked souls faced endless torture and punishment. The Underworld was the domain of the god Hades and other gods and goddesses associated with the inexplicable, such as death, disease, sleep, ghosts, dreams, witchcraft and enchantments. Hades the Underworld consisted of different areas where the souls of dead mortals resided. The souls of mortals who had led good lives were sent to the Elysian Fields , part of Elysium (our modern equivalent would be paradise). The souls of mortals who had led both good and evil lives on earth were sent to the Asphodel Meadows, where they were faced with endless toil. Those mortals that had led evil lives were confined in the dark depths of Tartarus, in the bowels of the earth, where no ray of sunshine nor gleam of daylight or healthy life ever appeared and the souls of the wicked suffered endless torture.", "The Asphodel Fields were for a varied selection of human souls: Those whose sins equalled their goodness, were indecisive in their lives, or were not judged. The Fields of Punishment were for people that had sinned often, but not so much as to be deserving of Tartarus. In Tartarus, the soul would be punished by being burned in lava, or stretched on racks. Some heroes of Greek legend are allowed to visit the underworld. The Romans had a similar belief system about the afterlife, with Hades becoming known as Pluto . In the ancient Greek myth about the Labours of Hercules , the hero Hercules had to travel to the underworld to capture Cerberus , the three-headed guard dog, as one of his tasks.", "\"Saturnus [Kronos (Cronus)] was thrust from his realm by Jove [Zeus]. In anger he stirs the mighty Titanes to arms and seeks the assistance owed by fate. There was a shocking monster born of Mother Terra (Earth) [Gaia], a bull, whose back half was a serpent. Roaring Styx [an ally of Zeus] imprisoned it, warned by the three Parcae [Moirai, the Fates], in a black grove with a triple wall. Whoever fed the bull's guts to consuming flames was destined to defeat the eternal gods.\"", "On Pirithous' behalf they travelled to the underworld, domain of Persephone and her husband Hades. As they wandered through the outskirts of Tartarus, Theseus sat down to rest on a rock. As he did so he felt his limbs change and grow stiff. He tried to rise but could not. He was fixed to the rock. As he turned to cry out to his friend, he saw that Pirithous too was crying out. Around him gathered the terrible band of Furies with snakes in their hair, torches and long whips in their hands. Before these monsters the hero's courage failed and he was led away to eternal punishment.", "In mythology, Tantalus became one of the inhabitants of Tartarus, the deepest portion of the Underworld, reserved for the punishment of evildoers; there Odysseus saw him. The association of Tantalus with the underworld is underscored by the names of his mother Plouto (\"riches\", as in gold and other mineral wealth), and grandmother, Chthonia (\"earth\").", "The imaginary world of the Underworld, with its different provinces, including Tartarus, was believed to be located in a subterranean region, the world of the dead where all souls passed after their time on earth. Tartarus was the most feared of all the realms. The River Styx was the great black river that encircled the Underworld, one of five rivers in the Underworld. The only way to cross the River Styx was in a ferryboat rowed by a terrible boatman named Charon the Ferryman . After facing judgement those souls who had committed evil deeds were sent to Tartarus (Hell). Tartarus was said to be surrounded by massive, solid walls of unyielding strength surrounded by the river Phlegethon. The waves of which rolled flames of fire, and lit up, with their lurid glare, the awful realm of Tartarus. The River Phlegethon (meaning flaming) was described as \"a stream of fire, which coils round the earth and flows into the depths of Tartarus\". According to some myths the River Phlegethon flowed with fire that burned but did not devour fuel, other legends say that it was made of boiling blood.", "After king Tantalus, a son of Zeus who earned the disfavor of the gods for attempting to serve his son Pelops as a meal. He was condemned to the Underworld with eternal thirst and hunger though a river and fruit tree were just beyond his grasp.", "Tantalus: Son of Zeus and Pluto (a daughter of Cronus or Atlas). Forever condemned in the Underworld with eternal hunger and thirst. He was forced to stand in a pool of water that receded just out of reach when he bent his head to drink. Similarily, a branch laden with fruit would bend just out of his reach when he attempted to satisfy his hunger. Earned the wrath of Zeus by divulging divine secrets to his friends, stealing ambrosia and nectar and giving it to mortals, and finally by killing his own son Pelops and serving him in a meal to the gods. He could make a cameo in Hades.", "Tantalus ((Greek mythology) a wicked king and son of Zeus; condemned in Hades to stand in water that receded when he tried to drink and beneath fruit that receded when he reached for it)", "The most wicked and the worst criminals are cast into Tartarus, whence they never emerge. Others, who have committed great wrongs but who nevertheless are curable, are thrown into Tartarus where they remain for some time until the waves, either of Cocytus or of Pyriphlegethon cast them out again. They then are carried by the currents to the Acherusian Lake, where they beg to those whom they have wronged to be gracious and let them come out into the lake. If they prevail and their prayers are heard by those who had been outraged by them, they may come out and their ills cease, but if not they return to Tartarus starting all over again until they prevail upon those whom they have wronged. This penalty is imposed upon them by the Judges.", "The most wicked and the worst criminals are cast into Tartarus, whence they never emerge. Others, who have committed great wrongs but who nevertheless are curable, are thrown into Tartarus where they remain for some time until the waves, either of Cocytus or of Pyriphlegethon cast them out again. They then are carried by the currents to the Acherusian Lake, where they beg to those whom they have wronged to be gracious and let them come out into the lake. If they prevail and their prayers are heard by those who had been outraged by them, they may come out and their ills cease, but if not they return to Tartarus starting all over again until they prevail upon those whom they have wronged. This penalty is imposed upon them by the Judges.", "In the family tree of Achilles, Zeus comes up several times. One of the more famous mortal sons of Zeus was Tantalus -- the one who served up his own son Pelops at a feast for the gods. The goddess Demeter, who was mourning the loss of her daughter Persephone, was too distracted to notice the feast meal consisted of human flesh, so she ate the shoulder of Pelops before the gods could restore Pelops to life. After they did revivify Pelops, Demeter replaced the missing part with an ivory shoulder. For his crime, Tantalus was sentenced to eternal suffering in the Underworld." ]

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[ "The E Street Band has been rock musician Bruce Springsteen 's primary backing band since 1972.", "Bruce Springsteen 's E Street Band kept its nucleus of Miami Steve Van Zandt (guitar/vocals/mandolin), Clarence Clemons (saxophone), Roy Bittan (piano/synthesizers), Danny Federici (organ), Garry Tallent (bass) and Max Weinberg (drums) from 1975 to 1984 when Van Zandt left and was replaced by Nils Lofgren. This lineup (often augmented by Springsteen's soon-to-be-wife Patti Scialfa as backing vocalist/acoustic guitarist) lasted until 1992 when Springsteen dissolved the band. Van Zandt augmented the reunited 1984-92 lineup in 1995 for new tracks on a Greatest Hits Album , but more or less was out of action until 1999. This lineup (Van Zandt/Lofgren/Bittan/Federici/Clemons/Tallent/Weinberg/Scialfa) lasted until Federici's death in 2008 (Charlie Giordiano replaced him) and Clemons' death in 2011 (Clemons' son Jake, plus a brass section replaced Clarence). This remains the lineup as of 2014. Guitarist Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine sat in with the band since 2012. (Occasionally, Springsteen would add a female violinist; Suki Lahav in 1975, Soozie Tyrell since 1992.)", "In 1972, Bruce Springsteen signed a record contract with Columbia Records and released his first album the following year. Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973) and his second album, The Wild, the Innocent, & the E Street Shuffle (1973), were released to critical acclaim but without much commercial success. In 1974, Bruce Springsteen finalized the structure of the E Street Band. Membership has changed over time, but currently includes Garry Tallent on bass guitar and tuba, Max Weinberg on drums, Roy Bittan on piano and synthesizer, Steve Van Zandt on lead guitar, Nils Lofgren on pedal steel guitar, and Patti Scialfa on backing and duet vocals and acoustic guitar. It wasn't until the release of Born to Run (1975) that Bruce Springsteen was sent into superstardom as a singer and songwriter. By this stage in his career, everyone was looking to buy Bruce Springsteen tickets. Critics were wild with Brucemania, and one of them even left his job to become Bruce Springsteen's manager, according to All Music Guide .", "Steven Van Zandt (born November 22, 1950) is an American musician, songwriter, arranger, record producer, actor, and radio disc jockey, who frequently goes by the stage names Little Steven or Miami Steve. He is a member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, in which he plays guitar and mandolin. He has also acted in television dramas such as The Sopranos (1999–2007) and Lilyhammer (2012–2014). Van Zandt also had his own solo band called Little Steven and The Disciples of Soul in the 1980s. In 2014, Van Zandt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band.", "In 1984, he joined Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band as the replacement for Steven Van Zandt on guitar and vocals, in time for Springsteen's massive Born in the U.S.A. Tour. Following the tour he appeared on Late Night with David Letterman, to promote his 1985 solo release Flip. The E Street Band toured again with Springsteen in 1988 on the Tunnel of Love Express and Human Rights Now!. In 1989 Springsteen broke up the E Street Band, but Lofgren and Van Zandt rejoined when Springsteen revived the band in 1999 for their Reunion Tour, followed by The Rising and another massive tour in 2002 and 2003, then again for the Magic album and world tour of 2007/2008, and most recently in 2012–2013 for the Wrecking Ball Tour and in 2014 for the High Hopes Tour.", "Van Zandt was replaced by Nils Lofgren , a guitar wizard who had played with Neil Young and fronted his own critically acclaimed band, Grin. To cover the bulk of Van Zandt’s vocals, he brought in Patti Scialfa, a mainstay of the Asbury Park scene who had auditioned for a Springsteen offshoot called Dr. Zoom and the Sonic Boom back in 1971.", "No set details known. Bruce & E Street Band rehearsal at the premises that had once been home to Clarence’s club Big Man’s West. Due to new band member Nils Lofgren’s recurring laryngitis problems (a result of mononucleosis) ex-Tone/Asbury Jukes backup singer Patti Scialfa is invited to the rehearsal and given a tryout to be Bruce’s support vocalist.", "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and humanitarian. He is best known for his work with his E Street Band. Nicknamed \"The Boss\", Springsteen is widely known for his brand of poetic lyrics, Americana, working class and sometimes political sentiments centered on his native New Jersey, his distinctive voice and his lengthy and energetic stage performances, with concerts from the 1970s to the present decade running over three hours in length.", "Nils Lofgren was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 as a member of Bruce Springsteen’s E Street Band, with whom he first performed some thirty years ago. Joining in time for The Boss’s now-legendary Born In The USA tour, Lofgren played with E Street until Springsteen called time on the band in the late 1980s. He's appeared with them on numerous tours since their reformation in 1999. A world-class guitarist hailed by the likes of Sting and Neil Young (as well as Springsteen, obviously), he’s here visiting an impressive back-catalogue that includes such favourites as Shine Silently, I Came To Dance and Keith Don’t Go.", "Other musicians important to the band include guitarist Nils Lofgren (who stepped in after Van Zandt quit); guitarist/singer Patti Scialfa (who is also Springsten's wife); and pianist David Sancious and drummers \"Mad Dog\" Vini Lopez and Ernest \"Boom\" Carter, who all had left the band prior to Born to Run. Also, The Rising tour saw the official addition of violinist Soozie Tyrell.", "When not working with Springsteen, members of the band have recorded solo material and have pursued successful careers as session musicians, record producers, songwriters, actors and other roles in entertainment. The most well known in their separate careers are drummer Max Weinberg, who has led his own band, first on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and then on the Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, from 1993–2010, and guitarist Steven Van Zandt, who starred as Silvio Dante in the HBO television series, The Sopranos, from 1999 to 2007, and as Frank \"The Fixer\" Tagliano in the current Netflix series, Lilyhammer.", "Concerts were a different story. Live performances were almost always billed as Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, and Springsteen pointed the spotlight on the brand logostyle of the band onstage. In each concert, Springsteen typically would extend one song (between 1974 and 1984, almost always \"Rosalita\") to involve an elaborate introduction of each member of the band, introducing nicknames, characterizing each player (\"Professor\" Roy Bittan, \"Miami\" Steve Van Zandt, \"Phantom\" Dan Federici, \"Mighty\" Max Weinberg, and Garry \"W.\" Tallent), whipping the song and the audience into a frenzy for the final, over-the-top introduction of the \"Big Man\", Clarence Clemons. More substantially, Springsteen split concert revenues equally with the band members, a practice almost unheard of for backing bands in the music industry.", "Nils Lofgren: Before he joined the E Street Band, Lofgren was one of those whiz-kid prodigies who wound up playing guitar on Neil Young’s After the Gold Rush when he was 17. The fact that being a member of Crazy Horse at that age didn’t kill him is impressive enough, but he’s also had a long and respected solo career outside of the E Street Band. UNDERRATED.", "When not working with Springsteen, members of the band have recorded solo material and have pursued successful careers as session musicians , record producers , songwriters , actors , and other roles in entertainment. The most well known in their separate careers are Max Weinberg , who has led his own band , first on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and then on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien , from 1993–2010, and Steven Van Zandt , who starred as Silvio Dante in the television series The Sopranos from 1999 to 2007.", "Op 18 september aanstaande verschijnt het eerste ‘echte nieuwe’ van Darlene Love album sinds tientallen jaren: ‘Introducing Darlene Love’. Steven Van Zandt (Bruce Springsteen’s E-Street Band / & TV) trok aan de kar, hij tekende Darlene op zijn Wicked Cool label en is tevens producer van dienst. Het album is het een mix geworden van nieuwe nummers geschreven door een paar ‘bekende vrienden’ zoals Bruce Springsteen, Elvis Costello, Steve Van Zandt, etc, aangevuld met een aantal covers (zie tracklisting hieronder).", "Springsteen disbanded Steel Mill in early 1971, intending to put together a band with a brass section and several singers. Meanwhile, he formed Dr. Zoom and the Sonic Boom, which played only three dates. Eventually, the Bruce Springsteen Band was formed with Lopez, Federici, Van Zandt (now on guitar), pianist and guitarist David Sancious, bassist Garry Tallent, and a four-piece brass section. After the group's first show, the brass section was dropped and Clarence Clemons, a football-player-turned-tenor-saxophonist (a knee injury aborted his pro career), joined the band. The group didn't last; by autumn 1971 Springsteen was working solo.", "Although he had left the band more than two years earlier, Steven Van Zandt was invited back to perform in this video, but the two new members of the band, Nils Lofgren and Patti Scialfa, who had not been on the record at all, were also featured. Springsteen's then-wife Julianne Phillips made a cameo appearance at the baseball field at the end.", "While in college, Springsteen formed a group with some local musicians, including drummer Vini \"Mad Dog\" Lopez and keyboardist Danny Federici. Called Child, and then Steel Mill, the group worked the Atlantic coast down to Virginia. In summer 1969 Steel Mill visited California (where Springsteen's parents had moved); club dates in San Francisco led to a show at Bill Graham's Fillmore and a contract offer from Graham's Fillmore Records, which Steel Mill turned down because the advance was too small. The band returned east and was joined by an old friend of Springsteen's, Miami Steve Van Zandt, on bass.", "Scialfa maintains her music industry friendships over many years. Her friendship with Soozie Tyrell and Lisa Lowell pre-date their mutual work as background vocalists and musicians on the Buster Poindexter 'aka' David Johansen album (featuring a Soca song by Arrow, \"Hot Hot Hot!\") in 1987; Lowell and Tyrell have since worked on various Springsteen-Scialfa recording projects and Tyrell, violinist, has recorded and toured with Springsteen and the E Street Band. ", "Van Zandt grew up in the Jersey Shore music scene, and was an early friend and pre-E Street bandmate of Bruce Springsteen. In the early seventies, he was a journeyman guitarist working as a sideman for The Dovells and several of Bruce Springsteen's early bands.", "Meanwhile Van Zandt also began to establish himself a reputation as a producer/songwriter. Apart from helping out with production on Springsteen albums, he worked with his \"other band,\" Southside Johnny & the Asbury Jukes , as well as with Ronnie Spector and Gary U.S. Bonds , before he launched his own solo career as Little Steven . The E Street Band and Springsteen regularly helped out on all these projects. In 1977 they recorded a single with Ronnie Spector featuring a cover of the Billy Joel song, \" Say Goodbye to Hollywood \", and a Van Zandt original, \"Baby Please Don't Go.\" This was the first time the band received a full credit. In 1978, Weinberg and Tallent became \"honorary Jukes\" when they recorded Hearts of Stone with Southside Johnny .", "Van Zandt then started to switch off between writing for the Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and touring with the E Street Band. In 1975, during the recording sessions for Born to Run, Springsteen – at a loss (according to author Dave Marsh in the Springsteen biography Born To Run) for ideas on how to arrange the horn part for \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\" – called on Van Zandt and his encyclopedic knowledge of soul music for help with the arrangement. In the Wings for Wheels documentary, Springsteen revealed that Van Zandt was partially responsible for the signature guitar line in \"Born to Run\"; \"Arguably Steve's greatest contribution to my music.\" Before this, Van Zandt had only been helping Springsteen write material for the band. Ultimately, Van Zandt ended up joining the E Street Band in the midst of their Born to Run tours.", "The music is jocular, consisting of what Springsteen biographer Dave Marsh called \"rinky-dink organ, honky-tonk piano, and garage-band guitar kicked along by an explosive tom-tom pattern.\" There is also a subtle mandolin accompaniment from Steven Van Zandt that can be heard doubling the organ part during the instrumental interlude in the middle of the song and the fadeout at the end.", "* Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar, mandolin, bass guitar, keyboards, harmonica, percussion, drum machines", "Aerosmith is a prominent American rock band. Three of its members, Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and Tom Hamilton, first met in Sunapee, New Hampshire in the late 60s, but it wasn't until 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, that the three decided to form a band together. Later, they met up with Joey Kramer (drums) and Brad Whitford (rhythm guitar). The band enjoyed major popularity throughout the 70s, making rock anthems such as \"Dream On\" and \"Sweet Emotion\", but they split from 1979-84 due to serious in-group arguments and substance abuse problems that contributed to their decline.", "Lofgren observes which instruments Springsteen and Steven Van Zandt are strapping on, then instantly decides what sound will best complement them.", "The album's singles were \"Walls (Circus)\" (featuring Lindsey Buckingham), \"Climb that Hill,\" and a song written by Lucinda Williams, \"Change the Locks.\" The album also included a cover of \"Asshole,\" a song by Beck. The same year, the band accompanied Johnny Cash on Unchained (provisionally entitled \"Petty Cash\"), for which Cash would win a Grammy for Best Country Album (Cash would later cover Petty's \"I Won't Back Down\" on American III: Solitary Man). Read Less", "“Riders”, the album’s closer, is a unique song in the history of rock n roll. With several influences including, the traditional cowboy song “Ghost Riders in the Sky” and Morrison’s own defunct film, HWY: An American Pastoral as well as his poems. Often considered a Morrison masterpiece, because of its haunting theme and whispered background vocals, the song is really a showcase for the other three band members – guitarist Robbie Krieger, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, and drummer John Densmore – who use the song as a preview of the group’s new direction.", "Tommy Funderburk (singer; The Front, solo, has recorded with artists such as Jon Anderson, Laura Branigan, Coverdale-Page, Melissa Manchester, Magnum, Mötley Crüe, Steve Lukather, Richard Marx, Rick Springfield, Richie Kotzen, Starship, REO Speedwagon, Whitesnake, Yes + more) -", "By Drive-by Truckers. Song is about famous musicians Ronnie Van Zant and Neil Young. References made to Neil Young's \"Southern Man\" song and Lynyrd Skynyrd's response song, \"", "In February 2006, Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers agreed to be the headline act at the fifth annual Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival. Following that announcement came the itinerary for Tom & the Heartbreakers' \"30th Anniversary Tour.\" Special guests included Stevie Nicks, Pearl Jam, the Allman Brothers, Trey Anastasio, The Derek Trucks Band, and the Black Crowes (who also opened for Petty on their 2005 Summer Tour). Stevie Nicks would join Tom and the Heartbreakers on stage for renditions of \"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around\" and \"Insider,\" and \"I Need to Know\" where Nicks took the lead vocal spot. Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam also joined Tom and the Heartbreakers on stage at some shows where Vedder sang the lead on \"The Waiting\" (which is available on the Runnin' Down a Dream package: bonus features) and a verse in the concert-closer \"American Girl.\"", "When we spoke with Rickey Medlocke , a member of the band in their early years who returned to the fold in 1996, he said that Van Zant \"loved Neil Young.\" Added Medlocke, \"I know there has been a lot of controversy about Neil Young and Ronnie having some kind of tiff, but they really didn't.\"" ]

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[ "Magnesium (pronounced /mæɡˈniːziəm/, mag-NEE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12 and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the ninth most abundant element in the universe by mass.[2]", "Magnesium, symbol Mg and atomic number 12, is sivery-white lightweight metal in the alkaline earth series that ignites easily in air and burns with a bright light. The name originates from Magnesia, an area in Thessaly in Greece where magnetite and manganese are also found. The antisceptic properties of Epsom salts (hydrated magnesium sulphate) were recognised in the early 17th century but magnesium was not identified as an element separate from calcium until the work of Joseph Black in 1755. Sir Humphrey Davy was the first to isolate magnesium metal in 1808. Magnesium has many uses, for instance in lightweight alloys and fireworks, and is an essential element in both plant and animal life.", "Magnesium – is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Its common oxidation number is +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth’s crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole.", "Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Its common oxidation number is +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole.", "Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all Group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.", "The name originates from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia . It is related to magnetite and manganese , which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances. See manganese for this history.", "The name magnesium originates from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. It is related to magnetite and manganese, which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances. See manganese for this history.", "Magnesium (chemical symbol Mg; atomic number 12) is an alkaline earth metal. Like the other alkaline earth metals, magnesium is a shiny, silvery metal at room temperature and pressure. However, it tarnishes quickly on being exposed to air. Magnesium is chemically very reactive (it bonds easily with other elements) so it is never found in nature in elemental form, but it can be obtained by from magnesium salts dissolved in seawater. It burns with a brilliant white light, making it useful for emergency flares and firework sparklers.", "Magnesium (12 Mg) and manganese (25 Mn): As with magnetite, the iron oxide ore with which most people associate the term ‘magnetic’, these two elements are named for Magnesia , the region of Thessaly , Greece with which they were associated with in antiquity.  ‘Manganese’ is a borrowing from Italian and itself a corruption of ‘Magnesia’.", "Magnesium Mg Greek Μαγνησία (Magnesia) toponym From the Ancient Greek, \"Μαγνήσια\" ( Magnesia ) (district in Thessaly ), where discovered.", "(Chemical symbol Mg.) – Element No. 12 of the periodic system; atomic weight 24.305. Specific gravity 1.77 with a melting point of approximately 1160°F. A silver-white light malleable, ductile metallic element that occurs abundantly in nature. The metal is used in metallurgical and chemical processes; in photography, in signaling, and in the manufacture of pyrotechnics because of the intense white light it produces on burning.", "Magnesium, Mg. Magnesium is very common in the earth's crust, but only in compounds. The metal is a light, strong, metal element that will burn (in thin pieces) in air with a bright blue-white flame. It is used in places where tough metal alloys are needed to be light weight, such as automobile wheels (mag wheels) and airplane and helicopter bodies.", "From Magnesia, district in Thessaly. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.", "Magnesium is the seventh most abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass or molarity.[2] It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals, and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble. In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well there. The cows refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste, but the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The substance became known as Epsom salts and its fame spread; it was eventually recognized to be hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.", "Medieval Latin: magnesia) Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into \"manganese\" in Italian and into \"manganèse\" in French. 109 Meitnerium Mt Meitner, Lise eponym Named in honour of Lise Meitner , who shared discovery of nuclear fission . [12] It has also been called eka-iridium [25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une). [12] 101 Mendelevium Md Mendeleyev, Dmitri eponym Named in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev , who invented periodic table . [32] It has also been called eka-thulium [25] and would have been temporarily called, by IUPAC, unnilunium (Unu) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time. [12] 80 Mercury Hg Latin Mercurius Mercury mythological Named after Mercury , the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the planet Mercury named after the god.", "The name magnesium goes back many centuries. It was selected in honor of a region in Greece known as Magnesia. The region contains large supplies of magnesium compounds.", "Magnesium is the seventh most abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and eighth by molarity. [1] It is found in large deposits of magnesite , dolomite , and other minerals , and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble. In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well. They refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste. However the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The fame of Epsom salts spread. Eventually they were recognized to be hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.", "Magnesium and calcium are very common in the earth's crust, with calcium the fifth-most-abundant element, and magnesium the eighth. None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state, but magnesium and calcium are found in many rocks and minerals: magnesium in carnallite, magnesite, and dolomite; and calcium in chalk, limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite.", "a chemical element that is a light grey metal. Magnesium burns very brightly and is used in photography and for making fireworks.", "Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Elemental gallium is a soft, silvery blue metal at standard temperature and pressure, a brittle solid at low temperatures, and a liquid at temperatures greater than (slightly above room temperature). The melting point of gallium is used as a temperature reference point. The alloy galinstan (68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, and 10% tin) has an even lower melting point of , well below the freezing point of water.", "One radioactive isotope of magnesium, magnesium-28, also exists. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive. Magnesium-28 has no important commercial uses.", "Gallium (symbol Ga and atomic number 31), a grayish metal, melts at 303.3 K. Gallium can be melted by body temperature, as in a gloved hand. This element displays low toxicity, so it's available online and may be used safely for science experiments. In addition to melting it in your hand, it can be substituted for mercury in the \" beating heart \" experiment and can be used to make spoons that vanish when used to stir hot liquids.", "Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral. The most common naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble barium sulfate, BaSO4 (barite), and barium carbonate, BaCO3(witherite). Barium's name originates from Greek barys (βαρύς), meaning \"heavy\", describing the high density of some common barium-containing ores.", "Tantalum ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, the name comes from Tantalus, a character from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor component in alloys. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum, but its main use today is in tantalum capacitors in electronic equipment such as mobile phones, DVD players, video game systems and computers.", "\"Caesium\" or \"cesium\" is a chemical element with symbol \"Cs\" and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. The metal is extremely reactive and pyrophoric, reacting with water even at −116 °C . It is the least electronegative element with a stable isotope, caesium-133. Caesium is mined mostly from pollucite, while the radioisotopes, especially caesium-137, a fission product, are extracted from waste produced by nuclear reactors.", "Is a chemical element with a known symbol and atomic number and a silver white metal.", "a grayish-white element having a metallic luster, vaporizing when heated, and forming poisonous compounds. Symbol: As; atomic weight: 74.92; atomic number: 33.", "The symbol for the planet with the same name has been used since ancient times to represent the element.", "ἀργήντος - argēntos, gen. of ἀργήεις - argēeis, \"white, shining\" ) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it", "at least one cation c) selected from a cation of a metal of subgroup 1 to 3 and 5 to 8, including a lanthanide, and of main group 2 of the periodic table of the elements;", "a chemical element (symbol P) with an atomic number of 15, that exists in several allotropic forms.", "A type of group B element that is contained in the D-Block of the Periodic Table." ]

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[ "Amadeus was a 1984 film adapted from a stage play of the same name by Peter Shaffer. It examines Mozart's (mostly later) life from the perspective of court composer Antonio Salieri, whom the film portrays as the force behind Mozart's early death, his failure to succeed financially, and also his rival.", "The 1984 movie “Amadeus” points a finger at rival composer Antonio Salieri, but there are plenty of other theories as to what caused Mozart’s sudden illness and death. A few favorites include:", "Mozart’s statements about his belief in being poisoned has raised a raging controversy about how he really died and whether he was murdered. Many are familiar with the play Amadeus by Peter Shaffer and the movie version exploring the long held idea that the genius composer was poisoned by royal court chorale master Antonio Salieri. Salieri was indeed demonstrably close to Mozart. Salieri, three other musicians and Mozart’s patron Baron Gottfried van Swieten, who’d made the funeral arrangements, were the only attendees at the funeral of the greatest composer of the time. Salieri was accused of the crime in his lifetime by innuendo and suffered under the accusation until his own death. But this is not the only salacious murder conspiracy theory.", "The most frequently cited, romantic theory is that Antonio Salieri was so insanely jealous of Mozart’s genius that he conspired to kill him. Mozart endured 15 days of excruciating pain, swelling and discomfort before his death, but his symptoms on the whole were not consistent with poisoning. ", "Antonio Salieri, Mozart’s rival, was rumored to “confess” to murdering Mozart before his own death in 1825. In 1897, Nikolai Rimksy-Korsakov (1844-1908) wrote an opera called Mozart and Salieri.[9]", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Austrian, 1756-1791) wrote an astonishing number of great compositions by any standard; but his achievement is particularly impressive because he died so young, at the age of 35. His music has always been popular, but the public appetite for it increased and his image was rather altered by the sensational 1979 Peter Shaffer play and the 1984 film based on it, entitled Amadeus , in which he engages in a doomed struggle with the much less talented Antonio Salieri. Experts often deride this drama for distorting Mozart's image, but it is not a bad introduction to his music; and the net result was probably that the general public responded to his works even more intensely than they had before.", "Was the great composer slowly poisoned by his jealous rival, the conductor and composer Antonio Salieri, that evil character played by F Murray Abraham in Milos Foreman's Oscar-winning film 'Amadeus'? Is it true that Salieri confessed to this murder on his deathbed 34 years later?", "When the quirky Count von Walsegg's wife Anna died on Valentine’s Day 1791, it set in motion a series of events that, one could argue, has never stopped. Walsegg, an accomplished musician himself, anonymously commissioned the piece, totally spooking an already unstable Mozart in the process (he'd been taken ill after a performance of La Clemenza di Tito ). Mozart became consumed by the work, believing he had been cursed to write a requiem for himself, because he was about to die.", "Amadeus is a 1984 American period drama film directed by Miloš Forman, written by Peter Shaffer, and adapted from Shaffer's stage play Amadeus (1979). The story, set in Vienna, Austria, during the latter half of the 18th century, is a fictionalized biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart's music is heard extensively in the soundtrack of the movie. ", "Monday 5 December 1791 — if any day can claim to be 'the day the music died' it is surely this one. At 5 minutes to one in the morning, Mozart’s life ended. Constanze wept uncontrollably by his corpse and refused to leave his side.", "Mozart was a virtuoso pianist. His nineteen piano sonatas are among his most popular compositions, studied by countless piano students since then. Although he wrote symphonies and other works as well, opera was still the most prestigious musical genre. One of the leading opera composers at Vienna was Christoph Gluck (1714-1787). Mozart eagerly sought opportunities to compose for the stage, and his first great success was Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782). His next operas were Italian comic operas, The Marriage of Figaro from 1786 and Don Giovanni, which premiered in Prague in 1787. His successful The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte in German) premiered in Vienna in September 1791, just a few months before he died, on 5 December 1791. Mozart’s last year was a very productive one and included his unfinished Requiem, his final work and widely considered one of his best.", "Unfortunately, Mozart died on December 5, 1791, before the Requiem could be completed. He had composed the voice parts, bass and orchestration of the early movements - the voice parts and bass of the \"Domine Jesu\" and \"Hostias\", and the first eight bars of the vocal parts to the \"Lacrymosa\". His death left his widow Constanze with the responsibility of delivering a completed score or returning the commission fee of 50 ducats. Since she and Wolfgang had been financially distressed for years, she decided to engage Joseph Leopold Eybler, a student of Mozart's, to complete the task. After Eybler failed to deliver, Mozart's friend and favorite pupil, Franz Xaver S�ssmayr, finally recopied the completed portions and added the remaining movements. How much of the music is truly S�ssmayr's is purely conjecture because during Mozart's illness Eybler visited the house frequently to discuss the progress of the project and sight-read vocal ideas with the composer. When Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in Vienna in 1791, not having reached his thirty-sixth birthday, he left to the world a catalogue of works, which in size, variety and mastery is the most prodigious in musical history. Starting at the age of five, in thirty years Mozart had composed forty-one symphonies, twenty-one operas, and hundreds of instrumental and choral pieces. Ludwig von K�chel's catalogue of Mozart's works lists over six hundred compositions, granting the final K�chel number, K626, to Mozart's final masterpiece, the Requiem.", "December 5, 1791 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died a pauper at age 35 in Vienna, Austria. He had become seriously ill and rapidly declined, leading to speculation that he had been poisoned, although this was later proven false. During his brief life, he created over 600 musical compositions and is widely considered one of the finest composers who ever lived.", "The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died on 5 December 1791 at the age of 35. The circumstances of his death have attracted much research and speculation. Some principal sources of contention are as follows.", "Salieri (F. Murray Abraham, who won the Best Actor Oscar for his portrayal), a famous composer in Mozart's day but now incarcerated in an insane asylum, begins his final confession to a young cleric. He tells the story of his relationship with Mozart (Tom Hulce), in a 30-year flashback to when he", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, full name Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 â 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. His over 600 compositions include works widely acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music. Mozart is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, and many of his works are part of the standard concert repertoire.", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was doing poorly on the eve of December 4. He had a high fever and was delusional. When a doctor drew blood and placed a cool cloth on his forehead, Mozart lost consciousness. At 1am on December 5 he died suddenly and unexpectedly. Constanze was wracked by grief. Friends took care of the burial. After the death of Mozart, his corpse was briefly consecrated in a cheap fir coffin outside St. Stephen’s Cathedral. He was brought to the St. Marx Cemetery outside Vienna without any funeral cortege. Only the undertaker kept him company as the corpse, covered in a linen cloth, was lowered into a simple grave with five further deceased. The exact spot remains unknown. A monument, erected many years after the death of Mozart at St. Marx Cemetery, commemorates the great composer and musician.", "Work on Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute) occupied much of Mozart’s time in the first half of 1791, in collaboration with his friend and fellow-Mason, Schikaneder. It was interrupted in July by the appearance of a mysterious messenger from an unidentified patron: Mozart, for a considerable fee, was to compose a Requiem Mass. Attempts by amateur composers to shine with someone else’s work were not unheard of in the days before copyright protection. Mozart, however, in poor health and greatly depressed, was shaken by the experience and obsessed by the idea that this was to be his own Mass for the Dead.", "Mozart had mentioned to Constanze few weeks before his death that he fears to be poisoned. After he dies, rumours go through Vienna, often pointing towards his competitor Antonio Salieri. However, syphilis, heart issues and the brutal medical treatments of the time might be more realistic causes for the death of Mozart. Mozart is buried in a mass grave at the St. Marx cemetery. The grave is later determined - as good as possible - and some remains are transferred to a musician′s honour grave and memorial in the Vienna central cemetery.", "The Magic Flute is a singspiel in two acts by the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , who is also known for his other operas like Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte, and The Marriage of Figaro, as well as symphonies and other works. The Magic Flute was composed in 1791, with a libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder, a composer, actor, and theater director who had commissioned this setting of his own text.", "Constanze greeted her sister's arrival with relief, saying that Mozart had spent a restless night, and begged her to stay. \"Ah, dear Sophie, how glad I am that you have come,\" the musician said. \"You must stay here tonight and see me die.\" With him was a young assistant named Sussmayr, to whom Mozart was giving instructions for the completion of his last composition, a Requiem Mass. A priest was summoned, then a doctor, who ordered cold compresses to be placed on the patient's fevered brow. About an hour before midnight Mozart lost consciousness; at 12:55 A.M. on December 5, 1791, he died. The former child prodigy and prolific composer was two months short of his 36th birthday.", "Die Zauberflöte (The magic flute) is among the best known of the 22 operas written by the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–91). Mozart composed the opera in the spring and summer of 1791, with the exception of the Overture and the March of the Priests at the beginning of Act II. These parts were completed only a few days before the premiere on September 30 of that year. Shown here is Mozart’s original manuscript score. During the initial phase of work, Mozart normally wrote only the melody portion and the bass line, as well as several structurally significant figures in the middle range. Only later did he add the remaining instruments, in some cases using a different color of ink. Various colors of ink can be seen on many pages of the score, and the differences between them provide insights into Mozart’s process of composition. Mozart’s final opera, The Magic Flute was controversial for what it revealed about freemasonry; both the composer and librettist Emanuel Schikaneder were masons. The opera is an allegory concerning the struggle between The Queen of the Night, representing darkness and repression of knowledge, and Sarastro, an enlightened benevolent monarch whose rule is based on wisdom and reason. Tamino and Papageno struggle by trial and error between these opposing forces to find a heaven on Earth and enduring love. The fable is both profound and fantastical, and the work is a staple of opera houses worldwide.", "     On February 14, 1791 the Count's beloved wife, Anna von Walsegg n�e von Flammberg suddenly died at the age of twenty. Deeply affected by his loss, the Count resolved to honor her memory in two ways. He would build a magnificent memorial for her remains and he would commission a requiem mass to be performed every year on the anniversary of her passing. To this end, he charged his attorney, Dr. Johann Sortschan, with making the necessary arrangements stipulating that Mozart should provide the requiem. As usual, Walsegg intended to claim the requiem as his own. Thus, the first deception was set into motion.", "On the evening 4 December, 1791, the doctor was called to Mozart's house. Mozart was sinking fast; he had a high fever, red hot forehead and he was covered in sweat. The Doctor eventually arrived at 11pm and prescribed cold compresses to be placed across Mozart's head. As soon as the cold cloths were applied he lost consciousness forever. He died a few hours later, on the morning of 5 December, 1791. His final utterances were the drum patterns he was describing for the Requiem.", "In July 1791, the last year of his life, Mozart was already well advanced in writing ' when he was asked to compose an opera seria. The commission came from the impresario Domenico Guardasoni, who lived in Prague and who had been charged by the Estates of Bohemia with providing a new work to celebrate the coronation of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, as King of Bohemia. The coronation had been planned by the Estates in order to ratify a political agreement between Leopold and the nobility of Bohemia (it had rescinded efforts of Leopold's brother Joseph II to initiate a program to free the serfs of Bohemia and increase the tax burden of aristocratic landholders). Leopold desired to pacify the Bohemian nobility in order to forestall revolt and strengthen his empire in the face of political challenges engendered by the French Revolution. The ceremony was to take place on 6 September; Guardasoni had been approached about the opera in June. No opera of Mozart was more clearly pressed into the service of a political agenda than ', in this case to promote the reactionary political and social policies of an aristocratic elite. No evidence exists to evaluate Mozart's attitude toward this, or even whether he was aware of the internal political conflicts raging in the kingdom of Bohemia in 1791. ", "At the time of Mozart's death on 5 December 1791, only the opening movement (Requiem aeternam) was completed in all of the orchestral and vocal parts. The following Kyrie (a double fugue ) and most of the sequence (from Dies Irae to Confutatis) were complete only in the vocal parts and the continuo (the figured organ bass), though occasionally some of the prominent orchestral parts have been briefly indicated, such as the violin part of the Confutatis and the musical bridges in the Recordare . The last movement of the sequence, the Lacrimosa, breaks off after only eight bars and was unfinished. The following two movements of the Offertorium were again partially done – the Domine Jesu Christe in the vocal parts and continuo (up until the fugue, which contains some indications of the violin part) and the Hostias in the vocal parts only.", "One of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's most well-known pieces, \"The Marriage of Figaro,\" is performed here by an unknown symphonic orchestra. The picture is one of Mozart himself. Enjoy and thanks for watching.", "Requiem for dreams … Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart by painter Johann Georg Edlinger. Photograph: Sean Gallup/Getty Images", "Of far more dramatic musical impact is the entrance of the vengeful ghost (specifically, a stone statue come to life) near the end of the opera. He has come to demand repentance of the villain; otherwise he is prepared to take Giovanni to hell. The music by which the ghost appears is some of the most formidable that Mozart would ever write. He had placed hints at the beginning of the overture; the foreboding chords symbolize Giovanni’s fate and foreshadow the massive movement of the statue that will end the libertine’s adventures. The scene is so powerful that many performances in the 1800s ended with Giovanni’s descent into hell rather than with Mozart’s light final scene.", "- The Lost Amadeus (1990) ... (writer: \"Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, K.219, 1st Movement\", \"Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major), K. 525, 2nd Movement\" - uncredited)", "By this time Mozart had written 41 symphonies, 27 piano concertos, 22 operas, 17 (and a half) masses… and he’d been dead for five years.", "His opera Don Giovanni ends with its title womanizer being dragged to Hell by a statue. Name this Austrian composer who wrote Don Giovanni." ]

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[ "Richard Warren Sears (December 7, 1863 – September 28, 1914) was a manager, businessman, and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Alvah Curtis Roebuck.", "Sears (officially Sears, Roebuck & Co.) is an American chain of department stores. Sears is mainly known for its appliances, hardware, and clothing. The company was founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck in 1886; it was previously based in the Sears Tower in Chicago, and is currently headquartered in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. It began as a mail order catalog company, and began opening retail locations in 1925. The company was bought by the American discount store chain Kmart in 2005, which was in bankruptcy at the time and renamed itself Sears Holdings upon completion of the merger. In terms of domestic revenue, Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until October 1989, when it was surpassed by Walmart. It is the fifth-largest American department store company by sales as of October 2013 (behind Walmart, Target, Best Buy, and Home Depot), and it is the twelfth-largest retailer in the country overall. It operates divisions in Canada and Mexico, among several subsidiaries within its brand.", "Along with his partner, Alvah Roebuck, Richard Sears opened one of the first mail-order businesses. In 1895, they rolled out their first catalogue, a 532-page behemoth containing thousands of items, enough to supply every need a family could have. Sears was a master marketer, an apostle of advertising, and it pioneered such innovations as the money-back guarantee. By the 1920s, Sears was selling everything from houses (now highly desirable collector�s residences) to violins. Local merchants couldn�t compete, and the culture of mom-and-pop stores was devastated by modern marketing and low prices.", "Alvah Curtis Roebuck (January 9, 1864 – June 18, 1948) was a manager at, Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Richard Warren Sears.", "By 1883, Montgomery Ward's catalog had gained much steam and was even dubbed \"The Wish Book.\" The catalog was 240 pages and had 10,000 items. Unfortunately, in 1896, others began to take note of Ward's success, and competition entered the playing field. The first serious competitor was Alvah Roebuck, co-founder of Sears, Roebuck and Co., who mailed out his catalog.", "In the late 1800s Chicago grew as a national retail center and produced a crop of brand-name business tycoons, including Philip Armour, George Pullman, Potter Palmer and Marshall Field. In 1885 Chicago gave the world its first skyscraper, the 10-story Home Insurance Building . In later years architects Louis Sullivan, Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius all added to the city’s growing skyline. In 1893 Chicago hosted the World’s Columbian Exposition, which drew over 20 million visitors to its “White City” of plaster Gilded Age buildings built on former bogland beside Chicago’s south lakefront", "In 1896 Richard Sears added a spring and fall catalog and enlarged the size. He also extended an open invitation for all customers to visit the company�s Chicago headquarters. For the first time the company charged for the catalog. Sears tried to mitigate the 25-cent fee by promising to apply the fee to any orders over 10 dollars. Specialty catalogs now appeared covering such items as bicycles, books, clothing, groceries, pianos and organs, and sewing machines. Sears sold the earliest entertainment centers in the form of magic lanterns. These were either a single slide type, or a version called the chromatrope, which showed a succession of slides giving the viewers a motion picture feel.", "Mail-order retailing became a big business in Chicago. During the half century that followed the establishment of a mail-order company by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872, Chicago companies dominated the business of selling directly to consumers across the country by using catalogs and deliveries through the mail. Montgomery Ward and Sears, both based in Chicago, were the leaders of the early mail-order industry and became giant enterprises through catalog sales long before they began to open retail stores. Even after the 1920s, when the growth of the mail-order business slowed, Chicago companies continued to stand among its leaders. By the end of the twentieth century, when Wards went out of business entirely and Sears no longer issued giant catalogs, the city's mail-order industry was no longer the precocious adolescent it had been in 1900. Nevertheless, Chicago remained home to several leading companies in an evolving but still important sector of the economy.", "Julius Rosenwald (1862–1932) was another self-made wealthy man with whom Washington found common ground. By 1908 Rosenwald, son of an immigrant clothier, had become part-owner and president of Sears, Roebuck and Company in Chicago. Rosenwald was a philanthropist who was deeply concerned about the poor state of African-American education, especially in the Southern states, where their schools were underfunded.", "In 1823, Alexander Turney Stewart arrived in the U.S. from Ireland and created the world's largest department store at the time, becoming the developer of mail-order shopping. When he died in 1876 he was worth the equivalent of $90billion.", "During the buying trip, Woolworth met a young clerk, William Lawrence Stephenson, who was recommended to him by John Wanamaker. Wanamaker had established a large chain of department stores across the United States and was one of Woolworth's heroes. Stephenson was invited to London to meet Woolworth again, and was offered the job as director of the new company, which he accepted. ", "In 1891, 29-year-old William Wrigley Jr. (1861–1932) came to Chicago from Philadelphia with $32 and the idea to start a business selling Wrigley's Scouring Soap. Wrigley offered premiums as an incentive to buy his soap, such as baking powder. Later in his career, he switched to the baking powder business, in which he began offering two packages of chewing gum for each purchase of a can of baking powder. The popular premium, chewing gum, began to seem more promising.", "Death of J(ames) C(ash) Penney, American businessman, founder of one of the largest chains of department stores in the USA", "The land for the building, chosen by William Wrigley Jr., is unique because of its triangular shape. Mr. Wrigley's goal was to create an impressive headquarters for his successful chewing gum company and the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue was the perfect location. During January 1920, when excavation for the building began, the Michigan Avenue Bridge was under construction. The Wrigley Building became the pioneer structure in the development of the north Michigan Avenue business district.", "The Carson Pirie Scott brand is strongly associated with the historic Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building designed by Louis Sullivan. It was built in 1899 for the retail firm Schlesinger & Mayer, and expanded and sold to Carson Pirie Scott in 1904. The building, located on State Street in Chicago's Loop, housed the chain's flagship store for more than a century before closing for good in 2007. Target now occupies the building.", "At the same time, using his preference to have someone he could trust, Frank brought in their cousin, Seymour H. Knox I , to open a store in Reading, Pennsylvania , under the name \"Woolworth and Knox\". Seymour had been managing a general store in Michigan. [7]", "1850 Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton, founder of Lipton's grocery chain, was born in Glasgow. He went from errand boy to millionaire by the age of 30. This became Argyle Stores, then Safeway and is now part of Morrisons - the Yorkshire supermarket chain.", "In the late-18th century, Piccadilly was a favoured place for booksellers. In 1765, John Almon opened a shop in No. 178, which was frequented by Lord Temple and other Whigs. John Stockdale opened a shop on No. 181 in 1781. The business continued after his death in 1810, and was run by his family until 1835. The oldest surviving bookshop in Britain, Hatchards was started by John Hatchard at No. 173 in 1797, moving to the current location at No. 189-90 (now No. 187) in 1801. Aldine Press moved to Piccadilly from Chancery Lane in 1842, and remained there until 1894.", "Ward's started with a shipping office in Chicago (Ill.) on Clark Street near Kinzie Street. The city was a terminus for many railroads and ideally situated for distribution. Goods ordered by mail from Ward's were sent to customers by railway express collect. The customer was free to inspect merchandise and accept or reject it. When Ward's price list blossomed into full-fledged bound catalogs, merchandise descriptions had to be accurate so that patrons could order with confidence. In 1875 Ward's promised: \"If any of your goods are not satisfactory, after due inspection, we will take them back�and refund the money paid for them.\" \"Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back\" were six words that helped build a billion dollar business.", "Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872. Ward had conceived of the idea of a dry goods mail-order business in Chicago, Illinois, after several years of working as a traveling salesman among rural customers. He observed that rural customers often wanted \"city\" goods but their only access to them was through rural retailers who had little competition and did not offer any guarantee of quality. Ward also believed that by eliminating intermediaries, he could cut costs and make a wide variety of goods available to rural customers, who could purchase goods by mail and pick them up at the nearest train station.", "Birth of William Wrigley, Jr., American salesman and industrialist, founder of the Wrigley’s chewing gum company", "*Bergner's − department store; started in 1889 in downtown Peoria and eventually bought out Carson Pirie Scott & Co.; now part of Bon-Ton", "Shopping districts sprang up along Park Avenue, Broadway, and Woodward. In 1881, Joseph Lowthian Hudson opened a small men's clothing store in Detroit. After 10 years he had 8 stores in the midwest and was the most profitable clothing retailer in the country. In 1893, he began construction of J. L. Hudson Department Store at Gratiot and Farmer streets in Detroit. The store grew over the years and a 25-story tower was added in 1928. The final section was a 12-story addition in 1946, giving the entire complex 49 acre of floor space.", "In Chicago, Torrio was presiding over a booming business in gambling and prostitution, but with the enactment in 1920 of the 18th Amendment prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcohol, Torrio focused on a new, more lucrative field: bootlegging. As a former petty thug and bookkeeper, Capone brought both his street smarts and his expertise with numbers to Torrio’s Chicago operations. Torrio recognized Capone’s skills and quickly promoted him to partner. But unlike the low-profile Torrio, Capone began to develop a reputation as a drinker and rabble-rouser. After hitting a parked taxicab while driving drunk, he was arrested for the first time. Torrio quickly used his city government connections to get him off.", "In 1865 Chicago's Union Stock Yards, the world's largest at the time, opened at Halsted and 39th Streets.", "In 1902, Philip Morris & Co., Ltd. was incorporated in New York City. George J. Whelan bought the American division of the company in 1919 and created Philip Morris & Company Ltd., along with fellow shareholders Reuben M. Ellis and Leonard B. McKitterick. ", " In 1853, the two men established a fruit and confectionery store, Dekum & Bickel, which prospered for the next quarter-century in downtown Portland. Amassing wealth from the \"largest wholesale fresh-fruit business in the Northwest\", Dekum joined \"the frenzied real-estate speculations of the early 1860s\", and his large holdings included several buildings that bore his name. In 1875, he and Simeon Reed financed the city's most expensive building of the time; it was known as the Dekum and Reed Block.", "Railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869. Later gained control of the nation's largest railroads. Revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and resistance to organized labor", "1915 June 19, The Dry Goods Reporter, Volume 46, Number 25, You Are A Wise Clerk, Quote Page 5, Column 3, Chicago, Illinois. (HathiTrust Full View) link link ↩", "After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he and his family moved to Chicago, Illinois, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. For several years he edited a magazine for advertising agencies focused on window displays in stores. The major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanism that made it seem that people were moving.", "In San Francisco, Strauss established a wholesale dry goods business under his own name and worked as the West Coast representative of his family’s firm. His new business imported clothing, fabric and other dry goods to sell in the small stores opening all over California and other Western states to supply the rapidly expanding communities of gold miners and other settlers. By 1866, Strauss had moved his company to expanded headquarters and was a well-known businessman and supporter of the Jewish community in San Francisco.", "1838–1905, American author and statesman who was an important political figure from the mid-19th cent. into the early 20th cent.; b. Salem, Ind., grad. Brown. He practiced law at Springfield, Ill., where he met Abraham Lincoln." ]

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[ "Equatorial Guinea: Equatorial Guinea officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a small country located in Central Africa, with an area of 11,000 sq miles. It has two parts, an insular and a mainland region. The insular region consists of the islands of Bioko (formerly Fernando Pó) in the Gulf of Guinea and Annobón, a small volcanic island south of the equator. Bioko island is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea and is the site of the country's capital, Malabo. The island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón. The mainland region, Río Muni, is bordered by Cameroon on the north and Gabon on the south and east. It also includes several small offshore islands (such as Corisco, Elobey Grande, and Elobey Chico).", "It borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi in the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; the Republic of the Congo, the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; and is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika in the east.[1] The country has access to the ocean through a 40-kilometre (25 mi) stretch of Atlantic coastline at Muanda and the roughly 9 km wide mouth of the Congo River which opens into the Gulf of Guinea. It has the second-highest total Christian population in Africa.", "* Equatorial Guinea's continental portion, Rio Muni, is a semi-exclave surrounded by Gabon, Cameroon and the Atlantic Ocean.", "Equatorial Guinea is in west central Africa. The country consists of a mainland territory, Río Muni, which is bordered by Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the east and south, and five small islands, Bioko, Corisco, Annobón, Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), and Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Bioko, the site of the capital, Malabo, lies about 40 km off the coast of Cameroon. Annobón Island is about 350 km west-south-west of Cape Lopez in Gabon. Corisco and the two Elobey islands are in Corisco Bay, on the border of Río Muni and Gabon.", "Equatorial Guinea consists of a chunk of African mainland, wedged between Cameroon and Gabon, and several islands of which Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea is the largest. The square-shaped mainland area has a 300 km coastline and extends about 200 km inland, with a surface area of some...", "Gabon (;), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270000 sqkm and its population is estimated at 1.5 million people. Its capital and largest city is Libreville.", "Equatorial Guinea joined the United Nations on 12 November 1969; it participates in ECA and several nonregional specialized agencies. The nation is also a member of the African Development Bank, the ACP Group, the Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC), G-77, and the African Union. In December 1983, it joined the Central African Republic, the Congo, Chad , Cameroon, and Gabon in the Central African Customs and Economic Union (Union Douanière et Économique de l'Afrique Centrale—UDEAC); this organization is now known as the Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). The nation is part of the franc zone. Equatorial Guinea holds observer status in the WTO and the OAS. The country is part of the Nonaligned Movement. In environmental cooperation, Equatorial Guinea is part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, the Kyoto Protocol, MARPOL, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification.", "Continental Equatorial Guinea is a roughly rectangular territory bounded by Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the east and south. Near the coast are the small islands of Corisco and Great and Little Elobey. Bioko, by far the largest of the islands, lies off the coast of Cameroon in the Bight of Biafra . Annobón, a volcanic island, lies south of the Equator and almost 400 miles (640 km) to the southwest of Bioko.", "After a brief war with Morocco in 1957 to retain the enclave of Ifni on Morocco's Atlantic coast, Spain ceded it voluntarily in 1969. The year before it granted independence to Spanish Equatorial Guinea and the island of Fernando Po (now Bioko). Together, they became the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. It is a tiny country in which Spain continues to have interests.", "Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea (), is a country in the West coast of Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (), the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry in order to distinguish it from other parts of the wider region of the same name, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 10.5 million and an area of .", "The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a country in Central Africa. Most people have never heard of it. This country flew into stardom after 1996 when large oil reserves were found in the nation of only 0,5 million people. While being one of the largest producers of oil in Africa, little has been made to improve the living conditions of the people. Corruption is widespread and ordinary people are mostly living in poverty. The gap between rich and poor is probably the largest in the world.", "Equatorial Guinea, country located on the west coast of Africa . It consists of Río Muni (also known as Continental), on the continent, and five islands (known collectively as insular Equatorial Guinea): Bioko (formerly Fernando Po), Corisco, Great Elobey (Elobey Grande), Little Elobey (Elobey Chico), and Annobón (Pagalu). Bata is the administrative capital of the mainland. Formerly a colony of Spain with the name Spanish Guinea, the country achieved its independence on Oct. 12, 1968. The capital is Malabo , on Bioko.", "São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea that became independent from Portugal in 1975. It is located off the western equatorial coast of Africa and consists of two islands, São Tomé and Príncipe. They are located about 140 km apart and about 250 and, respectively, off the northwestern coast of Gabon. Both islands are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range. São Tomé, the sizeable southern island, is situated just north of the Equator.", "In 1963 Río Muni and Bioko were officially united as Equatorial Guinea, and Spain granted the country partial autonomy. Independence was declared in 1968. However, when Spain pulled out, they left the country in dire straits; violence and economic upheaval ensued, and the fledgling nation declared a state of emergency. The first president, Macias Nguema, ruled as a dictator for eleven years, outlawing all political parties but his own. In 1972 he declared himself ruler for life, presiding over a regime that killed and tortured thousands of its own citizens. Dissidents were sent to work camps or executed, priests were thrown in jail, and schools and churches were shut down. Journalism was declared a crime punishable by death. During this time, Equatorial Guinea had little contact with the rest of the world. By the time of his ouster and subsequent execution in 1979, Macias had managed to kill or force to flee two-thirds of the population.", "The equator passes through 13 countries: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia and Kiribati.", "The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), known as the Congo Free State (1885-1908), Belgian Congo (1908-1960), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960-1971), and as the Republic of Zaire (1971-1997), is located in Central Africa , with a short Atlantic coastline (37 km). It is the third largest country in Africa by area (2,345,409 km2) and the 12th largest in the world. With an estimated population in 2010 of 70,916,439, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the nineteenth most populous nation in the world. Congo borders the Central African Republic and Sudan to the north; Uganda , Rwanda, and Burundi in the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; the Atlantic Ocean to the west; and is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika in the east.", "Equatorial Guinea is a small country on the west coast of Africa which struck oil in 1995 and which is now being cited as a textbook case of the resource curse - or the paradox of plenty.", "Equatorial Guinea became an independent state in 1968, after gaining its sovereignty from Spain. The population of Equatorial Guinea is 685,991 (2012) and the nation has a density of 24 people per square kilometer.", "It's not always so cut-and-dry, though. British East Africa was renamed Kenya in 1920, decades before independence, and Equatorial Guinea bore its current name during the last few years of Spanish rule in the 1960s.", "Spanish Guinea became a province of Spain in 1958. In 1964, two provinces (Fernando Póo and Río Muni) were created under an autonomous regional government. Political opposition and Protestant missions, both banned in Spain, were tolerated, and the regional regime of Bonifacio Ondó Edú was virtually self-governing internally. In 1966, independence was promised. Two years later, an opposition faction under Francisco Macías Nguema won the pre-independence elections and organized a sovereign government on 12 October 1968, when the colony became the independent Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Within six months, hostility between Riomunians and Fernandinos had sharpened. The continued presence of Spanish civil servants, troops, and ships and the unchanged influence of Spanish plantation management provoked a crisis in 1969. Two coups failed, the Spanish were evacuated, medical services were suspended (until WHO restaffed them), and fiscal transactions ceased. However, within six weeks a new understanding was reached with Spain, under UN auspices, and Spanish subsidies were restored.", "In 1963 the two provinces came to be known as Equatorial Guinea after a measure that agreed on economic and administrative autonomy was adopted by plebiscite (common vote). Then, on October 12, 1968, Equatorial Guinea gained independence from Spain, after ratifying a constitution on August 11, 1968. At the time of independence, 185 primary and elementary schools existed, with approximately 48,000 students (Liniger-Goumaz 2000).", "Located in the continent of Africa , Equatorial Guinea covers 28,051 square kilometers of land, making it the 147th largest nation in terms of land area.", "Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, also being shared by Kenya and Tanzania.", "Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea's territory lies on the Equator. However, its island of Annobón is 155 km south of the Equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north.", "With all this talk about the deep historical links between Africa and Latin America, it’s easy to overlook the fact that there is also a Latin Africa. Yeah, you heard right: in addition to the obvious Portuguese influence up and down the continent’s Atlantic and Indian coasts, the Spanish empire also managed to carve out a tiny foothold smack dab in the middle of west central Africa. With a modest population of 1.2 million, Equatorial Guinea is an ethnically diverse nation made up of different Bantu peoples along with descendants of migrants from neighboring countries originally brought by the Spanish to work in the cocoa and timber industries.", "Upon their arrival in 1858, Spanish settlers began colonizing Bioko and the mainland. It was called Spanish Guinea until the 5 islands (two quite small), as well as the mainland territory of Rio Muni, became Equatorial Guinea in 1968, after gaining independence from Spain .", "Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. With a population of almost three quarters of a million, it is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita ranks 69th in the world; However, the wealth is distributed very unevenly and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 144th on the UN's 2014 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to clean drinking water and that 20% of children die before reaching the age of five.", "Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea.", "the offshore island of Fernando Po (now Equatorial Guinea). Calabar was the capital city of the Efik", "Read on to get a summary of Equatorial Guinea's art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and government.", "Image caption The Cathedral of Santa Isabel in Malabo is one of the traces of Equatorial Guinea's colonial history", "Francisco Macias Nguema became the country's first president, and under his reported \"reign of terror\" a third of Equatorial Guinea's population were sentenced either to exile or death. Subsequently, the economy collapsed, and a bloody coup was waged against Nguema in 1979 by Teodoro Obiang." ]

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[ "Oklahoma, one of the central states in the United States, has the nickname The Sooner State. Oklahoma's Sooner State nickname refers to a group of people who claimed terrain in a tract of land known as the Unassigned Lands before it was considered legal to stake claims. These people were referred to as sooners, a name derived directly from the sooner clause in the Indian Appropriation Act of 2 March 1889. This clause revoked the land rights of any settler who entered the Oklahoma Territory before the area was legally open. Originally, the term sooner carried a negative connotation of a lawless thief, but the derogatory meaning has gradually improved since the University of Oklahoma football team adopted this name in 1908.", "On April 22, 1889, Oklahoma was legally opened, and 18 years later, in 1907, Oklahoma became the “Sooner State.”", "Oklahoma Entered the Union: Nov. 16, 1907 (46) Capital: Oklahoma City Origin of Name: from the Choctaw words: \"okla\" meaning people and \"humma\" meaning red, which literally means \"red people.\" State Nickname: Sooner State State Tree: Redbud State Bird:Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher State Flower: Mistletoe State Game Bird: Wild Turkey State Animal: Bison State Furbearer: Raccoon State Reptile: Collared Lizard State Song: \"Oklahoma\" State Parks: 51 State Motto: Labor omnia vincit (Labor conquers…", "Oklahoma (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ; or transliterated from English as ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ (òɡàlàhoma), Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally \"Okies\", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.", "On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was admitted to the union. The state capital, Guthrie, was moved to Oklahoma City in 1910.", "On this day in 1959 Alaska was admitted into the United States as the 49th state. Later in 1959 Hawaii would become the 50th state. We haven’t added a state in the United States in the past 54 years. Before Alaska- Arizona was the 48th state and they were admitted in 1912.", "As Muskogee’s economic and business importance grew, so did its political power. In the years before the territory was admitted as a state, the Five Civilized Tribes continued to work on alternatives to keep some independence from European Americans. They met together August 21, 1905 to propose the State of Sequoyah, to be controlled by Native Americans. They met in Muskogee to draft its constitution, planning to have Muskogee serve as the State's capital. The proposal was vetoed by US President Theodore Roosevelt and mostly ignored by Congress; the proposed State of Sequoyah was never authorized. The US admitted the State of Oklahoma to the Union on November 16, 1907 as the 46th State.", "White settlement began in this area after the war, as well as several mining operations. Oklahoma was officially admitted into the Union in 1907. The counties bordering the Ozarks area, Craig, Ottawa, Delaware, Mayes, Cherokee, and Adair, were formed during the same year. Craig County was named after Granville Craig, a prominent Cherokee, and the county seat was named Vinita. Ottawa County was named after the Ottawa Tribe, and the county seat was named Miami, after the Miami tribe. Delaware County was named for the Delaware district in the Cherokee Nation before white settlement in the area. The County seat was named Grove. Mayes County was named after Samuel Houston Mayes, a Cherokee Chief, and the county seat was named Pryor. Cherokee County was named after the Cherokee Tribe. The county seat was named Tahlequah because it had formerly been the Tahlequah district of the Cherokee Nation before white settlement.", "The unassigned lands of the Oklahoma Territory were opened up to settler claims on April 22, 1889. Thousands of people were in line on the border waiting for the  signal to be given so they could race into the territory to claim a stake of land. Some people went in early to stake claims and they became known as \"Sooners.\"", "Amid a clamor for Indian lands, Congress opened western Oklahoma—formerly reserved for the Cherokee, Cheyenne, Fox, and other tribes—to homesteaders in 1889. Present-day Oklahoma City, Norman, Guthrie, Edmond, and Stillwater represent the eastern boundary for the 1889 \"run\" on Oklahoma lands; eight more runs were to follow. The greatest was in 1893, when about 100,000 people stormed onto the newly opened Cherokee outlet. The drive to get a land claim was fierce, and thousands of \"Sooners\" staked their claims before the land was officially opened. The western region became Oklahoma Territory, governed by a territorial legislature and a federally appointed governor in 1890; Guthrie was named the capital. Most of eastern Oklahoma continued to be governed by the Five Civilized Tribes.", "Oklahoma joined the Union in 1907, during Theodore Roosevelt's second term; none were admitted under FDR.", "The land where Beaver County is located has been under several jurisdictions. At one time, it was part of Texas, before Texas became a state of the United States. There was a period of time that it was not part of the Oklahoma Territory but not a separate organized territory. After becoming part of the Oklahoma Territory in 1890, Beaver County (first called Seventh County) covered the entire Oklahoma Panhandle. At statehood on November 16, 1907, Cimarron County was taken from the western one-third, while Texas County was taken from the middle, leaving Beaver County only in the east. Its borders are now at  100° W (east), 37°N (north), 36.5°N.", "A constitutional convention assembled in Guthrie, Oklahoma on November 20, 1906 and worked until July 6, 1907 developing the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma. It was approved by Oklahoma voters on September 17,1907 and went into effect on November 16, 1907 when Oklahoma became the 46th state to be admitted to the Union.", "However, Eastern politicians pressured then US President Theodore Roosevelt against admitting two Western states (Sequoyah and Oklahoma) into the Union, fearing this would disproportionally diminish Eastern states’ political influence. Roosevelt then decided both territories could only enter the Union as a single state. Having already laid the groundwork for their own state, Indian Territory representatives had a big influence in establishing Oklahoma. The constitution of Oklahoma, admitted as the 46th state in 1907, is based largely on that of Sequoyah.", "Oh, Washington State’s forty-second And Idaho’s state forty-three The next state to join was Wyoming It’s the forty-fourth state don’t you see? The forty-fifth state was Utah Oklahoma the forty-sixth state New Mexico was forty-seventh Arizona was state forty-eight", "1907 – Two years after the failed attempt by the Five Civilised Tribes in the Indian Territory to achieve U.S. statehood, they joined with the Oklahoma Territory to become the 46th U.S. state to enter the union.", "Engrossed HR 12707, An act to enable the people of the Indian and Oklahoma Territories to form a state constitution and State government, first page, June 16, 1906 On June 16, 1906, after months of political wrangling, Congress finally passed an act enabling the people of the Indian and Oklahoma Territories to form a state constitution and state government and to be admitted into the Union on equal footing with the existing states. Congress included a compromise measure that allowed the voters of the Arizona Territory and New Mexico Territory to decide if the territories should be admitted into the union as one state. RG 233, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives", "Before Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the union, Oklahoma was the last state to declare Christmas as a legal holiday.  That was in 1907.", "Congress opened part of the region, which the United States had acquired in 1803 under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase, to settlement by non-Native Americans in 1889 and organized the Oklahoma Territory in 1890. In 1907, the state of Oklahoma incorporated what remained of Indian Territory.", "By 1880, 15 years after the Civil War, many of the present-day states had been organized. In 1867, Alaska, and what is now the state of Oklahoma, remained \"unorganized\" territories, without territorial governments (which later became state governments).", "Texas, of course, claimed the boundary that gave it the most territory. Not until 1896 did a U.S. Supreme Court decision declare that the 1.5 million acres of disputed territory were part of Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. A 1919 discovery of oil in the bed of the river near Burkburnett inflamed the argument again, with Texas claiming title to the southern half of the riverbed. In a Solomon-like decision, the Supreme Court awarded Oklahoma the north half of the bed and political control of the entire bed and gave Texas control of the oil wells in the floodplain.", "1. Which US state in 1907 was the last to declare Christmas a legal holiday? Oklahoma", "On January 3, 1959, President Eisenhower signs a special proclamation admitting the territory of Alaska into the Union as the 49th and largest state.", "        Alaska became the 49th State on January 3, 1959; it was the first new state in the Union", "In 1905, leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes formed a constitutional convention in Muskogee, inviting settlers to participate. The convention adopted a constitution for a state, called Sequoyah, and voters approved it. The United States Congress was unwilling to accept Indian Territory as a separate state however. Congress wanted Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory combined into one state. In 1906, representatives from Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory met in Guthrie to draw up a new constitution that would combine the two territories as one new state.", "In 1828 Congress designated the land that would become Oklahoma as Indian Territory. White settlers were required to leave, and a number of tribes from the East and South were forcibly moved into the area from their ancestral lands. Chief among these were the Five Civilized Tribes - the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole - who allied themselves with the South during the Civil War. Following the war, the US government looked upon these tribes as defeated enemies. This animosity combined with increasing pressure to open up the Indian Territory to white settlement prompted the first land rush in 1885, a second followed in 1889.", "The Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Prior to the American Civil War the United States government began relocating the Five Civilized Tribes – the five Native American tribes that the United States officially recognized via treaty – to Oklahoma. Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area known today as Norman to the Creek Nation. ", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. It was the 16th state to join the union. Was Southwest Territory before statehood.", "            At precisely twelve noon on September 16, 1893 a cannon's boom unleashed the largest land rush America ever saw. Carried by all kinds of transportation - horses, wagons, trains, bicycles or on foot - an estimated 100,000 raced to claim plots of land in an area of land in northern Oklahoma Territory known as the Cherokee Strip. There had been a number of previous land rushes in the Territory - but this was the big one. In 1828 Congress designated the land that would become Oklahoma as Indian Territory. White settlers were required to leave, and a number of tribes from the East and South were forcibly moved into the area from their ancestral lands. Chief among these were the Five Civilized Tribes - the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole - who allied themselves with the South during the Civil War. Following the war, the US government looked upon these tribes as defeated enemies. This animosity combined with increasing pressure to open up the Indian Territory to white settlement prompted the first land rush in 1885, a second followed in 1889.", "Admission to the Union on the 8th November 1889, it was admitted as the 41st state.", "The five civilized tribes organize a convention for an Indian state, called the state of Sequoyah. Although the state of Sequoyah constitution was approved by popular vote, the United States Congress refused to consider it. The Dawes Commission breaks up tribal land into allotments and the Dawes Rolls are finalized. " ]

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[ "Beluga whales, also called white whales, have white skin that is adapted to its habitat in the Arctic. The word \"beluga\" comes from the Russian word for \"white.\" They aren't the same kind of white whale in \"Moby-Dick,\" however. That was a white sperm whale. They also are not related to the sturgeon of the same name, which is the source of a type of caviar.", "The beluga or European sturgeon is a species of anadromous fish in the sturgeon family is a huge fish that can grow to 19 feet in length, and is slow-growing and late-maturing fish that can live for 118 years.", "The beluga, or white whale, is one of the smallest species of whale. Their distinctive color and prominent foreheads make them easily identifiable.", "BELUGA (huso huso) – is the largest sturgeon in the world and produces caviar that is highly valued for its’ large grains, delicate skin and clean mild flavor. This premium grade of caviar has nicely shaped, large firm eggs that are medium to light gray in color.", "There are several families of Odontoceti, or toothed whales, including Sperm whales, Pygmy Sperm whales, over 20 different species of Beaked whales, River dolphins (3 families) Belugas and Narwhales, dolphins and porpoises.", "The four main types of caviar are Beluga , Sterlet , Ossetra , and Sevruga . The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Wild caviar production was suspended in Russia between 2008 and 2011 to allow wild stocks to replenish. Azerbaijan and Iran also allow the fishing of sturgeon off their coasts. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in color from pale silver-gray to black. It is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian, Iranian and Austrian royalty. Next in quality is the medium-sized, gray to brownish osetra (ossetra), and the last in the quality ranking is smaller, gray sevruga caviar.", "Beluga (buh-LOO-guhl) -The Russian name for a sturgeon found in the Black and Caspian Seas (they can grow up to 2,000 pounds). It is the largest of the sturgeon family and is considered the finest caviar. The eggs are light to dark gray in color.", "Salted, matured eggs or roe of the female sturgeon. Beluga, Oscietra, and Sevruga, are produced from different species of sturgeon. Beluga is the most expensive of the three. And Sevruga is the least expensive.", "Caviar has four main types. They are Sevruga, Sterlet, Ossetra and Beluga. All types can be found in market but some of them are rare and expensive.", "Caviar refers to the salted eggs (roe) of the fish species, sturgeon. Caviar comes from the Persian word Khaviar which means \"bearing eggs\". Some eggs from other species ( such as salmon, paddlefish, whitefish, and lumpfish) may be labeled caviar if the name of the fish is included. The three main types of caviar beluga, sevruga, and osetra, refer to the sturgeon species the caviar comes from.", "Even though Beluga weighing up to 600 kilograms existed in the past, they rarely come in those sizes nowadays because of the modern practice of overfishing. The silver-gray Beluga is the only carnivore in the sturgeon family. It usually reaches maturity between the ages of 20 to 25. Even when mature, the Beluga sturgeon might not spawn on a yearly basis if favorable conditions do not exist. Up to 25 percent (and sometimes 50 percent) of its body weight is attributed to eggs.", "The most luxurious caviar in the world, Beluga caviar from the huso huso sturgeon is the epitome of culinary sophistication. With large, pearlescent eggs, of a light glistening grey, Beluga is prized for its smooth, buttery texture, and a rich and subtle flavor that melts in the mouth.", "Sturgeons, including the beluga sturgeon, the largest freshwater fish in the world, inhabit the Caspian Sea in great numbers and yield roe (eggs) that are processed into caviar. Overfishing has depleted a number of the historic fisheries including the economic exhaustion of the tuna fishery. In recent years, overfishing has threatened the sturgeon population to the point that environmentalists advocate banning sturgeon fishing completely until the population recovers. The high price of sturgeon caviar, however, allows fishermen to afford bribes to ensure the authorities look the other way, making regulations in many locations ineffective. Caviar harvesting further endangers the fish stocks, since it targets reproductive females.", "one sturgeon of approximately 100 kg can produce nearly 10 kg of the finest caviar, this is known as gold caviar. The beluga, part of the sturgeon family, is captured by Persian fisherman and is widely known for having the finest quality of eggs. ", "\"Beluga are a Northern Hemisphere species, and have a thick layer of blubber that enables them to live in icy polar waters. They breed in the winter. The mother's pregnancy lasts about a year, and the calf nurses for two years on her rich milk. Beluga visit warm-water estuaries during the summer, possibly because warmth may accelerate the annual molting, or shedding, of their outer skin. After they molt, they are bright white. They are social animals who live in groups called \"\"pods,\"\" which may consist of several hundred individuals. Beluga make a variety of squeaks and chirps while traveling. Sailors who could hear them through the sides of their wooden ships called them \"\"sea canaries.\"\" Polar bears and killer whales are known predators.\"", "Caviar - This elegant and expensive appetizer is sieved and lightly salted fish roe (eggs). Sturgeon roe is premium and considered the \"true\" caviar. The three main types of caviar are beluga, osetra and sevruga.", "Traditionally the term caviar refers only to roe from wild sturgeon in the Caspian and Black Seas [2] (Beluga, Ossetra and Sevruga caviars). Depending on the country, caviar may also be used to describe the roe of other fish such as salmon, steelhead trout, trout, lumpfish, whitefish, [3] and other species of sturgeon. [4] [5]", "Before trying caviar, learn about what it is. Caviar is a type of roe, and roe is the eggs that come from fish (most famously, the sturgeon). True caviar can come from four types of sturgeon: Beluga, Osetra, Sterlet, or Sevruga. More affordable caviar is made from the American paddlefish or salmon.", "Beluga feed on fish, crustaceans, and worms. The whale is related to the tusked \"unicorn\" whale known as the narwhal. The beluga is not related to the sturgeon of the same name, which has been heavily fished for its famous caviar.", "For a long time, Caspian Sea caviar from the Beluga , Osetra or Sevruga sturgeon was the only accepted type of caviar in the market. Today, the definition has expanded both semantically and geographically. Caviar is now farmed and harvested not only in Russia and Iran, but also in many different – and surprising - parts in the world, like Bulgaria, France, California, and even Uruguay.", "Belugas are amongst the most vocal cetaceans. They use their vocalisations for echolocation, during mating, and in communication. They possess a large repertoire, as they can emit up to 11 different sounds, such as cackles, whistles, trills, and squawks. They also make sounds by grinding their teeth or splashing, but they rarely use body language to make visual displays with their pectoral fins or tailfins, nor do they perform somersaults or jumps in the way other species do, such as dolphins.", "Taxonomic Notes: Specimens that appear to be hybrids between Narwhals and Belugas have been described from nature (Heide-Jørgensen and Reeves 1993). An alternative common name is White Whale.", "Belugas generally live together in small groups known as pods. They are social animals and very vocal communicators that employ a diversified language of clicks, whistles, and clangs. Belugas can also mimic a variety of other sounds.", "The sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of all toothed whales and is the largest toothed animal alive, with adult males measuring up to 20.5 m (67 ft) long. The whale was named after the milky-white waxy substance, spermaceti, found in its head and originally mistaken for sperm. The sperm whale's enormous head and distinctive shape, as well as its central role in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, have led many to describe it as the archetypal whale. Partly because of Melville, the sperm whale is commonly associated with the Leviathan of the Bible. The fearsome reputation perpetuated by Melville was based on bull whales ability to fiercely defend themselves from attacks by early whalers, sometimes resulting in the destruction of the whaling ships.", "Female belugas typically give birth to one calf every three years. [8] Most mating occurs between February and May, but some mating occurs at other times of year. [6] [8] It is questionable whether the beluga has delayed implantation . [6] Gestation lasts 12 to 14.5 months. [8]", "The sperm are ejected in the out-going water current, often forming milky, smoke-like jets that may extend for several", "Considering the popularity of caviar—not just in Japan, but worldwide—it’s not outlandish to imagine eating the male counterpart to fish roe. That is, milt—the sperm-filled reproductive glands of male fish (usually cod, anglerfish, or puffer fish). In Japan, it’s called shirako, which translates to “white children.” At best, when cooked, shirako has a creamy, custardesque texture.", "There are a few fish varieties which produce what is considered to be the world's best caviar. Here is the short list.", "For fishermen New Zealand is, like all other good fishing regions of the earth, \"a paradise.\" All around its coasts is a great variety of fish, and in hundreds of lakes and streams trout are found. Altogether New Zealand has about two hundred and thirty kinds of fish, including mackerel, bream, mullet, flounder, barracouta, cod, butter-fish, herring, trumpeter, king-fish, and groper. It also has the very singular frost-fish, which is never taken with hook or net, but swims ashore, especially on frosty mornings; and the peculiar deep-sea ribbon-fish, which loses its swimming power and floats as helplessly as a block of wood when it chances to come near the surface.", "The \"true\" tunas are those that belong to the genus Thunnus. Until recently, it was thought that there were seven Thunnus species, and that Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species. ", "The skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, is a medium-sized perciform fish in the tuna family, Scombridae. It is otherwise known as the aku, arctic bonito, mushmouth, oceanic bonito, striped tuna, or victor fish. It grows up to 1 m (3 ft) in length. It is a cosmopolitan pelagic fish found in tropical and warm-temperate waters. It is a very important species for fisheries.", "I ask if there’s a particular color that works best, and Freeman and members of his group look at each other and smile. “Don’t give away any secrets,” I protest, and they all burst out laughing. “The best is what we call ‘the white fly,’” Freeman explains. “The wife of a guy who came to speak to the club passed some out, and nobody thought they looked like much. Then my wife, Janet, started using them, and she outfished everybody. So we all started using them, too. They’re easy to tie, and they really catch fish. I use a red hook on mine; I think it catches more fish.” It’s easy to see why the fly is effective as the red hook makes it look like a wounded shad." ]

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[ "What book was Mark David Chapman carrying with him when he killed John Lennon on 12/8/80?", "Gloria Chapman’s husband is Mark David Chapman , the man who killed musician John Lennon — hitting him four times in the back at close range — outside the Dakota apartment building in New York on December 8, 1980. He stayed at the scene reading J D Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye until police arrived and arrested him.", "Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955) is an American prison inmate who murdered John Lennon on December 8, 1980. Chapman shot Lennon outside The Dakota apartment building in New York City. Chapman fired at Lennon five times, hitting him four times in the back. Chapman later remained at the crime scene reading J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye until the police arrived and arrested him. He repeatedly said that the novel was his statement.", "On this day in 1980, Mark David Chapman shot and killed John Lennon in front of The Dakota apartment building in New York, with five bullets.   Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono were returning to the building when Chapman opened fire.   Then Chapman calmly opened his copy of Catcher in the Rye and began reading it.   Lennon died about half an hour later.   Since then, Chapman has been in Attica State Prison.   Although he has been refused parole several times, he has of course become a born-again Christian, which is always a useful first step toward getting released.", "J. D. Salinger's classic novel The Catcher in the Rye may have been used as a �mechanism of control� in the murder of John Lennon, and the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan. If you remember, The Catcher in the Rye was found in the possession of both Hinkley and Chapman after their respective crimes. In fact, prior to the New York City police's arrest of Chapman, he was found sitting against the Dakota Building, glazed over and zombie-like, reading Salinger�s book.", "Outside, doorman Perdomo shook the gun out of Chapman's hand then kicked it across the sidewalk. Chapman then removed his coat and hat in preparation for the arrival of police—to show he was not carrying any concealed weapons—and sat down on the sidewalk. Perdomo shouted at Chapman, \"Do you know what you've just done?\" to which Chapman calmly replied, \"Yes, I just shot John Lennon.\" The first policemen to arrive were Steven Spiro and Peter Cullen, who were at 72nd Street and Broadway when they heard a report of shots fired at the Dakota. The officers arrived around two minutes later and found Chapman sitting \"very calmly\" on the sidewalk. They reported that Chapman had dropped the revolver to the ground and was holding a paperback book, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. They immediately put Chapman in handcuffs and placed him in the back seat of their squad car. Chapman made no attempt to flee or resist arrest. ", "John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, were returning home from a transfer session at a midtown Manhattan recording studio at approximately 10:50 p.m. on this day in 1980, when they exited their limousine onto the West 72nd Street sidewalk just outside their apartment building, the now-famous Dakota. On nearly the same spot some six hours earlier, Lennon had signed his autograph on a copy of his new album, Double Fantasy, for the man who would soon shoot him dead: Mark David Chapman. In his statement to the authorities later that evening, the 25-year-old Chapman, whom police took into custody peaceably after finding him reading a copy of The Catcher in the Rye at the site of the shooting, said, “I’m sure the large part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil.”", "1980 - John Lennon shot dead by Mark Chapman outside the Dakota building in New York", "John Lennon's assassin was carrying a copy of \"The Catcher in the Rye\" when he shot the famous Beatle in 1980.", "John Lennon was killed on December 8, 1980 outside the Dakota building in New York City.", "But on December 8, 1980, Lennon, returning with Ono to their Dakota apartment on New York City's Upper West Side, was shot seven times by Mark David Chapman, a 25-year-old drifter and Beatles fan to whom Lennon had given an autograph a few hours earlier. Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital. On December 14, at Ono's request, a 10-minute silent vigil was held at 2 p.m. EST in which millions around the world participated. Lennon's remains were cremated in Hartsdale, New York. At the time of his death, he was holding in his hand a tape of Ono's \"Walking on Thin Ice.\"", "Jailed: Chapman said the motive for his murder of Lennon could be found in Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye", "On the evening of December 8th, John Lennon autographed a copy of his album ‘Double Fantasy’ for Mark David Chapman, who appeared to appreciate the gesture. At about 10:50 pm, as John and Yoko Ono approached the entrance to their apartment building (The Dakota on New York City’s Central Park West), Mark David Chapman, approaching from behind, shot John Lennon 4 times in the back. Lennon was pronounced dead upon arrival at the emergency room of the Roosevelt Hospital at 11:07 pm. Lennon was cremated and his ashes spread over the area of Central Park where the Strawberry Fields memorial now stands. Chapman remains in prison where he has been repeatedly denied parole.", "The Beatles ' musician John Lennon was shot and killed outside of his New York City apartment on the night of Dec. 8, 1980.  Lennon and wife Yoko Ono were returning from the recording studio to their home at The Dakota when 25-year-old crazed fan Mark David Chapman shot him at close range.  Earlier in the day Chapman had been hanging around The Dakota with other fans and asked Lennon for an autograph.", "Chapman was having his copy of Double Fantasy signed in the picture. It was later that same day when Lennon was returning to his Central Park apartment in New York that Chapman would gun him down at almost the same spot where the picture was taken.", "Mark David Chapman is the convicted murderer of John Lennon who was the co-founder and former member of the band the Beatles. On December 8, 1980, Chapman shot Lennon four times in the back as Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono, entered their apartment building.", "Chapman fired five shots on December 8, 1980, outside the Dakota apartment where Lennon lived on Manhattan's Upper West Side, striking the ex-Beatle four times.", "If December 7th is a date of infamy in American history, then December 8th 1980 has a notoriety of its own. Late on that winter's evening when John and Yoko Lennon returned to the Dakota building in New York from the recording studio, Mark Chapman stepped forth and shot dead his hero from whom he had obtained an autograph earlier in the day. Although Lennon was no saint by any stretch of the imagination, it was incredibly ironic that the author of such anthems as 'All You Need Is Love' and 'Give Peace A Chance' should be violently gunned down. A decade earlier, John's solo debut album with his Plastic Ono Band contained memorable pieces, such as 'Working Class Hero', 'Mother', and 'God'. It is the project in which the ex-Beatle, under the influence of primal therapy, bares his soul to the world. The long player also yielded the supremely beautiful 'Love'. Armed merely with a piano and simple but effective lyrics, Lennon touches the soul. Sometimes the best songs are simple ones. Ten years later and one of the greatest icons of the 20th century was dead at the age of forty.", "Chapman checked into the Sheraton Hotel and staged his hotel room with various personal items for the police to find after he killed Lennon. He purchased a copy of The Catcher in the Rye, and wrote inside the cover, \"This is my statement\" and signed it \"Holden Caulfield.\"", "On December 8, 1980, Lennon emerged from his Manhattan apartment after five years of living in seclusion with his family. A fanatical fan, Mark David Chapman, obtained Lennon's autograph outside his apartment and then shot him dead.", "John Lennon, a former member of the Beatles, the rock group that transformed popular music in the 1960s, is shot and killed by an obsessed fan in New York City. The 40-year-old artist was entering his luxury Manhattan apartment building when Mark David Chapman shot him four times at close range with a .38-caliber revolver. Lennon, bleeding profusely, was rushed to the hospital but died en route. Chapman had received an autograph from Lennon earlier in the day and voluntarily remained at the scene of the shooting until he was arrested by police. For a week, hundreds of bereaved fans kept a vigil outside the Dakota–Lennon’s apartment building–and demonstrations of mourning were held around the world.", "Raised in Manhattan, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published several stories in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. In 1948 he published the critically acclaimed story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" in The New Yorker magazine, which became home to much of his subsequent work. In 1951 Salinger released his novel The Catcher in the Rye, an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers.[3] The novel remains widely read and controversial,[4] selling around 250,000 copies a year.", "*December 8 – John Lennon was shot to death outside his apartment building in New York City at 10:50 pm. Lennon's single, \"(Just Like) Starting Over\", subsequently becomes a number one hit in many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.", "John Lennon was shot and killed in New York. The gunman, Mark Chapman, apparently shouted 'I am the Catcher in the Rye' just before dropping to the ground and firing the weapon.", "1980 - Fatality / John Lennon - December 8th, 1980: \"Former Beatle John Lennon [b. 1940] is shot and killed in New York City by Mark David Chapman.\"", "Salinger was raised in Manhattan and began writing short stories while in secondary school. Several were published in Story magazine in the early 1940s before he began serving in World War II. In 1948, his critically acclaimed story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" appeared in The New Yorker magazine, which became home to much of his later work. In 1951, his novel The Catcher in the Rye was an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers. The novel remains widely read and controversial, selling around 250,000 copies a year.", "Assassinated as he returned from the recording studio at around 10:49 pm on Monday, December 8, 1980, outside the Dakota, his apartment building in New York, by Mark David Chapman , a crazed fan who shot Lennon four times in his back at close range (at least one gunshot wound was fatal which was to the aorta just above Lennon's heart). Lennon was declared D.O.A. (Dead On Arrival; either already dead or near death) at 11:07 pm when he was brought by the police to St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital's emergency room.", "In 1997, it was announced that “Hapworth” would be reissued as a book — prompting a (negative) New York Times review. The book, in typical Salinger style, didn’t appear. In 1999, New Hampshire neighbor Jerry Burt said the author had told him years earlier that he had written at least 15 unpublished books kept locked in a safe at his home.", "* August 24 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison, after pleading guilty to murdering John Lennon in Manhattan 8 months earlier.", "Initially Chapman refused to follow TV or newspaper coverage of the murder, but he heard reports that people were committing suicide over Lennon’s death, and he learned of a Central Park vigil at which thousands of fans had mourned the singer. The security around Chapman was intense: Windows in the rooms where he slept were painted black to protect him from snipers, and he was moved from place to place in bulletproof vests, surrounded by phalanxes of heavily armed guards. He was convinced he would be killed and told Marks a week after the murder that his only wish was that death would come quickly. “I’m not afraid of dying,” he said. “I’m tired of all the struggle, the bother and worry, and maybe that’s just the best thing, if someone out there knew what they were doing and would just shoot me and it wouldn’t hurt.”", "Chapman also said that he had a further list of people in mind, including Johnny Carson, Marlon Brando, Walter Cronkite, Elizabeth Taylor, George C. Scott, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, but John Lennon seemed to be the easiest to find. He separately said that he was particularly infatuated by Lennon. Chapman's planning has been described as 'muddled'. Chapman went to New York in October 1980, intending to kill Lennon. He left in order to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend in Atlanta, Dana Reeves, and returned to New York in November.", "On December 7, 1980, the day before the killing, Chapman accosted singer-songwriter James Taylor at the 72nd Street subway station. According to Taylor, \"The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested, and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon.\" He also reportedly offered cocaine to a taxi driver." ]

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[ "During the last five years of the series, Mary Ellen and Ben marry and begin having families of their own. Erin, Jason and John Boy are married in later television movie sequels.", "This special episode focuses on the contestants who have been voted off. Apart from flashbacks, of which there are several, none of the five remaining campers appear except at the very beginning and the very end.", "In 2005, the third series commenced. Brendan, Anton, Erin, Camilla, Darren, Ian and Lilia returned from last series. Nicole, Paul and Hazel did not return. They were replaced by Karen, Hanna, Izabela, Andrew and Matthew.", "During the series' run, both Fearne Cotton and Holly Willoughby have taken a break from the programme due to pregnancy. During Cotton's absence for series 9 in 2013, her position as team captain was filled by Kelly Brook. Brook also appeared as a team captain in the 2013 Christmas Special, which featured three teams due to Cotton's return. In 2014, Holly Willoughby went on maternity leave after the first episode of the twelfth series had been filmed, with Gino D'Acampo filling in for her as team captain for the remainder of the series. In 2015, D'Acampo filled in for Fearne Cotton during series 14 when she went on maternity leave for a second time.", "Joe Swanson's own children seem to disappear without a trace. Kevin Swanson appeared in the first 3 seasons, then just disappeared for years, though he had a few non speaking cameos. Years later after his last speaking role Peter questioned about his disappearance out of curiosity. Joe explained Kevin died as a soldier in Iraq with hardly any emotion. Seth MacFarlane felt Kevin was not a very interesting character to write for. Kevin is brought back in \"Thanksgiving\", where it's revealed he faked his own death and deserted after witnessing the horrors of war in Iraq.", "While in Melanie's care, Maggie goes missing. Melanie breaks down in despair at the police station, files a missing child report and goes to a mayoral press conference to find Jack. He is notified by the police that Maggie has been found and makes it to the press conference just in time to confront the mayor with his scoop.", "Beth, Lindsay, Ezekiel and Heather are the last to gain their feet. Beth and Lindsay have become quite close since being freed from Heather’s yoke—in Season 2, they will become a less extreme version of Katie and Sadie—so, when Beth asks Lindsay to join her on this quest, the uberbimbo is happy to do so. With his options dwindling, Ezekiel asks to join this pair. They accept him, but impose the condition that he be respectful to them, as his sexist views are well known. The bald and wigless Heather states that she will join them, but the deposed queen is rebuffed—her former servants want nothing to do with her.", "Central to this case is the missing girl’s family. Understandably distraught, Mrs Gold formed a charity after their daughter’s disappearance which aims to help families like theirs to reunite with their loved ones. Though supportive of his wife’s efforts, husband Benjamin informs Boyd that he never really shared his wife’s hopes that Joanna was alive. Her loss has made him extremely protective of their other daughter, Clara- he guards her fiercely, as he does his own secrets.", "Chuck Cunningham Syndrome : Jevon, who was Mickey Pearce's trading partner in the sixth season, vanished without a trace after \"The Jolly Boys' Outing\". Unlike most of the other semi-regular characters that left the series, he was never mentioned again after his disappearance.", "In the final series Anneka left to have a baby and was replaced by tennis player Annabel Croft.  Sadly Annabel never seemed to be quite as switched on as Anneka when it came to solving the clues, and although Annabel was credited as being a “Special Guest Skyrunner” we never got to see Anneka return since the programme ended with this series.", "The next day, Ellie and Clayton return to the farmhouse where a woman suddenly comes out and gives Clayton a hug. They end up walking into a surprise party - where Jock and Ellie are the guests of honor. The woman says her name is Sarah Ewing and the whole group is shocked to learn that Jock and Tom Mallory are dead. Sarah tells the Farlows that Tom Mallory stumbled upon them during a hunting trip four years ago. It turns out that during World War II, Sarah's family, who were hiding from the Nazis, saved Jock and Mallory after their planes were shot down. Jock managed to return to mainland Europe and bring the family to England. Sarah's last revelation is that she has kept a letter from Jock to JR from those many years ago.", "Everyone anxiously awaits news from the hospital concerning Clayton. Clayton undergoes surgery and J.R. tries to comfort a scared and nervous Miss Ellie. Cliff reasserts his faith in Dandy when he bails him out of another jam. J.R., plotting his comeback, secretly begins an investigation into Weststar chief Wilson. Ray clues Charlie in on his proposal to Jenna while Miss Ellie provides Jenna with some valuable advice. Determined to succeed on her own, Sue Ellen rejects April as a business partner. Lisa Alden continues to pursue her friendship with Bobby and Christopher. Bobby is again the recipient of bad news.", "Most of the lab rat characters, (Archie, Mandy, Mia) disappeared from the show around 2007, although some stuck around until Ted Danson's tenure started. But so they eventually stopped appearing without any mention. Only Wendy (Liz Vassey) had an actual send-off.", "That something happened during the season two cliffhanger. In it, Parks had basically kidnapped Ross (who was fresh off a suicide attempt over the mess she'd made with the brothers) and as Heston chased them down with his helicopter, their car crashed off a cliff, leaving their fates in the balance. Also, Beacham had gone and snatched Scoggins' young son from school, fearful that his adoptive mother was going to take him away from Scoggins for good. Most importantly, though, was Samms' car stalling in the middle of the desert. While stuck there, with no power for the car or her car phone, a glowing spaceship landed in front of her, which she entered, and which then took off into the stratosphere!", "Joseph John Gribble (voiced by Brittany Murphy as a prepubescent in 1997-2000; Breckin Meyer as a pubescent from 2000 to the show's end in 2009) - born ca. 1986, Joseph is Dale and Nancy's 13-year-old son and one of Bobby's best friends. Despite Joseph's obvious Native American features, being strikingly similar in appearance to John Redcorn , and the fact that his middle name is \"John,\" neither he nor Dale is aware that Redcorn is his biological father, the result of a 14-year affair. Dale refers to his Jamaican grandmother to explain Joseph's dark complexion. Redcorn's occasional awkward attempts to get closer to Joseph (against Nancy's wishes) lead Joseph to regard him as strange and creepy. Joseph is something of a pervert, objectifying almost all girls with the exception of Connie. In some episodes, he's had a small infatuation for Connie, particularly when she and Bobby are at odds. He has a half-sister named Kate, who is very similar to Joseph in personality and interests but also does not realize that Redcorn is her father.", "The contestants quickly split into teams of 2-4 players, which results in a higher than usual rate of scene changes for the rest of the episode. Cody , Tyler and D.J. track down Owen and join forces with him. Justin teams up with Katie/Sadie, who won’t let him out of their sight in any event ( Patience 27.27). Izzy, Eva and Noah form a team, as do Gwen, Trent, and LeShawna.", "* Rebecca Pope or \"Ava\" (Elizabeth Reaser): A patient suffering from amnesia after being badly injured in the ferry crash, she is discovered by Dr. Alex Karev, and they develop a very close relationship. While at Seattle Grace, she delivers a baby girl and undergoes extensive facial reconstruction surgery, performed by Dr. Mark Sloan. She eventually regains her memory and returns home with her husband, Jeff. However, before leaving, she pleads with Alex to \"give [her] a reason to stay.\" She returns six weeks later, claiming to be pregnant with Alex's child. Although initially upset, Alex eventually becomes excited about having a baby with her. However, she is found to be suffering from an hysterical pregnancy. When she attempts suicide, Izzie intervenes and has her admitted to the psychiatric ward. Elizabeth Reaser was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards, for her role on the show.", "Chuck Cunningham Syndrome : Sam disappeared between Series 7 and 8, with no explanation as to why.", "Chris and John return, having failed to find Kim. Ellen tells them both that Kim arrived and that she had to tell Kim everything. Chris and John blame themselves, realising that they were gone too long. Ellen also tells them that Kim wants to see Chris at her place, and that she tried to give away her son to them. John realises that Kim wants Tam to be \"an American boy.\" Ellen then issues an ultimatum to Chris: Kim or her. Chris reassures Ellen, and they pledge their love for each other. Chris will leave Tam and Kim in Bangkok but offer them monetary support from America. John warns that Kim will not find it acceptable to have Tam stay in Thailand (\"The Confrontation\"). Back at the club, Kim lies to the Engineer that they are still going to America (\"Paper Dragons\"). The Engineer imagines the extravagant new life that he will lead in America (\"The American Dream\"). Chris, John, and Ellen find the Engineer and he takes them to see Kim and Tam.", "In White's book, it was noted that the character of Doug Robert was brought in to phase out Willy Armitage's character, but fan reaction led producers to bring Willy back. Doug appeared in slightly over half of the Season Five missions instead of Willy Armitage. Throughout most of Season Five, each episode had either Doug or Willy, but never both, with the exception of Doug's first mission (\"The Innocent\") and Doug's last two missions (\"The Party\" and \"Encore\"), which featured both of them. Doug Robert's final appearance in \"Encore\" was his only episode in Season Six.", "* Cherrie Mahan (8), disappeared on 22 February 1985 after getting off a school bus along a road in rural Winfield Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania", "He returned in the season 15 episode \" Royal Pudding \", meeting Ike on a bus back to Canada to save the Princess. Bob joins Ike, Scott and an Inuit duo to rescue the Princess from her kidnapper, Tooth Decay . Tooth Decay is killed when Ike removes Bob's paper bag mask, the sight of Bob turning Tooth Decay to stone . For his actions, Bob was awarded the Canadian Medal of Courage.", "In Episode 17 of Season 3, Ariel returns and yet does not return. She is seen in the missing year to have tracked down Killian Jones and the two of them track down the notorious Blackbeard so that Hook can regain The Jolly Roger. Things do not go as planned and Ariel escapes to find Eric on an island where they are reunited.", "Following the events of the season 3 finale, House began a long-running competition to select a new diagnostic team, progressively eliminating \"contestants\" from an original pool of 40 applicants. This story arc ran throughout the first half of season 4, from \"The Right Stuff\" through \"Games\". His final team consists of Dr. Foreman and the three successful \"contestants\": Dr. Taub, Dr. Kutner, and \"Thirteen\".", "Kimble's nephews (Donna's children) Billy (actor Clint Howard), and David (actor Billy Mumy) appear in one episode, 1.15 Home is the Hunted. However, Donna's son Bobby (actor Johnny Jensen) appears in one episode, 4.30 The Judgment Part 2.", "Cameron gives Celine a ticket to her Christmas adventure, but when she follows the clues to a grotto, he is nowhere to be seen and she is left feeling fed up of being at the bottom of his list of priorities. Meanwhile, Tony and Tegan plan a Christmas surprise for Ste.", "On How I Met Your Mother , the lyrics to \"Hey Beautiful\" by The Solids are missing, with only the \"pa pa pa pa pa, da da da da, da da da da da, da da da da\" left in.", "(Name) has lost her mother, now she must call a family she's never met. Now she's stuck in the UK version of Keeping Up With The Kardashians just you know with vampires, werewolves, Nazi's, oh and Dracula of all people.", "Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush, who shared the role of Carrie Ingalls, the youngest Ingalls girl. While the twins had a few jobs after the show ended, including a spot as the Doublemint twins, both have left acting. Melissa Sue Anderson, who played Mary, the oldest, continues to act and appear in small roles on television and in films. Her latest role was in the TV movie \"Marco Polo.\"", "Signature Item Clue : Ethan gives Debbie his medal at the beginning and years later sees it around the neck of the man believed to have kidnapped her. Debbie reappears soon afterward.", "One Steve Limit : Sam falls for a girl called Joanna, which was his late mother's name. This is also lampshaded when Daniel meets a Carol and he mistakenly calls her Karen - and his friend Karen is another character. Elsewhere David has a butler called Terence and a driver called Terry.", "When Mike shows up at the beach Martin asks him to go to the pond instead with the boat and friends. Then when the kids pull the fake shark stunt and everyone is running out of the water we see Ellen calling for Mike. But when she goes up to Martin she tells him that he's in the pond. How did she know that?" ]

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[ "GEICO does their advertising in a variety of ways, including print, radio ads and television parody advertisements. Their print ads are comprised mainly of mail circulars. GEICO’s famous catch-phrase is “fifteen minutes could save you fifteen percent or more on car insurance”.", "You wouldn't think that the Buffalo, New York region-with its reputation for cold and snowy winters-would be an ideal climate for geckos, but in 2009 New York Governor David A. Paterson announced that GEICO insurance will expand its operations in Amherst, New York. GEICO, well-known for its advertisements featuring a small, green talking lizard, as well as the \"fifteen minutes could save you fifteen percent or more on car insurance\" tagline is a privately owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway and the third largest automobile insurance carrier in the United States.", "GEICO’s tagline is by now probably quite familiar: “Fifteen minutes could save you fifteen percent or more on car insurance.”  When it first debuted, it was probably groundbreaking – fifteen percent is a lot of money, and fifteen minutes isn’t a lot of time.  But we live in the future now, where we expect things to happen almost-instantaneously, and fifteen minutes feels like a lifetime.", "Geico advertising always has been whimsical and quirky, aiming for lightheartedness and comedy over the years. Many taglines have included variations on “Fifteen minutes could save you 15 percent or more on car insurance” from 2001 to 2013. These later evolved into strong campaigns such as its caveman series in 2004, which featured the tagline “So easy, even a caveman can do it.” Other quasi-slogans surrounding Geico’s campaigns included its “I’ve got good news” commercials in 2003 and its “Accidents are bad” series in 2009. According to the Martin Agency, “People can now accept more complex brands with multiple, distinct narratives highlighting various aspects of the brand.”", "I was able to save several hundred dollars in annual premiums after switching to a new insurance company and making sure I was receiving all the discounts. It didn’t take me fifteen minutes – it took several hours of research – but I think it was well worth it.", "I can still hear the television commercial’s promise echoing in my memory: “You’re in good hands with Allstate.” In fact, this slogan was created by David Ellis, the general sales manager for Allstate Insurance Company in 1950, along with the familiar logo of two hands holding a car. 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[ "Continental Divide, fairly continuous ridge of north-south–trending mountain summits in western North America which divides the continent’s principal drainage into that flowing eastward (either to Hudson Bay in Canada or, chiefly, to the Mississippi and Rio Grande rivers in the United States) and that flowing westward (into the Pacific Ocean). Most of the divide runs along the crest of the Rocky Mountains , through British Columbia and along the British Columbia–Alberta border in Canada, and through the states of Montana , Wyoming , Colorado , and New Mexico in the United States . It continues southward into Mexico and Central America, roughly paralleling the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre del Sur, with their associated ranges in Central America . In general usage the name continental divide is applied to the main water parting in any continent.", "The Continental Divide runs along the crest of the Rocky Mountains. It separates North America’s watersheds into those that flow east and south into the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and those that flow west toward the Pacific Ocean.", "The Continental Divide is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. Triple Divide Peak (8,020 feet / 2,444 m) in Glacier National Park (U.S.) is so named due to the fact that water which falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but the Arctic Ocean as well.", "The Continental Divide is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. Triple Divide Peak (8,020 feet / 2,444 m) in Glacier National Park (U.S.) is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but Hudson Bay as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River , which has its outlet on the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean.", "The Continental Divide of the Americas is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. Triple Divide Peak (8020 ft) in Glacier National Park is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but Hudson Bay as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River, which has its outlet on the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean. See Rivers of the Rocky Mountains for a list of rivers.", "The Continental Divide stretches across the crest of the Rocky Mountains. To the west of the Continental Divide is the Western Slope . Water west of the Continental Divide drains west into the Sea of Cortez via the Colorado River .", "The Rockies are significant to the North American continent as a whole because the Continental Divide (the line which determines whether water will flow to the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean) is in the range.", "The centre of the conterminous United States is a great sprawling interior lowland, reaching from the ancient shield of central Canada on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. To east and west this lowland rises, first gradually and then abruptly, to mountain ranges that divide it from the sea on both sides. The two mountain systems differ drastically. The Appalachian Mountains on the east are low, almost unbroken, and in the main set well back from the Atlantic . From New York to the Mexican border stretches the low Coastal Plain , which faces the ocean along a swampy, convoluted coast. The gently sloping surface of the plain extends out beneath the sea, where it forms the continental shelf, which, although submerged beneath shallow ocean water, is geologically identical to the Coastal Plain. Southward the plain grows wider, swinging westward in Georgia and Alabama to truncate the Appalachians along their southern extremity and separate the interior lowland from the Gulf.", "The dominant feature of the country's landform is the central spine of mountains and hills that forms the continental divide. This divide is not a part of the mountains of North America and end near the Colombian border. The spine of the mountains is highly eroded due to the effects of nature over thousands of years. The divide of the mountain range is called the Cordillera de Talamanca. The mountain range between the Panama Canal and Costa Rica is called Cordillera Central.", "[12] The Continental Divide, also known as the Great Divide, is a notable watershed of North America that separates the river systems that drain into the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. See Geographical Dictionary, 278.", "The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi – Missouri River , the world's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north-south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie land of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region along its southeastern portion. The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the continental United States, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado. The area to the west of the Rocky Mountains is dominated by the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Mojave. The Sierra Nevada range runs parallel to the Rockies, relatively close to the Pacific coast. At 20,320 feet (6,194 m), Alaska's Mount McKinley is the country's tallest peak. Active volcanoes are common throughout the Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and the entire state of Hawaii is built upon tropical volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.", "Within the interior of the Rocky Mountains are several large parks or high broad basins. In the north, on the east side of the Continental Divide is North Park . North Park is drained by the North Platte River , which flows north into Wyoming . Just south but on the west side of the Continental Divide is Middle Park , drained by the Colorado River. South Park is the headwaters of the South Platte River. To the south lies the San Luis Valley , the headwaters of the Rio Grande , which drains into New Mexico . Across the Sangre de Cristo Range to the east of the San Luis Valley lies the Wet Mountain Valley . These basins, particularly the San Luis Valley, lie along the Rio Grande Rift , a major geological formation , and its branches.", "Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park, Montana, is the point where two of the principal continental divides in North America converge, the Great Divide and the Northern or Laurentian Divide. From this point, waters flow to the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico, and the Arctic Ocean via Hudson Bay. Most geographers, geologists, meteorologists, and oceanographers consider this point the hydrological apex of North America. This is not the only place on earth where two oceanic divides meet, i.e., where waters from a single point area feed into three different oceans. This status of Triple Divide Peak is the main reason behind the designation of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park as the \"Crown of the Continent\" of North America. Sources differ, however, on whether Hudson Bay is part of the Atlantic or Arctic Ocean. Hudson Bay's waters flow predominantly to the Atlantic and do not directly contribute to the Arctic Ocean. ", "Unlike South America’s Andes Mountains, the Western Cordillera of North America is much more complex containing multiple mountain ranges. And North America is further differentiated by its vast central plain forming a gigantic drainage basin for the Mississippi-Missouri River system draining into the Gulf of Mexico, and a number of Canadian rivers draining into the Arctic Ocean and Hudson’s Bay. Rivers on the east coast cut through the Appalachian Mountains, an ancient range. And finally North America boasts the largest agglomeration of freshwater lakes in the world, remnants of the last Ice Age, draining into the North Atlantic through the St. Lawrence River system.", "The lowest point in North America, in Death Valley (282 ft/86 m below sea level), is there. The largest basin in the region is the Great Basin , an area of interior drainage (the Humboldt River is the largest stream) and of numerous salt lakes, including the Great Salt Lake . Between the Intermontane Region and the Pacific Ocean is the Pacific Mountain System, a series of ranges generally paralleling the coast, formed by faulting and volcanism. The Cascade Range , with its numerous volcanic peaks extends S from SW Canada into N California, and from there is continued south by the Sierra Nevada , a great fault block. Mt. Whitney (14,495 ft/4,418 m), in the Sierra Nevada, is the highest peak in the conterminous United States.", "With coastal mountains and interior plains, the Americas have several large river basins that drain the continents. The largest river basin in North America is that of the Mississippi, covering the second largest watershed on the planet. The Mississippi-Missouri river system drains most of 31 states of the U.S., most of the Great Plains, and large areas between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains. This river is the fourth longest in the world and tenth most powerful in the world.", "The Coast Ranges and the Cascade Mountains dominate the terrain of the Pacific Northwest. These two north-south mountain systems run in ridges parallel to the Pacific Coast. Most of the population of the Pacific Northwest lives in the lowlands between these two mountain systems. Another major geographic feature of the Pacific Northwest is the Columbia River, one of the nation�s largest rivers. It cuts through a deep gorge in the Cascade Mountains along the border between Washington and Oregon before crossing lower-elevations of the coastal mountains to empty into the Pacific.", "Originates over Asia and moves east and south over the Pacific Ocean into California. After crossing several mountain ranges, it descends the eastern side of the Rockies. Originates in North Atlantic along the East Coast over eastern Canada and US", "60. This line runs from British Columbia down through Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. It mostly follows the crest of the Rocky Mountains. What two-word name is given to the line that separates rivers that flow toward opposite ends of a continent?", "Many major watersheds of North America border on the drainage of the Mackenzie River. Much of the western edge of the Mackenzie basin runs along the Continental Divide. The divide separates the Mackenzie watershed from that of the Yukon River and its headstreams the Pelly and Stewart rivers, which flow to the Bering Strait; and the Fraser River and Columbia River systems, both of which run to the Pacific Ocean. Lowland divides in the north distinguish the Mackenzie basin from those of the Anderson, Horton, Coppermine and Back Rivers – all of which empty into the Arctic. Eastern watersheds bordering on that of the Mackenzie include those of the Thelon and Churchill Rivers, both of which flow into Hudson Bay. On the south, the Mackenzie watershed borders that of the North Saskatchewan River, part of the Nelson River system, which empties into Hudson Bay after draining much of south-central Canada.", "The Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Other mountain ranges continue beyond those two rivers, including the Selwyn Range in Yukon, the Brooks Range in Alaska, and the Sierra Madre in Mexico , but those are not part of the Rockies, though they are part of the American cordillera. The United States definition of the Rockies, however, includes the Cabinet and Salish Mountains of Idaho and Montana, whereas their counterparts north of the Kootenai River, the Columbia Mountains, are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench, which runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River valley in western Montana to the south bank of the Liard River. The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles (110 to 480 kilometers). Also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges and Omineca Mountains of the Interior Mountains system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia on the eastern side of the Trench, the McGregor Plateau, resembles the Rockies but is considered part of the Interior Plateau.", "Another kind of exception occurs when a stream falling onto the Divide splits and flows in both directions, or a lake straddling the divide overflows in both directions. Examples of these are, respectively, North Two Ocean Creek and Isa Lake, both located on the Continental Divide in Wyoming. The Panama Canal has this same feature, being man-made. Both the Chagres and Gatun rivers flow into Gatun Lake, which empties to both oceans.", "The range is drained on its north-west slopes by the Sacramento River and to the west-southwest by the San Joaquin River, two major Central Valley watercourses that ultimately discharge to the Pacific Ocean. Smaller rivers of the west slope include the Feather, Yuba, American, Mokelumne, Stanislaus and Tuolumne. The southern part of the mountains are drained by four rivers called the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and Kern. These rivers flow into an endorheic basin called Tulare Lake, but historically joined the San Joaquin during wet years.", "* Two of the largest rivers in California, which form the Central Valley and drain into San Francisco Bay, derive most of their flow from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range. The northern of the two is the Sacramento River (which also drains the adjacent Cascade Range and Klamath Range); the more southern is the San Joaquin River.", "The Pacific Ocean extends from the arctic to antarctic regions between North and South America on the east and Asia and Australia on the west. The international date line passes through it. It is connected with the Arctic Ocean by the Bering Strait; with the Atlantic Ocean by the Drake Passage, Straits of Magellan, and the Panama Canal; and with the Indian Ocean by passages in the Malay Archipelago and between Australia and Antarctica. Its maximum length is c.9,000 mi (14,500 km), and its greatest width c.11,000 mi (17,700 km), between the Isthmus of Panama and the Malay Peninsula. The principal arms of the Pacific Ocean are (in the north) the Bering Sea; (in the east) the Gulf of California; (in the south) Ross Sea; and (in the west) the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, and the Yellow, East China, South China, Philippine, Coral, and Tasman seas. Few large rivers drain into the Pacific Ocean; the largest are the Columbia of North America and the Huang He and Chang (Yangtze) of China.", "Around 35 million years ago the Kaibab Plateau begins to uplift and diverts the ancestral Colorado, which was already established on a course very similar to that of today, to the southeast. The cut-off western portion, now named the Hualapai Drainage System, contines to drain the western region.", "On a regional basis the drainage patterns of the major rivers of Earth reflect the regional structure and tectonic history of the continents they drain. They develop on a high mountain belt on the leading edge of a continent and flow across the shield or stable platform toward the trailing or inactive margin of the continent. This results in a distinctive asymmetry, so that the drainage pattern of an idealized major river would consist of a large collecting system in a mountain belt with a trunk stream flowing across the stable platform or shield and emptying into the sea along the trailing, or tectonically inactive, edge of the continent. The Amazon River in South America and the major north-flowing rivers in Russia are examples of this basic pattern.", "The largest river flowing through the Pacific Northwest part of the continent is the Columbia River. It emerges from British Columbia in Canada and empties into the Pacific Ocean after flowing for 2,000 kilometers. During its course, the Columbia River discharges an average of 7,500 cubic meters per second.", "A part of a land area enclosed by a topographic divide from which direct surface run-off from precipitation normally drains by gravity into a receiving water", "Stretching for over 800 miles, the Pacific Coast is one of the wettest regions on Earth, with a rainfall of over 10,000 mm3 per year. The northern part of the coast, where the hills of Baudó sink into the ocean forming bays and sounds, is a jungle region with great biodiversity. The flatter south is bordered by cliffs and beaches lined with mangrove and crossed by wide rivers. Located 21 miles from the coast, the islands of Gorgona and Gorgonilla are sanctuaries of flora and fauna and constitute one of the country’s many national parks. Enormous humpback whales from the South Pacific visit the islands each year, and more than 300 miles from the coast, the island rock of Malpelo emerges from the depths of the ocean, surrounded by remarkable underwater life.", "The narrow region along the Pacific coast, known as the Pacific Lowlands, is swampy, heavily forested, and sparsely populated. Along the Atlantic coast, the Atlantic Lowlands also consist largely of open, swampy land, but there are cattle ranches and plantations there, and settlements centered on the port cities.", "The narrow region along the Pacific coast, known as the Pacific Lowlands, is swampy, heavily forested, and sparsely populated. Along the Atlantic coast, the Atlantic Lowlands also consist largely of open, swampy land, but there are cattle ranches and plantations there, and settlements centered on the port cities." ]

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[ "The country's official name was Siam (Thai: สยาม; IPA: [saˈjaːm], RTGS: Sayam origin unknown) until 24 June 1939,[3] and between 1945 and 11 May 1949, when it was changed to Thailand. The word Thai (ไทย) is not, as commonly believed to be, derived from the word Tai (ไท) meaning \"free\" in the Thai language; it is, however, the name of an ethnic group from the central plains (the Thai people).[citation needed] A famous Thai scholar argued that Tai (ไท)simply means \"people\" or \"human being\" since his investigation shows that in some rural areas the word \"Tai\" was used instead of the usual Thai word \"khon\" (คน) for people [4]. With that in mind the locals seemed to have also accepted the alternative meaning and will verbally state that it means \"Land of the free\". This might be due to language barriers and the avoidance of long difficult explanations.[citation needed]", "Prior to 1939 and from 1945-1949 the country was known as Siam. In 1949, the name reverted to Thailand, literally meaning land of the free. The country's origin dates back to 1238 when the Sukhothai Kingdom was established (1238-1378). The Sukhotahai Kingdom was followed by the Ayuthaya Kingdom (1350-1767), Thonburi Kingdom (1768-1781), and the current Chakri Dynasty- Bangkok Period (1782 to present). The country has had a literate culture from its beginning. Its phonetic alphabet was invented by King Ramkhamhaeng in 1283 and was derived originally from a form of the Brahmi script of Southern Indian called Grantha (Pongsak 2001).", "Thailand -๏ฟฝาช๏ฟฝาณาจัก๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ Ratcha Anachak Thai (officially Kingdom of Thailand), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia . The country's official name was Siam ( ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ Sayam) until June 23, 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. It was then renamed Siam from 1945 to May 11, 1949, after which it was again, renamed Thailand. The word Thai ( ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ ) is not, as commonly believed derived from the word Tai ( ๏ฟฝ ) meaning \"freedom\" in the Thai language .", "A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict. Thailand is currently facing separatist violence in its southern ethnic Malay-Muslim provinces.", "The Kingdom of Thailand is at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and Laos to the north, Cambodia to the east, and Malaysia to the south. Thailand borders the Gulf of Thailand to the south and east, and the Andaman Sea to the west. The capital of Thailand is Bangkok. Formerly known as Siam, the kingdom was renamed ‘Thailand’ in 1939.", "The country's official name was Siam, RTGS: Sayam origin unknown) until June 24, 1939, and between 1945 and May 11, 1949, when it was changed to Thailand by official proclamation. The word Thai is not, as commonly believed to be, derived from the word Thai meaning \"freedom\" in the Thai language; it is, however, the name of an ethnic group from the central plains. With that in mind the locals seemed to have also accepted the alternative meaning and will verbally state that it means \"Land of the free\". This might be due to language barriers and the avoidance of long difficult explanations.", "3 Brief Introduction of Thailand A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. ( 君 主立宪制 ) 。", "Even when Thai changed its name from Siam in 1939 and when it was allied with Japan during World War 2 the flag remained the same.", "Phibun's policies during his second government (1948-57) were similar to those he had initiated in the late 1930s. He restored the use of the name Thailand in 1949. (In reaction to extreme nationalism, there had been a reversion to the name Siam in 1946.) Legislation to make Thai social behavior conform to Western standards--begun by Phibun before the war--was reintroduced. Secondary education was improved, and military appropriations were substantially increased. The Phibun regime was also characterized by harassment of Chinese and the tendency to regard them as disloyal and, after 1949, as communists.", "Sources[edit] Thailand . Thailand (/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/ TY-lənd;[11] Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( )), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma.", "A group of young Thais who had studied abroad staged a coup in 1932 and transformed the country into a constitutional monarchy. From 1935 to 1945, a military dictator, Phibun Song-khram (commonly known as Phibun), ruled the country. Phibun changed the name of Siam to Thailand. In 1945, there was a brief return to civilian government, and the country's name was changed back to Siam. Between 1947 and 1973, the country was ruled by military dictators. After the brutal suppression of antigovernment demonstrators in 1973, military was forced out of office, but in 1976 it again seized power.", "A group of young Thais who had studied abroad staged a coup in 1932 and transformed the country into a constitutional monarchy. From 1935 to 1945, a military dictator, Phibun Song-khram (commonly known as Phibun), ruled the country. Phibun changed the name of Siam to Thailand. In 1945, there was a brief return to civilian government, and the country's name was changed back to Siam. Between 1947 and 1973, the country was ruled by military dictators. After the brutal suppression of antigovernment demonstrators in 1973, military was forced out of office, but in 1976 it again seized power.", "A country of southeast Asia on the Gulf of Thailand (formerly the Gulf of Siam), an arm of the South China Sea. Various Thai kingdoms were founded from the 13th century on, frequently coming into conflict with neighboring Burmese and Cambodian powers. Siam remained an absolute monarchy until 1932, when the king was compelled to accept a constitution, and the country was renamed Thailand in 1939. Thailand was occupied by the Japanese in World War II, and most of its numerous postwar governments were controlled by the military. Bangkok is the capital and the largest city.", "Sporting the name of Siam until the 11 th of May 1949, Thailand is the only country in the southeastern region of the continent of Asia to escape European colonization. The prevalent constitutional monarchy in the country was established in the year 1932.", "Thailand is proud of its freedom, never having been ruled by a European country. The Thai words Muang Thai mean “Land of the Free.” Although Thailand still has a king, whose title is “Lord of Life and Possessor of the Twenty-four Golden Umbrellas,” the country has had a democratic form of government since the 1930s when it changed its name from Siam to Thailand.", "Richard Cavendish explains how the proposal to change the name of Siam to Thailand was eventually accepted on May 11th, 1949.", "THAILAND is an exotic kingdom where the past and present mingle in harmony. The country once known as Siam came into being more than 1,000 years ago, when the Thai people descended from the hilly hinterlands of Burma (now Myanmar ) and southern China . Here, in the fertile central plain and basin of the Chayo Phraya River, they created a number of independent kingdoms that were continually besieged by their Burmese and Khmer neighbors. Although the Thai were never colonized, they were forced to fight through the centuries to maintain their freedom.", "Thailand cooperated with Japan and took part of Cambodia from the French in January 1941. Phibun allowed the Japanese to invade so they could attack Burma, and in January 1942 Thailand declared war on Britain and the United States. Regent Pridi refused to sign it and went into hiding. The Japanese exploited Thailand, but the Free Thai resistance worked for the Western Allies. The Assembly removed Phibun in July 1944, and collaborating Prime Minister Khuang was replaced in August 1945. After an election in January 1946 Pridi became prime minister. He wrote a constitution that was adopted, and he went abroad in August. Territory was returned to French Indochina, and Thailand became a member of the United Nations in 1947. Fearing a Communist revolution, the military put Phibun back in power on November 8. Pridi was accused of regicide and fled. In February 1949 a coup attempt by Pridi and the Free Thai was defeated, and Phibun had dissidents arrested and tortured. Thailand offered troops to the US for the Korean War and received millions in aid for Phibun’s military government.", "In 1939, the dictator Field Marshal Luang Phibunsongkhran tried to change the name of the country. He was unsuccessful in doing so, because the anti-axis powers were unhappy that Siam had sided with the Japanese in the war, so they did not recognize the new name. After the war, the country was successful in changing the name during the aforementioned year.", "Myanmar and Thailand, entire countries whose names changed from Burma and Siam, respectively. The former change is highly controversial, with several governments and the opposition not accepting it. This is because the name was changed by a military junta which overthrew the democratically elected Burmese government.", "By the time the name was officially changed in 1939, the borders of the country had been secured, and they have not changed since, except for a brief period during the World War II Japanese occupation of Thailand , when other parts of Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia were transferred to Thailand and briefly swelled the kingdom. Thailand was punished for its bad choice of ally after the war was over, and the borders were returned to their previous locations.", "In 1932, a bloodless revolution carried out by a small group of military and civilian officials resulted in a transition of power, when King Prajadhipok was forced to grant the people of Siam their first constitution, thereby ending centuries of absolutist monarchy. During World War II, the Empire of Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. Japan invaded the country and engaged the Thai army for six to eight hours before Phibunsongkhram ordered an armistice. Shortly thereafter Japan was granted free passage, and on December 21, 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French. Subsequently, Thailand undertook to 'assist' Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai. After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War, Thailand then went through decades of political instability characterized by coups d'état as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable prosperity and democracy in the 1980s.", "In 1932, a bloodless revolution resulted in a new constitutional monarchy. During World War II, the Empire of Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. Japan invaded the country and engaged the Thai army for six to eight hours before Phibunsongkhram ordered an armistice. Shortly thereafter Japan was granted free passage, and on December 21, 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French. Subsequently, Thailand undertook to 'assist' Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai. After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War, Thailand then went through decades of political transgression characterised by coups d'état as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable prosperity and democracy in the 1980s.", "Japanese forces had invaded French Indochina in September 1940, as did Thailand in January 1941. By December 1941, the area had been mostly \"pacified.\"", "In 1932, a bloodless revolution resulted in a new constitutional monarchy. During World War II, Thailand was allied with Japan, while at the same time having an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai. After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the Cold war, Thailand then went through decades of political transgression characterised by coups d'¨¦tats as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable democracy in the 1980s.", "In 1932, a bloodless revolution resulted in a new constitutional monarchy . During World War II , Thailand was an ally with Japan while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai. After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States . As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War , Thailand then went through decades of political transgression characterised by coups d'états as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable prosperity and democracy in the 1980s.", "Thailand, with its territory already serving as a springboard for the Malayan campaign, surrendered within 24 hours of the Japanese invasion . The government of Thailand formally allied itself with Japan on 21 December.", "After a military attack by Japan in 1941, Thailand aligned with Japan and passively declared war on Britain and the United States . At the end of World War II, following Japan's defeat, Thailand subsequently became a U.S. ally.", "Thailand – Thailand has only been a minor part in wars only participating in World War II becoming an ally of the Japanese forces for some time.", "In 1932, a bloodless revolution resulted in a new constitutional monarchy. During the war, Thailand was allied with Japan. Yet after the war, it became an ally of the United States. Thailand then went through a series of coups d'état, but eventually progressed towards democracy in the 1980s.", "Much of the history of the country has been a fight for power, and while Thailand has undergone numerous invasions, it boasts that it’s among a handful of Asian countries never occupied and colonized, but this is disputable since Japanese troops, during WWII, ruled a large portion of the country and were concentrated in the capital.", "A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict." ]

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[ "is usually used to refer to the lever-action rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, though the company has also manufactured many rifles of other action types. Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeating rifles; the Winchester repeater was incredibly popular and is colloquially known as \"The Gun that Won the West\" for its predominant role in the hands of Western settlers.", "Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Evolved from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters. The Model 1873 was particularly successful, being colloquially known as \"The Gun that Won the West\".", "Winchester rifles were affordable, and produced in such great numbers, that the Winchester became the generic rifle. The Winchester had such a powerful hold in some regions that it actually became known as \"the gun that won the West.\" In 1887, Winchester came out with their first repeating shotguns. The next major milestone for Winchester came in 1903, when the company introduced the first automatic rifle that would become widely used.", "The history of the American West was written with firearms.  Although this occurred during a fairly brief period a century and a half ago, many guns from this time are still well known today.  Thanks to Hollywood, even persons with little interest in firearms recognize the Colt Peacemaker revolver and the Winchester lever-action rifle as “The Guns That Won the West.” Lesser known is the coach gun, although it was as important as the more famous weapons perhaps more so when it came to settling the West.", "If you spend any time researching the Colt Peacemaker, you will find that everywhere you look – – in books, on websites, in encyclopedias – – a colon and an unofficial title usually follows the name . . .  “The Colt Peacemaker: The Gun that Won the West” It’s a subtitle that is well deserved, for the “king” of the revolvers in the royal gun family!", "The 1873 was not the first bearing the Winchester name. But, because of its popularity it was nicknamed \"The Gun That Won The West\".", "It has been called, “The gun that won the West.” It has also been the title star of a motion picture. Cussed and discussed, this rifle has been the subject matter of countless campfires, hunting camps and saloons. Once praised as being one of the slickest lever-actions, it is equally disdained as a weak rifle incapable of handling cartridges with enough power to knock off a mouse. Nonetheless, the Model 1873 Winchester is an iconic rifle of the American west.", "In Western movies, the characters' gun belts are often worn low on the hip and outer thigh, with the holster cut away around the pistol's trigger and grip for a smooth, fast draw. This type of holster is a Hollywood anachronism. Fast-draw artists can be distinguished from other movie cowboys because their guns will often be tied to their thigh. Long before holsters were steel-lined, they were soft and supple for comfortable all-day wear. A gunfighter would use tie-downs to keep his pistol from catching on the holster while drawing. Most of the time, gunfighters would just hide their pistols in their pockets and waistbands. Wild Bill Hickok popularized the butt-forward holster type, which worked better on horseback. Other gunfighters would use bridgeport rigs that gave a faster and easier draw. Revolvers were a popular weapon to gunfighters who were horsemen, cowboys, and lawmen because of their concealability and effectiveness on horseback. The Winchester rifle was also a popular weapon among gunfighters. Dubbed the \"Gun that Won the West\", it was widely used during the settlement of the American frontier. Shotguns were also a popular weapon for \"express messengers\" and guards, especially those on stagecoaches and trains who were in charge of overseeing and guarding a valuable private shipment.", "uilt in 1875 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, narrow gauge locomotive Eureka ended its career hauling lumber, a dull vestige of its former glory. Sent for scrapping in 1938, the locomotive was purchased in 1940 by Warner Bros. and appeared in numerous motion pictures and television series. It has the distinction of being used in John Wayne's final movie, The Shootist. Sold for display in Las Vegas, Nevada, it slowly deteriorated until it was damaged in a fire in 1985. Still buried in the ruins of the fire-ravaged building, Eureka was recognized by Dan Markoff for the", "Since there was such interest in my post last month about Samuel Colt and his single-action revolvers, I decided to continue with some historical information I have compiled about another type of firearm also considered one of the ‘Guns That Won The West’ . And I can think of no better introduction to this report than the following clip from one of the most popular western television series ever made.", "The 1870s and 1880s provided sales opportunity to the Colt company via the spread of European-American society ever further westward across the continent, and the demand for firearms that it engendered in various ways. As white Americans displaced Indians from the Indian Territory, both sides were eager for firearms. On the white side, both the U.S. Army and civilians were customers of Colt. The Army carried Colt revolvers through the last of its Indian Wars. On the Indian side, Colt weapons were captured when possible, or bought from whoever was selling. Even among whites in towns where Indians had been vanquished, a thriving demand for guns existed, from the criminals to the police to self-defending civilians. Memoirs of Americans including Walter Chrysler and Jack Black speak of what it was like growing up in Western towns where most people had guns and open carry was common (such as in Kansas and Missouri, which were considered \"out West\" at the time—now considered the Old West).", "The Smith & Wesson Model 29 is a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the .44 Magnum cartridge and manufactured by the U.S. company Smith & Wesson. It was made famous by — and is still most often associated with — the fictional character \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan from the Dirty Harry series of films starring Clint Eastwood. The Model 29 was offered with 3\", 4\", 5\", 6\", 6½\", 8⅜\" and, later, 10⅝\" barrel lengths as standard models. Other barrel lengths were available either by special order from Smith & Wesson's Custom Shop or custom built by gunsmiths. The 5\" barreled variant had a full length underlug. Finish options available included a highly polished blued or nickel-plated surface.  Show Less", "S&W's production of a large N-frame revolver in .44 Magnum began in 1955; the Model 29 designation was applied in 1957. [1] It remained primarily the province of handgun enthusiasts, some law enforcement personnel and hunters until 1971, when Clint Eastwood made it famous as \"the most powerful handgun in the world\" in the movie Dirty Harry . After the movie's release, retailers had trouble keeping the Model 29 in stock. [2]", "*How the West Was Won, starring James Stewart, Henry Fonda, Eli Wallach, John Wayne, Debbie Reynolds, Gregory Peck, Carroll Baker, George Peppard and more", "Watch Hollywood's portrayal of Custer's last stand, the westward migration, historic gunfights, heroes and foes, then hear how the West was really won at the film series ``Gunfights to Gold Rush: Cinema's Mythic West'' at the Autry Museum of Western Heritage.", "Still in business today, the Colt’s Manufacturing Company went on to produce the Colt Single Action Army handgun, also known as the Colt .45 or the Peacemaker, the standard service revolver of the U.S. military between 1873 and 1892. To date, the company founded by Samuel Colt has produced more than 30 million pistols, revolvers and rifles.", "One of the guns seen in the film and on the film's poster was an AMT Hardballer Longslide modified by Ed Reynolds from SureFire to include a laser sight. Both non-functioning and functioning versions of the prop were created. Due to cost considerations, the laser sights used an external power supply that Arnold Schwarzenegger had to activate manually. Reynolds states that his only compensation for the project was promotional material for the film.", "In the scene where John Wayne is hunting with a shotgun, you see him reload the shotgun, but it appears that the shotgun shell that he is using is a plastic hulled shotgun shell, not the paper ones or wax impregnated paper ones that would have been common during the time when this movie was supposedly set. In fact, plastic hulled shotgun shells did not come around until Remington introduced them in 1960. Remington used green plastic in their shells, so the moving was more than likely using a modern Remington plastic hull shotgun shell. See more »", "There were a number of spinoffs from the Winchester success. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson, original founders in 1852 of the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company that would become the New Haven Arms Com pany, went on in 1856 to start up a company that would eventually be known as \"Smith and Wesson\", now a household word. John M. Browning, a Winchester Repeating Arms Company partner, was the most influential gun designer in modern history. In addition to the Model 1894, he is also credited with designing the now-legendary Colt M1911 semi-automatic pistol, and many other groundbreaking designs. His specialty was slide-action, auto loading firearms--designs that are still used in virtually every automatic pistol manufactured today. In addition to contracting his services as an expert designer to Winchester, Colt, Savage (who made some of the Lee-Enfield SMLE rifles), Remington, Fabrique Nationale, a Belgian company, he also had his own company, The Browning Arms Company.", "How the West Was Won (1962; Dir: Henry Hathaway et al.).  A large-scale epic with a little of everything, including wagon trains.", "The film is known for Leone's use of long shots and close-up cinematography, as well as his distinctive use of violence, tension, and stylistic gunfights. The plot revolves around three gunslingers competing to find fortune in a buried cache of Confederate gold amid the violent chaos of the American Civil War (specifically the New Mexico Campaign in 1862), while participating in many battles and duels along the way. The film was the third collaboration between Leone and Clint Eastwood, and the second with Lee Van Cleef.", "The Colt .44 was the weapon of choice for Paladin (Richard Boone), a hired gun who resided at Hotel Carlton, in San Francisco on the western adventure HAVE GUN WILL TRAVEL/CBS/1957-63.", "Screen used Winchester Model 70 chambered in .458 Winchester Magnum. This is the screen used rifle carried and fired by Clint Eastwood in the film.", "Phil Spangenberger- has worked on many feature films and television programs about the west both in front of and behind the camera. Has taught fancy gun handling to many celebrities such as Will Smith for his movie, \"Wild Wild West)", "A shorter, somewhat different version of this article appeared in: The Gun as Star and the \"U.N.C.L.E. Special.\" In M. Pomerance & J. Sakeris (Eds.), Bang Bang, Shoot Shoot! Essays on Guns and Popular Culture. NY: Simon and Shuster, 1999.", "Granted Chuck Connors was the star of The Rifleman televsion series which ran from 1958 to 1963, but any gun enthusiast will tell you his Winchester rifle was a key character in and of itself. At a time when other westerns featured quick-on-the-draw six shooters, the character Lucas McCain came out of the Old West as a highly skilled rifleman who could fire out 13 consecutive shots in the blink of an eye then twirl and spin his rifle like a drum majorette’s baton. But what many people do not realize is that the lever-action Winchester 1892 wielded so effortlessly by character Lucas McCain had been modified especially for actor Chuck Connors.", "At the 2003 Shooting, Hunting and Outdoor Trade (SHOT) Show, the manufacturer regained its crown. And, most significantly, it did it by introducing a new massive double-action revolver that is chambered for an equally new .50-cal. cartridge.", "The Colt Peacemaker was featured in virtually every old television and movie Western.  Gary Cooper carried a Peacemaker in the movie, High Noon.  While you would be hard-pressed to find many Westerns that didn’t feature the Colt .45, here’s your oddball trivia for the day: In the 1950 movie, Colt .45  starring Randolph Scott, Colt .44s were used!", "There is only a handful of motion pictures in which a specific gun played a starring role. “Winchester 73,” a 1950 Western that follows the trail of a stolen lever-action back to its rightful owner, and “Carbine Williams,” the 1952 film about David Marshal Williams and the M1 carbine, are two that come to mind. Interestingly, both starred Jimmy Stewart. But in these movies the guns took second billing to the starring character.", "Gunfighter, also gunslinger, is a 20th century name, used in cinema or literature, referring to men in the American Old West who had gained a reputation as being dangerous with a gun.", "weapons were designed especially for animal transportation, and could be fired from horseback or from the ground on a tripod mounting. They were chambered for the Army standard caliber .45-70-405 infantry center-fire rifle cartridge. Had General Custer taken with him only one of the four that were available, the phrase \"Custer massacre,\" so well known to every school child, would have had a reverse meaning--as one can hardly visualize a more perfect target for a tripod-mounted machine gun than a band of Indians galloping in a circle.", "The Fastest Gun Alive is a western starring Glenn Ford and Jeanne Crain. It is the story of a peaceful storekeeper who is revealed to be a top gunslinger." ]

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[ "Born in New Orleans in 1901, jazz musician Louis Armstrong (d. 1971)was known for his distinctive trumpet-playing and vocal style. He often improvised jazz riffs using his voice rather than his instrument, “scatting” notes and melodies rather than singing actual words. Armstrong transformed traditional church songs like “When the Saints Go Marching In” into jazz melodies fit for brass bands. Nicknamed Satchmo, short for “satchel-mouth,” he helped popularize the solo performance in jazz music. His musical style influenced singers Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra.", "Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the birthplace of jazz. He is considered the most important improviser in jazz, and he taught the world to swing. Armstrong, fondly known as \"Satchmo\" (which is short for \"Satchelmouth\" referring to the size of his mouth) or \"Pops,\" had a sense of humor, natural and unassuming manner, and positive disposition that made everyone around him feel good. With his infectious, wide grin and instantly recognizable gravelly voice, he won the hearts of people everywhere. He had an exciting and innovative style of playing that musicians imitate to this day. Throughout his career, Armstrong spread the language of jazz around the world, serving as an international ambassador of swing. His profound impact on the music of the 20th century continues into the 21st century.", "Louis Daniel Armstrong (he preferred his given name pronounced as Lewie or Louie; also known by the nicknames Satchmo, for satchel-mouth, and Pops) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. One of the most famous jazz musicians of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but toward the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers.", "Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.", "LOUIS ARMSTRONG (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed SATCHMO or POPS, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz . His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and different eras in jazz.", "July 4, 1900 is the day that Louis Armstrong always claims as his birthday. Armstrong's nickname will be Satchmo. He will receive this nickname in England in the early 1930's when the British hear his original nickname, Satchelmouth, incorrectly. Armstrong will be recognized as the first genius of Jazz because the entire concept of swinging will be attributed to him.", "Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and different eras in jazz. ", "(Daniel Louis Armstrong), known as \"Satchmo\" and \"Pops,\" 1901–1971, American jazz trumpet virtuoso, singer, and bandleader, b. New Orleans. He learned to play the cornet in the band of the Waif's Home in New Orleans, and after playing with Kid Ory's", "Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana. Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an \"inventive\" trumpet and cornet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the focus of the music from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly-recognizable gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also skilled at scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).", "Armstrong’s nickname Satchmo was an abbreviation of “satchelmouth,” a joke on the size of his mouth… He was also nicknamed Gatemouth, Dippermouth, Dip, and simply Pops… Armstrong was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an “early influence” in 1990… In 2001 the city of New Orleans renamed its airport as Louis Armstrong International Airport… Armstrong is credited with influencing trumpeters as diverse as Dizzy Gillespie , Miles Davis and Wynton Marsalis .", "The nicknames SATCHMO and SATCH are short for SATCHELMOUTH. Like many things in Armstrong's life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins.", "Cornet/trumpet player Louis \"Satchmo\" Armstrong revolutionized both the instrumental and the vocal style of jazz. King Oliver's substitute in Kid Ory's band, Armstrong left New Orleans in 1922 to join King Oliver in Chicago, where he recorded his Weather Bird Rag (april 1923), and then (1924) Fletcher Henderson in New York. While in New York, he also accompanied blues singers (notably Bessie Smith's legendary january 1925 recording of St Louis Blues) and cut some songs (Clarence Williams' Texas Moaner Blues in october 1924) with smaller groups that included clarinetist Sidney Bechet. In fact the classic recording of the age, and perhaps the most faithful to the original sound of New Orleans' jazz, was an interpretation of Benton Overstreet's Early Every Morn (december 1924) by a quintet named Red Onion Jazz Babies, organized by Clarence Williams, that featured Armstrong, Bechet, pianist Lil Hardin and blues vocalist Alberta Hunter.", "Louis Armstrong (aka Satchmo) - Died 7-6-1971 in Queens, NY, U.S. - Heart attack ( Jazz ) Born 8-4-1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. - Trumpeter and singer - (He did, \"Mack The Knife\" and \"What A Wonderful World\") - Was married to pianist, Lil Armstrong - Louisiana Music Hall Of Fame Inductee Inductee and Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "The nickname Satchmo or Satch is short for Satchelmouth (describing his embouchure). In 1932, then Melody Maker magazine editor Percy Brooks greeted Armstrong in London with \"Hello, Satchmo!\" shortening Satchelmouth (some say unintentionally), and it stuck.", "King Oliver and other early jazz musicians called Louis „Dipper Mouth“ or „Satchel Mouth“, presumably because of his large mouth. Early in the thirties, Louis visited England and was given his trademark handle „Satchmo“ when British fans heard the „Satchel Mouth“ tag incorrectly. Billie Holiday called him „Pops.“ Gate was also used to designate Armstrong at some point.", "Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, LA.", "The great jazz trumpeter known as \"Satchmo\" was America's \"Ambassador of Goodwill.\" His real name was ...", "The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him “satchel mouth” for his mouth acting as a satchel . Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed “satchel mouth” which became shortened to Satchmo. [47]", "The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him \"satchel mouth\" for his mouth acting as a satchel. Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed \"satchel mouth\" which became shortened to Satchmo.", "Satchmo: jazz musician: trumpet; Grammy Award-winning singer: Hello, Dolly! [1964], Lifetime Achievement Award [1971]; It�s a Wonderful World, Mack the Knife, Blueberry Hill; appeared in films: The Five Pennies, The Glenn Miller Story, Hello Dolly!, High Society; American ambassador of good will; inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame [1990]; died July 6, 1971", "1992: Theodore \"Teddy\" Riley (68) American jazz trumpet player and bandleader born in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he would spend most of his career; Mostly known for playing jazz, he also worked and recorded with various Rhythm & Blues bands. Artists and groups he worked with included Fats Domino, Champion Jack Dupree, The Dookie Chase Orchestra, Roy Brown's Band, The Olympia Brass Band, The Williams Brass Band, and The Royal Brass Band. In 1971 Teddy played on the cornet used by Louis Armstrong in his youth for the New Orleans ceremonies marking Armstrong's death (?) b. May 10th 1924.", "King Oliver , who moved from New Orleans to Chicago in 1918, made what are considered to be the first authentic New Orleans-style jazz recordings with his Creole Jazz Band in 1923. Featuring the young Louis Armstrong on second cornet, the band exemplified the group improvisation approach to early jazz, in which all members of the ensemble were free to embellish the melody. Particularly effective, and of great interest to jazz historians, are the cornet duets in which Armstrong played harmony to Oliver’s lead; their recording of “", "The closing of Storyville in 1917 was a disaster for New Orleans musicians, many of whom went on to play in Mississippi riverboat orchestras; Fate Marable’s orchestra was the best and most famous of these and included, at times, the young Louis Armstrong. Others headed directly north to Chicago , which rapidly became the jazz capital of the United States. King Oliver , the much-heralded cornet champion of New Orleans, migrated to Chicago in 1918, and in 1922 he sent for his most talented disciple , Armstrong , to join his Creole Jazz Band as second cornetist. The two made history and astounded audiences with their slyly worked out duet breaks, and Armstrong had a chance to cut his musical teeth by freely improvising melodic counterpoint to Oliver’s lead cornet. More important still, Oliver’s band was able to forge a remarkably unified and disciplined style, integrating at a very high level the players’ collective and individual instrumental skills, all couched in an irresistible, wonderfully stately, rolling momentum.", "Jazz master Louis Armstrong remains one of the most loved and best known of all jazz musicians.", "Louis Armstrong. Trumpet player; pioneered the jazz solo; had talent for melodic improvisation and an unmistakable voice. While Armstrong is closely associated with New Orleans Jazz, it was in Chicago that he made a name for himself.", "Louis Armstrong International (New Orleans) – New Orleans' international airport was originally named Moisant, after an aviator who died in 1910. (The airport's code, MSY, is derived from Moisant Stock Yards, from when the area was an agricultural center.) In 2001, the city decided to honor one of its most famous natives, Louis Armstrong (1901-1971), the great trumpeter who rose to fame in the city's clubs and helped shape jazz and popular music.", "\"St. Louis Blues\" is an American popular song composed by William Christopher Handy in the blues style. It remains a fundamental part of jazz musicians ' repertoire. It was also one of the first blues songs to succeed as a pop song ; it has been performed by numerous musicians of all styles from Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith to Glenn Miller and the Boston Pops Orchestra . It has been called \"the jazzman's Hamlet \". Published in September 1914 by Handy's own company, it later gained such popularity that it inspired the dance step the \" Foxtrot \".", "Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of \"St. Louis Blues\" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.", "Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo , to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera . Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of \" St. Louis Blues \" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.", "in 1995 - Clarence Satchell dies at age 55. American musician; he had a 30-year career as a professional saxophonist and flutist, noted for working with Wilson Pickett and 'Bobby Blue Band', also as a founding member of 'The Ohio Untouchables', who later became the Grammy nominated Funk/Soul band 'The Ohio Players'. Clarence co-wrote a number of top Billboard hits including \"Fire\", \"Love Rollercoaster\", \"I Want To Be Free\" and \"Skin Tight\".", "Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of \"St. Louis Blues\" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.", "aneurysm (1995); he was 55. Satchell was the saxophonist and flautist for The Ohio Players, popular for their 1970s dance hits, such as \"Love Rollercoaster,\" \"Funky Worm,\" and \"Fire.\" (Fellow Ohio Player, Ralph \"Pee Wee\" Middlebrooks, passed away in 1996.)" ]

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[ "countries with no national committees having direct members - (43) Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Belarus, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Burma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Gibraltar, Haiti, Honduras, Iraq, Jamaica, North Korea, Latvia, Liberia, Macedonia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nepal, Oman, Peru, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam", "There are 10 states that are members of the United Nations, but not of the WMO. These are: Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and San Marino; the most populous of these countries is Equatorial Guinea, with nearly 700,000 inhabitants. Non-members of either organisation include the Vatican City and the states with limited recognition.", "members - (179) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cuba, Kiribati, North Korea, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, Tonga, Tuvalu; plus Kosovo", "members - (185) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino (183 total); plus Cook Islands and Niue", "In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine. The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their \"full treaty-making capacity\" recognized by the Secretariat.", "Honduras is a charter member of the United Nations, having joined on 17 December 1945; it is part of ECLAC and serves in several specialized agencies, such as FAO, IFC, UNESCO, UNIDO, ILO, IMF, WHO, and the World Bank. Honduras served on the UN Security Council from 1995–96. It is one of five members of the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) and the Central American Common Market (CACM). In 2004, Honduras, the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic signed the US–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). The agreement must be ratified by all participating countries before it enters into force.", "AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC", "As of May 2008, the United Nations has 192 members (including Montenegro and Serbia - the two newest nations). That number does not include the Vatican, and it doesn't (yet) include Kosovo (disclaimer).", "Liberia is a charter member of the United Nations, having joined on 2 November 1945; it takes part in ECA and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as UNESCO, FAO, ILO, the World Bank, UNIDO, IMF, and the WHO. Liberia belongs to the ACP Group, the African Development Bank, ECOWAS, G-77, the Community of Sahel and Saharan States (CENSAD), the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), and the African Union. The government is participating in efforts to establish a West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) that would include The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.", "Interestingly, the United States and Kiribati are the two countries which are not members of any group. Australia, Canada, Israel, and New Zealand are all part of the Western European and Others Group.", "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC", "However, in general only internationally recognized sovereign states are members of intergovernmental organizations, and not every one of them is a member of one of the organizations listed above.", "Vatican City is currently the only widely recognized independent state that has not become a member of the United Nations. The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly.", "The Commonwealth of Nations, or the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth), is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat, and non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation. ", "The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries and other political units that have lived under British law and government. It includes the United Kingdom, about 50 independent nations that were once British colonies, and about 25 other political units, such as territories and dependencies.", "Lesotho became a member of the United Nations on 17 October 1966 and participates in ECA and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as the FAO, IFC, ULP, IMF, the World Bank, UNESCO, UNHCR, and the WHO. Lesotho is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the ACP Group, the African Development Bank, the African Union, and G-77. The country's close relationship with Southern Africa is a major factor in its economic survival. Lesotho belongs to the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Lesotho is also part of the Common Monetary Area (CMA) that includes Namibia , Swaziland, and South Africa.", "..... Click the link for more information. . In 1945, when the UN was founded, there were 51 members; 193 nations are now members of the organization (see table entitled United Nations Members United Nations Members", "[11] The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.", "[13] Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of its application, the Security Council, on 8 January 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Slovak Republic be admitted to United Nations Membership. The Slovak Republic was thus admitted on 19 January of that year as a Member State.", "All UN member states based in Africa and African waters are or have been members of the AU or OAU, as is the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, whose status is disputed. Morocco unilaterally withdrew from the Organisation of African Unity, the AU's predecessor, in 1984, but announced in July 2016 that it wished to rejoin the organization. Spain, primarily a European country, maintains sovereignty over Ceuta and Melilla on the African mainland and the Canary Islands, and is accredited to the African Union. ", "The Netherlands is a founding member of the United Nations, having joined on 10 December 1945. It participates in ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as the FAO, the World Bank, IAEA, ILO, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, and the WHO. In addition, the Netherlands is a member of the WTO, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Council of Europe, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, G-10 (Paris Club), the Western European Union, the European Union, NATO , OSCE, and OECD. The Netherlands is a permanent observer at OAS. The Netherlands is the home site of the International Court of Justice, Eurojust, Europol, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the International Criminal Court.", "* XK was assigned as a temporary code to Kosovo under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99", "The overseas constituent countries of the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten) are represented as a single UPU member as are the entire British overseas territories. These members were originally listed separately as \"Colonies, Protectorates, etc.\" in the Universal Postal Convention and they were grandfathered in when membership was restricted to sovereign states. ", "Cuba is a member of the United Nations, having joined on 24 October 1945; it belongs to ECLAC and several specialized agencies, such as the FAO, IAEA, IFAD, ILO, UNESCO, UNIDO, and WHO. Cuba is a part of the ACP Group, G-77, the Latin American Economic System (LAES), the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), and the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). Cuba's charter membership in the OAS was suspended at the second Punta del Este meeting, in February 1962, through US initiative. The isolation of Cuba from the inter-American community was made almost complete when, at Caracas , on 26 July 1964, the OAS voted 15–4 for mandatory termination of all trade with the Castro government. Cuba has been very active in the Nonaligned Movement, and held its chairmanship between 1979 and 1983. The nation is also part of the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. In environmental cooperation, Cuba is part of the Antarctic treaty, the Basel Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity, Ramsar, CITES, the London Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, MARPOL, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification.", "While Japan rarely asserts itself independently, it does participate actively in international organizations and humanitarian efforts. Japan has been a member of the UN since 1956, and it plays a prominent role in a number of UN agencies, including the Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). Japan is currently seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, the most powerful UN body. Since the 1970s Japan has become a major source of foreign aid to developing countries, particularly in Asia.", "Venezuela is a charter member of the United Nations, having joined on 15 November 1945; it participates in ECLAC and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNESCO, the World Bank, ILO, IAEA, and the WHO. Venezuela is a member of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN), the Caribbean Development Bank, the South American Community of Nations (CSN), G-3, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), the Latin American Economic System (LAES), the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA), OPEC, OAS, the Río Group, and the WTO. The nation is an associate in Mercosur.", "Malaysia became a member of the United Nations on 17 September 1957, and participates in ESCAP and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as the FAO, UNESCO, UNIDO, IFC, IAEA, the World Bank, and the WHO. It also belongs to the WTO, the Asian Development Bank, ASEAN, the Commonwealth of Nations, APEC, the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the Colombo Plan, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), and G-77.", "The Council of Europe (CoE; ) is an international organization focused on promoting democracy, rule of law, human rights, economic development and integration of certain regulatory functions in Europe. Founded in 1949, it has 47 member states, covers approximately 820 million people and operates with an annual budget of approximately half a billion euros. The organization is distinct from the 28-nation European Union (EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original European Flag which was launched by the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the European Anthem. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. ", "1992. Croatian independence is recognized by the world and the Republic of Croatia becomes a member of the United Nations.", "Mann is not itself a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. By virtue of its relationship with the United Kingdom, it takes part in several Commonwealth institutions, including the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Commonwealth Games.", "The Organization of American States (OAS), or Organizacion de Estados Americanos (OEA) is a western hemisphere regional international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. Its membership includes some thirty-four independent states of the Americas. Its purpose is to foster democracy, human rights, security, and development among its member states through political dialogue, inclusiveness, cooperation, and legal instruments in the Hemisphere.", "Miquelon. Neither country is party to the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone." ]

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[ "President Theodore Roosevelt became the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize on Dec. 10, 1906. He was presented the award for negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War.", "On this day, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, for helping to end the Russ-Japanese War.", "Theodore Roosevelt was the first President in history to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for drafting to treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War. Three other American Presidents also received the Nobel Peace Prize: Woodrow Wilson in 1919 for establishing the League of Nations; Jimmy Carter in 2002 for his post Presidency work on promoting democracy, human rights, economic and social development; Barack Obama in 2009 for strengthening international diplomacy.", "Also in 1906 Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize when his mediation in the Russo-Japanese War led to The Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the war between Russia and Japan. He also helped to settle a conflict between Germany and France over control of Morocco. When several international crises arose between 1904 and 1906, Roosevelt was key in keeping the balance of European power intact.", "December 1st, 1906- Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for settling the Russo-Japanese War.  The war between Japan and Russia began in 1904 with an unprovoked attack on the Russian Naval Base at Port Arthur on the Korean Peninsular. Japan, fearful of Russian Imperial colonialism within their sphere of influence destroyed the Russian fleet while it was still in port.  This resulted in the great naval battle of Tsushima, in which almost the entire Russian relief fleet was sunk by a handful of Japanese warships.  Roosevelt and his team of negotiators met with both sides in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and successfully negotiated and end to the conflict.", "Which US President won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his mediation in the Russo-Japanese War*theodore roosevelt", "As a strategist, Roosevelt saw the opportunity of a shortcut between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Thus, he pursued the construction of the Panama Canal. In other areas, Theodore Roosevelt intervened in the Russo-Japanese War and negotiated for its end. For his efforts, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906, becoming the first American to be awarded this prize. In his effort to establish the United States as a world power, he commissioned the Great White Fleet on a world tour for goodwill. This endeavor demonstrated the American naval power to the world. This was the first circumnavigation tour around the world made by a national naval force.", "Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War, reached a Gentleman's Agreement on immigration with Japan, and sent the Great White Fleet on a goodwill tour of the world. His mother, Mittie Bulloch , was born in Hartford, Connecticut but was raised in Savannah, Georgia and then moved to Roswell, Georgia when she was five.", "Only two other sitting presidents have won the Nobel peace prize, and they both won it for actual achievements. Theodore Roosevelt won in 1906 for his role in ending the Russo-Japanese war and Woodrow Wilson won in 1919 for founding the League of Nations and helping frame post-World War I peace.", "Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.", "1858-1919 - Theodore Roosevelt -- US president 1901-09. Received Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating end to Russo-Japanese War .", "The Nobel Prize Committee awards Roosevelt its Peace Prize for his role in ending the Russo-Japanese War during the Portsmouth Conference in 1905. December 10, 1906", "The American President Theodore Roosevelt offered to mediate, and earned a Nobel Peace Prize for his effort. Sergius Witte led the Russian delegation and Baron Komura , a graduate of Harvard , led the Japanese Delegation. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on 5 September 1905 [14] at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine . Witte became Russian Prime Minister the same year.", "Roosevelt negotiated for the U.S. to take control of the Panama Canal and its construction in 1904; he felt the Canal's completion was his most important and historically significant international achievement. He was the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize, winning its Peace Prize in 1906, for negotiating the peace in the Russo-Japanese War, an interesting irony considering his promotion of national warfare as a useful tool.", "These three major defeats convinced Russia that further resistance against Japan’s imperial designs for East Asia was hopeless, and in August 1905 U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated a peace treaty at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (He was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for this achievement.) Japan emerged from the conflict as the first modern non-Western world power and set its sights on greater imperial expansion. However, for Russia, its military’s disastrous performance in the war was one of the immediate causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905.", "Japan was also a concern for the new imperial America. In 1904, war broke out between Russia and Japan. The war was going poorly for the Russians. Theodore Roosevelt offered to mediate the peace process as the war dragged on. The two sides met with Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and before long, a treaty was arranged. Despite agreeing to its terms, the Japanese public felt that Japan should have been awarded more concessions. Anti-American rioting swept the island. Meanwhile, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. This marked the first time an American President received such an offer.", "These three major defeats convinced Russia that further resistance against Japan’s imperial designs for East Asia was hopeless, and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated a peace treaty at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in August 1905. (He was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for this achievement.) Japan emerged from the conflict as the first modern non-Western world power and set its sights on greater imperial expansion. The Russian military’s disastrous performance in the war was one of the immediate causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905.", "In 1905, Roosevelt offered to mediate a treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War. The parties agreed to meet in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and they resolved the final conflict over the division of Sakhalin– Russia took the northern half, and Japan the south; Japan also dropped its demand for an indemnity. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his successful efforts. George E. Mowry concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well, doing an \"excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient, where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America\". ", "Teddy Roosevelt was a weak and asthmatic child who grew up to be one of the most robust and ambitious U.S. presidents ever. A former New York City police commissioner (1895-97), author, and hero of the Spanish-American War (1898), he reluctantly accepted an offer to become William McKinley 's vice president upon McKinley's re-election in 1900. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest man ever to become president. (He was 42.) He served two terms, built up the Navy, used \"battleship diplopmacy\" to create an independent Panama and then build the Panama Canal, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for helping to end the Russo-Japanese War, designated dozens of national forests, parks, and monuments, and strengthened the executive branch through his progressive agenda and the sheer force of his personality. He is often remembered for his policy pronouncement, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" He was succeeded in 1909 by William Howard Taft . Roosevelt ran for president again in 1912, as a candidate of the National Progressive (or \"Bull Moose\") Party; he beat Taft but came in second to the next president, Democrat Woodrow Wilson . In the last years of his life he traveled widely, explored Brazil, supported America's entry into World War I, and published several books including Theodore Roosevelt - An Autobiography in 1913.", "Fourth US President to win a Nobel Peace Prize (2009) after Theodore Roosevelt (1906), Woodrow Wilson (1919) and Jimmy Carter (2002).", "Roosevelt’s life was filled with contradictions. He was a member of one of the country’s 20 richest families, yet he denounced business magnates as “malefactors of great wealth.” The first president born in a big city, he was a hunter as a well as a conservationist. He was a bellicose man who boxed in the White House. He was also the first American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for brokering peace between Russia and Japan.", "Theodore Roosevelt won fame, and was later lionized, as the leader of the Rough Riders in Cuba and as the bellicose advocate of American expansionism in the Pacific. “I should welcome any war, for I think the country needs one,” Roosevelt wrote a friend in 1897. But Roosevelt’s most important contribution to American foreign policy came later—when he became president in 1901 and when he replaced his colonel’s spurs with a subtle understanding of what diplomacy entailed. During his two terms, Roosevelt wound down the war in the Philippines that he had helped start in 1898, thwarted European designs upon Latin America, and mediated the Algeciras Crisis and the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. ", "Roosevelt also involved himself in the affairs of Asia after the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904. Concerned about maintaining the balance of power between nations, Roosevelt invited delegates from Russia and Japan to the U.S. for a peace conference in 1905 that resulted in the signing of a treaty. Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize for his actions. In an effort to discourage further trouble in Asia, Roosevelt sent sixteen new, gleaming white battleships, dubbed “the Great White Fleet,” to Asian ports and elsewhere around the world.", "Roosevelt was President when he won the award in 1906. He was unable to collect the prize until 1910, after his presidency. During his speech he called for the formation of a league to police the international community. Roosevelt's plan ultimately led to the formation of the United Nations.", "Roosevelt was the first statesman to be awarded the Peace Prize, and for the first time the award was controversial. The Norwegian Left argued that Roosevelt was a \"military mad\" imperialist who completed the American conquest of the Philippines. Swedish newspapers wrote that Alfred Nobel was turning in his grave, and that Norway awarded the Peace Prize to Roosevelt in order to win powerful friends after the dramatic dissolution of the union with Sweden the previous year.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his \"cowboy\" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "He won the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in negotiating peace between Russia and Japan.", "In the foreign policy area he was exemplary. He was able to defuse the Russian-Japanese war in the Far East, for which he was subsequently awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. During his nearly eight years as president not a single member of the U.S. forces died in combat. He expanded the U.S. Navy and had the Navy conduct a world tour from 1907 to 1909 to show case and demonstrate U.S. sea power. He was the driving force behind the building of the Panama Canal and the establishment of the Canal Zone in Panama which allowed the building of the Canal. Unfortunately he used strong arm tactics to accomplish the Canal Treaty for which he received a considerable amount of criticism.", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the Swiss Jean Henri Dunant for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization.", "the 26th president of the United States (1901–09) and a writer, naturalist, and soldier. He expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government in support of the public interest in conflicts between big business and labour and steered the nation toward an active role in world politics, particularly in Europe and Asia. He won the Nobel...", "The first Nobel Peace Prizes were handed out in 1901. Since then, 97 people and 20 organizations have received the honor, including three sitting U.S. presidents:" ]

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[ "«  The Curious Case of Benjamin Button  » is a 1921 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in Colliers Magazine, and subsequently anthologized in his book Tales of the Jazz Age (occasionally published as The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Other Jazz Age Stories).[1] Developed for years by the late Hollywood mogul Ray Stark, the rights and story development were purchased from the Ray Stark Estate and adapted for a 2008 film of the same name directed by David Fincher.", "\"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" is one of F. Scott Fitzgerald's most memorable short stories. The protagonist, Benjamin Button, is born an old man and ages in reverse until he becomes a baby and then finally vanishes from the earth. In a short introduction to the story, Fitzgerald wrote: \"This story was inspired by a remark of Mark Twain's to the effect that it was a pity that the best part of life came at the beginning and the worst part at the end. By trying the experiment upon only one man in a perfectly normal world I have scarcely given his idea a fair trial. Several weeks after completing it, I discovered an almost identical plot in Samuel Butler's 'Note-books.' \"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" was the inspiration for the major motion picture of the same name and remains one of Fitzgerald's most haunting and beautiful tales. This collection also includes three other Jazz Age tales by Fitzgerald.", "F. Scott Fitzgerald is best known for classic jazz age novels such as The Great Gatsby and Tender Is the Night, but the acclaimed writer's impressive canon also boasts some 160 published short stories. \"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" first appeared in Collier's in 1922 and was one of several fantasy stories for which Fitzgerald garnered widespread praise in his lifetime. \"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\"is the heartbreaking and often humorous tale of a man who ages in reverse through the course of his long and highly unconventional life.", "This last question, lent some weight by the remaining puzzles in the biology of aging and the actual, pathological instances of premature senility in the very young, has an American literary pedigree. F. Scott Fitzgerald published a story, “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button,” on the theme in 1922. Including it in his collection “Tales of the Jazz Age,” he noted in a foreword:", "Curious Case of Benjamin Button - When directors choose to adapt a novel or short story to fit the silverscreen, they often face the arduous task of keeping the author’s original plot in tow as well as, putting forth a believable product. In the case of Scotts Fitzgerald’s short story, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, director, David Fincher and screenwriter, Eric Roth chose to scrap the original framework of the story and start anew. Although Fincher and Roth keeps the basic idea of Benjamin Button’s existence the same, their screen adaption tells a more sincere version of how it would feel to live life in reverse....   [tags: Film]", "“I was born under unusual circumstances.” And so begins “Benjamin Button,” adapted from the classic 1920s story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, about a man who is born in his eighties and ages backwards. In 1860 Benjamin Button is born an old man and mysteriously begins aging backward. At the beginning of his life he is withered and worn, but as he continues to grow younger he embraces life — he goes to war, runs a business, falls in love, has children, goes to college and prep school, and, as his mind begins to devolve, he attends kindergarten and eventually returns to the care of his nurse. This strange and haunting story embodies the sharp social insight that has made Fitzgerald one of the great voices in the history of American literature.", "Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the \"Lost Generation\" of the 1920s. He finished four novels, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, Tender Is the Night and his most famous, the celebrated classic, The Great Gatsby. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age.", "In the short story \"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Roger Button, Benjamin's father, owns a phaeton that is his primary mode of transportation until Benjamin buys the first automobile in Baltimore.", "The Buzz: Based on the 1922 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Benjamin Button (Pitt) is born as a feeble old man, and ages in reverse until he becomes a baby at the end of his life. This causes complications when he falls in love with a 30-year-old woman (Blanchett). Fitzgerald has noted that “This story was inspired by a remark of Mark Twain’s to the effect that it was a pity that the best part of life came at the beginning and the worst part at the end.” The film has a $150 million budget, and was shot back to back with Zodiac. Love him or hate him, Fincher always delivers an interesting film.", "Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was a Jazz Age novelist and short story writer who is considered to be among the greatest twentieth-century American writers. Born on September 24, 1896, he was the only son of an aristocratic father and a provincial, working-class mother. He was the product of two divergent traditions: while his father's family included the author of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" (after whom Fitzgerald was named), his mother's family was, in Fitzgerald's own words, \"straight 1850 potato-famine Irish.\" As a result of this contrast, he was exceedingly ambivalent toward the notion of the American dream: for him, it was at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising.", "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, loosely based on a 1922 short story by F Scott Fitzgerald, is also about the span of a human life.", "Thus events unfold, plot churning away, story staying fully on the surface of things, revelling in obvious discomforts and barely pausing to probe the deeper implications of Button's authentically curious condition. Perhaps it was with \"The Curious Case\" in mind, in 1922 (the year the tall tale was collected in The Jazz Age), that Edmund Wilson wrote of 25-year-old Fitzgerald that \"he has been given a gift for expression without very many ideas to express\".", "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button was released as a full-length motion picture in late 2008 and early 2009, starring Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett. The story differed largely from the book, with the result that only the title, Benjamin’s name, and the aging process shown in the book were kept the same. In the film, Benjamin is abandoned by his father and lives in an old people’s nursing home with a young African-American named Queenie, whom he calls Momma. When he is seven years of age, he meets a girl named Daisy who believes him when he says that he is aging in reverse. They fall in love and later have a child after many various events and occurences. The film ends with Daisy, at this point an old woman, cradling a baby Benjamin, who has forgotten her and eventually dies. For full details, see the main article.", "Tales of the Jazz Age, the collection of stories in which The Curious Case of Benjamin Button first appeared in 1922. Illustration by John Held, Jr.", "American writer of novels and short stories, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the \"Lost Generation\" of the twenties. He finished four novels, including The Great Gatsby, with another published posthumously, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age.", "Benjamin learns to walk in 1925; he declares it a miracle, after which he uses crutches in place of a wheelchair. On Thanksgiving 1930, Benjamin meets seven-year-old Daisy, whose grandmother lives in the nursing home. He and Daisy become good friends. Later, he accepts work on a tugboat captained by Mike Clark. Benjamin also meets Thomas Button, who does not reveal that he is Benjamin's father. In Autumn 1936, Benjamin leaves New Orleans for a long-term work engagement with the tugboat crew; Daisy later is accepted into a dance company in New York City under choreographer George Balanchine.", "Director Herbert Danska�s film adaptation of a John A. Williams novel, \"Night Song,\" about interracial romance and a jazz saxophonist, Richie \"Eagle\" Coles, a character based loosely on Charlie \"Bird\" Parker and played by Dick Gregory. With music by Mal Waldron and Charles McPherson. Shown with director Gjon Mili�s unfinished follow up to his groundbreaking film Jammin� The Blues. Features Charlie Parker, Coleman Hawkins, Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, Bill Harris, Lester Young, Flip Phillips, Hank Jones, Ray Brown, Buddy Rich and Ella Fitzgerald in a series of startling, lip synced studio performances.", "William James \"Count\" Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. His mother taught him to play the piano and he started performing in his teens. Dropping out of school, he learned to operate lights for vaudeville and to improvise accompaniment for silent films at a local movie theater in his home town of Red Bank, New Jersey. By 16, he increasingly played jazz piano at parties, resorts and other venues. In 1924, he went to Harlem, where his performing career expanded; he toured with groups to the major jazz cities of Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1929 he joined Bennie Moten's band in Kansas City, and played with them until Moten's death in 1935.", "William James \"Count\" Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. His mother taught him to play the piano and he started performing in his teens. Dropping out of school, he learned to operate lights for vaudeville and to improvise accompaniment for silent films at a local movie theater in his home town of Red Bank, New Jersey. By 16 years old, he increasingly played jazz piano at parties, resorts and other venues. In 1924, he went to Harlem, where his performing career expanded; he toured with groups to the major jazz cities of Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1929 he joined Bennie Moten's band in Kansas City, and played with them until Moten's death in 1935.", "MIKE STOLLER: There was Bennie Benjamin. He wrote with George David Weiss, things like “Cross over the Bridge” and “I’ll Never Be Free.” And, of course, Irving Caesar, who was considerably senior in age to everybody. He wrote “Tea for Two.”", "Famed actor, composer, artist, author and director. His talents extended to the authoring of the novel \"Mr. Cartonwine: A Moral Tale\" as well as his autobiography. In 1944, he joined ASCAP, and composed \"Russian Dances\", \"Partita\", \"Ballet Viennois\", \"The Woodman and the Elves\", \"Behind the Horizon\", \"Fugue Fantasia\", \"In Memorium\", \"Hallowe'en\", \"Preludium & Fugue\", \"Elegie for Oboe, Orch.\", \"Farewell Symphony (1-act opera)\", \"Elegie (piano pieces)\", \"Rondo for Piano\" and \"Scherzo Grotesque\".", "Runyon created an entire world based on the denizens of New York's Broadway and Times Square areas, not a sharply realistic world by any means, but rather a fantasy Manhattan peopled by chorines, card sharps, hustlers, battle-ax wives, and easily duped cops. He used many of these characters over and over from story to story. In Guys and Dolls, Stubby Kaye does the show-stopping number \"Sit Down You're Rocking the Boat\" as the rotund Nicely Nicely Johnson. The same character appeared in the Henry Fonda-Lucille Ball movie The Big Street (1942), played by the equally portly Eugene Pallette.", "Williams led a colorful and tragic life. Born in 1911 in Columbia, Mississippi, he was a sickly child terrorized by his violent traveling-salesman father. When he was seven, the family moved to St. Louis, where his father became manager of a shoe company. Persecuted and taunted by his father, he took refuge in reading and writing and in a close relationship with his beloved sister Rose. At 14, he won a prize in a national writing competition and three years later sold a short story to Weird Tales magazine.", "American comedian, vaudevillian, radio, television, and film actor, and violinist. Recognized as a leading American entertainer of the 20th century, Benny portrayed his character as a miser, playing his violin badly", "Peter Straub's short story collection Magic Terror (2000) contains a story called \"Pork Pie Hat\", a fictionalized account of the life of Lester Young. Straub was inspired by Young's appearance on the 1957 CBS-TV show The Sound of Jazz, which he watched repeatedly, wondering how such a genius could have ended up such a human wreck. ", "     At age thirty, he completed his first major work, The Zoo Story. The play received its world premiere in Berlin, Germany in 1959, and opened Off-Broadway the following year. This startling one-act, in which a loquacious drifter meets a conventional family man on a park bench and provokes him to violence, won Albee an international reputation as a fearless observer of human alienation. Albee brought absurdism to the American stage with his one-act plays The Sandbox and The American Dream. In the same period, he dramatized America's simmering racial conflict in a more conventionally realistic short drama, The Death of Bessie Smith.", "Odets's best-known play was Waiting for Lefty (1935), an experimental one-act drama that fervently advocated labor unionism. His Awake and Sing! , a nostalgic family drama, became another popular success, followed by Golden Boy, the story of an Italian immigrant youth who ruins his musical talent (he is a violinist) when he is seduced by the lure of money to become a boxer and injures his hands. Like Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby and Dreiser's An American Tragedy, the play warns against excessive ambition and materialism.", "a young man named Beiderbecke would drop in occasionally and play piano for a while. Wingy had heard him before when he and Louis Armstrong had met Bix on a levee. Bix was playing a piano every Sunday in church. “Did you ever notice how much ‘Davenport Blues’ sounds like a hymn?” asked Wingy. The moment Wingy heard Bix on the piano, he felt there was something different [about him]. Louis thought Bix was wonderful. “Why man,” said Louis to Wingy, “he’s a playin’ fool.” Then Bix took up the cornet. He didn’t have any lip. Wingy listened whenever he could anyway. Bix always was very apologetic about his tone. He thought it was bad.... For a long time, no one paid much attention to Bix. “But Bix had more ideas than the rest of us put together,” cried Wingy. [25]", "Cornetist, trumpeter. Began playing in children's brass band; while a youngster worked as a yard boy and later as a butler; performed with a number of New Orleans brass bands, including the Eagle, Onward, Melrose, Magnolia, and Original Superior; played at nightspots in and around Storyville, LA; went to Chicago with Jimmy Noone to join bassist Bill Johnson's band and doubled in a band led by Lawrence Duhe, 1918; led own band at the Dreamland, 1920; took his band to San Francisco to play the Pergola Dance Pavilion, 1921, and also played gigs in Los Angeles; returned to Chicago in April of 1922 and led own Creole Jazz Band at the Lincoln Gardens; recruited Louis Armstrong to play in the band, 1922; briefly joined Dave Peyton's Symphonic Syncopators, 1924; led his Dixie Syncopators at Plantation Cafe, 1925-27; performed on recordings with Clarence Williams, 1928; formed another band and toured, 1930-37.", "1930:   The King of Jazz is produced by Universal. In it is a short animated sequence done by Walter Lantz. It is the first animation done with the two strip Technicolor process.", "For the hit Broadway show, \"Hot Chocolates\", he and Razaf wrote \"(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue\" (1929), which became a hit for Ethel Waters and Louis Armstrong . This searing treatment of racism refutes the early criticism of Waller that his creations and performances were \"shallow entertainment\".", "In 1950, he starred with Doris Day in \"Tea for Two\" (a reworking of \"No, No, Nanette\"), then in 1951, he starred again with Doris Day in On Moonlight Bay, followed by the 1953 sequel By the Light of the Silvery Moon. That same year, he also starred opposite Kathryn Grayson in the third film version of The Desert Song. This was followed by leading roles in two major films of Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals, Oklahoma! (1955) and Carousel (1956), both films opposite Shirley Jones." ]

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