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[ "Fact: Actor Tommy Lee Jones will join Ewan McGregor as an honouree at Spain's San Sebastian International Film Festival in September (12). The stars, along with director Oliver Stone, will receive the Donostia Award for their contributions to cinema.", "Shares the exact same birthday as good friend and star of some his films, Tommy Lee Jones . Both were born on September 15, 1946.", "Parallels with Steven Spielberg : Both directors were born in 1946, to fathers who had served in World War II. Both frequently make historical films, often about U.S. Presidents ( JFK (1991), Nixon (1995), Amistad (1997), W. (2008), Lincoln (2012)). They have both directed Tommy Lee Jones in an Oscar-nominated performance (JFK and Lincoln). They have both earned an Oscar nomination for the actor playing the President ( Daniel Day-Lewis and Anthony Hopkins once each). They have cast David Paymer and Bruce McGill as members of a President's cabinet. They both frequently use John Williams to score their films.", "One of the most acclaimed and accomplished actors in Hollywood, Academy Award® winner TOMMY LEE JONES (Thaddeus Stevens) brings a distinct character to his every film.", "Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones (; born 30 May 1971) is an English film director, film producer, and screenwriter. He is best known for directing the science fiction film Moon (2009), winning the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer, Source Code (2011) and Warcraft (2016). He is the son of singer-songwriter David Bowie and model Angie Bowie.", "'No Country For Old Men' - Thriller with Tommy Lee Jones, Josh Brolin, Javier Bardem, Woody Harrelson, Stephen Root, Tess Harper. Written and directed by Ethan and Joel Coen.", "Gilmore's story is documented in Norman Mailer's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Executioner's Song (1979), which was adapted by Mailer for the 1982 television movie of the same name starring Tommy Lee Jones as Gilmore. Jones won an Emmy Award for his portrayal of Gilmore. Gilmore's brother's memoir Shot in the Heart was made into an HBO movie starring Giovanni Ribisi, Elias Koteas, and Sam Shepard.", "Coal Miner's Daughter (Blu-ray) (1980) Starring Sissy Spacek, Tommy Lee Jones & Beverly D'Angelo; Directed by Michael Apted; Universal Studios | OLDIES.com", "7.  Tommy Lee Jones – I’m just as surprised as you that ol’ sour puss face is as high on this list as he is, but his credits don’t lie.  He partnered with Will Smith for three Men in Black films (1997 – 2012), was Two-Face in Batman Forever (1995), and had a brief role in Captain America:  The First Avenger (2011).", "Francis Ford Coppola (; born April 7, 1939) is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer. He was considered to be the central figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking.", "Directed by Tommy Lee Jones. Starring Tommy Lee Jones, Hilary Swank, Grace Gummer, Miranda Otto, Sonja Richter, Barry Corbin, David Dencik, William Fichtner, John Lithgow, James Spader, Tim Blake Nelson.", "Coal Miner's Daughter, an autobiography whose title came from her #1 record of 1970. It became a New York Times bestseller and was made into a film in 1980, starring Sissy Spacek as Lynn and Tommy Lee Jones as her husband, Doolittle. Spacek won the Academy Award for Best Actress for the part. Due mostly to the critical and commercial success of the film, Lynn gained more \"mainstream\" attention in the early 1980s, starring in two primetime specials on NBC.", "Clint Eastwood (born Clinton Eastwood, Jr. in San Francisco, California on May 30, 1930) is an American actor, director, producer, and politician. In his extensive career, he has appeared in more than 50 major films, acting, directing, producing, and creating music for most of his roles. Some of his standout roles include work on films True Crime, Flags of Our Fathers, The Bridges of Madison County, The Rookie, and Gran Torino. He also directed major films like Invictus, J. Edgar, Pale Rider, and Heartbreak Ridge. He won Academy Awards for both Best Director and Best Picture for Million Dollar Baby and Unforgiven. He was nominated for the same awards for Letters to Iwo Jima and Mystic River. Clint served in the United States Army during the Korean War. Clint famously gave a speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention to an empty chair, in which he pretended President Barack Obama was sitting.", ", a book written by Norman Mailer in 1979, is a must read if you are interested in reading about the Gilmore case. The book, which won a 1980 Pulitzer Prize, was later turned into a made-for-TV movie starring Tommy Lee Jones, Eli Wallach and Rosanna Arquette. Jones won an Emmy for his portrayal of Gilmore.", "Peter Macgregor-Scott, producer: Joel was in the Carolinas shooting The Client. I go to see Joel on set and got Tommy Lee [Jones] and all of his principle actors working. Tommy Lee and I were quite good friends. I'd done Under Siege and The Fugitive with him. And I remind him that he got the Academy Award for The Fugitive. \"F— you\" he said (laughs). He's a great guy. Difficult but wonderful. Later when we were working on Batman, I said to Joel, \"Tommy would be a fantastic Harvey/Two-Face.\" He said, \"Go get him.\" So I sent Tommy Lee the screenplay down in Texas, and two hours later, he calls me up and he says, \"I don't get it.\" I said \"Why don't you reread the f—king thing and remember that the Academy Award-winning actor Tommy Lee Jones is playing the f—king role!\" And I hung the phone up. (Laughs.) A few hours later, he calls back and says, \"OK, I'll do it.\" And then he got on a plane and flew into Burbank the next day, and we went to work. No management. No nonsense. The deal was obviously going to be worked out.", "61 year-old Tommy Lee Jones (with his third Oscar nomination, but only his first Best Actor nomination) as grieving father Hank Deerfield of an AWOL prisoner (and Iraqi war soldier) in Paul Haggis' flop film In the Valley of Elah [Note: Tommy Lee Jones was previously nominated as Best Supporting Actor for JFK (1991) and won Best Supporting Actor for The Fugitive (1993)]", "Gyllenhaal says in a phone interview that Jones reminded him of his “Brokeback Mountain” director, Ang Lee — a far-from-obvious analogy given that Lee is known for lush emotional tales, not outer space and time travel. But the actor says their on-set styles are remarkably similar. “Duncan is quiet and stoic when he gives you a direction,” he says. “First he trusts the actor wholeheartedly and practically begs us to lead him.”", "Tommy Lee Jones, who played the hard-nosed deputy marshal in \"The Fugitive,\" received the Oscar for best supporting actor. In his acceptance speech, Mr. Jones, the crown of whose head was shaved for a role, said, \"There is only one thing a man can say at a moment like this: I am not bald.\" A Minimum of Politics", "Tommy Lee Jones is another Oscar winner who has soap under his belt. The No Country for Old Men actor appeared in two episodes of One Life To Live back in the 1970s.", "John Michael Turturro (born February 28, 1957) is an Italian-American actor, writer and director known for his roles in the films Do the Right Thing (1989), Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Quiz Show (1994), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) and the first three films in the Transformers film series (2007–2011). He has appeared in over sixty films, and has worked frequently with the Coen brothers, Adam Sandler and Spike Lee.", "An equally powerful presence on screen, Jones made his feature film debut in 1964 with a role in Stanley Kubrick's \"Dr. Strangelove.\" He subsequently starred in \"The Comedians,\" \"The Great White Hope\" (in which he reprised his acclaimed stage role and won a Golden Globe Award and an Oscar nomination), \"Claudine,\" \"The River Niger,\" \"The Greatest,\" \"A Piece of the Action,\" \"Gardens of Stone,\" \"Coming to America,\" \"Three Fugitives,\" \"The Hunt for Red October,\" \"Patriot Games,\" \"Sneakers,\" \"Sommersby,\" \"Field of Dreams,\" \"Meteor Man,\" \"Excessive Force\" and most recently, the comedy \"Clean Slate.\"", "To coincide with the theatrical release, NBC aired the show's first and last episodes in the summer of 1993, and later hosted the film's broadcast premiere in 1996. Tommy Lee Jones received the 1993 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was also nominated for Best Picture.", "Quentin Tarantino offered Jones the part of Zed in Pulp Fiction (1994) but he turned it down, and Peter Greene got the job. Jones’ next and final screen appearance would come in the comedic crime movie Mad Dog Time (1996), directed by Larry Bishop, son of comic actor Joey Bishop.", "And we have another movie prominently featuring a Vietnam vet. This time he’s played by Tommy Lee Jones and he decides to take over Central Park in an act of protest. It’s like DOG DAY AFTERNOON by way of HOME ALONE. It’s made-for-TV trappings are fairly obvious and it’s profoundly silly, but there’s something alternately charming and insane about Jones running around Central Park with a shit ton of explosives and ammunition and watching the NYPD bumble around trying to take him down. It’s the type of thing that would cause mass panic now yet seems so quaint (and frankly impossible) thirty years ago.", "Tommy Lee was born on October 3, 1962 in Athens, Greece as Thomas Lee Bass. He was previously married to Pamela Anderson , Heather Locklear and Elaine Margaret Starchuk.", "Tommy Lee Jones infuses the following words with such gentle and unnerving shock and resignation. It is a stunning combination of dialogue and performance, and a perfect way to open the film.", "All of the five classic Dirty Harry films featured big-city jazz soundtracks, and successful soundtrack albums have been a consistent Eastwood signature in his films be they jazz-oriented (Bird, The Bridges of Madison County, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, and of course, Clint Eastwood Live At Carnegie Hall) or country (Every Which Way But Loose, Bronco Billy, Any Which Way You Can, and Honkytonk Man). In addition, Eastwood returned to his musical roots by co-writing the key melodies for both Unforgiven (\"Claudia's Theme\") and The Bridges of Madison County (\"Doe Eyes\"). In 1989, Eastwood served as the executive producer on the authoritative documentary on piano great Thelonious Monk, Straight, No Chaser.", "1989 saw the release of controversial film 'Do The Right Thing' which earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Screenplay. The following year, 'Mo' Better Blues' was released. Lee released '4 Little Girls' in 1997; a documentary that explored the killings of the children from a church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The film was nominated for Best Feature Documentary at the Academy Awards.", "While Ferris has prospered, his principal, Edward R. Rooney, is in peril. Jeffrey Jones played the crotchety dean of students who was determined to bust Broderick's character. He cemented his status as the most memorable crank of the '80s with such lines as \"I did not achieve this position in life by having some snot-nosed punk leave my cheese out in the wind.\" Jones used his \"Ferris\" fame to score roles in a number of movies through the '80s and '90s, including \"Beetlejuice,\" \"Ed Wood\" and \"Stuart Little.\"", "Dean Jones died from Parkinson's disease on Sept. 1, at age 84. The actor is best known for starring in Disney's \"The Love Bug\" and \"That Darn Cat.\"", "Lee Marvin - Died 8-29-1987 in Tucson, AZ, U.S. - Born 2-19-1924 in New York, NY, U.S. - Actor - (He did, \"I Was Born Under A Wandering Star\") - Appeared in the films, \" Cat Ballou \" and \" The Comancheros \".", "Which son of a Coalminer shattered all attendance records in Las Vegas in 1969? Tom Jones" ]

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[ "Someone Like You is a musical with a book by Robin Midgley and Fay Weldon, lyrics by Dee Shipman, and music by Petula Clark.", "\"Someone like You\" is a song by British singer Adele. It was written by Adele and Dan Wilson for her second studio album 21. The song was inspired by a broken relationship, and lyrically speaks of Adele's coming to terms with it. XL Recordings released the song as the second single from the album on 24 January 2011 in the United Kingdom and on 9 August 2011 in the United States. Accompanied only by a piano in the song (played by co-writer Wilson), Adele sings about the end of the relationship with her ex-boyfriend. The song received universal acclaim from music critics, who chose the song as a highlight of 21 and praised the lyrics, its simple sound and Adele's vocal performance.", "The soulful ballad “Someone Like You” climbed to the No. 1 spot on the Billboard chart on Sept. 17, 2011, and stayed on the chart for 16 weeks. To this day, the song has been Adele’s biggest hit.", "Barbra Streisand (born April 24 , 1942 as Barbara Joan Streisand), is a two-time Academy Award -winning American singer , theatre and film actress , composer , film producer and director . She has won Oscars for Best Actress and Best Original Song as well as multiple Emmy Awards , Grammy Awards , Golden Globe Awards and an honorary Tony Award .", "Adele sang one of my favorite songs of hers to date, \"Someone Like You,\" at the MTV VMA stage. Simple is sometimes more...", "Olivia Newton-John, AO, OBE (born 26 September 1948) is a British and Australian singer, songwriter, and actress. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five No. 1 and ten other Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles and two No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. Her music has been successful in multiple genres including pop, country, and adult contemporary and has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide. She co-starred with John Travolta in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Grease, which featured one of the most successful soundtracks in Hollywood history.", "* In 1996, RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars, including: \"The Jet Song\" sung by Brian Setzer, \"A Boy Like That\" sung by Selena, \"I feel Pretty\" sung by Little Richard, two versions of \"Somewhere\" performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins, \"Tonight\" sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins, \"America\" sung by Patti LaBelle, Natalie Cole and Sheila E., \"I Have a Love\" sung by Trisha Yearwood and \"Rumble\" performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai's Monsters. Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund, the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville, Tennessee.", "Al Hoffman , songwriter, musician and member of the Songwriter's Hall Of Fame; a hit songwriter active in the 1930s-1950s, responsible for many number one hits through each decade, many of which are still sung and recorded today. His songs include all the songs from Disney's Cinderella including \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" and \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\" (written with fellow Jewish songwriters Mack David and Jerry Livingston ), and \"Mairzy Doats\" and were recorded by almost every star of that era including Frank Sinatra (\"Close To You\", \"I'm Gonna Live Until I Die\"), Billy Eckstine (\"I Apologize\") Perry Como (\"Papa Loves Mambo\", \"Hot Diggity\"), Ella Fitzgerald, and Louis Armstrong (\"Who Walks In When I Walk Out\")", "The film's theme song, \"Ready to Take a Chance Again\", was composed by Charles Fox, with lyrics by Fox's writing partner, Norman Gimbel and performed by Barry Manilow, who conceived and supervised the song's recording in partnership with Ron Dante. The soundtrack also includes \"Copacabana\" written by Manilow, Jack Feldman and Bruce Sussman, and performed by Manilow; \"I Feel the Earth Move\" by Carole King, and \"Stayin' Alive,\" written and performed by the Bee Gees. Excerpts from Act I of Gilbert & Sullivan's The Mikado, conducted by Julius Rudel, are performed by members of the New York City Opera.", "Elaine Paige OBE is an English singer and actress best known for her work in musical theatre. Raised in Barnet, North London, Paige attended the Aida Foster stage school, making her first professional appearance on stage in 1964, at the age of 16. Her appearance in the 1968 production of Hair marked her West End debut. Following a number of roles over the next decade, Paige was selected to play Eva Perón in the first production of Evita in 1978, which brought her to the attention of the broader public. For this role, she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Performance of the Year in a musical. She went on to originate the role of Grizabella in Cats and had a Top 10 hit with \"Memory\", a song from the show. In 1985, Paige released \"I Know Him So Well\" with Barbara Dickson from the musical Chess, which remains the biggest-selling record by a female duo. She then appeared in the original stage production of Chess, followed by a starring role in Anything Goes which she also co-produced. Paige made her Broadway debut in Sunset Boulevard in 1996, playing the lead role of Norma Desmond, to critical acclaim. She appeared in The King and I from 2000 to 2001, and six years later she returned to the West End stage in The Drowsy Chaperone. She has also worked sporadically in television.", "Beautiful: The Carole King Musical is a jukebox musical with a book by Douglas McGrath that tells the story of the early life and career of Carole King, using songs that she wrote, often together with Gerry Goffin, and other contemporary songs by Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, Phil Spector and others.", "Warren Beatty hired Danny Elfman to compose/write the film score based on his previous success with Batman (1989). Elfman enlisted the help of Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek and Shirley Walker to arrange compositions for the orchestra. \"In a completely different way,\" Elfman commented, \"Dick Tracy has this unique quality that Batman had for me. It gives an incredible sense of non-reality.\" In addition, Beatty hired acclaimed songwriter Stephen Sondheim to write five original songs: \"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man),\" \"More,\" \"Live Alone and Like It,\" \"Back in Business,\" and \"What Can You Lose?\". \"Sooner or Later\" and \"More\" were performed by Madonna, with \"What Can You Lose?\" being a duet with Mandy Patinkin. Mel Tormé sang \"Live Alone and Like It,\" and \"Back in Business\" was performed by Janis Siegel, Cheryl Bentyne, and Lorraine Feather. \"Back in Business\" and \"Live Alone and Like It\" were both used as background music during montage sequences. \"Sooner or Later\" and \"Back in Business\" would be featured in the original 1992 production of the Sondheim revue Putting It Together in Oxford, England, and four of the five Sondheim songs from Dick Tracy (the exception being \"What Can You Lose?\") were used in the 1999 Broadway production of Putting It Together.", "One of Gershwin's musical plays, \"Girl Crazy,\" introduced a young singer named Ethel Merman. She became one of the most celebrated performers in America. In the play, Ethel Merman sang a song George Gershwin wrote just for her. It was called \"I Got Rhythm. \"", "Joan Maitland worked with well known composer Lionel Bart on his musical Blitz, which was the follow up to Oliver in 1962. She also contributed to other stage musicals in the 1960s including The Young Visitors, which was performed at The Picadilly Theatre in London's West End in 1968/69, and Young Tom which was based on Tom Brown's Schooldays. This played at London's Cambridge Theatre in 1976 and later became a favourite as an amateur drama production in British schools. She also teamed up with fellow songwriter Richard Kerr to write a plethora of songs including Be True To Yourself, Make Me A Woman and Once In A Lifetime Man. As well as being a songwriter, Richard was also a bit part actor and appeared in a few films and TV shows including the thriller movie Fragment Of Fear where he played a pop singer. However in the 1970s he concentrated on songwriting and teamed up with various others to write hits for singer Barry Manilow: Mandy (with Scott English), Could It Be Magic (with Scott English), In Another World (with Charlie Dore), Life Will Go On (with Richard Carpenter collaborator Richard Bettis), Looks Like We Made It (with Will Jennings) and Somewhere In The Night (with Will Jennings). I don't know if Barry Manilow was ever tempted to do a cover version of the Kerr-Maitland composition It's A Day And A Half, but I think he should be persuaded to do so!", "Bobby Darin (born Walden Robert Cassotto, May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973) was an American singer, actor and musician.", "Brightman began her career as a member of the dance troupe Hot Gossip and released several disco singles as a solo performer. In 1981, she made her West End musical theatre debut in Cats and met composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, whom she married. She went on to star in several West End and Broadway musicals, including The Phantom of the Opera, where she originated the role of Christine Daaé. The Original London Cast Album of the musical was released in CD format in 1987 and sold 40 million copies worldwide, making it the biggest-selling cast album of all time. ", "London run: Landor, March 20th – April 13th Music & Lyrics: Ed Kleban Book: Linda Kline & Lonny Price Director: Robert McWhir Choreographer: Robbie O’Reilly Musical Director: James Cleeve Cast: John Barr (Ed Kleban), Erin Cornell (Mona), Sarah Borgess (Sophie), Jane Quinn (Lucy), Barry Fantoni, Charles Hagerty, Gary Jordan, Laura McCulloch Songs: Light on my Feet, One More Beautiful Song, Paris through the Window, Mona, Under Separate Cover, Gauguin’s Shoes, Follow Your Star, Better, Next Best Thing to Love, Broadway Boogie Woogie, Say Something Funny, Self Portrait Notes: Ed Kleban, who died in 1987 at the age of 48, wrote the lyrics for “A Chorus Line” and the words and music for a number of unproduced musicals. This musical took a number of Kleban’s trunk songs and - instead of simply using them as a revue show – created a biographical story, “a musical about musicals”, featuring pivotal scenes from his personal and professional life, with his story told in flashback. The show began previews on October 3rd 2000 at the Manhattan Theatre Club and ran till December 10th, and then transferred to the Ambassador Theater on Broadway, opening on March 11, 2001 and running for 30 previews and 105 regular performances. The UK premiere is this fringe production", "The veteran pop standards crooner reflects on not just 90 years on the planet, but 65 years in the music industry which has seen him win 19 Grammy Awards, 2 Emmys, a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and New York City's Bronze Medallion. His most recent known work is Bill Charlap collaboration 'The Silver Lining: The Songs of Jerome Kern', but before that he topped the US charts with 2014's 'Cheek to Cheek' alongside Lady Gaga; an album of classic tunes which he hints they might follow-up soon.", "West Side Story is an American musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins. It was inspired by William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet.", "When the musical opened, the song \"The First Man You Remember\" was often performed on TV, the impression being that it was between a couple of romantic lovers. However, in the show itself it is actually a father and daughter duet between George and Jenny. It was sung by Michael Ball and Diana Morrison in the CD single version.", "(born September 19, 1945) is an American singer and actress best known for her million selling, 1970 hit single, \"Band of Gold\". She was also an actress in musicals and film, as well as the host of a TV talk show.", "In 1962, Darin began to write and sing country music, with hit songs including \"Things\" (US #3/UK #2) (1962), \"You're the Reason I'm Living\" (US #3), and \"18 Yellow Roses\" (US #10). The latter two were recorded by Capitol Records, which he joined in 1962, before returning to Atlantic four years later. Darin left Capitol in 1964. In 1966, he had his final UK hit single, with a version of Tim Hardin's \"If I Were A Carpenter\", which peaked at # 9 (# 8 in the US). He performed the opening and closing songs on the soundtrack of the 1965 Walt Disney film That Darn Cat!. \"Things\" was sung by Dean Martin in the 1967 TV special Movin' With Nancy, starring Nancy Sinatra.", "* West has been the subject of songs, including the title song of Cole Porter's Broadway musical Anything Goes and in \"You're the Top\". ", "\"Friend Like Me\" is sung by the Genie ( Robin Williams ) while he shows off his powers to Aladdin in a Cab Calloway like musical, telling him that he is a friend unlike any other. It was the first scene in Aladdin to have its animation finished, and features some differences in character design. This song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song; it was Ashman's last nomination.", "\"Till There Was You\" is a song written by Meredith Willson for his 1957 musical play The Music Man , and which also appeared in the 1962 movie version . The song is sung by librarian Marian Paroo ( Barbara Cook on Broadway, Shirley Jones in the film) to Professor Harold Hill (portrayed by Robert Preston ) toward the end of Act Two.", "In 1962, Darin also began to write and sing country music, with hit songs including \"Things\" (U.S. #3) (1962), \"You're the Reason I'm Living\" (U.S. #3), and \"18 Yellow Roses\" (U.S. #10). The latter two were on Capitol Records, which he joined in 1962, before returning to Atlantic four years later. The song \"Things\" was sung by Dean Martin in the 1967 TV special Movin' With Nancy, starring Nancy Sinatra, which was released to home video in 2000.", "“For Your Eyes Only” by written by Bill Conti and Michael Leeson, performed by Sheena Easton (1981)", "*\"You Won't Be an Orphan for Long\" w. Martin Charnin m. Charles Strouse from the musical Annie", "Singer/songwriter whose best know hits include 'Pearl's a Singer', 'Don't Cry Out Loud' and 'Fool (If You Think It's Over)'.", "Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series \"Highway to Heaven\". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the \"Star Spangled Banner\" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events.  He also has at least one album sold nationally", "- A Dime a Dance (1995) ... (writer: \"Make Believe\", \"The Song Is You\" - as Hammerstein)", "On Broadway: The actor put on a theatrical show as he sang an original song Motion Pictures for the event " ]

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[ "Following the attack on Fort Sumter , President Lincoln called for a volunteer army from each state. Within two months, an additional four Southern slave states declared their secession and joined the Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. By the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were effectively under Union control, with Confederate state governments in exile.", "Within two months, four more Southern slave states declared their secession and joined the Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. By the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were effectively under Union control, with Confederate state governments in exile.", "On March 11, 1861, the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – replaced the February 7 Provisional Confederate States Constitution with one stating in its preamble a desire for a \"permanent federal government\". Four additional slave-holding states – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee – declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following a call by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for troops from each state to recapture Sumter and other lost federal properties in the South. Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also aligned with the Confederacy were two of the \"Five Civilized Tribes\" located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of martial law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty, did not attempt it. A Unionist government in western parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union during the war on June 20, 1863.", "1620. The creation of Maine, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges in 1639 (until its merger with Massachusetts in 1791, before it again became a separate state later); North Carolina by eight noblemen in 1663; first North then South Carolina, again by eight noblemen, from 1663; New York, by the Duke of York in 1664; New Jersey, by Berkeley and Cartaret in 1664; Pennsylvania, by William Penn in 1681; and Georgia, by James Oglethorpe in 1732.", "     A week later, on May 13th, Great Britain declared its neutrality. On May 16th, the Confederate Congress authorized the recruiting of 400,000 volunteers. Four days later, on May 20th, 1861, North Carolina became the last state to join the new Confederacy. State delegates met in Raleigh and voted unanimously for secession. All of the states of the Deep South had now left the Union. That same day, the Confederate Congress voted to move the capital to Richmond, Virginia. On May 23rd, citizens from eastern Virginia voted to join the Confederacy. Western Virginias wanted to remain in the Union.", "The US state of North Carolina is situated in the eastern central United States bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in east. North Carolina is bordered by Virginia in north, South Carolina in south, Georgia in southwest and Tennessee in west. The state's nickname is \"Tar Heel State\".", "Like other southern whites, North Carolina's white majority feared for the security of slavery under a national Republican administration, but North Carolinians reacted to the election of Abraham Lincoln with caution. When South Carolina and six other states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America in 1861, North Carolina refused to join, instead making a futile attempt to work for a peaceful settlement of the issue. However, after the outbreak of hostilities at Ft. Sumter, S.C., and Lincoln's call for troops in April 1861, neutrality disappeared and public opinion swung to the Confederate side. North Carolina became the last state to withdraw from the Union, joining the Confederacy on 20 May 1861.", "North Carolina is located in the southeastern United States and was the 12th state admitted to the union on November 21st, 1789. The state population is 9.8 million people and the area is 53,821 sq. miles. The state capital is Raleigh and the largest city is Charlotte.", "In 1663, King Charles II gave the land between Virginia and Florida, called Carolina, to eight proprietors. Virginians had set up a settlement in the northern part of Carolina about 10 years earlier. After 1663, Carolina attracted English settlers, French Protestants called Huguenots, and Americans from other colonies. In 1712, the northern two-thirds of the region was divided into two colonies, North Carolina and South Carolina. The southern one-third of Carolina remained largely unsettled until 1733. Then, James Oglethorpe of England founded Georgia there.", "North Carolina borders the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Virginia to the north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia and South Carolina to the south. The state claims jurisdiction of the waters of the Atlantic to a distance of \"one marine league eastward of the extreme low-tide mark.\" The boundaries shared by North Carolina and neighboring states were the cause of controversy and violence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and minor disagreements were still being addressed during the twentieth century.", "South Carolina joined the Union on 23rd May 1788 as the 8th state, it was one of the original 13 founding states.", "North Carolina: Colonists from nearby Virginia founded the colony of North Carolina in 1653. North Carolina became a state on November 21, 1789.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "(FUN FACTS: \"South Carolina known as the Palmetto State became the 8th state added to the Union on May 23, 1788. The 60 miles from Little River to Georgetown in known as South Carolina's Grand Strand, it is one of the most popular places to", "This is a map of South Carolina. It was the 8th state to enter the union on May 23rd, 1788. The capital is Columbia.", "There were moments of glory during the Revolution, nonetheless. According to tradition, on May 20, 1775, a group of county leaders signed the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, declaring themselves free from England more than a year before the Continental Congress took the same step in Philadelphia. 13 The original Declaration burned in a house fire in 1800, causing doubts about its veracity. 14 Today the signing date is part of the North Carolina state flag and seal, and the day continues to be celebrated in the county. The intersection of Trade and Tryon streets at the center of the city is called Independence Square in commemoration of the event.", "On May 1, 1861, the North Carolina legislature voted that counties should elect delegates who would determine whether North Carolina would remain in the Union. On May 20, 153 years ago this week, the delegates, convening in Raleigh, voted unanimously that the state would no longer be a part of the United States of America. The Ordinance of Secession states:", "In 1860, during the presidential election, further discord between the pro-Union and pro-secession Democrats and successful Whig appeals to North Carolinians' patriotism deepened divisions in the state, thereby preventing any group from gaining enough power to enact their proposed platforms. The state thus did not act on the secession question until after the battle at Fort Sumter. Even then, Boyd asserts, North Carolina only grudgingly left the Union to avoid \"fighting against the South\" ( p.177 ).", "North Carolina can also claim that its citizens were the first to proclaim independence from Great Britain, as two counties did so in 1775. (The dates are on the state flag.) Possibly most widely known for being the state that the Wright Brothers took their historic flight from Kitty Hawk (it's on their license plate and state quarter, in case you forget). North Carolina residents are also known as 'Tarheels', which is where the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill takes its team name (Tar Heels) from. Speaking of which, the vitriol of the Duke�UNC basketball rivalry can never be understated; at least one weatherman in the area has been known to describe a blue sky as being a shade precisely between Duke blue and Carolina blue, and one U.S. Representative who is a diehard Carolina fan remarked in 2012, \"I have said very publicly that if Duke was playing against the Taliban, then I'd have to pull for the Taliban.\"note Politically speaking, he could get away with saying that because he wasn't running for re-election.", "July 9, 1868 - South Carolina becomes the twenty-eighth state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, completing the ratification process.", "Settled by the English in 1670, South Carolina was based on a plantation culture with an aristocratic, wealthy society that was dependent on black slave labor. One of the original 13 colonies, South Carolina was first formed in 1729 when the Carolina colony was divided in two to form North and South Carolina. The attack on Fort Sumter in the Charleston harbor launched the Civil War. After the war, the structure of the state changed. Today South Carolina honors its history and culture while also working to become a global business center. It is fitting that the state tree of the \"Palmetto State\" is the cabbage palmetto, which also appears on the state flag. The flower is the yellow jessamine, and the capital is Columbia.", "# North Carolina — February 7, 1795As there were 15 States at the time, the ratification by twelve States added the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution. It was subsequently ratified by:", "When North Carolina seated its two Senators after ratifying the Constitution on 21 November 1789, there was yet another lot drawing (on 29 January 1790) in which North Carolina's two Senators each blindly drew between pieces of paper marked \"2\" and \"3\" (since there were now 12 States and, thus, 24 Senators: 24 being equally divisible by 3, there would now have to be 8 Senators in each of the three Classes to fulfill the Constitutional provision that, as nearly as was practicable, one third of the Senate be elected every second year).", "In 1775, local leaders came together and signed the Mecklenburg Resolves, more popularly known as the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. While not a true declaration of independence from British rule, it is among the first such declarations that eventually led to the American Revolution. May 20, the traditional date of the signing of the declaration, is celebrated annually in Charlotte as \"MecDec\", with musket and cannon fire by reenactors in Independence Square. North Carolina's state flag and state seal also bear the date.", "In 1993, the states of North Carolina and South Carolina joined in an effort to revisit the historic surveys and resurvey their common 334 mile border using modern GPS and GIS technologies, along with historic surveys, records, and maps. Boundary issues between York County, S.C. and Gaston County, N.C. had arisen in the 1990s, prompting the two states to find a method for resolving issues related to the historic surveys without litigation. In April 1993 the NC Geodetic Survey and the SC Geodetic Survey signed a Memorandum of Agreement to co-operatively establish the boundary. Work began in 1995 with teams of surveyors.  The resurvey of the entire border concluded on May 3, 2013 when the Joint Boundary Commission adopted the final 91-mile segment of the survey. As a result of the resurvey, some addresses have changed, including a change in the governing state.  Legislation will be enacted by both states to resolve issues related to address and state changes for property owners affected by the resurvey.", "After two years of vacillation and delay, Great Britain and the future United States of America signed, on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Versailles, which also involved France, Spain, and the Netherlands and officially marked the end of the War of American Independence. Great Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States, which was made up of its 13 former colonies. However, since the Canada-U.S. border was not clearly defined, it was subsequently contested. The union of the Thirteen Colonies remained fragile, and it was not until four years later that a constitution was drafted and a veritable federation created. As for the first president of the new republic, George Washington, he did not take up his duties until 1789 (the year of the French Revolution).", "Lefler, Hugh T. and Albert Ray Newsome. North Carolina: The History of a Southern State, 3rd ed. Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina University Press, 1973.", "North Carolina - The state's southern neighbor is home to the Appalachian culture and incredible scenery of the Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park as well as the stunning beaches of the Outer Banks and Cape Hatteras.", "If there's one thing you can say about North Carolina, it's that we've got our share of history.", "This article is from Tar Heel Junior Historian , published for the Tar Heel Junior Historian Association by the North Carolina Museum of History. Used by permission of the publisher. For personal use and not for further distribution. Please submit permission requests for other uses directly to the museum editorial staff .", "Oates states that, originally the two regions united to form upper and lower Cambelltown(1780) and in  1778 upper and lower Campbelltown joined to form Campbelltown.  In 1783 the name of this town was permanently changed to Fayetteville(159). The name change took place in honor of Marquis de LaFayette, a French Revolutionary War General Hero, who had just visited the town.  During the post-Revolutionary War era, counties, townships had begun to name themselves after Revolutionary War heroes.  The name change in honor of Marquis de LaFayette was more of a political move and less of a patriotic gesture, another tool in which the city’s governance used to gain political prestige and support.  Fayetteville’s name is an example of early American patriotism and showcases how American’s have always supported their troops, and their country but it also showcases, how on the political spectrum it is used to gain support.", "Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital in 1788, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast, and was officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital (incorporated on December 31, 1792 – charter granted January 21, 1795). The city was named for Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the \"lost colony\" on Roanoke Island. " ]

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[ "Charlie Christian, byname of Charles Christian (born July 29, 1916, Bonham, Texas , U.S.—died March 2, 1942, New York , New York), American jazz guitarist , who was one of the first to produce improvised masterpieces using electrically amplified equipment. His recording career, tragically brief though it was, helped raise the guitar from an accompanying to a dominant solo instrument.", "Charlie Christian, an early pioneer of the electric jazz guitar and “Father of Bebop,” was born on July 29, 1916 to parents Clarence and Willie Christian.  Although Charlie Christian’s career was tragically cut short by his untimely death in 1942, he forever impacted the world of music. Christian is credited with bringing the guitar out of the rhythm section and making it a solo instrument during the era of jazz .  No longer was the guitar seen as merely a back-up to the saxophone, trumpet and clarinet, widely accepted as the era’s powerhouse instruments. Charlie brought the same musical expressiveness to solo guitar work, setting the stage for the guitar’s elevated presence in genres such as Western swing , country , rockabilly and rock and roll .", "in 1916 - Charlie Christian (US jazz guitarist, blues singer) is born. Revolutionary jazz guitarist who popularised the electric guitar in that field, Texas-born Charlie Christian mastered several instruments in his teens including the trumpet, piano, bass, and guitar. Making Oklahoma City his home in the Thirties, Christian initially played a mixture of Texas blues and jazz. After stints in his brother�s band, The Jolly Jugglers, and then The Anna Mae Winburn Band, Christian formed his own quartet in 1937. Discovered playing the guitar in a pool hall by Count Basie�s guitarist, Eddie Durham, Christian received a series of lessons.", "When guitarist Charlie Christian began recording with the Benny Goodman Sextet in 1939, the electric guitar took its first big step into the history of jazz. Christian wasn't the first jazz guitarist to use amplification (Eddie Durham, for one, beat him to it), but he brought the electric guitar into focus with his immense talent. Along with making the guitar a viable instrument in Goodman's style of swing, Christian was also a forerunner in the establishment of the musical language of bebop, examples of which can be found in his solo for \"Good Enough to Keep,\" which also features solos from clarinetist Goodman and vibraphonist Lionel Hampton .", "At this time, Charlie Christian took informal guitar lessons from his father, but dropped the instrument when his father died in 1926. A couple of years later he briefly took up the trumpet to play in the school band. Charlie's interest in the guitar was revived in 1928, and it is thought that his earliest jazz influence was instilled a year later when tenor saxophonist Lester Young arrived in Kansas City. Young's linear style had a strong effect on Christian, who remained a permanent \"addict\" to his music and was known to scat sing his solos throughout his life.", "Charles Henry \"Charlie\" Christian (July 29, 1916 – March 2, 1942) was an American swing and jazz guitarist.", "Christian was raised in a musically talented family that moved from Texas to Oklahoma City in 1918 when young Charlie was only two years old. By age 10, Charlie had learned to play the trumpet, following in the footsteps of his father and older brothers, who had already mastered the instrument.  At age 12, the young musician switched his focus from the trumpet to the guitar, fashioning his own crudely made guitars out of discarded cigar boxes and learning how to strum a beat on them.", "Charlie Christian’s most familiar recordings are those with Benny Goodman which were available on vinyl for years (”Solo Flight”) and which are now available on cd as “Charlie Christian: Genius of the Electric Guitar.” There are recorded sessions from when he played with members of the Goodman and Count Basie bands, Lester Young, and numerous artists at Minton's. Charlie Christian had an immense influence on the development of BeBop and the transition from Swing to BeBop.", "Charlie Christian was born in Bonham, Texas in 1916. His parents were both musicians and moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma when Charlie was just a small child. Charlie and his two brothers were taught music by their father. To support themselves, the family would work as buskers (street performers). Charlie would dance in the early days when his family performed. Later he learned guitar, inheriting his father’s instruments upon his death when Charles was only 12.", "Christian was an important early performer on the electric guitar, and a key figure in the development of bebop and cool jazz He gained national exposure as a member of the Benny Goodman Sextet and Orchestra from August 1939 to June 1941. His single-string technique, combined with amplification, helped bring the guitar out of the rhythm section and into the forefront as a solo instrument.  John Hammond and George T. Simon called Christian the best improvisational talent of the swing era.  In the liner notes to the 1972 Columbia album Solo Flight: The genius of Charlie Christian, Gene Lees writes that, \"Many critics and musicians consider that Christian was one of the founding fathers of bebop, or if not that, at least a precursor to it.\"", "Goodman was inspired to launch his Sextet when he was introduced to Charlie Christian in 1939.  The sound of Christian’s amplified guitar was something quite new and very different.  Charlie’s confident line, bell-like tone, adventurous chords and angular phrasing were to have a huge impact on jazz.  He was a remarkable improviser who, upon first hearing a melody and chord structure, was instantly ready to solo for 25 choruses.", "Clarke said Christian first showed him the chords to Epistrophy on a ukulele. [20] These recordings have been packaged under a number of different titles, including After Hours and The Immortal Charlie Christian. While the recording quality of many of these sessions is poor, they show Christian stretching out much longer than he could on the Benny Goodman sides. On the Minton's and Monroe's recordings, Christian can be heard taking multiple choruses on a single tune, playing long stretches of melodic ideas with ease. [21]", "Charlie attended Douglass School in Oklahoma City, and was further encouraged in music by instructor Zelia N. Breaux. Charles played tenor saxophone in the school band. In 1939, Christian auditioned for John Hammond, who recommended him to bandleader Benny Goodman. Goodman was one of the few white bandleaders to feature black musicians in his live band.", "Charlie Christian was playing at the Ritz in Oklahoma City where John Hammond heard him in 1939. Hammond recommended him to Benny Goodman, but the band leader wasn't interested. The idea of an electrified guitar didn't appeal, and Goodman didn't care for Christian's flashy style of dressing. Reportedly, Hammond personally installed Christian onstage during a break in a Goodman concert in Beverly Hills. Irritated to see Christian among the band, Goodman struck up \"Rose Room,\" not expecting the guitarist to know the tune. What followed amazed everyone who heard the 45-minute performance.", "Christian was born in Bonham, Texas, but his family moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma when he was a small child. His parents were musicians and he had two brothers, Edward, born in 1906, and Clarence, born in 1911. All three sons were taught music by their father, Clarence Henry Christian. Clarence Henry was struck blind by fever, and in order to support the family he and the boys would work as buskers, on what the Christians called \"busts.\" He would have them lead him into the better neighborhoods where they would perform for cash or goods. When Charles was old enough to go along, he first entertained by dancing. [4] Later he learned guitar, inheriting his father's instruments upon his death when Charles was 12. [5]", "Charlie Christian wrote the article published in Downbeat Magazine (December 1st, 1939) that called for “Guitar men, Wake Up and Pluck! Wire for Sounds; Let ’em hear you play.” It forecast the growing role of the electrified guitar in Jazz music.", "As he did with countless other guitarists, Christian soon had exerted a tremendous influence on Farlow. ‘I copied his choruses—I learned how to play them,’ Farlow said. ‘Then I started listening to other Jazz groups. One of them was Count Basic's little band with Lester Young, and I found out there was a lot of similarity between some of the things Charlie was playing and some of the things Lester was playing. Also, Lester's style was pretty easily adapted to the guitar. It sort of fell in place.’", "Christian was born in Bonham, Texas, but his family moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, when he was a small child. Both of his parents were musicians and he had two brothers, Edward, born 1906, and Clarence, born 1911. All three sons were taught music by their father, Clarence Henry Christian. Clarence Henry was struck blind by fever, and in order to support the family he and the boys would work as buskers, on what the Christians called \"busts.\" He would have them lead him into the better neighborhoods where they would perform for cash or goods. When Charles was old enough to go along he first entertained by dancing. Later he learned guitar, inheriting his father's instruments upon his death when Charles was 12.", "Christian was born in Bonham, Texas, but his family moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma when he was a small child. His parents were musicians and he had two brothers, Edward, born in 1906, and Clarence, born in 1911. All three sons were taught music by their father, Clarence Henry Christian. Clarence Henry was struck blind by fever, and in order to support the family he and the boys would work as buskers, on what the Christians called \"busts.\" He would have them lead him into the better neighborhoods where they would perform for cash or goods. When Charles was old enough to go along, he first entertained by dancing. Later he learned guitar, inheriting his father's instruments upon his death when Charles was 12. ", "In a 1978 interview with Charlie Christian biographer Craig McKinney, Clarence Christian said that in the 1920s and '30s Edward Christian led a band in Oklahoma City as a pianist and had a shaky relationship with trumpeter James Simpson. Around 1931, he took guitarist \"Bigfoot\" Ralph Hamilton and began secretly schooling the younger Charles on jazz. They taught him to solo on three songs, \"Rose Room\", \"Tea for Two\", and \"Sweet Georgia Brown\". When the time was right they took him out to one of the many after-hours jam sessions along \"Deep Deuce\", Northeast Second Street in Oklahoma City.", "Christian's exposure was so great in the brief period he played with Goodman that he influenced not only guitarists, but other musicians as well. The influence he had on \"Dizzy\" Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk and Don Byas can be heard on their early \"bop\" recordings \"Blue'n Boogie\" and \"Salt Peanuts.\" Other musicians, such as trumpeter Miles Davis, cite Christian as an early influence. Indeed, Christian's \"new\" sound influenced jazz as a whole. He reigned supreme in the jazz guitar polls up to two years after his death.", "(Charles Henry Christian), 1916–42, African-American jazz guitarist, b. Bonham, Tex. The son of a singer-guitarist father and pianist mother, he grew up in Oklahoma City, where he began playing professionally at 15.", "Charlie Christian was an important contributor to the music that became known as \"bop\" or \"Bebop\". Some of the participants in those early after-hours affairs at Minton's Playhouse, where be-bop was born, credit Charlie with the name \"be-bop,\" citing his humming of phrases as the onomatopoetic origin of the term.Feather, L. (1960). The New Edition of the Encyclopedia of Jazz. Horizon Press: New York. ", "Charlie Christian was a forerunner in establishing the musical language of bebop. Greg Murray hide caption", "Thelonious Monk, who played with Charlie Christian at Minton's Playhouse, developed a style similar to his.Charlie Christian was an important contributor to the music that became known as \"bop\" or \"Bebop.\" Private recordings made in September 1939 in Minneapolis, Minnesota by Goodman aficionado Jerry Newhouse capture the newly hired Christian while on the road with Goodman and feature Goodman tenor sax man Jerry Jerome and then local bass man Oscar Pettiford. Taking multiple solos, Christian shows much the same improvisational skills later captured on the Minton's and Monroe's recordings in 1941, suggesting that he had already matured as a musician. The Minneapolis recordings include Stardust, Tea For Two and I've Got Rhythm, the latter a favorite piece of bop composers and jammers.", "Charlie Christian had contracted tuberculosis in the late 1930s. In early 1940 was hospitalized for a short period in which the Goodman group was on hiatus. In June 1941 he was admitted to Seaview, a sanitarium on Staten Island in New York City. He was reported to be making progress, and Down Beat magazine reported in February 1942 that he and Cootie Williams were starting a band. But Christian’s health declined and died March 2, 1942. He was only 25 years old.", "In 1934, Christian began performing as a bassist for the Alphonso Trent Band.  The group toured regionally with stops in Kansas City, Dallas, Little Rock and Tulsa , among others.  He spent the next few years touring with The Jolly Jugglers, Anna Mae Winburn Orchestra and the Jeter-Pillars Orchestra.", "A 150-page biographic account of Charlie Christian's life and music. Contains photos, interviews, discography, an equipment overview and  information about recording sessions.", "His hometown of Oklahoma City has also honored Charlie with the naming of Charlie Christian Avenue in downtown and a memorial mosaic of the musician near the home plate entrance of the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark .  Charlie Christian was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.", "1973: Frank Christian (86) American New Orleans jazz trumpeter; started working with bandleader Papa Jack Laine about 1908 and became a mainstay in Papa Jack's bands. He also worked in the bands of Tom Brown, Johnny Fischer, and led his own band. He worked in Chicago, New York and toured on Vaudeville with Gilda Gray and played in various theatre and dance bands before retiring to his home town of New Orleans (?) b. September 3rd 1887", "style until I heard Charlie Christian,’ he explained. ‘These fellows had a music store opposite the sign shop, and I used to go over there and wear out the records. I didn't have a player of my own.’", "in 1973 - Frank Christian dies at age 86. American New Orleans jazz trumpeter; started working with bandleader Papa Jack Laine about 1908 and became a mainstay in Papa Jack's bands. He also worked in the bands of Tom Brown, Johnny Fischer, and led his own band. He worked in Chicago, New York and toured on Vaudeville with Gilda Gray and played in various theatre and dance bands before retiring to his home town of New Orleans" ]

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[ "The Howrah Bridge is a bridge that spans the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It was originally named the New Howrah Bridge because it links the city of Howrah to its twin city, Kolkata (Calcutta). On 14 June 1965 it was renamed Rabindra Setu, after Rabindranath Tagore a great poet and the first Indian Nobel laureate. However it is still popularly known as the Howrah Bridge.", "Howrah Bridge is a cantilever bridge with a suspended span over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. Commissioned in 1943, the bridge was originally named the New Howrah Bridge, because it replaced a pontoon bridge at the same location linking the two cities of Howrah and Kolkata (Calcutta). On 14 June 1965 it was renamed Rabindra Setu after the great Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, who was the first Indian and Asian Nobel laureate. It is still popularly known as the Howrah Bridge.", "Vidyasagar Setu (Bengali: বিদ্যাসাগর সেতু Biddashagor Shetu), commonly known as the Second Howrah Bridge or Second Hooghly Bridge, is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah to its twin city of Kolkata. The bridge is a toll bridge for vehicles. It is the longest bridge of its type in India and one of the longest in Asia.", "Kolkata was declared the capital of India by the British and remained so till 1911. The railway station at Howrah set up in the year 1906 and the bridge (later popularly known as Howrah Bridge) thus served as the logistic link with the country's one of the oldest metropolies, Kolkata. The Legislative department of the then Government of Bengal", "It took nearly about 7 long years to construct the Howrah Bridge. The cantilever bridge of Howrah was completed in 1943. The Howrah Bridge in Kolkata was opened to traffic and public in the same year. The total expenditure of making the bridge was nearly ?2,500,000. The Howrah Bridge of Kolkata was built by riveting the whole structure and you will not find the use of nuts or bolts. Today, Howrah Bridge acts as the gateway to Kolkata, connecting the city to the Howrah Station, the main railway stations of the city and the busiest railway stations of India.", "Earlier known as Calcutta, the city was founded in 1698 and served as the capital of British India till 1911 and then was shifted to Delhi. The city was renamed, Kolkata in 2001. Located along the banks of river Hoogly, Kolkata is connected to Howrah by the iconic  Howrah bridge .", "*The Kolkata Eye[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kolkata-eye-london-eye-kolkata-giant-ferris-wheel-howrah-bridge/1/363524.html Like London, giant Ferris wheel to be built in Kolkata] was first proposed in 2011 for construction on the banks of Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Favoured by Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal, the project was originally valued at 100 crore rupees. This had risen to 300 crore rupees by May 2014 when Banerjee tweeted is expected to be ready in a year's time.\" In January 2015 The Times of India reported that the project was \"still a pipe dream\". ", "Howrah Railway Station is the largest station complex in the country. The headquarters of Eastern Railways, it is well-connected to other parts of India.", "The new Howrah Bridge, the fourth cantilever bridge in the world, was commissioned (under the aegis of the then commissioners of the Port of Calcutta) in February 1943. It consumed 26,500 tons of steel and was constructed at an approximate cost of Rs. 250 lakhs. No incidents of major casualty were reported during the construction phase of the bridge.", "Vidyasagar Setu a golden Gate Bridge look alike, 2kms downriver, was completed in 1994. It is a modern day engineering marvel and is the largest cable stayed bridge in Asia. The bridge connects the twin cities of Kolkata and Howrah. It was built at a cost of Rs. 388 crores. Unfortunately it is not making the big difference that was envisaged, as the approaches are too narrow to to handle the amount of traffic that use bridge, and plans for widening the road are slow in implementation.", "India, officially the Republic of India (Bharat Ganrajya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.", "The New Howrah Bridge was re-christened as the Rabindra Setu in the year 1965, in the honour of the country's first Nobel laureate Gurudev Rabindra Nath Tagore. The city of Calcutta was renamed as 'Kolkata' in the year 2001.", "Sir Bradford Leslie's famous floating pontoon bridge, the earlier avatar of the modern Howrah Bridge, was initially set up   in 1874, almost coinciding with the establishment of the port of Calcutta in 1870 (www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in).", "The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Panambur, Hazira, Port Blair, Alang, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam are the other major ports in India. South Asian ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh, Colombo, Hambantota and Galle in Sri Lanka, and ports of Karachi, Sindh province and Gwadar, Balochistan province in Pakistan. Aden is a major port in Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea. Major African ports on the shores of the Indian Ocean include: Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar (Tanzania), Durban, East London, Richard's Bay (South Africa), Beira (Mozambique), and Port Louis (Mauritius). Zanzibar is especially famous for its spice export. Other major ports in the Indian Ocean include Muscat (Oman), Yangon (Burma), Jakarta, Medan (Indonesia), Fremantle (port servicing Perth, Australia) and Dubai (UAE).", "M/s. Rendel, Palmer and Tritton submitted their report including the design and drawing of the bridge. The construction of the bridge was awarded to a British firm viz. Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Company Ltd. on the basis of a global tender invited during 1934-35. The construction of the new bridge commenced in 1936 under the supervision of the Howrah Bridge Commissioners under the aegis of the then Commissioners of the port of Calcutta.", "Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means \"Country of Bengal\" in the official Bengali language.", "East India (পূর্ব ভারত, पूर्व भारत, पूर्वी भारत, ପୂର୍ବ ଭାରତ, مشرقی بھارت) is a region of India consisting of the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and also the union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands.", "The bridge has been shown in numerous films, such as Bimal Roy's 1953 film Do Bigha Zamin, Ritwik Ghatak's Bari Theke Paliye in 1958, Satyajit Ray's Parash Pathar in the same year, Mrinal Sen's Neel Akasher Neechey in 1959, Shakti Samanta's Howrah Bridge (1958), that featured the famous song Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu and China Town (1962) and Amar Prem (1971), Amar Jeet's 1965 Teen Devian in 1965, Mrinal Sen's 1972 National Award winning Bengali film Calcutta 71 and Sen's Calcutta Trilogy its sequel in 1973, Padatik, Richard Attenborough's 1982 Academy Award winning film Gandhi, Goutam Ghose's 1984 Hindi film Paar, Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili in 1985, Nicolas Klotz's The Bengali Night in 1988, Roland Joffé's English language film City of Joy in 1992, Florian Gallenberger's Bengali film Shadows of Time in 2004, Mani Ratnam's Bollywood film Yuva in 2004, Pradeep Sarkar's 2005 Bollywood film Parineeta, Subhrajit Mitra's 2008 Bengali film Mon Amour: Shesher Kobita Revisited, Mira Nair's 2006 film The Namesake, Blessy's 2008 Malayalam Film Calcutta News, Surya Sivakumar's 2009 Tamil film Aadhavan, Imtiaz Ali's 2009 Hindi film Love Aaj Kal, Abhik Mukhopadhyay's 2010 Bengali film Ekti Tarar Khonje, Sujoy Ghosh's 2012 Bollywood film Kahaani, Anurag Basu's 2012 Hindi film Barfi!, Riingo Banerjee's 2012 Bengali film Na Hannyate, Rana Basu's 2013 Bengali film Namte Namte, and Ali Abbas Zafar's 2014 Hindi film Gunday and the 2015 YRF release from director Dibakar Banerjee's Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! also features some scenes on this iconic bridge.", "Rafiganj rail bridge    Rafiganj    India    02002-09-10 10 September 2002       Terrorists sabotaged rail bridge, causing crash    130 killed       ", "Ferry(Launch) services are popular to avoid the traffic snarls along the Strand Road if you are travelling without luggage. Ahiritola/Sovabajar to Howrah Ferry offers spectacular view of the iconic Howrah Bridge as it passes beneath it.Use Dakshineswar to Belur Math Ferry and vice versa for view of Vivekananda Setu/Nibedita Setu. Numerous country boats are available for joy ride on Princep Ghat, Armenian Ghat. Life Jacket is a thing unheard here, so don’t ride the ferry if you feel unsafe. Accidents are rare but beware of the gap between jetty and the boat in case of a hurry.Fares are dirt cheap just Rs 5 or so.", "Located in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the Annai Indira Gandhi Road Bridge connects the National Highway (NH 49) with Rameswaram on Pamban Island. The bridge is 2.345km long. The road over the bridge is asphalted and is also known as the Pamban Bridge. It is the longest bridge in southern India. It took close to 14 years to be completed. The bridge is located in the world's second most corrosive environment after Florida, making its maintenance a challenging job. The location is also a cyclone-prone high wind velocity zone. The construction of this bridge has left many engineers wondering as it stands tall and strong even today. The ships too can pass under the bridge and hence it is most convenient means of commutation.", "The President Costa e Silva Bridge, commonly known as the Rio-Niteroi Bridge, is a box girder bridge crossing Guanabara Bay, in the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It connects the city of Rio de Janeiro and the municipality of Niterói. It is currently the longest pre-stressed concrete bridge in the southern hemisphere. From its completion in 1974 until 1985 it was the world's second-longest bridge, second only to Lake Pontchartrain Causeway.", "The bridge is one of the four on the Hooghly River and is a famous symbol of Kolkata and West Bengal . Inspite of the stormy weather of the Bay of Bengal region , it successfully bears the weight of a daily traffic of approximately 100,000 vehicles and possibly more than 150,000 pedestrians , easily making it the busiest cantilever bridge in the world . The third longest cantilever bridge at the time of its construction , it is currently the sixth longest bridge of its type in the world .", "Attractions : Victoria Memorial, Howrah Bridge, Birla Planetarium, Indian Museum, Eden Garden, Alipore Zoological Garden, Dalhousie Square, St.Paul's Cathedral and Nakhoda Mosque.", "Kolkata downtown is just across the river, and probably the reason one's here in the first place. To zip around between Kolkata and Howrah the ferry service to cross the river Hoogly is very convenient. There are a number of jetties. On the Kolkata side the ferries link to such jetties as Baghbazar, Armenian, Fairlie, Chandpal, Babughat, Princep. On the Howrah side there jetties at Howrah Station, Botanical Garden and Belur Math. Buy the ticket before you board the ferry and retain the ticket till after you have crossed to the other side and have shown it to the ticket checker near the exit gate or else you will be penalised!", "Howrah officially is a city on its own but in fact it has long grown into one huge urban agglomeration together with Kolkata. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly river.", "It was constructed between 1923 and 1932. The bridge measures 134 m in height, is 502 m long, 48.8 m wide and weighs 52,800 tons. For only one coat 30,000 l of paint are necessary. The Sydneysiders call it the \"Coathanger\". Can you guess why ;) ?", "Since inception, Kolkata Port Trust is the custodian of the bridge, responsible for carrying out elaborate maintenance and repair works needed for refurbishment/restoration of distressed components etc. All these years, it has withstood the unprecedented changes in the mode of transportation and traffic density and silently borne the ravages of time. Yet it has successfully stood the test, remaining as functional and reliable as ever.", "22.6527 88.3578 2 Nivedita Setu. Nivedita Setu is a cable-stayed bridge over Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal. It runs parallel to and around 50 m downstream of the old Vivekananda Setu. ", "The Vidyasagar Setu is a cable-stayed bridge, with a main span of a little over 457 metres, and a deck 35 metres wide. Construction started in 1978 and the bridge was finally inaguarated on the 10th of October, 1992. The commissioning agency was the Hooghly River Bridge Commission (HRBC) and the contractors for the construction was the consortium of Braithwaite, Burn and Jessop also called BBJ.", "22.6529 88.3508 4 Vivekananda Setu. The 2,887 feet (880 m) long rail-cum-road bridge was built in 1932 as Willingdon bridge, and renamed Vivekananda Setu. ", "Until 1943, the Hooghly River was crossed by a pontoon bridge which had to be opened to let river traffic through. There was considerable opposition to construction of a bridge due to fears that it would affect the river currents and cause silting problems. This problem was eventually avoided by building a bridge that crosses the river in a single 450m span - there are no pylons at all within the river." ]

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[ "The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued is indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark, displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle.", "All vehicles registered in the UK must display the international registration letters GB on the rear of the vehicle when taken temporarily abroad.", "* B 1234 AB, is mainly a vehicle registered in Jakarta, distinguishable from the letter code from the first letter of the plate, \"B\" which represents the following cities: Jakarta, Tangerang that includes South Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi that is shortened as \"JADETABEK\". Mainly, vehicles registered in 2008 or 2009 and later starts using three letters at the end of the whole plate, for example: B 1234 ABC", "Normal vehicles have number plates starting with the letter B, followed by three digits, followed by three letters. The digits and letters are assigned by a registrar. The three letters never include the letter Q, to avoid confusion with O. Botswana number plates have either a reflective white front and yellow rear background, and black lettering.", "BN: 1: auction abbreviation for topical or thematic subject balloons; 2: Brunei Darussalam, country code as used by UPU", "On the international level, the designation of origin for a motor vehicle is distinguished by a supplementary international licence plate country code. This country designator is displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle when driving outside the country in which the vehicle registration plate is issued.", "A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. These vehicles with these purposes include bicycles (only back), buses, cars, golf carts (front and back in each state), motorboats (only back), motorcycles (only back), scooters (only back), tractors, tricycles (only back), trucks, vans, and possibly hoverboards and segways (only back), but not likely unicycles (only back). The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the vehicle owner within the issuing region's database. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, while in others it is unique within a state or province. Whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. Depending on the country, the vehicle registration plate may be called a licence plate (e.g., United States and Canada), or number plate (e.g., Australia, India, United Kingdom).", "In general, every motor vehicle in Singapore has a vehicle registration number. Two colour schemes are in use: the black-on-white (front of the vehicle) and black-on-yellow (rear) scheme, or the more popular white-on-black scheme. The number plate has to be made of a reflective plastic or metallic with textured characters which are black (for white-yellow), or white or silver (for black ones). No standardised typeface is used, though all typefaces are based on the Charles Wright number plate typeface used in the UK. Thinner-looking variants are commonly used by SBS Transit buses, taxis and goods vehicles. Rarely, the FE-Schrift font used in Germany can be seen – though the use of this font is prohibited by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). ", "With one private car for every 2.09 persons, Brunei has one of the highest car ownership rates in the world. This has been attributed to the absence of a comprehensive transport system, low import tax, and low unleaded petrol price of B$0.53 per litre.,", "To show that a vehicle is registered in Australia, a sticker must be displayed in the lower left corner of either the rear left window or windscreen in annual colors on a 6-year cycle: blue, red, purple, brown, green and orange. This sticker is issued to the registered owner of the vehicle upon payment of the next year's registration fee, and shows the expiry date of the registration. They are color-coded for easy recognition of the year of expiry. The sticker shows the plate number, Vehicle Identification Number, make, model, and color of the vehicle, along with other such information. This acts as an anti-theft device, because transplanting the plates from one car to another will be in contrast to the details on the sticker.", "The national flag of Brunei was adopted on September 29, 1959 when the country was a British protectorate, and was retained when the country gained full independence on January 1, 1984, as Brunei Darussalam (State of Brunei, Abode of Peace). The flag has the Coat of Arms of Brunei in the centre, on a yellow field. The field is cut by black and white diagonal stripes, although they are officially called parallelograms.", "BENTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (112) Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (112) ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (112) 609709466 ---------------------------------------------CAR OR small van wanted. Will pay (112)p max €2500 672901124 ---------------------------------------------PEUgEOT Partner Rancho 2005, full spec, ITV, blue. Mint. €4995 (112)p 665955880 ---------------------------------------------MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14.950. Call (112)p 609709466", "610 868 748 BENTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (129) Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (129) ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (129) 609709466 ---------------------------------------------MERCEDES E220 CDi 2002 full / panoramic sunroof, black, nav, Spanish plates, €14.950. Call (129)p 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PORSCHE 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 1990 (model 964), mint condition, in red. Soon to be a classic. €29,750 No time wasters please. (130)plcf Tel: 609461591 ---------------------------------------------FORD Transit Van, 2.5 diesel, taxed end May, MOT Nov. New tyres/clutch and brakes etc. €1,500 (125)p Tel. 630158235", "Jersey (GBJ) - J followed by up to seven digits (JSY vanity plates are also issued);", "Long-distances buses/coaches into Malaysia run from Brunei, Indonesian Borneo, Singapore and Thailand. Please see the relevant city pages for more details.", "ITPs are compulsory for cars crossing the international borders, but are  no longer issued or required for motorcycles. You can get a Certificate of Registration if you can, but they generally don’t ask for one either.", "A vehicle which has been written-off is no longer seen as viable in the eyes of a vehicle insurance company. You cannot transfer a registration on to a written-off vehicle, but you can transfer one off using a V317 , or onto a certificate using a V778 .", "Brunei, Jalan Teuku Umar No. 9 Menteng, ☎ +62 21 3190-6080 (fax: +62 21 3190-5070).   edit", "Brunei, Kronenstraße 55-58, ☎ +49 30 206 076 00 ( berlin@brunei-embassy.de , fax: +49 30 206 076 66). M-F 8:30AM-12:30PM, M-Thu13:30-16:30, Fr 13-16.   edit", "Taxis are numerous in Ankara and are recognizable by their yellow color and word Taksi on top of the car. All licensed taxis have the letter T in their license plates.", "The BMC trademark is registered (1564704, E1118348) to MG Rover Group Ltd in the UK. BMC is also the name of a commercial vehicle manufacturer in Turkey, formerly the Turkish subsidiary of the British Motor Corporation. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been re-assigned as of 17 July 2006 .", "8. It was manufactured at the Longbridge and Cowley plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland British Motor Corporation (Australia) factory in Sydney, Australia, and later also in Spain (Authi), Belgium, Chile, Italy (Innocenti), Malta, Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.", "Some of the British overseas territories , including Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands , use similar number plates to the UK, with the same colours and typeface. Some former British possessions which adopted British style licence plates have continued with those customs, notable examples are Hong Kong and South Cyprus", "CAR REPAIRs BRITIsH MOBILE MECHANICs Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (172)p www.mbcmechanics.com ---------------------------------------------EMBARGOs or finance no (0)ghf problem. 618808837 ---------------------------------------------CAR TRANsFERs and imports, problems with embargos or road tax, same day collection or papers. (0)ghf 633271274", "BRiTisH MOBiLE MECHAniCs Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (172)p www.mbcmechanics.com ---------------------------------------------EMBARgOs or finance no (0)ghf problem. 618808837 ---------------------------------------------CAR TRAnsFERs and imports, problems with embargos or road tax, same day collection or papers. (0)ghf 633271274", "BritisH MOBiLE MECHAniCs Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (157)p www.mbcmechanics.com ---------------------------------------------EMBArgOs or finance no (0)ghf problem. 618808837 ---------------------------------------------CAr trAnsFErs and imports, problems with embargos or road tax, same day collection or papers. (0)ghf 633271274", "BRITISH MoBILE MECHANICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (157)p www.mbcmechanics.com ---------------------------------------------EMBARgoS or finance no (0)ghf problem. 618808837 ---------------------------------------------CAR TRANSfERS and imports, problems with embargos or road tax, same day collection or papers. (0)ghf 633271274", "BRITISH MOBILE MECHANICS Fully qualified. Home visits. No call-out charge. Guaranteed, reasonably priced servicing and repairs for all car makes. For ITVs we come to you. For more info: 951400189, or mobile 695913592 (172)p www.mbcmechanics.com ---------------------------------------------EMBARGOS or finance no (0)ghf problem. 618808837 ---------------------------------------------CAR TRANSfERS and imports, problems with embargos or road tax, same day collection or papers. (0)ghf 633271274", "*11×52 cm in front and rear for cars, 21×32 cm rear available for off-roadss, vans, trucks and busses. The size is 15×30 cm for imported vehicles if the regular plate does not fit.", "If you intend to register your vehicle at another LTO branch where it's not registered before, there's a charge of PhP100.00", "Vehicles from the UK may be imported into Cyprus for up to 6 months in any period of 12 months. When driving in Cyprus the following documents should be carried:", "As of 2011, 1000 of a Chinese-made version of LTI’s latest model TX4 were ordered by Baku Taxi Company. The plan is part of a program originally announced by the Ministry of Transportation of Azerbaijan to introduce London cabs to the capital, Baku . [34] [35] The move was part of £16 million agreement between The London Taxi Company and Baku Taxi Company. [36] [37]" ]

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[ "Main article: Oliver Hardy Oliver Hardy (January 18, 1892 – August 7, 1957) was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia . As a tribute to his father (who died when Norvell was very young), he took his father's first name (although not legally), henceforth calling himself \"Oliver Norvell Hardy.\" His offscreen nicknames were \"Ollie\" and \"Babe.\"", "Oliver Hardy (January 18, 1892 – August 7, 1957) was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia. By his late teens, Hardy was a popular stage singer and he operated a movie house in Milledgeville, Georgia, the Palace Theater, financed in part by his mother. For his stage name he took his father's first name calling himself \"Oliver Norvell Hardy\" while offscreen his nicknames were \"Ollie\" and \"Babe\". The nickname \"Babe\" originated from an Italian barber near the Lubin Studios in Jacksonville, Florida who would rub Hardy's face with talcum powder and say \"That's nice-a baby!\" Other actors in the Lubin company mimicked this and Hardy was billed as \"Babe Hardy\" in his early films. McCabe 1989, p. 19.", "Oliver Hardy was born Norvell Hardy on 18 January 1892 in Harlem, Georgia. He was known to everyone by his nickname, Babe.", "Oliver Hardy was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia. His father, Oliver, was a Confederate veteran wounded at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. After his demobilization as a recruiting officer for Company K, 16th Georgia Regiment, the elder Oliver Hardy assisted his father in running the vestiges of the family cotton plantation, bought a share in a retail business and was elected full-time Tax Collector for Columbia County. His mother, Emily Norvell, the daughter of Thomas Benjamin Norvell and Mary Freeman, was descended from Captain Hugh Norvell of Williamsburg, Virginia. Her family arrived in Virginia before 1635. Their marriage took place on March 12, 1890; it was the second marriage for the widow Emily, and the third for Oliver.", "Sometime prior to 1910, Hardy began styling himself \"Oliver Norvell Hardy\", adding the first name \"Oliver\" as a tribute to his father. He appeared as \"Oliver N. Hardy\" in the 1910 U.S. census, and he used \"Oliver\" as his first name in all subsequent legal records, marriage announcements, etc.", "Arthur Stanley Jefferson (born 16 June 1890 – 23 February 1965), better known by his stage name Stanley \"Stan\" Laurel was an English comic actor, writer and film director, most famous as Laurel of Laurel and Hardy–Hardy being Oliver Hardy. Laurel began his career in the British music hall, from where he took a number of his standard comic devices: the bowler hat, the deep comic gravity, and the nonsensical understatement. He was a member of \"Fred Karno's Army,\" where he was Charlie Chaplin's understudy. The two arrived in the US on the same ship from Britain with the Karno troupe. Laurel went into films in the United States, with his acting career stretching between 1917 and 1951, and from \"silents\" to \"talkies.\" It included a starring role in the film The Music Box (1932), which won an Academy Award.In 1961, Laurel was given a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award for his pioneering work in comedy. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd. In a 2005 UK poll to find The Comedians' Comedian, Laurel and Hardy ranked top among best double acts and seventh overall. In 2009, a bronze statue of the duo was unveiled in Laurel's hometown of Ulverston, Cumbria.", "What changed him was Oliver Norvell Hardy. Known to everyone as Babe (reportedly because of his baby face), Hardy was born in Georgia in 1892. He hoped to become an attorney, but ended up as a theater operator. Like Laurel, he fell into movies, appearing in some 100 comedies between 1914 and 1917, usually as the heavy. He first met Laurel while playing a villain in The Lucky Dog (1919), but it wasn't until Duck Soup (1927) that the two became a bona fide team.", "(1890-1965) Born in England as Arthur Stanley Jefferson. Thin partner in the American comedy duo Laurel and Hardy (Oliver Hardy was \"rotund\"), who had great popular success in over 200 films during the late 1920s to mid-1940s. Hilarity came from how they set one another off -- Stan was the worrier and bumbler, Ollie the fastidious one with the slow-burning temper. {White Hole, Meltdown, Tikka To Ride}", "American comedic actor Oliver Hardy was one half of the famous Laurel and Hardy, the classic double act that began in the era of silent films and lasted nearly 30 years, from 1927 to 1955. Hardy’s screen character was noted for his genteel pomposity, his tie twiddle, and long suffering look while dealing with Stan’s character and his well-meaning but ultimately frustrating on screen antics.", "By 1915, he had made 50 short one-reeler films at Lubin. He later moved to New York and made films for the Pathé, Casino and Edison Studios. He then returned to Jacksonville and made films for the Vim Comedy Company, until that studio closed its doors after Hardy discovered the owners were stealing from the payroll.[1] He then worked for the King Bee studio after they bought Vim. He worked with Charlie Chaplin imitator Billy West and comedic actress Ethel Burton Palmer during this time. (Hardy continued playing the “heavy” for West well into the early 1920s, often imitating Eric Campbell to West’s Chaplin.) In 1917, Oliver Hardy moved to Los Angeles, working freelance for several Hollywood studios. Later that year, he appeared in the movie The Lucky Dog, produced by G.M. (“Broncho Billy”) Anderson and starring a young British comedian named Stan Laurel.[2] Oliver Hardy played the part of a robber, trying to stick up Stan’s character. They did not work together again for several years.", "Hardy also produced a number of minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker. An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984).", "In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in Kensington in the autumn of 1874. In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate, a house Hardy had designed himself and his brother had built. Although they later became estranged, her subsequent death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him and after her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. In 1910, Hardy had been awarded the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He would be nominated for the prize in eleven more years. ", "... human historv s a mother. COMIiUIAX DIES NORTH HOLLYWOOD, Cahf. Oliver Hardy, the rotund half o! the movie comedy team of Laure! and Har...", "*Oliver Hardy, at the end of Flying Deuces; after he died in a plane crash, he was reincarnated as a horse", "Hardy was born at Higher Brockhampton in Dorset, England in 1840. He received his education from his mother, who had a predilection for Latin poetry and French romance. After some formal schooling, Hardy was apprenticed as an architect. His firm would work primarily on restoring churches, an ironic task given Hardy’s later struggles with the possibility of a benevolent Christian God in his poetry and prose. While working as an architect, Hardy met Emma Lavinia Gifford; the two married in 1874.", "Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in a brick and thatch two-storey cottage in the hamlet called Higher Bockhampton, in the parish of Stinsford, about three miles east of Dorchester, the county town of Dorset. With the exception of five years, Hardy lived all his long life in his home county. Both of Hardy’s parents were of Dorset origin. His father, also named Thomas, was a self-employed master mason and building contractor. The Hardys were an old Dorset family, which had descended from the Le Hardy family residing in the Isle of Jersey since the 15th century. One of the ancestors, Le Clement Hardy, was lieutenant-governor of Jersey in 1488. Another kinsman, Sir Thomas Hardy (1769-1839) was Admiral Horatio Nelson’s aide and best friend. At the turn of the eighteenth century the family experienced a rapid economic decline.", "This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia Thomas Hardy; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License . You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.", "Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. While his works typically belong to the Naturalism movement, several poems display elements of the previous Romantic and Enlightenment periods of literature, such as his fascination with the supernatural.", "Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth. Charles Dickens was another important influence. Like Dickens, he was highly critical of much in Victorian society, though Hardy focused more on a declining rural society.", "Usually played a childishly innocent man who always looked up to his good friend Oliver Hardy , whether it was deserved or not. Common schticks included crying in cases of great predicaments, taking instructions literally at all times and mixing up his lines. He and Hardy often had a scene in their films where they would get into a fight with another person that consisted solely of destroying property. The duo would destroy something the opponent values while the opponent ooks on and does not resist. When they are done, the opponent does the same to them, while they refrain from resisting, and so on.", "Thomas Hardy, whose writing immortalized the Wessex countryside and dramatized his sense of the inevitable tragedy of life, was born at Upper Bockhampton, near Stinsford in Dorset in 1840, the eldest child of a prosperous stonemason. As a youth he trained as an architect and in 1862 obtained a post in London. During his time he began seriously to write poetry, which remained his first literary love and his last. In 1867-68, his first novel was refused publication, butUnder the Greenwood Tree�(1872), his first Wessex novel, did well enough to convince him to continue writing. In 1874,�Far from the Madding Crowd, published serially and anonymously in the�Cornhill Magazine, became a great success. Hardy married Emma Gifford in 1878, and in 1885 they settled at Max Gate in Dorchester, where he lived the rest of his life. There he had wrote�The Return of the Native�(1878),�The Mayor of Casterbridge�(1886),�Tess of the d'Urbervilles�(1891), and�Jude the Obscure�(1895).", "Thomas Hardy was born on June 2, 1840. In his writing, he immortalized the site of his birth—Egdon Heath, in Dorset, near Dorchester. Delicate as a child, he was taught at home by his mother before he attended grammar school. At sixteen, Hardy was apprenticed to an architect, and for many years, architecture was his profession; in his spare time, he pursued his first and last literary love, poetry. Finally convinced that he could earn his living as an author, he retired from architecture, married, and devoted himself to writing. An extremely productive novelist, Hardy published an important book every year or two. In 1896, disturbed by the public outcry over the unconventional subjects of his two greatest novels—Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure—he announced that he was giving up fiction and afterward produced only poetry. In later years, he received many honors. He died on January 11, 1928, and was buried in Poet’s Corner, in Westminster Abbey. It was as a poet that he wished to be remembered, but today critics regard his novels as his most memorable contribution to English literature for their psychological insight, decisive delineation of character, and profound presentation of tragedy.", "Hardy was determined to continue with his writing career and his next novel, Under the Greenwood Tree , was based on his own childhood. Throughout his career he invented his own names for the real-life places. For example, Casterbridge ( Dorchester ), Weatherbury ( Puddletown ), Budmouth Regis ( Weymouth ), Sandbourne ( Bournemouth ), Wintonchester ( Winchester ), Trantridge ( Pentridge ) and Knollsea ( Swanage ). When the book was rejected by Alexander Macmillan , he came close to giving up his ambition to become a full-time writer. However, Emma Gifford, who was convinced of his talent, urged him to send the manuscript to other publishers.", "* In 1989 a statue of Laurel was erected in Dockwray Square, North Shields, Northumberland, England where he lived at No. 8 from 1897 to 1902, and where the steps down from the Square to the North Shields Fish Quay were said to have inspired the piano-moving scene in The Music Box. In 2006, BBC Four showed a drama called Stan, based on Laurel meeting Hardy on his deathbed and reminiscing about their career .", "Although he wrote a great deal of poetry, most of it went unpublished until after 1898, thus Hardy is best remembered for the series of novels and short stories he wrote between 1871 and 1895. His novels are set in the imaginary world of Wessex, a large area of south and south-west England, using the name of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that covered the area. Hardy was part of two worlds. He had a deep emotional bond with the rural way of life which he had known as a child, but he was also aware of the changes which were under way and the current social problems, from the innovations in agriculture ... he captured the epoch just before the Industrial Revolution changed the English countryside ... to the unfairness and hypocrisy of Victorian sexual behaviour.", "Stan Laurel (born Arthur Stanley Jefferson; June 16, 1890 – February 23, 1965) was an English comic actor , writer and director, famous as the first half of the comedy double-act Laurel and Hardy , whose career stretched from the silent films of the early 20th century until after World War II .", "The poet and novelist Thomas Hardy was born on June 2, 1840, in Dorset, England. His father was a master mason and also a violinist. Thomas himself was especially sensitive to music and was able to tune a violin when he was very young.", "Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) was an author and poet. His best-known novels focus on rural society and include Far from the Madding Crowd and Jude the Obscure.", "1890: Stan Laurel, of the Laurel and Hardy comedy duo, was born in Ulverston, Lancashire (now Cumbria), as Arthur Stanley Jefferson.", "Arthur Stanley Jefferson (16 June 1890 – 23 February 1965), better known as Stan Laurel, was an English comic actor, writer and film director, famous as the first half of the comedy double-act Laurel and Hardy. His career stretched from the silent films of the early 20th century until after World War II.", "House that Thomas Hardy designed himself and lived in from 1885 until his death in 1928.", "Far From the Madding Crowd appears serially. In September Hardy marries Emma, travels to Paris, and sets up house in London. He moves around a bit and eventually settle s in Sturminster Newton." ]

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[ "Mexico City International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de M�xico, AICM); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Ju�rez (English: Benito Ju�rez International Airport) ( IATA : MEX,  ICAO : MMMX) is an international airport that serves Greater Mexico City . It is Mexico's busiest and Latin America's second busiest airport by passenger traffic; and it is both Mexico's and Latin America's busiest airport by aircraft movements. The airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. [1] The airport is owned by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de M�xico and operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares , the government-owned corporation , which also operates 22 other airports throughout Mexico. [5] In recent years Toluca Airport has become an alternate airport. [6]", "Mexico City International Airport (Spanish; Castilian: link=yes|Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México, AICM); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez (English: ''Benito Juárez International Airport'') is a commercial airport that serves Greater Mexico City . It is Mexico's busiest and Latin America's second busiest airport by passenger traffic; and it is both Mexico's and Latin America's busiest airport by aircraft movements. The airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. [2] The airport is owned by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México and operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares , the government-owned corporation , which also operates 22 other airports throughout Mexico. [3] In recent years Toluca Airport has become an alternate airport. [4]", "The Benito Juarez International Airport serves the capital of Mexico, Mexico City. It is the busiest airport in Mexico and the second busiest in Latin America. It was named after Benito Juarez, a 19th century president of Mexico, in 2006. It is five kilometres east of central Mexico City. The airport has considerable overfly and landing issues because of its proximity to buildings in the eastern part of the city.", "Being the busiest airport in Mexico, Benito Juárez International Airport serves as the headquarters for Aeromexico. The Mexican flag carrier connects Mexico City with more than 40 total destinations. Of course, Mexico’s largest airline offers domestic service to some of the largest and most visited cities in the country. Acapulco, Cancun, Guadalajara, Leon, Ciudad Juarez, Tijuana, Monterey, Merida, and Mexicali are listed on the extensive domestic service operated by Aeromexico. Most of the flights within Mexico are actually provided by Aeromexico Connect regional service in the South Concourse of Terminal 2 at Benito Juárez International Airport.", "This page provides all the information you need to know about Benito Juarez International Airport, Mexico. This page is created with the aim of helping travelers and tourists visiting Mexico or traveling to Mexico City Airport.", "The inertia stood in contrast to the successful privatisations of many of Mexico’s other main airports in three main groups, Mexico City’s Benito Juarez International remaining under the control of the state operator ASA. (The city’s Toluca Airport though was part-privatised).", "Most travelers arrive to Mexico City by air, to Benito Juárez International Airport, located in the eastern part of the city.", "Eventually, in Sep-2014 and after many false dawns, a decision was taken. It was confirmed by President Enrique Pena Nieto that a new Mexico City International Airport would be constructed adjacent to Juarez International. It would have capacity for 120 million passengers per annum and feature six runways upon completion of its second phase, quadrupling Juarez's capacity. Mr Pena Nieto noted that the airport would be one of the biggest infrastructure projects ever undertaken in Mexico. The price tag was given as MXN120 billion (USD9.1 billion). That tag has risen over the past six months to MXP169 billion (USD11.3 billion) but that might be a conservative figure. US engineering firm Parsons, which has had an involvement with the project since mid-2014 ventured that it might end up costing MXN662 billion (USD50.3 billion) in total construction, operating and maintenance costs by 2069, when the final phase is expected to be complete.", "Camino Real Aeropuerto , Puerto México 80, Col. Peñón de los Baños (Connected to Int'l Airport (MEX) Terminal 1),  ☎ +52 (55) 30 03-0033 . Though a fairly standard hotel as far as rooms and facilities go, its ideal feature is a walkway directly connecting it to Terminal 1 of Mexico City-Benito Juárez International Airport. Check-out is usually quick, and you can be in the terminal in less than one minute. For travellers flying in/out of Terminal 2, the \"Tren Aéreo\" (Air Train) that connects T1 to T2 is steps away. Restaurant and bar, plus 24-hour room service. Rooms are clean and comfortable, though somewhat small. Wi-fi in lobby and wired Internet access in the rooms (for a fee). Starting at US$107. ", "The Red X in the background stands for Juarez, Mexico. El Paso in the foreground, Juarez in the background - separated by the pink line.", "Located at the neighborhood of Peñón de los Baños within Venustiano Carranza , one of the sixteen boroughs into which Mexico's Federal District is divided, the airport is 5km (03miles) east from Downtown Mexico City and is surrounded by the built-up areas of Gustavo A. Madero to the north and Venustiano Carranza to the west, south and east. As the airport is located on the east side of Mexico City and its runways run southwest-northeast, an airliner's landing approach is usually directly over the conurbation of Mexico City when the wind is from the northeast. Therefore, there is an important overflying problem and noise pollution. [9] [10]", "Ciudad Juarez, more commonly known as just Juarez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. Juarez has an estimated population of 1.3 million people. It stands on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), across the border from El Paso, Texas. The two cities form a metropolitan area of more than 2.5 million people. The city has a growing industrial center which is made up in large part by the more than 300 assembly plants located on the outskirts of the city. Juarez, Mexico, offers a wide variety of recreational things to do with tourist attractions ranging from car racing to theater. For more information about Juarez, visit the links in the “Related Links” section.", "Located at the neighborhood of Peñón de los Baños within Venustiano Carranza, one of the sixteen boroughs into which Mexico's Federal District is divided, the airport is east from Downtown Mexico City and is surrounded by the built-up areas of Gustavo A. Madero to the north and Venustiano Carranza to the west, south and east. As the airport is located on the east side of Mexico City and its runways run southwest-northeast, an airliner's landing approach is usually directly over the conurbation of Mexico City when the wind is from the northeast. Therefore, there is an important overflying problem and noise pollution. ", "Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares , a government-owned corporation that operates airports in Mexico, has its headquarters on the airport property., [36] Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares . [37] The Aeromar headquarters are located in Hangar 7 in Zone D of the General Aviation Terminal of the airport. [38] [39] Aviacsa had its headquarters in Hangar 1 in Zone C, but ceased operations on May 4, 2011. [40]", "The original site, known as Llanos de Balbuena, had been used for aeronautical activities since 1910, when Alberto Braniff became the first to fly an aeroplane in Mexico, and in Latin America. [13] [14] The flight was onboard of a Voisin biplane. On November 30, 1911, President Francisco I. Madero , was the first head of State in the world to fly onboard of a Deperdussin airplane piloted by Geo M. Dyott of Moisant International. [15] [16] In 1915 the airport first opened as Balbuena Military Airport with five runways. Construction of a small civilian airport began in 1928. The first landing was on November 5, 1928, and regular service started in 1929, but was officially inaugurated on May 15, 1931. On July 8, 1943, the Official Gazette of the Federation published a decree that acknowledged Mexico City's Central Airport as an international airport, capable of managing international arrivals and departures of passengers and aircraft. Its first international route was to Los Angeles International Airport operated by Mexicana . Construction of Runway 05D-23I started six years later, as well as new facilities such as a platform, a terminal building, a control tower and offices for the authorities. The runway started its operations in 1951. On November 19, 1952, President Miguel Alem�n opened the passenger terminal, which later became Terminal 1. [17]", "In this Wednesday, Nov. 25, 2015 photo, an escalator at the the Cross Border Xpress air terminal shows displays the design of renowned Mexican architect Ricardo Legoretta in San Diego. A new terminal in San Diego with a bridge that crosses to Tijuana, Mexico's decades-old airport, is scheduled to begin operations on Wednesday, Dec. 9. (AP Photo/Lenny Ignelzi)", "In this Wednesday, Nov. 25, 2015, photo, the courtyard entrance to the Cross Border Xpress air terminal shows displays the design of renowned Mexican architect Ricardo Legoretta in San Diego. A new terminal in San Diego with a bridge that crosses to Tijuana, Mexico's decades-old airport is scheduled to begin operations on Wednesday, Dec. 9. (AP Photo/Lenny Ignelzi)", "The airport has suffered from a lack of capacity due to restrictions on expansion, since it is located in a densely populated area. In 2014, Mexican authorities established and declared a maximum capacity of 61 operations per hour with a total of 16 rush hours (7:00 22:59). [29] Another issue with the airport is the limitation that its two runways provide, since they are used at 97.3% of their maximum capacity, leaving a very short room for new operations into the airport. Only government, military, commercial, and specially authorized aircraft are allowed to land at the airport. Private aircraft must use alternate airports, such as Lic. Adolfo L�pez Mateos International Airport in Toluca , General Mariano Matamoros Airport in Cuernavaca , or Hermanos Serd�n International Airport in Puebla . [30]", "Operating at the limits of its capacity, [8] the airport will be replaced by a new Mexico City international airport , announced in September 2014, to be built about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north-northeast of the current airport, east of Ecatepec . [9] [10]", "The only airport serving international flights in the country is Comalapa International Airport ( airport code : SAL). This airport is located in Comalapa, about 30 minutes southeast of the capital. [27] The airport is commonly known as Comalapa International or El Salvador International.", "Current time and date at Benito Juarez International Airport is 12:37:04 PM (CST) on Thursday, Jan 19, 2017", "(Took off, Bolling Field, 12:25 p.m. Eastern Standard time. Landed, Mexico City, 3:40 p.m. Eastern Standard time, December 14th. Flew via Texas coast of Gulf of Mexico. Lost position flying over fog between Tampico and Valley of Mexico. Climbed after fog cleared, and located approximate position from the direction of watersheds. Located exact position from sign on hotel wall at Toluca. ) 27 hrs. 15 min.", "Benito Juárez International Airport has plenty of congestion problems, so a new airport further to the Northeast is currently under construction. In the meantime, landing delays and long taxi times are quite common. Don't schedule very tight connections at the airport.", ". This airport is located about 50 km (30 mi) southeast of San Salvador. The airport is commonly known as Comalapa International or El Salvador International.", "“CH2M HILL is honored to partner with Parsons and FOA Consultores on what is perhaps the largest greenfield airport of our generation to be built in Latin America,” stated CH2M HILL’s Transportation President Terry Ruhl. “The New International Airport for Mexico City will be the gateway to Latin America, competing with the best airports in Asia, the Middle East and around the world.”", "Ciudad Juarez: Exercise caution in all areas. U.S. government personnel are prohibited from traveling after dark west of Eje. Juan Gabriel and south of Boulevard Zaragoza. Defer non-essential travel to the areas southeast of Boulevard Independencia and the Valle de Juarez region.", "The South terminal is next door to the domestic airport Olaya Herrera (closest Metro station El Poblado but not within walking distance). Serves towns South (Armenia, Manizales, Pereira, Cali).", "and declared a maximum capacity of 61 operations per hour with a total of 16 rush hours (7:00 –22:59). Another issue with the airport is the limitation that its two runways provide, since they are used at 97.3% of their maximum capacity, leaving a very short room for new operations into the airport. Only government, military, commercial, and specially authorized aircraft are allowed to land at the airport. Private aircraft must use alternate airports, such as Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport in Toluca, General Mariano Matamoros Airport in Cuernavaca, or Hermanos Serdán International Airport in Puebla. ", "There is a small local airport Olaya Herrera ( IATA : EOH; ICAO : SKMD) [27] close to downtown and it is very convenient for regional and domestic travel with non-stop flights to 23 destinations, including tourist destinations such as Armenia, Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Manizales, and Perreira. This airport is only open during daylight hours (dawn to dusk or 6 AM to 6 PM).", "The airport, known as Aeropuerto Sandino or MGA to locals, serves as the primary hub for connections at both domestic and international levels. TACA Regional member La Costeña operates flights to local destinations like Bluefields, the Corn Islands and San Carlos among others. The airport is located near the northern highway and is about 11 km east of the city's downtown. Hotels, restaurants, and commercial centers are all accessible by car, taxi, or bus. Out of the country's one hundred and forty airports, it is the only one with the appropriate infrastructure and capacity to handle international flights.", "* On June 25, 2012, two federal police officers who were stationed at the airport opened fire at colleagues who were surrounding them and were about to arrest them after an investigation showed they were involved in drug trafficking offenses. Two federal police officers were killed at the scene and a third officer died later at a local hospital. The suspects were able to flee the scene, but their identities are known. Operations at the airport were not affected.", "On June 25, 2012, two federal police officers who were stationed at the airport opened fire at colleagues who were surrounding them and were about to arrest them after an investigation showed they were involved in drug trafficking offenses. Two federal police officers were killed at the scene and a third officer died later at a local hospital. The suspects were able to flee the scene, but their identities are known. Operations at the airport were not affected. [72]" ]

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[ "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer who held the world heavyweight title from September 23, 1952 to April 27, 1956. Marciano went undefeated in his career and defended his title six times, against Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell, and Archie Moore.", "Rocky Marciano (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano; September 1, 1923 -- August 31, 1969) was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956. Marciano is the only champion to hold the heavyweight title and go untied and undefeated throughout his career. Marciano defended his title six times.", "روكي مارسيانو (Rocky Marciano)(وُلد روكو فرانسيس مارشيغيانو (Rocco Francis Marchegiano) في 1 سبتمبر 1923 وتوفي في 31 أغسطس 1969) هو ملاكم أمريكي مخضرم وحاصل على بطولة العالم للوزن الثقيل من 23 سبتمبر 1952 وحتى 27 أبريل 1956، ويُعد مارسيانو البطل الوحيد الذي يحمل لقب بطولة الوزن الثقيل ولم يتعرض للهزيمة أو الخسارة طوال بطولاته الرياضية بمعدل 49 مباراة 49 فوز 43 ضربة قاضية. وقد حافظ مارسيانو على لقبه في ست بطولات.", "On April 27, 1956, world heavyweight champ Rocky Marciano retires from boxing at age 31, saying he wants to spend more time with his family. Marciano ended his career as the only heavyweight champion with a perfect record–49 wins in 49 professional bouts, with 43 knockouts.", "By the time Rocky Marciano faced Ali, he had not fought for 13 years. He was 45, balding, and had a bad back. Retirement had been better for his wallet than his waistline: the energy burnt with women other than his wife a timid counter to his binges on rich Italian food and lack of exercise.", "Rocky Marciano (USA) (b. Rocco Francis Marchegiano) (1923-69) is the only world champion at any weight to have won every fight of his entire completed professional career, from 17 March 1947-21 September 1955 (he announced his retirement on 27 April 1956); 43 of his 49 fights were by knock-outs or stoppages.", "Rocky Marciano (September 1 1923 – August 31 1969), born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was the heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1952 to 1956. Marciano, with forty-four knockouts to his credit (an 88% knockout rate), remains the only heavyweight champion in boxing history to retire without a defeat or a draw in his professional career of 50 fights, however his amateur record is 9-4http://www.esnewsreporting.com/boxingamateur/, 8 victories came by way of knockouts. He fought 7 championship fights.", "There were those who thought not much good would come from the 190-pound heavyweight from Brockton in the early days. Goody Petronelli, who was a famous fight trainer, saw one of Marciano's early fights. In a story for Sports Illustrated he said, \"I never thought he'd make it. He was too old, almost twenty-five. He was too short, he was too light. He had no reach. Rough and tough, but no finesse [refinement].\" The hometown folks believed in him, though. They traveled in groups to Marciano's fights in nearby Providence, Rhode Island, and yelled \"Timmmmberrr\" when Rocky had an opponent ready to go down.", "There were those who thought not much good would come from the 190-pound heavyweight from Brockton in the early days. Goody Petronelli, who was a famous fight trainer, saw one of Marciano's early fights. In a story for Sports Illustrated he said, \"I never thought he'd make it. He was too old, almost twenty-five. He was too short, he was too light. He had no reach. Rough and tough, but no finesse [refinement].\" The hometown folks believed in him, though. They traveled in groups to Marciano's fights in nearby Providence, Rhode Island , and yelled \"Timmmmberrr\" when Rocky had an opponent ready to go down.", "Rocky Marciano..... born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was an Italian-American boxer and the heavyweight champion of the world from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956, when he retired as the only heavyweight champion in boxing history to retire having won every fight in his professional career.", "Rocky Marciano was born Rocco Francis Marchegiano. He was an American boxer who was a former heavyweight champion of the world from 1952 to 1956 and was also nicknamed “The Brockton Blockbuster” and “The Rock from Brockton”.", "He laced up his gloves for the last time against 38-year-old Archie Moore. If you ask us, his last dance was also his greatest. He was down in the 2nd round, but came back to win by knockout in the 9th, and the punch output he showed for the duration of the fight was extraordinary. Everything you ever need to know about the heart and perseverance of Rocky Marciano can be seen in his fight against Moore.", "Boxer Rocky Marciano held the heavyweight boxing title for four years during the 1950s. He is the only boxing champion to ever retire undefeated.", "Rocky Marciano was born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, on September 1, 1923, in Brockton, Massachusetts. During his career, Marciano held the heavyweight boxing title for four years in the 1950s, and he is the only boxing champion to ever retire undefeated. More...", "\"A hammer instead of a fist, a powerful neck, a fighter's rage. He beat his adversary to blood, then hugged him. A boxing style from the working class, all sweat, no paradise...\" Rocky Marciano, aka Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was heavyweight boxing world champion since September 23, 1952 to April 27, 1956, the only athlete in the history of heavyweight boxing to retire undefeated after defending the title six times.", "Rocky Marciano was born Rocco Francis Marchegiano on September 1, 1923 and grew up in a working-class family in Brockton, Massachusetts. Later in his illustrious boxing career, he would become known as the \"Brockton Blockbuster.\"", "Rocky Marciano was the only heavyweight champion who retired undefeated. He defended his title six times. He had 49 fights and won 43 inside the distance. He announced his retirement on April 27, 1956 when he was still the champion.", "Rocky Marciano one of the best professional boxers of his time the undefeated champion. He laid the foundation of modern boxing and pay per view events, started his career back in 1947 with a fight against Lee Epperson and defeated him with a knockout win. He went on top fight 49 times and win all of them which include 43 wins in knockouts.", "When Rocky goes off to the Soviet Union to fight Drago , his son is under 10 years old. However, when he returns to America a few weeks/months later, his son appears to suddenly be about 13.", "Rocky Marciano retired as the only undefeated heavyweight champion in boxing history. When he retired in April 1956, Marciano had a 49-0 record, and scored 43 wins by knockouts. He began boxing in the United States Army in 1943 and turned professional in 1947. Full of heart, brut power, and tenacity, Marciano wept after knocking out his boyhood hero, former heavyweight champion Joe Louis in 1951.", "Rocky Marciano was a champion in civilian life and in the Army, receiving high honors for his achievements in both areas.", "Robert Balboa was born on April 6, 1946. He was the only child to a Roman Catholic Italian-American family. It was revealed in Rocky II that Rocky's black trunks with gold trim were the colors of his high school from which he never graduated. During the scene in which Rocky takes Adrianna \"Adrian\" Pennino skating on Thanksgiving, he tells her \"Yeah -- My ol' man who was never the sharpest told me -- I weren't born with much brain so I better use my body.\" This encouraged him to take up boxing. He trained very hard so he could grow up to be like his idol Rocky Marciano . Unable to live on the small pay of club fights, and being unable to find work anywhere else, Rocky got a job as a collector for Tony Gazzo, the local loan shark, just to make ends meet. By late 1975, Rocky had fought in 64 fights, winning 44 (38 KO'S) and losing 20. Rocky was proud that he never had his nose broken in a professional fight. His nickname is \"The Italian Stallion,\" spawning from his Italian-American heritage.", "Marciano, Rocky world heavyweight boxing champion from Sept. 23, 1952, when he knocked out champion Jersey Joe Walcott in 13 rounds in Philadelphia, to April 27, 1956, when he retired from the ring. Marciano was undefeated in 49 professional fights, scoring 43 knockouts....", "Why He’s Here: Rocky Marciano is the only heavyweight champion to ever retire undefeated. His rugged style and powerful punches made him almost impossible to beat in his era, and he proved resourceful enough over the span of his career to pull out remarkable knockout wins when all seemed lost. Marciano’s mauling style is sometimes underappreciated but was unmistakably effective.  ", "Marciano made his first major impact in the heavyweight division in 1950 when he won a ten round split decision against then undefeated heavyweight contender Roland La Starza. It was one of only six decisions Rocky won, but La Starza never let up on his relentless claim that he won the fight. he badgered Marciano with quotes to the press saying, “Marciano must be punch drunk from all the punches he’s been taking to think he won the fight.”", "The former heavyweight great was no athletic marvel in the ring. He looked like he had two left feet at times, bled copiously, and today would be considered a small cruiserweight. What he did have was unparalleled will, toughness, physical strength, and stamina. It was enough to become the only heavyweight champion to retire undefeated. Some point to Rocky having fought in a weak era as evidence against his greatness. Hogwash. He cleaned out the division and retired without a compelling contender left in the top ten.", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa was born on June 6th, 1945 to Roman Catholic parents in the harder side of Philadelphia . He would go on to quit school after the 9th grade and followed the advice of his father who said he was not born with brains so use your brawn. Rocky trained his body for boxing and in his early twenties meet Micky Goodmill, a former boxer and current owner of Mighty Mick's Boxing. The relationship was very antagonizing since Mick would often complain Rocky was a bum, weak, and a good-for-nothing since he believed he was not living up to his potential as a boxer. Rocky would not only fight on the boxing circuit, but would frequent the club scene of Philadelphia for more fights and added money. The meager money Rocky made from this was not enough to sustain himself so Rocky began to work for a loan shark named Tony Gazzo as an enforcer. While barely making ends meat. By 1975, Rocky had fought in 64 fights, winning 44 (38 KO'S) and losing 20 and was proud of the fact he had never broken his nose in a fight. Rocky's best friend was a meat packing plant worker named Paulie Pennino and Rocky had a crush on his sister Adrian.", "Marciano on the other hand was the closest thing to a weight trained fighter in his day (they really didn’t train with weight then) but I don’t think he was very fast. He won by being toughter than the guys he fought. He would absorb a lot of punishment and then just hit incredibly hard and wear his opponenents down.", "Physical condition was Marciano's forte in his monkish, monomaniacal pursuit of the title. He was as addicted to exercise as some are addicted to cocaine. It gave him more stamina than his opponent, and was instrumental in his knockout of Jersey Joe Walcott to win the heavyweight championship on Sept. 23, 1952.", "Robert \"Rocky\" Balboa, Sr. is an Italian-American retired legendary boxer, famous for his indomitable spirit, his extreme tenacity, ferocious body attack, and above all, for fighting with his heart.", "An aged Rocky Balboa (Sylvester Stallone) taking on the task of training young Adonis Creed, the son of Apollo, who died in the ring just before he was born, in 1985.", "Nonetheless, the partial inspiration for Sylvester Stallone's Rocky had an extraordinary run and knew when to call it quits. Blessed with an iron chin, unconventional style and amazing heart and power, he wasn't the greatest ever but certainly has a well-admired place in history ." ]

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[ "\"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia\" is a Southern Gothic song, written in 1972 by songwriter Bobby Russell and sung by Vicki Lawrence, an American singer, actress, and comedian. Lawrence's version, from her 1973 Bell Records album of the same name, was a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release. In addition to several other renditions, the song was again a hit in 1991 when Reba McEntire recorded it for her album For My Broken Heart. McEntire's version was a single, as well, reaching number 12 on Hot Country Songs.", "\"The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia\" was a number one hit in 1973 for Vicki Lawrence. The song was written by her then husband Leon Russel, who also wrote \"This Diamond Ring\" by GARY LEWIS and the Playboys. Cher was offered the song first, but turned it down.", "1973 - Vicki Lawrence got her number one single as The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia made it to the top of the pop charts on this day. Lawrence had become well known as the comedienne who played Eunice�s mother on The Carol Burnett Show and Mama�s Family.", "Her recording of then husband Bobby Russell 's song \"The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia\" was number one on Billboard magazine's Hot 100 chart for two weeks in April of 1973, reached the Top 40 of Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart, and earned a Gold Record.", "Come to think of it, McEntire seemed to love covers in the early 90's. \"The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia\" was written in 1972 by songwriter Bobby Russell. He didn't care for the song, but his wife at the time, comedian/actress Vicki Lawrence, was convinced it had hit potential and recorded it for her debut album. It was covered in 1991 by McEntire, along with a similarly popular music video.", "She sang a duet in the early 1990s with Country singer Reba McEntire on Vicki's hit song \"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia\".", "Her song The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia reached number 11 overall for the year 1973.", "In 1974, Charles left ABC Records and recorded several albums on his own Crossover Records label. A 1975 recording of Stevie Wonder's hit \"Living for the City\" later helped Charles win another Grammy. In 1977, he reunited with Ahmet Ertegün and re-signed to Atlantic Records, where he recorded the album True to Life, remaining with his old label until 1980. However, the label had now begun to focus on rock acts, and some of their prominent soul artists such as Aretha Franklin were starting to be neglected. In November 1977 he appeared as the host of NBC's Saturday Night Live. In April 1979, Charles' version of \"Georgia On My Mind\" was proclaimed the state song of Georgia, and an emotional Charles performed the song on the floor of the state legislature. Although he had notably supported the American Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King, Jr. in the 1960s, in 1981 Charles was criticized for performing at South Africa's Sun City resort during an international boycott of its apartheid policy.", "1970 – Brook Benton received a gold record for the hit single, “ Rainy Night in Georgia. ”", "The record was released in March 1977 and eventually topped the US Billboard charts. The song held the number one position on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week, from June 18–25, 1977. It replaced \"Dreams\" by Fleetwood Mac, and was replaced by \"Gonna Fly Now\" by Bill Conti. On the R&B Singles Charts it held the number one spot for five weeks from April 30 until June 17, 1977 (being interrupted twice at the number one position for one week by \"Whodunit\" by Tavares for the week of May 21, 1977 and Stevie Wonder's \"Sir Duke\" for the week of May 28, 1977 respectively). On the disco charts the single was also a number one hit. Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song of 1977. ", "\"Georgia on My Mind\" is a song sung by the internationally famous U.S. singer, Ray Charles, a native of Georgia, who recorded it in his 1960 on the album The Genius Hits the Road. It became the official state song of the State of Georgia in 1979. Written in 1930 by Hoagy Carmichael (music) and Stuart Gorrell (lyrics). Gorrell wrote the lyrics for Hoagy's sister, Georgia Carmichael. However, the lyrics of the song are ambiguous enough to refer either to the state or to a woman named \"Georgia\". Carmichael's 1965 autobiography, Sometimes I Wonder, records the origin: a friend, saxophonist and bandleader Frankie Trumbauer, suggested: \"Why don't you write a song called 'Georgia'? Nobody lost much writing about the South.\" Thus, the son... Show Georgia on My Mind piano sheet", "A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia. Included is Ray Charles (whose many hits include \"Georgia on My Mind\", now the official state song), and Gladys Knight (known for her Georgia-themed song, \"Midnight Train to Georgia\").", "Thanks to its distribution deal with Curb Records, WBR scored the biggest hit single in the company's history in 1977. The ballad \"You Light Up My Life\" (written and produced by Joe Brooks) was originally recorded by the late Kasey Cisyk for the soundtrack to the film of the same name, in which actress Didi Conn lip-synched to Cisyk's recording. Teenager Debby Boone (daughter of actor-singer Pat Boone) was recruited to record a new version for single release, and this became a massive success, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for a record-setting 10 consecutive weeks, and earning a Platinum certification from the RIAA. It became the most successful single of the 1970s in the United States, setting what was then a new record for longest run at #1 in the US and surpassing Elvis Presley's \"Hound Dog\". Boone's success also earned her Grammy nominations for \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance \" and \"Record of the Year\" and won her the 1977 Grammy for \"Best New Artist\" and the 1977 American Music Award for \"Favorite Pop Single\". The song also earned Joe Brooks the 1977 \"Song of the Year\" Grammy (tied with \"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)\") as well as \"Best Original Song\" at both the 1977 Golden Globe and Academy Awards.", "\"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" was written and popularized by the Charlie Daniels Band. It was first released in 1979 on the Charlie Daniels Band album \"Million Mile Reflections\". The song was the band's biggest pop hit, reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100. It has since been covered by a wide variety of musical artists, and continues to be a popular fiddle staple in many musical genres. However, the original line in the song \"I told you once, you son of a bitch, I'm the best that's ever been\" was altered to \"I told you once, you son of a gun, I'm the best that's ever been\" for airplay on the radio and for other venues.", "Gibb, along with his brothers, Robin and Maurice, originally wrote the song for Marvin Gaye in an R&B style, only later to change it for the Kenny Rogers album. The partnership with Gibb only lasted one album, which was not surprising considering that Rogers' original intentions was to work with Gibb on only one song. Gibb insisted on doing the entire album together.<br /><br /> \"Islands in the Stream,\" Rogers' duet with Dolly Parton, was the first single to be released from Eyes That See in the Dark in the United States, and it quickly went to No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 (it would prove to be the last country single to reach No. 1 on that chart until \"Amazed\" by Lonestar did so in 2000), as well as topping Billboard's country and adult contemporary singles charts; it was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping two million copies in the United States. Read Less", "1979, Ray Charles’ ‘Georgia On My Mind’ was proclaimed the state song of Georgia. I should think so too although", "Most people can’t mention the name  Gladys Knight  without including a reference to The Pips. Gladys Knight and the Pips consisted of her brother and cousins, and performed together from the 1950’s-1980’s. Their trademark song was the #1 hit “Midnight Train to Georgia,” which won a GRAMMY in 1973 for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Knight eventually parted ways with The Pips in 1989 and continues to perform as a solo artist.", "In 1978, Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four straight number one hits in the U.S.A, breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record. These songs were \"Stayin' Alive\", \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\", \"Night Fever\", and \"If I Can't Have You\".", "By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record  Jimmie Rodgers'  \" Mule Skinner Blues \", a  gimmick  that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits – including her signature song \" Coat of Many Colors \" (number four in 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-twenty singles during this period included \"The Right Combination\", \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Porter Wagoner, 1971), \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\" (with Wagoner), \" Touch Your Woman  (1972), \" If Teardrops Were Pennies \" (with Wagoner), \" My Tennessee Mountain Home \" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Though her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were successful, her biggest hit of this period would be \" Jolene \". Released in late 1973, the song topped the singles chart in February 1974, and reached the lower regions of Billboard's Hot 100 (it eventually also charted in the UK, reaching No. 7 in 1976, representing Parton's first UK success).", "On April 21, 1980, ALABAMA signed with industry giant RCA, the label that turned the likes of Elvis Presley into a megastar and cultural icon. The label quickly pressed ALABAMA's autobiographical anthem \"My Home's in Alabama\" as a single. That May, RCA Records released \"Tennessee River\" as the first #1 Alabama hit. Starting with \"Tennessee River\", they would rack up a string of 21 consecutive #1 hits. (Up until that time the record was held by Sonny James with 16 consecutive #1 singles.) 21 more singles would follow, rewarding the band with 42 #1 singles. ALABAMA became, seemingly overnight, a driving force in country music, essentially changing it forever.", "\"Nutbush City Limits\" is a semi-autobiographical funk and soul song written and originally performed by Tina Turner in which she commemorates her rural hometown of Nutbush, Tennessee. Released June 1973, shortly before her separation from then-husband and musical partner Ike Turner, \"Nutbush City Limits\" was the last hit single the duo would produce together. In the years since, \"Nutbush City Limits\" has been covered by a number of other artists—most notably Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band—and Tina Turner herself has re-recorded several different versions of the song. As an unincorporated town, Nutbush does not officially have \"city limits\"; rather, its boundaries are described by \"Nutbush—Unincorporated\" signs posted on the local highway.", "\"Nutbush City Limits\" is a semi-autobiographical funk and soul song written and originally performed by Tina Turner in which she commemorates her rural hometown of Nutbush, Tennessee. Released June 1973, shortly before her separation from then-husband and musical partner Ike Turner, \"Nutbush City Limits\" was the last hit single the duo would produce together. In the years since, \"Nutbush City Limits\" has been covered by a number of other artists—most notably Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band—and Tina Turner herself has re-recorded several different versions of the song. As an unincorporated rural community, Nutbush does not officially have \"city limits\"; rather, its boundaries are described by \"Nutbush—Unincorporated\" signs posted on the local highway (19).", "There were several other minor American hits including Loveline and Baby Makes Her Blue Jeans Talk (which reached number 25 in the U.S.) taken from their final studio album, Players In The Dark, but increased tensions and musical differences were taking their toll. Ray Sawyer left the line-up in 1982 to pursue a solo career and Dennis Locorriere carried on with the band, doing two more sell out tours of the U.K and Australia - including \" Dr. Hook's One and Only Farewell Tour\" before disbanding the group in 1985.", "1973: Tony Orlando & Dawn hit number-one on the U.S. singles chart with their song \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree.\"", "\"Georgia on My Mind\" is a song by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell, now often associated with the version by Ray Charles, a native of Georgia, who recorded it for his 1960 album The Genius Hits the Road. It became the official state song of Georgia in 1979. ", "1973 - Tony Orlando &amp; Dawn - Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Ole Oak Tree &lt;br /&gt;", "In the heat of the night (B.R.& M.Gibb) Bee Gees 1979 outtake from \"Spirits having flown\"", "singer: Candy Kisses, Rainbow in My Heart, Room Full of Roses, Crybaby Heart, I�m in Love Again; DJ: WSM, Nashville; died in 1975; died July 7, 1975", "In 1975, he shifted base to Los Angeles and recorded hit albums - âA Night on the Townâ (1976) and âFoot Loose & Fancy Freeâ (1977), with singles âTonightâs the Nightâ and âYouâre in my Heartâ topping the music charts.", "In June 1975 Young released a bleak, ragged album recorded two years earlier, Tonight's the Night (Number 25). Its dark tone reflected Young's emotional upheaval following the drug deaths of Crazy Horse's Danny Whitten in 1972 and CSN&Y roadie Bruce Berry in 1973. It's often cited as one of Young's most harrowing albums.", "* Tonight's the Night (1975) - \"Come on Baby Let's Go Downtown\" - recorded live at the Fillmore East on March 7, 1970", "SWEET GEORGIA BROWN / TAKE SOME INSURANCE OUT ON ME BABY (single) is released (Atco records)" ]

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[ "In 1981, Grønlandsfly opened its first route to Iceland, linking Reykjavík Airport to its main hub at Kangerlussuaq via Kulusuk. In 1986, a route to Keflavík allowed the company to break SAS's monopoly on flights between Greenland and Denmark via a Keflavík-Copenhagen leg operated by Icelandair. By 1989, the airline employed more than 400 Greenlanders and carried more than 100,000 passengers annually.", "The airline was established on 7 November 1960 as Grønlandsfly A/S by the Scandinavian Airlines System (now SAS) and Kryolitselskabet Øresund, a Danish mining company involved with the cryolite operations at Ivittuut to provide transport and logistics for four American radar bases in Greenland. In 1962, interests in the firm were acquired by the Provincial Council (now the Greenland Home Rule Government) and the Royal Greenland Trade Department (now KNI).", "By the end of 1979, the number of Grønlandsfly passengers served annually exceeded 60,000, more than the population of Greenland. That year, the airline's first international route was also opened, running between Greenland's capital Nuuk and the town of Iqaluit in northern Canada. The route connected Greenland's Kalaallit with Canada's Inuit and was operated in conjunction with the Canadian First Air line, but the planes were generally run empty and the route was shuttered 13 years later. ", "KLM, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (Royal Dutch Airlines), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France–KLM group, and is a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. KLM was founded in 1919; it is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 32,505 employees . ", "SAS Scandinavian Airlines [2] (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) - Scandinavia's largest carrier and the flag carrier of all 3 countries, main international hub is Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup.", "Ryanair Ltd. (, , ) is an Irish low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, Dublin, Ireland, with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted Airports. In 2013, Ryanair was both the largest European airline by scheduled passengers carried, and the busiest international airline by passenger numbers. ", "Deutsche Polarflug. [1] . North Pole and Svalbard sightseeing flights, starting in May 2007, 11-hour sightseeing flights departing from Germany in an Airbus 330, cruising over Norway and Svalbard, flying low over special sights, and getting all the way up to the North Pole. Most passengers switch during the flight between center-section seats to pairs of outer-section seats, giving everyone in this class a window or next-to-window seat for half of the flight; a small number of tickets are center-section or outer-section only. Informative in-flight programming. €790-€1190 economy, call for first-class.", "SAS is the largest airline in Scandinavia and is the flag carrier of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The airline operates flights to 176 destinations in more than 30 countries. Its main European and intercontinental hub is Copenhagen Airport (CPH) near Copenhagen, the company operates also hubs at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN) and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL).", "Lufthansa is the flag carrier of Germany and the largest airline in Europe in terms of passengers carried and the world's fifth-largest airline in terms of overall passengers carried. Lufthansa operates services to 18 German cities and to more than 180 international destinations world-wide. The airline's main hub is at Frankfurt Airport (FRA) near Frankfurt am Main . LH operates a second hub at Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport (MUC) close to Munich (München).", "By the 1930s, the airliner industry had matured and large consolidated national airlines were established with regular international services that spanned the globe, including Imperial Airways in Britain, Lufthansa in Germany, KLM in the Netherlands and United Airlines in America. Multi-engined aircraft were now capable of transporting dozens of passengers in comfort. ", "South Africa's Comair and Denmark's Sun Air of Scandinavia have been franchisees of British Airways since 1996. [46] [47] British Airways obtained a 15% stake in UK regional airline Flybe from the sale of BA Connect in March 2007; [48] BA also owns a 10% stake in InterCapital and Regional Rail (ICRR), the company managing operations of Eurostar (UK) Ltd.. [49]", "Norway's craggy coastline makes roads and trains slow, so domestic flights are very popular. The largest operators are SAS [13] , Norwegian [14] and Widerøe [15] .", "Pan American World Airways, known from its founding until 1950 as Pan American Airways and commonly known as Pan Am, was the principal and largest international air carrier in the United States from 1927 until its collapse on December 4, 1991. Founded in 1927 as a scheduled air mail and passenger service operating between Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba, the airline became a major company credited with many innovations that shaped the international airline industry, including the widespread use of jet aircraft, jumbo jets, and computerized reservation systems. It was also a founding member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the global airline industry association. Identified by its blue globe logo (\"The Blue Meatball\"), the use of the word \"Clipper\" in aircraft names and call signs, and the white pilot uniform caps, the airline was a cultural icon of the 20th century. In an era dominated by flag carriers that were wholly or majority government-owned, it was also the unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States. During most of the jet era, Pan Am's flagship terminal was the Worldport located at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.", "To honour the people of Gander and Halifax for their support during the operation, Lufthansa named a new Airbus A340-300 \"Gander/Halifax\" on May 16, 2002. That airplane is listed with the registration D-AIFC, [5] and is the first and sole aircraft in the whole fleet with a city name outside of Germany .", "<h2>Flybe Destinations</h2> <ul>Flybe is a low-cost regional airline group based in Exeter, Devon, England. Operating under the parent company Flybe Group PLC, it offers flight services on over 180 routes to 65 European airports. Considered as Europe's largest regional airline, flybe carries more than 7 million travelers every year and employs around 2,800 people. The airline operates short haul services to destinations throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and continental Europe. Apart from this, flybe has codeshare agreements with Air France, British Airways, Etihad Airways and KLM. Hence, its destinations list increases from the above mentioned to include the United Arab Emirates as well. The airline was established in 1979 under the name Jersey European Airways, the airline was subsequently renamed British European, then Flybe. In the United Kingdom, the airline’s largest base is Southampton Airport and it has other large bases at Belfast City Airport, Birmingham Airport, and Manchester Airport, with a total of 14 aircraft and crew bases across the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man. </ul>", "British Airways, often shortened to BA, is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size. When measured by passengers carried, it is second-largest in the United Kingdom behind easyJet. The airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport.", "1996: A Transavia airlines Boeing 737 en route from Faro, Portugal to Amsterdam, Netherlands made an emergency landing at a military base in Beja in southern Portugal. No one was hurt in the landing.", "Pan-regional flag carriers are not a new concept. In areas where numerous small states lack the population and financial wherewithal to bankroll a flying vanity project, clubbing together makes good sense. So it is in Central America, where Colombia’s Avianca acts as the de facto flag carrier for five other states: El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. SAS Scandinavian Airlines unites the nationalised air transport interests of Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Latvia’s Air Baltic is trying to convince Lithuania and Estonia that a similar model would work for them. Such synergistic arrangements should boost economies of scale while also weeding out cannibalistic competition between member states.", "The Folland Aircraft Company of the UK acquired licensing rights to produce the Swedish SAAB Type 29 seat (as fitted to the SAAB J29 aircraft), but modified the system to provide for automatic release before incorporating it into their Folland Gnat, a lightweight, swept wing fighter/trainer used by India, Finland and a few other nations with some success. Folland was not interested in continuing the production of egress systems, beyond that of the Gnat, and it wasnt long before the only UK egress system manufacturer was the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company.", "what happened to modernair? It was I believe based in miami and had a separate internal route system in west germany. they operated convair 880s and 990s on the german routes some of the female flight attendaants were topless ps Iblieve the 880s were then the fastess civil jet aircraft in service", "Skyways Express (formerly known as Avia) is a Swedish regional carrier, it operates regional and domestic scheduled services, its main hub is at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN), Sweden's largest airport about 40 km (25 mi) north of Stockholm .", "US Airways was a major American airline that ceased to exist on October 17, 2015, after merging with American Airlines. It operated an extensive international and domestic network, with 193 destinations in 24 countries in North America, South America, Europe and the Middle East. The airline was an affiliate member of Oneworld and utilized a fleet of 343 mainline jet aircraft, as well as 278 regional jet and turbo-prop aircraft operated by contract and subsidiary airlines under the name US Airways Express via code sharing agreements. US Airways was formerly known as USAir.", "British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third-largest, after SkyTeam and Star Alliance. British Airways merged with Iberia on 21 January 2011, formally creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe. IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index.", "Martinair Holland, is an internationally operating airline. with scheduled passenger and cargo services to over 50 destinations worldwide. Its main base is Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS).", "Founded in 1979 as Jersey European Airways, Flybe Limited is a British discount airline with headquarters at Exeter International Airport, England. Flybe provides discount airfare with hubs based at Southampton Airport, Birmingham Airport, Manchester Airport, and Belfast City Airport. After its acquisition of BA Connect, Flybe became Europe’s largest regional low-cost airline, offering cheap flights to 12 countries with 167 routes on a fleet of more than 75 aircraft.", "Lufthansa CityLine is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa and member of the Lufthansa Regional network. It is the largest regional airline in Europe, its main base is Cologne Bonn Airport (CGN). CityLine operates additional hubs at Hamburg Airport (HAM), Hamburg , Frankfurt Airport (FRA), Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS) and Munich Airport (MUC).", "In line with its Quantum Leap plan, Garuda Indonesia ordered brand-new Bombardier CRJ1000 and ATR 72 to reach smaller airports from Garuda's hub like Ngurah Rai International Airport, Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, and Kualanamu International Airport. On 25 November 2013, Garuda Indonesia has launched its new sub-brands \"Explore\" and \"Explore-jet\", for servicing perintis (\"pioneer\") lines traditionally served by other airlines — (dormant) Merpati Nusantara Airlines and also its competitor Wings Air.", "In November 2015 Flybe announced they intended to base two Embraer 195s at Robin Hood Airport from March 2016 to operate flights to Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, Jersey, Newquay, Faro, Malaga and Alicante. These services began the week of the Easter Bank holiday 2016 as scheduled. Shortly after the commencement of flights, Flybe announced the addition of Düsseldorf and Chambéry to the route map for the winter 2016/2017 season.", "Thursday, September 10, 1936:Deutsche Luft Hansa’s twin-engine Dornier Do.18 flying boat Zephyr alighted offshore of Port Washington, NY, after a flight of 22 hours 18 minutes from Horta in the Azores, where it had been catapulted from the deck of a depot ship. This was the first a series of German survey flights for possible transatlantic airmail service. The Germans continued such experimental flights into 1938.", "Kiel has its own airport ( IATA : KEL) in \"Holtenau\" (north-west). Planes of the size of a BAe 146 can take off and land. Charter flights leave for other Scandinavian destinations. At the moment, there are no regular services.", "Kiel has its own airport ( IATA : KEL) ( ICAO : EDHK) in \"Holtenau\" (north-west). Planes of the size of a BAe 146 can start and land. Charter flights leave for other Scandinavian destinations. At the moment, there are no regular services.", "Plane in Chicago Air is a Saab 340 which is what that airline flew. You are missing Globali International" ]

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[ "Olga. Olga Valentinovna Korbut (Belarusian: Вольга Валянцінаўна Корбут, Volha Valancinaŭna Korbut; Russian: Ольга Валентиновна Корбут) (b. May 16, 1955 in Hrodna), also known as the \"Sparrow from Minsk\", is a Belarusian, Soviet-born gymnast who won four gold medals and two silver medals at the Summer Olympics, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the USSR team.", "Olga Valentinovna Korbut (b. May 16, 1955 in Hrodna), also known as the Sparrow from Minsk, is a Belarusian, Soviet-born gymnast who won four gold medals and two silver medals at theSummer Olympics, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the USSR team.", "Olga Valentinovna Korbut (born May 16, 1955 in Grodno), also known as the \"Sparrow from Minsk\", is a former Belarusian gymnast who won four gold medals and two silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the Soviet team.", "Olga Korbut is a Soviet gymnast, four-time Olympic champion, Merited Master of Sports of the USSR (1972).", "Greta Garbo, born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson (; 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990), was a Swedish film actress and an international star and icon during the 1920s and 1930s. Garbo was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an honorary one in 1954 for her \"luminous and unforgettable screen performances.\" In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on their list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema, after Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, and Ingrid Bergman.", "Olga Korbut was the young girl with a radiant smile and personality who changed the perception of gymnastics. Well-known as the 'Sparrow of Minsk' Olga Korbut won four gold and two silver medals. Korbut is credited as the first to do a backward somersault both on the balance beam and the bars. She was also the first to be inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame (IGHF).", "80 - Brigitte Bardot (born 28 September 1934) is a French actress, former fashion model, singer and animal welfare/rights activist.", "Grace Patricia Kelly (12 November 1929–14 September 1982) was a beautiful Oscar-winning actress, fashion icon, and princess of Monaco.", "Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was an English-American actress, businesswoman and humanitarian. She began as a child actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. The American Film Institute named her the seventh greatest female screen legend in 1999.", "Ruth Elizabeth Davis (April 5, 1908 - October 6, 1989), better known as Bette Davis, was an Academy Award winning American actress.", "Veronica Lake (November 14, 1922 � July 7, 1973) was a popular American film actress and pin-up model who enjoyed both popular and critical acclaim, most notably for her femme fatale roles in film noir with Alan Ladd during the 1940s, as well as her iconic hairstyle. Her success did not last. Following a string of broken marriages and long struggles with mental illness and alcoholism, she died almost destitute. Early life and career Veronica Lake was born Constance Frances Marie Ockelman in Brooklyn, New York on November 22, 1922, and not 1919 as some biographies have previously stated. Her father, Harry E. Ockelman, of Danish-Irish descent, worked for an oil company onboard a ship. When she was about one year old, the family moved to Florida but returned to Brooklyn before she was ...", "Cher (born Cherilyn Sarkisian LaPiere on May 20, 1946-May, 6 2004 is a well-known actress and singer.", "Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath; July 16, 1911 – April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer, and singer. She is known for her performances in films and RKO's musical films in which she was partnered with Fred Astaire. She appeared on stage, as well as on radio and television throughout much of the 20th century.", "Greta Garbo (1905-1990), born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, was a four-time Oscar-nominated actress who became an international star and Hollywood icon who rose to fame during the silent film and classic film eras. Garbo is considered one of the greatest actresses of all time. A one-time model, she started her acting career in her native Sweden, appearing in \"The Saga of Gosta Berling\" (1925). Hollywood film executive Louis B. Mayer was enamored by her magnetism and invited her to appear in \"Torrent\" (1925), her first silent film. An acclaimed performance in \"Flesh and the Devil\" (1926) catapulted her to international star status and paved the way for one of her most famous roles in \"Anna Christie\" (1930), for which she received her first Academy Award nomination. Another nomination came that same year following her appearance in \"Romance.\" In 1932 she was part of an all-star cast in \"Grand Hotel\" and uttered the oft-quoted line, \"I want to be alone.\" She offered what were perhaps the best performances of her career as \"Marguerite Gautier\" in \"Camille\" (1932) and as the title character in \"Anna Karenina\" (1935). After a role in \"Two-Face Woman\" (1941), Greta Garbo abruptly retired after only films. Refusing all other offers for nearly the next 50 years, she lived the last years of her life in absolute seclusion in a self-imposed exile.", "Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath; July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer, and singer. She was known for dance films in which she was partnered with Fred Astaire and she appeared in films and on stage, as well as on radio and television throughout much of the 20th century.", "Description: Greta Garbo (September 18, 1905 - April 15, 1990) was a Swedish film actress, who retired at the height of her success and became famous for shunning publicity. She was born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson in Stockholm, where she later worked in a department store. Discovered in a beauty contest, she won a place at the city's prestigious drama school, and was soon a film star as a result of being spotted by Mauritz Stiller and given a major role in his film Gösta Berling (1924). It was Stiller who brought her to the USA in the following year, but their relationship came to an end as her worldwide fame grew. Having achieved enormous Greta Garbo (September 18, 1905 - April 15, 1990) was a Swedish film actress, who retired at the height of her success and became famous for shunning publicity.", "Famous for: American actress and singer renowned for her vocals and attained international stardom which continued throughout her career spanning more than 40 years. Respected for her versatility as an actress in dramatic and musical roles as well as a recording artist. Made 9 films with Mickey Rooney. Notable roles are Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz, Patsy Barton from Babes in Arms, Penny Morris from Babes on Broadway, Little Nellie Kelly, Jo Hayden from For Me and My Gal, Ginger Gray from Girl Crazy, Esther Smith from Meet Me in St. Louis, Alice Maybery from The Clock, Susan Bradley from The Harvey Girls, Marilyn Miller from Till the Clouds Roll By, Hannah Brown from Easter Parade, Veronica Fisher from In the Good Old Summertime, Vicki Lester / Esther Blodgett from A Star Is Born, Jane Falbury from Summer Stock, Irene Hoffman from Judgment at Nuremberg, and Jean Hansen from A Child Is Waiting.", "Lotte Lenya (18 October 1898 – 27 November 1981) was an Austrian singer, diseuse, and actress, long based in the United States. In the German-speaking and classical music world she is best remembered for her performances of the songs of her husband, Kurt Weill. In English-language cinema, she was nominated for an Academy Award for her role as a jaded aristocrat in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961). She also played the murderous and sadistic Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963).", "Marlene Dietrich (1901 � 1992) was a German-born American actress, singer, and entertainer. She is regarded as being the first German actress to become successful in Hollywood.", "Lotte Lenya (18 October 1898 – 27 November 1981) was an Austrian singer, diseuse,Biography of Kurt Weill, Pickford Prod., Inc (unpublished biography 20 April 1945) Yale Music Library and actress, long based in the United States. In the German-speaking and classical music world she is best remembered for her performances of the songs of her husband, Kurt Weill. In English-language cinema, she was nominated for an Academy Award for her role as a jaded aristocrat in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961). She also played the murderous and sadistic Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963).", "She became a household name and helped to make gymnastics popular in the mainstream media. Interestingly, the move that made Korbut so famous is no longer a recognized move on the uneven bars.", "Are You Going to the Ball?: An unprecedented look at the Soviet Union's women's gymnastic team. Olga Korbut is featured. 28 min. 1987.--Tomorrow is a Holiday: Women workers stuff live chickens into metal containers. There is not much difference between the executioners and the victims. 18 min. 1987. Video/C 1601", "Greta Garbo was a Swedish-American actress that starred in a number of movies from the silent film era to the “Golden Age” of Hollywood. Best known for “Camille” and “Ninotchka”. Date and photographer: Unknown.", "Garbo followed with two of her most famous roles. In 1931, she played the World War I German spy in the lavish production of Mata Hari, opposite Ramón Novarro. When the film was released, it \"caused panic with police reserves required to keep the waiting mob in order.\" The following year, she played a Russian ballerina in Grand Hotel (1932), opposite an ensemble cast, including John Barrymore, Joan Crawford, and Wallace Beery among others. The film won that year's Academy Award for Best Picture. Both films had been MGM's highest-earning films of 1931 and 1932, respectively, and Garbo was dubbed \"the greatest money-making machine ever put on screen.\"", "Mariska Veres died from cancer at the tragically young age of 59 on December 2, 2006; she is much loved and missed by her many fans all over the world.", "1988 33 Years Old In 1988 Korbut was the first gymnast to be inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.", "Personal Life: (1929-2010) Born in London. Father was a gymnast and phys ed teacher who died when she was 16. Began acting at 14. During WWII, her family was evacuated to Winscombe, Somerset. Discovered while attending the Aida Foster School of Dance, and made her first film in 1944. Married twice with her marriages being to Stewart Granger and Richard Brooks with a daughter from each union. Became a US citizen in 1956. Moved to the East Coast in the 1970s but later returned to Santa Monica, California. Struggled with alcoholism. Retired in 2009. Died of lung cancer at 80.", "* September 8 – Zero Mostel, American film and stage actor (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum) (b. 1915)", "She was born as Larisa Semyonovna Diriy in Soviet Ukraine. Her father, Semyon Andreyevich Diriy, left the family when she was 11 months old, and she was raised by her illiterate mother, Polina, who worked as a cleaner during the day and as a night watchman. Her father was killed at the Battle of Stalingrad, where he served as a machine gun operator. She first practiced ballet, but turned to gymnastics after her choreographer moved out of Kherson. She graduated from high school in 1953 and moved to Kiev to attend the Lenin Polytechnic Institute and continue training, where she trained at the Burevestnik Voluntary Sports Society. At the age of 19, she debuted internationally at the 1954 Rome World Championships, winning the gold medal in the team competition.", "1999 - Adelita del Campo (nickname of Adela Carreras Taurà; d. 1999), Spanish dancer, actress, anarchist and later a communist, dies. [see: Aug. 3]", "Swedish leading lady with an enchantingly enigmatic presence. She'd already achieved star status in her native country when MGM head Louis B. Mayer summoned her to Hollywood in 1926 for a long-term contract. Garbo earned Oscar nominations for ANNA CHRISTIE, ROMANCE (both 1930), CAMILLE (1937), and NINOTCHKA (1939) but never won. She was, however, voted an honorary Oscar in 1954 for her distinguished body of work.", "Ukrainian-born actress Ida Kaminska was nominated as Best Actress for The Shop on Main Street (1966, Czech.)" ]

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[ "Minos, as ruler of the greatest naval kingdom of that time, undertook many journeys and military expeditions. His best known aggressive expedition was against Athens to avenge the murder of his first born son, Androgeos. When the siege of Athens continued for too long of a period, Minos asked his father, Zeus, for help, and Zeus unleashed a terrible epidemic. Following the instructions of the Oracle, the Athenians were forced to surrender and accept all of Minos' terms of submission. The most onerous condition of the surrender was the blood tribute. This called for Athens to provide every year (or every three or nine years) seven young men and seven young women as food for the monster Minotaur for as long as he lived.", "Minotaur: in Greek mythology, a monster, half man and half bull, confined in the labyrinth built by Daedalus for Minos, where it devoured the periodic tribute of seven youths and seven maidens sent by Athens, until it was slain by Theseus.", "According to ancient greek myths, the great greek King Aegeus was forced to pay tribute to King Minos of the Minoans, whose kingdom was on the island we now call Crete. Every year the tribute included seven young men and seven young maidens. Underground far below King Minos' palace at the city of Knossos lay a huge maze built for him by the inventor and master architect Daedalus. Inside the maze Minos kept a monster called the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a hideous creature that was half man and half bull. The fourteen young people from Greece would be let loose into the maze, the labyrinth, where they would become hopelessly lost and eventually be eaten by the Minotaur.", "The Minotaur dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth and every seven years, seven youths and seven maidens in Athens were taken from their families as sacrifices to him. Theseus, the son of Aegeas, volunteered to slay the Minotaur and was taken to the Labyrinth as a feast for the monster. The Minotaur was eventually killed by Theseus with the help of Ariadne and her thread. Ariadne helped Theseus out of the maze with the help of a thread that showed him his way in, and helped him on his way out.  ", "Another myth comes from Greek mythology. Every year Aegeus, king of Athens, would send seven young men and seven maidens to the king of Crete. There they would be sacrificed to the Minotaur, a creature with a bull's body and human head. One year Aegeus' son Theseus volunteered to be one of the youth, believing he could slay the Minotaur. When he sailed for Crete he told his father, who dearly loved his son, that when he returned he would fly white sails on the ship instead of the black ones that were raised when the ship left. Theseus did arrive at Crete, where he fell in love with the king�s daughter Ariadne. With her help, he entered the labyrinth and killed the Minotaur. However, on his return to Athens, Theseus forgot to hoist the white sails. Seeing the black sails his father, believing his son had been killed, then killed himself. Purple asters sprang up from the ground where his blood flowed, the result of a spell put on him by sorceress Medea, who had been once been his wife.", "Years before his arrival in Athens, a terrible misfortune had happened to the city. Minos, the powerful ruler of Crete, had lost his only son, Androgeus, while the young man was visiting the Athenian King. King Aegeus had done what no host should do, he had sent his guest on an expedition full of peril�to kill a dangerous bull. Instead, the bull had killed the youth. Minos invaded the country, captured Athens and declared that he would raze it to the ground unless every nine years the people sent him a tribute of seven maidens and seven youths. A horrible fate awaited these young creatures. When they reached Crete they were given to the Minotaur to devour.", "In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a monster , half man and half bull , offspring of Pasiphae , wife of King Minos of Crete , and a bull. It lived in the Labyrinth at Knossos, and its victims were seven girls and seven youths, sent in annual tribute by Athens , until Theseus killed it, with the aid of Ariadne , the daughter of Minos.", "Minotaur In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a monster, half man and half bull, offspring of Pasiphae, wife of King Minos of Crete, and a bull. It lived in the Labyrinth at Knossos, and its victims were seven girls and seven youths, sent in annual tribute by Athens, until Theseus killed it, with the aid of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos.", "MINOTAURUS (Minôtauros), a monster with a Dee Dee body and a bull's head, or, according to others, with the body of an ox and a Dee Dee head; is said to have been the offspring of the intercourse of Pasiphaë Typhon with the bull sent from the sea to Minos, who shut him up in the Cnossian labyrinth, and fed him with the bodies of the youths and maidens whom the Athenians at fixed times were obliged to send to Minos as tribute. The monster was slain by Theseus. It was often represented by ancient artists either alone in the labyrinth, or engaged in the struggle with Theseus. (Paus. i. 24. § 2, 27, in fin. iii. 18. § 7; Apollod. iii. 1. § 4, 15. § 8.)", "There he met the king of Crete, Minos, who was the son of Europa, Cadmos� sister for whom Cadmos had searched years before. Minos ruled the city of Knossos which is reckoned to have had a population of 80,000. The Athenian youths and maids who were sent to Crete were always fed to the Minotaur, a hideous half-bull, half-man beast who lived within the Labyrinth from which no one ever returned. The Minotaur had been born from the hideous union of Minos� wife, Pasiphae, and Minos� favorite bull. Thus the name �Minotaur,� meaning Minos� Taurus (bull). But Minos� daughter, Ariadne, fell in love with Theseus and gave him a golden thread by which he found his way out of the Labyrinth after he killed the Minotaur.", "In another version, King Minos of Crete had waged war with the Athenians and was successful. He then demanded that, at nine-year intervals, seven Athenian boys and seven Athenian girls were to be sent to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur , a half-man, half-bull monster that lived in the Labyrinth created by Daedalus . It is said that a maiden by the name of Mri Deltos had survived the Labyrinth and took her along with him. She was made his bride soon after.", "In another version, King Minos had waged war with the Athenians and was successful. He then demanded that, at nine-year intervals, seven Athenian boys and seven Athenian girls were to be sent to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull monster that lived in the Labyrinth created by Daedalus.", "The ogre had seven little daughters. These young ogresses all had very fine complexions, because they ate fresh meat like their father; but they had little gray eyes, quite round, hooked noses, and very long sharp teeth, well spaced from each other. As yet they were not overly mischievous, but they showed great promise for it, for they had already bitten little children in order to suck their blood.", "Bellerophon (; ) or Bellerophontes () is a hero of Greek mythology. He was \"the greatest hero and slayer of monsters, alongside Cadmus and Perseus, before the days of Heracles\", and his greatest feat was killing the Chimera, a monster that Homer depicted with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail: \"her breath came out in terrible blasts of burning flame.\" Bellerophon was born at Corinth and was the son of the mortal Eurynome by either her husband Glaucus, or Poseidon.", "Greek mythology is known for its variety of mixed-up monsters — e.g. the manticore, which has a lion's body, bat wings, and a human head — but they have nothing on Japan. Meet the Tsuchigumo, creatures with the body of a tiger, limbs of a spider, and the face of a demon. They eat unwary travelers (actually, they eat wary ones as well, I'm sure). Once a powerful Japanese warrior killed a Tsuchigumo and 1,990 skulls fell out of his belly. That's a monster who is frighteningly good at his job.", "Across the river, or as some say, guarding the gates of Hades, is Cerberus 1, the bronze-voiced hound, who eats raw flesh and has fifty heads. Others say that this hound has three heads of dogs, the tail of a dragon, and on his back the heads of all sorts of snakes. Cerberus 1 was once caught by Heracles 1 (see this one). On another occasion, someone eluded his guarding instinct, throwing him a cake of honey and wheat infused with sedative drugs. Then several categories of souls appear in this neutral zone or Limbo, which could be the same as the Asphodel Fields. Children are by themselves, and so are those who have been condemned to death on a false charge, and those who killed themselves. Next comes the Vale of Mourning where those who were consumed by unhappy love dwell, and in the farthest fields, before the dividing road, are those who were famous in war.", "This monster, like the lion, was the offspring of Typhon and Echidna, and was brought up by Hera. It ravaged the country of Lernae near Argos, and dwelt in a swamp near the well of Amymone: it was formidable by its nine heads, the middle of which was immortal. Heracles, with burning arrows, hunted up the monster, and with his club or a sickle he cut off its heads; but in the place of the head he cut off, two new ones grew forth each time, and a gigantic crab came to the assistance of the hydra, and wounded Heracles. However, with the assistance of his faithful servant Iolaus, he burned away the heads of the hydra, and buried the ninth or immortal one under a huge rock. Having thus conquered the monster, he poisoned his arrows with its bile, whence the wounds inflicted by them became incurable. Eurystheus declared the victory unlawful, as Heracles had won it with the aid of Iolaus. ( Hes. Th. 313 , &c.; Apollod. 2.5.2 ; Diod. 4.11 ; Eurip. Herc. Fur. 419, 1188, Ion, 192; Ov. Met. 9.70; Verg. A. 8.300 ; Paus. 2.36.6 , 37.4 , 5.5.5 ; Hyg. Fab. 30.)", "In Celtic folklore, Caoranach is a monstrous female serpent who is said to be the mother of all demons and monsters. She is supposed to have lived in Lough Derg, an Irish lake that is home to the famous Christian pilgrimage site, Station Island, known for a legend in which Jesus revealed to Saint Patrick a cave that was supposed to be an entrance to Hell. Saint Patrick himself is said to have slain (or banished) Caoranach after doing battle with her for two days and two nights in the murky waters of Lough Derg–which name, incidentally, means “Dark Lake”, apparently referring to the darkening of the lake as it filled with the defeated Caoranach’s blood. (In one version of the story, Saint Patrick was actually swallowed whole by Caoranach, and was forced to escape by puncturing her side with his crosier). What really interests me about this story, however, is its eerie similarity to that of Beowulf. After defeating the monster Grendel, Beowulf proceeds to the lair of Grendel’s mother (sometimes translated as being the mother of all monsters), which happens to be under a lake. Diving down to an underwater cave, Beowulf slays Grendel’s mother and returns to his men triumphant. Could these stories have a common source? We may never know.", "A monster, known as the Chimaera , one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna , was ravaging the countryside. The body of Chimaera, were part lion, goat and with a tail of snake. The monster could also breathe fire. Iobates asked the youth to kill the monster, hoping instead that Bellerophon would be killed. Bellerophon agreed with the king's request.", "Ancient storytellers told legends of an Eastern city called Salem where a terrifying dragon lived in a swamp nearby.  The dragon demanded a daily tribute of sheep and cattle.  Soon, after exhausting these food supplies, the dragon demanded the sacrifice of two children a day.  A lottery system was devised to pick the victims.  Cleodolinda, the daughter of the King, was chosen for that day's sacrifice.", "Seven giant monsters, each named as a number, One through Seven, line up together in the first frame and then start causing mischief. One flies, Two uses his nose to dig a hole, Three scares a town, Four eats tulip trees, Five drinks the seas, Six sleeps on houses, and Seven unscrews his head. The final frame shows the giant monsters captured and restrained by the relatively tiny townspeople.", "In many ancient mythologies strange creatures often occur that are part human part animal. The ancient civilizations in the area around the Aegean Sea were often at war with each other. With a cult of bull worship, the great palace that existed on Crete, and the sort of rumours and tales that often accompany wars (brought back by soldiers or traders), it is easy to see how the legend of the Minotaur – half man, half bull – living in a Labyrinth and eating human flesh, developed.", "7 And the shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto battle; and on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men. 8 And they had hair as the hair of women, and their teeth were as the teeth of lions. 9 And they had breastplates, as it were breastplates of iron; and the sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses running to battle. 10 And they had tails like unto scorpions, and there were stings in their tails: and their power was to hurt men five months. 11 And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon.", "monsters whom were said to devour children and drink their blood.  Esteries are the earliest known incarnations of the", "According to one version of the myth, the Nemean lion took women as hostages to its lair in a cave near Nemea , luring warriors from nearby towns to save the damsel in distress. After entering the cave, the warrior would see the woman (usually feigning injury) and rush to her side. Once he was close, the woman would turn into a lion and kill the warrior, devouring his remains and giving the bones to Hades .", "\"Odysseus came to a divided passage. On one course lay the rocks called Planktai (Planctae), and on the other were two great cliffs, in one of which was Skylla (Scylla), daughter of Krataiis (Crataeis) and Trienos or Phorkos (Phorcus). She had the face and breast of a woman, but from her flanks grew six dog-heads and twelve dog-feet. On the other crag was Kharybdis (Charybdis) . . . Kirke (Circe) had warned Odysseys against taking the course by the Planktai, so he started instead past the cliff of Skylla, placing himself on the stern, armed to the teeth. But Skylla appeared, grabbed six comrades and gulped them down.\"", "It's not Greek at all: it's a creature out of Norse Mythology , a sea monster that supposedly lived somewhere near Iceland and ate ships.", "Many figures appear in all sorts of chrysalis states, or inside eggs or shells, and are fed ripe berries by birds or strange hybrid creatures; in the middle-ground some kind of procession of men, riding on various animals and accompanied by birds, circles a small lake of bathing maidens.  It’s true that some unlikely human orifices are stuffed with flowers, but there is no explicit sex in this panel—just a gluttonous consumption of varieties of berries that have, by some, been linked to the pervasively hallucinogenic atmosphere (magic berries instead of magic mushrooms). In the end, there is folly and there is much that is visceral, but there’s no real vice.", "IN A GRIMM FAIRY TALE, ONE OF THESE ANIMALS SWALLOWS 6 LITTLE KIDS, BU LUCKILY THEY ESCAPE...", "* The name of one of the monsters in the cartoon television show Seven Little Monsters.", "n. A fabulous monster having the body of a beast of prey, with a human head.", "The fantastic creatures of Greek mythology and legend can be divided into eight broad categories :" ]

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[ "In Greek mythology, Iris is the personified goddess of the rainbow. She is regarded as the messenger of the gods to humankind, and particularly of the goddess Hera whose orders she brought to humans. She is able to change shapes and when delivering messages to mortals Iris assumes the appearance of a mortal known to those who receive the message. ", "Iris is the Greek goddess of the rainbow, symbolizing God’s grace and protection. It is a sign of blessing, goodness and can be seen as a sign of peace after a storm.", "Who is the goddess of the rainbow, and what other duty does she share with Hermes? ", "Iris Iris was the goddess of the rainbow. She was the daughter of Thaumas and Electra. She was a sister of the harpies. She was a messenger who conveyed divine commands from Zeus and Hera to mankind.", "Iris was the Goddess of the Rainbow and a messenger of the gods, in the Iliad the only messenger. Hermes appears first in that capacity in the Odyssey, but he does not take Iris' place. Now the one, now the other is called upon by the gods.", "Iris  (Greek) - Goddess of the rainbow and messenger to the Gods. Her name means rainbow in her native language.", "Iris, in Greek mythology, was known as a lesser Goddess, a beloved messenger of other gods and the personification of the Rainbow. She was the daughter of Titan Thaumas and Electra, the ocean nymph. Sister to the Harpies and wife of Zephyrus, the God of the west wind, bearing two sons, Eros( said to be son of Aphrodite) and Pothos(passion and an attendant of Aphrodite).", "Iris, fleet-footed and winged, is the lovely goddess of the rainbow, the meaning of her name. She is also (like Hermes ) a messenger of the gods.", "The iris's mythology dates back to Ancient Greece, when the goddess Iris, who personified the rainbow (the Greek word for iris), acted as the link between heaven and earth.", "Iris was the personification of the rainbow, which the Ancient Greeks believed to be the dress of the goddess. Like the rainbow is a bridge to the sky, Iris was also the mediator between the gods and the humans, revealing the will of the gods to the people.", "From the Latin wordiridis (rainbow). The Greeks had a messenger goddess, Iris, whose colorful cape flowed behind her.", "false The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth, and Science], Preface, p. viii, Penn State Press, 2001, ISBN 9780271019772 However, like many Greek gods, Iris is continually being redefined. The rainbow eventually became solely a mode of transportation for Iris, who proves to be as elusive and unpredictable as the rainbow itself.", "In Greek mythology, Iris is the personification of the rainbow and a messenger linking the gods to humanity. Iris is frequently mentioned as a divine messenger in the Iliad. She carries a caduceus or winged staff. Iris's messages often concerned war and retribution.Lee Jr., Raymond L. and Fraser, Alistair B., [http://books.google.com/books?id", "The Lyric poets made Zephyros the father of Pothos (Passion) by Iris the rainbow. The imagery of rainbow (iris) and west wind (zephyros) symbolised the variegated brilliance of passion (pothos). It was also a play on the love story of Zephyros and Hyakinthos (Hyacinthus), who was tranformed into an iris-flower on his death--\"iris\" in Greek was the word for both the flower and the rainbow.", "Iris is the Messenger Goddess.daughter of the Titan Thaumas and Electra . Although she was a sister of the winged monsters, the Harpies , Iris was represented as a beautiful maiden, with wings and robes of bright colors and a halo of light on her head, trailing across the sky with the rainbow she traveled on in her wake. She was also called the Goddess of the Rainbow.", "Iris wing  In Greek mythology, Iris was the messenger of Juno. \"Because of her swiftness,\" writes Tooke, Pantheon, p. 87, \"she is painted with wings, and she rides on a rainbow. . . .\" By association, \"iris\" means rainbow or rainbow-coloured.", "IRIS: Goddess of the rainbow. She sends messages through her rainbows, if you ask nicely, and throw in a drachma, from the gods to mortals, and back again. She is the link between Olympus and the human world", "\"The most grim of gods [Eros (Love)], whom Iris (Rainbow) of the fair sandals bore, having lain with golden-haired Zephyros (the West Wind).\"", "There was one girl named Veronica, however, who did not want the Gods banned from the island because she strongly believed in their magical powers and wanted them to favor her. When the Gods heard of the plan of the people, they decided to destroy all of the people of the island, except Veronica. They decided that they would build a bridge of beautiful colors for Veronica to climb upon while they destroyed the others. Veronica climbed on the bridge to escape, and today you can see the bridge of beautiful colors made especially for Veronica. The bridge is called the rainbow.", "In Greek mythology goddesses were not allowed to be as promiscuous as gods. The exception was the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite, who is always shown as young and lovely. Her birth is unclear. An old myth says she was born out of the foam created when Cronos flung the severed genitals of his father Uranus into the sea. This meant she pre-dated Zeus, so to make her subordinate to him a later myth makes her his daughter by an obscure figure, Dione. Her bird is the dove, which is supposed to be particularly amorous, and she possessed a magic girdle (belt) which made males love whoever wore it. Hera is said to have borrowed the girdle from time to time when she wanted something from Zeus. Aphrodite is usually attended by Eros, who is sexual love personified, and stories sometimes make him her son, sometimes her attendant who was in fact as old as Earth herself. In early myths he is a beautiful and dangerous youth, but in Hellenistic times he became the chubby little ‘cupid’ with arrows of romantic love.", "\"And the chlamys he [Amphion] wears, perhaps that also came from Hermes; for its colour does not remain the same but changes and takes on all the hues of the rainbow.\" [N.B. Here Hermes, messenger of the gods, is closely connected with rainbow.]", "The rainbow is depicted as an archer's bow in Hindu mythology. Indra, the god of thunder and war, uses the rainbow to shoot arrows of lightning. ", "ü  In Chinese mythology, the rainbow was a slit in the sky sealed by goddess Nüwa using stones of five different colours.", "“I begin to sing of Pallas Athena, the glorious goddess, bright-eyed, inventive, unbending of heart, pure virgin, saviour of cities, courageous, Tritogeneia. From his awful head wise Zeus himself bare her arrayed in warlike arms of flashing gold, and awe seized all the gods as they gazed. But Athena sprang quickly from the immortal head and stood before Zeus who holds the aegis, shaking a sharp spear: great Olympos began to reel horribly at the might of the grey-eyed goddess, and earth round about cried fearfully, and the sea was moved and tossed with dark waves, while foam burst forth suddenly: the bright Son of Hyperion [the Sun] stopped his swift-footed horses a long while, until the maiden Pallas Athena had stripped the heavenly armour from her immortal shoulders. And wise Zeus was glad. Hail to you, daughter of Zeus who holds the aigis!”", "It's popularly believed that this Grecian statue depicts the Greek Goddess of love and beauty, who was often rendered half-naked. However, the Greeks would have called this deity Aphrodite. Nonetheless, the Roman-inspired Venus de Milo caught on. ", "Clotho, a goddess from Greek mythology, is the youngest of the three Fates , but one of the oldest goddesses in Greek mythology. She is a daughter of Zeus and Themis . Each fate has a certain job, whether it be measuring thread, spinning it on a spindle, or cutting the thread at the right length. Clotho is the spinner, and she spins the thread of human life with her distaff. The length of the string will determine how long a certain person's life will be. She is also known to be the daughter of Night, to indicate the darkness and obscurity of human destiny. No one knows for sure how much power Clotho and her sisters have, however; they often disobey the ruler, Zeus, and other gods. For some reason, the gods seem to obey them, whether because the fates do possess greater power, or as some sources suggest, their existence is part of the order of the Universe, and this the gods cannot disturb.", "* In pre-Islamic Arabian mythology, the rainbow is the bow of a weather god, Quzaḥ, whose name survives in the Arabic word for rainbow, qaws Quzaḥ, 'the bow of Quzaḥ'.", "      Eris (whose Roman name is Discordia) is the Greek goddess of chaos, strife, and discord. By some accounts, she is the daughter of Nyx (Night) and by others, she is the sister of Ares, god of war (which would possibly make her a daughter of Zeus); one of her favorite pastimes was to join Ares on the battlefields of the mortals and delight in the bloodshed and bitterness she rained down on both sides of the battle. Her wrath was said to be relentless, and not even her fellow Olympians wanted her around to ruin their fun with her troublemaking. This was the reason that she alone was not invited to the forced wedding of Peleus and Thetis which everyone else from Mt. Olympus attended. She decided to teach them a lesson by tossing the Apple of Discord into the party labeled Kallisti (“To the Fairest One”), which sparked argument between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite as to which of them was the fairest. The chain of events led to the Judgment of Paris, which initiated the Trojan War, and you can bet that Eris enjoyed every second of all of it. ( 8 )", "The word most often used to describe her is \"gray-eyed,\" or, as it is sometimes translated, \"flashing-eyed.\" Of the three virgin goddesses she was the chief and was called the Maiden, Parthenos, and her temple the Parthenon. In later poetry she is the embodiment of wisdom, reason, purity.", "ERIS (Eris), the goddess who calls forth war and discord. According to the Iliad, she wanders about, at first small and insignificant, but she soon raises her head up to heaven (iv. 441). She is the friend and sister of Ares, and with him she delights in the tumult of war, increasing the moaning of men. (iv. 445, v. 518, xx. 48.) She is insatiable in her desire for bloodshed, and after all the other gods have withdrawn from the battle-field, she still remains rejoicing over the havoc that has been made. (v. 518, xi. 3, &c., 73.) According to Hesiod (Theog. 225, &c.), she was a daughter of Night, and the poet describes her as the mother of a variety of allegorical beings, which are the causes or representatives of man's misfortunes. It was Eris who threw the apple into the assembly of the gods, the cause of so much suffering and war. Virgil introduces Discordia as a being similar to the Homeric Eris; for Discordia appears in company with Mars, Bellona, and the Furies, and Virgil is evidently imitating Homer. (Aen.. viii. 702; Serv. Aen. i. 31, vi. 280.)", "The classical Greek scholar Aristotle (384–322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow. According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, \"Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was uncritical.\" ", " This article relating to a Greek deity is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it ." ]

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[ "Athena, however, offered them the first domesticated olive tree. The Athenians accepted the olive tree and with it the patronage of Athena, for the olive tree brought wood, oil, and food. For this reason the olive tree, its fruit and branches are sacred to Athena.", "Solon , when published new laws, ensured the dramatic increase of oil production. Along with the developing of the civilization, so were developed the importance of olive trees and the laws protecting them. A new law Solon ensured was that whoever dared to lay a hand on an olive tree, would be punished with death and especially the holy olive trees the goddess Athena had offered to the city of Athens. Even if the tree was withered and only its trunk remained, still, nobody could not touch it.", "Ancient Greeks presumed olive trees as sacred, and according to Aristotelis , anyone found destroying the trees was punished by death. It was a symbol of peace and who ever offered it was accepted with respect.", "The oak was thought to be sacred to Zeus because it was the strongest and grandest of all the trees. In one part of Greece there was a forest of these, which was called the forest of Dodona. It was so thick and that the sunbeams scarcely found their way through the leaves to the moss upon the ground. Here the wind made strange low sounds among the knotted branches, and people soon began to think that this was their great god Zeus speaking to men through the leaves of his favorite tree So they set this forest apart as sacred to him; and only his servants, who were called priests, were allowed to live in it. People came to this place from all parts of Greece to ask the advice of the god; and the priests would consult with him, and hear his answers in the murmuring of the wind among the branches.", "In Greek mythology, the oak is the tree sacred to Zeus, king of the gods. In Zeus's oracle in Dodona, Epirus, the sacred oak was the centerpiece of the precinct, and the priests would divine the pronouncements of the god by interpreting the rustling of the oak's leaves. ", "Description : In ancient Athens hemlock poison was traditionally as the method of death for criminals. The most famous example was Sokrates. Ancient writers frequently associate hemlock with the magic of necromancers and witches, along with its deadly sister aconite.", "The kotinos (), is an olive branch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced by Heracles. In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. The victorious athletes were honored, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments.", "Artemis Daphnaia, who had her temple among the Lacedemonians, at a place called Hypsoi in Antiquity, on the slopes of Mount Cnacadion near the Spartan frontier, had her own sacred laurel trees. At Eretria the identity of an excavated 7th- and 6th-century temple to Apollo Daphnephoros, \"Apollo, laurel-bearer\", or \"carrying off Daphne\", a \"place where the citizens are to take the oath\", is identified in inscriptions. ", "The sycamore was sacred to Hathor, this association was later assumed by Isis, who took over most of the associations of Hathor. The sycamore was a sacred tree that offered shade and refreshment to the dead as they undertook their journey from this world to the next.", "Shrines to the mythical kings of Athens, Cecrops and Erechteus—who gives the temple its name—were also found within the Erechtheion. Because of its mythic significance and its religious relics , the Erechtheion was the ending site of the Panathenaic festival, when the peplos on the olive-wood statue of Athena was annually replaced with new clothing with due pomp and ritual.", "The cypress (Greek cyparissus, Latin cupressus) has traditional associations with mourning. In ancient Attica, households in mourning were garlanded with cypress, and it was used to fumigate the air during cremations. In the myth of Cyparissus, a youth was transformed into a cypress, consumed by grief over the accidental death of a pet stag. A \"white cypress\" is part of the topography of the underworld that recurs in the Orphic gold tablets as a kind of beacon near the entrance, perhaps to be compared with the Tree of Life in various world mythologies. The description of the cypress as \"white\" (Greek leukē), since the botanical tree is dark, is symbolic, evoking the white garments worn by initiates or the clothing of a corpse, or the pallor of the dead. In Orphic funeral rites, it was forbidden to make coffins of cypress. ", "Mulberry- Morus nigra - Berries were eaten at ancient feasts. The love myth pertaining to mulberries is a Romeo and Juliet love story. Pyramus and Thisbe were in love, but were forbade by their parents to marry. They planned a midnight meeting under a mulberry tree. Thisbe arrived first and was frightened by a lion, she ran loosing her veil. The lion picked it up in his bloody mouth and dropped it. Pyramus found the veil and was sure his love had been killed by the lion, then he took his sword saying \"My love you will not die alone.\" He stabbed himself . When Thisbe returned and found her love dead she took up his sword and killed herself. The mingled blood from both traveled up the tree and the berries which had been white, were turned deep red as they have remained to this day. The mulberry tree was dedicated to Minerva by the Ancients. Mulberries can be eaten raw, or made into jams or wine.", "Sacred to : Hera (assoc. with marital chastity, sacred tree in her Samian temple), Hestia (virgin priestesses carried chaste-tree stems), Artemis (Spartan statue bound in withy stems), Demeter (matrons strew their beds with flowers of the tree during the Thesmophoria festival)", "Sacred to : Dionysos (elm and plane saplings were used for the trellacing of vines) ; Haides (the tree was associated with graves of the dead)", "Said to be an Athenian, he is described as having been condemned to death by an Athenian court that had found him guilty of impiety and of corrupting Athenian youth through his teachings. Those giving the account say he chose to die by drinking hemlock, though he had been given the opportunity to go into exile, as he believed exile would both further dishonor the agreement he had willingly made to abide by the laws of Athens, and that he would fare no better teaching in other cities.", "Interestingly enough, the ancient Greeks used this poisonous plant as a �state poison' to execute criminals. On the other hand, the Romans, especially herbalists Pliny and Dioscorides, had made use of the herb for medicinal purposes for treating skin problems as well as disorders of the liver and the nervous system. In addition to being used as an analgesic, the Romans also used the hemlock plant or formulations prepared from it to treat cancer , breast cancer and high libido or excessive sexual urge. Greek philosopher Socrates was killed by administering a cup of poison extracted from hemlock in 399 B.C. Another Greek philosopher Plato documented Socrates' execution and described it as progressing paralysis that eventually caused the latter's death by suffocation (asphyxiation) by means of paralyzing his respiratory system.", "The statue, sculptured by Phidias, was seen as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Also near to the temple of Zeus, was the wild olive tree from which the wreath crowns were made and presented to the winners of the events. Legend has it, this tree was planted by Herakles (Hercules).", "Description : An important orchard tree in ancient Greece. Figs were eaten fresh and dried for out of season consumption.", "In one myth, all the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (the eventual parents of Achilles). Only Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited. She was annoyed at this, so she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the word καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, \"for the fairest\"), which she threw among the goddesses. Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful owner of the apple.", "Sacred to : Artemis (there was a sanctuary of Artemis Kedreatis, Lady of the Cedar, near Orkhomenos where the cult image was set in the tree)", "The philosopher was taken to the near-by jail where his sentence would be carried out. Athenian law prescribed death by drinking a cup of poison hemlock. Socrates would be his own executioner.", "\"Pear, tree fruit presumably domesticated in the southern Caucases and northeastern Anatolia. This is the native habitat of the two wild species of which the cultivated pear is a cross. Its westward spread was speeded by grafting on several speciees native to the Near East and southern Europe, including the Greek species Pyrus spinosa. In Classical Greece the cultivated pear was recognized to be a relative of the native wild pear but not a direct offshoot. It is among the typical orchard fruits listed in Odysseus's description of the gardens of Alcinous in the Odyssey.\"", "The most important of the festivals in Athens was the Panathenaea. All the inhabitants would meet at the Dipylon gate, walking the road known as the Sacred Way up to the Acropolis where sometimes hundreds of cattle were slaughtered on the alter of Athena which must have created rivers of blood. There were seasonal festivals for the harvest and grape-picking among others as well as astronomical festivals.  A ritual known as Apatouria was a rite of passage for young men going from adolescence to adulthood. They are introduced to the fellow demesmen of their fathers and the initiates name is inscribed on the roll of Athenian citizenship. The girls had a ceremony that took place in the coastal town of Bauron where at the age of 12 or so they passed into womanhood in a festival dedicated to the Goddess Artemis. A ritual to ward off evil in the home was called the Anthesteria and was performed at the same time by everyone in the city. The Mystery cults like that of Demeter at Elefsis had its origins in the dark ages. Initiates may have taken psychedelics to induce a religious experience and create a sense of awe and a sense of the divine. There were also many shrines in Greece where one could supposedly have direct contact with the gods, similar to the experience at Delphi.", "I mentioned above the one account of Helen's death, on Rhodes, which we have discredited as an aetiological explanation. That passage, however, is important in that it noted that Helen was worshipped on the island as 'Helen of the Tree'.. We may surmise that at this island sanctuary images of Helen as a goddess were hung on trees. Lindsay (1974, 225) makes the suggestion that: \"The idea of the Hanged Goddess substantially derived from the custom of hanging images or masks in trees, and ritual fillets helped to create the idea of the rope - though beyond the custom lay the belief in the tree as a form or image of the Earth Mother.\" Helen is not the only maiden to hang from a tree, and there are notable parallels with the myths of Ariadne and Phaedra (amongst others). Helen is linked elsewhere to Plane trees, and a festival at Sparta called the Helenia, believed to be celebrated in spring or early summer, had young girls hanging garlands on her holy tree. Theocritus Idyll 18 describes these activities and locates them at the time of Helen and Menelaus' wedding. This suggests that Helen was some sort of vegetation deity, in addition, we have an abduction motif attached to Helen which can be paralleled with Perspehone and Ariadne.", "Greek and Roman myths referred to poppies as offerings to the dead. Specifically, Greeks laid poppies at Demeter's shrine. Egyptians placed poppies in burial tombs. Tombstones also often featured poppy emblems, solidifying the connection between the flower and death.", "Praying for escape from Apollo, Daphne was tranformed into this tree, which Apollo made sacred and whose leaves he wore as a crown.", "The Acropolis — The ancient \"high city\" of Athens, crowned by marble temples sacred to the city's goddess Athena.", "But there are variants of the story. Pausanias tells that the Rhodians have a different account on Helen’s fate: Menelaus was thought to have passed before Helen, living her subject to widowhood. She was then driven out of Sparta by her stepsons: Nicostratus and Megapenthese, and she fled to Rhodes where subsequently Helen was hanged by the Rhodian queen Polyxo whom did this in revenge for the death of her husband Tlepolemus (Son of Hercues and Astyoche) during the Trojan War, even after acting like Helen’s friend. The way Helen died? Her handmaidens dressed up as Furies, seized Helen and hanged her on a tree — this is why Rhodians have a sanctuary of “Helen of the Tree”.", "It is now customary to refer to the principal written accusation on the deposition submitted to the Athenian court as an accusation of impiety, or unholiness.  Rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices that were officially sanctioned by the city and its officials marked ancient Greek religion.  The sacred was woven into the everyday experience of citizens who demonstrated their piety by correctly observing their ancestral traditions.  Interpretation of the gods at their temples was the exclusive domain of priests appointed and recognized by the city.  The boundary and separation between the religious and the secular that we find in many countries today therefore did not obtain in Athens.  A religious crime was consequently an offense not just against the gods, but also against the city itself.", "There are a number of important historical moments throughout the war leading up to Socrates’ trial that figure in the perception of him as a traitor.  Seven years after the battle of Amphipolis, the Athenian navy was set to invade the island of Sicily, when a number of statues in the city called “herms”, dedicated to the god Hermes, protector of travelers, were destroyed.  Dubbed the ‘Mutilation of the Herms’ (415 B.C.E.), this event engendered not only a fear of those who might seek to undermine the democracy, but those who did not respect the gods.  In conjunction with these crimes, Athens witnessed the profanation of the Eleusinian mysteries, religious rituals that were to be conducted only in the presence of priests but that were in this case performed in private homes without official sanction or recognition of any kind.  Amongst those accused and persecuted on suspicion of involvement in the crimes were a number of Socrates’ associates, including Alcibiades, who was recalled from his position leading the expedition in Sicily.  Rather than face prosecution for the crime, Alcibiades escaped and sought asylum in Sparta.", "The god of forethought. He was thought to be a very cunning and trickster god. He always tried to help others. He did this by warning his brother not to accept gifts from gods. He also helped humans get the better deal through sacrifices by tricking Zeus. He then stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. His punishment was to be chained up for eternity and have his liver eaten by an eagle.", "Q1. Which Athenian philosopher was put to death for impiety in 399 BC by being forced to drink Hemlock?" ]

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[ "In Greek mythology, the Chimera was a fearsome, fire-breathing monster with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail. She terrorized the people of Lycia until their king, Iobates, asked the hero Bellerophon to slay her. Iobates had an ulterior motive; his son-in-law wanted Bellerophon killed and the king was sure the Chimera would do the job. But Bellerophon called in Pegasus, the winged horse, and brought the Chimera down from above. The beast lived on in people's imaginations, and English speakers adopted her name for any similarly grotesque monster, or, later, for anything fanciful.", "* Chimaera - A creature with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon.", "Chimerical is ultimately derived from Greek khimaira, \"she-goat\" or \"chimera,\" which in Greek mythology was a monster having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon.", "chimera: an imaginary monster; in Greek mythology a she-monster that vomits flames and has the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon.", "One of Typhon and Echidna's children, the chimera was part lion, part goat and part snake, or dragon. Its body was that of a lioness, the snake or dragon head was its tail, and a goat head just popped out of its spine in the middle of its back. It breathed fire too. It lived in Lycia in Asia minor. It was eventually slain by Bellerophon with the help of Pegasus.", "The Chimera was a monstrous fire-breathing female creature of Lycia in Asia Minor who was composed of the parts of three animals; a lion, a snake and a goat. Usually depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that ended in a snake’s head, the Chimera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra.", "Chimera: Female monster with head of lion, body of goat, tail of serpent; killed by Bellerophon.", "Chimera: Female monster with head of lion, body of goat, tail of serpent; killed by Bellerophon.", "Creature with mane, head, and legs of a lion, the tail of a dragon, the body of a goat, and the wings of an eagle.", "9 Chimera The Chimera, in mythology, is a Greek monster with the body and head of a lion with a snake for a tail and a fire-breathing goat head coming from its back.", "Chimera- A monster with the body and head of a lion, a snake for a tail, and a fire breathing goat head coming from it's back.", "The Sphinx was a monster with a woman’s head and breasts, the body of a lion, an eagle’s wings, iron talons and a tail which ended in a dragon’s jaws. This creature was the daughter of Typhoon and Echidne, and the Thebans lived in terror of her. Her claws could tear men and animals to shreds, and many a brave young fellow who had found the courage to challenge her had died in the attempt. Her favourite way of luring victims to destruction was to stop passers-by and give them a knotty riddle to solve. No one could ever answer, and each time, the Sphinx devoured another victim. However, it was said that if anyone could come up with the solution, the Sphinx would throw herself from the rock in furious rage and be dashed to pieces. Just what the riddle was, no one had ever learned, for of all those who had gone to hear it, none had ever returned.", "* Chimera, a fire breathing three-headed monster with one head of lion, one of a snake, and another of a goat, lion claws in front and goat legs behind, and a long snake tail.", "2. (often initial capital letter) a mythological, fire-breathing monster, commonly represented with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail.", "The Dracaenae were monsters that had the upper body of a beautiful woman and the lower body of any sort of dragon. Echidna, the mother of monsters, and Keto, the mother of sea-monsters are two famous dracaenae. Some Dracaenae were even known to have had in place of two legs, one (or two) serpent tail.", "The legend of the fire-breathing dragon with its deadly breath of brimstone and smoke that brings darkness and destruction to the Earth elevates this dragon into celestial realms also. It also seems to have preserved the memory of  a great devastation on this Earth involving fire and darkness. An ancient Hungarian legend calls the dragon slayer hero Bence, a name that belongs  to the Pannon solar vocabulary as the personification of the sun. The same legend calls the dragon with some hesitation fiery dragon, winged snake and later a lion. Both the dragon and the lion appear to have a proclivity for seizing princesses or girls. The female principle here might denote Earth or matter in general. Several geographic locations carry the name of the dragon (sárkány) and the lion (oroszlán). There are several Bő-Sárkány locations in county Sopron, Sárkányfalu in Fehér, and Esztergom counties and Szili-Sárkány in Zemplén county. The name of this last town name brings us to the cultic vocabulary of the Sarmatians that we demonstrated earlier. According to the Báthory family’s history, their ancestry went so far back that they were involved in slaying the dragons of the Ecsed moor. In Erdély (Transylvania) the remains of the first European dinosaur were excavated at the turn of the 20th century by baron Nopcsa. [10]", "a legendary monster with a man's head, a lion's body, and the tail of a dragon or a scorpion.", "Snake, generally viewed as a vicious creature, has been seen to share body with humans to form many a mythological creature. In Hindu mythology, for instance, Ketu is the descending lunar node, and is depicted as an Asura with the tail of a great snake. Echidna , the Mother of All Monsters in Greek mythology, is a half nymph with a beautiful human face and is half snake. Lamia, the mistress of the Greek god, Zeus, is described to have a serpent’s tail below the waist according to some accounts. In Chinese mythology, Nuwa and Fu Xi are siblings, where Nuwa is the female counterpart and Fu Xi is the male, and they have human-like bodies with serpentine tails, and Zhulong is a giant red solar deity with a human face and a snake body. Kauket, who is the female form of Kuk in Egyptian mythology, is a snake-headed woman. The Greek mythological creatures, Gorgons, are three sisters, Stheno, Euryale and Medusa, who are snake-haired humanoid monsters. Hatuibwari is a Melanesian dragon with a human head, a serpentine body and the wings of a bat. The cobra-headed Meretseger from Egypt is another example.", "The association of the serpent with a monstrous opponent overcome by a heroic deity has its roots in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, including Canaanite (Hebrew, Ugaritic), Hittite and Mesopotamian. Humbaba, the fire-breathing dragon-fanged beast first described in the Epic of Gilgamesh is sometimes described as a dragon with Gilgamesh playing the part of dragon-slayer. The legless serpent (Chaoskampf) motif entered Greek mythology and ultimately Christian mythology, although the serpent motif may already be part of prehistoric Indo-European mythology as well, based on comparative evidence of Indic and Germanic material. The folk-lore motif of the dragon guarding gold, may have come from earlier Bronze Age customs of introducing serpents to village granaries to deter rats or mice. ", "A fire-breathing reptile of unusual size and ferocity, often with a varying number of legs, sometimes winged. In most versions it either breathes fire, has a venomous bite, gives off noxious fumes, or some combination of these three traits. In Norse and Anglo-Saxon legends, dragons have a lust for gold and often sleep on huge piles of treasure in burial mounds. They are often linked to greed. For instance, the dragon Fafnir was originally a dwarf who killed his brothers to gain access to their treasure, and then over the years of guarding and hoarding his treasure turned into a dragon until Siegmund kills him. In Beowulf , a dragon becomes enraged when a golden cup is stolen from his treasure hoard and he goes on a rampage in King Beowulf's kingdom. In European legends, the dragons often have a taste for the flesh of young virginal princesses, and often have the loathsome habit of bathing in springs or lakes and poisoning these waters with the pollution that comes from their slimy bodies. Cf. Lung , the Oriental Dragon", "The 32,000 year old Aurignacian L�wenfrau Goddess is the oldest known anthropomorphic statue. Previously known as the Lion man, she has a human female body and a lioness head.", "Most mythology surrounding Dragons in most Western and Middle-Eastern cultures uses this trope; in fact, the medieval Western dragon or wyrm, a poison-spewing, slimy, fire-breathing, and/or virgin-munching abomination that spreads death and destruction wherever it goes and must be killed by a brave hero or outwitted by a clever, pure-hearted maiden, might well be the ultimate incarnation of this trope. Though their depiction has evolved over time , most early Western and Middle-Eastern dragons are just giant snakes, with or without embellisments like wings and horns.", "(A harpier is believed to be a harpy which is a Greek and Latin mythological monster – having a woman’s head and body, but with a bird’s wings and claws.)", "Mythological beast with the body of a lion and the wings and head of an eagle.", "\"[The witch Medea casts a spell to summon poisonous snakes invoking the names of the greatest of the Drakones (Dragons) :] ‘In answer to my incantations let Python come . . . Let Hydra return and every serpent cut off by the hand of Hercules, restoring itself by its own destruction. Thou, too, ever-watchful dragon [of the Golden Fleece].’\"", "DRACAENAE (Drakainai) Female-monsters with the head and torsos of women and serpentine-tails in place of legs.", "[ view  · edit  · purge ]A dragon is a legendary creature, typically with serpentine or reptilian traits, that features in the myths of many cultures.", "Dragons are sometimes said to breathe and spit fire or poison, and ice. They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and possessing typically feathered or scaly bodies. They are sometimes portrayed as having large yellow or red eyes, a feature that is the origin of the word for dragon in many cultures. They are sometimes portrayed with a row of dorsal spines, keeled scales, or leathery bat-like wings. Winged dragons are usually portrayed only in European dragons while Oriental versions of the dragon resemble large snakes. Dragons can have a variable number of legs: none, two, four, or more when it comes to early European literature. Also, some dragons in Greek literature were known to have millions of legs at a time. Modern depictions of dragons tend to be larger than their original representations, which were often smaller than humans, but grew in the myths and tales of man over the years.", "The second type of dragon was the Cetus or \"Sea-Monster.\" The creature usually featured in myths of a sacrificial princess rescued by a hero.", "Dragon - A revered mythical creature that has the long body of a serpent, sharp teeth, four legs with sharp talons, and can fly.", "Description: Giant, serpentine creatures of the sort that have populated myths in Asia and abroad for ... well, forever, really. Capable of exhaling both water and fire, they are formidable beasts of Chinese, Korean and Japanese mythology.", "The mythical dragon is a symbol of power and good fortune in Chinese culture. One of the most popular figures in Chinese art, the dragon is believed to be a combination of nine animals, including a frog, a tiger, an eagle, and a fish." ]

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[ "According to legend, who fired the arrow that hit Achilles in the heel, his only vulnerable spot?", "Achilles later died by a poisonous arrow that Paris shot against him. The arrow was guided by the god Apollo and hit Achilles on his heel, which was the only vulnerable spot of the hero 's body. Achilles was burned on a funeral pyre and his bones were mixed with those of his close friend Patroclus . Paris was killed later by Philoctetes , using Heracles ' bow.", "After Achilles, a hero in the Greek mythology. When Achilles was a baby, his mother Thetis dipped him into the magical river Styx to make him immortal. She held him by the heel which remained untouched by the water and became his weak point. He was killed when the Trojan king Paris shot an arrow that pierced his one vulnerable spot: his heel. After him, the tendon in the lower back of the ankle is also known as the Achilles tendon.", "Now that he had killed Hector, Achilles knew that his own death was near because of a prophecy. Although Achilles was nearly invincible, he did have one weakness. When he was born, Achilles was dipped into the River Styx by his mother, the goddess Thetis, making him nearly invincible. Achilles was vulnerable only in one place, his heel, because when Thetis dipped him into the river, she held him by his heel and forgot to wet it in the Styx, leaving it vulnerable. Paris, wanting to avenge the death of his brother Hector, shot an arrow at Achilles. The god Apollo, who still held a grudge against Agamemnon for taking Chryseis as his war-bride and for Achilles’ desecration of one of Apollo’s temples, guided the arrow shot by Paris into the heel of Achilles, killing him. It is said that Achilles caused his own death because of his hubris (overconfidence and self-love).", "In Greek legend Achilles was a hero of the Trojan War. He appeared to be invincible, and no man seemed to be able to defeat him. Legend tells us this was because his mother, sea nymph Thetis, had tried to make him immortal after birth by dipping him the River Styx . She only forgot to wet the heel by which she held him, which became his vulnerable spot. In the Trojan War Achilles killed Hector, and eventually Hector's younger brother Paris sought revenge upon him. As the fights continued, Paris killed Achilles by shooting an arrow through his heel.", "Achilles Hero of Homer's Illiad. His mother Thetis, a sea mymph, made him invincibleby dipping him in the River Styx. His only weak spot was his heel by which she held him. He killed Hector in the Trojan War, and was killed himself by a poison arrow shot by Paris that struck him in the heel.", "Achilles' heel or Achilles' tendon also derives from Greek mythology. Legend states that his mother, the goddess Thetis in an effort to protect her son Achilles from bodily harm dipped him in the River Styx, just holding on to his heel. In other words this was the only area that was left vulnerable and Achilles was killed by a poisoned arrow that pierced the area.", "Later on, I found out the Schwab had combined multiple Achilles legends. The story of Achilles being invulnerable everywhere except for his heel and Achilles’ death are not part of Homer’s Illiad. It was long after Homer that the heel story became an integral part of the Achilles legend. In one version, Thetis did not place Achilles in a flame but instead dipped him in the magical River Styx. She held him by the heel of his foot, which is why he remained vulnerable in that one area. I am not sure that I would have held my son by the heel of all places, while dipping him into a magical river. Then again, I am not a Greek god. It also begs the question why Thetis did not dip him in a second time to make sure that the previously dry heel now also became invulnerable. In one narration, it was not Apollo who shot the arrow, but the Trojan prince Paris and Apollo merely directed the arrow into Achilles’ heel, possibly because Paris was not a very good shot.", "According to some versions, Styx had miraculous powers and could make someone invulnerable. According to one tradition, Achilles was dipped in the waters of the river by his mother during his childhood, acquiring invulnerability, with exception of his heel, by which his mother held him. The only spot where Achilles was vulnerable was his heel, where he was struck and killed by Paris' arrow in the Trojan War. This is the source of the expression Achilles' heel, a metaphor for a vulnerable spot.", "In Greek mythology Achilles was the son of Thetis, a sea-nymph. Here Thetis is shown dipping the newly-born Achilles into the river Styx, in the hope that the river's magical properties would protect him. Achilles became a legendary hero, but was killed by an arrow to his heel, the one part of his body left vulnerable.", "The name Achilles' heel comes from Greek mythology. Achilles' mother, the goddess Thetis, received a prophecy of her son's death. Hearing this, she dipped him into the River Styx to protect his body from harm. However, she kept hold of his heel, meaning that the water did not touch this part of his body and it was therefore vulnerable. During the Trojan War, Achilles was struck on his unprotected heel by a poisoned arrow shot by Paris, that killed him. In the same war, after killing Hector, Achilles is said to have cut behind Hector's Achilles tendons, and threaded leather thongs through the incisions in order to drag him behind a chariot.", "Like many mythological heroes, Achilles was part human and part supernatural being. His parents were Peleus (pronounced pe-LAY-uhs), a king of Thessaly in northern Greece, and a sea nymph named Thetis (pronounced THEE-tis). According to Homer, Thetis raised both Achilles and his closest friend and companion, Patroclus (pronounced pa-TROH-kluhs). According to legend, Achilles’ mother Thetis tried to make her infant son invulnerable (incapable of being wounded, injured, or harmed) by dipping him into the river Styx, which flowed through the underworld, or land of the dead. Afterward, no sword or arrow could pierce Achilles wherever the Styx’s water had touched him. However, the water did not touch the heel by which Thetis held Achilles, so this remained the only vulnerable spot on his body. This myth is the source of the term Achilles’ heel, which refers to a person’s most notable weakness.", "Everyone agrees that Paris killed Achilles with an arrow during the siege of Troy, but the details of his death are subject to debate. The familiar story that his mother Thetis dipped him in the River Styx but left a vulnerable spot in his heel is probably an invention of late antiquity, a variation of an earlier story that his mother tried to make him immortal by dipping him in boiling water or exposing him to flames. According to that legend, told in The Voyage of the Argo, her efforts were interrupted by her husband Peleus, and Achilles remained mortal. 1", "Achilles This \"swift-footed\" warrior is the greatest on the Greek side. His father is Peleus, a great warrior in his own right, and his mother is Thetis, a sea nymph. The consequences of Achilles' rage at Agamemnon for confiscating his geras (prize of honor) are the subject of the Iliad. Achilles kills Hector, but is killed by a poisoned arrow in the heel, the only vulnerable place on his body.", "In Greek mythology, Achilles was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. Achilles was said to be a demigod; his mother was the nymph Thetis, and his father, Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles’ most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. Because of his death from a small wound in the heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's point of weakness.", "Thetis attempted to render her son Achilles invulnerable. In the well-known version, she dipped him in the River Styx, holding him by one heel, which remained vulnerable. In an early and less popular version of the story, Thetis anointed the boy in ambrosia and put him on top of a fire to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus and she abandoned both father and son in a rage, leaving his heel vulnerable. A nearly identical story is told by Plutarch, in his On Isis and Osiris, of the goddess Isis burning away the mortality of Prince Maneros of Byblos, son of Queen Astarte, and being likewise interrupted before completing the process. Later on in life, Achilles is killed by Paris when he is shot in his vulnerable spot, the heel. This is where the term \"Achilles heel\" is derived from.", "In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. One day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly afterwards.", "According to a fragment of an Achilleis— the Achilleid , written by Statius in the first century AD, when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the river Styx . However, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body she held him by, his heel. (See Achilles heel , Achilles' tendon .)", "The warrior Achilles is one of the great heroes of Greek mythology. According to legend, Achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability - his \"Achilles heel\". Homer's epic poem The Iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the Trojan War.", "When Achilles was born his mother wanted to protect him so she dipped him into the river Styx. She did that because whatever goes in to the river becomes invincible. His heel did not get into the river because that is where she held him. The only way to kill Achilles is to shoot him in the heel with a poison arrow.", "Achilles in Greek mythology, a hero of the Trojan War , son of Peleus and Thetis . During his infancy his mother plunged him in the Styx, thus making his body invulnerable except for the heel by which she held him: this was where in the end he was to be mortally wounded. The term Achilles' heel, for a person's only vulnerable spot, comes from this story, as does the name Achilles tendon for the tendon attaching the calf to the heel muscle.", "Achilles was the best of the Greek heroes of the Trojan War. When Achilles was a baby, his mother dipped him in the river Styx. This made Achilles invulnerable everywhere but on his heels where his mother had to hang on to him while dipping him in the water. “His Achilles heel” is a saying which is often used today for one area of weakness in a person.", "The Greek hero Achilles is known from the tale of the Trojan War and his vulnerable heel. Learn all about the Greek Mythology of Achilles.", "However none of the sources before Statius makes any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the Iliad Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the Paeonian hero Asteropaeus , son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He cast two spears at once, one grazed Achilles' elbow, \"drawing a spurt of blood.\"", "However, none of the sources before Statius makes any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the Iliad Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the  Paeonian  hero  Asteropaeus , son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He cast two spears at once, one grazed Achilles' elbow, \"drawing a spurt of blood\".", "However none of the sources before Statius makes any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the Iliad Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the Paeonian hero Asteropaeus, son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He cast two spears at once, one grazed Achilles' elbow, \"drawing a spurt of blood.\"", "However, none of the sources before Statius makes any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the Iliad Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the Paeonian hero Asteropaeus, son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He cast two spears at once, one grazed Achilles' elbow, \"drawing a spurt of blood\".", "Achilles—a Greek hero of the Trojan War, who could not be injured except in his heel, providing the term ‘Achilles heel’", "In  Greek mythology , Achilles ( Ancient Greek : Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus, pronounced  [akʰillěu̯s] ) was a  Greek  hero of the  Trojan War , the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer 's  Iliad .", "Trojan War by the archer Teucer, who came from the island of Salamis, off Attica. This literary tradition probably reflects the", "Philocretes, a famous archer, who had been the friend and armour-bearer of Hercules who instructed him in the use of the bow, and also bequeathed his bow with the poisoned arrows to him after his death; he accompanied the Greeks to the siege of Troy, but one of the arrows fell on his foot, causing a wound the stench of which was intolerable, so that he was left behind at Lemnos, where he remained in misery 10 years, till an oracle declared that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules; he was accordingly sent for, and being healed of his wound by Æsculapius, assisted at the capture of the city.", "Achilles is known mostly for being the great Greek warrior of the Trojan War. There is however more to tell of this great mythical figure." ]

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[ "Persephone was the Greek queen of the underworld, daughter to Demeter, and wife to Hades. Her movement to and from the underworld is representative of the new plant growth in spring and the death of vegetation in the winter. She is associated with spring and the seeds of fruit.", "\"Oooh…yes! That's a hundred seventy five dollars. In Greek mythology, who was the queen of the underworld and wife of Hades?", "Thus the lovely maiden Persephone became the rightful wife of Hades and Queen of the Underworld. During the six months that Persephone spent in the Underworld, her mother was sad and not in the mood to deal with harvest. Thus she would leave the Earth to decline.", "In Greek mythology, Persephone (, ; ), also called Kore or Cora (; \"the maiden\"), is the daughter of Zeus and the harvest goddess Demeter, and is the queen of the underworld. Homer describes her as the formidable, venerable majestic princess of the underworld, who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead. Persephone was married to Hades, the god-king of the underworld.Martin Nilsson (1967). Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I pp 462–463, 479–480 The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation, which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest; hence, she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation. Similar myths appear in the Orient, in the cults of male gods like Attis, Adonis and Osiris, and in Minoan Crete. ", "This was the deal Hermes worked out: If Persephone would marry Hades, she would live as queen of the Underworld for six months each winter. In the spring, Persephone would return to earth and live there for six months. No one especially liked the deal, but everyone finally agreed.", "Hades, meaning \"the unseen\"was the ancient Greek god of the underworld. In Greek mythology, Hades is the oldest male child of Cronus and Rhea. In Greek mythology, Persephone, also called Kore (\"the maiden\") is the daughter of Zeus and the harvest-goddess Demeter, and queen of the underworld. (Wikipedia)", "Later when Persephone became queen of underworld, she was again seduce by Zeus but this time disguised as her husband, Hades. Melinoe  was said to be born from this union.", "The ancient Greeks believed that after a person died, his or her spirit went to the world below and dwelled for eternity in the depths of the earth. The Underworld was the kingdom of Hades, also called Pluto, and his wife, Persephone. Depending on how a person lived his or her life, they might or might not experience never-ending punishment in Hades. All souls, whether good or bad, were destined for the kingdom of Hades.", "In the myth Pluto abducts Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm. Pluto (Πλούτων, Ploutōn) was a name for the ruler of the underworld; the god was also known as Hades, a name for the underworld itself. The name Pluton was conflated with that of Ploutos (Πλούτος Ploutos, \"wealth\"), a god of wealth, because mineral wealth was found underground, and because Pluto as a chthonic god ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest. Plouton is lord of the dead, but as Persephone's husband he has serious claims to the powers of fertility.Ap. Athanassakis (2004), Hesiod. Theogony, Works and Days, Shield ,Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 56.", "Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name. This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina (the mistress), whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated to her mysteries. As goddess of death she was also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx, the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld. Homer describes her as the formidable, venerable majestic queen of the shades, who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead, along with her husband Hades. In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in the Orphic Hymns, Dionysus and Melinoe are separately called children of Zeus and Persephone. Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the earth on the frontiers of the lower world, which itself was called \"house of Persephone\". ", "Persephone - Persephone was the Queen of the Underworld and the daughter of Demeter. Persephone is the goddess of the underworld in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter, goddess of the harvest. Persephone was such a beautiful girl that everyone loved her, even Hades wanted her for himself. Although Zeus gave his consent, Demeter was unwilling. Hades, therefore, seized the maiden as she was gathering flowers and carried her off to his realm. Persephone was a personification of the revival of nature in spring. Her attributes in iconography can include a torch, a crown, a sceptre, and stalks of grain.", "Ruling over the Underworld was Hades and his wife, Persephone. They were usually surrounded by a retinue, which include the Furies, Hecate , and various other spirits. Near their throne was the Chairs of Forgetfulness, which, if one was unlucky enough to sit ther one would stay ther forever, as did Pirithous in his quest for the hand of Persephone (See myth of Theseus).", "Hades, god of the underworld, fell in love with Persephone and wanted her as his bride. Despite his brother Zeus's reservations when he sought his approval, he decided to abduct her. Zeus was concerned about the reaction of her mother Demeter, who would certainly would not consent to the prospect of her beloved daughter becoming queen of the Underworld.", "Persephone: Daughter of Zeus and the harvest goddess Demeter, Persephone was gathering flowers when Hades came to abduct her, bursting through a cleft in the earth. Tricked into swallowing pomegranate seeds and thus having tasted food of the Underworld, Persephone must spend a third of each year in her husband’s embrace. Once a virginal vegetation goddess, she is now the formidable, majestic Queen of the Underworld, who executes the curses of men upon the souls of the dead.", "Hades Greek God of the dead and the underworld, and brother of Zeus. Hades rules the realm of the dead, and also is considered the god of wealth. He is jealous and uncaring, constantly trying to increase the number of subjects under his rule. His wife is Persephone, whom he abducted.", "Poseidon was the ruler of the sea who, with his wife Amphitrite, led a group of less important sea gods, such as the Nereids and Tritons. Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, was associated with the earth. Hades, an important god but not generally considered an Olympian, ruled the underworld, where he lived with his wife, Persephone. The underworld was a dark and mournful place located at the center of the earth. It was populated by the souls of people who had died.", "Hades is the brother of Zeus. After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Poseidon, another brother, to share the power of the world. He had the worst draw and was made lord of the underworld, ruling over the dead. He is a greedy god who is greatly concerned with increasing his subjects. He is exceedingly disinclined to allow any of his subjects leave. He is also the god of wealth, due to the precious metals that mined from the earth. He has a helmet that makes him invisible and he rarely leaves the underworld. He is unpitying and terrible, but not capricious. His wife is Persephone whom Hades abducted. He is the King of the dead but, death itself is another god, Thanatos.", "Hades was also the god of wealth, due to the precious metals mined from below the earth. He had a helmet that made him invisible and rarely left the underworld. He was unpitying and terrible, but not capricious. His wife was Persephone. His major action in mythology is precisely the abduction of Demeter's daughter, Persephone. He was the King of the dead but, the god of death itself is another deity, THANATOS.", "Hades was king of the dead. He lived in the underworld, the heavily guarded land where he ruled over the dead. He was the brother of Zeus and the husband of Persephone , Demeter 's daughter, whom he kidnapped.", "Hades (/ˈheɪdiːz/; from Ancient Greek Ἅιδης/ᾍδης, Hāidēs; Doric Ἀΐδας Aidas) was the ancient Greek god of the underworld. Eventually, the god's name came to designate the abode of the dead. In Greek mythology, Hades is the oldest male child of Cronus and Rhea considering the order of birth from the mother, or the youngest, considering the regurgitation by the father. The latter view is attested inPoseidon's speech in the Iliad.[1] According to myth, he and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon defeated theTitans and claimed rulership over the cosmos, ruling the underworld, air, and sea, respectively; the solid earth, long the province of Gaia, was available to all three concurrently.", "In the Greek mythology, the rulers of the Underworld were Hades and Persephone , which the Romans called Pluto (or Dis Pater) and Prosperina.", "At one point, sewing the seeds of life was the only role for Persephone. \"Goddess of the Underworld\" was not a title she ever thought she would carry, and generally not a title most of the goddesses wanted. The Underworld, ruled exclusively by  Hades , was where human souls went after they died. Hades and his brothers, Zeus and  Poseidon , drew lots for control over different parts of the universe.  Zeus won the sky and heavens, Poseidon the earth and sea, and Hades drew the fiery pits of the Underworld.  Most of the gods preferred the Heavens, and none enjoyed visiting the Underworld much. After many years ruling alone, Hades had finally had enough and told Zeus that he needed a companion.", "He was made lord of the underworld, ruling over the dead. He is a greedy god who is greatly concerned with increasing his subjects. Those whose calling increase the number of dead were seen favorably by him. He was also the god of wealth, due to the precious metals mined from the earth. His wife was Persephone whom Hades abducted.", "RiverStyx.com :: Charon, Hades, Persephone, Elysian Fields, Furies, Thanatos, Acheron, Zombies, Limbo, Greek Gods & Goddesses, Myth & Legend of the Underworld", "Osiris was the king of the underworld (the dead), wife of Isis, and father of Horus", "*** Orphne is a representation of the darkness of the river Styx, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx-herself, but she is associated with both Styx and Nyx. She is the consort of Acheron, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of Ascalaphus, (the orchardist of Hades). ", "Styx is the goddess of the river with the same name. Not much is known about her, but she is an ally of Zeus and lives in the Underworld.", "The Greek underworld, in mythology, is an otherworld where souls go after death, and is the original Greek idea of afterlife. At the moment of death the soul is separated from the corpse, taking on the shape of the former person, and is transported to the entrance of the Underworld. The Underworld itself is described as being either at the outer bounds of the ocean or beneath the depths or ends of the earth. It is considered the dark counterpart to the brightness of Mount Olympus, and is the kingdom of the dead that corresponds to the kingdom of the gods. Hades is a realm invisible to the living, made solely for the dead. ", "Tell me about Hades. Why did he end up with the underworld? Was their a fight for power with Zeus or was it amicable?", "A Greek goddess who was the wife of Heracles. She was also the daughter of Dionysus and Althaea.", "ORPHNE A nymph of the underworld. She was the mother of the daemon Ascalaphus by the infernal river Acheron.", "Several myths involve a voyage to the Underworld (nekuia*) to obtain information. These voyages are made by a living hero, usually, the son of a god, but in one case a fully mortal woman." ]

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[ "Later, he had his own television show, Unwin Time, and guested for other entertainers, including Bernard Braden, David Nixon, Jimmy Tarbuck and Ted Ray, who first described him as \"The Professor\". In 1967, he conducted a hilarious interview with Alan Abel, the American who had written the book, Yours For Decency, prompting a spoof organisation called the Society for Indecency to Naked Animals, which believed that all animals should wear clothes. Only Abel - the hoaxer - remained unaware that his leg was being pulled.", "[quote]He was considered sex on a stick in his prime. He was also very amusing when he appeared on The Tonight Show With Johnny Carson.%0D %0D See for yourself . . .", "In 1990, Bobby Berosini, a Las Vegas entertainer, lost his wildlife license as well as (on appeal) a later lawsuit against PETA, after the group broadcast an undercover film of him slapping and punching orangutans in 1989. In 1997, a PETA investigation inside Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), a contract animal-testing company, produced film of staff in the UK beating dogs, and what appeared to be abuse of monkeys in the company's New Jersey facility. After the video footage aired on British television in 1999, a group of activists set up Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty to close HLS down, a campaign that continues. ", "The stars of the show are Mister Ed, an intelligent palomino American Saddlebred who could talk (\"played\" by gelding Bamboo Harvester and voiced by Allan Lane), and his owner, architect Wilbur Post (portrayed by Alan Young). Much of the program's humor stemmed from the fact Mister Ed would speak only to Wilbur, as well as Ed's notoriety as a troublemaker. According to the show's producer, Arthur Lubin, Young was chosen because he \"just seemed like the sort of guy a horse would talk to.\" Lubin, a friend of Mae West, scored a coup by persuading the screen icon to guest star in one episode.", "It is recorded that before \"Buffalo Bill\" developed his \"Wild West'' show, others had attempted similar productions. Two of these early entrepreneurs were P.T. Barnum, and a man called Colonel Sidney Barnett of the Niagara Falls area of New York state. Hickok is recorded as appearing in the show developed by Mr. Barnett. A humorous, if somewhat dangerous, incident occurred during an appearance by Hickok. The plan was to see if a full grown buffalo could be roped and captured from horseback. Hickok successfully roped the animal, however, the rope slipped back of the buffalo's hump. This gave all the advantage to the buffalo. Not only could the horse not hold the animal, it was flipped head over heals! This caused Hickok, the greatest gunfighter in the West, to be unceremoniously dumped face first into the dirt, and to see his horse being dragged away by the buffalo. The Barnett show eventually proved to be a financial disaster, causing Mr. Barnett serious monetary problems. So ended Wild Bill's first attempt at \"show business\".", "*National Lampoon's Animal House, directed by John Landis, starring John Belushi, Tim Matheson, Peter Riegert, Tom Hulce, Karen Allen, John Vernon", "A common gag involves someone imparting a figure of speech to Animal: Animal turns to the audience, his eyes go wide and he goes berserk, taking the figure of speech literally. For example, Jim Nabors once spoke the traditional theatrical good luck wish, \"Break a leg\", whereupon Animal indulged him by trying to break Nabors' leg. Another gag would occasionally occur when the band plays a slow song: Animal will get about halfway through and then after announcing \"Too slow!\" launch into a faster paced version of the song. The band would usually comment that Animal lasted much longer than they thought he would.", "William Penn Adair “Will” Rogers (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) was an American cowboy, vaudeville performer, humorist, social commentator and motion picture actor. He was one of the world’s best-known celebrities in the 1920s and 1930s.", "World-famous, widely popular American humorist of the vaudeville stage and of silent and sound films, Will Rogers graduated from military school, but his first real job was in the livestock business in Argentina, of all places. He transported pack animals across the South Atlantic from Buenos Aires to South Africa for use in the Boer War (1899-1902). He stayed in Johannesburg for a short while, appearing there in Wild West shows where he drew upon his expertise with horse and lasso. Returning to America, he brought his talents to vaudeville and by 1917 was a Ziegfeld Follies star. Over the years he gradually blended into his act his unique style of topical, iconoclastic humor, in which he speared the efforts of the powerful to trample the rights of the common man, while twirling his lariat and perhaps chewing on a blade of straw. Although appearing in many silents, he reached his motion-picture zenith with the arrival of sound. Now mass audiences could hear his rural twang as he delivered his homespun philosophy on behalf of Everyman. The appeal and weight of his words carried such weight with the average citizen that he was even nominated for governor of Oklahoma (which he declined).", "Harpo (Adolph Marx, later changed to \"Arthur\" , though not for the reason you might assume note he just plain hated the name and had it legally changed in 1911, long before the world had heard of Adolf Hitler and even before World War I 's anti-German hysteria was even an issue), nicknamed for his virtuoso harp playing (which was completely self-taught). His trademarks were harp playing, a silent mime performance (using a horn instead of speaking), and a clown-like costume featuring a raincoat with apparently bottomless pockets , a curly red (later blond, as it looked better in black-and-white film) wig, and a top hat. He is a virtuoso kleptomaniac with a special knack for pickpocketing, ending up with such unlikely prizes as Groucho's boxers and a random man's birthmark. In the early stage shows, he did an Oirish accent, but it was eventually decided that having him be The Speechless was funnier. His mime routines (most notably the famous Mirror Scene from Duck Soup) have become a staple for comedy shows today, and even inspired all of Mr. Funny", "The reticence of the principal human character, Farmer Hoggett (James Cromwell), enables him to elude definitive self-characterization and shifts the burden to visual media animals to illuminate Hoggett's relation to his world. 23 Generally referred to as \"the Boss\" by the animals, Hoggett seems defined by a characteristic silence that makes him more like a typical animal subject than any of the animal characters in the film, encouraging other humans (including viewers) to overlook him. But, particularly through Hoggett's uses of television, his actions come to contradict others' descriptions of him.", "Despite having an air of sophistication and fancying himself as something of an actor and a poet, Snagglepuss's mountain lion heritage meant that he spent much of his time in the gun sights of hunters or having to escape capture from zoos, circuses or simple cages - although his natural home was either a stone house or a furnished cave. His passion for classic literature came through in his frequent (mis)quotes of Shakespearean phrases or passages. Uttered just as frequently was his catchphrase, \"Heavens to Mergatroyd!\" when he was surprised or alarmed, or \"Exit...stage left (or right)\" before running off screen when attempting to escape danger.", "The other spur to his writing came from even further back – his childhood love of animals, which he described in his autobiography, Chewing the Cud (2001): \"As a child I had pets – rabbits, tortoises, rats, mice – and a toy farm which I played with endlessly. It was a pretty eccentric collection. I never minded much what went with what, so I included a giraffe among the dairy herd, but it absorbed me completely. I ran my farm in much the same way. I had animals that I liked. Now I see that it was rather a stupid way to run a farm, but at the time I felt I didn't have to conform.\"", "\"Any man who hates DOGS and children can't be all bad.\" W. C. Fields's credo was actually said about the comedian, not by him. At a 1939 Masquers banquet in Fields's honor, Leo Rosten, at the time a young sociologist studying the movie industry, was invited to say a few words about the featured guest. Rosten blurted out, \"The only thing I can say about Mr. W. C. Fields, whom I have admired since the day he advanced upon Baby LeRoy with an ice pick, is this: Any man who hates babies and dogs can't be all bad.\" Two weeks later Rosten's quip was mentioned in Time magazine. Since so few people had heard of Leo Rosten at the time, it didn't take long for his words to land in Fields's own mouth, where they've stayed ever since. Rosten wasn't the first one to use this line, however. Nearly two years before the Masquers banquet, Harper's Monthly ran a column by Cedric Worth about a 1930 New York cocktail party that featured a man who had a case against dogs. After leaving the party, Worth found himself in an elevator with New York Times reporter Byron Darnton. As the elevator made its way to the ground, Darnton observed, \"No man who hates dogs and children can be all bad.\"", "He was whom he was.. on and off camera.. his energy.. his life and most of all, his LOVE for animals and what he did for them..", "Jeffrey Marshall \"Jeff\" Foxworthy (born September 6, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. As the best-selling comedy recording artist of all time, he is a member of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, a comedy troupe also comprised of Larry the Cable Guy, Bill Engvall , and Ron White. He is known for his \"you might be a redneck if…\" one-liners.", "Contrary to popular belief, Rogers had some patter in his act from the very beginning, in the form of little remarks to cover his flubs. Despite the fact that he was the premier lariat artist of his time, such failures are common even to masters. How to deal with them is the mark of a true performer. “I don’t have any idea I’ll get it, but here goes”, is reported to have been his first line on stage. Initially he was flummoxed, not to say angry, that people laughed when he spoke. To an audience of New Yorkers, Will’s folksy turn of expression and his Western accent were alien things, just as nutty in their way as  Fanny Brice ’s Yiddishisms. When he perceived that this was to his advantage, Rogers relaxed some and played it for all it was worth. He began to cook up lines, especially for the act. Many remarks taken for ad libs are in fact worked out in advance. “I’m handicapped up h’yar, the manager won’t let me swear when I miss, ” always got howls. He’d written it out earlier on a piece of hotel stationary.", "*In the initiation scene in National Lampoon's Animal House (1978), Bluto (John Belushi) names one of the new members \"Weasel\".", "“As I recall it, you were the prize beef chawer,” he remarked. “I never could see why you didn't go into vaudeville, in a Houdini act. I used to soak the knots in your shirt and dry 'em, and soak 'em again; but you always untied 'em, often without using your teeth, either.”", "Opened the first Saturday Night Live (1975) episode after the September 11th attacks, with his song \"The Boxer\", following this was the infamous exchange between Rudy Giuliani and Lorne Michaels , where Michaels asked if it was okay to be funny.", "In 1938, the circus made Frank Buck a lucrative offer to tour as their star attraction and to enter the show astride an elephant. He refused to join the American Federation of Actors, stating that he was \"a scientist, not an actor.\" Though there was a threat of a strike if he did not join the union, he maintained that he would not compromise his principles, saying, \"Don't get me wrong. I'm with the working man. I worked like a dog once myself. And my heart is with the fellow who works. But I don't want some ... union delegate telling me when to get on and off an elephant.\" Eventually, the union gave Buck a special dispensation to introduce Gargantua the gorilla without registering as an actor.", "“Last night three piglings were stolen from one of our pig-pens.  The great Lafaele appeared to my wife uneasy, so she engaged him in conversation on the subject, and played upon him the following engaging trick: You advance your two forefingers towards the sitter’s eyes; he closes them, whereupon you substitute (on his eyelids) the fore and middle fingers of the left hand, and with your right (which he supposes engaged) you tap him on the head and back.  When you let him open his eyes, he sees you withdrawing the two forefingers.  ‘What that?’ asked Lafaele.  ‘My devil,’ says Fanny.  ‘I wake um, my devil.  All right now.  He go catch the man that catch my pig.’  About an hour afterwards Lafaele came for further particulars.  ‘Oh, all right,’ my wife says.  ‘By-and-by that man be sleep, devil go sleep same place.  By-and-by that man plenty sick.  I no care.  What for he take my pig?’  Lafaele cares plenty; I don’t think he is the man, though he may be; but he knows him, and most likely will eat some of that pig to-night.  He will not eat with relish.’”", "Up into the last third of the preceding century wild-beast tamers of all nations presented their numbers in ordinary wagon-cages that were driven close to the audience for the purpose, and were lit on every side. By means of pitch torches held in front of them, and by blows with red-hot iron bars, lions, tigers or bears were roused from sleep. The tamer ventured into the cage - not quite man-high - with whip and club, and forced the beasts to leap through hoops and over obstacles and rails. At the end of the performance he shot off a pistol and made his escape. The beasts, however, buried their bleeding noses in the sawdust covering the cage-floor - beaten cowards, impotent in their hatred.", "Surprisingly Howard Morris was a classically trained Shakespearean actor but started his television career as a sketch comedy artist in Sid Caesar's Your Show of Shows. He's best known for his wild \"mountain-man\" character Ernest T. Bass, going off on never-ending temper-tantrum tangents trying to impress his \"Sweet Romeena.\" The lesson learned: never trust a man the size of a Fig Newton carrying a sack full of bricks.", "The Chimp Who Cried Wolf Dec 27 1966 The imprudent actions of a TV comedian, taping various animal sounds, puts everyone in danger.", "Stanley Holloway did a monologue song (if that counts) I can't quite remember the title but it was a boy who got too close to a lion in a cage disobeyed and got eaten. It was a droll Northern funniness and I loved it.", "TERRY HALL - Lenny the Lion, whose catchphrase was \"Aw, don't embawass me!\" Hall is credited as being one of the first ventriloquists to use a non-human puppet.", "He [Texas Jack] had a little Wild West aggregation that visited the camps and did a tremendous business. I did some roping and riding, and Jack, who was one of the smartest showmen I ever knew, took a great interest in me. It was he who gave me the idea for my original stage act with my pony. I learned a lot about the show business from him. He could do a bum act with a rope that an ordinary man couldn't get away with, and make the audience think it was great, so I used to study him by the hour, and from him I learned the great secret of the show business—knowing when to get off. It's the fellow who knows when to quit that the audience wants more of.", "There were accusations of actual cockfights, decapitated chickens, and a group of cows disemboweled to provide \"fake intestines\" for the actors. The outcry prompted the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) to contractually authorize the AHA to monitor the use of all animals in all filmed media.", "Clever Hans: around 1900 a horse \"clever Hans\" became famous for being able to answer any questions put by humans. The owner (and interpreter) was entirely sincere: but eventually turned out to have been fooling himself. Many histories of psychology mention this important case.", "Was an American actor/comedian. His show included the song and dance \"Jump Jim Crow\", which later gave its name to \"Jim Crow\" segregation laws in the US. Father of the minstrel show.", "Closing out the show, Doug calls out Fozzie as an incredible magician. The rabbits follow him, for which he apologizes. \"Oh, that's okay. I love rabbits, too\" Doug replies. Misunderstanding him, one of the rabbits exclaims in fear, \"You love rabbit stew?!\"" ]

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[ "Dr. Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist , futurist , and advocate of psychedelic drug research. An icon of 1960s counterculture , Leary is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic, spiritual and emotional benefits of LSD . He coined and popularized the catch phrase \" Turn on, tune in, drop out .\"", "Timothy Francis Leary, Ph.D. (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist, and advocate of psychedelic drug research and use. As a 1960s counterculture icon, he is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase \"Turn on, tune in, drop out.\"", "Timothy Francis Leary ( 22 October 1920 – 31 May 1996 ) was an American writer , psychologist , campaigner for psychedelic drug research and use, 1960s counterculture icon and computer software designer. He is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD . During the 1960s, he coined and popularized the catch phrase \" Turn on, tune in, drop out .\"", "In these wretched drug days of widespread crystal-meth addiction, transcontinental Xanax-popping and speed-laced Mexican ditch weed posing as The Chron, it’s harder than ever to swallow the idea that mind-altering drug use could transform our staggering society. That prospect becomes even harder to entertain when you consider the most famous proponent of narcotics-fueled social change. Robert Greenfield’s comprehensive biography of Leary is an epically thrilling, wicked epitaph for the vain, bizarre, self-promoting guru who, depending on your perspective, either poisoned or blessed our culture with his ridiculous “turn on, tune in and drop out” mantra. As Greenfield boldly and correctly asserts, Leary was the “wrong man” to inherit the future of psychedelic research. Psychiatrist Humphry Osmond, who coined the term “psychedelic,” even compared Leary to Hitler–not for the magnitude of his crimes (which were absurd and, other than escaping from prison, arguably not even criminal) but for the transcendent quality of his sociopathic megalomania, which he parlayed into drug guru status.", "In a 1988 interview with Neil Strauss, Leary stated that slogan was \"given to him\" by Marshall McLuhan during a lunch in New York City. Leary added that McLuhan \"was very much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five hundred micrograms, that's a lot,' to the tune of a Pepsi commercial of the time. Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and drop out. The phrase was used by Leary in a speech he delivered at the opening of a press conference in New York City on September 19, 1966. It urged people to embrace cultural changes through the use of psychedelics by detaching themselves from the existing conventions and hierarchies in society. It was also the motto of his League for Spiritual Discovery. The phrase was derided by more conservative critics.", "References to Leary appear in the iconic counter-culture piece \"Hair\" in the lyrics to \"Let the sunshine in\" (\"Singing our space songs on a spider web sitar / Life is around you and in you / Answer for Timothy Leary, dearie\"), and in the song \"Manchester England, England\" [Now that I've dropped out/Why is life dreary, dreary?/Answer my weary query/Timothy Leary, dearie]. Also the song \"Hare Krishna\" has a small reference to Leary's catch phrase \"Turn on, tune in, drop out\": (\"...Love / Love / Love / Love / Drop out / Drop out / Drop out / Drop out / Be in/ Be in/ Be in/ Be in\").", "Timothy Leary (archival): Turn on, tune in, drop out. I mean drop out of high school, drop out of college, drop out of graduate school...", "Leary was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 Human Be-In by Michael Bowen, the primary organizer of the event, a gathering of 30,000 hippies in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. In speaking to the group, Leary coined the famous phrase \"Turn on, tune in, drop out\". In a 1988 interview with Neil Strauss, he said that this slogan was \"given to him\" by Marshall McLuhan when the two had lunch in New York City, adding, \"Marshall was very much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five hundred micrograms, that's a lot,' to the tune of [the well-known Pepsi 1950s singing commercial]. Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and drop out.'\" ", "Leary believed LSD showed therapeutic potential for use in psychiatry. He popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as “turn on, tune in, drop out”, “set and setting”, and “think for yourself and question authority”. He also wrote and spoke frequently about transhumanist concepts involving space migration, intelligence increase and life extension (SMI²LE), and he developed the eight-circuit model of consciousness in his book Exo-Psychology (1977).", "Dr. Leary is one the the greatest minds that ever lived. Understanding him is tough if you have never been out of your own head. So... \"turn on, tune in and, take charge\" Spread the Joy of LSD. Dr. Leary didnt have anything any of us dont have. Through LSD he was able to break his own sence of understanding and get out of his point of view.", "\"Dr. Timothy Francis Leary was an American writer, psychologist, futurist, and advocate of psychedelic drug research.\"", "'We are all wired into a survival trip now. No more of the speed that fueled that '60s. That was the fatal flaw in Tim Leary's trip. He crashed around America selling \"consciousness expansion\" without ever giving a thought to the grim meat-hook realities that were lying in wait for all the people who took him seriously... All those pathetically eager acid freaks who thought they could buy Peace and Understanding for three bucks a hit. But their loss and failure is ours too. What Leary took down with him was the central illusion of a whole life-style that he helped create... a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never understood the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid Culture: the desperate assumption that somebody... or at least some force - is tending the light at the end of the tunnel'. ", "We are all wired into a survival trip now. No more of the speed that fueled the Sixties. Uppers are going out of style. This was the fatal flaw in Tim Leary’s trip. He crashed around America selling “consciousness expansion” without ever giving a thought to the grim meat-hook realities that were lying in wait for all the people who took him too seriously. After West Point and the Priesthood, LSD must have seemed entirely logical to him … but there is not much satisfaction in knowing that he blew it very badly for himself, because he took too many others down with him. Not that they didn’t deserve it: No doubt they all Got What Was Coming To Them. All those pathetically eager acid freaks who thought they could buy Peace and Understanding for three bucks a hit. But their loss and failure is ours, too. What Leary took down with him was the central illusion of a whole life-style that he helped to create … a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never understood the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid Culture: the desperate assumption that somebody—or at least some force —is tending that Light at the end of the tunnel.", "The guru of the 'psychedelic revolution' - Timothy Leary - first heard about hallucinogens in 1957 from Life magazine (whose publisher Henry Luce was often given Government acid like many other opinion shapers), and began his career as a CIA contract employee.", "Throughout, Leary comes off as a political flake, with the notable exception of his futile but passionate attempts to get the Yippies to call off the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests. Otherwise, he was either behind the times or way off in his assessments. He didn’t attend his first peace rally until 1969. His meandering testimony in front of Ted Kennedy at the 1966 Senate LSD hearings (which Greenfield re-creates brilliantly) hurt his cause, though maybe his cause was always self-promotion anyway. He allowed the Weathermen to break him out of prison and then escaped to Algeria, where he aligned himself with a clearly insane Eldridge Cleaver.", "From 1989 on, Leary had begun to reestablish his connection to non-mainstream religious movements with an interest in altered states of consciousness. In 1989 he appeared with friend and book collaborator Robert Anton Wilson in a dialog entitled The Inner Frontier for the Association for Consciousness Exploration , a Cleveland-based group that had been responsible for his first Cleveland, Ohio appearance in 1979. After that, he appeared at the Starwood Festival , a major Neo-Pagan event run by ACE, in 1992 and 1993 [35] (though his planned 1994 WinterStar Symposium appearance was cancelled due to his declining health). In front of hundreds of Neo-Pagans in 1992, he declared, \"I have always considered myself, when I learned what the word meant, I've always considered myself a Pagan.\" [36] He also collaborated with Eric Gullichsen on Load and Run High-tech Paganism: Digital Polytheism. [37]", "Leary was different things to different people. He was reviled. He was revered. He was a prophet. He was a phony. He was a brilliant, innovative thinker. He was a fool. He captured the irreverent, rebellious spirit of the sixties. He was a fame-seeking, manipulative con artist. Who was he? Perhaps The Trickster said it best when he quipped, “You get the Timothy Leary you deserve.”", "While he continued his frequent drug use privately rather than evangelizing and proselytizing the use of psychedelics as he had in the 1960s, the latter-day Leary emphasized the importance of space colonization and an ensuing extension of the human lifespan while also providing a detailed explanation of the eight-circuit model of consciousness in books such as Info-Psychology, among several others. He adopted the acronym \"SMI²LE\" as a succinct summary of his pre-transhumanist agenda: SM (Space Migration) + I² (intelligence increase) + LE (Life extension), and credited the L5 Society co-founder Keith Henson with helping develop his interest in space migration.", "On May 13, 1957, Life magazine published an article by R. Gordon Wasson that documented the use of psilocybin mushrooms in the religious ceremony of the indigenous Mazatec people of Mexico. [10] Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had recently taken this psychedelic (or entheogenic ) Psilocybe mexicana during a trip to Mexico, and related the experience to Leary. In August 1960, [11] Leary traveled to the Mexican city of Cuernavaca with Russo and tried psilocybin mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life. [12] In 1965, Leary commented that he \"learned more about... (his) brain and its possibilities... (and) more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than... (he) had in the preceding fifteen years of studying and doing research in psychology.\" [12]", "Most famous as a writer and countercultural theorist, Timothy Leary recorded a collectable spoken word/sound montage album of sorts at the height of the psychedelic era, and released...", "So I was ripe for hippiedom. Eventually soon the sex and rock 'n roll would become much more a part of my life, and even the drugs in a very very minor way (I'm WAY too disgustingly responsible), but what really captured my heart was the \"common sense\" of it all. The campus hippies I knew wore beautiful India print cotton skirts... and knew more about India and \"comparative religions\" than anyone i'd ever known before. They baked their own bread and made their own jams.... without food coloring. They planted vegetable gardens behind their dormitories. They ate less meat and more lentils. They carried their own bags to the health food store and bought their peanut butter in bulk... filling scratched old plastic containers they'd filled dozens of times before. They set-up childcare and food cooperatives. Rode bicycles and car-pooled (when they weren't hitch-hiking). Volunteered at the local fire department. Went to the town meetings. Protested inequality and prejudice. Worked for political candidates they believed in. Organized blood drives. Put solar panels on their roofs and collected rainwater. Talked to farmers about the evils of pesticides. Looked you deep in the eye when they talked to you, and listened as often as they talked. \"Reduced, reused, and recycled\" long before it was a slogan. Thought globally, and then acted both globally and locally. Made me really THINK about my actions and their consequences.", "Following the termination of his commodious National Institute of Mental Health research grant (precipitated by his absence from a meeting with a NIMH investigator), Leary and his children relocated to Europe in 1958, where he attempted to write his next book on psychology while subsiding on small grants and insurance policies. He was overcome by indigence during an unproductive stay in Florence, and returned to academia in late 1959 as a lecturer in clinical psychology at Harvard University at the behest of Frank Barron (a colleague from Berkeley) and David McClelland. During this period, he resided with his children in nearby Newton, Massachusetts. In addition to his teaching duties, Leary was affiliated with the Harvard Center for Research in Personality under McClelland and oversaw the Harvard Psilocybin Project and concomitant experiments in conjunction with assistant professor Richard Alpert. In 1963, Leary was terminated for failing to give his scheduled class lectures, while he claimed that he had fulfilled his teaching obligations in full. The decision to dismiss him may have been influenced by his role in the popularity of psychedelic substances among Harvard students and faculty members, which were legal at the time. ", "Leary argued that psychedelic substances—in proper doses, in a stable setting, and under the guidance of psychologists—could alter behavior in beneficial ways not easily attainable through regular therapy. His research focused on treating alcoholism and reforming criminals. Many of his research subjects told of profound mystical and spiritual experiences which they said permanently and positively altered their lives. ", "On May 13, 1957, Life Magazine published an article by R. Gordon Wasson that documented (and popularized) the use of psilocybin mushrooms in the religious ceremony of the indigenous Mazatec people of Mexico.   Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had recently taken the psychedelic (entheogen) Psilocybe mexicana during a trip to Mexico, and shared the experience with Leary. In the summer of 1960, Leary traveled to Cuernavaca, Mexico with Russo and after drinking several shots of Tequila tried psilocybin mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life. (Ram Dass Fierce Grace, 2001, Zeitgeist Video). In 1965 Leary commented that he \"learned more about. . . (his) brain and its possibilities. . . (and) more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than. . . (he) had in the preceding fifteen years of studying doing (sic) research in psychology\".  Upon his return to Harvard that fall, Leary and his associates, notably Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), began a research program known as the Harvard Psilocybin Project. The goal was to analyze the effects of psilocybin on human subjects using a synthesized version of the drug--one of two active compounds in the so-called Mexican mushroom--that was produced according to a recipe concocted by Albert Hoffman, a research chemist at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals. The experiment later involved giving LSD to graduate students.", "Leary was arrested and jailed by G. Gordon Liddy, escaped prison, was re-arrested and ultimately released. He then went on tour with Liddy, as by then they were both ex-cons with a story to tell. He campaigned for governor of California, against Ronald Regan. He hung out with an incredible array of names from the Beatles to Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver. I arrived at Leary’s house which was located up the road from the Beverly Hills Hotel.", "In college, I basically partied a lot. You gotta understand. We're a very strict Catholic family. Curfew was at nine p.m. when I was a senior in high school. So I got out of the house and thought, Oh my God! People don't ever really like to talk about this anymore, but there was a period of time when blow was considered OK, like it won't hurt you at all. It was almost mainstream. All the designer drugs were OK-Quaaludes and blow. So that was the time in college for me: Drugs and chasing girls. I came from a town of 1500 people to Cincinnati. I would visit class every once in a while and stop by and go, \"How's everybody doing?\" I was still a responsible kid, but I didn't take school seriously. I had jobs. I sold men's suits and shoes and worked in stockrooms of department stores, and I cut tobacco when it was the season. I was paying for my thing along the way. But I quit school.", "*\"Back in the 1960s and early '70s I took plenty of LSD. A lot of people were doing that in Berkeley back then. And I found it to be a mind-opening experience. It was certainly much more important than any courses I ever took.\" -- in his essay collection Dancing Naked in the Mind Field.", "*\"In Spring 1966, after enrolling at UCLA, Alcindor tried LSD with friends. \"It was a gorgeous clear blue day that had shimmered even before we started, now it was simultaneously dead still and shaking like mad,\" Kareem writes. \"There were jet-stream trails behind everything that moved... We talked about race, the difference between black and white, cosmic realities, cosmic myths. We were nineteen and I loved it.\" After four or five trips, Kareem decided what he learned from acid was that he didn't need to take it. He \"didn't do much\" after freshman year and stopped entirely by his junior year. The \"information overload\" of it can be frightening, he warned, and the effects last for a long four hours or more. \"I found that I'd learn enough just by living in a normal state of consciousness and concentrating, applying my intellilgence to what I wanted to know.\"", "*\"Almost all of the people I knew at that time who were experimenting with psychedelics were considerably older than me, and virtually all of them had absolutely traumatizing, earth-shattering, often very painful psychedelic experiences in which all of their assumptions about reality were rooted out, blown out of the water. I saw people being completely cut loose from their conventional moorings, from the orderly, 1950s conceptual schemes in which they'd been raised. I think many people got lost because the cognitive foundations of their lives had been shattered and they didn't know which way to turn, what to hang on to. Nonconformity, oppositionality, spontaneity, sheer silliness became ends in themselves because there were often no deeper values to replace the false conventional ones that had been displaced. People got sidetracked into nonconformity and spontaneity then just as they get sidetracked into sex and power now. My own experiences were earth-shaking enough, but always positive and powerful - nowhere near as traumatizing as what those around me were going through. I think my youth protected me. Because I was too young to have many settled or rigid beliefs, it didn't feel so threatening to have them undermined.\"", "I was a teenager in 68 and graduated class of 69. I thought being a hippie was a whole lot of fun- and then I grew up. The entire generation of Boomers will have MUCH to answer for when we stand before our Creator.", "An arrest for drug possession late in 1966 was a moving experience for him, as was his noticing that the flirtation his generation had had with marijuana and LSD was getting ugly, and many young people were turning to harder drugs and destroying themselves. In the notes for his 1967 album \"A Gift From A Flower To A Garden\", he called for all drug use to stop and for young people to find other ways to expand their consciousness, and peace from within, as they became the parents of the next generation. He set an example by studying meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , and later embraced many Eastern lifestyle changes, including a vegetarian diet and studies in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy.", "During the counterculture’s halcyon year of 1969, when Mark was in ninth grade, he slipped away from his family into drugs. He became a “garbage user,” in the parlance of the day, sniffing glue and lighter fluid, smoking marijuana, snorting cocaine and occasionally heroin, taking LSD, uppers, downers, whatever was around. The outward signs of the change—he let his hair grow, stopped bathing, gave up on school—horrified his parents, but they didn’t let themselves believe he was taking drugs. “It happened like overnight,” his mother remembers. “Just all of a sudden he was anti-parent, anti-everything, and I didn’t feel we deserved that. We had never leaned on him. He stopped going to school, and I just let him go. There didn’t seem anything we could do to stop him.”" ]

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[ "Mandela’s middle name is Rolihlahla, which literally means ‘pulling the branch of a tree’, or colloquially, ‘troublemaker’. His was given the name Nelson by his white missionary school teacher.", "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 at Mvezo on the banks of the Bashe River. He is the son of Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, a chief and chief councillor to the paramount chief of the Thembu and a member of the Madiba clan. Mandela’s middle name is Rolihlahla, which literally means ‘pulling the branch of a tree’, or colloquially, ‘troublemaker’. He was given the name Nelson by his White missionary school teacher.", "Nelson Mandela’s father had four wives with a total of thirteen children, nine girls and four boys. Nelson was a child of his father’s third wife called Nosekeni Fanny. His middle name ‘Rolihlahla’ meant ‘pulling a branch of a tree’, but in this context it meant ‘troublemaker’. Mandela became the first and the only member of the family to attend school and his teacher ‘Miss Mdingane’ gave him his English name ‘Nelson’. At the age of 9, Mandela lost his father due to tuberculosis. Thereafter, regent Jongintaba took care of him as a guardian.", "Nelson Mandela (born Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918) was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, Nelson came to symbolize black political aspirations and was named head of the ANC after his release on Feb. 11, 1990. He and F. W. de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating South Africa’s peaceful transition to multiracial democracy. After the ANC victory in the April 1994 elections, Mandela worked to ease racial tensions, court foreign investment, and provide services to the victims of apartheid. On Dec. 5, 2013, after a long battle with a lung infection, Mandela died at the age of 95.", "Nelson Mandela, whose second name is Rolihlahla, was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, near Qunu. He was the son of Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Henry Mgadla Mandela, chief councillor to the paramount chief of the Tembu. He spent his early childhood in the Transkei, being groomed to become a chief.", "Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the small village of Mvezo near Umtata in the former black homeland Transkei in the Republic of South Africa. His birth name was Rolihlahla meaning troublemaker. The name Nelson was given when he went to school. It was customary to have a “Western/European” name as most white people had problems pronouncing the names of black people.", "Exploring the Life and Achievements of Nelson Mandela - Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was, without question, the most important leader in South African history, and he has acted as a symbol for equal civil rights worldwide. In this paper, I will provide you with a short biography about Mandela’s life, his presidency, and explain the impact he had on his country, and why it matters today. Rolihlahla Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the village of Mvezo in southern South Africa, to his father’s third out of four wives. (Aikman 70-71) The South Africa that Mandela was born into was prone by the rule known as apartheid, which was a powerful system of racial segregation that essentially denied Black and Colored people rights that applied to the...   [tags: south africa, biography, biographical]", "Nelson Mandela was the son of Chief Henry Mandela of the Madiba clan of the Xhosa-speaking Tembu people. After his father’s death, young Nelson was raised by Jongintaba, the regent of the Tembu. Nelson renounced his claim to the chieftainship to become a lawyer. He attended South African Native College (later the University of Fort Hare) and studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand; he later passed the qualification exam to become a lawyer. In 1944 he joined the African National Congress (ANC), a black-liberation group, and became a leader of its Youth League. That same year he met and married Evelyn Ntoko Mase. Mandela subsequently held other ANC leadership positions, through which he helped revitalize the organization and oppose the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party .", "Rolihlahla Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo, a village near Mthatha in the Transkei, on 18 July 1918, to Nongaphi Nosekeni and Gadla Henry Mandela. His father was the key counsellor/adviser to the Thembu royal house. His Xhosa name Rolihlahla literally means \"pulling the branch of a tree\". After his father's death in 1927, the young Rolihlahla became the ward of Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the acting regent of the Thembu nation. It was at the Thembu royal homestead that his personality, values and political views were shaped. Hearing the elders' stories of his ancestors' valour during the wars of resistance to colonialism, he dreamed also of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.", "In the mid-1950s, Winnie met attorney Nelson Mandela, who, at the time, was leader of the African National Congress, an organization with the goal of ending South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregation. The two married in June 1958, despite concerns from Winnie's father over the couple's age difference and Mandela's steadfast political involvements. After the wedding, Winnie moved into Mandela's home in Soweto. She became legally known thereafter as Winnie Madikizela-Mandel.", "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18th July, 1918. He was born in a small village called Mvezo, located in the province of Umtata. Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, Mandela’s father was the chief of this town and as soon as he protested against the colonial authorities, the chief was deprived of his rights and the family was forced to migrate to Qunu.", "When Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1964, his wife continued to engage in political activities throughout his imprisonment. Madikizela-Mandela, who was born in the small village of Bizana, South Africa, on Sept. 26, 1936, worked alongside Nelson Mandela after his release from prison in 1990, serving in the South African Parliament and as president of the African National Congress Women's League.", "Mandela’s father was the chief of Mvezo (“a chief is a chief by birth” traditional proverb), a position confirmed by paramount chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo of the Xhosa Thembu tribe. Although the family is descended from Thembu royalty (one of Mandela’s ancestors was paramount chief in the 18th century) the line had passed down to Mandela through lesser sub-clans rather than through a line of potential succession. The clan name of Madiba, which is often used as a form of address for Mandela, comes from the ancestral chief. Mandela’s mother was a Methodist, and Nelson followed in her footsteps, attending a Methodist missionary school.", "Later stating that his early life was dominated by traditional Thembu custom and taboo, Mandela grew up with two sisters in his mother's kraal in the village of Qunu, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy, spending much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of \"Nelson\" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment which Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling \"cut adrift\", he later said that he inherited his father's \"proud rebelliousness\" and \"stubborn sense of fairness\".", "Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008, with the main celebrations held at Qunu, and a concert in his honour in Hyde Park, London. In a speech marking the event, Mandela called for the rich to help the poor across the world. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor Jacob Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation were upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009.", "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in a small village in the southeastern region of South Africa called the Transkei. His father was chief of the village and a member of the royal family of the Thembu tribe, which spoke the Xhosa language. As a boy, Mandela grew up in the company of tribal elders and chiefs, which gave him a rich sense of African self-government and heritage, despite the cruel treatment of blacks in white-governed South Africa.", "his wife Nosekeni, named him Rolihlahla which, perhaps ironically in the light of events in the distant future, can loosely be translated as ‘troublemaker’. Mandela was attached as a surname in honour of his grandfather. A teacher at his primary school – he was the first of his family to receive formal education – called him Nelson. By that time his father had offended the Cape authorities and had moved his wife and children to the village of Qunu, near Umtata.", "eer, Fatima. Higher Than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela. NY: Harper, 1990. By family friend, with Mandela’s corrections. Foreword by Winnie Mandela.", "Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918. He was later given the name Nelson by a teacher at school.", "Nelson Mandela was trained as a lawyer, and joined the African National Congress in 1944 to aid in its struggle against apartheid. During over 25 years in prison he became the world's most famous political prisoner. After a long campaign of resistance within South Africa and political and economic pressure from without, President F. W. de Klerk ended the government ban on the ANC and freed Mandela in 1990, whereupon he assumed leadership of the organization. He worked tirelessly over the next few years to negotiate an end to apartheid and minority rule, gaining widespread respect and support in the process. National elections were held in April 1994, and on May 10th of that year Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first Black president of South Africa.", "It was left to President Frederik Willem de Klerk, born March 18 1936, in Johannesburg to pardon Mandela, legalize the ANC and further eliminate apartheid from South African society. Pluto again played a role. F. W. de Klerke’s transformational Pluto sat precisely on Mandela’s Sun. This powerful duo would later share the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for their role in the rainbow revolution.", "Mandela was married three times, beginning with Evelyn Ntoko Mase (m. 1944-1957). The couple had four children together: Madiba Thembekile, Makgatho (d. 2005), Makaziwe and Maki. Mandela wed Winnie Madikizela in 1958; the couple had two daughters together, Zenani and Zindziswa, before splitting in 1996. Two years later, Mandela married Graca Machel, with whom he remained until his death in 2013.", "Long Walk to Freedom is an autobiographical work written by South African President Nelson Mandela, and published in 1995 by Little Brown & Co. The book profiles his early life, coming of age, education and 27 years in prison. Under the apartheid government, Mandela was regarded as a terrorist and jailed on the infamous Robben Island for his role as a leader of the then-outlawed ANC. He has since achieved international recognition for his leadership as president in rebuilding the country's once segregated society. The last chapters of the book describe his political ascension, and his belief that the struggle continues against apartheid in South Africa.", "Nelson Mandela was a figure of international renown, and many details of his life and career were public knowledge. But here are six things you may not have known about the late South African leader.", "In 1944 Nelson Mandela married a nurse, Evelyn Mase, a cousin of Walter Sisulu. He has a son, Makgatho, and a daughter, Makaziwe, from this marriage. Their third child, Thembi, was killed in a car accident while Mandela was in prison. He also began his political career in earnest, joining the African National Congress, ANC. Mandela, joined by Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, and a few others formed the African National Congress Youth League, ANCYL.", "The picture speaks volumes. At the centre of a group of 10 people stands Nelson Mandela and beside him his partner and later wife, Graça Machel. On Mandela's other flank is a short man dressed in a military-style jacket with his hand held out as though he, and not the great South African leader, was hosting the gathering.", "Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid international pressure and growing fear of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial elections, in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government, which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. While continuing with the former government's economic liberalism, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998–99. Declining a second presidential term, he was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.", "In 2009, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed Mandela’s birthday, 18 July, as Nelson Mandela International Day, marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement.", "he led the ANC to victory and became South Africa’s first black president. Mandela gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250 honours, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Soviet Order of Lenin and the Bharat Ratna. President Donald Ramotar and delegation were in South Africa on December 10 for the memorial service that was attended by many world leaders.", "The evolution of Nelson Mandela – Mandela became president of the African National Congress Youth League in 1951.", "Mandela secured fifth place on the ANC's electoral list for the 2009 general election, behind party president and current President of South Africa Jacob Zuma, former President of South Africa Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President of South Africa Baleka Mbete, and Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. An article in The Observer suggested that her position near the top of the list indicated that the party's leadership saw her as a valuable asset in the election with regard to solidifying support among the party's grassroots and the poor.", "In 1948 Mandela served as the Youth League’s national secretary, and in 1950 became its national president. He became one of four deputy presidents of the ANC in October 1952." ]

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[ "James Dean died in September 30th, 1955 when he was only 24 years old. His death became him in one of the most important idols and icons of the 20th century.", "Legendary actor James Dean was born on February 8, 1931… which would have made today his 85th birthday, had his life not been cut tragically short at the age of 24 in a horrific car crash. Many people remember Dean from the three starring roles he committed to celluloid in 1955, before he died — Cal Trask in East of Eden, Jim Stark in Rebel Without a Cause, and Jett Rink in Giant — and, make no mistake, those roles were what led him to be one of the most influential actors of all time.", "As it happens, James Dean was 24 years old when died, the same age as the shooter at Newtown. (Correction: the shooter at Newtown was actually 20 years old. An initial report I had read listed him as being 24.) One young man left only devastation in his wake. In stark contrast, James Dean left the world with thousands of admirers. Maybe there is something relevant about James Dean even in our troubled times, after all.", "At 5:45 PM on this day in 1955, 24-year-old actor James Dean is killed in Cholame, California, when the Porsche he is driving hits a Ford Tudor sedan at an intersection. The driver of the other car, 23-year-old California Polytechnic State University student Donald Turnupseed, was dazed but mostly uninjured; Dean’s passenger, German Porsche mechanic Rolf Wütherich was badly injured but survived. Only one of Dean’s movies, “East of Eden,” had been released at the time of his death (“Rebel Without a Cause” and “Giant” opened shortly afterward), but he was already on his way to superstardom–and the crash made him a legend.", "Today in 1955, 24-year-old James Dean died in a car crash on a California highway, but almost six decades later he remains one of Hollywood’s most enduring and enigmatic icons. Here are 7 revealing facts about the man behind the sex symbol.", "1931 - James Dean, was born February 8, 1931 in Marion. A popular movie star of the 1950s in such movies as \"East of Eden\" and \"Rebel without a Cause\", He died in an auto crash at age 24.", "Tragically, James Dean -- the prototype of a rebellious adolescent -- was killed in a car accident at age 24, driving his new 550 Porsche Spyder. On September 30, 1955, his car collided with a 1950 Ford at 5:45 p.m. at the intersection of Routes 466 and 41 near Cholame, California. He had appeared in only three films: East of Eden (1955) , Rebel Without a Cause (1955) , and Giant (1956) - released posthumously. Both of his Best Actor Oscar nominations - for East of Eden (1955) and Giant - were also given posthumously. He was the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and remains the only person to have two posthumous acting nominations.", "They say that life imitates art. In James Dean’s case, this was proven pretty patently. Most famous for his role in Rebel Without A Cause, the film nearly prophesized his own death, as he died by crashing his Porsche head-on into another vehicle at 85mph. At twenty-four years old, he only lived long enough to act in three films, yet such was his impact on the medium, that he became the first actor to posthumously receive an Oscar nomination. “Always do sober what you said you’d do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.” Earnest Hemmingway singlehandedly shaped an entire literary cannon, published seven novels, and won a Nobel Prize in literature and a Pulitzer for fiction. He traveled to war zones, managing to present at both the Normandy Landings and the Liberation of Paris, fought tooth and nail for the disenfranchised, and survived a bushfire, anthrax poisoning, as well as two successive plane crashes which left him in chronic pain. His status as a legend is indisputable, and unassailable. He also happened to be an epic drunk (there is a classic cocktail which bears his namesake). He married three women, purportedly plagiarized 19th century Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev, had more affairs than he could likely count, and generally behaved like a bull", "Actor James Dean's short-lived career ended with his death in a car crash near Cholame, California, at age 24 on Sept. 30, 1955. He is best known for his starring role in \"Rebel Without a Cause,\" in which he personified the restless American youth of the mid-'50s. His acting career only lasted a little over a year, but his three films and tragic car crash death made him an American legend.", "On this day in 1955, movie star James Dean dies at age 24 in a car crash on a California highway. Dean was driving his Porsche 550 Spyder, nicknamed “Little Bastard,” headed to a car race in Salinas, California, with his mechanic Rolf Wuetherich, when they were involved in a head-on collision with a car driven by a 23-year-old college student named Donald Turnaspeed. Dean was taken to Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 5:59 p.m. Wuetherich, who was thrown from the car, survived the accident and Turnaspeed escaped with minor injuries. No charges were ever filed against him.", "James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American film actor. Dean's status as a cultural icon is best embodied in the title of his most celebrated film, Rebel Without a Cause , in which he starred as troubled Los Angeles teenager Jim Stark. The other two roles that defined his star were as loner Cal Trask in East of Eden , and as the surly farmer Jett Rink in Giant . His enduring fame and popularity rests on only these three films, his entire output in a starring role. His death at an early age cemented his legendary status.", "Dean's tragic death at the age of 24 in September of 1955 profoundly affected young Elvis (Elvis was to call Dean \"a genius\"). There seems little doubt that Elvis' fervent hope at this early point in his career was to become the movies' next James Dean.", "*September 30 - James Dean, 24, American actor, Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden, automobile accident", "James Dean, who ostensibly died in a near head-on collision on September 30, 1955, at the tender age of twenty-four", "While presenting his interpretation of Dean, Gehring downplays the fact that  James Dean lost his mother at the age of 9. When she died, James was sent to live with his aunt and uncle in Fairmount. That’s when his father Winton severed ties. While James would try to reach out to him over the years, Winton kept his distance.", "BARBARA KLEIN: The movie was a big success. James Dean did not live to see the movie completed. He died in a car accident in nineteen fifty-five before the movie was released the next year. Elizabeth Taylor received Academy Award nominations for several films she made starting in the late nineteen fifties. The first was for the nineteen fifty-seven movie “Raintree County.”", "James Dean was also nominated (with his second, consecutive posthumous nomination) for his eccentric, legendary portrayal of ne'er-do-well ranch-hand outcast Jett Rink who becomes an oil baron when he strikes oil in George Stevens' Best Director-winning film Giant. (Dean is the only actor to receive two posthumous (and consecutive) nominations for acting. Out of his three major films, Dean was nominated twice as Best Actor and lost both times. He was already dead from a California highway auto accident when Giant was released.)", "James Dean was arguably one of the freshest young faces on the Hollywood scene in the 1950s. But because he died at such a young age, he was probably known more for the films he didn't make, than the ones he did. With just a scant three movies filmed and only one released before his death, it's quite impressive that his legacy still burns so brightly. In fact James Dean's popularity remains higher in death than it did during his short life.", "The films Rebel Without a Cause and Giant, along with the circumstances of his violent death, would cement James Dean’s image as a Hollywood icon and rebel for generations to come. Following his death, Dean received two posthumous Oscar nominations for his performances in the East of Eden (1955) and Giant (1956). At the time, he was the first actor ever to receive an Academy Award nomination posthumously. Although he did not win an Oscar for either film, he did win two posthumous Golden Globe Awards for Best Dramatic Actor – Special Achievement Award (1956) and World Film Favorite – Male (1957). Moreover, he was also awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on Feb. 8, 1960.", "This has been called Jett’s “Last Supper” scene, a haunting description since it would be the last time audiences would see James Dean in a film.  Filming for that scene concluded on September 10th, 1955. In less than a month, James Dean would be dead.", "HOLLYWOOD, Oct. 1 -- (AP) -- Actor JAMES DEAN, the surly, brooding Caleb of the movie \"East of Eden,\" was killed last night in a head-on highway crash of his German sports car near Paso Robles, Calif.", "One day after the death of fellow actor Robert Mitchum, American film actor James Stewart died at the age of 89, also from lung cancer. One of the finest actors ever, he appeared in dozens of classic films, and was nominated for five Best Actor Academy Awards for: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) , The Philadelphia Story (1940) (win), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) , Harvey (1950), and Anatomy of a Murder (1959). Other notable Stewart films for Alfred Hitchcock included: Rear Window (1954) , Rope (1948), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), and Vertigo (1958) .", "In addition to the East of Eden, which was released in April 1955, Dean had starred in two other films that had not yet been released at the time of his death , Rebel Without a Cause and Giant. In Rebel Without a Cause, which was released in October of 1955, the actor played an emotionally troubled and rebellious teenager named Jim Stark. This is the role that made Dean an icon and he is most closely associated with by Hollywood as well as his fans. This may be because of some of the parallels between the character and actor. For Dean, as for Jim Stark, life ended far too early. In Giant, which was released in November of 1956, the actor played ranch hand-turned-oil man Jett Rink in the sweeping epic about life on a sprawling Texas cattle ranch. Moreover, the actor played opposite Hollywood heavyweights such as Rock Hudson (Magnificent Obsession), Elizabeth Taylor (The Last Time I Saw Paris), and young, upstart actor Dennis Hopper (Rebel Without a Cause).", "- It was just a few weeks after East of Eden was released that Dean started shooting Rebel Without a Cause, followed by Giant, which was not yet finished when he died on Sept. 30, 1955. (When I say I \"already knew\" this stuff, I mean the gist of it. I didn't have the date of James Dean's death memorized.)", "\"Jim Dean and Elvis were the spokesmen for an entire generation. When I was in acting school in New York, years ago, there was a saying that if Marlon Brando changed the way people acted, then James Dean changed the way people lived. He was the greatest actor who ever lived. He was simply a genius.\"", "Dean, star of \"East of Eden\" and \"Rebel Without a Cause\" in 1955 and \"Giant in 1956, died in an ambulance headed for a Paso Robles hospital. His mechanic, Rolf Wuetherich, was seriously injured but recovered. Wuetherich died in 1981 in a car crash in West Germany.", "1955 – Film actor James Dean suffered fatal injuries in a head-on car accident near Cholame, California, US.", "What’s he saying? –He says, “Live fast, die young and leave a good-looking corpse.” That was years before James Dean even existed.", "Actor James Dean starred in only three films before his death in 1955. How did he die?", "     For young people coming of age, Dean was someone they could easily identify with: an outsider, a loner--he was the antithesis of everything a well-behaved youth was supposed to be. His screen portrayals symbolized the rebelliousness of adolescence. In public he was often rude, even surly. A fan magazine quoted him as saying, \"I wouldn't like me, if I had to be around me.\" He had been known to fight with directors and storm off the set. \"Jimmy knew what young people were up against,\" an admirer once said. \"He understood.\" Later, someone else referred to him as \"the first student activist.\"", "His favorite actors were Marlon Brando and James Dean . In a 1956 interview he said that he considered Dean an acting genius.", "It’s a mixture of things that has given James Dean immortality and placed him in the consciousness of all popular culture fans:" ]

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[ "Although originally a classical pianist, Barry also learned the trumpet and grew interested in composing and arranging music. During his National Service in Cyprus, he began performing as a musician. After taking a correspondence course (with jazz composer Bill Russo) and working as an arranger for the Jack Parnell and Ted Heath’s Orchestra[5] he formed his own band in 1957, The John Barry Seven,[6] with whom he had some hit records, including “Hit and Miss”, the theme tune he composed for the BBC’s Juke Box Jury programme, a cover of the Ventures’ “Walk Don’t Run”, and a cover of the theme for the United Artists Western The Magnificent Seven. The career breakthrough for Barry was the BBC television series Drumbeat, when he appeared with The John Barry Seven and arranged for many of the singers, including Adam Faith; he also composed songs (along with Les Vandyke) and scores for films in which Faith was featured. When Faith made his first film, Beat Girl, in 1960, Barry composed, arranged and conducted the score, his first. His music was later released as the first soundtrack album on LP in the UK.[7] Barry also composed the music for another Faith film, Never Let Go, orchestrated the score for Mix Me a Person, and composed, arranged and conducted the score for The Amorous Prawn.", "Born on the Isle of Man in 1946, Barry and his brothers, the twins Maurice and Robin , began playing music at an early age. After moving to Manchester, they formed the skiffle band the Rattlesnakes in 1953, then, when the family moved to Australia in the late '50s, they became the Bee Gees . Their early rock & roll sound caught the ear of Festival Records and the band was signed to a recording contract. With Barry writing all the songs, the band released numerous singles and albums, and eventually scored a big hit with the song \"Spicks and Specks\" in late 1966. By then, the brothers had decided to return to England and had scored a record deal with Polydor thanks to the efforts of Robert Stigwood , an employee at North End Music Stores (NEMS) who, in shades of Brian Epstein , became the band's manager. Their first single recorded in the U.K., \"New York Mining Disaster 1941\" was the result of a new songwriting partnership among the brothers. It was an instant hit and the Bee Gees were on their way to stardom, both in the U.K. and in America, releasing a steady stream of hit singles and albums. Meanwhile, Barry wrote songs for other artists, including the Marbles , Samantha Sang , and P.P. Arnold .", "Barry thrived on the feverish wave of creativity that made London the world's most fascinating city at the time. He socialised with Michael Caine and Terence Stamp, collaborated with the pop stars Adam Faith and Nina & Frederik, and guaranteed himself the attention of gossip columnists by marrying the actress Jane Birkin. In 1960 he was asked to write music for the Peter Sellers/Richard Todd vehicle Never Let Go and then for the Faith comedy Beat Girl.", "Barry's first band was a five-member group called the Demons. �We first started playing instrumentals�songs by the Ventures and the Shadows and things like that, and old classical instrumentals revamped. Then we got a singer, and we were called Danny and the Demons, and we were doing copies of American singers�Elvis, Buddy Holly, and Dion.", "He received many awards for his work, including five Academy Awards; two for Born Free, and one each for The Lion in Winter (for which he also won the first BAFTA Award for Best Film Music), Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa (both of which also won him Grammy Awards). He also received ten Golden Globe Award nominations, winning once for Best Original Score for Out of Africa in 1986. Barry completed his last film score, Enigma, in 2001 and recorded the successful album Eternal Echoes the same year. He then concentrated chiefly on live performances and co-wrote the music to the musical Brighton Rock in 2004 alongside Don Black. He was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2005. Barry was married four times and had four children. He moved to the United States in 1975 and lived there for the remainder of his life until his death in 2011.", "During the 1970s , Cliff became heavily involved in tv shows, like 'It's Cliff Richard', many of which also starred Hank Marvin. The tv shows made Cliff into a tv personality and not necessarily primarily a recording singer. He was in everyone's homes, and gave enjoyment to all the family, and although still recording and being successful, Cliff and others like his former Shadow Bruce Welch decided that they would once again bring Cliff out as a \"rock\" artist again. The collaboration produced the landmark Cliff album \"I'm Nearly Famous\", which brought about the classic rock guitar driven track \"Devil Woman\" and the haunting \"Miss You Nights\". It wasn't just Cliff and the fans who were excited that the man who had begun and led British rock from the start, was back in strength, but also a host of big music names. People like Jimmy Page, Eric Clapton , and Elton John began being seen sporting big \"I'm Nearly Famous\" badges on their clothes, so pleased that their icon was getting heavily back into the heavy rock that he began his career in.", "Barry Alan Crompton Gibb CBE is a musician, singer, songwriter, and producer who rose to worldwide fame as a founder member of the Bee Gees. He is also the eldest and last surviving Gibb brother. With his younger brothers, twins Robin and Maurice, he formed the Bee Gees, one of the most successful p", "Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959), known professionally as Buddy Holly, was a Texan singer-songwriter and a pioneer of rock and roll. Although his success lasted only a year and a half before his death in an airplane crash, Holly is described by critic Bruce Eder as \"th… more »", "1968 saw the last album recorded by Cliff with ‘The Shadows’, and Cliff went on to tour with his own gospel album. In 1970, Cliff launched his first television show, featuring a mix of music and comedy. In the same year, he made his stage debut in Peter Shaffer’s ‘Five Finger Exercise’, a play focusing on a ‘deep friendship’ between a student and his tutor. The play was originally considered controversial for its veiled homosexual themes but despite this, reviews were favourable.", "Barry Alan Crompton Gibb, (born 1 September 1946) is a British singer, songwriter and record producer who rose to worldwide fame as a co-founder of the group Bee Gees, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed groups in the history of popular music. With his brothers, Robin and Maurice Gibb, he formed a songwriting partnership beginning in 1966.", "Firstly John Tobler�s notes - 2003 \"Back in the late 1950s, British popular music came under the massive influence of rock'n'roll, which had already made a major impact in the USA. To be perfectly frank, many of the early British rock'n'rollers were poor copyists of the American model, and without mentioning any names, some of them were verging on pathetic. However, a handful of home-grown hopefuls shone out from the general run-of-the-mill impersonators; the one whose career has dwarfed the achievements of everyone else is, of course, Cliff Richard, but back in 1958-an unbelievable 45 years ago! - Cliff's greatest rival was a tall, dark and handsome 19 year old from Greenwich in south-east London named Reg Smith, who is better known as Marty Wilde.", "After “The Name of the Game” left the airwaves, Barry starred as Gene Bradley in the syndicated spy series “The Adventure” (1972-1973), which was created by Dennis Spooner. The show premiered in the U.K. on ATV on September 29, 1972. In between “The Name of the Game” and “The Adventure,” he costarred in the TV films “Do You Take This Stranger” (with Lloyd Bridges) and “The Devil and Miss Sarah” (both 1971).", "Mr. Barry starred as a magazine tycoon in “The Name of the Game” (1968-71), in which he rotated starring roles with Anthony Franciosa and Robert Stack. He also starred as a wealthy movie celebrity and secret government agent in “The Adventurer” in 1972-73.", "He went on to reach No.1 four times. Other acts also noticed his songwriting talents, with Barry Manilow covering his hit Oh Julie.", "Maurice started to record his first solo album The Loner which was not released. Meanwhile, he released the single \"Railroad\", and starred in the West End musical Sing a Rude Song. In February 1970 Barry recorded a solo album which never saw official release either, though \"I'll Kiss Your Memory\" was released as a single backed by \"This Time\" without much interest.", "Charles Hardin Holley (7th September 1936 – 3rd February 1959), known professionally as Buddy Holly, was an American singer-songwriter and a pioneer of rock and roll. He was born in Lubbock, Texas and called “Buddy” by his family because he was so nice to everyone. Aged five, his young voice and exuberance won him a talent contest singing a then-popular song, ‘Have You Ever Gone Sailing (Down the River of Memories)’. In 1949, he recorded a bluesy solo rendering of Hank Snow’s ‘My Two Timin’ Woman’ on a wire recorder borrowed by a friend who worked in a music shop.", "Al is also credited with being the first \"pop star\". Prior to the advent of Bowlly, the bandleaders were the stars and the main attractions, with the records being sold as \"Ray Noble and his orchestra (with vocal refrain)\", a phenomenon that can be seen on 78s of the period. Most singers were all but anonymous; however, Al's popularity changed this, with him being the first singer to be given a solo spot on BBC radio due to popular demand, and records appearing featuring his own name. Bowlly's personality, good looks, charisma, and above all his voice, earned him the nickname \"The Big Swoon\", with Al finding himself being mobbed by female fans for autographs and photos after his performances.", "Sir Cliff Richard (born Harry Rodger Webb 14/10/40 in Lucknow, India) moved as an 8-year-old to the UK, where it would be 10 more years before he and his group The Drifters emerged in the UK charts for the first time with 'Move It'. Cliff was heavily influenced by Elvis, imitating him shamelessly during the first couple of years of his career. Something which he openly admits, and fully acknowledges that without Elvis, he and many others would… read more", "Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 - February 3, 1959), known as Buddy Holly, was an American musician and singer/songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. Holly was born in Lubbock, Texas, to a musical family during the Great Depression; he learned to play guitar and to sing alongside his siblings. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music and rhythm and blues acts, and he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school. He made his first appearance on local television in 1952, and the following year he formed the group \"Buddy and Bob\" with his friend Bob Montgomery. In 1955, after opening for Elvis Presley, Holly decided to pursue a career in music. He opened for Presley three times that year; his band's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. In October that year, when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets, Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall, who helped him get a contract with Decca Records.", "Cliff Richard was born on 14 Oct 1940 in Lucknow, India, whilst his parents were working in that country.  He returned to England with his family in 1948.  He formed a band in 1957 and a year later he was chosen as a singer for the TV Rock 'n' Roll show \"Oh Boy!\".  His first hit came in 1958, which started a career that continued into the 21st century, with more than 130 hit singles and over 50 original albums, spanning 50 years plus.  In the early 1960s he also starred in several musical films, notably \"The Young Ones\" and \"Summer Holiday\".  He also achieved a number one single in five different decades, and is the most successful British recording artist of all time.", "Barry Manilow, geboren Barry Alan Pincus (Brooklyn, 17 juni 1943), is een Amerikaans zanger, pianist en liedjesschrijver, bekend van zijn nummers \"Could It Be Magic\", \"Mandy\" (1974) en \"Copacabana\" (1978). Hij wordt ook wel \"the King of Soft-Rock\" en \"the showman of this era\" genoemd. Frank Sinatra heeft een keer over hem gezegd: \"he's Next\". Hij is met meer dan 80 miljoen verkochte platen, uitverkochte concerten en 50 top 40-nummers een van de grootste zangers ooit.Manilow woont in Palm Springs.", "As Jeff explains, the lyrics were modified, and publisher Shaw brought the song to the attention of producers Hugo (Peretti) and Luigi (Creatore), who gave the song to Ray Peterson , who took the song to the #7 spot on the U.S. charts.  Just a few months later, in September 1960, British singer Ricky Valance (not to be confused with Ritchie Valens) brought his version of \"Tell Laura\" all the way to the top spot of the U.K. charts, and Jeff Barry was well on his way to a career as songwriter (and, later, producer) extraordinaire.", "Sir Cliff Richard (born Harry Webb in Lucknow , India , on October 14 , 1940 ) is the stage name of one of the UK 's most popular singers of all time.", "His real name was Leonard Borisoff and he was one of many outstanding recording artists in the 1960s to come out of the \"City of Brotherly Love\", Philadelphia. Most '60s music afficionados know Borisoff better as Len Barry, most notably for his huge hit from October of 1965, \"1-2-3\" that charted all the way to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart where it remained in the Top 40 for ten weeks. Barry's musical career, however, begins long before 1965 and the overwhelming popularity of \"1-2-3\".", "The Ultimate Pop Star , a Channel 4 programme screened in 2004 , revealed that Cliff Richard had sold more singles in the UK than any other music artist, ahead of the Beatles in second place and Elvis Presley in third.", "Cliff tours America, his song Little in Love is  No. 17 in the charts and he performs on John Kelly in LA, John Davidson show, Dionne Warwick Solid Gold Show, Merv Griffin show, and continues onto Ontario and New York and flies on Concorde. ", "BARRY MANILOW's first hit, \"Mandy\", was written as \"Brandy\", but was changed when a band named \"Looking Glass\" had a chart hit with that name.", "Paul Anka, born July 30, 1941, in Ottawa, Canada, is a singer, songwriter and performer whose songs became hits for singers Tom Jones, Frank Sinatra and others. His first song, “Diana,” became the No. 1 song in the world, selling more than 20 million copies when Anka was just 16 years old.", "British singer Harry Webb changed his stage name to Cliff Richard in the early 1950s. \"Cliff\" sounded like the face of a cliff, which suggested Rock. \"Richard\" was chosen to honor his musical hero, Little Richard.", "June 18 (1 week) Kenny Rogers - Lucille: An international hit, it reached Number One on the Billboard Country Singles chart and No.5 on the Billboard Hot 100. This hit gave him stardom in the UK.", "In 1968, Cliff Richard entered the Eurovision Song Contest for the UK, singing top favorite “Congratulations” to a second place, beaten by Spains “La La La” by 1 point. Even though the song was a big hit all over Europe, Cliff turned more to his religious life, recording songs and films with different religious groups.", "His real name was Bernard Jewry, but he was better known as Shane Fenton. He had had a few hits in the Sixties but was not exactly a star." ]

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[ "Reeve’s first movie role was a minor one in the submarine disaster movie “Gray Lady Down,” released in 1978. “Superman” soon followed. Reeve was selected for the title role from among about 200 aspirants.", "* \"Christopher Reeve has become an instant international star on the basis of his first major movie role, that of Clark Kent/Superman. Film reviewers — regardless of their opinion of the film — have been almost unanimous in their praise of Reeve's dual portrayal. He is utterly convincing as he switches back and forth between personae.\" – Starlog", "Shortly before his accident, Reeve played a paralyzed police officer in the HBO special Above Suspicion. He did research at a rehabilitation hospital in Van Nuys, and learned how to use a wheelchair to get in and out of cars. Reeve was then offered the lead in Kidnapped, to be shot in Ireland. He was excited to be going to Ireland, and he and Dana decided that they would conceive their second child there. Reeve also planned to direct his first big screen film, a romantic comedy entitled Tell Me True. Not long after making these plans, the family went to Culpeper, Virginia, for an equestrian competition. ", "Two years after A Matter of Gravity, Christopher Reeve made his film debut in a bit part in David Greene's 1978 submarine-rescue thriller Gray Lady Down, one of the movies that helped to put a swift end to Charlton Heston's stardom.", "The Blanks’ fantasy-proneness explains why they found comic books so engrossing, during their early formative years. As adults, they continued to see themselves as superheroes. The first major superhero feature film was Superman (1978), starring Christopher Reeve (a Blank); and subsequent comics-inspired movies were also Blanks-oriented: from Tim Burton’s Batman (1989) to Dick Tracy (1990), Batman Returns (1992), and Batman Forever (1995). Jay Cantor’s 1994 novel, Great Neck, perceptively explores the Blanks’ generational proclivity for self-mythologization in a superheroic register.", "Christopher Reeve became a star 35 years ago by playing the title role in Superman: The Movie. He died in 2004. A decade later, we look back at the man who helped launch the superhero genre, the impact he had on the comic book community and how his influence is continually felt even today. ", "Christopher D'Olier Reeve (September 25, 1952 – October 10, 2004) was an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, author, and activist. He achieved stardom for his acting achievements, in particular his motion picture portrayal of the comic book superhero Superman.", "Christopher D'Olier Reeve (September 25, 1952 – October 10, 2004) was an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, author, and activist.", "The 1978 Superman film starred an unknown young actor named Christopher Reeve, who many today see as the ultimate Superman actor. The novice star appeared along with Gene Hackman as arch enemy Lex Luthor, and screen legend Marlon Brando who added credibility to the project by appearing as Superman’s father. Despite being third billed in his own film, Reeve managed to carry the project admirably, making for a very appealing and heroic man of steel. The movie became one of the top 10 most profitable films ever made at the time. Fans and critics alike praised it. The genre that was once a joke suddenly became the cool new trend.", "In 1978 the first of four Superman films came out all starring Christopher Reeve . The character of Perry White was played by Jackie Cooper in all four films.", "* Christopher Reeve (B.A. 1974 Theater Arts and English) – Actor, best known for starring in Superman and its sequels", "In 1994, Reeve was elected as a co-president of the Creative Coalition. The organization's work was noticed nationwide, and Reeve was asked by the Democratic Party to run for the United States Congress. He replied, \"Run for Congress? And lose my influence in Washington?\" At this time, he had received scripts for Picket Fences and Chicago Hope and was asked by CBS if he wanted to start his own television series. This meant moving to Los Angeles, which would place him even further from Matthew and Alexandra, who lived in London. In Massachusetts, Reeve could take a Concorde and see them any time. He declined the offers. Reeve did not mind making trips, however; he went to New Mexico to shoot Speechless (co-starring Michael Keaton who, like Reeve, also portrayed a famous DC Comics superhero on film; Batman) and went to Point Reyes to shoot Village of the Damned.", "Reeve started acting while a pupil at the exclusive Princeton day school. \"I never once asked myself, 'Who am I?' or 'What am I doing?,'\" he recalled. \"Right from the beginning, the theatre was like home to me. It seemed to be what I did best. I never doubted that I belonged in it.\" Appropriately, after high school he toured the country as Celeste Holm's leading man in The Irregular Verb To Love.", "Directed by Richard Donner and starring Christopher Reeve as Superman, Margot Kidder as Lois Lane, and Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor. The film serves as an origin story for Superman detailing his birth on the doomed planet Krypton and his subsequent years growing up on Earth with his adoptive parents Jonathan and Martha Kent before discovering his true origins and donning the mantle of Superman. The film revolves around a plan by Lex Luthor to launch a missile to destroy the state of California and Superman's attempts to stop him. The film was released on December 10, 1978 and was a massive success both financially and critically.", "*Superman, directed by Richard Donner, starring Christopher Reeve, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Margot Kidder, Valerie Perrine, Ned Beatty, Glenn Ford", "All the Superman films were done with a wholesome, family-friendly style that suited the image of the moral Man of Steel. The tone remained light and there was no extraneous violence. On the heels of Superman, other super hero films started to pop up during the 80’s, including Tim Burton’s popular Batman, starring Michael Keaton. The comic book super hero genre grew and eventually exploded into the dominant summer blockbuster genre. Christopher Reeve was a huge part of that.", "\"Superman,\" directed by Richard Donner, won an Academy Award for its special effects and sports an iconic score by John Williams. But the real star was Christopher Reeve, who deftly played the comic book hero as a gallant crusader for Truth, Justice, and the American Way.", "In Christopher Reeve's final film performance as Superman in a feature film, the film revolves around Superman as he must stop a clone of himself named \"Nuclear Man\" who was created by Lex Luthor. The film was a failure both a financially and critically, and was the last major Superman movie for almost 20 years. The film was released on July 24, 1987.", "2.40pm-5.15pm Christopher Reeve made a big impact here as Superman, getting away nicely with being both bespectacled newspaperman and wrong-righting wonder, without making you ask why no one spotted it. 1978", "Essentially a flashback, The Remains of the Day begins in the present, the present being, in this case, 1958.  Lord Darlington (James Fox,A Passage to India [1984]), a denounced Nazi sympathizer during the 1930s, has died and his English manor has been sold to a retired American Congressman, Jack Lewis (Christopher Reeve).", "Movie Trivia from the Wikipedia:  Richard Matheson , who wrote the original novel and screenplay, appears in a cameo role as a 1912 hotel guest. He is shocked by Richard’s (Christopher Reeve) having cut himself shaving with a straight razor .", "Man of Steel is a 2013 superhero film based on the DC Comics character Superman, co-produced by Legendary Pictures and Syncopy Films, distributed by Warner Bros. It is the first installment in the DC Cinematic Universe. Directed by Zack Snyder and written by David S. Goyer, the film stars Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Michael Shannon, Kevin Costner, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, and Russell Crowe. Man of Steel is a reboot of the Superman film series that portrays the character's origin story.", "Somewhat ironically, Christopher Reeve died the year that saw the release of two widely acclaimed and quite popular movies dealing with the plight of tetraplegics. The irony here is that in both films, the fearless, sympathetic characters choose death instead of life as a tetraplegic:", "Christopher Reeve: Clark Kent looking out the window of the Daily Planet, several shots when Kal-El/Superman is inside the depowering chamber, and when he is repowered by Jor-El.", "Before my time, but that Reeve dude was hot. I gotta finally break down and watch those first two flicks.", "Over the course of eleven years Warner Bros. would develop and then cancel Tim Burton's Superman Lives, which would have starred Nicolas Cage, Wolfgang Petersen's Batman vs. Superman, and the J. J. Abrams scripted Superman: Flyby, which went between directors Joseph \"McG\" Nichols and Brett Ratner. The studio hired Bryan Singer to take over the franchise in 2004, releasing Superman Returns in 2006, which starred newcomer Brandon Routh. Donner's director's cut for Superman II was also released that year. Despite positive reviews, Warner Bros. was disappointed with the financial performance of Superman Returns, and canceled Singer's proposed sequel. The studio nearly went in production of a Justice League film with George Miller directing and D. J. Cotrona as Superman, but it was shelved in 2008 and the film series was rebooted in 2013 with Man of Steel, directed by Zack Snyder and produced by Christopher Nolan. Henry Cavill reprised the role of Superman in 2016 with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.", "Batman & Robin is a 1997 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman. It stars George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Alicia Silverstone, Uma Thurman, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.", "In June 2008, Warner Bros. took pitches from comic book writers, screenwriters and directors on how to restart the Superman film series. During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises in 2008, David S. Goyer, aware that Warner Bros. was planning a Superman reboot, told Christopher Nolan his idea on how to present Superman in a modern context. Impressed with Goyer's concept, Nolan pitched the idea to the studio in February 2010, who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write based on the financial and critical success of The Dark Knight. Nolan admired Singer's work on Superman Returns for its connection to Richard Donner's version, and previously used the 1978 film as casting inspiration for Batman Begins. Zack Snyder was hired as the film's director in October 2010. Principal photography started in August 2011 in West Chicago, Illinois, before moving to Vancouver and Plano, Illinois. The film stars Henry Cavill as Clark Kent/Kal-El/Superman, Amy Adams as Lois Lane, Michael Shannon as General Zod, Diane Lane as Martha Kent, Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent, Laurence Fishburne as Perry White, and Russell Crowe as Jor-El.", "Cooper Timberline as nine-year-old Clark Kent finds there are better uses for laundry, in 2013's \"Man of Steel.\" The latest reboot of the comic book hero is an origin story, directed by Zack Snyder (\"300\") and co-produced by Christopher Nolan (\"The Dark Knight\" trilogy), that explores the search by Clark Kent for his purpose on Earth - which, he discovers, is to protect it from a fiendishly destructive alien.", "After Kevin Smith had been hired to write a new Superman film, he suggested Burton to direct. Burton came on and Warner Bros. set a theatrical release date for the summer of 1998, the 60th anniversary of the character's debut in Action Comics. Nicolas Cage was signed on to play Superman, Burton hired Wesley Strick to rewrite Smith's script and the film entered pre-production in June 1997. For budgetary reasons, Warner Bros. ordered another rewrite from Dan Gilroy, delayed the film and ultimately put it on hold in April 1998. Burton then left to direct Sleepy Hollow. Burton has depicted the experience as a difficult one, citing differences with producer Jon Peters and the studio, stating, \"I basically wasted a year. A year is a long time to be working with somebody that you don't really want to be working with.\" ", "A reboot of the Superman movie franchise, this film once again serves as an origin story for Superman with Henry Cavill starring as the Man of Steel. Directed by Zack Snyder, of 300 and Watchmen fame. Michael Shannon was cast as Superman's nemesis Zod in the film and Amy Adams was cast as Superman's love interest and Daily Planet reporter Lois Lane. The script was written by David Goyer and produced by Christopher Nolan, director of The Dark Knight Trilogy. The film was released on June 14, 2013.", "Man of Steel is a film based on the origins of Superman . Directed by Zack Snyder, produced by Christopher Nolan, and starring Henry Cavill as the title character, the film was released on June 14, 2013." ]

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[ "Born in Connecticut, Porcaro 's musical roots run deep in his family tree. He started taking piano lessons when he was four years old, though while growing up he spent a lot of time on the baseball field. With his brothers, drummer Jeff Porcaro and bassist Mike Porcaro , Steve began playing in various bands. The Porcaro brothers met David Paich when their fathers, Joe Porcaro and Marty Paich , worked together on Glen Campbell 's TV variety show. The keyboardist later toured with Gary Wright (\"Dreamweaver\") and Boz Scaggs around the time of his Silk Degrees album. Members of that touring band would later form Toto . Their self-titled LP was released by Columbia in fall 1977. Going platinum, it yielded the gold single \"Hold the Line,\" \"I'll Supply the Love,\" and \"Georgy Porgy\" -- a favorite sample source for rap/hip hop groups in the '90s, as was \"Human Nature.\" Their other LPs were Hydra and Turn Back . 1982 would prove to be a banner year for the group. Their million-selling LP Toto IV had a Grammys sweep, winning Album of the Year, Record of the Year (\"Rosanna\" ), and Producer of the Year. After seven albums, Toto disbanded in 1988. Porcaro launched a film scoring career having contributed to such movies as Metro starring Eddie Murphy and Hope with Christine Lahti. He also scored the UPN-TV series The Sentinel and Gideon's Crossing which premiered on ABC in fall 2000.", "In the field of music residents include singer Sophie Tucker (1884–1966), \"last of the red-hot mamas.\" Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Members Gene Pitney, Mike Carabello (of Santana); Mark McGrath; bass guitarist Doug Wimbish of Living Colour; Cindy Blackman (drummer for Lenny Kravitz); jazz alto saxophonist Jackie McLean; concert violinist Elmar Oliveira (b. 1950); was born in the city; and brothers Jeff Porcaro, Mike Porcaro and Steve Porcaro (of the group Toto). Composer and multi-instrumentalist Dawn LaRue (b. 1962) from AOL Music is also from Hartford.", "Originally a group of Los Angeles based studio musicians (including guitarist Steve Lukather, keyboardist David Paich, and the Porcaro brothers) aside from doing session work for other stars, Toto had a lengthy career of hits in their own right. Their commercial peak was 1982's \"TOTO IV\", which won several Grammy awards, including Album Of The Year. Toto is best known for their hits \"Africa,\" \"Georgy Porgy\" (covered by 3D and Eric Benet and sampled by MC Lyte on her track, \"Poor Georgie\"), \"Rosanna\" and \"I Won't Hold You Back\" the last of which Roger Sanchez used for his worldwide hit, \"Another Chance.\" After Steve Lukather decided to leave Toto in order to concentrate on his solo career the band became officially defunct as of mid 2008 although in 2010 they reformed allegedly for a short series of concerts only to support their former bassist Mike Porcaro who had been diagnosed with ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease.). However, the band continues to tour.", "As a founding member of the Grammy-winning, platinum-selling rock band Toto , songwriter/keyboardist Steve Porcaro had huge pop hits with \"Hold the Line,\" \"Rosanna,\" and \"Make Believe.\" He also co-wrote \"Human Nature\" on Michael Jackson 's 30 million-selling Thriller album. Other members of the band were his brothers Jeff Porcaro and Mike Porcaro , David Paich , David Hungate , Steve Luthaker, Bobby Kimball , Fergie Fredericksen, and Joseph Williams . Toto also became in-demand session musicians, playing on numerous records.", "The Grammy-winning rock group Toto in 1984: Mike Porcaro, left, Steve Porcaro, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Lukather and Fergie Frederiksen. (Jim Shea / Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images)", "* Jazz drummer Joe Porcaro is the father of musician-songwriters and session players Jeff, Mike and Steve Porcaro, all members of Toto.", "LOS ANGELES (AP) — Mike Porcaro, who was the son and brother of prominent musicians and carved out a long, successful career as the bass player for the Grammy-winning pop group Toto, has died at age 59.", "15th March 2015, Mike Porcaro bassist with Toto died following a battle Lou Gehrig's Disease. He was the middle brother of Toto members Jeff Porcaro and Steve Porcaro. Toto who formed in 1978 are best known for such classic rock hits as 'Hold the Line,' 'Rosanna' and 'Africa' and won an Album of the Year Grammy for 1982's Toto IV.", "When he was seventeen, Porcaro got his first professional gig playing in Sonny & Cher's touring band. He later on called Jim Keltner and Jim Gordon his idols at that time. During his 20s, he played on hundreds of albums, including several for Steely Dan. He toured with Boz Scaggs before co-founding Toto with his brother Steve and childhood friends Steve Lukather and David Paich. Jeff Porcaro is renowned among drummers for the drum pattern he used on the Grammy Award winning Toto song \"Rosanna\", from the album Toto IV. The drum pattern called the Half-Time Shuffle Groove, was originally created by the legendary drummer Bernard Purdie who called it the \"Purdie Shuffle.\" Porcaro created his own version of this groove by blending the aforementioned shuffle with the one heard in the Led Zeppelin song Fool in the Rain. Porcaro describes this groove in detail on a Star Licks video (now DVD) he created shortly after Rosanna became popular.", "A third Porcaro brother, Jeff, was Toto's drummer. He died of a heart attack at his Hidden Hills home in 1992.", "Lou Gehrig's Disease, 2015. Porcaro was the bassist for the band, Toto (and brother to Jeff). The group garnered six Grammy Awards in its heyday. Porcaro was 59. \"Africa,\" \"Rosanna,\" \"Hold the Line\"", "Toto, the band, is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1977.  The group currently consists of Joseph Williams (lead vocals), David Paich (keyboards), Steve Porcaro (keyboards), Steve Lukather (guitars, vocals), Mike Porcaro (bass), and Simon Phillips (drums).  Toto is known for a musical style that combines elements of pop, rock, soul, funk, progressive rock, hard rock, R&B and jazz.  They are regularly associated with the soft rock genre.", "Enter the brothers Duddy—Chris and Steve. These two men will help tell the story of the Porcaros via a documentary due out later this year (Duddy Films). (Chris is slated to be director/cinematographer and Steve will be the executive director). The Porcaros are not only one of the most iconic families to ever grace the music world but they also are a great story human interest story in terms of their evolution which started in Hartford, Connecticut, and ended up in Los Angeles, California. Led by patriarch Joe Porcaro (a legendary jazz drummer, percussionist and educator himself), this is the story of Joe and his wife (Eileen) along with their four children; Jeff, Mike, Steve, and Joleen.", "in 1955 - Mike Porcaro is born. bass, Toto, (1983 US No.1 & UK No.3 single 'Africa').", "Simon & Garfunkel is an American singer-songwriter duo consisting of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. They formed the group \"Tom and Jerry\" in 1957, and had their first taste of success with the minor hit \"Hey, Schoolgirl.\" As Simon and Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, backed by the hit single \"The Sound of Silence.\" Their music was featured in the landmark film The Graduate, propelling them further into the public consciousness.", "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young is a folk-rock supergroup formed when Crosby, Stills & Nash ( Stephen Stills of Buffalo Springfield , David Crosby from the Byrds , and Graham Nash from the Hollies ) asked Neil Young , also of Buffalo Springfield to join them in 1969 and form \"Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young\". Commonly referred to by their initials CSNY, the band is primarily known for their four-part vocal harmonies. They were one of the few North American groups that rivaled the Beatles… read more", "The Mamas and the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. They released five studio albums and seventeen singles, six of which made the top ten, and sold close to 40 million records worldwide. The group comprised John Phillips (1935â2001), Canadian Denny Doherty (1940â2007), Cass Elliot (1941â1974), and Michelle Phillips née Gilliam (b. 1944). Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips , the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties.", "Thanks to their fine-tuned choreography -- and even finer harmonies -- the Temptations became the definitive male vocal group of the 1960s; one of Motown's most elastic acts, they tackled both lush pop and politically charged funk with equal flair, and weathered a steady stream of changes in personnel and consumer tastes with rare dignity and grace. The Temptations' initial five-man lineup formed in Detroit in 1961 as a merger of two local vocal groups, the Primes and the Distants. Baritone Otis Williams, Elbridge (aka El, or Al) Bryant, and bass vocalist Melvin Franklin were longtime veterans of the Detroit music scene when they joined together in the Distants, who in 1959 recorded the single \"Come On\" for the local Northern label. Around the same time, the Primes, a trio comprised of tenor Eddie Kendricks, Paul Williams (no relation to Otis), and Kell Osborne, relocated to the Motor City from their native Alabama; they quickly found success locally, and their manager even put together a girl group counterpart dubbed the Primettes. (Later, three of the Primettes -- Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard -- formed the Supremes).", "Brothers Sly Stone and singer/guitarist  Freddie Stone  combined their bands (Sly & the Stoners and Freddie & the Stone Souls) in 1967. Sly and Freddie Stone, trumpeter  Cynthia Robinson , drummer  Gregg Errico , [2 ] saxophonist  Jerry Martini , and bassist  Larry Graham  completed the original lineup; Sly and Freddie's sister, singer/keyboardist  Rose Stone , joined within a year. This collective recorded five  Billboard Hot 100  hits which reached the top 10, and four ground-breaking albums, which greatly influenced the sound of American pop music, soul,  R&B , funk, and  hip hop music . In the preface of his 1998 book For the Record: Sly and the Family Stone: An Oral History, Joel Selvin sums up the importance of Sly and the Family Stone's influence on African American music  by stating \"there are two types of black music: black music before Sly Stone, and black music after Sly Stone\". [3 ] The band was inducted into the  Rock and Roll Hall of Fame  in 1993.", "The hugely successful soundtrack to the biographical film about 1950s rock & roller Ritchie Valens , La Bamba introduced the world to the Chicano rock of U.S. five-piece Los Lobos . Its title track reached number one in several countries, and was one of eight songs the group contributed to the 1987 album. As well as their renditions of six Valens classics, they also cover the Sevilles' \"Charlena\" and Jesse Belvin 's \"Goodnight My Love.\" Brian Setzer , Marshall Crenshaw , and Howard Huntsberry also appear, with interpretations of songs by Jackie Wilson , Buddy Holly , and Eddie Cochran , alongside Bo Diddley 's original \"Who Do You Love.\" ~ Jon O'Brien", "The Cars were off to a good start during the final years of the 70's with a Top Ten hit, \"Let's Go\", in 1979. They continued to prosper in the 80's with two #10 hits, one from each from of the lead singers, Ric Ocasek (\"Shake It Up\") and Benjamin Orr (\"Drive\"), who died in 2000. In 1988, The Cars announced their break-up, but Ric continued to be a force in the charts producing for many bands such as Weezer and No Doubt. An official reunion came when the four remaining members of The Cars released a new album this year, \"Move Like This\".", "The group reached commercial success after signing with Motown Records in 1966. Struggling for a year and a half and being treated as a second-string act in the label, the group recorded the first hit single version of \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" in 1967, which led to several hit singles for Motown's Soul Records label, including \"Nitty Gritty\", \"Friendship Train\", \"If I Were Your Woman\" and \"Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)\", before leaving the label for Buddah Records in 1973, where they recorded the hits \"Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me\", \"I've Got to Use My Imagination\" and their number-one hit single, \"Midnight Train to Georgia\". Contractual difficulties with their labels forced the group to record side projects until 1980 when they signed with Columbia Records. Later hits included \"Save the Overtime (For Me)\" and the Grammy-winning single \"Love Overboard\". In 1989, the group disbanded with the Pips retiring and Knight embarking on a successful solo career.", "Brotherhood of Man are a British pop group who achieved success in the 1970s. They won the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest with \"Save Your Kisses for Me\".", "Il Divo is a multinational classical crossover vocal group. The male quartet originated in the United Kingdom in December 2003, bringing together singers Urs Bühler, Carlos Marín, David Miller, and Sébastien Izambard.", "The Blues Brothers, formally, variously The Blues Brothers' Show Band and Revue and The Blues Brothers' Rhythm and Blues Revue, are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1976 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, in character as lead vocalist \"Joliet\" Jake Blues (named after Joliet Prison) and harmonica player/backing vocalist Elwood Blues (named after the Elwood Ordnance Plant, which made TNT and grenades during World War II), fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The Blues Brothers first appeared on Saturday Night Live on January 17, 1976. The band made its second appearance as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live. They made their third and final appearance on November 18, 1978. ", "Formed in 1958 in Brooklyn, the Impalas consisted of Joe Frazier, Richard Wagner, Lenny Renda and Tony Carlucci. They were discovered by DJ, Alan Freed, who helped the group sign up with MGM Records on its Cub label. The Impalas released their first record the same year ('58): 'Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home)' b/w 'Fool, Fool, Fool'. 'Sorry' went gold, #2 on Billboard's US, #14 on it's R&B, #28 in the UK. But the Impalas were one of doo wop's numerous drive-by groups, disbanding the next year. Frazer went on to join Love's Own in 1973. He resurrected another version of the Impalas in 1980 with which he toured.", "The Righteous Brothers is a musical duo of Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. They began performing together in 1962 in the Los Angeles area as part of a five-member group called The Paramours, but adopted the name \"The Righteous Brothers\" when they embarked on their recording career as a duo. Their most active recording period was in the 1960s and 70s, and although the duo was inactive for some years, Hatfield and Medley reunited in 1981 and continued to perform until Hatfield's death in 2003. Their emotive vocal style is sometimes dubbed \"blue-eyed soul\".", "11. The Youngbloods, \"Get Together.\" Many artists covered Dino Valenti's classic ode to love and brotherhood, including the We Five, the Jefferson Airplane, and (in live performance) Judy Collins and Joni Mitchell. The Youngbloods were not the first to do it, but they were the ones to have the biggest hit with the song, and deservedly so, as their slow arrangement and Jesse Colin Young's vocals brought out the most rousing, soulful qualities of the tune.", "The Walker Brothers created a “wall of sound” in their cover of “Summertime,” which was featured on their second album “Portrait” in 1966. The track is distinctive because of Scott Walker’s soulful baritone and the rich vocal harmonies that support him.", "The Righteous Brothers were the musical duo of Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. They recorded from 1963 through 1975, and continued to perform live until Hatfield's death in 2003. Their emotive vocal stylings were sometimes dubbed \"blue-eyed soul.\"", "The Righteous Brothers were the musical duo of Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. They recorded from 1963 through 1975, and continued to perform until Hatfield's death in 2003. Their emotive vocal stylings were sometimes dubbed \"blue-eyed soul\".", "The brother duo of Santo and Johnny (Farina) had a no. 1 smash with \"Sleep Walk\" (1959). Other hits included \"Tear Drop\"(1959), \"Caravan\"(1960), \"Hop Scotch\"(1961), and \"I'll Remember (In The Still Of The Night)\" (1964)." ]

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[ "Although many Eastern European countries have removed most statues of Lenin, Russia and Ukraine retain them. Furthermore, also in 1991, after a contested vote between Communists and liberals, the Leningrad government reverted the city's name to St. Petersburg , whilst the surrounding Leningrad Oblast remained so named; [190] like-wise the city of Ulyanovsk (V. I. Lenin's birthplace) remains so named. Gyumri in Armenia was named Leninakan from 1924 to 1990, Khujand in Tajikistan Leninabad from 1936 to 1991.", "Since the dissolution of the USSR in late 1991, reverence for Lenin declined among the post-Soviet generations, yet remains an important historical figure for the Soviet-era generations. In Eastern Europe, most statues of Lenin were removed, yet some remain in Russia; however, given his importance as an historical figure, one such statue, from Poprad, Slovakia , was installed in Seattle, Washington, USA, as a kitsch reminder of the Cold War (1945–91). Another statue was placed in 1991 on the rooftop of \"Red Square\" apartment building, standing on the corner of Essex and Houston Street in Lower East Side, New York. In 1991, subsequent to a contested vote, between Communists and liberals, the Leningrad government reverted the city’s eponymous name to St. Petersburg, whilst the surrounding Leningrad Oblast remained so named; like-wise the city of Ulyanovsk (V. I. Lenin's birthplace) remains so named. Gyumri in Armenia was named Leninakan from 1924 to 1990, Khujand in Azerbaijan Leninabad from 1936 to 1991.", "Kaluga, Yaroslavl (Russia), Karaganda, Baikonur (Leninsk, Kazakhstan, 1977), Gyumri (Leninakan, Armenia, 1965), Vitebsk (Belarus, 1975), Montreux (Switzerland), Drancy (France), Montgomery (UK), Polizzi Generosa (Italy), Darkhan (Mongolia, 1965), Sofia, Burgas, Petrich, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Varna (Bulgaria, 1963), Bratislava (Slovakia, 1963)", "Violence erupted in Nagorno-Karabakh—an Armenian-populated enclave of Azerbaijan—between February and April, when Armenians living in the area began a new wave of demands to transfer of NKAO from Azerbaijan to Armenia which eventually led to full scale Nagorno-Karabakh War . [34] Gorbachev imposed a temporary solution, but it did not last, as fresh trouble arose in Nagorno-Karabakh between June and July. Turmoil would once again return in late 1988, this time in Armenia itself, when the Leninakan Earthquake hit the region on 7 December. Poor local infrastructure magnified the hazard and some 25,000 people died. [14] Gorbachev was forced to break off his trip to the U.S. and cancel planned travels to Cuba and Britain. [14]", "Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as \"Black January.\" Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died – the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.", "In 1919 during the ensuing Russian Civil War Nikolay Yudenich advancing from Estonia was about to capture the city from the Bolsheviks, but Leon Trotsky ultimately managed to mobilise the population and make him retreat. Many people fled the city in 1917-1920 or were repressed in the Red Terror , [19] so its population decreased dramatically. On January 26, 1924, three days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. For decades Leningrad was glorified by the Soviet propaganda as \"the cradle of the revolution\" and \"the city of three revolutions\", many spots related to Lenin and the revolutions, such as the cruiser Aurora , were carefully preserved.[citation needed] Many streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly.", "On May 1, 1945 Joseph Stalin, in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside Stalingrad, Sevastopol, and Odessa, hero cities of the war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of \"Hero City\" passed on May 8, 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during the Brezhnev era. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal \"for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege\". The Hero-City Obelisk bearing the Gold Star sign was installed in April 1985.", "Following the politics of glasnost, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in Black January in Baku. Later in 1990, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words \"Soviet Socialist\" from the title, adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and restored flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag. On 18 October 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991, when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991.", "Prozorovsky, Lev Vladimirovich Born in 1914 on the Volga in the Atkarsky uezd, near Saratov, the son of a country doctor. Father died when he was 13. After 7th grade in school, he went to work in order to help his mother raise their sister. He was a packer of boxes, an elevator operator in a hospital, an electrician, and a lighting technician at an opera theater, where he also joined the Komsomol. He later became a police officer assigned to the Saratov criminal investigation group \"BB\" (brigade for the struggle against banditism). He was wounded on 17 May 1935, which ended his police career.", "Music schools are named after Khachaturian in Tbilisi, Moscow (established in 1967, named after him in 1996), Yerevan, Martuni in Nagorno-Karabakh, and Watertown, Massachusetts, US (run by the Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society). Streets in Yerevan, Tbilisi, Moscow (ru), Astana (Kazakhstan) and Simferopol (Crimea) are named after Khachaturian.", "The post-Soviet era started disastrously with defeat in a war against neighbouring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave. A 1994 ceasefire agreement left Armenian forces in control of not only Karabakh but also about an eighth of Azerbaijan proper. Political chaos in Baku in 1993 enabled the political comeback of Heydar Aliyev , who led Azerbaijan’s Communist party during the Soviet era. Once back in power Aliyev quickly sidelined political foes and consolidated his authority.", "Tajikistan's largest city, Dushanbe (which was called Stalinabad from 1929 to 1961), was a Soviet-era development. Badly battered in the Russian Civil War of 1918-21, the village experienced a population drop from more than 3,000 in 1920 to 283 by 1924, and few buildings remained intact. Nevertheless, in 1924 Dushanbe was chosen as the capital of the new Tajikistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Centrally planned development projects inaugurated in 1926, 1938, 1965, and 1983 established housing, government office buildings, cultural facilities, and sports and recreational facilities, as well as the municipal infrastructure. With the addition of about 100 factories, Dushanbe also became Tajikistan's industrial center. It is the headquarters of the republic's radio and television broadcasting facilities and film studio. Several institutions of higher education and scholarship are located there.", "Ulyanovsk, situated on the Volga, is the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin, whose monument in the local museum is still watched by a guard of honour. The rigorous discipline of the past, however, seems to have abated. 1975", "Nestor Lakoba , Nikita Khrushchev , Lavrenti Beria and Aghasi Khanjian throughout the opening of the Moscow Metro in 1936. The same year Lakoba and Khanjian were killed by Beria.", "In 1961, the city's name was changed to Volgograd (\"Volga City\") as part of Nikita Khrushchev's program of de-Stalinization. This was and remains somewhat contentious, given the fame of the name Stalingrad, and there were once serious proposals to change the name back during Konstantin Chernenko's brief administration in 1985. There is still a strong degree of local support for a reversion and proposals have been made from time to time, though as yet none have been accepted by the Russian government.", "The promenade along the Volga River is a popular destination for visitors and locals in Volgograd. The city was named Stalingrad in 1925 in honor of the Soviet leader. The name was changed back in 1961, as part of a program of to expunge the cult of personality and brutal policies of Stalin from the Soviet system. Anne Garrels/NPR hide caption", "Christ the Saviour Cathedral – This cathedral, the tallest Orthodox church in the world (the largest being the Temple of St. Sava in Belgrade ), was blown up on orders from Stalin in 1931, with the view of building the gargantuan Palace of the Soviets, to be crowned by a 100 m high statue of Lenin. The project ran into engineering and geological difficulties (the area used to be a swamp), then the War intervened, and the place was ceded to a year-round open-air swimming pool. The pool was razed and the cathedral rebuilt only after the fall of the Soviet Union, in the mid-nineties. There is an extensive museum underneath the cathedral documenting its history (the original was started in 1839 and consecrated in 1883). Metro: Kropotkinskaya.", "Originally called Tsaritsyn, the city was renamed Stalingrad in 1925 in honor of the Soviet leader. The name was changed to Volgograd in 1961 as part of Nikita Khrushchev's program to expunge the cult of personality and brutal policies of Stalin from the Soviet system.", "Population figures cited by A. Mutalibov in: Soyuz, No. 39, 1990. See also Undeclared War, Baku, 1991, no pagination.", "The city was called Tsaritsyn before the Bolshevik Russian revolution of 1917. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev launched a campaign of \"de-Stalinisation\" after Stalin's death in 1953, easing political repression, erasing the late dictator's name and renaming the \"hero city\" as Volgograd.", "The city was renamed Stalingrad after Joseph Stalin on April 10, 1925. This was officially to recognize the city's and Stalin's role in its defense against the Whites in 1918-1920.", "In 1925, after the national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia, the Kyrgyz ASSR was renamed as the Kazakh SSR, the capital was moved from Ural to Syrdarya in the city Perovsk (former Ak-Mosque), having received the new name Kyzyl-Orda. It included Syrdarya and Zhetysu regions of former Turkestan ASSR with the Kazakh population and Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Region. Orenburg region was returned directly under the RSFSR.", "Today, Bishkek is a modern city with many restaurants and cafes, and with many second-hand European and Japanese cars and minibuses crowding its streets. However, streets and sidewalks have fallen into disrepair since the 1990s. At the same time, Bishkek still preserves its former Soviet feel with Soviet-period buildings and gardens prevailing over newer structures.", "In the 1920’s and 1930’s urban, rural, and resort construction were important. For instance, 168 health centers were built, primarily on the southern shore (Kurpaty Sanatorium near Yalta [1936; architect V. Koval’skii] and the workers’ resort in Alushta [1939; architect A. N. Beketov]. New villages with standard houses were built on the Crimean steppes. The postwar restoration of cities and health resorts began immediately after the Great Patriotic War. The reconstruction of Sevastopol’ and Kerch’, which lay in ruins, and work on the further development of Simferopol’ have been stressed. Old sanatoriums and workers’ resorts have been expanded (for example, the new sanatorium building at Nizhniaia Oreanda [1945; architects M. la. Ginzburg and F. I. Mikhailovskii]). New sanatoriums and workers’ resorts have been built, as well as boarding houses (the Donbas in Mas-sandra, 1963, architect A. T. Polianskii), hotels, and youth camps (the international Sputnik camp in Gurzuf [1962; architect A. T. Polianskii] and the Artek “All-Union Pioneers’ Camp). Houses of Creation have been expanded (the new building of the K. A. Korovin Artists’ House of Creation in Gurzuf [1962; architect A. T. Polianskii]). Detailed plans for the regional planning of the southern shore and greater Yalta have been drafted (1968 and 1973, respectively).", "On December 7, 1988, the Spitak earthquake struck, killing an estimated 25,000 to 50,000 people. When Gorbachev rushed back from a visit to the United States, he was so angered to be confronted by protesters calling for Nagorno-Karabakh to be made part of the Armenian Republic – during a natural disaster – that on December 11, 1988, he ordered the entire Karabakh Committee to be arrested.", "You returned to Russia in 1991, unless I am not mistaken. Have things changed a great deal? Notably it was 10 years since your returned to Baku where you were born in Azerbaijan? How have things changed there?", "In the 1960s, signs of a structural crisis in the Soviet system began to emerge. Azerbaijan's crucial oil industry lost its relative importance in the Soviet economy, partly because of a shift of oil production to other regions of the Soviet Union and partly because of the depletion of known oil resources accessible from land, while offshore production was not deemed cost effective. As a result, Azerbaijan had the lowest rate of growth in productivity and economic output among the Soviet republics, with the exception of Tajikistan. Ethnic tensions, particularly between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began to grow, but violence was suppressed. In an attempt to end the growing structural crisis, the government in Moscow appointed Heidar Aliyev as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in 1969. Aliyev temporarily improved economic conditions and promoted alternative industries to the declining oil industry, such as cotton. He also consolidated the republic's ruling elite, which now consisted almost entirely of ethnic Azerbaijanis, thus reverting the previous trends of sblizheniye. In 1982 Aliyev was made a member of the Communist Party's Politburo in Moscow. In 1987, when Perestroika was implemented, he was forced to retire by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, whose reform policies he opposed.", "The city consists of a central district built in Soviet 1940s and 1950s-style architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential concrete towerblocks and large yurt quarters. In recent years, many of the towerblock's ground floors have been modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings have been erected, some of them illegally (some private companies erect buildings without the legal licenses or in forbidden places).[citation needed]", "The rise of nationalism under glasnost also reawakened simmering ethnic tensions throughout the union. For example, in February 1988, Nagorno-Karabakh, a predominantly ethnic Armenian region in the Azerbaijan SSR, passed a resolution calling for unification with the Armenian SSR, which sparked the Nagorno-Karabakh War.", "Erkindik (\"Freedom\") Boulevard runs from north to south, from the main railroad station (Bishkek II) south of Chui Avenue to the museum quarter and sculpture park just north of Chui Avenue, and further north toward the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the past it was called Dzerzhinsky Boulevard, named after a Communist revolutionary, Felix Dzerzhinsky, and its northern continuation is still called Dzerzhinsky Street.", "In 1920 the working people of Azerbaijan and Armenia reestablished Soviet power on their soil, and in February 1921 the Menshevik government in Georgia fell; the interventionists abandoned the Caucasus. British and American troops were forced to leave the Far East in 1920. The Civil War concluded with the victory of the Soviet people, to which the Leninist Soviet foreign policy made an enormous contribution.", "The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialization and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures, hundreds of thousands of deaths from failed collectivization programs, and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems. Soviet authorities deported millions of people, including entire nationalities, from western areas of the USSR to Central Asia and Siberia. According to Touraj Atabaki and Sanjyot Mehendale, \"From 1959 to 1970, about two million people from various parts of the Soviet Union migrated to Central Asia, of which about one million moved to Kazakhstan.\" " ]

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[ "Iggy Pop ( /ˈɪɡi pɒp/ ; born James Newell Osterberg, Jr.; April 21, 1947) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. Osterberg became known as \"Iggy\" in high school, when he served as drummer for a local blues band, The Iguanas. He is vocalist of influential  protopunk  band  The Stooges , who reunited in 2003, [1]  and has been known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics. [2] [3]", "James Newell Osterberg, Jr. (born April 21 , 1947 ), better known by his stage name Iggy Pop, is an American rock singer, songwriter , and occasional actor. Although he has had only limited commercial success, Iggy Pop is considered one of the most important innovators of punk and related styles. He is sometimes referred to by the nicknames \"the Godfather of Punk\" and \"the Rock Iguana\", [1] and is widely acknowledged as one of the most dynamic stage performers of rock. Pop began calling himself Iggy after his first band in high school, The Iguanas. [2] His direct influence extends to the present day: a Cadillac ad in rotation since February 2007 features his vocal performance on the song \"Punkrocker\", recorded in 2006 with the Swedish band Teddybears . [3]", "James Newell Osterberg, Jr., known professionally as Iggy Pop ( /ˈɪɡi pɒp/ ; born April 21, 1947), is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band The Stooges , who reunited in 2003, [1] and is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics. [2] [3] [4]", "James Newell Osterberg, Jr. ( 21 April 1947 ) more widely know by his stage name Iggy Pop, is an American punk rock singer and actor considered to be one of the most important innovators of punk rock and related styles. He is sometimes referred to by the nicknames \"the Godfather of Punk\" and \"the Rock Iguana\", and is widely acknowledged as one of the most dynamic stage performers of the rock era.", "Iggy Pop. REAL NAME: James Newell Osterberg, Jr. It's kind of hard to be a stage diving bad-a-- with the name James Osterberg.", "Iggy Pop was born as James Newell Osterburg on 21st April 1947 in Michigan. He is a rock singer, songwriter and has also appeared occasionally as an actor. ", "* Music/IggyPop was born James Newell Osterberg. The \"Iggy\" part came about as a nickname, as he used to play drums for a group named The Iguanas. Apparently still goes by \"Jim\" among friends.", "Iggy Pop aka James Osterberg born (Muskegon, MI) American rock singer, songwriter. Founder member of the Stooges and solo artist.", "Iggy Pop was the lead singer of The Stooges , a late 1960s/early 1970s rock band who were influential in the development of the nascent hard rock and punk rock genres. The Stooges became infamous for their live performances, during which it was not uncommon for Pop (who traditionally performs bare-chested) to self-mutilate , verbally abuse the audience, expose himself and leap off the stage (the first or among the first to stage dive ).", "Pop's new solo album, Pr�liminaires, was released on June 2, 2009. Inspired by a novel by French author Michel Houellebecq (born Michel Thomas) called La Possibilit� d'une �le (2005; Trans. as The Possibility of an Island by Gavin Bowd, 2006), Iggy was approached to provide the soundtrack for a documentary film on Michel and his attempts to make a film from his novel. Iggy's favourite character from Michel's novel is a little white dog named Fox. Iggy describes this new release as a \"quieter album with some jazz overtones\", the first single off the album, \"King of the Dogs\", bearing a sound strongly influenced by New Orleans jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Jelly Roll Morton. Iggy also admits that it's his response to being \"sick of listening to idiot thugs with guitars banging out crappy music\". The album is available on legal download sites, CD, and a Deluxe Boxset is available at only 6000 units worldwide. This boxset contains the Pr�liminaires album, a collector \"Les Feuilles Mortes\" b/w \"King Of The Dogs\" 7 inch, the cover of which is Iggy's portrait by Marjane Satrapi, and a 38 page booklet of drawings also by Marjane Satrapi.", "The Passenger was the putative name for a biographical film about Pop's early career with the Stooges. The film was to be directed by  Nick Gomez , and Elijah Wood  was to play Iggy Pop. [41] [42] [43]  As of 2010, the project appears to be shelved. [44]", "The seeds of Iggy Pop's stage persona were sown when he saw  The Doors  perform in 1967 at the University of Michigan and was amazed by the stage antics and antagonism displayed by singer  Jim Morrison . [6]  Morrison's extreme behavior, while performing in a popular band, inspired the young Pop to push the boundaries of stage performance. Other influences on Iggy Pop's vocals and persona were  Mick Jagger  and James Brown . Pop was the first performer to do a  stage-dive , which he started at a concert in Detroit. [6]  Pop also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass, exposing himself to the crowd, and vomiting on stage. [6]", "Pop's popularity has ebbed and flowed throughout the course of his subsequent solo career. His best-known solo songs include \" Lust for Life ,\" \"I'm Bored,\" \" Real Wild Child ,\" the Top 40 hit \" Candy \" (with vocalist Kate Pierson of The B-52's ) and \" The Passenger \". A film about Iggy Pop's life and career titled The Passenger is in development. He currently fronts the advertising campaign for the UK-based online insurance company Swiftcover , in his trademark state of toplessness.", "Pop's 2003 album Skull Ring featured collaborators Sum 41 , Green Day , Peaches , and The Trolls, as well as Ron and Scott Asheton, reuniting the three surviving founding members of The Stooges for the first time since 1974. Pop made a guest appearance on Peaches 's song Kick It as well as the video. Also in 2003, his first full-length biography was published. Gimme Danger – The Story of Iggy Pop was written by Joe Ambrose; Pop did not collaborate on the biography or publicly endorse it. Having enjoyed working with the Ashetons on Skull Ring, Pop reformed The Stooges with bassist Mike Watt (formerly of the Minutemen ) filling in for the late Dave Alexander, and Fun House saxophonist Steve Mackay rejoining the lineup. They have toured regularly since 2004. That year, Pop opened Madonna 's Reinvention World Tour in Dublin.", "Pop's 2003 album Skull Ring featured collaborators Sum 41 , Green Day , Peaches , and The Trolls , as well as Ron and Scott Asheton, reuniting the three surviving founding members of The Stooges for the first time since 1974. Pop made a guest appearance on Peaches 's song Kick It as well as the video. Also in 2003, his first full-length biography was published. Gimme Danger – The Story of Iggy Pop was written by Joe Ambrose; Pop did not collaborate on the biography or publicly endorse it. Having enjoyed working with the Ashetons on Skull Ring, Pop reformed The Stooges with bassist Mike Watt (formerly of the Minutemen ) filling in for Dave Alexander , and Fun House saxophonist Steve Mackay rejoining the lineup. They have toured regularly since 2004. That year, Pop opened Madonna 's Reinvention World Tour in Dublin.", "At The Drive-In's \"Enfilade\" starts with a simulated ransom phone call, fitting it's lyrics about a kidnapping. The \"caller\" is Iggy Pop , who also made a sung guest appearance on a different song on the same album:", "Pop's 2003 album, Skull Ring , featured collaborations with Sum 41 , Green Day , Peaches , and The Trolls , as well as the Asheton brothers, reuniting the two surviving founding members of Stooges for the first time since 1974. He made a guest appearance on electroclash artist Peaches 's song \"Kick It\" as well as the video. Also in 2003, the first full-length biography of Iggy was published by Omnibus Press. Gimme Danger - The Story of Iggy Pop was written by Joe Ambrose. Pop did not collaborate on the biography or publicly endorse it.", "Pop's 2003 album Skull Ring featured collaborators Sum 41 , Green Day , Peaches , and The Trolls , as well as Ron and Scott Asheton, reuniting the three surviving founding members of The Stooges for the first time since 1974. Pop made a guest appearance on Peaches 's song Kick It as well as the video. Also in 2003, his first full-length biography was published. Gimme Danger – The Story of Iggy Pop was written by Joe Ambrose; Pop did not collaborate on the biography or publicly endorse it. Having enjoyed working with the Ashetons on Skull Ring, Pop reformed The Stooges with bassist Mike Watt (formerly of the Minutemen ) filling in for the late Dave Alexander , and Fun House saxophonist Steve Mackay rejoining the lineup. They have toured regularly since 2004. That year, Pop opened Madonna 's Reinvention World Tour in Dublin.", "In January 2009, Iggy Pop was signed up as the face of  Swiftcover , the UK-based online insurance company. [25]  The advert was then banned by the Advertising Standards Authority on April 28, 2009 for being misleading – it implied that Iggy Pop himself had an insurance policy with Swiftcover when at the time the company did not insure musicians. [26]", "27 Iggy Pop appears at the Metropol, Nollendorf, Berlin. During the set Iggy dedicated China Girl to Bowie who was in the audience saying, 'Hi Dave, wherever you are.' Bowie later joined Iggy on stage for a couple of numbers on keyboards and then watched the rest of the show from the side of the stage.", "In 1980, Iggy Pop published his autobiography I NEED MORE, co-written with Ann Arbor, Michigan arts patron Anne Weher. The book, which includes a selection of black and white photographs, features a foreword by Andy Warhol. Warhol says that he met Iggy when he was Jim Osterberg, at the Ann Arbor Film Festival in 1966. \"I don't know why he hasn't made it really big,\" wrote the one Pop artist about the other. \"He is so good.\"", "In 1980, Iggy Pop published his autobiography I NEED MORE, co-written with Anne Weher, an Ann Arbor arts patron. The book, which includes a selection of black and white photographs, features a foreword by Andy Warhol. Warhol says that he met Iggy when he was Jim Osterberg, at the Ann Arbor Film Festival in 1966. \"I don't know why he hasn't made it really big,\" wrote the one Pop artist about the other. \"He is so good.\"", "On April 7, 2011, at age 63, Pop performed \"Real Wild Child\" on the  tenth season of American Idol ; the  Los Angeles Times music blog \"Pop & Hiss\" described Pop as being \"still magnetic, still disturbing\". [33]  He is also featured on  Kesha 's song \" Dirty Love \" on her second album  Warrior . [34]  On August 25, 2013, Iggy and the Stooges co-headlined RiotFest 2013's Day 2, performing in Toronto and Denver along with  The Replacements . [35]", "*Iggy Pop wrote a tribute song for Johnny entitled \"Look Away\" on the album Naughty Little Doggie. It also involves his love affair with Sable Starr.", "During the recording of  Soldier  (1980), Iggy Pop and Williamson quarrelled over production (the latter apparently wanted a big,  Phil Spector -type sound) and Williamson was fired. Bowie appeared on the song Play it Safe, performing backing vocals with the group  Simple Minds . The album and its follow-up  Party  (1981) were both commercial failures, and Iggy Pop was dropped from Arista. His drug habit varied in intensity, but persisted.", "Back when it first came out, Lust For Life was more commercially successful than even Pop's earlier (and highly influential) recordings with The Stooges. And in the years since the initial release of \"Lust For Life,\" the song has taken on a life of its own, continually garnering radio airplay, showing up on countless compilations, and being used in several commercials and soundtracks -- most famously in 1996's Trainspotting , which gave it a new lease on life, introducing it to a new generation of fans. And in the decades since its initial recording, Iggy, who turns 63 this year, continually performs the song in concert, each time with renewed energy and raw power. Below are a number of video clips of Iggy, who never seems to wear a shirt in concert, performing the song. The earliest performance (and best, in my opinion) is the one in Manchester, England in 1977. Also below are the lyrics for \"Lust For Life.\"", "Iggy Pop was unhappy with RCA. He later admitted that he had made TV Eye as a quick way of fulfilling his three-album RCA contract and moving on elsewhere. This was Arista Records , for which he released New Values in 1979. This album was something of a Stooges reunion, with James Williamson producing and latter-day Stooge Scott Thurston playing guitar and keyboards. Not surprisingly, the album's style veered back to the guitar sound of the Stooges. Although highly regarded by many Iggy fans -- some preferring it to the Bowie collaborations -- New Values was not a commercial success, despite some strong material including \"I'm Bored\" and \"Five Foot One\".", "In 1980, Pop published his autobiography I Need More, co-written with Anne Weher, an Ann Arbor arts patron. The book, which includes a selection of black and white photographs, featured a foreword by Andy Warhol. Warhol wrote that he met Iggy when he was Jim Osterberg, at the Ann Arbor Film Festival in 1966. \"I don't know why he hasn't made it really big,\" Warhol wrote. \"He is so good.\"", "Iggy Pop played himself as the DJ of the fictional rock station Liberty Rock Radio 97.7 in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV .", "Source: Biographical information provided by MUZE. Excerpted from the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR MUSIC, edited by Colin Larkin. © 2004 MUZE UK Ltd.", "Source: Biographical information provided by MUZE. Excerpted from the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR MUSIC, edited by Colin Larkin. © 2004 MUZE UK Ltd.", "Songfacts: Were the sessions as wild as you would think an Iggy Pop session in the late '70s, early '80s would be?" ]

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[ "Franz Kafka graduated as a Doctor of Law from Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in 1906. After a compulsory year of unpaid work as a legal clerk, in November 1907 he joined the local office of an insurance firm but left after nine months because its long hours -- 8am to 6pm -- left him little time to write. He then joined an industrial injury institute as a compensation assessor (during which time he is credited by some with inventing the hard hat), and in 1911 co-founded an asbestos factory. Kafka reportedly despised his day jobs, but by all accounts he was a superb employee and was promoted several times.", "The bare facts of Franz Kafka’s life seem ordinary, even banal. He was born on 3 July 1883 in Prague, where his parents, Hermann and Julie Kafka, kept a small shop selling fancy goods, umbrellas and the like. He was the eldest of six children, including two brothers who died in infancy and three sisters who all outlived him. He studied law at university and after a year of practice started work, first for his local branch of an insurance firm based in Trieste, then after a year for the state-run Workers’ Accident Insurance Institute, where his job was not only to handle claims for injury at work but to forestall such accidents by visiting factories and examining their equipment and their safety precautions. In his spare time he was writing prose sketches and stories, which were published in magazines and as small books, beginning with Meditation in 1912. In August 1912 he met Felice Bauer, four years his junior, who was visiting from Berlin, where she worked in a firm making office equipment. Their relationship, including two engagements, was carried on largely by letter (they met only on 17 occasions, far the longest being a ten-day stay in a hotel in July 1916) and finally ended when in August 1917 Kafka had a haemorrhage which proved tubercular; he had to convalesce in the country, uncertain how much longer he could expect to live. Thereafter brief returns to work alternated with stays in sanatoria until he took early 1", "Franz Kafka is undoubtedly the most famous representative of the tradition of German-language literature in Prague, and his works have earned worldwide acclaim. Franz Kafka was born in Prague, studied law and worked as a clerk all his life. Yet he considered writing to be his life’s principal mission. He was very critical of everything he wrote and most of his works were only published posthumously, against his will. Among Franz Kafka’s most widely read works are The Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Castle, and collected stories, journals and letters. Kafka suffered from a lung disease, to which he finally succumbed after seven years, in the Austrian town of Kierling.", "Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague, the capital of Bohemia, a kingdom that was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father, Hermann Kafka (1852�1931), was described by Kafka himself as \"a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature ...\". Hermann was the fourth child of Jacob Kafka, a butcher, and came to Prague from Osek, a Jewish village near P�sek in southern Bohemia. After working as a traveling sales representative, he established himself as an independent retailer of men's and women's fancy goods and accessories, employing up to 15 people and using a jackdaw (kavka in Czech) as his business logo. Kafka's mother, Julie (1856�1934), was the daughter of Jakob L�wy, a prosperous brewer in Poděbrady, and was better educated than her husband.", "Each working day for 14 years Kafka would leave this office, carrying an umbrella and briefcase, and proceed down Na Porici to Namesti Republiky, where he would cross to the black gothic hulk called the Powder Tower. Along the way he would pass the spectacular art nouveau Obecni Dum (Municipal House), which was under construction from 1905-1911 while Kafka was a university student. Now renovated, Obecni Dum appears much as it did in Kafka’s day.", "The organization man Josef K., like other Kafka protagonists, embodies the type required and produced by modern institutions of work, commerce, and government. To see how work is represented in Kafka, we may turn back to The Transformation and to Gregor Samsa’s reflections on his job as a commercial traveller: ‘O God,’ he thought, ‘what an exhausting job I’ve chosen! On the move day in, day out. The business worries are far worse than they are on the actual premises at home, and on top of that I’m saddled with the strain of all this travelling, the anxiety about train connections, the bad and irregular meals, the constant stream of changing faces with no chance of any warmer, lasting", "Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague, the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education he was employed with an insurance company, forcing him to relegate writing to his spare time. Over the course of his life, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a strained and formal relationship. He died in 1924 at the age of 40 from tuberculosis.", "Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague , the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . He trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education he was employed with an insurance company, forcing him to relegate writing to his spare time. Over the course of his life, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a strained and formal relationship. He became engaged to several women but never married. He died in 1924 at the age of 40 from tuberculosis.", "He often referred to his job as insurance officer as a \"bread job\", a job done only to pay the bills. However, he did not show any signs of indifference towards his job, as the several promotions that he received during his career prove that he was a hardworking employee. In parallel, Kafka was also committed to his literary work.", "Franz Kafka is an icon of dark existentialist and absurdist literature who often wrote about themes of isolation, alienation, and authoritarian oppression. His best known work includes the short story \"The Metamorphosis\", in which the main character transforms into a beetle, as well as \"In the Penal Colony\", \"The Hunger Artist\", and the novels The Trial, The Castle, and the unfinished Amerika. Also of note were the various autobiographical observations and literary ideas culled from his many journals as well as his famed \"Letter to His Father\", in which he attempted to explain their strained relationship and his emotional peculiarities.", "Franz Kafka, the son of Julie Löwy and Hermann Kafka, a merchant, was born into a prosperous middle-class Jewish family. After two brothers died in infancy, he became the oldest child, remaining forever conscious of his role as older brother; Ottla, the youngest of his three sisters, became the family member closest to him. Kafka strongly identified with his maternal ancestors because of their spirituality, intellectual distinction, piety, rabbinical learning, eccentricity, melancholy disposition , and delicate physical and mental constitution. He was not, however, particularly close to his mother, a simple woman devoted to her children. Subservient to her overwhelming, ill-tempered husband and his exacting business, she shared with her spouse a lack of comprehension of their son’s unprofitable and possibly unhealthy dedication to the literary “recording of [his]…dreamlike inner life.”", "The works of Franz Kafka (1883- 1924 ) seek to pare language and experience down to the elemental. Kafka, a Czech Jew who wrote in German, worked for an insurance company (as did Wallace Stevens on the other side of the Atlantic, but it seems to have done Stevens less harm). He died of tuberculosis in 1924 at the age of 41, generally unknown outside Prague; his fame is due almost entirely to his executor’s refusal to carry out Kafka’s requests to burn all his manuscripts.", "In fact, generally speaking, Kafka was a charming, intelligent, and humorous individual, but he found his routine office job and the exhausting double life into which it forced him (for his nights were frequently consumed in writing) to be excruciating torture , and his deeper personal relationships were neurotically disturbed. The conflicting inclinations of his complex and ambivalent personality found expression in his sexual relationships. Inhibition painfully disturbed his relations with Felice Bauer, to whom he was twice engaged before their final rupture in 1917. Later his love for Milena Jesenská Pollak was also thwarted. His health was poor and office work exhausted him. In 1917 he was diagnosed as having tuberculosis, and from then onward he spent frequent periods in sanatoriums.", "What Kafka formulates here is the classic Oedipal relationship as described by Freud. To become adult, a male has to become like his father, a sexually mature being; but he must also resist his father by displacing him from the position of sole, or supreme, sexually mature male in the household. To emulate his father, he must oppose his father. Franz had the added difficulty that as a boy he was, by his own account, so uninterested in sex as to be prudishly offended by any mention of it, whereas Hermann Kafka called a spade a spade: a hint by his father that he ought to visit a brothel seemed to the teenage Franz ‘the dirtiest thing there was’. So, according to Kafka, his own wish to find a partner was blocked by the negative forces – weakness, insecurity, guilt, low self-esteem – implanted in him by his father. How else could Kafka, according to himself, have escaped from his father’s influence? One possibility was a career, and Kafka does 8", "According to his diary, Kafka was already planning his novel Das Schloss (The Castle), by 11 June 1914; however, he did not begin writing it until 27 January 1922. [128] The protagonist is the Landvermesser (land surveyor) named K., who struggles for unknown reasons to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village. Kafka’s intent was that the castle’s authorities notify K. on his deathbed that his “legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was to be permitted to live and work there”. [148] Dark and at times surreal , the novel is focused on alienation , bureaucracy , the seemingly endless frustrations of man’s attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unobtainable goal. Hartmut M. Rastalsky noted in his thesis: “Like dreams, his texts combine precise “realistic” detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness.” [149]", "Shortly after this, Kafka wrote the story \"\" (\"The Judgment\") in only one night and worked in a productive period on ' (The Man Who Disappeared) and \"Die Verwandlung\" (\"The Metamorphosis\"). Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through letters over the next five years, met occasionally, and were engaged twice. Kafka's extant letters to her were published as ' (Letters to Felice); her letters do not survive. According to biographers Stach and James Hawes, around 1920 Kafka was engaged a third time, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor and uneducated hotel chambermaid. Although the two rented a flat and set a wedding date, the marriage never took place. During this time Kafka began a draft of the Letter to His Father, who objected to Julie because of her Zionist beliefs. Before the date of the intended marriage, he took up with yet another woman. While he needed women and sex in his life, he had low self-confidence, felt sex was dirty, and was shy—especially about his body.", "Prior to World War I, [98] Kafka attended several meetings of the Klub Mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist , and anti-clerical organization. [99] Hugo Bergmann , who attended the same elementary and high schools as Kafka, fell out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) because “[Kafka's] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident”. [100] [101] “Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist”. [101] Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a red carnation to school to show his support for socialism. [101] In one diary entry, Kafka made reference to the influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin : “Don’t forget Kropotkin!” [102]", "In 1911, Karl Hermann, spouse of his sister Elli, proposed Kafka collaborate in the operation of an asbestos factory known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann and Co. Kafka had to dedicate much of his free time to the business. During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of Yiddish theatre, despite the misgivings of even close friends such as Max Brod, who usually supported him in everything else. Those performances also served as a starting point for his growing relationship with Judaism.", "In 1920 Kafka began an intense relationship with Milena Jesenská, a Czech journalist and writer. His letters to her were later published as '. During a vacation in July 1923 to Graal-Müritz on the Baltic Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family. Kafka, hoping to escape the influence of his family to concentrate on his writing, moved briefly to Berlin and lived with Diamant. She became his lover and caused him to become interested in the Talmud. He worked on four stories, which he prepared to be published as ' (A Hunger Artist).", "On fasting, see Walter Vandereycken and Ron van Deth, From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls: The History of Self-Starvation (London: Athlone Press, 1994). On the wound in ‘A Country Doctor’, see especially Edward Timms, ‘Kafka’s expanded metaphors: a Freudian approach to ‘‘Ein Landarzt’’ ’, in J. P. Stern and J. J. White (eds), Paths and Labyrinths: Nine Papers from a Kafka Symposium (London: Institute of Germanic Studies, 1985), pp. 66–79. Erich Heller’s essay ‘The World of Franz Kafka’ is available in his The Disinherited Mind: Essays in Modern German Literature and Thought (Cambridge: Bowes and Bowes, 1951).", "Kafka learned German as his first language, but he was also almost fluent in Czech. Later, Kafka also acquired some knowledge of French language and culture; one of his favorite authors was Flaubert. From 1889 to 1893, he attended the Deutsche Knabenschule, the boys' elementary school at the Fleischmarkt (meat market), the street now known as Masn� Street in Prague. His Jewish education was limited to his Bar Mitzvah celebration at 13 and going to the synagogue four times a year with his father. [5] After elementary school, he was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altst�dter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary school with eight grade levels, where German was also the language of instruction, at Staroměstsk� n�měst�, within the Kinsky Palace in the Old Town. He completed his Matura exams in 1901.", "Kafka belonged to an important generation of German-language writers from Prague, including his friends Brod and Werfel, and the somewhat older Rainer Maria Rilke. Though they were citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the cultural centres that interested them were not Vienna, but Berlin and the publishing capital Leipzig. Rilke, considering Austria a backwater, moved to Berlin in 1897; Werfel moved to Leipzig in 1912. Brod’s first novel, Schloss Nornepygge (1908), appeared in Leipzig and gained him a high reputation (now hard to understand) among the Berlin 23", "Franz Kafka died in 1924 from complications related to tuberculosis. It has been noted that due to the great pain in his throat, from this condition, he was unable to eat and barely to drink in his last days. He often complained of thirst in his letters home to his father, and at the end may have simply starved to death. His body is buried in Prague, in the Jewish section of the Strasnice cemetery. His mother and father are interred beside him. All three of his sisters were killed in Nazi concentration camps during World War II.", "From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the Deutsche Knabenschule German boys’ elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known as Masná Street. His Jewish education ended with his Bar Mitzvah celebration at the age of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only on four high holidays a year. [14] [20] [21]", "A life-sized bust in black bronze of Franz Kafka on the corner of U Radnice and Maiselova marks the place where he was born on July 3, 1883. In 1991, a Kafka Museum was opened in the house where he was born. In the museum, there are exhibits highlighting Kafkas life, as well as Jewish life in Prague.", "Kafka himself attributed much of his outlook on life to the affects of the relationship with his father. In Letter to His Father (1919) he stated: \"My writing was all about you; all I did there, after all, was to bemoan what I could not bemoan upon your breast. It was an intentionally long-drawn-out leave-taking from you.\" His work was often fraught with cold, authoritarian figures that persecuted and threatened for reasons barely understood and often unexplained -- a situation which perfectly summed up Kafka's childhood sense of his own father.", "After leaving elementary school in 1893, Kafka was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state gymnasium, ', an academic secondary school at Old Town Square, within the Kinský Palace. German was the language of instruction, but Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments for his Czech, he never considered himself fluent in Czech, though he spoke German with a Czech accent. He completed his Matura exams in 1901.", "Kafka's relationship to his father dominates all discussions of both his life and his work. See his Brief an den Vater to get a feel for the relationship between the thin, intellectual, and awkward Franz, and the robust, loud, and corporal Father. The ideas of \"father\" and \"family\" permeate the fabric of many of Kafka's texts, either directly as in Das Urteil or Die Verwandlung or more abstractly as in the cases of his two novels Der Proceß and Das Schloß (which remained unpublished during his lifetime).", "In 1918 the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Kafka on a pension due to his illness, for which there was no cure at the time, and he spent most of the rest of his life in sanatoriums. His last home is now a museum. He was expelled for the second time in 1970.", "Kafka's first language was German, but he was also fluent in Czech. Later, Kafka acquired some knowledge of French language and culture; one of his favorite authors was Flaubert .", "While Kafka’s historical circumstances influenced his work, his temperament probably influenced his work more. Kafka was afraid of life, and had a deep sense of guilt. Kafka’s father was a big, boisterous businessman who didn’t appreciate the delicate, conscientious intellectual who was his son. Kafka could never please his father, or be like his father, and he became filled with guilt:", "Kafka in particular is the most famous Czech of all time. Expect people visiting the Czech Republic to get lost in kafkaesque bureaucracy or other odd situations." ]

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[ "Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport () or Montréal–Trudeau, formerly known as Montréal–Dorval International Airport (Aéroport international Montréal-Dorval), is a Canadian airport located on the Island of Montreal, from Downtown Montreal. The airport terminals are located entirely in the suburb of Dorval, while the Air Canada headquarters complex and one runway is located in the Montreal borough of Saint-Laurent. It is an international airport serving Greater Montreal and adjacent regions in Ontario, Vermont, and New York. The airport is named in honour of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.", "In November 1960 the airport was renamed Montreal–Dorval International Airport/Aéroport international Dorval de Montréal. On December 15 of that year the Minister of Transport inaugurated a new $30 million terminal. The structure was built by Illsley, Templeton, Archibald, and Larose. At its height, it was the largest terminal in Canada and one of the biggest in the world. It was the gateway to Canada for all European air traffic and served more than two million passengers per year. Eight years later, Montréal–Dorval International Airport underwent a major expansion program. Despite this, the Government of Canada predicted that Dorval would be completely saturated by 1985 and also projected that 20 million passengers would be passing through Montreal's airports annually. They decided to construct a new airport in Sainte-Scholastique (Montréal–Mirabel International Airport). As the first phase in the transition that would eventually have seen Dorval closed, all international flights (except those to and from the United States) were to be transferred to the new airport in 1975.", "** Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831, a Douglas DC-8 crashes into a wooded hillside after taking-off from Dorval International Airport near Montreal, killing all 118 on board, the worst air disaster for many years in Canada's history.", "Montreal has an excellent harbor on the St. Lawrence Seaway, which connects the city to the great industrial centers of the Great Lakes. As Canada's most important port, it is a transshipment point for oil, grain, sugar, machinery, and manufactured goods. It is also an important railway hub, and has two international airports, Dorval and Mirabel. Its underground rail system, the Métro, was inaugurated in 1966. The city's industries include pharmaceuticals, high-technology, steel, electronic equipment, refined petroleum, transportation equipment, textiles, clothing, food and beverages, printed materials, and tobacco. It is also a financial service center, which greatly expanded in the 1980s.", "The lowest temperature in Environment Canada's books was on January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was on August 1, 1975, both at Dorval International Airport. ", "Aéroports de Montréal, the City of Montreal, Transports Québec and Transport Canada are planning to improve the Dorval interchange and build direct road links between the airport and highways 20 and 520. Once the certificate of authorization was obtained, work began in June 2009 with a potential end date of 2017. The project will entail redesigning the roads network within the airport site. ", "Montreal's 45.4581 -73.7520 1 Pierre Elliott Trudeau Airport ( IATA : YUL) (also known to locals as Dorval Airport) is west of the city centre on Expressway (Autoroute) 20. Travel time to the airport from the city centre can be as much as an hour, depending on traffic. The airport is served by all major Canadian and U.S. airlines and is a major hub for Air Canada , Air Transat , and WestJet . There are daily trans-Atlantic flights to and from (among others) London, Amsterdam, Paris, Geneva, Zurich, Athens, Doha, Frankfurt, Rome, Madrid, Lisbon, Munich, and Casablanca. The sole trans-Pacific flight is Air China's thrice-weekly flight to Beijing.", "Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (IATA: HEL, ICAO: EFHK) (Finnish: Helsinki-Vantaan lentoasema, Swedish: Helsingfors-Vanda flygplats) in Vantaa, Finland, is the main international airport of the Helsinki metropolitan region and the whole of Finland. It is located about 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the centre of Vantaa, Tikkurila, and 9.2 NM (17.0 km; 10.6 mi) north of Helsinki's city centre. Originally built for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, the airport served 13,426,901 passengers in 2008 (2.2% growth since 2007)[1] and it is the fourth largest airport in the Nordic countries.", "After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Dorval Airport participated in Operation Yellow Ribbon, taking in seven diverted flights that had been bound for the closed airspace over the United States, even though pilots were asked to avoid the airport as a security measure. Mirabel International Airport also took in 10 other diverted flights totaling 17 diverted flight in the Montreal area bound for American cities. ", "Montreal's Pierre Elliott Trudeau Airport (IATA : YUL) (formerly Dorval Airport) is about half an hour west of the city center on highway 20. Note that travel time to the airport from the city center can be as much as an hour, depending on traffic. The airport is served by all major Canadian and U.S. airlines and is a major hub for Air Canada , Air Transat , and WestJet . There are multiple daily trans-Atlantic flights to and from (amongst others) London, Amsterdam, Paris, Geneva, Zurich, Athens, Frankfurt, Rome, Madrid, Lisbon, Munich, Moscow, Cairo, and Casablanca.", "Vancouver International Airport ( IATA : YVR) [2] . YVR is located immediately south of the city of Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada, and serves as the hub airport for Western Canada with frequent flights to other points in British Columbia , major cities across Canada and the U.S., Asia and several to Europe . The majority of Canadian flights are with Star Alliance member Air Canada [3] and WestJet [4] . U.S. destinations are served by United Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Airlines, Alaska Airways, Air Canada, Cathay Pacific (JFK) and WestJet. International flights are serviced by Air Canada, WestJet, Aeromexico, Air France, British Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, Icelandair, Cathay Pacific, Air China, EVA Air, All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, Philippine Airlines, and Air New Zealand to name a few.", "Billy Bishop Toronto City Centre Airport , ( IATA : YTZ), (commonly known as \"The Island Airport\" by locals), handles short-haul flights only. Its main tenant is Porter Airlines , a short-haul carrier that operates turboprop planes to many cities in eastern Canada (Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, Halifax and St. John's) and parts of the United States (Boston, Chicago, New York/Newark and Myrtle Beach). Air Canada provides service to Montreal. Porter is aggressively fighting for market share and you can take advantage of it by getting really low fares (often lower than Westjet - if booked 2 weeks or more in advance) combined with complimentary drinks and a waiting lounge with amenities.", "The Canada Line begins at the Waterfront Station hub, then continues south to the City of Richmond and Sea Island. From Bridgeport Station, the Canada Line splits into two branches, one heading west to the YVR–Airport Station at Vancouver International Airport and the other continuing south to the Richmond–Brighouse Station in Richmond's city centre. Opened on August 17, 2009, the Canada Line added 15 stations and to the SkyTrain network. Waterfront Station is the only station where the Canada Line directly connects with the Expo Line and Millennium Line; however, Vancouver City Centre Station is within a three-minute walk from Granville Station via the Pacific Centre mall, making an unofficial transfer to the Expo Line. The Canada Line cost $1.9 billion, financed by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, TransLink, and InTransitBC. The Canada Line's trains, built by Rotem, are fully automated, but are of a different design from the Expo and Millennium lines' Bombardier-built fleet, and use conventional electric motors rather than Bombardier's linear induction technology. Canada Line tracks do not interconnect with the older SkyTrain network, and it has a separate fleet maintenance depot. ", "Also known as Roissy Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG) is the largest international airport in France and the world's 10th busiest airport. It is located 16 miles northeast of Paris and serves as a hub for Air France, Delta Air Lines and XL Airways France, as well as a focus city for Air Méditerranée, EasyJet and Europe Airpost. In 2013, more than 62 million travelers passed through CDG, which has four runways and three terminals. Passengers can fly non-stop between CDG and destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. Amenities at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport include free WIFI internet, children's play areas, banks, ATMs, currency exchanges, restaurants, retail stores including duty-free shopping, a music lounge, prayer area and spa services.", "The Toronto Airport is located 22.5km northwest of Downtown Toronto, in the municipality of Mississauga, and serves the province of Ontario, the most populus one in Canada with 13 million of inhabitants. Toronto Airport is used as hub by Air Canada, being a passenger hub for WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express. It also serves as an operating base for passenger airlines Sunwing Airlines and Air Transat.", "The ambitious Montreal-Mirabel International Airport in Quebec, Canada, opened to much fanfare in 1975. The scope was epic : the airport would serve 50 million passengers each year and become the biggest in the world when completed. With 397 square kilometers of surface area and its own dedicated subway system, Montreal-Mirabel was larger than the city of Montreal which it served. The airport opened with no expense spared in time for the Montreal Summer Olympics but its distance from the downtown (34 miles) and sluggish passenger numbers due to economic competition from Toronto soon made it superfluous.", "Rail:A free minibus service links the airport with Dorval station, 2km (1.2 miles) away. From here, VIA Rail (tel: +1 888 842 7245; www.viarail.ca ) operates services along the Ottawa-Montréal, Québec City-Montréal and Toronto-Montréal routes.", "Montreal-Trudeau International Airport YUL serves the Canadian Province of Quebec and the City Montreal.  It is Canada's third-busiest airport (and one of eight with U.S. border preclearance).  Increasingly, YUL also serves the northern regions of U.S. states Vermont & New York. Over 60 percent of its air traffic is now derived from international flights.", "This place used to be Dorval Airport, now it’s called Trudeau, as it sounds more French. It’s an average airport with expensive parking and some crazy traffic around it. It’s in the middle of the city, which can be convenient for locals. Staff is mostly middle aged folks and not very friendly in general. Still not as bad as Ottawa. Terminals for local flights look more like a doctor’s waiting room. At the main terminals you can plug in your notebook and get Wifi connection, I think. Water is very expensive, but you need to buy it as security takes away yours upon entering the transit section of the terminal.", "According to the U.S. Department of State Country Commercial Guide, the airport at Dakar is one of the principal international airports in West Africa, handling a variety of aircraft on its 2 runways. The airport serves more than 24 international airlines, handling 1.5 million passengers per year and moving more than 20,000 metric tons of international airfreight. There are direct flights to Europe and North America , along with frequent flights to several African countries. Secondary airports are located in the regions of Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, and Ziguinchor. In total, there were 20 airports in 1999.", "With three active runways serving over 13 million passengers per year, Montreal Trudeau International Airport is hub to Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Transat, CanJet & Sunwing Airlines, and is served by numerous U.S. and international airlines offering nonstop and connecting flights to all points of the globe.", "Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's largest airport, is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System. A new, larger terminal opened in October 2011. The airport handles approximately 195000 t of cargo annually, making it the third largest cargo airport in the country.", "The airport [dead link] is on the western part of the island. From the main terminal, exit onto the main access road and turn right. Wind along the access road until the first major interchange and turn right. You will reach Albert de Niverville Boulevard and be forced to turn left (south) towards the main highway (Autoroute 20). At the end of this Boulevard, turn right on Cardinal Avenue. To your right, you will come to a pedestrian underpass that takes you under the railway tracks and leads to the Dorval Circle, a very busy traffic circle. This looks intimidating, but the traffic lights will allow you to ride safely under Autoroute 20 to Dorval Boulevard (Boulevard Dorval). Continue south down Dorval Boulevard until the end. Turn left on Lakeshore Drive (Chemin Lakeshore) towards the city. This road turns into Boulevard St. Joseph. You will eventually come to a bike path to your right that winds along the shores of Lac-Saint Louis (part of the Saint Lawrence river) through the town of Lachine. Continue down this path until you reach the entrance of the Lachine Canal. Cross the canal and continue down the Lachine Canal Bike Path (Piste Cyclable Canal Lachine) and follow the signs to the Old Port (Vieux Port) in Old Montreal (Vieux Montreal). The Lachine Canal Bike Path can be quite busy on weekends and holidays, so be ready to take your time. It is paved over its entire length.", "A third international airport, Beauvais-Tillé (BVA), has gained increasing popularity with some European travelers in recent years, handling nearly 3 million passengers during 2010. Located 84 km/52 miles from Paris in the department of Oise (province of Picardy), Beauvais primarily serves as a hub for budget airlines hailing from Ireland, the U.K., and a few other western European countries.", "The airport is on the western part of the island. From the main terminal, exit onto the main access road and turn right. Wind along the access road until the first major interchange and turn right. You will reach Albert de Niverville Boulevard and be forced to turn left (south) towards the main highway (Autoroute 20). At the end of this Boulevard, turn right on Cardinal Avenue. To your right, you will come to a pedestrian underpass that takes you under the railway tracks and leads to the Dorval Circle, a very busy traffic circle. This looks intimidating, but the traffic lights will allow you to ride safely under Autoroute 20 to Dorval Boulevard (Boulevard Dorval). Continue south down Dorval Boulevard until the end. Turn left on Lakeshore Drive (Chemin Lakeshore) towards the city. This road turns into Boulevard St. Joseph. You will eventually come to a bike path to your right that winds along the shores of Lac-Saint Louis (part of the Saint Lawrence river) through the town of Lachine. Continue down this path until you reach the entrance of the Lachine Canal. Cross the canal and continue down the Lachine Canal Bike Path (Piste Cyclable Canal Lachine) and follow the signs to the Old Port (Vieux Port) in Old Montreal (Vieux Montreal). The Lachine Canal Bike Path can be quite busy on weekends and holidays, so be ready to take your time. It is paved over its entire length.", "For Montrealers, not only does it indicate where the airport is located, it is a name that also provided relief in the 1980s and 90s indicating that a flight out of Dorval saved the hassle of travelling the long distance to the now defunct Mirabel (also the name of its location) airport to board trans-Atlantic flights.", "1998: A Martinair Boeing 767 charter jet was forced to make an emergency landing at Calgary International Airport in Alberta when one of its engines exploded right after takeoff. No one was injured in the incident.", "I have flown into Pierre Trudeau Airport in Montreal many times and had absolutely no language problems nor confusions with air traffic control. As a pilot, I feet totally confident within their operating environment and offer them my highest praise. Those who complain about Trudeau Airport need to fly into some of the marginally safe airports elsewhere where I have landed and realize that you have been strongly challenged in the use of basic survival skills.", "Other facilities at Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport include a multifaith prayer room, video games for children, baby feeding rooms and shoeshine booths. The airport patrol staff are trained in first aid and can be reached by pressing the emergency button on all public phones in the terminal.", "*19 November 2006 - SVG Air Aero Commander 500S, on a flight from Canouan to Saint Vincent, was over the western end of Bequia on its final approach to Saint Vincent when it vanished. There was no distress call. Wreckage was found in the sea. The pilot and single passenger are presumed dead. ", "The Airbus 340 is an efficient long-range, four-engine wide-body passenger jet with a cruising speed of 869 km/hour. The A-340 first flew between Toronto, Montreal and Ottawa on June 21, 1995.", "At the 2011 census, 7,096 people resided in Asbestos. It is situated in the centre of a square formed by the cities of Drummondville, Sherbrooke and Victoriaville, and the Nicolet River to the north. It is the site of the Jeffrey mine, until recently the world's largest asbestos mine, which has long been the town's largest employer, and of the now-closed Magnola magnesium refinery. It was the site of the famous 1949 Asbestos Strike." ]

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[ "Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq.mi (58,026 km2); (13,237 square miles, 34,284 km2 lying in Michigan state, 7,358 square miles, 19,056 km2 in Wisconsin, 234 square miles, 606 km2 in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles, 4,079 km2 in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth-largest lake in the world. It is 307 mi long by 118 mi wide with a shoreline long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m). It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles (4,918 km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay.", "Lake Michigan is the third largest of the Great Lakes and the only one entirely within the United States . It's 22,178 square miles (57,441 square km), 307 miles (494 km) long and 120 miles (193 km) at its widest point. Lake Michigan is bordered by Michigan (duh), Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. The lake is 923 feet (281 m) deep. It's only natural outlet is the The Straits of Mackinac, which connect the lake with Lake Huron. Many islands are found in the northern part of the lake.", "Lake Michigan's water surface is 22,300 square miles (57,800 square kilometers). It is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume (1,180 cubic miles / 4,920 cubic km). Only Lake Superior is bigger.", "As its name suggests, Lake Michigan and its 1180 cubic miles of water, 22,300 square miles of surface water, and 1600 miles of shoreline is the only one of the Great Lakes that lies entirely within American borders. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and is connected to Lake Huron  by the Straits of Mackinac between Michigan’s upper and lower peninsulas.", "By volume, the Lake Michigan is the second largest Great Lake with 4,918 cubic km (1,180 cubic mi) of water. It is 494 km (307 mi) long and 190 km (118 mi) wide and has more than 2,575 km (1,600 mi) of shoreline. With an average depth of 85 m (279 ft), the lake can even reach down to 282 m (925 ft) as its deepest point.", "Lake Michigan is among the Great Lakes found in North America but, unlike the others, this lake is situated entirely within the United States. In fact, it’s the largest amongst all of the lakes that are found entirely within one single country. Out of the Great Lakes, it's the 3rd largest by surface area, with a total area of 57,800 Km², and, by volume, it is the 2nd largest with 4,918 cubic km of water. It is 494 km long and 190 km wide, and has over 2,575 km of shoreline. The basin of Lake Michigan is conjoined to the basin of Lake Huron to the east. With an average depth of 85 m, the lake reaches down to 282 m at its deepest point. Like many other lakes in North America, Lake Michigan was formed by glacial movements, and is connected to the ocean by means of manmade waterways and canals, such as the Saint Lawrence and Great Lakes channels which were constructed to meet that purpose.", "Lake Michigan is 925 feet deep and 307 miles long. It is the third largest Great Lake and the sixth largest freshwater lake in the world.", "Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes , straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km).", "Michigan includes 56,954 square miles of land area; 1,194 square miles of inland waters; and 38,575 square miles of Great Lakes water area.", "The third largest Great Lake has a water surface area of 22,300 square miles, and it contains numerous islands, notably the Beaver Island archipelago and the North and South Manitou Islands off the coast of the \"Little Finger\" region of Michigan's mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula. The Manitou Islands are a part of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . In addition to its namesake sand dunes and challenging dune climb, the Great Lakes park is noted for spectacular views along the 7.5-mile Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive, as well as a choice of hiking trails.", "Great Lakes, chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario . They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth . Although Lake Baikal in Russia has a larger volume of water, the combined area of the Great Lakes—some 94,250 square miles (244,106 square kilometres)—represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world, covering an area exceeding that of the United Kingdom . Their drainage basin of about 295,710 square miles (which includes the areas of the lakes themselves and their connecting waterways) extends approximately 690 miles from north to south and about 860 miles from Lake Superior in the west to Lake Ontario in the east. Except for Lake Michigan, the lakes provide a natural border between Canada and the United States , a frontier that was stabilized by a boundary-waters treaty of 1909. It is a source of pride for both countries that there are no fortifications or warships along the boundary.", "Lake Superior has an average depth of 487 ft (148 m), a maximum depth of 1,302 ft (397 m) and covers 31,820 mi2(82,413 km2). Lake Huron has an average depth of 195 ft (59m), a maximum depth of 750 ft (229 m), and covers 23,010 mi2 (59,596 km2). Lake Michigan, covering 22,400 mi2(58,016 km2), has an average depth of 276 ft (84 m), and a maximum depth of 923 ft (281 m). Lake Erie has an average depth of 62 ft (19 m), a maximum depth of 210 ft (64 m), and covers approximately 9,930 mi2 (25,719 km2). Lake Ontario, the smallest of the Great Lakes in terms of surface area (7,520 mi2/19,477 km2), has an average depth of 62 ft (19 m) but reaches a maximum depth of 778 ft (237 m).", "Bounded on the west by Michigan (US) and on the north and east by Ontario, Lake Huron is another Great Lake that boasts as the second largest when it comes to its surface area of 59,600 sq. km (23,000 sq. mi). The lake is 331 km (206 mi) long, 295 km (184 mi) wide and 229 m (750 ft) deep.", "2. Lake, a lake in the N central U.S., between Wisconsin and Michigan: one of the five Great Lakes. 22,400 sq. mi. (58,015 sq. km).", "Situated in the Upper Midwest region, the Great Lakes is a collection of five freshwater lakes between the United States and Canada. The five lakes are Lake Ontario, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Erie. The largest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior, which borders Minnesota and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Major U.S. cities on Lake Michigan include Chicago and Milwaukee, while Cleveland and Buffalo are located on the shores of Lake Erie. Other states on the Great Lakes include Indiana and Pennsylvania. The combined square mileage of the Great Lakes is approximately 80,500, making up 84 percent of the freshwater bodies of water in North America.", "The second largest of the Great Lakes, Lake Huron has an area of 23,000 square miles (59,570 square kilometers), including Georgian Bay. It is bounded on the south and west by Michigan and on the north and east by Ontario. The United States-Canada border passes through the lake. The lake is irregularly shaped, with Saginaw Bay indenting the coast of Michigan. The northeastern part of the lake is dotted with islands, especially in Georgian Bay. Its level and depth are about the same as those of Lake Michigan, with which it connects through the Straits of Mackinac. Its greatest depth is 750 feet (230 meters). The lake carries extensive ship traffic despite the mountainous waves that northeasters drive upon its western shore.", "largest freshwater lake in the world, 31,820 sq mi (82,414 sq km), 350 mi (563 km) long and 160 mi (257 km) at its greatest width, bordered on the W by NE Minnesota, on the N and E by Ontario, Canada, and on the S by NW Michigan and NW Wisconsin; largest, highest, and deepest of the Great Lakes Great Lakes,", "SIZE  Michigan is 456 miles long and 386 miles wide and has 56,817 square miles of land.", "The Great Lakes encompass 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) of inland coastal waters, and collectively have been referred to as \"the inland seas\" and \"the fourth coast of the United States\". Lake Michigan is located entirely within the United States, while the other four lakes form a partial border between the United States and Canada. The lakes are bordered by the Canadian province of Ontario and by the eight U.S. states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . The westernmost point of the Great Lakes is near Duluth, Minnesota, and the easternmost point is just north of Syracuse, New York (and connects with the St. Lawrence Seaway).", "Lake Michigan is the third-largest lake by surface area and extends into Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It is one of America's Great Lakes. Other major lakes in the state are Lake Wawsee, Monroe Lake, Long Lake, Knapp Lake, and Jimmerson Lake.", "Lake Superior is the single named lake with the largest surface area in the United States at 31,700 square miles (82,103 square kilometers).", "Best for beaches: With more than 1,600 miles of shoreline, Lake Michigan offers more beaches than any other American lake. But it's not just quantity: there's a beach for nearly every taste.", "A glacial lake of epic proportions, Lake Huron is the second largest of the five Great Lakes by surface area, boasting 23,010 square miles and an incredible 3,825-mile shoreline. The massive lake is the third largest of the Great Lakes by water volume, containing 850 cubic miles of fresh water within ...", "Lake Michigan is the second largest of the Great Lakes. It is located completely within the United States. It is the only one of the Great Lakes to be completely within one country.", "The Great Lakes are dotted with more than 30,000 islands. While many of the islands are small and uninhabitable, the largest is Lake Huron’s Manitoulin Island (1,068 square miles or 2,766 square km), which is also the largest island in any inland body of water on the planet.", "The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10500 mi; however, the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well-defined measure (see Coastline paradox). Of the total 10500 mi of shoreline, Canada borders approximately 5200 mi, while the remaining 5300 mi are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3288 mi of shoreline, followed by Wisconsin (820 mi), New York (473 mi), and Ohio (312 mi). Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator. ", "Lake Erie: The name was derived from erielhonan, the Iroquoian word for long tail, which describes its shape. It is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes when measured in surface area (9,910 square miles / 25,700 square km.) and the smallest by water volume (116 cubic miles / 484 cubic km).", "Lake Michigan is America�s freshwater Riviera, a nearly unending strand of sand that looks like Florida without the high-rise condos. It�s clean, blue and pleasantly cool, with water temperatures in the 60s, and in most places it looks just like the ocean.", "Lake Saint Clair, tiny compared to the Great Lakes but still over 1000 km² (430 square miles)", "The Great Lakes contain the largest supply of fresh water on earth; 20% of the earth's total fresh water; 9,402 miles of shoreline; and 94,710 total square miles of ", "The Great Lakes are a group of lakes that connect to the Atlantic through the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway. They are situated on the Canada-United States border and form the world�s largest group of lakes. The group consists of Lakes Huron, Michigan, Superior, Ontario, and Erie and comprises 21 percent of the surface fresh water in the world . The drainage basin of Lake Ontario covers a small portion of Pennsylvania and parts of New York and Ontario. Toronto, Hamilton, and other industrial centres are located on the shores of Lake Ontario. The US shore is less intensely farmed and less urbanized than the Canadian shore. Lake Michigan is the only lake from the group that is entirely within the US. The drainage basin of Lake Michigan includes portions of Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois.", "The Great Lakes contain an estimated 5,500 cubic miles (22,700 cubic kilometers)of water—a fifth of all the liquid surface fresh water on Earth. And, it's enough to submerge the continental United States in nearly 10 feet of water." ]

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[ "\"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Randy Newman written for Eric Burdon's first solo album in 1966. Three Dog Night's 1970 cover of the song topped the U.S. pop singles charts. Tom Jones and the Stereophonics's cover version also hit number four on the U.K. Singles Chart in 2000.", "1943 ● Randall Stuart “Randy” Newman → Grammy-winning singer, songwriter and pianist, “Sail Away” (1972) and “Short People” (#2, 1978), wrote “Mama Told Me (Not To Come)” for Three Dog Night (#1, 1970), composed the film soundtrack to Ragtime (1981)", "Pickett recorded several tracks in 1972 for a planned new album on Atlantic, but after the single \"Funk Factory\" reached #11 R&B and #58 pop in June 1972, he left Atlantic for RCA Records. His final Atlantic single, a cover of Randy Newman's \"Mama Told Me Not to Come,\" was culled from Pickett's 1971 album Don't Knock My Love.", "Hank Williams, Jr ., born Randall Hank Williams, May 26, 1949 , is an award-winning American country singer-songwriter and musician. His musical style is often considered a blend of southern rock, blues, and traditional country. He is the son of country music pioneer Hank Williams. He is the father of Hank Williams III, Holly Williams, Hillary Williams, Samuel Williams and Katie Williams. Williams had began his career imitating his famed father. His style had gradually evolved until he was involved in a near fatal fall, which apparently changed his personal and professional life. After an extended recovery, he challenged the country music establishment with a revolutionary blend of country, rock, and blues. After much critical and popular success in the 1980s, Williams earned considerable recognition and enjoyed substantial popularity. He is now considered an elder statesman of the country and outlaw country genres. As a multi-instrumentalist, Williams' repertoire of skills include guitar, bass guitar, upright bass, steel guitar, banjo, piano, keyboards, harmonica, fiddle, and drums. \" Artist Discography \"", "Stevie Wonder, original name Steveland Judkins or Steveland Morris (born May 13, 1950, Saginaw , Michigan , U.S.), American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, a child prodigy who developed into one of the most creative musical figures of the late 20th century.", "Loretta Lynn (born Loretta Webb on April 14, 1934) is an American country music singer-songwriter; she was one of the leading country vocalists and songwriters during the 1960s and 1970s and is revered as a country icon.", "- Episode #17.0 (2009) ... (performer: \"Mama Told Me Not To Come\", \"In The Midnight Hour\", \"Green Green Grass of Home\", \"Down by the Riverside\")", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer–songwriter and musician. Franklin began her career singing gospel at her father, minister C. L. Franklin's church as a child. In 1960, at the age of 18, Franklin embarked on a secular career, recording for Columbia Records but only achieving modest success. Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, Franklin achieved commercial acclaim and success with songs such as \"Respect\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" and \"Think\". These hits and more helped her to gain the title The Queen of Soul by the end of the 1960s decade.", "The Mamas & the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. They released five studio albums and seventeen singles, six of which made the top ten, and sold close to 40 million records worldwide. The group was composed of John Phillips (1935–2001), Denny Doherty (1940–2007), Cass Elliot (1941–1974), and Michelle Phillips née Gilliam (b. 1944). Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips, the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties.", "with chart topping hits including, “Mama told Me not to Come,” “Joy to the world,” “ Black and white,” “Shambala” and many more!", "The first song is called \"Indian Reservation\" and is also known as \"The Lament Of The Cherokee\". It was written by legendary Nashville writer John D. Loudermilk. The original version was done by a British vocalist named Don Fardon, who used to be the lead singer for a 60's band called The Sorrows. Don's version hit the top 20 in the US during the summer of 1968. The bigger hit in the States came three years later when the Raiders (formerly called Paul Revere And The Raiders) took the song to #1 in July of 1971.The record was actually done as a solo project for their lead singer, Mark Lindsay, but was released under the Raiders name by the record company.", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer–songwriter and musician. Franklin began her career singing gospel at her father, minister C. L.", "The husband-and-wife songwriting team of Boudleaux and Felice Bryant wrote this. Together, this talented couple penned many huge hits for the Everly Brothers and other artists, including \"Wake Up Little Susie\" and \"All I Have To Do Is Dream.\" The Bryants are credited with being the first songwriters to come to Nashville and make a living only by writing songs. See a photo and learn more about them in Song Images .", "This career-making record became Hank Williams' first number one hit and propelled him from regional success to national stardom. It was this recording which led to Williams being invited to perform on the \"Grand Ole Opry.\" At his first appearance, the \"Opry\" audience demanded six encores of the song's yodeled closing. Selected for the 2004 registry.", "According to the Ellis Nassour biography Patsy Cline, Nelson, who at that time was known as a struggling songwriter by the name of Hugh Nelson, was a regular at Tootsie's Orchid Lounge on Nashville's Music Row, where he frequented with friends Kris Kristofferson and Roger Miller, both unknown songwriters at that time. Nelson met Cline's husband, Charlie Dick, at the bar one evening and pitched the song to him. Dick took the track home and played it for Cline, who absolutely hated it at first because Nelson's demo \"spoke\" the lyrics ahead of and behind the beat, about which an annoyed Cline remarked that she \"couldn't sing like that\".", "One aspect of Jones' early career that is often overlooked is his success as a songwriter; he wrote or co-wrote many of his biggest hits during this period, several of which have become standards, like \"Window Up Above\" (later a smash for Mickey Gilley in 1975) and \"Seasons of My Heart\" (a hit for Johnny Cash and also recorded by Willie Nelson and Jerry Lee Lewis). Jones wrote \"Just One More\" (also recorded by Cash), \"Life To Go\" (a top five hit for Stonewall Jackson in 1959), \"You Gotta Be My Baby\" and \"Don't Stop The Music\" on his own and had a hand in writing \"Color of the Blues\" (covered by Loretta Lynn and Elvis Costello), \"Tender Years\" and \"Tall, Tall Trees\" (co-written with Roger Miller). Jones' most frequent songwriting collaborator was his childhood friend Darrell Edwards.", "“She said, ‘What? I’m not going to sing this song. This song is not for me. This isn’t what I want. This isn’t my style.’ He told her, ‘No, trust me. If you put this song on your album and put this out, it’s genius. This will be one of your biggest songs I promise you.’ She said, ‘I don’t want to. This isn’t who I want to be. I want to be less smaltzy. I want to be less pop and less ballad driven.’ He said, ‘Trust me. You have to record this song.’ So she ended up recording it herself. We didn’t give it to the movie and I didn’t write anything for the movie. Low and behold it was one of the biggest hits of her career.”", "Mama Cass Elliot ( Ellen Naomi Cohen ) - Died 7-29-1974 in London, England - Heart attack (Folk - Rock - Pop) Born 9-19-1943 in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. - Singer - Was a member of The Mugwumps and The Mamas & The Papas (They recorded, \"California Dreamin'\" and \"Monday Monday\") -  Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "On November 20, 1955, African-American rock 'n' roll singer and guitarist Bo Diddley appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, only to infuriate Sullivan (\"I did two songs and he got mad\"). Diddley had been asked to sing Tennessee Ernie Ford 's hit \" Sixteen Tons \". But when he appeared on stage, he sang his #1 R&B hit song that bears his name . Diddley later recalls, \"Ed Sullivan says to me in plain words: 'You are the first black boy—quote—that ever double crossed me!' I was ready to fight, because I was a little young dude off the streets of Chicago, an' him callin' me 'black' in them days was as bad as sayin' 'nigger'. My manager says to me 'That's Mr. Sullivan!' I said: 'I don’t give a shit about Mr. Sullivan, [h]e don't talk to me like that!' An' so he told me, he says, 'I'll see that you never work no more in show business. You'll never get another TV show in your life!'\" [49] Indeed, Diddley seems to have been banned from further appearances, as \"the guitarist never did appear on The Ed Sullivan Show again.\" [50]", "Salty Dog Blues is another example of an African American blues converted into a mountain style song. It was first recorded by the Morris Brothers with a great deal of interplay between the guitar and mandolin. In 1951, it was recorded by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs who learned it first hand from the Morris Brothers. It has since become a classic amongst bluegrass musicians.", "*\"Don't Make Me Come to Tulsa\" – written by Don Cook, recorded by Wade Hayes, 1994. ", "* Joseph Tabrar, writer of \"Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow\" and at least 7,200 other songs ", "i am looking for a song sung by a female country artist about being like her mom.. it is a few years old please help", "When she was 24 years old, Lynn's husband bought her a guitar. She taught herself to play and cut her first record the next year. She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s, and in 1967 charted her first of 16 number 1 hits (out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner) that include \"Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)\", \"You Ain't Woman Enough\", \"Fist City\", and \"Coal Miner's Daughter\". She focused on blue collar women's issues with themes of philandering husbands and persistent mistresses, and pushed boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control (\"The Pill\"), repeated childbirth (\"One's on the Way\"), double standards for men and women (\"Rated \"X\"\"), and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War (\"Dear Uncle Sam\"). Country music radio stations often refused to play her songs. Nonetheless, she became known as \"The First Lady of Country Music\" and continues to be one of the most successful vocalists of all time.", "In partnership with songwriter David Porter, he was responsible for such classics as Sam and Dave's Soul Man and Hold On I'm Coming.", "The song \"Yodel Sweet Molly\" was recorded in March, 1965, and not released until August 1965, two months following Louvin's death. Bill Monroe was on tour when Ira died, and he cancelled an engagement to return to Nashville to sing \"Where No One Stands Alone\" at Ira's funeral. ~ K.F. Raizor (See authoritative book on Louvins: B&N / In Close Harmony)", "The singer was also known for the bitterness with which she spoke of her family. \"There is no communication between my family and me,\" she said in 1971. \"I know my mother wrote a book about me, but I never read it.\"", "Some of his better-known songs are \"Don't Start Me To Talkin'\" (his only major hit, reaching number 3 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1955), \"Fattenin' Frogs for Snakes\", \"Keep It to Yourself\", \"Your Funeral and My Trial\", \"Bye Bye Bird\", \"Nine Below Zero\", \"Help Me\", \"Checkin' Up on My Baby\", and \"Little Village\" (notorious for a profane dialogue with Leonard Chess deemed unsuitable for airplay).", "Johnny's final boast, as originally recorded for the Million Mile Reflections album, goes \"I done told you once, you son of a bitch, I'm the best that's ever been.\" To accommodate radio airplay (both Country and Top 40 formats), the 45 RPM single release overdubbed that portion of the lyric as \"'Cause I told you once, you son of a gun, I'm the best that's ever been.\" (The uncensored album version appears on the soundtrack of the movie Urban Cowboy, and it is this version that has been used on numerous music compilations since then.) Thus, Johnny maintains his virtue, keeping his soul from the Devil by displaying his musical virtuosity in performing traditional songs of America's South.", "At the age of 75, he changed labels and released I Stand Alone on the ANTI- label, with an assortment of guest backup players including members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He said his intention was to title the album Not for the Tourists, because it was recorded in response to his daughter's request for songs he loved but never played in concert. When asked why he did not, he told her, \"These songs are not for the tourists.\"", "country singer: I Don�t Love You Anymore; w/brother, Ira: My Baby�s Gone, Hoping that You�re Hoping, I Don�t Believe You�ve Met My Baby; joined Grand Ole Opry in 1955", "Reportedly did not like profanity. As a recording artist, she would require anyone who swore to put a quarter in a \"swear jar\". In addition, she does not allow her songs to be used in movies that contain swear words." ]

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[ "There are two film actors named Harrison Ford with stars. The first Harrison Ford was a silent film actor in the 1910s–20s, whose star is in front of the Musso & Frank restaurant at 6665 Hollywood Blvd. The second is the present-day Harrison Ford , whose star can be found in front of the Kodak Theater at 6801 Hollywood Blvd.", "Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American actor and film producer. He gained worldwide fame for his starring roles as Han Solo in the original Star Wars epic space opera trilogy and the title character of the Indiana Jones film series. Ford is also known for his roles as Rick Deckard in the neo-noir dystopian science fiction film Blade Runner (1982), John Book in the thriller Witness (1985), and Jack Ryan in the action films Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994). Most recently, Ford reprised his role of Han Solo in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015).", "Harrison Ford is an Academy Award -nominated actor most famous for his portrayals of the character Han Solo in the Star Wars saga as well as the archaeologist Indiana Jones in the Indiana Jones franchise .", "Actor. Born July 13, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois. Arguably the most bankable movie star ever, Harrison Ford came into his success relatively late in life. He grew up in the Chicago suburbs of Park Ridge and Morton Grove, where his father was an advertising executive, producer of TV commercials, and sometime radio actor. Never academically inclined, Ford failed out of tiny, conservative Ripon College in Ripon, Wisconsin, where he had majored in philosophy. After discovering drama in college, he did a season of summer stock in Williams Bay, Wisconsin before heading out to Hollywood in 1964 with his college sweetheart and new wife, Mary Marquardt.", "Harrison Ford has one of the most recognizable faces in America, but he's a reluctant star who sees fame as a condition. \"It's like having a limp,\" says the actor who has headlined six of the 30 top-grossing movies of all time. \"You live with it.\"", "His speaking roles continued next with Luv (1967), though he was still uncredited. He was finally credited as \"Harrison J. Ford\" in the 1967 Western film, A Time for Killing, but the \"J\" did not stand for anything, since he has no middle name. It was added to avoid confusion with a silent film actor named Harrison Ford, who appeared in more than 80 films between 1915 and 1932, and died in 1957. Ford later said that he was unaware of the existence of the earlier Harrison Ford until he came upon a star with his own name on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Ford soon dropped the \"J\" and worked for Universal Studios, playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Gunsmoke, Ironside, The Virginian, The F.B.I., Love, American Style, and Kung Fu. He appeared in the western Journey to Shiloh (1968) and had an uncredited, non-speaking role in Michelangelo Antonioni's 1970 film Zabriskie Point, as an arrested student protester. Not happy with the roles being offered to him, Ford became a self-taught professional carpenter to support his then-wife and two small sons. While working as a carpenter, he became a stagehand for the popular rock band The Doors. He also built a sun deck for actress Sally Kellerman and a recording studio for Brazilian band leader Sérgio Mendes. ", "Harrison Ford, the son of an Irish father and a Russian-Jewish mother began his career doing guest roles on various television series before hitting it big as the co-star of George Lucas' space fantasy, \"Star Wars\".", "Going Solo: Harrison Ford is spotted out in snowy New York as he copes with the death of his Star Wars co-star Carrie Fisher Legend looked somber", "Harrison Ford is an eccentric American inventor who flees the US for Central America because of his paranoia. His diagnosis is never clearly stated, but Ford appears to be bipolar (although almost continually manic in the film).", "In 1989, he was cast as Henry Jones, Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade because George Lucas and Steven Spielberg thought the only man who could play Indiana Jones ' father was James Bond. Connery is in fact only 12 years older than his on-screen son, Harrison Ford . [1]", "Harrison Ford's casting as Hans Solo is now part of film lore: Initially hired by Lucas to read lines for actors auditioning for \"Star Wars,\" Ford so impressed the director that Lucas cast him as Han Solo. His first lead film role, which he reprised in the \"Star Wars\" sequels, \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"Return of the Jedi,\" made him a superstar. His leading man status was solidified when he starred as Indiana Jones. Now 70, Ford is one of Hollywood's most successful actors, with his films pulling in more than $6 billion worldwide. He told a reporter on the red carpet for his latest film, \"42,\" that he was \"looking forward to\" reprising Han Solo for \"Star Wars Episode VII.\" \"It's not in the bag yet, but I think it's happening,\" he said.", "Rumoured to be the next star of Indiana Jones, could the Harrison Ford likeness make him a popular candidate?", "Harrison Ford could have retired decades ago and he'd still be considered one of the biggest actors in the world. That's the benefit of being the guy who played both Han Solo and Indiana Jones . Luckily, Ford is still active in Hollywod. He appeared in the Jackie Robinson biopic 42 earlier this year, and he's about to return to theaters when he plays Colonel Graff in the big-screen adaptation of Ender's Game (due out this Friday in the U.K. and next Friday in America).", "Harrison Ford was cast after Ridley Scott flew to London to view dailies of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Despite being in Star Wars, he wasn’t yet seen as a leading man.", "Harrison Ford is the only actor whose ten highest grossing movies have each earned at least $200 million.", "‘Indiana’ Jones Jr, Ford proved his worth as both an action hero and romantic lead. Indiana Jones provided Ford with an ideal vehicle for his dry wit and Everyman appeal, and his mesmerising performance helped ensure that Raiders Of The Lost Ark was the highest-grossing – and best – film of 1981. Raiders also showed he could carry and open a film entirely by himself. After the double-whammy of Empire and Raiders, Ford made one of the most interesting choices of his career by signing up to Blade Runner. On the surface, Ridley Scott’s sci-fi noir thriller sounded like a return to Star Wars territory, but the two were universes apart. Set in a dark future, the film introduced Ford as Deckard, a former Blade Runner – the unit that", "Steven Spielberg suggested casting Harrison Ford as Jones, but George Lucas objected, stating that he didn't want Ford to become his \"Bobby DeNiro\" or \"that guy I put in all my movies.\" Desiring a lesser known actor, Lucas convinced Spielberg to help him search for a new talent, and the actor they both became keen for was Tom Selleck, who possessed features similar to Ford's and a much larger physical frame. However, Selleck was infamously unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum, P.I.. Nick Nolte, Gene Hackman, and Tim Matheson were also considered for the role of Jones. But in the end, Spielberg convinced Lucas to offer the role to Ford, who graciously accepted.", "During the summer of 1964, he join the Belfry Players for a season of summer stock. On June 26, 1964, Harrison Ford made his professional acting debut. Neither he nor anyone else knew exactly how far this would go. Harrison was hardly looking for superstardom. Ford headed to the West Coast with his college sweetheart and soon-to-be wife, Mary Marquardt, to seek work as an actor. It would be a difficult task. Harrison knew little about acting, besides the fact that you had to to go Hollywood to get the work. The height of his ambition was to be a TV actor. While working many different day jobs, the primary one being a pizza chef, Ford searched for work as an actor. He didn't get much of it, save for a seven year contract with Columbia Studios for $150 a week he got after being recognized at the Laguna Beach Playhouse by a Columbia agent, who seemed to be the only person who understood the talent of Harrison Ford.", "* Harrison Ford as Colonel G. Lucas, aide to Corman and a general information specialist who gives Willard his orders. The character's name is a reference to George Lucas, who was involved in the script's early development with Milius and was the original director intended to direct the film. Ford also portrayed Han Solo in Lucas' space opera Star Wars, and prior to that had appeared in Lucas' American Graffiti (1973, produced by Coppola and Gary Kurtz) and Coppola's The Conversation (1974).", "In 1981, Ford again teamed with Lucas on a Lucas/Steven Spielberg collaboration. The film was an action-adventure with a twist: directed by Spielberg, it centered around the swashbuckling international antics ofan archaeology professor? Ridley Scott, who directed Ford in 1982s Blade Runner has said that before Raiders of the Lost Ark, Ford was not a well-known actor, but the man who played Han Solo. The film, starring Ford as the rumpled, fedora-wearing Professor Indiana Jones, transformed the 38-year-old into an international sex symbol. It grossed over $231 million and spawned two sequels, 1984s Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and 1989s Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, also starring Sean Connery as Joness father.", "1884 Harrison Ford Kansas City MO, silent screen actor (Just Married, Vanity Fair, Love In High Gear , Rubber Tires)", "Harrison Ford's current net worth is estimated to be around $210 million.He owns several houses around the world. He's a car and airplane collector. He's been seen around Los Angeles in vintage cars such as his $150,000 Jaguar. He also frequents Santa Monica airport where his private collection of planes are stored along with other big name celebrities. In March 2017, Harrison was involved in a airplane crash that occurred at Santa Monica airport while flying one of his single prop vintage planes.", "In 1977, Ford collaborated with Lucas again for his breakthrough role as Han Solo in Star Wars. His portrayal of the brash but likable rogue in this science-fiction classic helped raise his profile in Hollywood. The film's two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983), helped make him a star.", "Sean Connery turned down an offer to cameo as Henry Jones, Sr., as he found retirement too enjoyable. Lucas stated that in hindsight it was good that Connery did not briefly appear, as it would disappoint the audience when his character would not join the film's adventure. Ford joked, \"I'm old enough to play my own father in this one.\" The film addresses Connery's absence by Indiana implying that both Henry, Sr. and Marcus Brody died before the film's events. Connery later stated that he liked the film, describing it as \"rather good and rather long.\" John Rhys-Davies was asked to reprise his role as Sallah as a guest in the wedding scene. He turned it down as he felt his character deserved a more substantial role. ", "Many of Ford's major film roles came to him by default or unusual circumstances: he won the role of Han Solo while reading lines for other actors, was cast as Indiana Jones because Tom Selleck was not available, and took the role of Jack Ryan due to Alec Baldwin's fee demands[ source? ] (Baldwin had previously played the role in The Hunt for Red October ).", "Harrison Ford's first two marriages were long-lived -- he was married to Mary Marquardt for 15 years and Melissa Mathison for 18 -- and may explain why it took so long for the serial monogamist to take the plunge again.", "Sean Connery turned down an offer to cameo as Henry Jones, Sr. , as he found retirement too enjoyable. [33] Lucas stated that in hindsight it was good that Connery did not briefly appear, as it would disappoint the audience when his character would not come along for the film's adventure. [34] Ford joked, \"I'm old enough to play my own father in this one.\" [6] The film addresses Connery's absence by Indiana mentioning that both Henry, Sr. and Marcus Brody died before the film's events. Connery later stated that he liked the film, describing it as \"rather good and rather long.\" [35] John Rhys-Davies was asked to reprise his role as Sallah as a guest in the wedding scene. He turned it down as he felt his character deserved a more substantial role. [36]", "Goes through two boyfriends in Working Girl (1988). As the film begins, she is in a relationship with Alec Baldwin , but at the end, she is in a relationship with Harrison Ford . Both Baldwin and Ford have played Jack Ryan in adaptations of the Tom Clancy novels.", "Many of Ford's major film roles came to him by default through unusual circumstances: he won the role of Han Solo while reading lines for other actors, was cast as Indiana Jones because Tom Selleck was not available, and took the role of Jack Ryan supposedly due to Alec Baldwin's fee demands, although Baldwin disputes this (Baldwin had previously played the role in The Hunt for Red October).", "Harrison Ford Net Worth & Biography 2017 | Private Plane Crash, Movie Salary & Cars! - YouTube", "Shares a birthday with Michael Madsen , Michael Douglas , Mark Hamill , and Catherine Zeta-Jones .", "Ironically, it was Spielberg's love of Sean Connery's Bond that made him think of him when casting the role of Dr. Henry Jones, father to Indiana. He wanted someone adventurous, daring, dangerous, and charming. Naturally, Connery came to mind." ]

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[ "The Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) was a Pan-Africanist organization founded by Malcolm X in 1964. The OAAU was modeled on the Organisation of African Unity, which had impressed Malcolm X during his visit to Africa in April and May 1964. The purpose of the OAAU was to fight for the human rights of African Americans and promote cooperation among Africans and people of African descent in the Americas.", "The Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) was founded by Malcolm X , John Henrik Clarke , and other black nationalist leaders on June 24, 1964 in Harlem, New York .  Formed shortly after his break with the Nation of Islam , the OAAU was a secular institution that sought to unify 22 million non- Muslim African Americans with the people of the African Continent. The OAAU was modeled after the Organization of African Unity (OAU) , a coalition of 53 African nations working to provide a unified political voice for the continent. In the coalition spirit of the OAU, Malcolm X sought to reconnect African Americans with their African heritage, establish economic independence, and promote African American self-determination.  He also sought OAAU representation on the OAU. ", "1964 - Malcolm X founded the Organization for Afro American Unity to seek independence for blacks in the Western Hemisphere.", "A few months later, Malcolm formally left the organization and made a Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, where he was profoundly affected by the lack of racial discord among orthodox Muslims. He returned to America as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz and in June 1964 founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity, which advocated black identity and held that racism, not the white race, was the greatest foe of the African American. Malcolm’s new movement steadily gained followers, and his more moderate philosophy became increasingly influential in the civil rights movement, especially among the leaders of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.", "In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide African Union (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May of that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi. ", "\"The Organization of Afro American Unity, organized and structured by a cross section of the Afro American people living in the United States of America, has been patterned after the letter and spirit of the Organization of African Unity which was established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in May of 1963.", "MALCOLM X: One of the first things that the independent African nations did was to form an organization called the Organization of African Unity. […] The purpose of our […] Organization of Afro-American Unity, which has the same aim and objective to fight whoever gets in our way, to bring about the complete independence of people of African descent here in the Western hemisphere, and first here in the United States, and bring about the freedom of these people by any means necessary. That’s our motto. […]", "The UNIA’s message of black unity, black pride, and economic self-sufficiency quickly took root and flourished among a dissatisfied and bitter people. “We’ve got to teach the American Negro blackness,” Garvey preached. “Black ideals, black industry, black United States and black religion.” Today, this message of unity among the black race continues to be heard through Peter Tosh’s Africa:", "To fight this discrimination many Black movement groups formed. The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was formed by Marcus Garvey, an immigrant from Jamaica living in Harlem. Garvey preached a message of equality that many, including other Black leaders, considered radical. Garvey helped start companies and news papers directed towards the Black community. He gained many followers around the US, especially in cities. Amritjit Singh [1] estimates that Garvey and the UNIA had over half a million followers. Garvey created more racial cohesion and inspired the Black community to stand up. Yet others, including the prominent Black author W.E.B. Du Bois, considered Garvey’s approach extreme and believed that it would backfire. Du Bois believed in a \"gradualist\" strategy, working through education and the legal system. He and some other Black leaders petitioned the U.S. Attorney General and had Garvey deported back to Jamaica. Yet Garvey's message lived on long after he was deported, and he was one of the early inspirations of 1960 civil rights leader Malcolm X.", "W.E.B. DuBois, the black American sociologist, scholar, author, pan-Africanist, communist, and one of the founders of the NAACP, died in Accra, the capital of Ghana, where he had expatriated. He had been charged and tried in the U.S. for being a “foreign principal” in 1951 because he chaired the The Peace Information Center.", "So the purpose of the Organization of Afro American Unity is to unite everyone in the Western Hemisphere of African descent into one united force. And then, once we are united among ourselves in the Western Hemisphere, we will unite with our brothers on the motherland, on the continent of Africa. So to get right with it, I would like to read you the \"Basic Aims and Objectives of the Organization of Afro American Unity;\" started here in New York, June, 1964.", "461 \"Pan-African Conference in 1900\"], Article #461, Origins of the movement for global black unity, Global Mappings. It was organized by men from the Caribbean: Haitians Anténor Firmin and Bénito Sylvain and Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams. Du Bois played a leading role, drafting a letter (\"Address to the Nations of the World\")[http://www.blackpast.org/?q", "On this day in1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in New York City.  W.E.B. Du Bois headed a call for a meeting on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls to discuss problems affecting African Americans.  The bi-racial group of writers, scholars, and philanthropists joined Du Bois in the effort became known as the Niagara Movement.  The movement struggled to develop support and funding.  Leaders decided a new national organization was needed, this being the NAACP.  Protests were organized and legal campaigns were planned to overturn Jim Crow segregation in the South.  When groups such as the SNCC and the SCLC mounted civil disobedience and mass protests, the NAACP continued to challenge in the courts.  The NAACP was essential in the lobbying and litigation that resulted in most of the key rulings and legislation that destroyed segregation.  The NAACP still exists as the preeminent African American social and political organization the United States.", "\"We, the members of the Organization of Afro American Unity, gathered together in Harlem, New York:", "In 1937, with Max Yergan , Paul Robeson founded the Council on African Affairs (CAA), the first major U.S. organization whose focus was on providing pertinent and up-to-date information about Africa across the U.S., particularly to African Americans. During World War II, the Council functioned as a broad-based coalition that included a variety of activists, some of whom were associated with the Communist Party. Probably the most successful campaign of the Council was for South African famine relief in 1946.", "Du Bois and the NAACP also demonstrated the spirit of the “New Negro” by supporting dozens of civil rights lawsuits and demanding an end to the colonization of Africa. Du Bois believed that the second-class citizenship of African Americans reflected this colonial orientation and remained the prominent voice of the NAACP and black intelligentsia throughout the 1920s. However, Du Bois and the NAACP were overshadowed during the early 1920s by a Jamaican named Marcus Garvey A Jamaican advocate of Pan-African unity, Garvey created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in New York. The goal of the UNIA was to promote black pride and economic self-sufficiency in the near term while working toward creating independent black republics in Africa, Latin America, or the Caribbean. who advocated a different brand of Pan-Africanism.", "a civil rights leader who founded an interracial organization, CORE to confront urban segregation in the North", "Prior to the 20th century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delany, Edward Wilmot Blyden, and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement (some sects of which proclaim Garvey as a prophet).", "Among African Americans, the great migration of Southern blacks to Northern jobs during the war created strong African American communities. During the 1920s these communities were home to cultural revivals, such as the Harlem Renaissance, where art, music, and literature flourished. The �New Negro,� a term used by critic and historian Alain Locke, celebrated African American heritage and racial identity. As black creativity flourished, African Americans began to raise their voices for equality. Interest also arose in black nationalism. Some African Americans became followers of Jamaican black nationalist Marcus Garvey, who urged racial pride, formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and led a �Back to Africa� movement. At its height the UNIA claimed more than 2 million members. It declined after Garvey was convicted of fraud and deported to Jamaica in 1927.", "By the turn of the twentieth century, Booker T. Washington had gained prominence as the chief spokesperson on the state of black America and the issue of racial reconciliation. Recognized throughout the United States as an outstanding black leader and mediator, he advocated accommodationism as the preferred method of attaining black rights. His leading opponent, black historian, militant, and author W. E. B. Du Bois, felt it was necessary to take more aggressive measures in the fight for equality. Du Bois spearheaded the Niagara Movement, a radical black intellectual forum, in 1905. Members of the group merged with white progressives in 1910 to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). After Washington's death in 1915, the NAACP became a greater force in the struggle for racial reform.", "Whiles desperately forging the unity of the states in Africa, Nkrumah maintained his contacts with Africans everywhere in the world. He spoke out for the civil rights movement in the USA and met with Malcom X on more than one occasion. Malcom was even invited to visit Ghana and to hold discussions with the Ghanaian authorities on the links that existed between the struggle of African-Americans and developments on the continent. Nkrumah was also a keen inspiration for the Black Panther movement.", "In 1914, Garvey returned to Jamaica, where he organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). In an article titled \"The Negro's Greatest Enemy\", published in Current History (September 1923), Garvey explained the origin of the organization's name:", "Solomon, Mark. The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.", "The ad hoc and wavering Pan-Africanist train of thought began to consolidate itself through the scholarship of W.E.B. Du Bois, a staunch advocate of African culture and history, who propounded the idea that colonialism lay at the heart of Africa’s economic, political and social problems.  Building on this, Marcus Garvey, a Black nationalist, further urged the return of Africans to the continent, which he attempted to facilitate through the establishment of a shipping company, the Black Star Line, aimed at transporting Black Africans back to Africa. This venture was unsuccessful due to obstruction by both the US and British authorities concerned with the future of their colonies.", "My name is Assata (\"she who struggles\") Olugbala ( \"for the people\" ) Shakur (\"the thankful one\"), and I am a 20th century escaped slave. Because of government persecution, I was left with no other choice than to flee from the political repression, racism and violence that dominate the US government's policy towards people of color. I am an ex political prisoner, and I have been living in exile in Cuba since 1984. I have been a political activist most of my life, and although the U.S. government has done everything in its power to criminalize me, I am not a criminal, nor have I ever been one. In the 1960s, I participated in various struggles: the black liberation movement, the student rights movement, and the movement to end the war in Vietnam. I joined the Black Panther Party. By 1969 the Black Panther Party had become the number one organization targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO program. because the Black Panther Party demanded the total liberation of black people, J. Edgar Hoover called it \"greatest threat to the internal security of the country\" and vowed to destroy it and its leaders and activists.", "American political leader. Born in Jamaica, he became a leading black nationalist who created the Back to Africa movement in the United States. His Pan-African beliefs and skill in mobilization would prove highly influential to later generations of civil rights activists.", "The 1910s were a productive time for Du Bois. In 1911 he attended the First Universal Races Congress in London and he published his first novel, The Quest of the Silver Fleece. Two years later, Du Bois wrote, produced, and directed a pageant for the stage, The Star of Ethiopia. In 1915, Du Bois published The Negro, a general history of black Africans, and the first of its kind in English. The book rebutted claims of African inferiority, and would come to serve as the basis of much Afrocentric historiography in the 20th century. The Negro predicted unity and solidarity for colored people around the world, and it influenced many who supported the Pan-African movement.", "The black American's economic struggles sparked major political developments among the blacks. Beginning in 1929, the St. Louis Urban League launched a national \"jobs for Negroes\" movement by boycotting chain stores that had mostly black customers but hired only white employees. Efforts to unify black organizations and youth groups later led to the founding of the National Negro Congress in 1936 and the Southern Negro Youth Congress in 1937.", "JEANNE THEOHARIS: Marcus Garvey headed the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He was a Pan-Africanist and also a proponent of sort of black nationalism and black pride. And her grandfather was a supporter.", "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and organization devoted to promoting the civil rights of African Americans.", "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - this organziation called for equality for African Americans", "Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): popular with poor urban blacks. It advocated a \"Back to Africa\" movement and stimulated racial pride among African Americans" ]

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[ "The Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus Radar Mapper, was a 1,035-kilogram (2,280 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus using Synthetic Aperture Radar and measure the planetary gravity. It was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from the Space Shuttle, the first to use the Boeing Inertial Upper Stage booster for launch, and was the first spacecraft to test aerobraking as a method for circularizing an orbit. Magellan was the fourth successful, NASA funded mission to Venus and ended an eleven-year U.S. interplanetary exploration hiatus.", "The Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus Radar Mapper, was a 1,035-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus using Synthetic Aperture Radar and measure the planetary gravity.", "The only way to get a good view of the planet's surface from space is by radar. NASA launched the Magellan probe to Venus in 1989 to make a detailed survey of the planet using a mapping radar. The data from these surveys has been used to create computer-generated world maps of the planet's topography. These maps usually portray the surface of Venus in a reddish brown color. This is not the true color of the surface but was chosen to highlight features in the planet's geology. Actual photos of the surface were collected by several Soviet craft that visited Venus, such as the following image taken by the Venera 13 lander in 1982.", "The Magellan spacecraft was launched 4 May 1989, and arrived at Venus on 10 August 1990.", "The Magellan spacecraft was launched from Florida on 4 May 1989. On 10 August 1990, Magellan entered into orbit about Venus. During its four years in orbit around the planet, it mapped over 98 percent of the planet's surface and collected high-resolution gravity data of Venus. With the deliberate intention of crash-landing the probe, a final aero-braking experiment was carried out in October 1994, achieved by turning Magellan's solar arrays so that the spacecraft behaved like a propeller. Communications with the probe were lost on 12 October 1994, and the probe burned up in Venus's atmosphere a few days later. The purpose of the crash landing was to collect data on the atmosphere and on how the spacecraft performed as it descended.", "Magellan was launched on May 4, 1989, at 18:46:59 UTC by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from KSC Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis during mission STS-30. Once in orbit, an Inertial Upper Stage booster, deployed from the shuttle and launched on May 5, 1989 01:06:00 UTC, sending the spacecraft into a Type IV, heliocentric orbit where it would circle the Sun 1.5 times, before reaching Venus 15 months later on August 10, 1990.", "1989: Magellan 4 (USA): Orbiter (as shown in picture above). Contained imaging equipment which could see through Venus' clouds to reveal the planet's surface.", "March 11: PIONEER V, NASA space probe, successfully launched by Thor-Able-4, the start of a historic flight to measure radiation and magnetic fields between Earth and Venus, and to communicate over great distances. Managed by AFBMD and Space Technology Laboratories for NASA, PIONEER V carried experiments designed by various civilian and governmental scientists.", "Atlantis' fourth flight, STS-30, marked a historic first for NASA. On board the shuttle was Magellan , a spacecraft that would be launched toward Venus. This was the first time that NASA launched an interplanetary probe from the shuttle's payload bay.", "On the Soviet side, aside from the very successful series of the Moon landers, which generally should be counted as a part of the Moon Race, there were a number of the unmanned probes as well. The most extensive and successful of them was the Venera (Venus) series of probes launched in The '70s and The '80s that finally conclusively proved what a Death World Venus really is. The first of these generally coincided with the American Mariner launches and were intended to study the Cytherean note \"cytherean\"—of or relating to the planet Venus atmosphere, determining its composition was mostly carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. No one, however, expected the tremendous pressure of this atmosphere, and the probes died when they exceeded their crush depth . Venera 3 and Venera 4 saw every piece of thier equipment destroyed by the time they reached the surface, so Venera 5 and Venera 6 were designed as atmospheric probes. Submarine designers were then consulted, and Venera 7 was robust enough to survive a landing and become the first manmade object to transmit surface data from another planet. Due to the failure of the parachute causing it to tip over and an internal switchboard failure, this data was restricted to just the surface temperature. Later probes landed better and were able to transmit images of the barren and stony desertlike surface with some mysterious (and possibly moving) rocks.", "The Shuttle program's first launch of a planetary spacecraft came on the first day of the mission, when the Magellan Venus Radar Mapper was released from the Atlantis' cargo bay with an Inertial Upper Stage booster attached. The booster fired shortly thereafter to send Magellan to Venus, where it arrived in August 1990 to begin an eight-month mapping mission. Secondary experiments after the deployment included crystal growth studies and a search for thunderstorms in the atmosphere below, called the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment.", "In 1978, the space probe Pioneer Venus 1 went into orbit around Venus for the purpose of making radar observations of the Venusian surface. These observations made possible the creation of the first topographic map of the surface of Venus, and confirmed that a point within Maxwell Montes is the highest point above the average level of the planet's surface. ", "The Venera 9 to 12 probes were of a different design. They weighed approximately five tons and were launched by the powerful Proton booster. They included a transfer and relay bus that had engines to brake into Venus orbit (Venera 9 and 10, 15 and 16) and to serve as receiver and relay for the entry probe's transmissions. The entry probe was attached to the top of the bus in a spherical heat shield. The probes were optimized for surface operations with an unusual looking design that included a spherical compartment to protect the electronics from atmospheric pressure and heat for as long as possible. Beneath this was a shock absorbing \"crush ring\" for landing. Above the pressure sphere was a cylindrical antenna structure and a wide dish shaped structure that resembled an antenna but was actually an aerobrake. They were designed to operate on the surface for a minimum of 30 minutes. Instruments varied on different missions, but included cameras and atmospheric and soil analysis equipment. All four landers had problems with some or all of their camera lens caps not releasing.", "9 May 1979 The United States undertook a pugnacious mission to Venus that was intended to capitalize on scientific knowledge gained from the earlier Soviet Venera 9 and Venera 10 probes. It launched Pioneer Venus Orbiter on a mission to Venus on 20 May 1978 and Pioneer Venus 2 on 8 August 1978. The latter mission was to plunge into the atmosphere and return scientific data about the planet before destruction of the vehicle. On 14 December 1978 the Pioneer Venus Orbiter went into orbit around Venus and relayed data until its systems failed. On 9 May 1979 Pioneer Venus 2 sent five separate parts into the atmosphere of Venus at an average speed of 26,100 mph. Before their destruction they relayed scientific data on the climate, chemical makeup, and atmospheric conditions of the planet.", "By the late seventies, NASA commenced the Pioneer Venus Project , which consisted of two separate missions. The first was the Pioneer Venus Orbiter , which inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus (Dec. 4th, 1978) to study its atmosphere and map the surface. The second, the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe , released four probes which entered the atmosphere on Dec. 9th, 1978, returning data on its composition, winds and heat fluxes.", "20 May 1978-9 May 1979 The United States undertook a pugnacious mission to Venus that was intended to capitalize on scientific knowledge gained from the earlier Soviet Venera 9 and Venera 10 probes. It launched Pioneer Venus Orbiter on a mission to Venus on 20 May 1978 and Pioneer Venus 2 on 8 Aug. 1978. The latter mission was to plunge into the atmosphere and return scientific data about the planet before destruction of the vehicle. On 14 Dec. 1978 the Pioneer Venus Orbiter went into orbit around Venus and relayed data until its systems failed. On 9 May 1979 Pioneer Venus 2 sent five separate parts into the atmosphere of Venus at an average speed of 26,100 mph. Before their destruction they relayed scientific data on the climate, chemical makeup, and atmospheric conditions of the planet.", "May 19: The Soviet Union 's Venera 1 probe passes within 100,000 kilometers of Venus but fails before encounter; first space probe to be launched from Earth orbit.", "From 1970 to 1983, the Soviets concentrated mostly on exploring Venus. They sent out a series of Venera and Vega probes that landed on Venus, analyzed its oil, took detailed photographs, studied the atmosphere, and mapped the planet using radar.", "May 17 Venera program: Soviet probe Venera 6 begins to descend into Venus' atmosphere, sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure.", "In 1985, the Soviets participated in a collaborative venture with several European states to launch the Vega Program . This two-spacecraft initiative was intended to take advantage of the appearance of Halley’s Comet in the inner Solar System, and combine a mission to it with a flyby of Venus. While en route to Halley on June 11th and 15th, the two Vega spacecraft dropped Venera-style probes into Venus’ atmosphere to map its weather.", "Many scientists around the world were skeptical as to a possible mission to Venus. Most thought that everything would burn up before the technology could send back any information. The Soviets sent a few missions to Venus, and the first few failed. Finally, in 1981, the Venera 13 mission made it through the hot layers of atmosphere and landed on the surface. It managed to keep from burning up for 127 minutes and sent color pictures back of the surface of Venus. Then, the transmissions stopped as the Venera 13 melted.", "Explanation: This image is part of the first color panoramic view from Venus . It was transmitted by a TV camera on the Soviet Venera 13 lander which parachuted to the surface on March 1, 1982. Venus' clouds are composed of sulfuric acid droplets while its surface temperature is about 900 degrees Fahrenheit (482 degrees C) at an atmospheric pressure of 92 times that of sea-level on Earth. Despite these harsh conditions, the Venera 13 lander survived long enough to send back a series of images and perform an analysis of the Venus ian soil. Part of the lander itself is visible in the lower right portion of the image. An earlier Soviet Venus lander, Venera 7 (1970), was the first spacecraft to return data from the surface of another planet.", "1967 - Mariner 5 was launched from Cape Kennedy, FL. The space probe's flight took it past Venus.", "Two Pioneer Venus spacecraft, an orbiter and a multiprobe lander, were to gather detailed information on the atmosphere and clouds of Venus in 1978 . The lander was to release four probes to the planet's surface. 6", "This orbiter spacecraft is the first of two launched on a seven month journey to observe the planet Venus, its atmosphere and clouds. It was launched May 20, 1978 and is still operational. Used for Pioneer Venus Orbiter.", "The Mars Climate Orbiter (formerly the Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter) was a 338 kilogram (750 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on December 11, 1998 to study the Martian climate, atmosphere, surface changes and to act as the communications relay in the Mars Surveyor '98 program, for Mars Polar Lander. However, on September 23, 1999, communication with the spacecraft was lost as the spacecraft went into orbital insertion, due to ground based computer software which produced output in non-SI units of pound-seconds (lbf�s) instead of the metric units of newton-seconds (N�s) specified in the contract between NASA and Lockheed. The spacecraft encountered Mars at an improperly low altitude, causing it to incorrectly enter the upper atmosphere and disintegrate.", "The Venera (Cyrillic: Венера) series probes were developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus , Venera being the Russian name for Venus. As with some of the Soviet Union's other planetary probes, the later versions were launched in pairs with a second vehicle being launched soon after the first of the pair.", "18 Dec. 1999 The flagship of NASA's Earth Observing System, Terra, was launched on this date from Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA. It is part of an international program to monitor climate and environmental change on Earth over the next 15 years. Part of a series of EOS satellites, Terra will enable new research into the ways that Earth's lands, oceans, air, ice, and life function as a total environmental system.", "It entered the atmosphere of Venus on December 15, 1970. The lander remained attached to the interplanetary bus during the initial stages of atmospheric entry to allow the bus to cool the lander to −8 °C for as long as possible. The lander was ejected once atmospheric buffeting broke the interplanetary bus's lock-on with Earth. The parachute opened at a height of 60 km and atmospheric testing began with results showing the atmosphere to be 97% carbon dioxide. The parachute appeared to fail during the descent, resulting in a descent more rapid than planned. As a result the lander struck the surface of Venus at about at 05:37:10 UTC. Landing coordinates are .Patrick Moore, The data book of astronomy. CRC Press, 2000, p. 92. See Table 5-5, Missions to Venus, 1961-2000. Landing near Navka Planitia", "The probe was launched from Earth on August 17, 1970, at 05:38 UTC. It consisted of an interplanetary bus based on the 3MV system and a lander. During the flight to Venus two in-course corrections were made using the bus's on-board KDU-414 engine.", "Handout image courtesy of NASA shows the planet Venus at the start of its transit of the Sun, June 5, 2012. Photograph: Nasa/Reuters", "Handout image courtesy of Nasa shows the planet Venus at the start of its transit of the Sun, June 5, 2012. Photograph: Nasa/Reuters" ]

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[ "Garry Kasparov, in full Garri Kimovich Kasparov, original name Garri Weinstein or Harry Weinstein (born April 13, 1963, Baku , Azerbaijan , U.S.S.R.), Russian chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985.", "Original name Garry Weinstein or Harry Weinstein, Russian chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985.", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 -- April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post-Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests.[1][2] Louis' championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, 26 championship fights during his reign; the 27th, against Ezzard Charles, was a challenge to Charles' Heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis' reign. All in all, Joe was victorious in 25 successful title defenses, a record for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization,[3] and was ranked #1 on The Ring's list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.[4]", "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), also known as \"Kid Blackie\" and \"The Manassa Mauler\", was an American professional boxer, who became a cultural icon of the 1920s. Dempsey held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926, and his aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Listed at #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers, in 1950 the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. Dempsey is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.", "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), also known as \"Kid Blackie\" and \"The Manassa Mauler\", was an American professional boxer, who became a cultural icon of the 1920s. Dempsey held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926, and his aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Listed at #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers, in 1950 the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. Dempsey is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), nicknamed Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer, Olympic gold medalist and undisputed world heavyweight champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981. Frazier was known for his sheer strength, durability, punch power and all-out relentless attack.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American Olympic and professional boxer and activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century. From early in his career, Ali was known as an inspiring, controversial and polarizing figure both inside and outside the ring. ", "Marvelous Marvin Hagler (born Marvin Nathaniel Hagler; May 23, 1954) is an American former professional boxer who reigned as the undisputed middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. He made twelve defenses of the undisputed title and today holds the highest knockout percentage of all undisputed middleweight champions, at 78%. At six years and seven months, his reign as undisputed middleweight champion is the second longest of the last century, behind only Tony Zale, who reigned during World War II. In 1982, annoyed that network announcers often did not refer to him by his nickname, \"Marvelous\", Hagler legally changed his name to Marvelous Marvin Hagler. ", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., 17 January 1942 - 3 June 2016 ) was an American boxer who was the Heavyweight Champion of the World three times between 1964 and 1979.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (; born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer. He held the undisputed world heavyweight championship and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. This made him the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "Johnny Weissmuller (born Johann Peter Weißmüller; June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a Romanian-born German-American swimmer and actor . Weissmuller was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s, winning five Olympic gold medals and one bronze medal . He won fifty-two US National Championships and set sixty-seven world records . After his swimming career, he became the sixth actor to portray Tarzan in films, a role he played in twelve motion pictures. Dozens of other actors have also played Tarzan, but Weissmuller is by far the best known. His character's distinctive, ululating Tarzan yell is still often used in films.", "1949: Joe Louis, US world heavyweight boxing champion known as the Brown Bomber, retired aged 35, after a record 25 successful defences of his title.", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice as Handcuff Harry, on a tour of Europe, where he would sensationally challenge different police-forces to try to keep him locked up. This revealed a talent for gimmickry and for audience involvement that would characterise all his work. Soon he was extending his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to hold his breath inside a sealed milk-can.", "Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr aka Muhammed Ali. He won the Olympics at 18, and would eventually become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Boxing Champion. He also would go onto defeat every top fighter in his time.", "Career notes: First to win heavyweight championship of the world three times. Was banned from the ring for three years for refusing induction into the armed forces during the Vietnam War. After ban was lifted, lost to Joe Frazier in \"Fight of the Century\" in 1971, but stunned George Foreman to regain belt in 1974. Lost title to, and regained it from, Leon Spinks in 1978. Three of defeats came in last four bouts, including two in an ill-advised emergence from retirement, against Larry Holmes and Trevor Berbick, at 38. Transcended the sport unlike any other boxer. Reinvented the way heavyweights were supposed to fight, deploying a speed and athleticism that was previously unheard of; also alternately bedazzled and appalled America and the world with charisma, showmanship and braggadocio. Viewed progressively over the years as loudmouth, villain, hero and finally a figure of pathos. Remains for many the definition of a champion.", "The 1960 Rome Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali , who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town, Louisville, KY. Soviet women's artistic gymnastics team members won 15 of 16 possible medals. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph , a gold medalist in the 100 meters, 200 meters and 4x100 meter relay events.", "On September 21, 1985, Holmes lost the IBF title by a close fifteen-round unanimous decision to Michael Spinks , who became the first reigning World Light Heavyweight Champion to win the World Heavyweight Championship. If Holmes had been victorious against Spinks, he would have tied Rocky Marciano 's career record of 49-0. [21] After the fight, a bitter Holmes said, \"Rocky Marciano couldn't carry my jockstrap.\" Holmes received a lot of criticism for the remarks. Shortly afterward, he apologized. [22]", "November 1915 to January 1916: An international tournament is held at the Manhattan Opera House featuring many of the top stars of the era. Among the wrestlers are Ed �Strangler� Lewis, Alex Aberg, Waldek Zbyszko, B.F. Roller, and Charles Cutler. The talk of the tournament is The Masked Marvel, a hooded wrestler who came out of the crowd and demanded to be entered. The promoters finally relent, allowing Marvel to debut on December 9. Aberg eventually beats Zbyszko in the tourney final, while Lewis finishes in third place.", "Wladimir Klitschko ( born 25 March 1976) is a Ukrainian professional boxer and the reigning Heavyweight World Champion, holding the WBA, IBF, WBO, IBO and The Ring heavyweight titles. Overall, he is the second longest reigning Heavyweight Champion of all time and has the second most successful title defenses total of any heavyweight boxer with 23 (including his \"super\" title recognition), behind just Joe Louis (25) and ahead of Larry Holmes (20) and Muhammad Ali (19). He currently has 18 consecutive title defenses, behind Joe Louis's 25 consecutive title defenses and Larry Holmes's 20 consecutive title defenses. Klitschko is tied on the all-time list for most heavyweight title fights with Joe Louis as they both have appeared in 27 heavyweight title fights. In 1993, he won the Junior European Championships as a heavyweight. In 1994, he received 2nd place at the Junior World Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. In 1995, he won the gold medal at the Military Championships in Ariccia, Italy, defeating Luan Krasniqi, who he had lost to in the third round of the World Championships in Berlin, Germany earlier that year. In 1996, he captured 2nd place as a Super Heavyweight at the European Championships in Vejle, Denmark. He had an amateur record of 134–36.Known as \"Dr. Steelhammer\", he first achieved world attention at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He defeated Paea Wolfgramm to win the Super-Heavyweight gold medal. Notable wins: Ray Mercer,Hasim Rahman,Chris Byrd 2x.", "Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist . Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki , Finland . He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956-1959 and from 1960-1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.", "Tyson would fight four more times after the Douglas fight before being convicted of raping beauty pageant contestant Desiree Washington in 1991. Following his release from the Indiana Youth Center in 1995 he quickly regained the WBA and WBC world titles, before losing them to Holyfield and was never again a world champion. He fought on sporadically for another decade and lost in another title challenge against Lennox Lewis in 2002. He retired from boxing in 2005 after consecutive losses to journeymen.", "The first American ever to become world chess champion, Bobby Fischer was as famous for his personality quirks as for his genius. He grew up in Brooklyn, learned to play chess at age 6 and quickly became a prodigy; he was only 15 when reached International Grandmaster level in August 1958. He fought a memorable and tumultuous battle against the Russian chess champion Boris Spassky in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1972, beating Spassky in 21 games to become world champion. But Fischer was already a somewhat eccentric figure, increasingly reclusive and prone to haggling over minor points of lighting and other match conditions. He never defended his crown, refusing a 1975 match against the International Chess Federation challenger, Anatoly Karpov. The ICF awarded the title to Karpov and Fischer dropped from sight for nearly two decades. He resurfaced in 1992 to play Spassky in a multi-million dollar rematch in Belgrade, thereby defying U.S. sanctions against Yugoslavia. He won the match (and $3.5 million), but spent the next decade as a reclusive, cranky and somewhat mysterious figure who was regarded as a fugitive by American authorities. On 16 July 2004, Fischer was arrested at Tokyo’s Narita Airport on a charge of trying to leave Japan without a valid passport. He was detained by the Japanese until March of 2005, when he was granted citizenship by Iceland and was deported to his new home country, where he died in 2008.", "Floyd Patterson, who has died aged 71, following Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer, not only became the youngest world heavyweight champion at 21; he also became the first fighter to regain the title by knocking out Sweden's Ingemar Johansson in the second of their three fights in 1960. He was also the first Olympic champion to go on and win boxing's richest prize.", "Because of its violent nature and its identification with betting, boxing has had a controversial history. There have been periodic efforts to outlaw the sport. The November 1982 death of South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, for example, prompted two editorials in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Jan. 14, 1983) calling for a ban on all boxing. The results of a study by an AMA-sponsored scientific council appeared in that same issue, and the council, expressing the official AMA position, called not for a ban but for improved controls and medical facilities at ringside, centralized record keeping, and standardization of safety regulations. Despite these periodic efforts, boxers remain internationally famous, particularly heavyweight champions, most of them, in this century; have come from the United States. Among the best heavyweights have been Muhammad ALI, Jack DEMPSEY, Jack JOHNSON, Joe LOUIS, Rocky MARCIANO, Gene TUNNEY, Corbett, and Sullivan. Outstanding champions in the lighter weights have included Benny Leonard, Mickey WALKER, Barney Ross, Henry ARMSTRONG, and Sugar Ray ROBINSON. Louis, Marciano, and Ali benefited greatly--both in popularity and financially--from the promotion of televised fights.", "* World chess champion Anatoly Karpov of Russia keeps his title, defeating Viktor Korchnoi in the 18th game of their title match in Merano, Italy.", "Holmes was the most consistent and talented heavyweight of his time, winning 20 straight title fights between 1978 and 1985. But during his reign as champ, boxing itself began to slip into organizational chaos. By the mid-1980s, the three major boxing organizations—the WBA, WBC, and IBF—were basically anointing their chosen champions. Worthy challengers were often denied big fights while unqualified boxers were thrust into the limelight. The result was a slew of mediocre titleholders, reminiscent of the early 1930s.", "The scandals and “fixes” have occurred at all levels of the sport, and for every documented instance there are many more suspected but often unproved. Examples of scandal-plagued fighters and organizations include Italian heavyweight Primo Carnera, whose sensational rise during the 1930s proceeded from fixed fights in which his opponents had been paid to lose (“take a dive”); the International Boxing Club, a major East Coast fight promoter that sometimes colluded with racketeers in the 1940s and 1950s; and boxing czar Paul John (“Frankie”) Carbo, a powerful boxing manager with ties to organized crime in the 1940s and 1950s, who was convicted of extortion in 1961.", "Klitschko's boxing statistics are extraordinary. He won 45 of 47 professional fights, and was never knocked out once. Boxing aficionados suggest that the time of his dominance was not a particularly glorious era for the sport and that he never faced a truly brilliant challenger, making him a boxing equivalent of Pete Sampras – repeatedly victorious yet not destined to be remembered as one of the all-time greats. Nevertheless, along with his younger brother, Vladimir, he has completely dominated the sport for a decade.", "Oh I almost forgot vato both of the Klitschko brothers Wlad and Vitali both lift weights and they both are World Heavyweight Champions and have been dominating the heavyweight division for almost a decade now. Those are two bad Eastern European hombres amigo and both can punch hard ese. Lets see I’ve already mentioned several World Champions so that should be enough info.", "World IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight champion Vladimir Klitschko was born in Kazakhstan in 1976. Additionally, undefeated middleweight Gennady Golovkin holds the WBA and IBO titles, as well as the WBC interim title. He is also currently on a streak of 20 consecutive knockout victories.", "During the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, 17-year-old Floyd Patterson, fighting from Brooklyn, New York, won four bouts en route to the finals. In the gold medal match, Patterson knocked his opponent Romanian Vasile Tita out in just 74 seconds with an uppercut to the chin. Patterson turned pro and became the youngest heavyweight champion in the world at age 21 until Mike Tyson broke the record at age 20.", "In 1919, rumors circulated that champion Caddock, who was fighting in France during the war, was retiring. This news resulted in Joe Stecher, “Strangler” Lewis and Wladek all fighting over the championship. Wladek again claimed the title during this muddled period. Finally Stecher defeated Caddock in 1920 to clear up the claims to the championship." ]

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[ "Good Morning Vietnam is a 1987 comedy-drama film set in Saigon during The Vietnam War , based on the career of Adrian Cronauer ( Robin Williams ), a disc jockey on Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS), who proves hugely popular with the troops serving in South Vietnam, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his \"irreverent tendency.\" The film was written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson.", "Good Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 American war-comedy film written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson. Set in Saigon in 1965, during the Vietnam War, the film stars Robin Williams as a radio DJ on Armed Forces Radio Service, who proves hugely popular with the troops, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his \"irreverent tendency\". The story is loosely based on the experiences of AFRS radio DJ Adrian Cronauer. Most of Williams' radio broadcasts were improvised. Williams was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. The film is number 100 on \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs\".", "Good Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 American comedy-drama film set in Saigon during the Vietnam War, based on the career of Adrian Cronauer, a disc jockey on Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS), who proves hugely popular with the troops serving in South Vietnam, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his \"irreverent tendency.\" The film was written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson.", "Good Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 American war-comedy film written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson . Set in Saigon in 1965, during the Vietnam War , the film stars Robin Williams as a radio DJ on Armed Forces Radio Service, who proves hugely popular with the troops, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his \"irreverent tendency\". The story is loosely based on the experiences of AFRS radio DJ Adrian Cronauer . Most of Williams' radio broadcasts were improvised. The film was a critical and commercial success; for his work in the film, Williams was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. The film is number 100 on the list of the \"American Film Institute's 100 Funniest American Movies\".  Show Less", "Good Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 American war-comedy film written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson . Set in Saigon in 1965, during the Vietnam War , the film stars Robin Williams as a radio DJ on Armed Forces Radio Service, who proves hugely popular with the troops, but infuriates...   Show More", "*Good Morning, Vietnam, directed by Barry Levinson, starring Robin Williams, Forest Whitaker, J. T. Walsh, Bruno Kirby", "Amazon.com: Good Morning, Vietnam: Robin Williams, Forest Whitaker, Barry Levinson, Mitch Markowitz: Amazon Digital Services LLC", "Adrian Cronauer (* 8. September 1938 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) ist ein amerikanischer Rechtsanwalt und ehemaliger Radio-Diskjockey. International bekannt wurde er durch den Spielfilm Good Morning, Vietnam von 1987, in dem er von Robin Williams dargestellt wird.", "Earned first Best Actor Academy Award nomination as disc jockey Adrian Cronauer in Barry Levinson's \"Good Morning, Vietnam\"", "Adrian Cronauer (born September 8, 1938) is a former United States Air Force sergeant and radio personality whose experiences as an innovative disc jockey in Vietnam inspired the 1987 film Good Morning, Vietnam (starring Robin Williams as Cronauer). ", "Robin Williams starred as Adrian Cronauer in 1987's Good Morning, Vietnam, the story of a DJ assigned to an armed services radio station in Vietnam.", "The first film to truly make full use of Williams talents, Good Morning Vietnam allowed Williams to display his stream of conscious ramblings alongside a dramatic clout that proved this manic comic had much depth in his arsenal.", "Cronauer co-wrote the original story for the film Good Morning, Vietnam, which was based on his experiences as a Saigon-based DJ during the Vietnam War, where he served from 1965 to 1966. His program was known as the \"Dawn Buster\". A subsequent special program on National Public Radio about the role of the American Forces Vietnam Network (AFVN-military radio and television) earned Cronauer a 1992 Ohio State Award and two 1991 Gold Medals from the New York Radio Festival. Prior to getting stationed in Vietnam he was stationed on Iraklion Air Station Crete, Greece.", "Good Morning, Vietnam [ PN1997 .G62637 1987] Imported by the Army for an early morning radio show in Vietnam, disc jockey Adrian Cronauer (Robin Williams) blasts the formerly staid, sanitized airwaves with a constant barrage of rapid-fire humor and the hottest hits from back home. The G.I.'s love him, but the brass is up in arms. (121 mins.) View trailer", "One of the first major films based on the Vietnam War was John Wayne's pro-war film, The Green Berets (1968). Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s, including Michael Cimino 's The Deer Hunter (1978), Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now (1979), Oliver Stone 's Platoon (1986) — based on his service in the U.S. Military during the Vietnam War, Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket (1987), Hamburger Hill (1987) and Casualties of War (1989). Later films would include We Were Soldiers (2002) and Rescue Dawn (2007). The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States, both anti-war and pro/anti-communist. The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded \"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" / The \"Fish\" Cheer in 1965, and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems.", "Cronauer attended the University of Pittsburgh where he led a group that founded the school's first student radio station, now WPTS-FM. His subsequent media work included being the classical morning host in Roanoke, Virginia at WVWR, now Virginia Tech's WVTF, during which time he created the proposal that would culminate in Good Morning, Vietnam. ", "Most recently, he directed, wrote and produced two high-profile documentaries for PBS: Dick Cavett's Watergate and Dick Cavett's Vietnam, intensely personal, intimate and entertaining explorations of critical events that helped shape American history in the 20th Century, each framed by guest interviews from the period and commentary by legendary talk show host Dick Cavett.", "Thomas Fowler (Michael Caine), who narrates the story, is involved in the war only as a reporter, an unengaged observer, apart from one crucial event. Pyle (Brendan Fraser), who represents America and its policies in Vietnam, is a CIA operative sent to steer the war according to America’s interests, and is passionately devoted to the ideas of York Harding, an American foreign policy theorist who said that what Vietnam needed was a \"third force\" to take the place of both the colonialists and the Vietnamese rebels and restore order. This supposedly anti-colonialist and anti-communist force was plainly meant to be America, and so Pyle sets about creating a \"Third Force\" against the Viet Minh by using a Vietnamese splinter group headed by corrupt militia leader General Thé (based on the actual Trinh Minh The). His arming of Thé's militia with American weaponry leads to a series of terrorist bombings in Saigon. These bombings, dishonestly blamed on the Communists in order to further American outrage, kill a number of innocent people, including women and children. ", "Made at a time when films on the Vietnam war were being produced by America at a healthy rate, Good Morning, Vietnam comes across as the sort that falls into both 'types' that were being produced at the time. Platoon got under the skin of Vietnam, telling the events from an individual's perspective through voiceovers without relying on a lot of causality, rather the everyday tasks and events that occur. Full Metal Jacket was an interesting beast in the sense most of its more intense scenes didn't actually happen in Vietnam but rather at home on the training ground. But both were in a sensible tradition and took attention away from the Reaganism inspired 'action' films that were Rambo: First Blood Part II and the like.", "\"Good Morning Vietnam\" was the \"first film that began to show Americans in Vietnam as they really were instead of a bunch of murderers and rapists and baby-killers and dope addicts and psychotics,\" said Cronauer. ", "The film opens, introducing seasoned veteran Benjamin L. Willard ( Martin Sheen ); a deeply troubled, seasoned veteran. It is 1970. Willard has returned to Saigon from deployment in the field. He drinks excessively and appears to be having difficulty adjusting to life in the rear-area. Two intelligence officers, Lt. General Corman ( G. D. Spradlin ), Colonel Lucas ( Harrison Ford ) and a government man ( Jerry Ziesmer ), approach him with an assignment: journey up the legendary Nung River into the remote Cambodian jungle to find Colonel Walter E. Kurtz ( Marlon Brando ), a member of the US Army Special Forces feared to have gone rogue.", "When I first made a TV film about Vietnam, in 1969, the director asked me to quote from Graham Greene’s novel The Quiet American; I did, and later one of the TV critics wrote that I saw the country with a second-hand imagination. Certainly I had read the book when it first came out in 1955, and on reading it once more in Saigon in 1990, perhaps for the sixth or seventh time, I found I admired it more than ever. Just for that reason I ask myself whether the TV critic had not been right, and I see Vietnam through Greene-tinted spectacles.", "Filmmaker, performer, and writer, Tiana Alexandra (Thi Thanh Nga) was born in Saigon and emigrated to the USA with her family as a consequence of the Vietnam War.", "Takes an inside look at Senator John Kerry's tour of duty in Vietnam, his contributions to the peace movement that followed, and how these experiences came to shape his future political career. Loosely based on the book Tour of Duty by Douglas Brinkley. 2004. 88 min. DVD 3076", "Has played characters that are Vietnam veterans on five occasions: Taxi Driver (1976), The Deer Hunter (1978), Jacknife (1989), Meet the Parents trilogy, and Grudge Match (2013).", "Tom became the first comedian to sign a one year development deal with Comedy Central that led to his one hour special 'Viva Vietnam' a comedy travel log to the newly opened country Vietnam as a heartfelt tribute to his father and the other veterans who served. Tom's friend Rich Hall worked on 'Viva Vietnam' as the one and only writer he was allowed to bring with him. Viva Vietnam was critically acclaimed and the Washington Post ran a feature story on Tom and his father, and how the premier in Washington DC attracted both Vietnamese diplomats and US diplomats laughing in the same room when they were once mortal enemies.", "Over the course of his career, David has been an on air reporter at NBC, ABC, CBS, and CNBC where he has received accolades for his courageous reporting tactics. In 1963, David opened the first Saigon News Bureau for NBC, and served as a network correspondent and cameraman during the Vietnam War.", "Journey from the fall [PN1997.2 .V86717 2007] Based on the true stories of Vietnamese refugees who fled after the fall of Saigon, April 30, 1975, and on the Vietnamese who stayed behind. Despite his allegiance to the toppled South Vietnamese government, Long Nguyen decides to remain in Vietnam. Imprisoned in a Communist re-education camp, he urges his family to make the escape by boat without him. His wife, son, and mother embark on the arduous ocean voyage in the hope of reaching the U.S. and freedom. (135 min.)", "(At the May 17 CSIS briefing, a Television Vietnam correspondent asked if the next American president would continue Obama’s “pivot” to Asia — which at least drew laughter. It is perhaps also worth noting that while “journalists” from Vietnam Television are welcome to peddle their propaganda in the United States, authorities in Hanoi continue to jam Radio Free Asia’s Vietnamese language service. And while the BBC is free to broadcast its English-language programs in Vietnam, the BBC’s celebrated Vietnamese Language Service frequently has run into problems.)", "I’ve been asked to direct this movie called With Honors, which is about a Vietnam vet that’s been on the street for thirty years. I love the story, especially after you watch American Sniper. This really tells the story of what vets go through after they come back from war, and they don’t get the care that they deserve. They don’t get the attention that they deserve. Many of them end up with all kinds of psychological, physical, and mental problems. Many of them end up becoming alcoholics, drug addicts on the street. This is the story of one who is a Medal of Honor winner, who literally walked away from the war because he couldn’t take it anymore, it really catches up with him thirty years later. It’s a powerful story and I can’t wait to direct it.", "The other day, I found myself watching a lovely episode of China Beach entitled \"The Thanks of a Grateful Nation\". The story follows Dodger as he returns home from Vietnam and struggles to reintegrate into everyday life. It reminded me that we have a lot of Vietnam-centric films on this topic. And it occurred to me I had never seen the granddaddy of all 'coming home' films; I decided it was time to fix that oversight.", "Which war veteran was Director of News & Special Events for ABC before find fame as a TV cop?" ]

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[ "Bette Davis, original name Ruth Elizabeth Davis (born April 5, 1908, Lowell , Massachusetts , U.S.—died October 6, 1989, Neuilly-sur-Seine , France ), versatile, volatile American actress, whose raw, unbridled intensity kept her at the top of her profession for 50 years.", "Bette Davis (April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989), born Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was a two-time Academy Award-winning American actress of film, television and theater.", "Ruth Elizabeth Davis (April 5, 1908 - October 6, 1989), better known as Bette Davis, was an Academy Award winning American actress.", "Bette Davis news, related photos and videos, and reviews of Bette Davis performances. According to Wikipedia: Bette Davis, born Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was a two-time Academy Award-winning American actress of film, television and theater. Noted for her willingness to play unsympathetic characters, she was highly regarded for her performances in a range of film genres, from contemporary crime melodramas to historical and period films and occasional comedies, though her greatest successes were romantic dramas.", "Bette Davis was born Ruth Elizabeth Davis on April 5, 1908, in Lowell, Mass. She was named for her mother, whom Bette in later years called Ruthie. Her daughter would later say that Ruthie was her dominating influence, at least through a first marriage.", "Bette Davis news, related photos and videos, and reviews of Bette Davis performances. According to Wikipedia: Bette Davis, born Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was a two-time Academy Award-winning American actress of film, television and theater. Noted for her willingness to play unsympathetic characters, she was highly regarded for her performances in a... more", "Murdoch University (Western Australia) Communications Senior Lecturer Tara Brabazon, in her article \"The Spectre of the Spinster: Bette Davis and the Epistemology of the Shelf,\" quotes the court testimony of Davis' first husband Harmon Nelson to show what a debacle her private life was. During divorce proceedings, Nelson was successful in sustaining his charge of mental cruelty by testifying that Davis had told him that her career was more important than her marriage. Brabazon writes that Davis, claiming she was beaten by all four of her husbands, believed that she should have remained single.", "Tart-tongued and independent, Bette Davis was one of America’s biggest movies stars in the years surrounding World War II. After several supporting roles in the early 1930s, she began getting more notice and bigger roles in such films as Of Human Bondage (1934) and Dangerous (1935, for which she won an Oscar). In 1938 she won another Oscar for William Wyler ‘s Jezebel (with Henry Fonda ), and throughout the 1940s and ’50s appeared in mostly dramas and costumers (including a memorable 1955 turn as Elizabeth I in The Virgin Queen). Not a typical screen beauty, Davis made up for it with spunk and flamboyance, and off-screen she earned a reputation as a “difficult” star. During the 1960s her career was revived somewhat by a string of horror movies, including What Ever Happened To Baby Jane?, in which she played opposite fellow screen legend Joan Crawford. Late in her career she made television movies, winning three Emmy awards between 1979 and 1983.", "Ruth Elizabeth Davis was born April 5, 1908 in Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. She passed away from cancer October 6, 1989 in France. Her parents divorced when she was a child & she was raised, along with her sister by her mother, Ruthie. Bette demanded attention practically from birth which led to her pursuing a career in...", "Bette Davis is remembered as one of Hollywood's legendary leading ladies, famous for her larger-than-life persona and for her nearly 100 film appearances.", "* Bette Davis appeared in three episodes as different characters; as Bettina May (1961), Ella Lindstrom (1959) and Madame Elizabeth McQueeney (1959).", "Psychoanalysts could make their careers exploring Bette Davis. Her mother was a tight-laced Victorian wannabe actress who projected her aspirations on to her daughter. Bette was only too willing to be pushed and ended up being the family breadwinner.", "The Krays and Bette Davis, Patrick Newley, AuthorsOnline Books, 2005. Memoir by showbiz writer Patrick Newley who acted as Crisp's P.A. for some years.", "She attended Cushing Academy, a boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, where she met her future husband, Harmon O. Nelson, known as \"Ham.\" In 1926, she saw a production of Henrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck with Blanche Yurka and Peg Entwistle, a well-known Broadway actress who killed herself in 1932 by jumping off the H of the Hollywood Sign. Davis later recalled that Entwistle inspired her full commitment to her chosen career, and said, \"Before that Entwistle.\" She auditioned for admission to Eva LeGallienne's Manhattan Civic Repertory, but was rejected by LeGallienne who described her attitude as \"insincere\" and \"frivolous.\" Upon graduating Cushing Academy, Bette enrolled in John Murray Anderson's Dramatic School.", "c Bette Davis, a liberated woman in a male dominated industry, specialized in difficult and powerful roles, setting a new standard for women on the big screen. On-screen and off, she personified a slightly aloof elegance. Inset: style was not restricted to the women: Clark Gable, the unchallenged king of Hollywood, was the fashion yardstick for men all over the world.", "By 1949, Davis and Sherry were estranged and Hollywood columnists were writing that Davis's career was at an end. She filmed The Story of a Divorce (released by RKO Radio Pictures in 1951 as  Payment on Demand ) but had received no other offers. Shortly before filming was completed, the producer  Darryl F. Zanuck  offered her the role of the aging theatrical actress Margo Channing in  All About Eve  (1950). Claudette Colbert , for whom the part had been written, had severely injured her back, and although production had been halted for two months in the hope that she might recover, she was unable to continue. Davis read the script, described it as the best she had ever read, and accepted the role. Within days she joined the cast in  San Francisco  to begin filming. During production, she established what would become a lifelong friendship with her costar,  Anne Baxter , and a romantic relationship with her leading man,  Gary Merrill , which led to marriage. The film's director  Joseph L. Mankiewicz  later remarked, \"Bette was letter perfect. She was syllable-perfect. The director's dream: the prepared actress.\"", "When we were making [ What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)], Bette [ Bette Davis ] admitted to me she was \"absolutely smitten\" with Franchot [ Franchot Tone ], who had made Dangerous (1935) with her, but Franchot and I were already very much involved. That proves that Bette did have some good taste in men. Franchot said he thought Bette was a good actress, but he never thought of her as a woman. Our marriage didn't last, but we had some wonderful years. I wouldn't give them back for anything, and we remained friends as long as he lived.", "In the early 1970s, Davis was invited to appear in New York, in a stage presentation, Great Ladies of the American Cinema. Over five successive nights, a different female star discussed her career and answered questions from the audience; Myrna Loy, Rosalind Russell, Lana Turner, Sylvia Sidney, and Joan Crawford were the other participants. Davis was well received and was invited to tour Australia with the similarly themed, Bette Davis in Person and on Film, and its success allowed her to take the production to the United Kingdom. ", "Onscreen, Bette Davis played spinsters named Charlotte in 3 different movies: The Old Maid (1939), Now, Voyager (1942), and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964).", "STAMBERG: There are hundreds of real life Bette Davis lines that live on. When some young starlet asked breathlessly, how do I get to Hollywood? Ms. Davis replied, take Fountains. Now you don't need the geography of Los Angeles to get how funny that is. Or an observation that becomes more meaningful with each passing year, old age ain't for sissies.", "After more than 20 film roles, the role of the vicious and slatternly Mildred Rogers in the RKO Radio production of  Of Human Bondage  (1934), a film adaptation of  W. Somerset Maugham 's novel, earned Davis her first major critical acclaim. Many actresses feared playing unsympathetic characters and several had refused the role, but Davis viewed it as an opportunity to show the range of her acting skills. Her costar,  Leslie Howard , was initially dismissive of her, but as filming progressed his attitude changed and he subsequently spoke highly of her abilities. The director,  John Cromwell , allowed her relative freedom, and commented, \"I let Bette have her head. I trusted her instincts.\" She insisted that she be portrayed realistically in her death scene, and said, \"the last stages of consumption , poverty and neglect are not pretty and I intended to be convincing-looking\".", "30 March 1955: Presenter Bette Davis poses with Marlon Brando, winner of the Best Actor Academy Award for On the Waterfront,  and Grace Kelly, who won Best Actress for The Country Girl ", "Bette Davis (1939) – Bette Davis won her second Oscar in 1939, this time for \"Jezebel.\"", "After a period on Broadway she moved to Hollywood in 1930 and worked initially for Universal Pictures. But, it wasn’t until 1932 when she signed with Warner Brothers that her legendary career began to take off. Bette Davis would appear in over 100 motion pictures.", "Classic Movies - Best Source For Classic Films, Movie Stars and Directors > A Centennial Tribute to Bette Davis", "Bette Davis sued Warner Brothers for putting her in crummy low-budget films and they, in turn, sued her right back for breaking her contract and signing with producer Ludovic Toeplitz. Politics, politics......Anyway, Bette got the better end of the deal and Jack Warner decided to give her some better productions.", "Jack Warner was never very fond of Bette Davis, despite all the money she raked in for Warner Brothers - she was their top star for years. Warner never went out of his way to get Davis an Oscar.", "In her teens, Bettie acted in high school plays and was a straight-A student. She graduated from the Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville on a Daughters of the American Revolution scholarship in 1944, and went on to study drama in New York City. Her notorious career began one day in October 1950, while on a break from her job as a secretary in a New York office. On a walk along the beach at Coney Island, an amateur photographer admired the 27-year-old's curvaceous body and asked her to pose. Nudity didn't bother her, she said, likening it to Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Her modeling career took off, and she was the centerfold in the January 1955 issue of then-fledgling Playboy magazine.", "She received an Oscar nomination for her role as a demented former child star in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? . This brought about a new round of super-stardom for generations of fans who were not familiar with her work. Two years later, she starred in Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte . Bette was married four times.", "She received an Oscar nomination for her role as a demented former child star in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). This brought about a new round of super-stardom for generations of fans who were not familiar with her work. Two years later, she starred in Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). Bette was married four times.", "Bette Davis knew how to clash her brights right, topping off her look off with a slick of red lipstick.", "[on Bette Davis ] So I had no great beginnings in legitimate theater, but what the hell had she become if not a movie star? With all her little gestures with the cigarette, the clipped speech, the big eyes, the deadpan? I was just as much an actress as she was, even though I wasn't trained for the stage." ]

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[ "Sonja Henie was the first superstar of women’s figure skating, winning three Olympic gold medals in 1928, 1932, and 1936. She made her Olympic début in 1924 when only an 11-year-old. She finished last in a field of eight but improved to fifth a few weeks later at the 1924 World Championship. Henie finished second at the 1926 World Championships to Austria's [Herma Plank-Szabo], but she then won the championship for the next ten years consecutively. She did more to popularize figure skating than any other individual. Henie turned professional in 1936 and soon amassed a fortune. Her flair for showmanship ensured the success of the ten feature films she made in Hollywood and accelerated the public awareness of ice skating as a sport. She toured the world with spectacular ice reviews achieving great popularity, particularly in the USA. She was initially idolized in her native Norway, but had some image problems after World War II when she was perceived to be a Nazi sympathizer who failed to support war relief efforts in Norway. Henie married three times, all to very wealthy men, and her own earnings from ice shows made her one of the richest athletes ever. She later suffered from leukemia and died during a flight from Paris to Oslo where she was flying to visit a specialist.", "Two years later, tiny Sonja Henie won the first of three consecutive Olympic gold medals in figure skating and became a Hollywood star. But the most competitive female athlete maybe ever was a lady named Babe.", "Sonja Henie (8 April 1912 – 12 October 1969) was a Norwegian figure skater and film star. She was a three-time Olympic Champion (1928, 1932, 1936) in Ladies' Singles, a ten-time World Champion (1927–1936) and a six-time European Champion (1931–1936). Henie won more Olympic and World titles than any other ladies' figure skater. At the height of her acting career she was one of the highest paid stars in Hollywood. ", "Sonja Henie A precocious figure skater, Henie competed at the 1924 inaugural Winter Olympics aged 11. Gold medals at subsequent Olympics and World Championships made her an international star. She introduced dramatic head gestures, faster movements, and spectacular leaps, and after turning professional in 1936 combined ice-revues with a lucrative Hollywood film career. She invested heavily in art, and at her death in 1969 her estate was worth $47m.", "Sonja’s 10 years of domination date from her 1927 world title. When the Henies weren’t moving Sonja’s training from one winter wonderland to another, she was skating exhibitions in the great cities of the globe. This extensive exhibition skating was meant to give her poise under any pressure. And it did. She won gold in St. Moritz, 1928, gold in Lake Placid, 1932, and—despite Cecilia Colledge snapping at her heels—gold in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936. Sonja set an Olympic record that has been nearly impossible to match.", "Left, world-champion figure skater Sonja Henie, circa 1938. Right, Henie, the defending gold medalist, performing her skating routine at the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany., Left, from Photofest; right, from © Bettmann/Corbis.", "p. 146 (December 4, 1967). Sonja Henie was a three-time gold medal winning Olympic figure skater from Norway, who later became a professional figure skater and film star.", "In the mid 1930s, Olympic Champion, Sonja Henie , increased the popularity of figure skating. She introduced the idea of white figure skates and short skating skirts. Her beauty, and her athletic ballet style increased figure skating's popularity world wide.", "Sonja Henie was born in Kristiania (part of modern Oslo), the only daughter of Wilhelm Henie (1872–1937), a prosperous Norwegian furrier and his wife Selma Lochmann-Nielsen (1888–1961). In addition to the income from the fur business, both of Henie's parents had inherited wealth. Wilhelm Henie had been a one-time World Cycling Champion and the Henie children were encouraged to take up a variety of sports at a young age. Henie initially showed talent at skiing , and then followed her older brother Leif to take up figure skating . As a girl, Henie was also a nationally ranked tennis player and a skilled swimmer and equestrienne . Once Henie began serious training as a figure skater, her formal schooling ended. She was educated by tutors, and her father hired the best experts in the world, including the famous Russian ballerina Tamara Karsavina, to transform his daughter into a sporting celebrity. [2]", "In the 1920s and 1930s, figure skating was dominated by Sonja Henie , who turned competitive success into a lucrative professional career as a movie star and touring skater. Henie also set the fashion for female skaters to wear short skirts and white boots. [7] The top male skaters of this period included Gillis Grafström and Karl Schäfer .", "In 1937, Sonja Henie appeared in the film Thin Ice . Figure skating has been the focus of several later Hollywood films, including The Cutting Edge and its sequels, The Cutting Edge: Going for the Gold, The Cutting Edge 3: Chasing the Dream, Ice Princess , Ice Castles , Ice Angel , Go Figure , and Blades of Glory , among others.", "Bearers of the Olympic Flag: Sophia Loren note Italian actress and \"Patroness of the Ceremonies\", Isabel Allende note Chilean-American novelist and a pioneer of the magical realism genre, Nawal el Moutawakelnote Moroccan runner, IOC member, and the first Muslim woman to win a gold medal in 1984, Susan Sarandonnote American actress and liberal activist, Wangari Maathainote Kenyan environmentalist and 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Manuela Di Centanote Italian skier and winner of 7 medals (2 gold, 2 silver and 3 bronze)[[note]], Maria Mutola[[note]]Mozambiquan runner, 2000 gold medalist, and one of the few Olympians to compete in six consecutive Games (1988-2008) and Somaly Mamnote Cambodian women's rights activist", "Later in the month, Azarenka took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics tennis event, held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London. She entered two events, playing in both the women's singles, and the mixed doubles alongside ATP doubles world No. 1 Max Mirnyi. In singles, Azarenka won her first four matches before falling in the semifinals, losing for the third time of the season and the ninth time overall to eventual Gold Medallist Serena Williams. Azarenka rebounded by winning the Bronze Medal match over Russian Maria Kirilenko in straight sets, earning the first ever Olympic medal in tennis for Belarus. Azarenka got her first Gold medal in the 2012 Olympic Games on 5 August 2012 with Max Mirnyi for Belarus, defeating Andy Murray and Laura Robson of Great Britain in a tiebreak. ", "Larisa Latynina, who currently holds the record for the most gold Olympic medals won by a woman (and held the record for most Olympic medals won per person from 1964 until 2012 when swimmer Michael Phelps replaced her record), established the USSR as the dominant force in gymnastics for many years. Today, Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics with Yevgeniya Kanayeva. Russian synchronized swimming is the best in the world, with almost all gold medals at Olympics and World Championships having been swept by Russians in recent decades. Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. With the exception of 2010 a Soviet or Russian pair has won gold at every Winter Olympics since 1964.", "Other versatile Olympians were Lottie Dod who took the silver medal at the 1908 Olympics for archery, as well as winning five Wimbledon tennis championships. She competed at a high level in golf, field hockey and curling, and also excelled at mountaineering, cycling and figure skating; Jim Thorpe won gold medals at the 1912 Olympics for both the pentathlon and decathlon, as well as playing professional baseball, basketball and football; and Babe Didrikson-Zaharias won two gold medals at the 1932 Olympics in the hurdles and javelin, as well as silver in the high jump; he also excelled at golf and basketball.", "In 1936, following a successful ice show in Los Angeles orchestrated by her father to launch her film career, Hollywood studio chief Darryl Zanuck signed her to a long term contract at Twentieth Century Fox, which made her one of the highest-paid actresses of the time. After the success of her first film, One in a Million, Henie's position was assured and she became increasingly demanding in her business dealings with Zanuck. Henie also insisted on having total control of the skating numbers in her films such as Second Fiddle (1939).", "Latynina's nine gold medals makes her second on the list of most Olympic gold medalists together with Mark Spitz, Carl Lewis and Paavo Nurmi, only behind Michael Phelps, who has 18. She held the distinction of having more Olympic medals (either individually or with a team) than anybody, from 1964 until 2012. She is the only woman to have won nine gold medals. She is also the only female athlete who at some point has held the record for most Olympic gold medals. Additionally, within the sport of gymnastics, she is the only woman who has won an all-around medal in more than two Olympiads, the only woman who has won an individual event (floor exercise) in more than two Olympiads, and one of only three women who have won every individual event at either the World Championship or Olympic level. She is the only female gymnast to have won team gold, all-around gold and an event final gold at the same Olympics.", "In 1936, following a successful ice show in Los Angeles orchestrated by her father to launch her film career, Hollywood studio chief Darryl Zanuck signed her to a long term contract at Twentieth Century Fox which made her one of the highest-paid actresses of the time. After the success of her first film, One in a Million, Henie's position was assured and she became increasingly demanding in her business dealings with Zanuck. Henie also insisted on having total control of the skating numbers in her films such as Second Fiddle (1939).", "First Games in the southern hemisphere. The equestrian events were held in Stockholm due to quarantine regulations. Australian athletes had a field day, courtesy of runner Betty Cuthbert winning the 100m, 200m and 4×100m, as well freestyle swimmers Murray Rose, the first to win multiple golds since Weissmuller (400m, 1500m and 4×200m), and Dawn Fraser at the 400m and 4×100m. The Games also featured the debut of Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina", "The Norwegian-born Henie won Olympic gold in 1928, 1932 and 1936 before coming to the United States and embarking on a Hollywood film career. Along the way, she curried favor with Hitler, had several notorious affairs and gained a reputation as something of a mean-spirited person.", "Women in Sports: Women''s Firsts: The first 19 women to compete in the modern Olympics Games in Paris, France, play in just three sports: tennis, golf, and croquet. Margaret I. Abbott is the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal. An art student in Paris, she won the nine-hole golf tournament by shooting a 47.", "Lauryn Williams won a gold medal in the 4×100 relay at London in 2012 (and a silver in the 100 metres in 2004), and with a gold medal in Sochi, could become only the second Olympian to win gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics, after American Eddie Eagan – 1920 boxing and 1932 bobsledding. Hanna Mariën also won a Summer Olympic medal, in the 4×100 relay at Beijng in 2008. If either Williams or Mariën medal in Sochi, they will join 4 previous Olympians to have medalled at both the Summer and Winter Olympics – Eagan, Norwegian Jacob Tullin Thams (1924 SKJ, 1936 SAI), Canadian Clara Hughes (1996 CYC, 2002/2006/2010 SSK), and German Christa Rothenburger-Luding (1988 CYC, 1984/1988/1992 SSK).", "The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race. Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House, Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport, beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver. McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line.", "      Katarina Witt ( Witt, Katarina ) of East Germany, dominating women's singles in a manner that had not been seen since Henie, won Olympic gold medals at both the 1984 ( Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ) and 1988 ( Calgary , Alberta ) Winter Games. American Scott Hamilton ( Hamilton, Scott ) (see Sidebar: Scott Hamilton: Training for Olympic Gold) won four world championships (1981–84) as well as an Olympic gold medal in 1984. Earlier, American brothers Hayes and David Jenkins ( Jenkins, Hayes Alan ) had won successive Olympic gold medals at the 1956 and 1960 Games. Brian Boitano ( Boitano, Brian ) continued the American Olympic dominance by winning the gold medal in 1988.", "Four years after winning Olympic silver in the quadruple sculls on the rowing course in Athens, Rebecca Romero took to the cycle track to become the first British woman ever to compete in two different Olympic sports. But she went better than that, and better than her Athens performance, in winning the individual pursuit gold medal. Only one other woman has won medals in two different sports at the summer Games, and she was from East Germany.", "American swimmer Mark Spitz, set a world record when he won seven gold medals in all the competitions he took part in. Olga Korbut, a Soviet gymnast, became a media star after winning a gold medal in the team competition event and finally winning two gold medals in the Balance Beam and the floor exercise events.", "NBC broadcasts the Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea, the second time in history that the Games have taken place in Asia. This marks the last time that athletes from the two Germanys would compete as separate countries. Track-and-field stars Florence Griffith-Joyner and Jackie Joyner-Kersee set new world records.", "Larissa Latynina won 18 Olympic medals, including 9 gold ones, the highest IOC recognised gold and overall totals in the modern Olympics.", "Audrey Hepburn (; born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress. Recognised as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywood's Golden Age. She was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame.", "* East Germany won the most medals overall (23) but had fewer golds (9) than the USSR (10).", "Betty Callaway, left, with Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean receiving their scores at the world championships in Helsinki in 1983. Photograph: Lehtikuva/PA Archive/Press Association Images", "Peter John “Johnny” Weissmuller made his first Olympic appearance. He also participated in the 1928 Games and then went on to Hollywood where he famously became Tarzan." ]

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[ "Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease, is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death. It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him.", "Alzheimer's disease (AD), or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. (1) Generally it is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. An estimated 26.6 million people worldwide had Alzheimer's in 2006; this number may quadruple by 2050.  (2, 3)", "Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called Alzheimer disease, Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Generally it is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. An estimated 26.6 million people worldwide had Alzheimer's in 2006; this number may quadruple by 2050.", "Retrogenesis is a medical hypothesis about the development and progress of Alzheimer's disease proposed by Barry Reisberg in the 1980s. The hypothesis is that just as the fetus goes through a process of neurodevelopment beginning with neurulation and ending with myelination, the brains of people with AD go through a reverse neurodegeneration process starting with demyelination and death of axons (white matter) and ending with the death of gray matter. Likewise the hypothesis is, that as infants go through states of cognitive development, people with AD go through the reverse process of progressive cognitive impairment. Reisberg developed the caregiving assessment tool known as \"FAST\" (Functional Assessment Staging Tool) which he says allows those caring for AD patients to identify the stages of disease progression and that provides advice about the kind of care needed at each stage.", "Of course, I am speaking of Alzheimer disease (AD). Originally described in a 51- year old woman by the Bavarian psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer in 1906, neuropathologists have increasingly recognized that AD is also the most common basis for latelife cognitive failure. Culminating in neuronal dystrophy and death leading to the progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions (i.e., dementia), and affecting individuals of both sexes and of all races and ethnic groups at a rate of occurrence in the U.S. ranging from approximately 1.3% (age 65-74) to 45% (age 85-93), it is easy to see why AD has generated so much intense scientific interest in recent years.", "The well-known hallmarks of AD, the plaques and neurofibrillary tangles first described by Alouis Alzheimer in 1906, were discovered in 1985 to be composed primarily of β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively. Advances in our knowledge of Aβ generation and tau protein homeostasis have led to substantial research into disease-modifying drugs aimed at decreasing overall plaque and tangle load in an effort to halt neurodegeneration. Such treatments will likely be most effective if started early in the disease process, making sensitive and accurate fluid biomarkers of Aβ and tau especially important.", "Alzheimer's disease had been largely forgotten by the medical community since its discovery in 1906. Medical historian Barron H. Lerner wrote that when Hayworth's diagnosis was made public in 1981, she became \"the first public face of Alzheimer's, helping to ensure that future patients did not go undiagnosed...Unbeknownst to her, Hayworth helped to destigmatize a condition that can still embarrass victims and their families.\" ", "Alzheimer�s disease, the chronic decline in intellectual capabilities, was recognized by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. At the time \"senility\" was thought to be simply a normal part of aging (4). Alois Alzheimer, better defined the disease in a speech given in November 1906. Dr. Alzheimer examined the brain, after her death, of a woman who died at the age of 56, after having paranoid delusions, hallucinations, and a loss of memory, and noticed senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the neurons (brain cells) (5). Alzheimer wrote, \"On the whole, it is evident that we are dealing with a peculiar, little known disease process.\" Up until 1970 the diagnosis of Alzheimer�s disease was restricted to patients less than 65 years old(4). Alzheimer�s disease is no longer defined by age with between 50% and 75% of all dementia cases now being diagnosed as Alzheimer�s disease, with the proportion increasing with age (6,7).", "AD was first described by a Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, in 1906.  Alzheimer's Disease is a form of dementia, a set of syndromes all of which involve loss of multiple cognitive functions, with preserved clarity of consciousness (i.e., the patient is not delirious). Put bluntly, dementias involve a loss of general intelligence, including abstract thinking, judgment, object recognition, and comprehension, which interferes with work, social activities, and social relationships. Dementia takes a number of different forms, including", "Much like other diseases associated with aging, dementia was comparatively rare before the 20th century, due to the fact that it is most common in people over 80, and such lifespans were uncommon in preindustrial times. Conversely, syphilitic dementia was widespread in the developed world until largely being eradicated by the use of penicillin after WWII. With significant increases in life expectancy following WWII, the number of people in developed countries over 65 started rapidly climbing. While elderly persons constituted an average of 3-5% of the population prior to 1945, by 2010 it was common in many countries to have 10-14% of people over 65 and in Germany and Japan, this figure exceeded 20%. Public awareness of Alzheimer's Disease was greatly increased in 1994 when former US president Ronald Reagan announced that he was suffering from the condition.", "In addition to the concept of the unconscious, another early landmark of psychiatry was the introduction of careful diagnosis of mental illness, beginning with Emil Kraepelin's work (1856-1926).  The first differentiated classification was of what he labelled dementia praecox, which meant the insanity of adolescence.  Kraepelin also invented the terms neurosis and psychosis, and named Alzheimer's disease after Alois Alzheimer, who first described it.  I should also mention Eugen Bleuler, who coined the term schizophrenia to replace dementia praecox in 1911.", "“In his day, Dr. Alzheimer’s discoveries were enormous strides forward. I believe that, just as Drs. Alzheimer and Kraepelin established the clinical pathways for researching this disease 100 years ago, we are creating strong foundations—in neuroimaging and genetics in particular—for the major discoveries to come,” commented Richard A. Hodes, M.D., Director, NIA. “Tremendous progress continues every day toward our efforts to conquer this disease.”", "Medical historian Barron H. Lerner wrote that when Hayworth's diagnosis was made public in 1981, she became \"the first public face of Alzheimer's, helping to ensure that future patients did not go undiagnosed Unbeknownst to her, Hayworth helped to destigmatize a condition that can still embarrass victims and their families.\"", "The Alzheimer's Association first awarded a grant to develop a mouse model of a rare neurodegenerative disorder called Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome in 1989, laying the technical foundation for Alzheimer's mouse models.", "Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. It is the most common cause of dementia. The most striking early symptom is short term memory loss (amnesia), which usually manifests as minor forgetfulness that becomes steadily more pronounced with illness progression, with relative preservation of older memories. As the disorder progresses, cognitive (intellectual) impairment extends to the domains of language (aphasia), skilled movements (apraxia), recognition (agnosia), and those functions (such as decision-making and planning) closely related to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain as they become disconnected from the limbic system, reflecting extension of the underlying pathological process. This consists principally of neuronal loss or atrophy, together with an inflammatory response to the deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Genetic factors are known to be important, and autosomal dominant mutations in three different genes (presenilin 1, presenilin 2, and amyloid precursor protein) have been identified that account for a small number of cases of familial, early-onset AD. For late onset AD (LOAD), only one susceptibility gene has so far been identified: the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene. Age of onset itself has a heritability of around 50%.", "By the period of 1913–20, schizophrenia had been well-defined in a way similar to today, and also the term dementia praecox had been used to suggest the development of senile-type dementia at a younger age. Eventually the two terms fused, so that until 1952 physicians used the terms dementia praecox (precocious dementia) and schizophrenia interchangeably. The term precocious dementia for a mental illness suggested that a type of mental illness like schizophrenia (including paranoia and decreased cognitive capacity) could be expected to arrive normally in all persons with greater age (see paraphrenia). After about 1920, the beginning use of dementia for what we now understand as schizophrenia and senile dementia helped limit the word's meaning to \"permanent, irreversible mental deterioration\". This began the change to the more recognizable use of the term today.", "Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year.[235][236] Nancy Reagan asserts that her husband's 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease,[236] citing what doctors told her,[236] although head trauma has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimer's.[245][246] Reagan's one-time physician Dr. Daniel Ruge has said it is possible, but not certain, that the horse accident affected the course of Reagan's memory.[247] [edit] Progression", "Perhaps the most eye-opening evidence regarding phosphatidylserine comes from studies of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In a 1988 Italian trial in which scientists gave phosphatidylserine to 70 Alzheimer’s patients for three months, the researchers found that memory improved in all patients, and the improvement was maintained three months after the drug was withdrawn. In a more recent American test at the National Institute of Mental Health, 150 otherwise healthy people who suffered from age-related memory impairment showed memory improvement of 15 to 20 percent, perhaps indicating that even healthy people can reap the restorative benefits of this drug. As further evidence, a previously unreported 1991 study by an international team of researchers showed that people who took the drug scored better on memory and concentration tests than people who didn’t. “The results,” concluded the study’s authors, “suggest that phosphatidylserine may be a promising candidate for treating memory loss later in life.”", "Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year. [282] [283] Nancy Reagan, citing what doctors told her, asserts that her husband's 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease, [283] although acute brain injury has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimer's or dementia. [292] [293] Reagan's one-time physician Daniel Ruge has said it is possible, but not certain, that the horse accident affected the course of Reagan's memory. [290]", "Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known simply as Alzheimer's, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. The most striking early symptom is loss of short-term memory (amnesia), which usually manifests as minor forgetfulness that becomes steadily more pronounced with illness progression, with relative preservation of older memories. As the disorder progresses, cognitive (intellectual) impairment extends to the domains of language (aphasia), skilled movements (apraxia), and recognition (agnosia), and functions such as decision-making and planning become impaired.", "It would, however, be premature to conclude that diffuse brain damage is always the complete explanation for the amnesic symptoms in dementing illnesses. In Alzheimer’s disease there may be a relative intensity of pathological change in the hippocampal regions and mamillary bodies, and perhaps particularly when memory deficits have been severe (Brierley 1961; Corsellis 1970). Conversely in Pick’s disease the pathological process may spare in large degree the hippocampal ’ regions, and here striking memory problems are rarely an", "These sticky proteins (plaques) and fibrils (tangles) had previously been seen only in the brains of much older patients diagnosed with “senile dementia.” At age 51, Auguste D. was thought to be far too young to be suffering from senile dementia, and Dr. Alzheimer’s “new” disease was initially classified as “presenile dementia.” Because of her age, clinicians did not consider the possibility that the plaques and tangles Dr. Alzheimer described could also be the cause of dementia in old age, thus the characterization as presenile dementia.", "This is the medical term for a progressive mental disorder characterised by a chronic disintegration of the personality, confusion, disorientation, stupor, deterioration of the intellect and a loss of control over memory, judgement and impulses. Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common form of dementia, responsible for over 60% of all cognitive dysfunction in later life. Over 50% of people aged 85+ suffer from Alzheimer’s Disease, and while scientists have yet to identify a definitive cause, there is a clear genetic link.", "Though researchers can trace face recognition problems after brain injury as far back as the 19th century, prosopagnosia was first identified as a separate neuropsychological problem by German neurologist Joachim Bodamer in 1947. While studying the brain injuries of World War II veterans, he came across two prosopagnosics.", "Historically, imaging was used only to exclude potentially surgically treatable causes of cognitive decline. Over the last few decades, imaging has moved from this minor role to a central position of diagnostic value with ever-increasing specificity. The ability to differentiate AD from alternative or contributory pathologies is of significant value now, but the need for an earlier and more certain diagnosis will only increase as disease-modifying therapies are identified. This will be particularly true if these therapies work best (or only) when initiated at the preclinical stage. Improvements in imaging have also greatly increased our understanding of the biology and progression of AD temporally and spatially. Importantly, the clinical correlations of these changes and their relationships to other biomarkers and to prognosis can be studied.", "Following Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting ~0.3% of the developed world population. Interestingly, the incidence of Parkinson’s increases to 3% for persons >65 years old, which strongly indicates that advanced age is a major risk factor for this disorder.", "Editorial describes AD as a major public heath problem and “Alzheimer’s disease” becomes a common term.", "In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, women tend to remember words better than men do, which could delay diagnosis in women, new research suggests. The difference exists even though women and men have similar amounts of shrinkage in brain areas that show the earliest evidence of Alzheimer’s disease, according to the study involving hundreds of people. “One way to interpret the results", "Much of the excitement surrounding ALC has been generated by scientific tests on human patients conducted in Italy, where Alberto Spagnoli, M.D., of the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research in Milan reported that the drug slowed cognitive decline in 63 patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, these patients had significantly better results than untreated Alzheimer’s patients in 13 of 14 measures of mental functioning, including memory, attention, verbal capacity and daily-living activities.", "The diagnostic term for a disease characterized by early senility confusion, loss of recognition of persons or familiar surroundings and restlessness is:", "Study of the genetics of human memory is in its infancy. A notable initial success was the association of APOE with memory dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. The search for genes associated with normally varying memory continues. One of the first candidates for normal variation in memory is the gene KIBRA, which appears to be associated with the rate at which material is forgotten over a delay period.", "Outside of imaging, progress in AD diagnostics stems primarily from the assessment of fluid biomarkers of AD. These biomarkers are generally procured from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma and include total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and the 42 amino acid form of of β-amyloid (Aβ42). These core biomarkers reflect AD pathology and have high diagnostic accuracy, which is especially useful in diagnosing AD in prodromal and mild cognitive impairment cases." ]

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[ "In the UK, double Oscar-winning actress Glenda Jackson - star of Women In Love and Elizabeth R - retired from the screen at the start of the 1990s.", "Glenda Jackson, 79, is a two-time Best Actress Oscar winner and one of the toughest, most riveting performers ever to become a major movie star. But she hasn’t appeared in a film since 1990 — and that’s because she decided to step away from Hollywood 25 years ago and run for a seat in British Parliament. In 1992, she was elected as a member of the liberal Labour Party, going on to serve her London constituency until her retirement last year.", "Glenda May Jackson, CBE (born 9 May 1936) is a British actress and Labour Party politician. She first became a Member of Parliament (MP) in 1992, and represented Hampstead and Kilburn. As a professional actress from the late 1950s, she spent four years as a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company from 1964, being particularly associated with the work of director Peter Brook. During her film career, she won two Academy Awards for Best Actress: for  Women In Love", "Two-time Best Actress Academy Award winner Glenda Jackson set aside her acting career after becoming a Labour Party MP in 1992. Four years ago, Jackson, who represented the Greater London constituency of Hampstead and Highgate, announced that she would stand down the 2015 general election – which, somewhat controversially, was won by right-wing prime minister David Cameron's Conservative party. [1] The silver lining: following a two-decade-plus break, Glenda Jackson is returning to acting.", "British actress Glenda Jackson graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London before performing with the Royal Shakespeare Company. As she became better known for her work, she gradually became more involved in film. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress four times, winning a total of two times: the first for Women in Love (1969) and the second for A Touch of Class (1973). She found success on the stage, in film, and on television.", "A two-time Academy Award winner, Glenda Jackson first made her name as an actress and later as a politician. She was born in Birkenhead, England, in 1936, to working-class parents. Her father was a bricklayer and her mother worked as a cleaner. After finishing her schooling at 16, Jackson worked at a drug store for two years. She started performing in amateur theater around this time.", "After working on the stage, Glenda started working in films. Glenda Jackson won the Best Actress Oscar for her work in the 1969 Ken Russell film adaptation of the D.H. Lawrence novel, WOMEN IN LOVE, with Alan Bates and Oliver Reed. Glenda Jackson was nominated for an Academy Award for her leading role as a sculptor in an abusive relationship with a competitive man.", "Glenda Jackson portrayed Elizabeth I in the BBC drama series Elizabeth R in 1971, and the 1972 historical film Mary Queen of Scots .", "Glenda Jackson and Peter Finch star, along with an uncredited Daniel Day-Lewis who made his film debut at the age of fourteen as a vandal. The movie also starred June Brown aka Dot Cotton from EastEnders.", "Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency and since 1992 the member of parliament has been the former actress Glenda Jackson of the Labour Party .", "is a 69 year old American Actress. Born Barbara Goldbach on 27th August, 1947 in Queens, New York, USA, she is famous for Bond girl, Ringo Starr's wife in a career that spans 1968–86. Her zodiac sign is Virgo.", "is a 67 year old New Zealander Actress. Born Pamela Helen Stephenson on 4th December, 1949 in Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand, she is famous for Not the Nine O'Clock News in a career that spans 1971–present. Her zodiac sign is Sagittarius.", "Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. Known for a series of sonically innovative, socially conscious and sexually provocative records, as well as elaborate stage shows, television and film roles, she has been a prominent figure in popular culture for over 30 years. The youngest child of the Jackson family, she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, including Good Times and Fame.", "Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928), known for most of her adult life by her married name, Shirley Temple Black, is an actress, singer, and tap dancer, who is best known for being an iconic American child actress of the 1930s. After her film achievements she began a notable career as a diplomat.", "Majel Barrett was born on February 23, 1932 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA as Majel Leigh Hudec. She was an actress and producer, known for General Hospital (1963), Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and Star Trek: Voyager (1995). She was married to Gene Roddenberry . She died on December 18, 2008 in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, USA. See full bio »", "Jackson worked as an NBC page at the network's Rockefeller Center studios and did summer stock at the Stowe Playhouse in Stowe, Vermont before landing a role as the mysterious, silent ghost Daphne Harridge on the 1960s supernatural daytime quasi-soap opera Dark Shadows. In 1971, Jackson had a starring role as Tracy Collins in Night of Dark Shadows, the second feature film based on the daytime serial. She was joined by her Dark Shadows castmates Lara Parker, David Selby, Grayson Hall, Nancy Barrett, John Karlen, and Thayer David. This movie was more loosely based on the series than House of Dark Shadows was, and it did not fare as well at the box office as the first film did. The same year, she worked with James Stewart in two episodes of the short-lived sitcom, The Jimmy Stewart Show. ", "Diana Ross - born March 26, 1944, in Detroit, Michigan, the second of six children born to Fred and Ernestine. She is of African American and Native American descent. Diana is a twelve-time Grammy and Oscar-nominated singer, record producer and actress, whose musical repertoire spans R&B, soul, pop, disco and jazz. During the 1960s, she helped shape the sound of popular music and the Motown Sound as lead singer of The Supremes. The group had 12 number one hits (1964-70), including \"Baby Love\" and \"Stop! In the Name of Love,\" and were one of the most successful pop acts of the decade. Ross emerged as a solo artist in the '70s with hits such as \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" and \"Touch Me in the Morning,\". During the 1970s and through the mid 1980s, Ross was the most successful female artist of the rock era, crossing over into film, television and Broadway. She received a Best Actress Academy Award nomination for her 1972 role as Billie Holiday in Lady Sings the Blues. She won a Golden Globe award for Lady Sings the Blues. She won American Music Awards, Garnered twelve Grammy Award nominations, and won a Tony Award for her one-woman show, An Evening with Diana Ross in 1977. ' Artist Discography '", "Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928), later known as Shirley Temple Black, is an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia. She began her film career in 1932 at the age of three, and in 1934, skyrocketed to superstardom in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. She received a special Academy Award in February 1935, and film hits such as Curly Top and Heidi followed year after year during the mid to late 1930s. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her wholesome image included dolls, dishes, and clothing. Her box office popularity waned as she reached adolescence, and she left the film industry at the age of 12 to attend high school. She appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid to late teens, and retired completely from films in 1950 at the age of 22. She was the top box-office draw four years in a row (1935--38) in a Motion Picture Herald poll.", "Lucy Kate Jackson (born October 29, 1948) is an American actress, director and producer, known for her television roles as Sabrina Duncan in the 1970s series Charlie's Angels (1976–79) and Amanda King in the 1980s series Scarecrow and Mrs. King (1983–87). Her film roles include Making Love (1982) and Loverboy (1989). She is a three-time Emmy Award nominee and four-time Golden Globe Award nominee.", "Cyd Charisse (born Tula Ellice Finklea; March 8, 1922 – June 17, 2008) [1] was an American actress and dancer.", "Shirley Jane Temple April 23, 1928 later Shirley Temple Black, is an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia. She began her film career in 1932 at the age of three, and in 1934, found international fame in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. She received a special Juvenile Academy Award in February 1935, and film hits such as Curly Top and Heidi followed year after year during the mid-to-late 1930s. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her wholesome image included dolls, dishes, and clothing. Her box office popularity waned as she reached adolescence, and she left the film industry at the age of 12 to attend high school. She appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid-to-late teens, and retired completely from films in 1950 at the age of 22. She was the top box-office draw four years in a row (1935–38) in a Motion Picture Herald poll. She is No. 18 on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest female American screen legends of all time, making her the highest-ranked living person on the list.", "Alana Hamilton Stewart (; born May 18, 1945) is an American actress and former model. She has also used her maiden name, Alana Collins, and her names from her first marriage, Alana Collins-Hamilton and Alana Hamilton, professionally.", "During the 1980s, she appeared in Hopscotch (1980) also co-starring Walter Matthau , and HealtH (1980) with Lauren Bacall , with disappointing results, although Jackson herself was never blamed. Her performance in the TV biography Sakharov (1984), in which she played Yelena Bonner , devoted wife of imprisoned Russian nuclear scientist Andrei Sakharov opposite Jason Robards , won rave reviews. However, the next film Turtle Diary (1985), was only a modest success, and the ensemble comedy Beyond Therapy (1987) was a critical and box office disaster and Jackson herself got some of the worst reviews of her career.", "After \"The Rookies\" ended, Jackson was immediately cast as Sabrina Duncan in \" Charlie's Angels \" co-starring Farrah Fawcett-Majors (Jill Munroe), Jaclyn Smith (Kelly Garrett), David Doyle (John Bosley), John Forsythe (Charles Townsend), and later in the series, Cheryl Ladd (Kris Munroe) who would replace Farrah Fawcett after she left the show initially.  The show was based on 3 beautiful women who worked as private detectives for an unseen Charlie Townsend.  The show was created specifically for Kate Jackson based on her success on the show \"The Rookie\".  She was originally intended to play the role of Kelly, however Jackson preferred the role of Sabrina. Jackson would stick with the role until 1979 when she left the show.", "Lesley Hornby (popularly known as Twiggy, born 19 September 1949) is an English supermodel, actress, and singer, now also known by her married name of Twiggy Lawson.", "Priscilla Maria Veronica White OBE (27 May 1943 – 1 August 2015), known by her stage name Cilla Black, was an English singer, television presenter, actress, and author.", "It would be in 1983 that Jackson, under her own production company would co-produce and star in the TV series \"Scarecrow and Mrs. King\" co-starring Bruce Boxleitner, Beverly Garland, and Martha Smith.  Jackson played a housewife who became involved with a spy, Lee Stetson played by Bruce Boxleitner.  Jackson even directed a couple of episodes of the show which would run for five seasons until 1987.", "During the 1970s, when Kate Jackson starred as Sabrina Duncan on Charlie's Angels, the future looked rosy for the spunky, dark-haired actress.  The ensuing years, however, have not been easy ones for Kate.  She has faced three divorces, severe health problems, the 2009 death of her friend, Farrah Faawcett, and serious financial difficulties.", "Records and television led to movies and, in 1950, MGM signed Monica to an exclusive multimedia contract. She was groomed in true MGM style - given singing and romantic roles in such films as The Strip with Mickey Rooney , Inside Straight with Barry Sullivan and Excuse My Dust with Red Skelton . She also sang the title song in the Marge Champion and Gower Champion musical, Everything I Have Is Yours , in which she became the only woman other than Marge to ever dance on screen with Gower. Additional appearances followed in Affair with a Stranger , starring Victor Mature and Jean Simmons , and The D.I. with Jack Webb .", "Calendar Girls (2003). Two of the original \"calendar girls\" - Tricia Stewart (left) and Angela Baker (right) take a walk with the stars who portray the characters based on their lives: Helen Mirren (center left) and Julie Walters (center right).", "Gordon Cameron Jackson was born in Glasgow in 1923. He made his first stage appearance in a singing competition, which he won. He was also a professional pianist and trained as a draftsman but got into acting by sneaking away from his job for an engineer whenever he could and applying for small parts at the BBC studios in his home city.", "Dame Margot Fonteyn (18 May 1919 - 21 February 1991) was a British ballet dancer, born Margaret Hookham, and nicknamed \"Peggy\"." ]

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[ "Super Bowl XXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1990 season. The Giants defeated the Bills by the score of 20–19, winning their second Super Bowl. It is the only Super Bowl decided by one point.", "Super Bowl XXV (1991) – Super Bowl XXV will likely always be remembered for Buffalo kicker Scott Norwood missing a field goal as time expired. But New York Giants running back Ottis Anderson won MVP in what was the closest Super Bowl ever. Anderson had 102 yards and a touchdown as the Giants prevailed 20-19.", "Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by the score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders, and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII), to lose back-to-back Super Bowls. The game was played on January 26, 1992, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the first time the city has played host to a Super Bowl (the city will host Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium).", "Super Bowl XXV - New York Giants vs. Buffalo Bills - January 27th, 1991 | Pro-Football-Reference.com", "NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXV to Tampa during a May 20, 1987 meeting held at Coronado, California. This was the second time that Tampa hosted the game; the city previously hosted Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984.", "The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; colorful quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominating fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and XXVI. The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV. As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).", "*The Saints also became the seventh team to win a Super Bowl after trailing to start the fourth quarter. The others to do so were: the Giants in Super Bowl XLII, the 49ers in Super Bowl XXIII, the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVII, the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowls X and XIV and the Colts in Super Bowl V.", "The Super Bowl is the annual  championship game  of the  National Football League  (NFL), the highest level of professional  American football  in the United States, culminating a  season  that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. This game is held at a selected site, usually a city that hosts an NFL team. The Super Bowl uses  Roman numerals  to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held, with  Super Bowl I  being the  1966 season championship game. The upcoming game,  Super Bowl XLVI , will be played at  Lucas Oil Stadium  in Indianapolis, on February 5, 2012, to determine the champion of the  2011 season  between the  New York Giants  and the  New England Patriots .", "The year following the Denver Broncos' second victory, however, a surprising St. Louis Rams led by undrafted quarterback Kurt Warner would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV . The tense game came down to the final play in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to overtime. The Titans nearly pulled it off, but the tackle of receiver Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone by a matter of inches. In 2007, ESPN would rank \"The Tackle\" as the 2nd greatest moment in Super Bowl history. [19]", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "The Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the premier association of professional American football. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970. After the merger, each league became a \"conference\", and the game was then played between conference champions. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played in 1967 to determine the championship of the regular season played in 1966, while Super Bowl XLV was most recently played on February 6, 2011, which the Green Bay Packers won to become the champions of the 2010 regular season.", "Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13 year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win 10 out of 13 Super Bowls. In the years between 2001 and 2011, three teams – the Patriots, Steelers, and Colts – accounted for ten of the AFC Super Bowl appearances, with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.", "Super Bowl XXIV (1990) – San Francisco quarterback Joe Montana raises his arms in celebration after a 49ers touchdown in Super Bowl XXIV. Montana had 297 yards passing and five touchdowns as the 49ers defeated Denver 55-10. It was the biggest blowout in Super Bowl history. Montana collected his third MVP award, and the 49ers capped a glorious run with four titles in nine years.", "*Super Bowl XXXV: January 28, 2001 (Baltimore Ravens 34, New York Giants 7 – all-time stadium record attendance 71,921)", "The NFC Green Bay Packers defeated the AFC Pittsburgh Steelers 31–25 in Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas, on Feb. 6, 2011, winning their first NFL championship in 14 years and their league-record 13th title—9 of which came before the Super Bowl era. Quarterback Aaron Rodgers captured the Super Bowl MVP award after completing 24 of 39 passes for 304 yd and three touchdowns without an interception as the Packers became just the second number six seed to win the Super Bowl.", "For the first time, each player wore a Super Bowl logo patch on his jersey. This would not become a regular practice in Super Bowls until Super Bowl XXXII. The Super Bowl XXV logo was painted at midfield, and the NFL logo was placed at each of the two 35-yard lines. For the past Super Bowl games since Super Bowl VI, the NFL logo was painted on the 50-yard line.", "* January 26 – Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. ", "Super Bowl XLV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2010 season. The Packers defeated the Steelers by the score of 31–25. The game was played on February 6, 2011, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Dallas–Fort Worth area.", "Pittsburgh Steelers almost do.... The Green Bay Packers held off a spirited Pittsburgh Steelers fightback to win Super Bowl XLV in Dallas, Texas for their first championship since 1997. Aaron Rodgers stepped up in style with three touchdown passes, Greg Jennings converting two of them, and though the Steelers came within three points of overhauling an 18-point deficit late on, the Packers held on for a deserved win at Cowboys Stadium.", "Super Bowl XXXV is better remembered for it’s halftime show—the one that featured Aerosmith, ‘N Sync, Britney Spears, Nelly, and Mary J. Blige—than the actual game. And the reason for that was that the actual game was boring. The Ravens were not an exciting team to watch, but they were fantastic on defense and they suffocated the Giants. Hell, Ray Lewis was the MVP of the game and he only had three solo tackles, two assisted tackles, and four blocked passes. At least the MVP of Super Bowl XLVIII, Malcolm Smith, had 10 tackles and a pick six. ", "This was the third time in Super Bowl history that a team overcame a deficit entering the fourth quarter to win the game. The Baltimore Colts entered the final quarter down 13–6 against Dallas in Super Bowl V and won the game 16–13. The Pittsburgh Steelers started the final period against Dallas in Super Bowl X down 10–7 and eventually won the game 21–17. The lead had changed hands seven times, a Super Bowl record to this day. Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, and John Stallworth became the fourth, fifth and sixth players to score touchdowns in back-to-back Super Bowls, respectively. They had to celebrate when Swann returned from the hospital after being injured.", "In American Football , the Buffalo Bills lost four straight Super Bowls at the beginning of the decade. The Dallas Cowboys were the dominant team in the mid-90s, and the NFC won every Super Bowl in the Nineties until John Elway led the Denver Broncos to two titles in 1998 and 1999 (while simultaneously lifting the onus of \"never winning the big one\" from his own career). Pro football also grew sharply in popularity in the South for the first time with the creation of two new teams in Jacksonville and Charlotte, and the World League of American Football (with its helmet-cams and experimental rules) established a bi-continental league in North America and Europenote Unfortunately, by 1995 the North American teams had either disbanded or moved to the CFL, leaving \"NFL Europe\" to soldier on until its dissolution in 2007.", "2011 – Super Bowl XLV was played between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Green Bay  Packers. The Packers won with a final score of 31-25. The head coaches were", "Tennessee Titans , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. Their last AFL championship was in 1961 when the team was the Houston Oilers .", "On January 15, 1978, the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XII in front of the largest audience ever to watch a sporting event. CBS scored a 47.2/67 national household rating/share, the highest-rated Super Bowl to date.", "* January 14 – The Green Bay Packers defeat the Oakland Raiders by the score of 33-14 in Super Bowl II at the Miami Orange Bowl.", "The second half of the decade was dominated by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who won four times in six seasons: Super Bowls IX, X, XII and XIV. Led by the \"Steel Curtain\" defense and quarterback Terry Bradshaw, the Steelers appeared in six AFC championship games during the 1970s, making the playoffs in eight consecutive years. The squad became the first (and only) team to win back-to-back Super Bowls on two different occasions.", "Photo: Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi is carried off the field after his team defeated the Oakland Raiders 33 to 14 in the Super Bowl II.", "The Green Bay Packers defeat the Oakland Raiders by the score of 33-14 in Super Bowl II.", "Dan Reeves' Atlanta Falcons fell victim to Mike Shanahan's Defending Champion Denver Broncos on January 1st, 1999 at Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida. Super Bowl 33 had Dan Reeves' old club, Denver, against his new club, \"The Dirty Birds.\" John Elway played well in his last game, throwing an 80 yard touchdown to Rod Smith, while taking home MVP honors. Terrell Davis had 100 yards for the second straight year. Tony Martin and Terrence Mathis were Chris Chandler's main targets, but Chandler also threw 3 interceptions; 2 to Darrien Gordon; 1 to Darrius Johnson. Jamal Anderson had 96 yards, and Tim Dwight had a 96 yard kick return for Atlanta. Trevor Price, Glenn Cadrez and Ray Crockett led Denver's defense.", "Photo: Jim O' Brien (80) of the Baltimore Colts gets off the game-winning field goal in Super Bowl V.", "Super Bowl XX was the 20th championship game of the modern National Football League (NFL). The game was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana following the 1985 regular season ." ]

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[ "Robert Mueller Municipal Airport ( ) was the first civilian airport built in Austin, Texas, operating from 1930 to 1999. It was replaced as Greater Austin's main airport by the Austin Bergstrom International Airport. Located a few miles northeast of downtown Austin, the airport was named after Robert Mueller, a city commissioner who had died while in office in January 1927. Mueller was identified with the three letter \"AUS\" airport code and this \"AUS\" code was then assigned to the Austin Bergstrom International Airport in 1999.", "The Robert Mueller Municipal Airport was located just a few miles northeast of downtown Austin, Texas and served as the city's only commercial airport from 1936 until 1999. After closing its doors, it was eventually designated to be a planned urban development for the city of Austin. Groundbreaking for the new Mueller Community began in 2007.", "A decades-long community planning and redevelopment process has transformed the 700-acre site of the former Robert Mueller Municipal Airport on the eastern side of Austin, Texas. When the airport had been active, its proximity negatively affected economic conditions in surrounding neighborhoods, which also suffered from being isolated from downtown Austin by Interstate 35. Beginning as a grassroots effort in the 1980s, local residents articulated a new vision for the area that would relocate the airport and attract businesses, create a mixed-use development, and encourage a mixed-income residential community. That vision and the airport’s closure in 1999 paved the way for redevelopment of the airport site with a planned community, Mueller, consisting of various housing types, commercial properties, and a network of green spaces. The first residents moved into Mueller in 2007. If market conditions remain favorable, by 2020 the community is expected to be substantially built out, with 5,900 total housing units, 4.3 million square feet of commercial space, and 140 acres of green space. Emphasizing housing affordability, environmental sustainability, economic development, and community participation, Mueller’s redevelopment represents model urban development practice in both its planning and implementation .", "Denver International Airport (IATA: DEN, ICAO: KDEN, FAA LID: DEN), often called DIA, is an airport in Denver, Colorado. By land size, at 53 square miles, it is the largest international airport in the United States, and the third largest international airport in the world after King Fahd International Airport and Montreal-Mirabel International Airport. Runway 16R/34L is the longest public use runway in the United States.", "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (IATA: DFW, ICAO: KDFW, FAA LID: DFW) is located between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, and (at least as of 2007) is the busiest airport in the U.S. state of Texas. It generally serves the larger Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area, with carriers providing regional, national and international flights.", "John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) is an international airport located in Queens County, on Long Island, in southeastern New York City. The airport is approximately 12 miles (19 km) from Lower Manhattan. It is the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States. It is also the leading freight gateway to the country by value of shipments. In 2009, the airport handled 45,915,069 passengers, making it the 12th busiest airport in the world by this measure.", "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (IATA: ATL, ICAO: KATL, FAA LID: ATL), known locally as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield, or Hartsfield–Jackson, is located seven miles (11 km) south of the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998, and by number of landings and take-offs since 2005. Hartsfield–Jackson held its ranking as the world's busiest airport in 2012, both in passengers and number of flights, by accommodating 95 million passengers (more than 260,000 passengers daily) and 950,119 flights. Many of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United States, where Atlanta serves as a major hub for travel throughout the Southeastern United States. The airport has 207 domestic and international gates.", "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , known locally as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield, or Hartsfield–Jackson, is an international airport located seven miles (11 km) south of the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia. It has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998, and by number of landings and take-offs from 2005 to 2013, and in 2015. Hartsfield–Jackson held its ranking as the world's busiest airport in 2012, both in passengers and number of flights, by accommodating 100 million passengers (more than 260,000 passengers daily) and 950,119 flights. Many of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United States, where Atlanta serves as a major hub for travel throughout the Southeastern United States. The airport has 207 domestic and international gates.", "James M. Cox Dayton International Airport, 3600 Terminal Dr (Vandalia), ☎ +1 937 454-8200, [1] . James M. Cox Dayton International Airport (DAY, KDAY) is in the northern part of the metropolitan area. Nonstop service is available from Atlanta , Baltimore , Charlotte , Chicago , Cleveland , Dallas , Denver , Detroit , Houston , Milwaukee , Minneapolis , Newark , New York , Orlando , Philadelphia , and Washington, D.C. (IAD and DCA). Dayton is the nation's number one 90-minute air market, meaning the city can be reached in 90 minutes or less by 55 percent of the population. A surprising and very nice feature is free wifi, which can be accessed under the name of \"public\" in the airport. There is no public bus service going to the airport at this time. This makes the Dayton International Airport the second-busiest airport in the continental United States without a public transportation option. Cabs from the downtown area to the airport cost at least $30.   edit", "Duluth International Airport serves the city and surrounding region with daily flights to Minneapolis and Chicago. Nearby municipal airports are Duluth Sky Harbor on Minnesota Point and the Richard I. Bong Airport in Superior. Both the Bong Airport and Bong Bridge are named for famed World War II pilot and highest-scoring American World War II air ace Major Richard Ira \"Dick\" Bong, a native of nearby Poplar, Wisconsin.", "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA: DCA, ICAO: KDCA, FAA LID: DCA) is an international airport 3 miles (5 km) south of downtown Washington, D.C. in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. For decades it was called Washington National Airport before being renamed to honor President Ronald Reagan in 1998. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) operates the airport with close oversight by the federal government due to its proximity to the national capital.", "Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, (Romulus, Michigan, United States of America), ☎ 734 247-7678 (M-F 8AM-4PM), [5] .   edit", "Smith Field is located at 426 W. Ludwig Ave., four miles north of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Entrance to the airport is between Lima and Coldwater rds. Still a functional terminal, the building is open during normal airport hours. Free flights for children and young adults (under 18 years of age) are offered monthly as part of the EAA \"Young Eagles\" program. Fly-Ins, Biplane Rides and Special Events are held throughout the flying season. For further information call 260-489-5518 or visit the airport's website .", "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is an international airport 3 mi south of downtown Washington, D.C., in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. For decades it was called Washington National Airport; it was renamed in 1998 to honor President Ronald Reagan. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) operates the airport with close oversight by the federal government due to its proximity to the national capital.", "Saint Paul is served by the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), which sits on southwest of the city on the west side of the Mississippi River between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves three international, twelve domestic, seven charter, and four regional carriers and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines. Saint Paul is also served by the St. Paul Downtown Airport located just south of downtown, across the Mississippi River. The airport, also known as Holman Field, is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission. The airport houses Minnesota's Air National Guard and is tailored to local corporate aviation. There are three runways that serve about 100 resident aircraft and a flight training school. The Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar are on the National Register of Historic Places.", "The Terre Haute International Airport has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard has been stationed at the airport. However, the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility.", "Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport in Wichita, Kansas. The FAA changed the name in 2014 so it would be included in new 2015 maps, and the official dedication occurred in April 2015. ", "In 2005, North Carolina had a total of 382 public and private-use aviation-related facilities. This included 305 airports, 74 heliports, and 3 STOLports (Short Take-Off and Landing). The state's two busiest airports are Charlotte-Douglas International and Raleigh-Durham International. In 2004, Charlotte-Douglas had 12,499,476 passengers enplaned, making it the 19th-busiest airport in the United States, while Raleigh-Durham had 4,371,883 enplanements that same year, making it the 43rd-busiest airport in the United States. Other major airports were at Asheville, Fayetteville, Greensboro, Kinston, Wilmington, and Winston-Salem.", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3400 acre on the southeast border of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves three international, 12 domestic, seven charter and four regional carriers and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines. ", "Saginaw is served primarily by two airports: MBS International Airport, located in nearby Freeland, and Bishop International Airport, located in Flint. Saginaw is also served by three smaller airports: Harry W. Browne Airport in adjacent Buena Vista Township, James Clements Municipal Airport in Bay City, and Jack Barstow Municipal Airport in Midland.", "* John F. Kennedy Memorial Airport American airport in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Ashland ", "Great Falls International Airport is home to the Montana Air National Guard's 120th Airlift Wing. The 120AW is composed of C-130 Hercules (C-130H) cargo aircraft and associated support personnel.", "The Robert Mueller airport was officially dedicated on October 14, 1930 although it wouldn't open for commercial service until 1936.", "*Burlington International Airport is the largest in the state, with regular flights to Atlanta, Charlotte, Chicago, Detroit, Washington Dulles, JFK, LaGuardia, Newark, Orlando, Philadelphia, and Reagan National as well as winter seasonal flights to Toronto. ", "Citizen participation and engagement has been central to the Mueller redevelopment process. The city worked with the community to develop its vision for the reuse of the airport site; in 1996, it appointed a 16-member task force composed of diverse stakeholders from across the community. The Robert Mueller Municipal Airport Process and Goals Task Force produced a report outlining the following goals for the redevelopment, which became the basis for the formal city planning process:", "Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter service and general aviation. Willow Run Airport, in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.", "A major expansion at Mueller took place in the 1970s, including improvements to the runways and the terminal. Before the expansion, the departure area consisted of 4 to 5 gates, not enclosed but covered by a large awning; no jetways were present at the time. Mueller's longest runway was 7000 ft long, and by the late 1990s the passenger terminal was operating at full capacity with 16 gates.", "Private aircraft can use 47.536774 -122.303870 2 King County International Airport ( IATA : BFI), universally known as Boeing Field. It's also south of the city, but much closer to town than Sea-Tac airport.", "First Flight Airport is a public use airport which is owned by the National Park Service and located one mile west of Kill Devil Hills.. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective May 31, 2012.", "On August 27, 2006, Blue Grass Airport was the site of a crash that killed 47 passengers and 2 crew members aboard a Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet designated Comair Flight 191, or Delta Air Lines Flight 5191, sometimes mistakenly identified by the press as Comair Flight 5191. The lone survivor was the flight's first officer, James Polehinke, who doctors determined to be brain damaged and unable to recall the crash at all. ", "North County-Home to Lambert International Airport and the sight of many historical flights by Charles Lindberg and Boeing. This area is also the home of post WWII home development and contains many small subdivisons of ranch style homes of ethnically diverse populations.", "South of the city, K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base was an important Air Force installation during the Cold War, host to B-52H bombers and KC-135 tankers of the Strategic Air Command, as well as a fighter interceptor squadron. The base closed in September 1995, and is now the county's Sawyer International Airport." ]

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[ "A more complex picture emerged Harvard’s graduate Schools. The Harvard Graduate School of Education was the first to admit women in 1920. Harvard Medical School accepted its first female enrollees in 1945 — though a woman first applied almost 100 years earlier, in 1847. Women began petitioning Harvard Law School for admittance in 1871. The School opened its doors in 1950, but that was 20 years behind most law schools in the country, said Horowitz.", "during World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which since 1879 had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women students) began attending Harvard classes alongside men, The first class of women was admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1945. ", "In 1963, Harvard degrees were awarded to Radcliffe students for the first time. In 1967, Lamont Library allowed women access. In 1975, the two Colleges merged their admissions. In 1977, “a critical date,” Harvard’s ratio of four men to one woman ended with “sex-blind admissions.” In 1999, Radcliffe officially merged with Harvard, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study was born.", "She applied for admission to the Harvard Medical School in 1847, was denied acceptance, but was admitted in 1850 to hear lectures. The all male student body so strongly protested that she gave up the attempt. In 1853, however, she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Medicine Degree from the newly founded Female Medical College of Pennsylvania.", "Although some women found new employment opportunities during the nineteenth century as secretaries, librarians, and school teachers, feminization of jobs once held by men resulted in a decline in pay and prestige. For those educated women seeking advanced training that could provide them entrée into better paying, male-dominated professions, universities served as gate keepers, barring their entry. Harvard Law School, for example, did not open its doors to female students until 1950.", "During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.", "In 1969,  Bryn Mawr College  and  Haverford College  (then all male) developed a system of sharing residential colleges. When Haverford became coeducational in 1980, Bryn Mawr discussed the possibly of coeducation as well, but decided against it. [136]  In 1983,  Columbia University  began admitting women after a decade of failed negotiations with  Barnard College  for a merger along the lines of Harvard and Radcliffe (Barnard has been affiliated with Columbia since 1900, but it continues to be independently governed).  Wellesley College  also decided against coeducation during this time.", "Barnard College was founded in 1888 as a woman's college affiliated with Columbia University. However, it is independently governed, while making available to its students the instruction and the facilities of Columbia University. Columbia College, the university's largest liberal-arts undergraduate school, began admitting women in 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard for a merger along the lines of the one between Harvard College and Radcliffe and between Brown and Pembroke. Barnard has an independent faculty (subject to Columbia University tenure approval) and board of trustees. Columbia University issues its diplomas, however, and most of Barnard's classes and activities are open to all members of Columbia University, male or female, and vice versa, in a reciprocal arrangement dating from 1900. ", "When she was 14, Keller entered the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf in New York City. Two years later, with Sullivan at her side and spelling into her hand, she enrolled at the Cambridge School for Young Ladies in Massachusetts. In 1900, she was accepted into Radcliffe, a prestigious women's college in Cambridge with classes taught by Harvard University faculty. She was a determined and brilliant student, and while still at Radcliffe her first autobiography, The Story of My Life, was published serially in The Ladies Home Journal and then as a book. In 1904, she graduated cum laude from Radcliffe.", "Wellesley College was chartered in 1870 as the Wellesley Female Seminary, and was renamed Wellesley College in 1873. It opened its doors to students in 1875. Radcliffe College was originally created in 1879 as The Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women, informally called The Harvard Annex for women's instruction by Harvard faculty. It was chartered as Radcliffe College by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1894. Barnard College has been affiliated with Columbia University since its founding in 1888, but it continues to be independently governed. Smith College was chartered in 1871 and opened its doors in 1875. Bryn Mawr opened in 1885.", "MIT has been nominally co-educational since admitting Ellen Swallow Richards in 1870. Richards also became the first female member of MIT's faculty, specializing in sanitary chemistry . [302] Female students remained a minority prior to the completion of the first wing of a women's dormitory, McCormick Hall , in 1963. [303] [304] [305] Between 1993 and 2009, the proportion of women rose from 34 percent to 45 percent of undergraduates and from 20 percent to 31 percent of graduate students. [155] [306] Women currently outnumber men in Biology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Architecture, Urban Planning, and Biological Engineering. [155] [296]", "As industry in New England began to decline during the Great Depression and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began the transition to being an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important in the city (both as a landowner and as an institution), but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When Radcliffe College was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. Also, the move of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Boston in 1916 ensured Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States.", "Dating back to 1636, Harvard University is the oldest university in the US and is regarded as one of the most prestigious in the world.", "Emanuel Downing, Inner Temple Lawyer of London refused to relocate his family to America because of the lack of education for his children.  John Winthrop and his sister Lucy Winthrop Downing wrote many letters to each other and they find a way to convince Emmanuel Downing to relocate his family to Salem, Massachusetts.  Lucy recommended John propose to build a college in Newtowne.   Harvard was founded in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Initially called “New College” or “the college at New Towne”, the institution was renamed  Harvard College  on March 13, 1639.", "Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is one of the eight institutions (Princeton and Yale are others) that collectively comprise the Ivy League. Founded in 1636, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States; it adopted the name Harvard College in 1639 in recognition of its first major donor, clergyman John Harvard.", "1636 - A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes the first college in what would become the United States, today known as Harvard University.", "As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, \"The 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men’s colleges.\" ", "Other important events related to women physicians soon followed the establishment of the Female Medical Institute. On May 1, 1857, Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell opened the New York Infirmary for Women and Children---the first hospital in the United States operated by women. In 1861 Quaker women founded the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia to provide the Female Medical Institute with better clinical opportunities. Rebecca Lee Crumpler became the first African-American female physician to graduate from a medical school when she finished studies at the New England Female Medical College in Boston in 1864. By 1900 about a dozen black women had graduated from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and more than 100 had finished at U.S. medical schools. After the Civil War medical schools such as those at the University of Michigan and the University of Iowa began to admit women students on a scattered basis. Yet, \"by 1893 only 37 out of the 105 regular institutions accepted them. Many of these were part of the major state universities, most of which were founded after the Civil War and were obligated by their charters to provide coeducation.\" Additional women's medical schools opened in large cities such as Chicago, Baltimore, and Boston. In 1892 the medical school at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore opened and included women in its first class. By 1881, seventeen state medical societies accepted women. Massachusetts was the first (1869), followed by Kansas, Iowa and North Carolina in 1872.", "Women’s Firsts: Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), the first woman to be admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earns her B.S. degree. She becomes the first female professional chemist in the U.S.", "Vassar was the first of the Seven Sisters colleges, higher education schools then strictly for women, and historically sister institutions to the Ivy League . It was founded by its namesake, brewer Matthew Vassar , in 1861 in the Hudson Valley , about 70 mi (115 km) north of New York City . The first person appointed to the Vassar faculty was the astronomer Maria Mitchell , in 1865. Vassar adopted coeducation in 1969. However, immediately following World War II , Vassar accepted a very small number of male students on the G.I. Bill . Because Vassar's charter prohibited male matriculants, the graduates were given diplomas via the University of the State of New York . These were reissued under the Vassar title after the school formally became co-educational. [5] The decision to formally become co-ed came after its trustees declined an offer to merge with Yale University , its sibling institution, in the wave of mergers between the historically all-male colleges of the Ivy League and their Seven Sisters counterparts. [6]", "Meantime the education of Massachusetts was not neglected, as is proved by the foundation in 1636 of Harvard College at Cambridge, for \"it pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr Harvard (a godly gentleman and a lover of learning, then living amongst us) to give the one halfe of his Estate (it being in all about 1700 l.) towards the erecting of a Colledge, and all his Library.\" [123] The building was erected rapidly and was \"very faire and comely within and without,\" [124] says an anonymous writer in 1641; but Charles II.'s commissioners do not seem to have been so much impressed, as twenty years later they speak of it as a wooden college. The great days of Harvard had not as yet arrived; nor indeed was the learning more advanced even as late as 1680, for the whole place is described by two Dutch visitors as smelling like a tavern. \"We inquired,\" they say, \"how many professors there were, and they replied not one, that there was no money to support one.\" [125] But out of such small beginnings a great educational establishment rose which has won for itself a famous name and added lustre to the annals of the colony.", "Yale College admits women for the first time. Women have attended other schools at Yale since 1869, when the first women enrolled in the School of the Fine Arts.", "In 1847, at the age of 34, she enrolled herself as an apprentice in the office of Dr. Nathaniel Mosely, and after two years of apprenticeship began applying to medical colleges. She was turned down because she was a woman. In 1850, a group of Quakers organized the first women's medical college, at 227 Arch Street, called the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania. Ann Preston enrolled in the first class and graduated the following year. In 1853, she was appointed professor of physiology and hygiene and in 1866, she became dean of the College- the first woman to hold this post. Under her leadership, the College trained the first African American and the first Native American woman doctors in the country.", "In 1836, Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke College , the first women's college in America. Lyon, a very active Congregationalist, promoted the college as an exemplification of the ideas of revivalist Jonathan Edwards regarding self-restraint, self-denial, and disinterested benevolence. [51] One of the first students was reclusive poet Emily Dickinson .", "* William James Sidis (1898–1944) set a record in 1909 by becoming the youngest person to enroll at Harvard College, at the age of 11 years. ", "Higher Education: Education of Women: Women's Colleges: Mary Mason Lyon (1797-1849) opens Mt. Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts, one of the first colleges for women.", "** Women are admitted to full membership of the University of Cambridge in England following a vote in September. ", "July 6 � The first class of women is inducted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD.", "� Amherst, Brown, Bowdoin and Harvard formed the Rowing Association of American Colleges. Massachusetts Agricultural College defeated Harvard and Brown on July 21 in a three mile race for six-oared crews on the Connecticut River near Springfield, Mass. (the victorious shell is now at Mystic Seaport).", "The first class of women is inducted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD.", "Women's Colleges: Wellesley College for women, founded by Henry and Pauline Durant, opens in Wellesley, Massachusetts, outside of Boston.", "Education of Women: The first public high schools for girls open in New York and Boston." ]

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[ "al wilson ('70's soul singer/\"show and tell\" and \"the snake\", \"show and tell\" was a #1 hit in '74) (2008)", "R&B singer Al Wilson, best known for his hit single, \"Show & Tell\", died on 4/22/08 at Kaiser Permanente in Fontana, according to a family spokesperson.Born June 19, 1939 in Meridian, Miss., Wilson moved to the San Bernardino area in 1958 where he worked odd jobs as a mail carrier, a janitor, and an office clerk before touring for four years with Johnny Harris and the Statesmen. After a two-year stint in the Navy, Wilson moved to Los Angeles and toured local clubs performing with groups The Jewels and The Souls before he was signed with manager Marc Gordon in 1966. He released his first single, \"The Snake\", in 1968.Wilson was a San Bernardino resident at the time of his death.", "AL WILSON: soul singer/songwriter who had a number of US hits including, \"The Snake\" in 1968 and the Billboard #1 smash hit, \"Show And Tell\" in 1974, died of kidney failure on April 21, 2008. Wilson was sixty eight", "The early 1970s saw the rise of many diverse forms of popular and rock musical styles, including jazz rock (aka \"fusion\"), southern rock, folk rock, and soft rock, with the latter including recording artists such as The Carpenters, Carole King, and James Taylor. It also included the rise of such popular, influential rhythm and blues (R&B) and Motown artists as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, and The Jackson 5.", "The music of the 70s also had a salacious side with \"The Streak\" (Ray Stevens), \"Afternoon Delight\" (Starland Vocal Band), \"Lady Marmalade\" (LaBelle), \"Lovin' You (Minnie Riperton), and \"My Ding-A-Ling\" (Chuck Berry). The decade ended with a bang with the Knack's energetic power pop ballad, \"My Sharona\" (1979). Other number one songs from 1979 that also helped to usher in the 1980s were \"Pop Muzik\" by M and �Heart Of Glass� by Blondie.", "1970: Neil Diamond reaches No. 1 on the singles chart for the first time with the song \"Cracklin' Rosie.\"", "The ’70s would prove, among many other things, the era of the sensitive singer/songwriter, and being a great one would prove a rewarding experience at the 14th Annual GRAMMY Awards held at New York’s Felt Forum (now The Theater at Madison Square Garden). Broadcast live on ABC for the second year, and hosted again by Andy Williams, the GRAMMY Awards were dominated by a woman who was on the opposite coast with a newborn child—Carole King, who won Record Of The Year (“It’s Too Late”), Album Of The Year (Tapestry), Song Of The Year (“You’ve Got A Friend”) and Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female (Tapestry). And as if that wasn’t impressive enough, King’s “You’ve Got A Friend” also helped her friend James Taylor win Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male, while Quincy Jones won Best Pop Instrumental Performance for Smackwater Jack, named after another great song King co-wrote with early Brill Building partner and former husband Gerry Goffin.", "During the legal imbroglio, Springsteen toured and E Streeters did session work: Bittan with David Bowie and Meat Loaf, Van Zandt produced the debut by Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes, I Don't Want to Go Home, which featured several Springsteen compositions. Other Springsteen songs provided hits for the Hollies (\"Sandy\"), Manfred Mann (\"Blinded by the Light,\" a Number One single in 1977), Robert Gordon (\"Fire,\" later a smash for the Pointer Sisters), and Patti Smith (\"Because the Night,\" to which she contributed some lyrics). And Springsteen continued to write new songs, several of which were chosen for Darkness on the Edge of Town (Number Five, 1978).", "Bruce Springsteen emulated the Wall of Sound technique in his recording of \"Born to Run\". In 1973, British band Wizzard, led by Roy Wood, had three Spector-influenced hits with \"See My Baby Jive\", \"Angel Fingers\" and \"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\", the latter becoming a perennial Christmas hit. Other contemporaries influenced by Spector include George Morton, Sonny & Cher, the Rolling Stones, the Four Tops, Mark Wirtz, the Lovin' Spoonful, and the Beatles. Swedish pop group ABBA cited Spector as an influence, and used similar Wall of Sound techniques in their early songs, including \"Ring Ring\", \"Waterloo\", and \"Dancing Queen\". \"You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth\", from Meat Loaf's 1977 Bat Out of Hell album is another example of the Wall of Sound technique. Jim Steinman and Todd Rundgren were inspired by Phil Spector's methods.", "During the 1970s and '80s A & M, grew to include singer-songwriters, rhythm & blues singers, comedy acts, and rock groups such as Styx and Supertramp. A & M artist Peter Frampton sold more than 10 million copies of his 1976 album Frampton Comes Alive!. A & M developed multi-platinum careers for the Carpenters, Cat Stevens, Carole King (on Lou Adler's Ode Label, which A & M distributed), Quincy Jones, Captain and Tennille, Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, the Police, Sting, Amy Grant and Janet Jackson. They also had a musically diverse artist lineup that included Captain Beefheart, the Tubes, Joe Jackson, Suzanne Vega, John Hiatt and the Neville Brothers.", "By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record Jimmie Rodgers' \"Mule Skinner Blues\", a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits \" including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four in 1971) \" in addition to her duets. Top-twenty singles during this period included \"The Right Combination\", \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Porter Wagoner, 1971), \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\" (with Wagoner), \"Touch Your Woman (1972), \"If Teardrops Were Pennies\" (with Wagoner), \"My Tennessee Mountain Home\" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Though her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were successful, her biggest hit of this period would be \"Jolene\". Released in late 1973, the song topped the singles chart in February 1974, and reached the lower regions of Billboard's Hot 100 (it eventually also charted in the UK, reaching No. 7 in 1976, representing Parton's first UK success).", "note:  Debbie Boone (Pat’s daughter) was the Seventies “One Hit Wonder” queen…”You Light Up My Life” was #1 for an incredible 10 weeks and won the Song of the Year GRAMMY and an OSCAR for “Best Song!!!”  She had two other songs after this, but they didn’t even make the national Top 40!", "By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record  Jimmie Rodgers'  \" Mule Skinner Blues \", a  gimmick  that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits – including her signature song \" Coat of Many Colors \" (number four in 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-twenty singles during this period included \"The Right Combination\", \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Porter Wagoner, 1971), \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\" (with Wagoner), \" Touch Your Woman  (1972), \" If Teardrops Were Pennies \" (with Wagoner), \" My Tennessee Mountain Home \" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Though her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were successful, her biggest hit of this period would be \" Jolene \". Released in late 1973, the song topped the singles chart in February 1974, and reached the lower regions of Billboard's Hot 100 (it eventually also charted in the UK, reaching No. 7 in 1976, representing Parton's first UK success).", "Written by Frank Dostal and Rolf Soja, and produced by Soja, this standard disco song was a major hit across Europe and became the duo's sole number one single in the UK, spending a single week at the top in October 1977. It did not chart in the United States, despite receiving airplay in several markets. It is one of the best-selling singles of all time, despite being virtually unknown in the U.S., with an estimated total of 18 million units.", "Written by Frank Dostal and Rolf Soja, and produced by Soja, this standard disco song was a major hit across Europe and became the duo's sole number one single in the UK, spending a single week at the top in October 1977. It did not chart in the United States, despite receiving airplay in several markets. It is one of the best-selling singles of all time, despite being virtually unknown in the U.S., with an estimated total of 18 million units. ", "The Rubettes’ first (and biggest hit) was “Sugar Baby Love” (released in 1974) which was a UK no. 1 and going on to sell around three million copies worldwide. The distinctive falsetto lead vocal to “Sugar Baby Love” was however performed by Paul Da Vinci (real name: Paul Prewer) who left the group after a few weeks to be replaced by Williams. The song is often mistakenly assumed to be by Showaddywaddy by casual music fans and the younger generation. The Rubettes went on to have a number of other hits during the mid-seventies such as “Juke Box Jive” and “I Can Do It”, mostly written by the Bickerton-Waddington song-writing team. Their final hit was the 'country rock' styled ballad - \"Baby I Know\" - which reached no. 10 in the UK in 1977.", "“Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone” is a psychedelic soul song, initially written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. Whitfield also had The Temptations record it with much greater success, becoming a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and winning three Grammy Awards in 1973.", "Following the success of \"Grapevine\", the group worked frequently with Norman Whitfield. Whitfield produced them the hits, \"The End of Our Road\", \"It Should've Been Me\", \"Friendship Train\", \"Nitty Gritty\" and \"You Need Love Like I Do (Don't You)\". They also recorded Ashford & Simpson's \"Didn't You Know (You'd Have To Cry Sometime)\" in 1969. They scored their second million-selling Motown single with the ballad \"If I Were Your Woman\" in 1970. Another ballad, the self-composed \"I Don't Want to Do Wrong\", became another million-selling single. Both singles were featured on their first number one album, also titled If I Were Your Woman. In late 1971, they released a soulful version of Kris Kristofferson's \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\", which became an international hit. The group released the Jim Weatherly ballad, \"Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)\", in December 1972, the single would become their last single released while still with the label. While the single was charting, the group tried to negotiate a better contract with Motown. Negotiations fell through weeks later and, in February 1973, the group left Motown and signed with Buddah Records. \"Neither One of Us\" became their biggest selling single at Motown, reaching number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and winning the group their first Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.", "Stewart returned to Faces for their second album, “Long Player,” which was released in March 1971. Later that same year, he scored his first No.1 hit album with “Every Picture Tells a Story,” which he produced. Released in the U.S. in May 1971, the album, a mix of rock, country, blues, soul, and folk, became a chart topper in the U.S., the U.K. and Australia. The single “Maggie May,” which was co-written by Stewart, rose to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed in the position for five weeks. It also went to No. 1 on the U.K. Singles chart and No, 11 in Germany. His version of Tim Hardin's “Reason to Believe,” released as a double A-side with “Maggie May,” rose to No.1 in the U.K. and No. 62 in the U.S. The album scored an additional Billboard Hot 100 hit with the cover single “(I Know) I'm Losing You,” which went to No. 24 on the chart. The third album of Faces, “A Nod Is as Good as a Wink... to a Blind Horse,” followed in November 1971.", "Denver's wholesome image and folk-tinged melodies made him a huge star in the 1970s. Among his hits: \"Take Me Home, Country Roads,\" \"Rocky Mountain High,\" \"Thank God I'm a Country Boy\" and \"Annie's Song.\"", "CHRIS KENNER: who reached #2 in 1961 with, \"I Like It Like That, Part 1\", suffered a fatal heart attack on January 28, 1976", "Best-known for singing the 1976 song, \"Torn Between Two Lovers\", which reached number one on the Billboard charts for 2 weeks. The song, co-written by Peter Yarrow , was about a woman confessing her infidelity to her husband, and admitting she still had feelings towards her lover.", "1976 - \"Disco Duck\" by Rick Dees and His Cast of Idiots received a gold record. The song became only the fourth single to be certified platinum in December of 1976.", "This list is a bit longer, both due to how the songs run and songs in the 70s. This is not based on opinion however, so do not ask me why a certain band or song did not chart.", "The Isley’s were responsible for such indelible hits as “Shout,” “Twist And Shout,” “This Old Heart Of Mine (Is Weak For You),” “Black Berries,” “It’s Your Thing,” “Pop That Thang,” “Love The One You’re With,” “Summer Breeze,” “Fight The Power,” “Harvest For The World,” plus many others. Today’s Song Of The Day comes from their 1973 album called 3+3.", "1976: The Steve Miller Band's 'Take The Money And Run' is released. It peaks at #11 in the US.", "Their success began to ebb, however, after another huge international hit with \"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" in 1971. The single \"Run to Me\" made the Top 20 in 1972, but the album To Whom It May Concern was forgotten almost instantly after a brief chart run. Their fortunes continued in reverse during 1973 with Life in a Tin Can and the single \"Saw a New Morning\" -- despite a move to America and a heavy promotional push, the song never made the Top 40 and the album stalled out.", "Featured as a song title on the 1973 album 'Mantle Pieces' by English Singer Songwriter Clifford T. Ward.", "* 1972 \"Story\" (Cane) b/w \"The Right To Choose\" (Cane) - Deram (recorded in January 1970)", "I am trying to find out the name of a song and the singer.... I believe it possible was in the esc in 1977 or there abouts... It was also possibly a foreign group. A line of the Lyrics are \"do it do it again, do it do it again with love.....\" etc...", "1970 - \"Let It Be\" note Otherwise available on their album Let It Be / \"You Know My Name (Look Up The Number)\"", "A.\"Pasadena\" was originally released in 1972 as a non-album single. A new version was recorded for the LP Album Hero in November 1975." ]

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[ "Saint John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice ( since 4 September 2007; earlier in ) is an international airport located near Kraków, in the village of Balice, 11 km west of the city centre, in southern Poland.", "Looking for information on J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport, Krakow, Poland? Know about J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport in detail. Find out the location of J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport on Poland map and also find out airports near to Krakow. This airport locator is a very useful tool for travelers to know where is J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport located and also provide information like hotels near J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport, airlines operating to J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport etc... IATA Code and ICAO Code of all airports in Poland. Scroll down to know more about J. Paul Ii Balice International Airport or Krakow Airport, Poland.", "Most travelers arriving to Lesser Poland by air will arrive at Kraków's John Paul II International Airport (KRK), among Poland's largest and busiest international gateways after Warsaw . Known to the locals as Balice, the location is centered 15 km (or about a 20 minute drive) from Kraków's city center. Balice is home to a high number of European and international airlines, including Aeroflot , Air Berlin , Alitalia , Austrian Airlines , Eurolot , Finnair , LOT , Lufthansa , and Norwegian . A number of low cost airlines also operate out of Balice, such as EasyJet , Germanwings , Jet2 , and Ryanair .", "Albania ( al-bay-nee-ə,; Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipni/Shqipnia), officially known as the  Republic of Albania  (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by  Montenegro  to the northwest,  Kosovo  to the northeast, Former Yugoslavian  Republic of Macedonia  to the east, and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina ( or; Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Bosnian and Serbian Cyrillic script: Боснa и Херцеговина;), sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or Bosnia & Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, and, in short, often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west, and south; Serbia to the east; Montenegro to the southeast; and the Adriatic Sea to the south, with a coastline about 20 km long surrounding the city of Neum. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography.", "Rijeka (; ; ; , , other names) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,624 inhabitants (2011). The metropolitan area, which includes adjacent towns and municipalities, has a population of more than 240,000.", "Brač is an island in the Adriatic Sea within Croatia, with an area of 396 square kilometres, making it the largest island in Dalmatia, and the third largest in the Adriatic. It is separated from the mainland by the Brač Channel, which is 5 to 13 km wide. The island's tallest peak, Vidova gora, or Mount St. Vid, stands at 778 m, making it the highest island point in the Adriatic. The island has a population of 14,436, living in numerous settlements, ranging from the main town Supetar, with more than 3,300 inhabitants, to Murvica, where less than two dozen people live. Bol Airport on Brač is the largest airport of all islands surrounding Split.", "From 1989 to 1991, because of political changes in the Eastern European countries, Albania adhered to the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ), opened its air space to international flights, and had its duties of Air Traffic Control defined. As premises of these developments, conditions were created to separate the activities of air traffic control from Albtransport. Instead, the National Agency of Air Traffic (NATA) was established as an independent enterprise. In addition, during these years, governmental agreements of civil air transport were established with Bulgaria , Germany, Slovenia , Italy, Russia, Austria, England, Macedonia , etc. The Directory General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) was established on 3 February 1991, to cope with the development required by the time.", "Pula Airport is located north-east of Pula/Pola, and serves both domestic and international destinations. Similarly to nearby Rijeka Airport, it is not a major international destination. However, this is likely to change as low-cost airline, Ryanair has started scheduled flights to Pula since November 2006. Jet2 also offer flights from Newcastle, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds-Bradford, Belfast, Manchester and East Midlands Airports. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) operate scheduled flights from Stockholm and Copenhagen during summertime. Nearby international airports include Trieste in Italy, Zagreb, Croatia's capital and Ljubljana, Slovenia's capital. There are direct flights into Pula airport from London and Dublin during whole year and several other large airports in Western Europe during summer.", "From 1989 to 1991, because of political changes in the Eastern European countries, Albania adhered to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), opened its air space to international flights, and had its duties of Air Traffic Control defined. As a result of these developments, conditions were created to separate the activities of air traffic control from Albtransport. Instead, the National Agency of Air Traffic (NATA) was established as an independent enterprise. In addition, during these years, governmental agreements of civil air transport were established with countries such as Bulgaria, Germany, Slovenia, Italy, Russia, Austria, the UK and Macedonia.", "It is the main hub of Ethiopian Airlines, the national airline which has service to destinations in Ethiopia and throughout the African continent, as well as nonstop service to Asia, Europe, and North America. Bole International is also served by BMI, Daallo Airlines, Djibouti Airlines, Egypt Air, Emirates Airline, fly Dubai, Gulf Air, Kenya Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Sudan Airways, Yemen Airlines, and Qatar Airlines. Bole International Airport has been viewed by many carriers as a gateway to Africa, thus making it a potential connecting airport to other parts of Africa via Ethiopian Airlines' African network.", "Bitola ( known also by several alternative names) is a city in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba, Nidže and Kajmakčalan mountain ranges, 14 km north of the Medžitlija-Níki border crossing with Greece. The city stands at an important junction connecting the south of the Adriatic Sea region with the Aegean Sea and Central Europe, and is an administrative, cultural, industrial, commercial, and educational centre. It has been known since the Ottoman period as \"the city of the consuls\", since many European countries had consulates in Bitola. ", "There are five international airports in Hungary: Budapest Liszt Ferenc, Debrecen, Sármellék (also called Hévíz-Balaton Airport), Győr-Pér, and Pécs-Pogány. The national carrier, MALÉV, operated flights to over 60, mostly European cities, but ceased operations in 2012. Low-budget airline WizzAir is based in Hungary, at Ferihegy.", "B&H Airlines is the flag carrier of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it operates scheduled passenger and charter services as well as small cargo services, its home base is at Sarajevo International Airport (SJJ), the primary international airport in the country, located close to Sarajevo .", "Václav Havel Airport Prague (), formerly Prague Ruzyně International Airport (,), , is the international airport of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. It is located 10 km west of the city centre and is, with over 11 million passengers in 2014, the busiest airport in the newer EU member states. It serves as a hub for Czech Airlines as well as a base for Travel Service including its subsidiary brand SmartWings, and is also a base for low-cost carriers Wizz Air and Ryanair. The airport is able to handle wide-body aircraft including the Airbus A380.", "* September 5 – A Kavatshi Airlines Antonov An-26B crashes at Isiro Airport in Matari, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing all 11 people on board.", "Malta International Airport (, ) is the only airport in Malta and it serves the whole of the Maltese Islands. It is located on island of Malta, between Luqa and Gudja, and occupies the location of the former RAF Luqa. It was completely re-furbished, becoming fully operational on 25 March 1992. It is still referred to by locals as Luqa Airport, and sometimes as Valletta Airport internationally, as it is located 5 km southwest of the Maltese capital Valletta. The airport serves as the main hub for Air Malta and a base for Ryanair. It is also home to the Area Control Center and hosts the annual Malta Airshow, visited by military and civil aircraft from various European and other countries. The airport is operated by Malta International Airport plc.", "Adria Airways is Slovenia's flag carrier airline, it operates scheduled passenger and charter services to 28 destinations in Europe and the Middle East, its main hub airport is Jože Pučnik Airport (LJU), located 19 km (12 mi) north of Slovenia's capital Ljubljana .", "Ethiopia had 58 airports , and 61 as of 2016. Among these, the Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa and the Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights. Ethiopian Airlines is the country's flag carrier, and is wholly owned by the Government of Ethiopia. From its hub at the Bole International Airport, the airline serves a network of 62 international destinations and 16 domestic ones. It is also one of the fastest-growing carriers in the industry and one of Africa's largest airlines.", "Air Moldova is the national airline of Moldova. It operates scheduled services to 17 destinations in Europe. Its main base is Chişinău International Airport (KIV), located 13 km (8 mi) southeast of Moldova's capital city Chişinău .", "* The same year, a Dan-Air Comet carrying Turkish migrant workers from Berlin Tegel to Istanbul was \"escorted\" by Bulgarian fighter planes into Sofia. The crew flying the aircraft was attempting to take the shortest route to Istanbul when leaving Yugoslav airspace by entering Bulgarian airspace, instead of taking the longer route through Greek airspace. They were not aware of the then communist government of Bulgaria's decision not to let any aircraft enter its airspace whose flight had originated or was going to terminate at a West Berlin airport, without stopping en route at another airport outside West Berlin. The aircraft landed safely at Sofia. It was released along with its crew and passengers when the flight's commander paid with the company's credit card the fine the Bulgarian authorities had imposed for violating their country's airspace.", "On December 30, 2007, a Tarom Boeing 737-300, (YR-BGC \"Constanţa\") hit a car on the runway of Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport while taking off for Sharm-el-Sheikh. See TAROM Flight 3107 . The plane stopped beside the runway and was severely damaged. [15] None of the passengers was injured. Because of fog neither the tower nor the pilots saw the car belonging to staff who were repairing a runway beacon.", "Sir Seretse Khama International Airport (ICAO code: FBSK IATA code: GBE) lies 25 km north of the city and in 2015 has flights to Cape Town, Johannesburg, Harare, Lusaka, ", "Zagreb Airport is the main Croatian international airport, a 17 km drive southeast of Zagreb in the city of Velika Gorica. The airport is also the main Croatian airbase featuring a fighter squadron, helicopters, as well as military and freight transport aircraft. The airport had slightly less than 2.5 million passengers in 2012, but in September 2013 a new terminal is to be built and the airport will be able to receive more than 5 million passengers after the end of construction.", "International airport code is SAW. Some of the international and few local airline companies land at Sabiha Gokcen airport.", "The construction of a more modern airport in Laprakë started in 1934 and was completed by the end of 1935. This new airport, which was later officially named \"Airport of Tirana\", was constructed in conformity with optimal technological parameters of that time, with a reinforced concrete runway of 2700 m, and complemented with technical equipment and appropriate buildings. In 1938, Yugoslav carrier Aeroput introduced regular commercial flights linking Tirana with Belgrade with a landing in Dubrovnik. ", "* Comiso-Ragusa Airport, has recently been refurbished and re-converted from military use to civil airport. It was opened to commercial traffic and general aviation 30 May 2013.", "Benbecula 's airport is at Balivanich and there are direct flights to Glasgow, Barra and Stornoway .", "Pentecost has two airports, Lonorore Airport in the south-west and Sara Airport in the north, at which small airplanes land two or three times a week. Lonorore was upgraded in 2008-2009 with a new tarmacked airstrip capable of handling larger aircraft and operating in wet conditions; Sara remains a short grass airstrip.", "The Pera Palace Hotel is located in the Tepebaşı neighbourhood of Pera, once known as \"Little Europe\". It is about 20 km from Atatürk International Airport.", "*On 31 March 1995, a TAROM Airbus A310 operating as Flight 371 crashed near Balotești due to a fault in the throttles and lack of recovery from the flight crew. All 50 passengers and 10 crew members were killed.", "[22] Favaretto T., Gobet S., 2001, L’Italia, l’Europa centro-orientale e i Balcani – Corridoi pan-europei di trasporto e prospettive di" ]

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[ "1844: Birth of Henry John Heinz, US food manufacturer who in 1905 formed H J Heinz Company Inc, and who adopted the slogan �57 Varieties� in 1896.", "1844: Birth of Henry John Heinz, US food manufacturer who in 1905 formed H J Heinz Company Inc, and who adopted the slogan 57 Varieties in 1896.", "1869- Henry John Heinz and L. Clarence Noble established Heinz & Noble in Sharpsburg, PA to bottle horseradish; 1875 - forced into bankruptcy; 1876 - established F. & J. Heinz (financial assistance from brother John, cousin Frederick), introduced tomato ketchup, six other products (celery sauce, pickled cucumbers, sauerkraut, vinegar); 1886 - Fortnum & Mason, England's leading food purveyor, accepted all seven products for distribution; 1888 - acquired controlling interest from brother, renamed H. J. Heinz; 1893 - introduced pickle pin at Chicago World's Fair; 1896 - introduced \"57 Varieties\" slogan; December 28, 1897 - Henry J. Heinz registered \"Heinz\" trademark first used June 1, 1893 (pickles, vinegar, sauces, catsups [horse radish ], prepared mustard, [mince-meat, preserves, jellies, marmalades, jams, and fruit butters]; March 5, 1907 - H. J. Heinz Corporation registered \"57 Varieties\" trademark first used in 1898; February 25, 1908 - H. J. Heinz Corporation registered \"Heinz 57 Varieties Pure Food Products\" trademark first used in May 1900; 1963 - acquired StarKist, \"Charlie the Tuna\" became national media star; 1965 - acquired Ore-Ida, transformed regional business into leading retail frozen potato brand in U.S.; 1978 - acquired Weight Watchers International, now largest weight-loss program in U.S.; 1987 - Anthony ('Tony') O'Reilly first non-Heinz family member named Chairman, President and CEO; 2002 - U.S. StarKist seafood, North American pet foods and pet snacks, U.S. private label soup, College Inn broth, U.S. baby food businesses acquired by Del Monte Foods Company.", "Born on October 11, 1844, Henry John Heinz grew up in Sharpsburg, a borough of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Here, at the age of eight, the young Heinz started selling extra vegetables grown in his family garden to neighbors. By the age of twelve, Heinz farmed three and a half acres of land, on which he specialized growing horseradish root. He started selling his homemade horseradish door-to-door to the residents of Sharpsburg. This early success in food processing would take a brief, but important, detour. At 21, Heinz bought a half interest in his father's brick business. Three years later, he partnered with L. C. Noble to manufacture and sell bricks—his first business venture outside the family. The following year, in 1869, Heinz and Noble abandoned bricks and returned to food processing, starting a company named Anchor Pickle & Vinegar Works. Since the homemade horseradish was such a success, Heinz began producing other goods, including celery sauce, pickled cucumbers, and vinegar.", "As a child Henry Heinz sold excess vegetables from his mother's garden, and by high school he was buying vegetables at wholesale and delivering them to neighbors' homes at a mark-up. After attending business college and working in the office of his father's brick factory, he opened Heinz, Noble & Company in 1869, selling bottled horseradish with his friend L. Clarence Noble. They added pickles, sauerkraut, and vinegar before going bankrupt five years later. In 1875, in partnership with his brother John and cousin Frederick, he opened F & J Heinz Co., selling the same array of condiments plus Heinz' now-famous ketchup. In 1888 he bought out his partners and re-named the business H.J. Heinz Company, and by the time the company was incorporated in 1900, Heinz was already the country's leading manufacturer of ketchup, mustard, pickles, and vinegar.", "Henry John Heinz and L. Clarence Noble (front center, front right, respectively)  - founded Heinz & Noble (http://doclibrary.com/MFR66/CMM/relishing.jpg)", "Two young American businessmen, Henry J Heinz and L Clarence Noble, launch Heinz & Noble. Their first product is Henry's 'pure and superior' grated horseradish, bottled in clear glass to show its purity. The horseradish is grown on a garden patch given to Henry by his parents.", "Later that year, a New York Times article, \"Narrow Escape at World's Fair,\" reported that the massive crowds caused structural damage to the building, noting that \"the gallery floor of the Agricultural Building has sagged where the pickle display of H.J. Heinz Company stood.\" Since its introduction, the pickle became synonymous with the H.J. Heinz Company and its founder, who was known throughout the country as the \"Pickle King.\" The pickle souvenir tradition continues today; over 100 million Heinz pickles have been passed out at various trade shows and factory tours in the company's history.", "...Heinz Ketchup \"To do a common thing uncommonly well brings success.\" -Founder Henry John Heinz Tiffany Ling-Vannerus Abstract In this report, I will first briefly discuss the history of the well-known brand “Heinz Ketchup”, its early days and the reasons why they’re still the number one keptchup in the industry, along with some fond memories. I did not touch the remark of their competitors seeing as the competitiors I’m familiar with all exsist in Sweden and not in...", "Henry John Heinz, b. Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 11, 1844, d. May 14, 1919, the founder of the H. J. Heinz Company, Inc., manufacturer of prepared foods.", "After its domestic success in the nineteenth century, the H.J. Heinz Company began to transition from a domestic, private firm to an international, public company in the twentieth century. In 1900, H.J. Heinz incorporated the company; six family members owned shares in the company. At this time, the H.J. Heinz Co. was first in the production of ketchup, pickles, mustard, and vinegar in the United States. Five years later, in 1905, Heinz expanded overseas when the company opened its first international factory in England. Unfortunately, at the age of 75, Heinz Company founder H.J. Heinz died in 1919. The management of the business remained in the family, however, as Howard Heinz succeeded his father as company president. Howard Heinz successfully rescued the company at the height of the Great Depression in 1931 by introducing two new product lines: ready-to-eat soups and baby food.", "Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 11, 1844, H.J. Heinz first demonstrated his business acumen as a child, selling vegetables and then bottled horseradish. In 1876, the business that would become the H.J. Heinz Company was founded. Known for his well-made products, Heinz condiments and pickles would end up being sold around the world. Heinz died in Pittsburgh on May 14, 1919, at age 74.", "In 1869 he took a partner and founded the firm of Heinz (dropping the ‘e’) and Noble that sold bricks and horseradish. The company flourished and two years later Heinz opened a food-processing factory where bottled horseradish and bottled pickles were made. After a promising start, the firm was bankrupted in the depression that marked the post-Civil War period and the early 1870s. Heinz borrowed $3,000 from his brother John and his cousin Frederick to relaunch as F & J Heinz. The new firm introduced tomato ketchup, pepper sauce, vinegar, apple butter, fruit jellies, and mincemeat to the US market. In 1886 he visited London and persuaded the famous firm of Fortnum & Mason to sell his goods in the UK, still at that stage the world's richest market.", "The Heinz family's old homestead was converted for food production, and twenty-five acres were planted in horseradish alone. In 1869, twenty-five-year-old H. J. married Sarah Sloan Young (1843-1894), known as Sallie, and, most importantly, decided to concentrate on growing and bottling food. He again partnered with Noble to create the Anchor Brand beginning, of course, with horseradish. They added celery sauce, pickled cucumbers, sauerkraut, and vinegar to the Anchor Brand line. Soon Heinz and Noble took over the house next door. In1872, Noble's brother E. J. joined as a partner, and the business became Heinz, Noble and Company. The partners leased a four-story factory in downtown Pittsburgh for offices, store, and warehouse. By 1875, their business had become wildly successful, especially notable since packaged condiments were mostly imported from Europe. The firm acquired 160 acres in and near Sharpsburg, a business office and vinegar factory in St. Louis, Missouri, and a branch distributing warehouse in Chicago.", "Henry J. Heinz started a company, with two others, to make horseradish. Even though it's one of the famous 57 varieties, it didn't agree with everyone's pallet, and eventually hit Heinz's wallet. In 1827 the business went bankrupt, and Heinz reorganized with his family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Somewhere between fries and scrambled eggs, ketchup was created and the rest is history.", "The \"family wisdom\" of the first seven ideas, accrued during four decades of managing his business, enabled H.J. Heinz to construct a celebrated brand now recognizable across the globe. As Gasbarre describes, the Heinz Company adheres to a \"continuous revolution and renewal:\" brand acquisitions like Ore-Ida and StarKist; necessary divestments like Hubinger and Weight Watchers; global expansion into Africa and the South Pacific; and memorable marketing campaigns \"57 Varieties\" and \"Beanz Meanz Heinz.\"", "Heinz broke with most of the food industry in his ardent support of the Pure Food and Drug Act, and his company was one of the first to open its doors for \"public tours\", to reassure customers that his products were produced under sanitary conditions. He was also known for gaudy but impressive advertising gimmicks, including some of the first billboards to be lit at night, and a forty-foot tall electric-lit pickle that dazzled shoppers on New York's Fifth Avenue for several years. By his death in 1919, Heinz had 17 factories, 98 salting houses, and offices in Europe. His great-grandson was US Senator John Heinz .", "In 1869, H.J. Heinz formed a partnership to sell bottled horseradish. After doing well for several years—and branching out to offer pickles, vinegar and other items—the repercussions of a financial panic made it hard for the company to meet its obligations. The business failed in 1875, forcing Heinz to declare bankruptcy.", "By 1888, Heinz bought out his partners, established a relationship with retailers in England and embarked on construction of a factory on the Allegheny River that would embody the best of his business acumen and his Christian principles. His benevolent management style made the H. J. Heinz company a pioneer in labor relations. Workers were well treated and afforded comforts and conveniences including free manicures and rooftop gardens for both men and women.", "* H. J. Heinz II – best known as Jack Heinz, a business executive and CEO of the H. J. Heinz Company", "H. J. Heinz was born in 1844 in the Birmingham section of Pittsburgh, the son of Anna Margaretha and John Henry Heinz. His father ran a brickyard in Sharpsburg; part of that property was used as a household garden by his mother.", "In 1900, the Heinz Company established a chemistry laboratory to monitor the quality of produce, accuracy of recipes, cooking procedures, cleanliness of the manufacturing processes, and uniformity of finished products. The \"food technologists\" also conducted research to improve nutrition, flavor, and appearance. Until the early 1900s, there were no laws to regulate food manufacturing. H. J. knew it was easier and better business to use pure ingredients that were properly packaged. He and son Howard eventually lobbied for laws to regulate the food industry; they were prime proponents of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.", "Food giant Heinz has been bought for $28bn (£18bn), in a tasty deal for US billionaire Warren Buffett.A consortium of investors led by Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway firm will take over the food company, snapping up the famous ketchup and baked bean makers.Heinz has labelled the deal “historic” and the largest ever in the food industry, with the board set to approve the deal, pending a vote by shareholders.“The Heinz brand is one of the most respected brands in the global f", "In 1928, it was decided to produce a canned food that became the flagship of the Heinz company, baked beans in tomato sauce. The introduction of baked beans was so successful that it was followed by spaghetti and a variety of soups. During the Second World War the Heinz factory produced food for the armed forces. Heinz became a listed public company in 1946 and continued its global expansion.", "in 1876, the landmark year in which they introduced the product now most famously associated with Heinz: tomato ketchup. The Heinz product line continued to expand, adding products such as apple butter, pepper sauce, and mince meat, and in 1890", "Heinz first started making ketchup in 1876 and the recipe has remained the same ever since", "The Heinz Company's recipe for national success coupled brand recognition with a commitment to product quality. Until the muckraking work of writers like Sinclair Lewis (The Jungle, 1906) and the resulting Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906, food processing was unregulated in the United States. As a result, many individuals contracted illnesses from eating contaminated products that could contain unlisted fillers, both intentionally and unintentionally. The Heinz Co. calmed these fears by consciously packaging its products in clear bottles, enabling consumers to view the actual products that they purchased.", "As a teenager, Heinz also sold prepared horseradish. Other sellers usually offered the condiment in dark glass bottles, which made it hard to see the product. Heinz stood out by using clear glass containers, thus permitting customers to see the quality of his horseradish for themselves.", "Disappointed by the lack of customers at his second-floor booth at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, Heinz began offering a free pickle charm. Support beams had to be added to keep the floor from sagging under the weight of visitors. In 1896, Heinz came up with the slogan \"57 Varieties\"—the company had more than 57 products at the time, but he liked the number 57—and began to use it in advertisements.", "Heinz - Much More than 57 Varieties | PHMC > History > Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine > Current & Past Issues > 2012 > Spring", "Heinz had products that maintained the number one or number two market share position in more than 50 countries. It was also the most profitable food company in the industry.", "Some believe that a hugely important advancement in the latter half of the 19th century was the work of the French chemist, Louis Pasteur. His experiments with fermentation and hypotheses about germs led to his invention of pasteurization, which changed food standards and human health for good. Several all-American foods came along during these years as well. Potato chips were invented in 1853 by African American chef, George Crum. The hot dog began in the 1860s with German immigrants selling sausages in buns from New York street carts. John Pemberton gave the world Coca-Cola in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia." ]

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[ "Crossing Panama was dangerous and dreadful by any measure. As such, Balboa became an iconic figure in both Europe and Panama. On Nov. 21, 1821, Panama declared its independence from Spain, uniting with Colombia and becoming what was called a Department of Columbia. Some 80 years later in 1903, Panama declared its independence from Colombia.", "After achieving independence from Spain on November, 1821 Panama became a department of Colombia for the next eight years. The Gran Republic of Colombia was by then composed of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. Panama federalist forces still tried to fight for Independence once again for Panama, and almost got it in 1831, also later between 1840 and 1841 a brief independent state was created, and finally during the Thousand Days War, which devastated Colombia and Panama. But still Panama was part of Colombia and no agreement was reached between Liberal Panama parties and Colombians. In 1903, the United States and Colombia signed the Hay-Herran Treaty to end the construction of the Panama Canal, but the Colombian Congress did not pass the Treaty on August 12, 10903. Panamanians wanted the canal finished and were angered with the Colombians, so were the United States that decided to support the independent movement for Panama. A warship was sent to Panama to protect Panamanians from the Colombian armies, and in November 1903, Panama proclaimed its Independence from Colombia.", "1903: Panama issues a declaration of independence from Colombia. The revolution was engineered by a Panamanian faction backed by the Panama Canal Company, a French-U.S. corporation that hoped to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans with a waterway across the Isthmus of Panama", "In response, President Theodore Roosevelt gave tacit approval to a Panamanian independence movement, which was engineered in large part by Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla and his canal company. On November 3, 1903, a faction of Panamanians issued a declaration of independence from Colombia. The U.S.-administered railroad removed its trains from the northern terminus of Colon, thus stranding Colombian troops sent to crush the rebellion. Other Colombian forces were discouraged from marching on Panama by the arrival of the U.S. warship Nashville.", "The refusal of Colombia to ratify the Hay-Herr�n Treaty angered both the United States and Panamanians. On November 3, 1903, Panamanians, with help from the United States and France, staged a revolt and declared Panama's independence from Colombia. The United States formally recognized Panama's independence on November 6, and within two weeks the two nations had signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, giving the United States exclusive control over a 10-mile-wide canal zone in return for an initial payment of $10,000,000 and $250,000 a year, beginning in 1913. The United States took formal possession of the French franchise and resumed work on the canal on May 4, 1904. Colonel William C. Gorgas was charged with ridding the canal zone of the diseases that had plagued the French, and Colonel George W. Goethals was put in charge of supervising the construction. The S.S. Ancon, a passenger-cargo ship owned by the Panama Railroad Company, made the first trip through the completed canal on August 15, 1914, and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson formally opened the Panama Canal on July 12, 1920. By the time it was completed, the canal had cost the United States $380 million (including $40 million paid to the French company, the $10 million paid to Panama, and $20 million spent for sanitation work).", "*Panama, U.S. interventions in the isthmus go back to the 1846 Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty and intensified after the so-called Watermelon War of 1856. In 1903, Panama seceded from the Republic of Colombia, backed by the U.S. government, during the Thousand Days' War. The Panama Canal was under construction by then, and the Panama Canal Zone, under United States sovereignty, was created.", "Spain brought over African slaves and European settlers. The majority of the population was a mix of Spanish and indigenous peoples. In 1810, the country won its independence from Spain. Columbia was one of the 5 countries that Simon Bolivar liberated. The other countries were Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Columbia formed Republic of Columbia. In the year 1830 both Ecuador and Venezuela declared independence from Columbia. Panama declared independence in 1903 from Columbia. There were several civil wars that occurred in the area after these declarations of independence. ", "With U.S. backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, and promptly signed a treaty with the U.S. allowing for the construction of a canal and U.S. sovereignty over a strip of land on either side, to be called the Panama Canal Zone.", "The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the \"Gran Colombia\" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s, but then decreased from 2005 onward. Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world giving rise to a rich cultural heritage. This has also been influenced by Colombia's varied geography, and the imposing landscape of the country has resulted in the development of very strong regional identities.", "The U.S acquired the 'Panama Canal' project from the French for $40 million. Colombia signed a treaty with the U.S. granting permission to construct the canal through their sovereign territory. However, the Colombian Senate would not ratify the treaty. In a controversial move the U.S offered Panamanian rebels, who wanted independence from Colombia, $10 million if they proclaimed their independence. The U.S then offered military assistance by stationing a war ship in their territorial waters to dissuade Colombia from military action. On November 3, 1903, Panama declared its independence without any interference from Colombia. Three months later the Panamanians granted control of the 'Panama Canal Zone' to the United States, having signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. The United States set to work on the canal without further delay.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 2,693,417 (1997 estimate). A republic occupying the Isthmus of Panama, between North and South America. The area was a department of the Republic of Colombia until 1903 when U.S. intervention enabled the Panamanians to secure their independence. The new Panamanian government immediately conceded to the United States a 10-mile wide strip of land bisecting the isthmus. Construction of the Panama Canal began the following year and was completed in 1914. While the Panamanian economy benefited greatly from the Canal, the presence of a foreign sovereignty on their soil was a constant irritant to Panamanians' national pride. During 1964-77, U.S.-Panamanian relations deteriorated over the status of the Canal, which became an emotionally charged issue throughout Latin America. In 1978 a revised Canal treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate. Implemented in 1979, this treaty provides for the gradual transfer of authority, with full Panamanian ownership by December 31, 1999. Panama assumed political sovereignty in the Canal Zone on Oct. 1, 1979. During the 1980s, Panama was under the control of Gen. Manual Noriega. Noriega's repression of political opposition and involvement in drug trafficking led to increasing conflict with the United States during 1986-1989. U.S. forces invaded Panama, deposed Noriega, who was returned to the United States for trial, and installed a government led by the Noriega opposition.", "1903: Panama issues a declaration of independence from Columbia. After separation, Panama accepted the deal offered to Columbia for the canal opportunity", "With the support of the U.S. government, Panama issues a declaration of independence from Colombia. The revolution was engineered by a Panamanian faction backed by the Panama Canal Company, a French-U.S. corporation that hoped to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans with a waterway across the Isthmus of Panama.", "3/11/1903, Panama revolted and declared itself independent from Colombia. At precisely 6pm the rebels bribed the Colombian garrison to surrender, the USS Nashville steamed into Panama harbour, and Panama proclaimed its independence. On 6/11/1903 the US recognised Panamanian independence. On 12/8/1903 the Colombian Senate had rejected US plans for a canal at Panama. On 18/11/1903 the US and Panama signed a treaty to build the Canal. See 22/1/1903.� On 2/11/1903 the US sent three warships to Panama.", "After its independence from Spain on November 28, 1821, modern-day Panama became a part of the Republic of Gran Colombia which consisted of today's Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.", "In 1809 ideas of freedom and independence surged through Panama, yet the isthmus remained faithful to Spain for several years after that; but in 1821 the civil and military authorities of the isthmus met and decided that Panama should be freed of Spanish rule and should join Colombia. Panama was the only one of Spain’s American colonies to secure independence without serious bloodshed. Owing to the anarchistic and unsettled condition of Colombia, the Panamanians came near to separating from Colombia in 1831, but the union with Colombia was renewed December 11, 1831.", "The flag of Panama was made by Maria Ossa de Amador. It has been officially adopted by the \"ley 4 de 1925\"; the flag is celebrated on November 4, one day after Panamanian independence from Colombia.", "Hope became reality with the passage of the Spooner Act of 1902 by the U.S. Congress, which authorized purchasing the assets of the French company and building a canal, provided that a satisfactory treaty could be negotiated with Colombia (of which Panama was then an integral part). When treaty negotiations with Colombia broke down, Panama, with the implicit backing of the United States, declared its independence and was recognized by the United States in November 1903. The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was then negotiated between Panama and the United States. The treaty satisfied the Spooner Act and created the Panama Canal Zone ; it was proclaimed in February 1904.", "Around this same time, French engineer Philippe Bunau-Varilla was still trying to push the idea of a Panama Canal in the United States. But without Colombia’s cooperation, the United States and Bunau-Varilla had to take a different approach. So, an independence movement in Panama sprung up. The United States backed the Panamanians with a naval force. The Republic of Panama came into existence on November 3, 1903. Bunau-Varilla offered himself up to the Panamanians to serve as their minister to the United States. On November 6, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty granted the United States the right to build a canal.", "In a controversial move, Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the U.S. Navy would assist their cause for independence. Panama proceeded to proclaim its independence on 3 November 1903, and the in local waters impeded any interference from Colombia.", "Panama was too small a state to stand alone, after it became independent of Spain, and accepted an invitation from Bogotá to put itself under the government there, but quickly found that it had exchanged King Log for King Stork. Almost immediately there were attempted revolts, and twice, in 1830 and again ten years later, the Isthmus won complete independence, and only returned to New Granada on promises of better treatment, solemnly made, but never realized. It was furthermore recognized, and set forth in the Constitution of that country, that Panama was a sovereign state, and that it or any one of the others had as much right to withdraw and set up an independent government as Virginia or New York or Massachusetts had under the old Articles of Confederation. But constitutions and written laws have never been worth much in those parts, except for musket-wadding. The local idea of government was to put yourself in power and then squeeze all the taxes you could out of everybody else. Nobody ever became president of New Granada or Colombia except by violence, and no president was strong enough to keep peace in Panama.", "The United States, under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt, pushed for a canal. Military interests were important, particularly after the difficulties of bringing the battleship, USS Oregon, from the Pacific around Cape Horn to Cuba during the 1898 Spanish-American War. In 1903, the U.S. had negotiated the Herran-Hay Treaty with Colombia to build a canal, but the Columbian Senate failed to ratify the treaty. Panama was disappointed because they saw the canal as an opportunity to advance the country economically. They decided to secede – with U.S. encouragement. Thus it was that Panama established itself on Nov. 3, 1903. The United States recognized the Republic some two weeks later on Nov. 18, 1903.", "Panama celebrates its independence from neighbouring Columbia with great fanfare and fervour. The Panama Independence day is celebrated on 3 rd November.", "* 1898–1902: The Thousand Days' War in Colombia breaks out between the \"Liberales\" and \"Conservadores\", culminating with the loss of Panama in 1903.", "Bunau-Varilla organized the revolt via the Panamanian construction workers who had been a part of the canal project and on November 3, 1903, this group sent a declaration of independence to the Colombian government.  Behind- the-scenes support for the revolt was provided by the United States, which quickly recognized Panama’s status as a sovereign nation.", "When Colombia grew reticent in its negotiations, Roosevelt and Panamanian business interests collaborated on a revolution. The battle for Panama lasted only a few hours. Colombian soldiers in Colón were bribed $50 each to lay down their arms; the U.S.S. Nashville cruised off the Panamanian coast in a show of support. On November 3, 1903, the nation of Panama was born.", "President Roosevelt recognized the new Panamanian junta as the de facto government on November 6, 1903; de jure recognition came on November 13. Five days later Bunau-Varilla, as the diplomatic representative of Panama (a role he had purchased through financial assistance to the rebels) concluded the Isthmian Canal Convention with Secretary of State John Hay in Washington. Bunau-Varilla had not lived in Panama for seventeen years before the incident, and he never returned. Nevertheless, while residing in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, he wrote the Panamanian declaration of independence and constitution and designed the Panamanian flag. Isthmian patriots particularly resented the haste with which BunauVarilla concluded the treaty, an effort partially designed to preclude any objections an arriving Panamanian delegation might raise. Nonetheless, the Panamanians, having no apparent alternative, ratified the treaty on December 2, and approval by the United States Senate came on February 23, 1904.", "The Panamanians launched their rebellion on 3 November 1903. By the end of that day the rebels had formed a provisional government and unveiled a constitution, one written in New York. The presence of the USS Nashville and the use of bribes allowed a successful revolution. In one day and with only one death, the new Republic of Panama was born.", "The treaty was signed on November 18, 1903. That was just fifteen days after Panama declared its independence.", "The U.S. supports an uprising in Panama against Colombian rule. Panama forms a new government which enables the building of the Panama Canal.", "1959:  On Independence Day Panamanians march into the Canal Zone to raise the Panamanian flag; U.S. troops turn them back. Washington begins to convert police force into full-fledged military.  Washington later fears this military because of its potential as a nationalist force.", "On the last day of the 1900s, U.S. Army Secretary Louis Caldera led a delegation that officially turned over control of the Canal to Panama, represented by President Mireya Moscoso. Minutes before the hoisting of the Panamanian flag over the Canal administration building, a triumphant Moscoso proclaimed to her people, \"The Canal is ours!\"" ]

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[ "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911– June 5, 2004) was the oldest president of United States of America. When he was elected as President in 1980 he was 69 years old. As 40th President of U.S.A he served from 1980 to 1989 for two terms. He was among the most popular and uncontroversial Presidents of United States Of America.", "January 20, 1981 - Ronald Reagan became president of the United States at the age of 69, the oldest president to take office. During his inauguration celebrations, he announced that 52 American hostages that had been seized in the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran, were being released after 444 days in captivity.", "Answer: Ronald Reagan became the oldest president when he was elected in 1980 at the age of 69. He survived an assassination attempt . When he finished his second term in office he was 77 years old.", "40. Ronald Wilson Reagan: Graduated Eureka College (1932). Moments after Regan was inaugurated on January 20, 1981, 52 Americans held hostage in Iran since November 1979 were released. September 22 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor is confirmed 91-8 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. She was the first female to serve on the Supreme Court. While participating in a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon on October 23, 1983, 241 U.S. Servicemen were killed in a terrorist attack. Later on October 25, U.S. troops invaded the Caribbean island of Grenada in an effort to restore order and democracy. November 6, 1984 winning 49 states, Reagan was reelected in a landslide over Walter Mondale. January 28, 1986, seven astronauts lost their lives on the space shuttle Challenger. April 5, 1986 two American servicemen lose their lives in a terrorist bombing of the La Belle Discotheque in Berlin. April 14 and 15 in retaliation for the disco bombing, American warplanes attack \"terrorist related targets\" in Libya. November 25, the Iran-Contra Affair becomes public. Ronald Reagan was 77 years old when he left office, making him the oldest president. He was the first president to have been divorced. Reagan was a Hollywood actor before becoming involved in politics.  He made more than 50 movies, mostly westerns or action pictures.  For those of you who would like to know more about this man, here is a link that will take you to a Ronald Reagan Home Page.  http://www.dnaco.net/~bkottman/reagan.html", "Ronald Reagan, the former 40th President of the US (1981-1989), the oldest man ever elected President, and former Hollywood film and TV actor, known for such films as Knute Rockne, All American (1940) , Kings Row (1942) and Bedtime for Bonzo (1951), died on June 5, 2004 at the age of 93, due to complications from Alzheimer's disease.", "Although the Framers of the U.S. Constitution and the individual states were careful to set minimum age requirements for office, upper age limits have not been established. President ronald reagan was the oldest individual to assume the office of president; he was almost 70 when he was sworn in, and served two terms before leaving office at nearly 78.", "2004 - Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan died at his home in Los Angeles, CA. He was 93 years old and had suffered from Alzheimer�s disease since at least late 1994. Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980. Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office -- and the Democratic ticket out (Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter).", "After announcing his candidacy once again in late 1979, Reagan defused the issue of his age (68) and campaigned aggressively and successfully in the primaries. Nominated easily, he selected his chief rival for the nomination, George Bush, as his running mate. Reagan's campaign against the incumbent Carter went well, despite some early gaffes, and his masterful performance in a televised debate with the president in late October sealed his victory. Taking 51 percent of the popular vote against Carter and Independent candidate John B. Anderson, Ronald Reagan became the nation's 40th president by an electoral vote of 489 to 49 for Carter. His election was viewed by many as a \"new beginning,\" as the Republicans also won control of the Senate for the first time in 26 years.", "The nation enthusiastically responded to Ronald Reagan's neoconservative message as he soundly defeated Carter and third-party candidate John Anderson to become, at the age of 70, the oldest man to be elected president. Reagan's coattails proved to be long as the Republicans made large gains in the House of Representatives and won control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, ushering in a new wave of conservatism. His program of supply-side economics sought to increase economic growth through reduced taxes which would in turn create even greater tax revenue. Critics argued that his tax cuts only benefited corporations and wealthy individuals. Reagan drastically cut spending on social programs as part of his vow to balance the federal budget.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( / ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989), the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor.", "Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy wave while attending a gala celebrating his 83rd birthday in Washington in this Feb. 3, 1994, file photo.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan /ˈrɑnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪgən/ (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989), the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) and prior to that, an actor.", "Reagan left office in 1989. In 1994, the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier in the year; he died ten years later at the age of 93. A conservative icon, he ranks highly in public opinion polls of U.S. Presidents and is credited for generating an ideological renaissance on the American political right .", "Reagan left office in 1989. In 1994, the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier in the year; he died ten years later at the age of 93. He ranks highly in public opinion polls of U.S. Presidents, and is a conservative icon.", "      Former U.S. president Ronald W. Reagan dies at the age of 93, 10 years after having been diagnosed with Alzheimer disease.", "Ronald Reagan, originally an American actor and politician, became the 40th President of the United States serving from 1981 to 1989. His term saw a restoration of prosperity at home, with the goal of achieving \"peace through strength\" abroad.", "Ronald Reagan - Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981-1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967-1975). Born in Illinois, Reagan moved to Los Angeles in the 1930s. In July 1989, the Reagans took a trip to Mexico, where Reagan was thrown off a horse and taken to a hospital for tests. The Reagans returned to the U.S. and visited the Mayo Clinic where they were told President Reagan had a head concussion and a subdural hematoma, and was subsequently operated on. Doctors believe that is what hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease, an incurable neurological disorder which ultimately causes brain cells to die, and something Reagan was diagnosed with in 1994.", "Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911 and passed away on June 5, 2004. He served as President from 1981-1989. His running mate and Vice President for both of his four-year terms was George Herbert Walker Bush, who succeeded Reagan and served as America's 41st President. Reagan defeated the 39th President, Jimmy Carter, in 1980, and former Vice President Walter Mondale in 1984.", "Ronald Reagan was elected as the fortieth American president. Mr. Reagan brought national pride back to the country after the hard times of the 60's and 70's. He also survived an assassin's bullet.", "That was also the defence of his own advancing years which Ronald Reagan, the oldest ever US president so far, famously mounted in his second presidential debate with Walter Mondale in 1984. Asked if he was not already too old to carry on doing such a demanding job, Reagan replied: \"I will not make age an issue in this campaign. I am not going to exploit for political purposes my opponent's youth and inexperience.\" At the time, it was an unanswerable riposte, but by the end of his second term of office, Reagan was in fact visibly ageing, and there were already rumours that he was suffering from the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.", "Reagan's second marriage was a happy one. The couple lived in a comfortable home in Pacific Palisades and began to spend time at a ranch Reagan had bought near Santa Barbara. They had two children, Patricia, born in 1952, and Ronald, born in 1958. But Reagan's film career was now in serious decline. Warner Brothers had not renewed his contract, and he was having difficulty finding steady work elsewhere. He was now in his mid-forties, and major stardom was coming to seem beyond his reach.", "Narrator: The age issue would not go away. But Reagan routed Walter Mondale with 59% of the vote. \"We can read,\" Tip O'Neill would later tell him. \"In my 50 years in public life, I've never seen a man more popular than you with the American people.\"", "Checking in at No. 1 on the countdown, Ronald Reagan is the oldest president ever to be inaugurated. Prior to his presidency, he was governor of California from 1967-1975.", "Reagan was born in Tampico in Whiteside County , Illinois , reared in Dixon in Lee County , Illinois, and educated at Eureka College in Eureka , Illinois, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology . Upon his graduation, Reagan first moved to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in 1937 to Los Angeles , California . He began a career as an actor , first in films and later television , appearing in over 50 movie productions and earning enough success to become a famous, publicly recognized figure. Some of his most notable roles are in Knute Rockne, All American and Kings Row . Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild , and later spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party , he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater 's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970 . He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976 , but won both the nomination and election, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter in 1980 .", "Ronald Reagan with running mate George H. W. Bush beat Carter by almost 10 percentage points in the popular vote. Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time in twenty-five years on Reagan's coattails. The electoral college vote was a landslide, with 489 votes (representing 44 states) for Reagan and 49 votes for Carter (representing 6 states and the District of Columbia). ", "Reagan left the White House in 1989, when his vice president, George H.W. Bush, was elected to the presidency. In 1994, Reagan announced that he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which he struggled with until his death in 2004. [2]", "Upon leaving the presidency, he and Nancy returned to California. In 1994, it was announced that Ronald Reagan had Alzheimer's disease. After fighting the disease for ten years, he died on June 5, 2004 at his home in Bel Air, California.", "After his return to private citizenship in 1989, Reagan continued to be a popular and active public figure. Shortly after his retirement, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was opened in Simi Valley, California. By the mid-1990s Reagan had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, an ultimately fatal degeneration of the central nervous system. He and Nancy publicized his condition in an attempt to create greater public awareness and to gain support for research into treatment. As his condition deteriorated, Reagan gradually withdrew from public appearances.", "In 1992, four years after leaving office, Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. As the years went on, the disease began to slowly take over the former President's brain and body, forcing him to live his post-presidency in quiet isolation. He informed the nation of his condition himself when on November 5 , 1994 a letter he wrote was released announcing he had Alzheimer's disease. He can now no longer speak coherently and has trouble with even the most basic tasks. His health was further destabilized by a fall in 2001, which shattered part of his hip and rendered him virtually immobile. ", "Every President is judged on his performance in two areas—peace and prosperity. By this standard Ronald Reagan was one of our greatest Presidents and this is why the last half of the 20th century is often described by historians as the Age of Reagan.", "Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan shares with the American people that he has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.", "Actor Ronald Reagan was elected governor of California in November 1966 on his way to the White House years later." ]

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[ "American Gothic is a painting by American artist Grant Wood in 1930. Shown is a farmer and his spinster daughter in front of their house. The models on the painting were Wood’s sister, Nan, wearing a colonial print apron mimicking 19th century Americana, and Wood’s dentist, Dr. Byron McKeeby from Iowa.", "In 1930, Iowa artist Grant Wood painted American Gothic . The models he used for the painting were his sister Nan Wood Graham and his dentist, Byron McKeeby. Here they are next to the painting:", "Grant Wood (1891-1942) was a major American regionalist artist from Iowa who produced his world famous icon, American Gothic in 1930. Along with Mona Lisa and Whistler's Mother, this work has become one of the most recognized paintings in the world. While it has been greatly admired by most of its viewers, it has been criticized by others. Currently on display at the Art Institute of Chicago, this oil painting portrays a grim faced farmer and his somber daughter who are resolutely standing in front of their rural, Gothic Revival farmhouse. The tall, gaunt farmer, looking straight ahead, firmly holds a pitchfork whose tines point upward, while his daughter, with her eyes averted appears to be showing disapproval. In American art, it is unusual to find the hard, cold realism and honest, direct and earthy qualities that Wood captures in American Gothic. Wood's actual intention was to present the work as a subtle and witty commentary on midwestern, rural life. To achieve his goal, Wood emulated the meticulous style and technique of the 16th century Flemish masters. His sister, Nan Wood Graham (1900-1990), and his 62-year-old dentist, Dr. Byron H. McKeeby (1867-1950), posed for the painting. This article describes how Grant developed this artistic style which is reflected in American Gothic. Additionally, it examines the strained interactions between Grant Wood, the artist, and Dr. Byron McKeeby, the model.", "American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930. Portraying a pitchfork-holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art. Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting; like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend towards increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio, Sinclair Lewis's 1920 Main Street, and Carl Van Vechten's The Tattooed Countess in literature. However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.", "American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930 (see gallery). Portraying a pitchfork -holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th century American art . Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting, like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley , they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend towards increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson 's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio , Sinclair Lewis ' 1920 Main Street , and Carl Van Vechten 's The Tattooed Countess in literature. [30] However, with the onset of the Great Depression , the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.", "The Grant Wood painting American Gothic is a touchstone of American culture, depicting an upright Midwestern family on the farm. The story behind the painting is the subject of Thomas Hoving's book American Gothic: The Biography of Grant Wood's American Masterpiece. A native of Iowa, Wood and his paintings were rooted in the Midwest. His style, however, owed something to the realism of 15th-century northern European artists. Susan Stamberg interviews Hoving, already a best-selling author and once the director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, about his exploration into Wood's most famous painting.", "American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930. Portraying a pitchfork -holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art . Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting, like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley , they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend towards increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson ‘s 1919 Winesburg, Ohio , Sinclair Lewis ‘ 1920 Main Street , and Carl Van Vechten ‘s The Tattooed Countess in literature. [55] However, with the onset of the Great Depression , the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.", "Grant Wood was an American painter who was born in Iowa in 1891 and died in 1942. He is famous for his scenes depicting rural American culture in the midwest. His most famous painting is said to be \"American Gothic\" feature an old woman and man standing in front of a house holding a pitch fork. In 1913 he moved to Chicago to study at the Art Institute there, while there he worked as a silversmith. He traveled to Europe to study impressionist and post-impressionist work, but later found that the most influential artist to his style would be the 15th century Dutch painter, Jan vanEyck. In 1932 Wood founded the Stone City Art Colony which helped artists suffering from the devastating Great Depression that hit America at that time. In 1934 Wood became a fine art professor at the University of Iowa. During that time he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died the day before his 51st birthday.", "Painter Grant Wood, creator of ''American Gothic,'' died in Iowa City, Ia., a day before his 51st birthday.", "Grant Wood’s 1930 painting, American Gothic, became one of the most famous portrayals of life in the Midwest during the Great Depression. Painted in the style known as Regionalism, Wood painted familiar subjects in realistic ways.", "Marking the list as another iconic piece in American art, American Gothic, painted by Grant Wood in 1930 is a dry depiction of a farmer and his Plain-Jane daughter - The Great Depression personified.", "* Hoving, Thomas. American Gothic: The Biography of Grant Wood's American Masterpiece. New York: Chamberlain Brothers, 2005.", "A son of a Midwestern farmer, Grant Wood lived his entire life in Iowa, only briefly traveling to Europe. The unique character of small-town mid-America had a lasting impression on Wood that compelled him to make it the chosen theme of countless paintings. Over the course of his career, it seems that Wood had a stock of subject matter that revolved around American folklore and life in the countryside. A farmer plowing a field, mother and child planting new crops, grandma mending, and grandpa eating freshly popped corn all became the recognizable �stars� of Wood�s creations. He is primarily known for his paintings such as these, and in particular, the painting American Gothic featuring a Midwestern father and daughter. Since its creation in 1930, it has gained an iconic stature in American culture.", "American Gothic - A realistic, yet hard-edged style of painting associated with the works of Grant Wood (American, 1892-1942). Also the title of a famous painting by Grant Wood:", "BORN AT Anamosa, Iowa, Grant Wood spent his entire life in this small town in the American Midwest, and his paintings are a chronicle of the people and the scenery of the district. In the 1920s, however, he travelled to France and the Netherlands where he studied the works of the Old Masters, especially the Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance and Flemish School, all of which had a strong influence on his own paintings. His best-known painting, American Gothic, is aptly named, for in it Wood depicts a cottage in his home town whose Gothic window appealed to him. In the foreground stands a typical Midwestern farmer and his wife, actually Wood’s sister and his dentist, who served as his models. He was severely criticized at the time for lampooning the values of Middle America but he defended himself insisting that the painting was intended as a sincere tribute to the simple dignity of rural communities. Wood was the foremost of the Regionalists, a group of American artists who rejected the abstract in favour of the realism of ordinary people and their locale.", "I first became aware of Grant Wood when I was a ten-year-old boy enrolled in art classes at the old Cedar Rapids Public Library (now the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art). Prominently displayed in the room where we learned to draw and paint was Grant Wood’s original painting of his mother, entitled Woman with Plant (1928). I realized that Grant Wood was everywhere in Cedar Rapids: his paintings and lithographs at the Museum of Art; his farm mural at the old Montrose Hotel; his carved wooden Mourner’s Bench in the principal’s office at McKinley Junior High School; his stained glass Memorial Window at the Veteran’s Memorial Building. I often rode my bicycle past the artist’s studio at 5 Turner Alley, where Grant Wood created his most famous painting, American Gothic (1930).", "Grant Wood (1892 - 1942) Artist. Painted his most famous painting \"American Gothic\" in 1930; born in Anamoso.", "Models for Grant Wood's painting, \"American Gothic\" (1930). \"American Gothic\"Art Institute of Chicago. Wood's inspiration came from a cottage designed in the Gothic Revival style with a distinctive upper window and a decision to paint the house along with \"the kind of people I fancied should live in that house.\" The painting shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter (not his wife, as so many parodies and references assume). The figures were modeled by the artist's dentist and…", "8. Which artist painted ‘American Gothic’, a famous 20th Century artwork depicting a farmer holding a pitchfork, standing with his daughter, in front of a white building?", "Artist Grant Wood was particularly inspired by a little white Iowa farmhouse built in the Carpenter Gothic style, with its single, central, oversized window.  “I imagined American Gothic people with their faces stretched out long to go with this American Gothic house,” he said.", "* Milosch, Jane C., ed. Grant Wood’s Studio: Birthplace of American Gothic. Cedar Rapids and New York: Cedar Rapids Museum of Art and Prestel, 2005.", "American Gothic remains one of the most famous paintings in the history of American art. It is a primary example of Regionalism, a movement that aggressively opposed European abstract art, preferring depictions of rural American subjects rendered in a representational style. The painting has become part of American popular culture, and the couple has been the subject of endless parodies . Some believe that Wood used this painting to satirize the narrow-mindedness and repression that has been said to characterize Midwestern culture, an accusation he denied. The painting may also be read as a glorification of the moral virtue of rural America or even as an ambiguous mixture of praise and satire.", "10. Who did artist Grant Wood use as the model for the farmer in his classic painting \"American Gothic\"?", "American Scene painting and the Social Realism and Regionalism movements that contained both political and social commentary dominated the art world in the USA. Artists like Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, George Tooker, John Steuart Curry, Reginald Marsh, and others became prominent. In Latin America besides the Uruguayan painter Joaquín Torres García and Rufino Tamayo from Mexico, the muralist movement with Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, José Orozco, Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martinez Delgado and the Symbolist paintings by Frida Kahlo began a renaissance of the arts for the region, with a use of color and historic, and political messages. Frida Kahlo's Symbolist works also relate strongly to Surrealism and to the Magic Realism movement in literature. The psychological drama in many of Kahlo's self-portraits (above) underscore the vitality and relevance of her paintings to artists in the 21st century.", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.", "The tempera medium was used by American artists such as the Regionalists Andrew Wyeth, Thomas Hart Benton and his student Roger Medearis; expressionists Ben Shahn, Mitchell Siporin and John Langley Howard, magic realists George Tooker, Paul Cadmus, Jared French, Julia Thecla and Louise E. Marianetti; Art Students League of New York instructors Kenneth Hayes Miller and William C. Palmer, Social Realists Kyra Markham, Isabel Bishop, Reginald Marsh, and Noel Rockmore, Edward Laning, Anton Refregier, Jacob Lawrence, Rudolph F. Zallinger, Robert Vickrey, Peter Hurd, and science fiction artist John Schoenherr, notable as the cover artist of Dune.", "In 1963, San Francisco artist Butch Kardum began combining intense blues and greens on the exterior of his Italianate-style Victorian house. His house was criticized by some, but other neighbors began to copy the bright colors on their own houses. Kardum became a color designer, and he and other artists / colorists such as Tony Canaletich, Bob Buckter, and Jazon Wonders began to transform dozens of gray houses into Painted Ladies. By the 1970s, the colorist movement, as it was called, had changed entire streets and neighborhoods. This process continues to this day.", "American painter. Became one of the most famous portrayals of life in the Midwest during the Great Depression.", "this artist was very different from their contemporaries in that they were from the midwest, born into wealth, and was not jewish. they also lived the \"high life\"and referred to it in their work", "American painter who worked in Germany and taught at the Bauhaus. His cubist landscapes like Bird Cloud (1926) can be related to German Romantic views in which the figure is dwarfed by Nature.", "The Prairie School was a primarily residential architectural movement that began in Chicago yet rapidly spread across the Midwest. Ultimately its influence was felt around the world—most especially in north-central Europe and Australia. Its origins date from the 1890s. Its vitality was largely sapped during the First World War, when homebuilders' attitudes turned conservative and thereafter shunned building concepts that expressed an idea rather than traditional architectural forms—ideas such as the relevance of a building to nature and the landscape, the visual expression of natural materials (rather than concealing them behind paint and wallpaper), or the idea of abandoning small, boxy rooms in favor of a more open, integrated interior space.", "architect from the American Midwest, designed buildings to harmonize with the surrounding landscape, developed a primarily horizontal style of architecture nicknamed the “prairie style”" ]

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[ "Garuda is Indonesa's national airline and is based in Jakarta. Garuda offers over 40 flights weekly from Australia, Korea, Singapore and Japan to Bali, with onward domestic connections available within Indonesia. In 2008, Garuda received the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) registration, which is the worldwide industry standard for airline safety. Garuda is not currently a member of an airline alliance.", "Voted as the world�s best economy class as far as service and product in 2013 by Skytrax, Garuda Indonesia is the national airline of Indonesia. Their headquarters and main hub are at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, near Jakarta, along with four smaller hubs throughout Indonesia. They do have 8 smaller subsidiary carriers that include some cargo.", "Garuda Indonesia (PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk ) is the national airline of Indonesia. Named after the holy bird Garuda of Hinduism from the national emblem of Indonesia, the airline is headquartered at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, near Jakarta. As of 11 December 2014, the airline is rated as a 5-star airline by the international airline review firm Skytrax. The air carrier was previously known as Garuda Indonesian Airways.", "Garuda Indonesia is the national airline of the Republic of Indonesia and is currently one hundred per cent owned by the Indonesian Government. The Airline and its subsidiaries operate over 100 aircraft, carry over 10 million passengers a year and employ upwards of 25,000 people. Garuda itself operates 55 aircraft, many the latest models available, carries almost six million passengers a year and employs almost 15,000 people.", "Garuda Indonesia is the national airline of Indonesia. It is a full-service network carrier and serves 28 domestic and 18 international destinations. The airline's main hubs in Indonesia are located in Jakarta and Denpasar. In July 2009, the airline unveiled a new aircraft fleet, new in-flight product, new service concept and a fresh corporate identity to mark the start of its transformation into one of Asia's most successful and profitable airlines.", "Garuda Indonesia (GA) is Indonesia's flag carrier and a member of the SkyTeam alliance. The airline operates non-stop flights to about 40 domestic destinations and 20 international destinations in 13 countries across Asia, Oceania, the Middle East and Europe. Its fleet include some configured with just Economy Class seating. Other aircraft feature two-cabin configurations (Executive Class, which is Garuda's Business Class product, and Economy Class) and three-cabin configurations (First Class, Executive Class and Economy Class). The airline has hubs at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) near Jakarta and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) in Southern Bali.", "On 21 June 1982, Garuda became the launch customer of the Airbus A300B4-220FFCC, which was the first variant of the A300 capable of being operated with two pilots instead of three. By 1984, nine of these were in service, supplemented by 8 Douglas DC-10s, 24 Douglas DC-9s, 45 Fokker F-28s, and 6 Boeing 747-200s. In 1985 under Reyn Altin Johannes Lumenta, who had been CEO since 1984, Garuda made the controversial decision to hire foreign brand consultants Landor Associates to create a new logo, livery and brand for the airline, a project that was regarded as expensive and unnecessary at the time. However, this move was later on applauded as vital for the reputation and corporate identity of Garuda Indonesia as the national airline.", "Since its establishment, Garuda Indonesia has changed its branding and livery a few times. During the early years, Garuda color scheme was simple logotype \"Indonesia Airways\" with blue lines and Indonesian flag. In the 1960s, Garuda introduced a red and white color scheme in accordance to the Indonesian national identity and the Indonesian flag. Also in this period \"Garuda Indonesian Airways\" introduced a bird logo: a triangle stylized eagle-like Garuda with red and white shield. The logo was painted on the vertical stabilizer of Garuda's fleet from 1961 to 1969. In the 1970s, a logotype with a unique font replaced the triangular eagle as Garuda's corporate identity, along with a new color scheme consisting of a red and orange \"hockey stick\" line running along the aircraft's windows and vertical stabilizer. This livery used from 1969 to 1985.", "NV Garuda Indonesian Airways (GIA) was founded as a joint venture between the Indonesian government and the flag carrier of the Kingdom of Netherlands, Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (KLM). It initially operated in 1949 with a fleet of Douglas DC-3s and Consolidated PBY Catalinas handed down from Netherlands Government Air Transport (NGAT) and the Netherlands Air Force (ML-KNIL). After the transfer of sovereignty of Indonesia from the Kingdom of Netherlands on 27 December 1949, Garuda began to upgrade its fleet by adding new types such as the De Havilland Heron and Convair 340. By the year 1953, Garuda already owned 43 planes and served destinations throughout Indonesia and the region. Until 1969, Garuda is popularly known by its classic red and white Garuda logo. The red and white upper part of the windows resembles the national flag.", "In 2009, a new branding initiative was launched through a new image, developed once again by brand consultant Landor Associates, a new spin of the idea called \"nature's wing\". Garuda has since replaced the old logo painted on its fleet vertical stabilizer with this new \"nature's wing\" graphic of blue and aqua shades. The \"nature's wing\" graphic was inspired by the wings of tropical birds as well as the ripples of waves upon the water. The iconic bird symbol designed by Landor 24 years earlier is still maintained as Garuda Indonesia's logo, with minor changes, while the logotype now uses the Myriad Pro font. The new look is expected to be able to \"Capture the Spirit of Friendliness and Professionalism of Indonesia\".", "For most of modern Indonesian history, Garuda Indonesia has dominated the Indonesian air travel market share. However, started in 2000, Lion Air started to grow and become a serious rival in domestic air travel in Indonesia. By mid 2015, Lion Air rules Indonesia's domestic air travel market share by 41.6 percent, while Garuda Indonesia came in second with 23.5 percent share. Sriwijaya Air came in third with a market share of 10.4 percent, followed by Garuda's low-cost subsidiary Citilink (8.9 percent) and Lion Air's regional flight service Wings Air (4.7 percent). Indonesia AirAsia, a unit of the Malaysian budget airline, had a 4.4 percent market share.", "In India, Indonesia and much of Southeast Asia, the Garuda is a veritable national and cultural symbol.", "In December 2014, Garuda Indonesia was awarded as a \"5-Star Airline\" by Skytrax; along with Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, Hainan Airlines, Asiana Airlines, and All Nippon Airways. ", "The late 1990s and early 2000s would prove to be a turbulent and difficult time for the airline; two separate accidents in 1996 and 1997 added to the problems being caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, resulting in a drastic reduction in operations, including the termination of service to the Americas and a massive scaling back of its European operations. Largely due to historical links with the Netherlands, Garuda continued to operate flights to Amsterdam, Frankfurt and London after the initial cutbacks, although these flights were also discontinued on 28 October 2004. The situation was exacerbated by the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., the Bali bombings, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the SARS scare, all of which contributed to a downturn in air travel and Indonesian tourism. As a result, its earlier order for the Boeing 777 was deferred, and so was an order for 18 Boeing 737-800s to replace its ageing 737 Classic fleet.", "* On 19 June 2007, Garuda Indonesia and Hainan Airlines began codesharing in a bid to strengthen both airlines' marketing positions in Indonesia and People's Republic of China. In this agreement, Garuda Indonesia will be the operating partner on the Jakarta-Beijing (vv) service, flying five times a week using a new A330-200.", "Their fleet size is 117 total aircraft and most of which include Boeing 737-800 and they currently have 83 new aircraft on order. In 2014, Garuda Indonesia will officially be a member of the Sky Team airline alliance group.", "In 1994, Garuda purchased the world’s widest body plane in the 90s, Boeing 747-400, went through the regeneration of Fokker F28 and DC9 by substituting them with Boeing 737 Classic (-300, -400, and -500). In the beginning of the 90s, Garuda developed its strategy in a long-term to welcome the Millenium, including the fares concept. Garuda offer premium service with competitive prices, because they succeed creating an effective cost strategy, in order to decrease any unnecessary costs which benefited consumers in Indonesia through the cheap fares and promo offer in certain periods. In 1998, Garuda suffered from monetary crisis. In 2005, Garuda's management was restructured. It then became one of the 30 largest airlines in the world.", "- July 11 – A Garuda Indonesia Fokker F28 strikes a volcano on approach to Medan Airport, Indonesia, killing all 61 on board.", "Of late there has been considerable improvement in the safety standards and recently Garuda Indonesia has been allowed to fly into Europe. Lion Air has reportedly inducted 178 new 737 900 ER planes which now service not only domestic but also international routes. Unfortunately if you're looking at its reliability, Lion Air had a very poor On Time Performance compared with other airlines in Indonesia. Moreover in February 2015, Lion Air also had a massive delay with almost all flights delayed for more than 6 hours or even cancelled. Garuda has also changed its livery and added new aircrafts. Adam Air and few other companies have been closed and their licences withdrawn. With entry of low cost carriers like Indonesia Air Asia the cost of travel has further reduced. Another airline that should be considered to fly with is Sriwijaya Air as there is (almost) no any notable incident invloving this airline, and ocassionaly they offer cheaper prices but with better services than other LCC's.", "The earliest predecessor to Garuda Indonesia was KNILM, Royal Dutch Indies Airways, founded in 1928 during the Dutch colonial period; despite the similar name, it was not a subsidiary of the main Dutch carrier KLM. KNILM was dissolved in 1947, and its assets were transferred to a new KLM subsidiary, KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (KLM Interinsular Service), which was nationalized in December 1949.", "Garuda Indonesia is seeking to expand its partnership with Delta Air Lines ahead of launching flights to the US. Garuda needs a stronger relationship with Delta and will need to reconsider plans for its own US flights if the right partnerships are not in place.", "During the early 1970s, Garuda Indonesia took delivery of both the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Fokker F28 Fellowship for its short and medium-haul operations. The airline went on to take delivery of 62 F28s, holding the title for the largest operator of the F28 in the world. In 1973, the airline took delivery of its first Douglas DC-10, giving it the capability to carry more passengers and fly longer flights, and it replaced the DC-8 and Convair 990 fleet on flights within Asia and to Europe. The DC-10 would become an integral part of the Garuda fleet for the years to come, outlasting the newer McDonnell Douglas MD-11s, before the type was finally retired in 2002. Afterwards, in 1980, the airline took delivery of the first Boeing 747-200, complementing the DC-10 on high-capacity or long-range routes.", "The name \"Garuda\" was derived from a Dutch poem written by a renowned Javanese scholar and poet Raden Mas Noto Soeroto; \"Ik ben Garuda, Vishnoe's vogel, die zijn vleugels uitslaat hoog boven uw eilanden\", which means \"I'm Garuda, Vishnu's Bird, that spreads its wings high above the Islands\". In Hindu mythology, Garuda is the name of Lord Vishnu's mount (vahana). The line was mentioned by Sukarno during the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference at The Hague, from 23 August to 2 November 1949.", "Expanded partnerships are crucial for Garuda as it attempts to improve its position in the international market. Garuda has been working on boosting ties with several SkyTeam members, resulting in a new codeshare with Aeromexico and an enhanced partnership with KLM.", "At its peak in the late 1980s up to the mid-1990s, Garuda operated an extensive network of flights all over the world, with regularly scheduled services to Los Angeles, Paris, Rome and other cities in Europe and Asia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of financial and operational difficulties hit the airline hard, which included the in-flight murder of a human rights activist by airline staff, causing it to drastically cut back services. In 2009, the airline undertook a five-year modernization plan known as the Quantum Leap, which overhauled the airline's brand, livery, logo and uniforms, as well as newer, more modern aircraft and facilities and a renewed focus on international markets, and earning the airline awards such as Most Improved Airline and World's Best Cabin Crew. ", "Indonesian carrier LionAir [3] provides flights international flights between Kuala Lumpur-Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur-Surabaya, Penang and Medan and between Hi Chi Minh City, Singapore and Jakarta, and is often the cheapest option (cheaper than AirAsia and others). Australia and New Zealand are also serviced by LCC airlines including Jetstar [4] sharing the Jetstar Asia network, Virgin Australia [5] , Indonesia AIr Asia [6] . It is worthy of note that Lion Air has engaged in a massive fleet upgrade program buying a large number of Boeing 737-900ER series and ATR72-500 series turbo props. The steady replacement of their previously rather clunky old fleet of very well used Boeing and MD aircraft is revitalising Indonesia's 2nd largest carrier. Lion air currently operate 62 new 737-900ERs with 133 more 737-900ERs, 7 of the 737-800NG series and 201 Boeing 737 MAX 9 on order. Lion Air have announced plans to position themselves as a major regional airline when sufficient aircraft are delivered.", "Garuda plans to retire and return its oldest Boeing 737-800 planes (PK-GEx registration, totalling 6) to their lessors by mid-2017, while its original six A330 aircraft (PK-GPA, C-G) have been refitted in an all-economy configuration for high density domestic, international and Hajj routes. The airline has plans to take delivery of more new aircraft in the future, with an order for 50 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft (46 new, 4 conversions from existing -800 order) announced on 12 October 2014, and signing a Letter of Intent (LoI) to purchase 90 new aircraft from Boeing and Airbus (30 737 MAX 8, 30 A350-900 XWB, 30 787-9 Dreamliner) worth $20 billion at list prices at the Paris Air Show 2015. ", "The 60s is an era in which Garuda had its potential development, marked with new modern fleet rejuvenation. In 1961, Garuda obtained turboprop Lockheed L-188 Electra, Convair CV990 serving Jakarta-Amsterdam, Douglas DC-8 replacing CV990 5 years later. The entire fleet of the 60s are: DC-3/C-47 Dakota, Convair 340, Convair 440, Lockheed L-188 Electra, Convair 990A, Fokker F-27 and DC-8.", "Founded in 1949 as KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf, the airline is now one of the world's leading airlines and the 20th member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. It operates regularly scheduled flights to a large number of destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia and Europe from its main hub in Jakarta, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, as well as services to Australia and Asia from Ngurah Rai International Airport (Bali) and a large number of domestic flights from both Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport (Makassar) and Kualanamu International Airport (Medan).", "The new Executive Class cabin on-board Garuda's Boeing 777-300ERs are fitted with EADS Sogerma flat-bed seats arranged in a staggered 1-2-1 configuration; allowing for direct aisle access to all Executive Class passengers. These seats features with 74\" of seat pitch, 15\" AVOD screen, USB ports, in-seat laptop power supply, and personal reading light. Turndown service is also offered.", "As a full-service airline, Garuda offers free snacks and drinks in flights less than 60 minutes. In flights longer than 60 minutes, passengers also get free selections of hot meal.", "Garuda has also been pursuing ambitious and strategic expansion of its own long haul network. However this expansion has been highly unprofitable, and in several markets Garuda would be better off relying on partners." ]

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[ "Idaho is a mountainous state located in the northwestern region of the United States. It became the 43rd state in July of 1890. Idaho has an area of 83,632 square miles and approximately 1.6 million people live in the state. Boise is both the state's capital and largest city.", "6) Idaho has a total geographic area of 82,643 square miles (214,045 sq km) and it borders six different U.S. states and the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is completely landlocked and it is considered a part of the Pacific Northwest.", "Latitude: 44° 15.4'N Borders In the north, Idaho shares an international border with Canada. In the south, Idaho borders Nevada and Utah . Idaho is bordered by Montana and Wyoming on the east and by Washington and Oregon on the west. Total Area Idaho covers 83,574 square miles, making it the 14th largest of the 50 states . Land Area 82,751 square miles of Idaho are land areas. Water Area 823 square miles of Idaho are covered by water. Highest Point The highest point in Idaho is Borah Peak at 12,662 feet above sea level. Lowest Point The lowest point in Idaho is only 710 feet above sea level; the Snake River in the northwestern part of the state near Lewiston. Mean Elevation The Mean Elevation of the state of Idaho is 5,000 feet above sea level. Major Rivers Coeur d'Alene River, Snake River , St. Joe River, St. Maries River, Kootenai River Major Lakes Lake Pend Oreille, American Falls Reservoir, Bear Lake, Coeur d'Alene Lake", "Idaho is a mostly mountainous state, with an area larger than all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the west coast of the continental United States.", "IDAHO Settled: 1842 Date admitted to the Union: 3 July 1890 Order of admission: 43 Capital: Boise Extent in Miles (length): 570 Extent in Miles (width): 300 Area in square miles (land): 82,412 Area in square miles (inland water): 1,153 Area in square miles (total): 83,564 Rank in Area: 13 Official Nickname: Gem State Motto: Esto Perpetua (It is perpetual) Flower: Syringa Bird: Mountain Bluebird Tree: White Pine Song: Here We Have Idaho Population (1990): 1,006,749 Population Rank (1990): 42 Population (2000): {to be done} Population Rank (2000): {to be done} Principal Industries: agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, lumber, mining, electronics IDAHO HISTORY Northwest Territory 1803 - 1847", "Idaho is a state located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and shares borders with the states of Washington, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, Utah and Nevada ( map ). A small part of Idaho's border is also shared with the Canadian province of British Columbia . The capital and largest city in Idaho is Boise. As of 2011, Idaho is the sixth fastest growing state in the U.S. behind Arizona, Nevada, Florida, Georgia and Utah.", "Idaho is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "The capital of Idaho is Boise, which lies within “Mountain Time.” There are two time zones in Idaho, and the other is “Pacific Time.” Boise in located in the southwest area of the state. Boise (pronounced “BOY-zee”) is 41 miles east of Oregon and 110 miles north of Nevada with an elevation of 2,704 feet. Most of the area is a flat plain with mountains ascending northeast to the highest elevation at Borah Peak (12,622 feet).", "Pend Oreille, Lake lake in Kaniksu National Forest, northwestern Idaho, U.S. The largest lake in Idaho, it is about 40 miles (65 km) long and 4 miles (6.5 km) wide and covers an area of some 125 square miles (325 square km). It is about 1,150 feet (350 metres) deep and...", "The State of Idaho grows lots of potatoes. Has a reputation for being very conservative and white, to the point that it has been known to attract literal neo-Nazis �the Aryan Nations had their headquarters in Hayden Lake from the '70s until they were sued into bankruptcy in 2001, and the Ruby Ridge siege took place just two counties over. On a more positive note, it's become famous in recent years as the setting of Napoleon Dynamite , so much that the state legislature moved to pass a resolution thanking director Jared Hess for \"raising Idaho awareness\". The state also has the second-highest Mormon population (by percentage) after neighboring Utah, found mostly in eastern Idaho. Boise State University is also home to the first football stadium in the country with a non-green/brown playing field (its artificial turf is blue). A few other schools have since followed suit.", "The state of Idaho uses the abbreviation \"ID.\" Idaho is bordered by Montana and Wyoming to the east, Utah and Nevada to the south, Oregon and Washington to the west and Canada to the north.", "The Boise-Nampa metropolitan area, also known as the Treasure Valley, includes five counties with a combined population of 664,422, the most populous metropolitan area in Idaho. It contains the state's three largest cities; Boise, Nampa, and Meridian. Boise is the third most populous metropolitan area in the United States' Pacific Northwest region, behind Seattle and Portland.", "The Great Salt Lake is actually the remainder of prehistoric Lake Bonneville, which covered some 20,000 square miles of land in what is now Utah, Nevada and Idaho some 10,000 to 30,000 years ago. The present lake is about 75 miles long and 35 miles wide, with a maximum depth of 33 feet. After a series of wet years, the lake's surface area may be much larger but it will be only a little bit deeper.", "Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state’s largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called “Idahoans”. Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.", "Welcome to Idaho, a land of rugged beauty and millions of acres of wilderness. With a landscape that ranges from subalpine to desert, granite mountains to fertile farms, lakes and waterfalls to canyons and gorges, Idaho is a study in geographic diversity. Hell's Canyon, at 7900 feet, is the deepest canyon in North America, deeper even than the Grand Canyon. And the Shoshone Falls, on the Snake River, are higher than Niagara Falls.", "7) The topography of Idaho varies from but it is mountainous throughout much of its area. The highest point in Idaho is Borah Peak at 12,668 feet (3,861 m) while its lowest point is in Lewiston at the confluence of the Clearwater River and the Snake River. The elevation in this location is 710 feet (216 m). The rest of Idaho's topography consists mainly of fertile high elevation plains, large lakes and deep canyons. Idaho is home to Hells Canyon that was carved out by the Snake River. It is the deepest canyon in North America.", "\"Why in the heck does the Idaho quarter have a falcon on it? Did you know falcons only exist in a five mile by twenty mile region in the entire state of Idaho; the thirteenth biggest state!\"", "Boise ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Idaho, as well as the county seat of Ada County. Located on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho, the population of Boise at the 2010 Census was 205,671, the 99th largest in the nation. Its estimated population in 2013 was 214,237. ", "Yes, Yellowstone was the first, covering almost 3500 square miles of lakes, rivers, forests & mountain ranges… in what state? If you said Wyoming, you are good… but that’s not a fair question because it also reaches into Idaho and Montana. This is one of the last wide open spaces, where you can see elk, deer, buffalo and more, with not a cage or fence in sight.", "Wyoming is located in the Rocky Mountain section of the western United States. It is bounded on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado and Utah, and on the west by Utah, Idaho and Montana. Wyoming is one of three states entirely bounded by straight lines. It is the ninth largest state in the United States containing 97,914 square miles and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles; from the east to the west border, 375 miles.", "Lewiston is a city in north central Idaho and the county seat of Nez Perce County. It is the second-largest city in the northern Idaho region, behind Coeur d'Alene, and ninth-largest in the state. Lewiston is the principal city of the Lewiston, ID - Clarkston, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Nez Perce County and Asotin County, Washington. As of the 2010 census, the population of Lewiston was 31,894, up from 30,904 in 2000.", "The Bitterroot Mountain Range lies along the Montana border in the Idaho Panhandle. The Continental Divide passes through Idaho in the Bitterroots. Visit the Bitterroot National Forest .", "Idaho's nickname is the \"Gem State\", because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found in any significant quantities, the other being India. Idaho is sometimes called the \"Potato State\" owing to its popular and widely distributed crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for \"Let it be forever\").", "The following is a list of ten geographic facts to know about the state of Idaho:", "Boise is located in southwestern Idaho, about 41 mi east of the Oregon border, and 110 mi north of the Nevada border. The downtown area's elevation is 2704 ft above sea level.", "Idaho, a.k.a. the gem state by trivialistas, became the 43rd state on July 3, 1890. According to the 2000 Census, Idaho has a population of 1,293,953, 39th in population size among the states.", "Scotland occupies roughly the northern one-third of the British Isles; its area is 30,414 square miles (78,772 square kilometers), or about the size of the state of Maine. A fault line separates the country into the northern Highlands and the southern Lowlands, the agricultural and industrial center of the country. In addition, there are several island groups offshore, notably the Hebrides, Shetland, and Orkney Islands. Two-thirds of the nation's population of 5,100,000 live in the Lowlands, most near the country's two largest cites—Edinburgh, the Scottish capital, and Glasgow. The other major cities of Dundee and Aberdeen reflect Scotland's major industries, particularly fishing and shipbuilding, and its strong ties to maritime commerce. The name Scotland derives from a Gaelic word for \"wanderer.\"", "Loch Lomond measured 24 miles long and varies between 0.75 miles and 5 miles wide depending on where along the stretch you measure. The average depth of the lake is 121 feet, with a maximum depth of just over 600 feet. The surface area, by which this lake is considered the largest in the region, measures 27 square miles. While it may be the largest by surface area, because of its shallowness in some areas, the lake is second-largest by volume, falling behind Loch Ness.", "Grand Teton National Park is a United States National Park in northwestern Wyoming. At approximately 310000 acre, the park includes the major peaks of the 40 mi Teton Range as well as most of the northern sections of the valley known as Jackson Hole. It is only 10 mi south of Yellowstone National Park, to which it is connected by the National Park Service-managed John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway. Along with surrounding National Forests, these three protected areas constitute the almost 18000000 acre Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, one of the largest intact mid-latitude temperate ecosystems in the world.", "\"As an Idaho native, I like the falcon. Of course, it would have been better without the state outline awkwardly shoved in - although our state does have a great shape.\"", "• Michigan is the 10th largest state in the Union (combined with land and water area).", "Grand Teton National Park is located in the northwestern region of the U.S. state of Wyoming. To the north the park is bordered by the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, which is administered by Grand Teton National Park. The scenic highway with the same name passes from the southern boundary of Grand Teton National Park to West Thumb in Yellowstone National Park. Grand Teton National Park covers approximately 310000 acre, while the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway includes 23700 acre. Most of the Jackson Hole valley and virtually all the major mountain peaks of the Teton Range are within the park. The Jedediah Smith Wilderness of Caribou-Targhee National Forest lies along the western boundary and includes the western slopes of the Teton Range. To the northeast and east lie the Teton Wilderness and Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest. The National Elk Refuge is to the southeast, and migrating herds of elk winter there. Privately owned land borders the park to the south and southwest. Grand Teton National Park, along with Yellowstone National Park, surrounding National Forests and related protected areas constitute the 18000000 acre (28000 sqmi) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem spans across portions of three states and is one of the largest intact mid-latitude ecosystems remaining on Earth. By road, Grand Teton National Park is 290 mi from Salt Lake City, Utah and 550 mi from Denver, Colorado." ]

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[ "Sarah Vaughan (27 Mar 1924 - 3 Apr 1990) was born in Newark, New Jersey, USA.  She was interested in singing from an early age, and by her mid-teens, she was performing (illegally) in some of Newark's night clubs.  In 1943 she entered a talent contest in New York, which resulted in her being offered a job as singer with the Earl Hines Big Band.  She joined Billy Eckstine's new band in 1944, but she left him in 1945 to pursue a solo career.  Her style was more jazz-orientated rather than popular, but she still put hits on the pop charts.  From the 1960s she concentrated on recording albums, with plenty of live performances, and this continued for the next two decades.  She died from lung cancer in 1990 at the age of 66.", "Vaughan sang in church as a child and had extensive piano lessons from 1931-39; she developed into a capable keyboardist. After she won an amateur contest at the Apollo Theater, she was hired for the Earl Hines big band as a singer and second vocalist. Unfortunately, the musicians' recording strike kept her off record during this period (1943-44). When lifelong friend Billy Eckstine broke away to form his own orchestra, Vaughan joined him, making her recording debut. She loved being with Eckstine 's orchestra, where she became influenced by a couple of his sidemen, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie , both of whom had also been with Hines during her stint. Vaughan was one of the first singers to fully incorporate bop phrasing in her singing, and to have the vocal chops to pull it off on the level of a Parker and Gillespie .", "During her childhood, Vaughan was strongly attracted to the popular music of the day, much to the consternation of her deeply religious father. She was certainly influenced by the gospel traditions that she grew up with in a Baptist church, but the more radically melismatic elements of those influences are less obvious than they would be in later generations of singers in the R&B and hip-hop genres. That Vaughan was also influenced by (and an influence on) her friend and mentor, Billy Eckstine, is obvious in the numerous duet recordings they made together. However, since no recordings exist of Vaughan prior to her joining Eckstine in the Earl Hines band (nor with the Hines band) it is difficult to know with any certainty what stylistic nuances she absorbed during the critical first years of her performing career. Perhaps because of the individuality of her style, Vaughan has rarely been overtly imitated by subsequent generations of singers, unlike such contemporaries of hers as Ella Fitzgerald, Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra or, later, Aretha Franklin. Many modern artists, however, have claimed Sarah Vaughan as a major influence, chief among them Teena Marie, Anita Baker, Chaka Khan, Chrisette Michele, Amy Winehouse & Alison Goldfrapp. Even in death she retains a loyal following and attracts new fans through her recorded legacy, most of which remains in commercial release.", "Vaughan spent the remainder of 1943 and part of 1944 touring the country with the Earl Hines big band that featured baritone Billy Eckstine. Vaughan was hired as a pianist, reputedly so Hines could hire her under the jurisdiction of the musicians' union (American Federation of Musicians) rather than the singers union (American Guild of Variety Artists), but after Cliff Smalls joined the band as a trombonist and pianist, Sarah's duties became limited exclusively to singing. The Earl Hines band in this period is remembered as an incubator of bebop, as it included trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, saxophonist Charlie Parker (playing tenor rather than his more usual alto saxophone) and trombonist Bennie Green. Gillespie arranged for the band, although the contemporary recording ban by the musicians' union means there is no aural evidence in the form of commercial records.", "Vaughan spent the remainder of 1943 and part of 1944 touring the country with the Earl Hines big band that also featured baritone Billy Eckstine. Vaughan was hired as a pianist, reputedly so Hines could hire her under the jurisdiction of the musicians' union (American Federation of Musicians) rather than the singers union (American Guild of Variety Artists), but after Cliff Smalls joined the band as a trombonist and pianist, Sarah's duties became limited exclusively to singing.", "During the 1950s, Vaughan recorded middle-of-the-road pop material with orchestras for Mercury, and jazz dates (including Sarah Vaughan , a memorable collaboration with Clifford Brown ) for the label's subsidiary, EmArcy. Later record label associations included Roulette (1960-64), back with Mercury (1963-67), and after a surprising four years off records, Mainstream (1971-74). Through the years, Vaughan 's voice deepened a bit, but never lost its power, flexibility or range. She was a masterful scat singer and was able to out-swing nearly everyone (except for Ella ). Vaughan was with Norman Granz 's Pablo label from 1977-82, and only during her last few years did her recording career falter a bit, with only two forgettable efforts after 1982. However, up until near the end, Vaughan remained a world traveler, singing and partying into all hours of the night with her miraculous voice staying in prime form. The majority of her recordings are currently available, including complete sets of the Mercury/Emarcy years, and Sarah Vaughan is as famous today as she was during her most active years.", "Sarah Lois Vaughan (March 27, 1924 – April 3, 1990) was an American jazz singer, described by music critic Scott Yanow as having \"one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century.\" ", "During the 1950s, Vaughan recorded middle-of-the-road pop material with orchestras for Mercury, and jazz dates (including Sarah Vaughan, a memorable collaboration with Clifford Brown) for the label's subsidiary, EmArcy. Later record label associations included Roulette (1960-64), back with Mercury (1963-67), and after a surprising four years off records, Mainstream (1971-74). Through the years, Vaughan's voice deepened a bit, but never lost its power, flexibility or range. She was a masterful scat singer and was able to out-swing nearly everyone (except for Ella). Vaughan was with Norman Granz's Pablo label from 1977-82, and only during her last few years did her recording career falter a bit, with only two forgettable efforts after 1982. However, up until near the end, Vaughan remained a world traveler, singing and partying into all hours of the night with her miraculous voice staying in prime form. The majority of her recordings are currently available, including complete sets of the Mercury/Emarcy years, and Sarah Vaughan is as famous today as she was during her most active years. ~ Scott Yanow, Rovi", "During the 1950s, Vaughan recorded middle-of-the-road pop material with orchestras for Mercury, and jazz dates (including Sarah Vaughan, a memorable collaboration with Clifford Brown ) for the label's subsidiary, EmArcy. Later record label associations included Roulette (1960-64), back with Mercury (1963-67), and after a surprising four years off records, Mainstream (1971-74). Through the years, Vaughan's voice deepened a bit, but never lost its power, flexibility or range. She was a masterful scat singer and was able to out-swing nearly everyone (except for Ella ). Vaughan was with Norman Granz's Pablo label from 1977-82, and only during her last few years did her recording career falter a bit, with only two forgettable efforts after 1982. However, up until near the end, Vaughan remained a world traveler, singing and partying into all hours of the night with her miraculous voice staying in prime form. The majority of her recordings are currently available, including complete sets of the Mercury/Emarcy years, and Sarah Vaughan is as famous today as she was during her most active years. ~ Scott Yanow, Rovi", "Born: 3 October 1954Birthplace: Dallas, TexasDied: 27 August 1990 (Helicopter crash)Best Known As: Lead singer and guitarist for the band Double TroubleStevie Ray Vaughan learned to play the guitar as a kid, influenced by his older brother, guitarist Jimmie Vaughan. By 1972 Stevie had dropped out of school and was playing blues guitar in bands in Austin, Texas. In 1981 he named his band Double Trouble, and in 1982 caught the attention of David Bowie, who in 1982 asked him to play on the hit \"Let's Dance.\" In 1983 Vaughan released his debut album, Texas Flood, and the following year he released Couldn't Stand the Weather, a commercial and critical success. He continued to tour and record, playing a mix of electric blues, country and rock, until his death in a 1990 helicopter crash.", "Jazz critic Leonard Feather called her \"the most important singer to emerge from the bop era.\" Ella Fitzgerald called her the worlds \"greatest singing talent.\" During the course of a career that spanned nearly fifty years, she was the singers singer, influencing everyone from Mel Torme to Anita Baker. She was among the musical elite identified by their first names. She was Sarah, Sassy -- the incomparable Sarah Vaughan.", "When asked to name her favourite singers, she replied \"I dig Doris Day!\" - Sarah Vaughan (Singer)", "Jazz critic Leonard Feather called her \"the most important singer to emerge from the bop era.\" Ella Fitzgerald called her the world's \"greatest singing talent.\" During the course of a career that spanned nearly fifty years, she was the singer's singer, influencing everyone from Mel Torme to Anita Baker. She was among the musical elite identified by their first names. She was Sarah, Sassy -- the divine one, the incomparable Sarah Vaughan.", "were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The band consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. The group’s heavy, guitar-driven sound, rooted in blues on their early albums, has drawn them recognition as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, though their unique style drew from a wide variety of influences, including folk music.", "Before her well-known collaborations with Meat Loaf producer Jim Steinman, Welsh-born singer Bonnie Tyler (born Gaynor Hopkins) performed off and on in her homeland with the R&B band Mumbles; nodules on her vocal cords prevented her from singing full-time until 1976, when she underwent an operation to have them removed. The surgery left her with a raspy, husky voice that proved an effective instrument and drew notice from writer/producers Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe, who became her managers. Tyler scored a number three hit with their \"It's a Heartache\" in 1978, but became dissatisfied as the two attempted to steer her into country music. When her contract ran out, she signed with CBS and sought Steinman out, hoping for material with his trademark epic sound. She got it with the ballad \"Total Eclipse of the Heart,\" which was recorded with E Street Band members Max Weinberg on drums and Roy Bittan on keyboards, plus guitarist Rick Derringer and backing vocalist Rory Dodd. The song spent four weeks at number one on the Billboard charts and helped the LP Faster Than the Speed of Night sell over a million copies and debut at number one in the U.K., where the title track also became a hit.", "Before her well-known collaborations with Meat Loaf producer Jim Steinman , Welsh-born singer Bonnie Tyler (born Gaynor Hopkins ) performed off and on in her homeland with the R&B band Mumbles ; nodules on her vocal cords prevented her from singing full-time until 1976, when she underwent an operation to have them removed. The surgery left her with a raspy, husky voice that proved an effective instrument and drew notice from writer/producers Ronnie Scott and Steve Wolfe , who became her managers. Tyler scored a number three hit with their \"It's a Heartache\" in 1978, but became dissatisfied as the two attempted to steer her into country music. When her contract ran out, she signed with CBS and sought Steinman out, hoping for material with his trademark epic sound. She got it with the ballad \"Total Eclipse of the Heart,\" which was recorded with E Street Band members Max Weinberg on drums and Roy Bittan on keyboards, plus guitarist Rick Derringer and backing vocalist Rory Dodd . The song spent four weeks at number one on the Billboard charts and helped the LP Faster Than the Speed of Night sell over a million copies and debut at number one in the U.K., where the title track also became a hit.", "Possessor of one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century, Sarah Vaughan ranked with Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday in the very top echelon of female jazz singers.", "Possessor of one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century, Sarah Vaughan ranked with Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday in the very top echelon of female jazz singers. She often gave the impression that with her wide range, perfectly controlled vibrato, and wide expressive abilities, she could do anything she wanted with her voice. Although not all of her many recordings are essential (give Vaughan a weak song and she might strangle it to death), Sarah Vaughan 's legacy as a performer and a recording artist will be very difficult to match in the future.", "Possessor of one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century, Sarah Vaughan ranked with Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday in the very top echelon of female... jazz singers. She often gave the impression that with her wide range, perfectly controlled vibrato, and wide expressive abilities, she could do anything she wanted with her voice. Although not all of her many recordings are essential (give Vaughan a weak song and she might strangle it to death), Sarah Vaughan's legacy as a performer and a recording artist will be very difficult to match in the future.", "McCartney changed the title to \"Hey Jude\" because the name Jude was easier to sing. Much as he did with \"Yesterday\", McCartney played the song for other musicians and friends. Ron Griffith of Badfinger, the first band to join the Beatles-owned record label Apple Records, recalled that on their first day in the studio, \"Paul walked over to the grand piano and said, 'Hey lads, have a listen', and he sat down and gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'. We were gobsmacked.\"", "Singers directly influenced by Vaughan have included Phoebe Snow, Anita Baker, Sade and Rickie Lee Jones. Singers Carmen McRae and Dianne Reeves both recorded tribute albums to Vaughan following her death; Sarah: Dedicated to You (1991) and The Calling: Celebrating Sarah Vaughan (2001) respectively.", "Digitally remastered edition of this ground-breaking 1970 album. Derek & The Dominos were the almost fictional group recruited by Eric Clapton which came together during the sessions for George Harrison's All Things Must Pass album in 1970. The band released only this one studio album in December 1970, which has been re-evaluated since its release and is now regarded as one of Clapton's finest recordings and is often considered to be the defining achievement of Clapton's career. The album melded an astounding collection of musical styles - Blues, Folk, R&B and Rock - into one timeless package. It consistently appears in listings of the best rock albums ever recorded, and was finally inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000 and continuous to be noticed by critics.", "Sarah Vaughan's father, Asbury \"Jake\" Vaughan, was a carpenter by trade and played guitar and piano. Her mother, Ada Vaughan, was a laundress and sang in the church choir. Jake and Ada Vaughan had migrated to Newark from Virginia during the First World War. Sarah was their only biological child, although in the 1960s they adopted Donna, the child of a woman who traveled on the road with Sarah Vaughan. ", "John Sebastian has had a varied career as a singer, songwriter, and musician. As the leader of the folk-rock band the Lovin' Spoonful , he was responsible for a string of Top Ten hits in 1965-1967 that included the chart-toppers \"Daydream\" and \"Summer in the City,\" and he returned to number one in 1976 as a solo artist with \"Welcome Back.\" He wrote or co-wrote those hits as well as many others, along with songs used on Broadway and in the movies. And as an instrumentalist, primarily playing harmonica, he has accompanied a wide range of artists including Judy Collins , Crosby, Stills & Nash , the Doors , Bob Dylan , the Everly Brothers , Art Garfunkel , Gordon Lightfoot , Laura Nyro , Graham Parker , Dolly Parton , Peter, Paul & Mary , John Prine , and Bonnie Raitt .", "She continually performed at top venues, playing to adoring sell-out crowds well into her sixties. Remarkably, unlike many singers, she lost none of her extraordinary talent as time went on. Her multi-octave range, with its swooping highs and sensual lows, and the youthful suppleness of her voice shaded by a luscious timbre and executed with fierce control, all remained intact. In 1990, at the age sixty-six, Sarah Vaughan passed away. Shortly after her death, Mel Torme summed up the feelings of all who had seen her, saying \"She had the single best vocal instrument of any singer working in the popular field.\"", "1951 ● Jimmie Vaughan → Blues-rock guitarist and singer, founded Fabulous Thunderbirds, “Tuff Enuff” (#10, 1986), solo, brother of the late Stevie Ray Vaughan , with whom he played occasionally and released one “duo album,” Family Style (1990), released just after Stevie Ray’s death on 8/27/1990", "Stephen Ray Vaughan (October 3, 1954 – August 27, 1990) was a Grammy Award-winning American guitarist, singer, and songwriter.", "Other artists to receive two Grammys for Record of the Year are Henry Mancini (\"Moon River\", \"Days of Wine and Roses\"); Art Garfunkel (\"Mrs. Robinson\", \"Bridge Over Troubled Water\"); The Fifth Dimension (\"Up, Up And Away\", \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\"); Eric Clapton (\"Tears in Heaven\", \"Change the World\"); Norah Jones (\"Don't Know Why,\" \"Here We Go Again\"); and Mark Ronson (\"Rehab\", \"Uptown Funk\").", "Lucinda Williams (born January 26, 1953) is an American rock, folk, and alt-country songwriter and singer. A three-time Grammy Award winner, she was named \"America's best songwriter\" by TIME magazine in 2002.", "Lucinda Williams (born January 26, 1953) is an American rock , folk , and alt-country songwriter and singer. A three-time Grammy Award winner, she was named \"America's best songwriter\" by TIME magazine in 2002.", "1951 ● Bonnie Tyler (Gaynor Hopkins) → Welsh-born raspy-voiced pop-rock solo singer, “Total Eclipse of the Heart” (#1, 1983), plus session backing vocals for Cher and others", "Provenance: Blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan received this instrument from his wife, Lenny, in 1980 as a 26th birthday present." ]

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[ "Elmas airport, just outside the city, has flights from other parts of Italy and from some places in Europe. A bus connects the airport to Cagliari. The port serves ferries from Sicily and mainland Italy including the ports of Palermo, Trapani, Civitavecchia, and Naples. Ferries also go to Arbatax and Olbia on Sardinia.", "Cagliari-Elmas Airport (Aeroporto \"Mario Mameli\" [8] , IATA: CAG, ICAO: LIEE) is located in Elmas, approximately 6 km West from central Cagliari. It is situated on the SS130 and is conveniently reached by bus (operated by the publicly-owned ARST [9] ) from the train station; frequency is every 30 minutes, for a 10-minute trip. The airport is the busiest in Sardinia, the 13th busiest in Italy and the 97th busiest in Europe with 3 333 421 passengers (2009). Cagliari is served directly by domestic and international flights from Western Europe; the well-connected Milan-Linate (IATA: LIN) and Rome-Fiumicino (IATA: FCO) airports can also serve as intermediate stops to Cagliari.", "Jordan (; '), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ( '), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic and cultural centre. ", "Royal Air Force Akrotiri or more simply RAF Akrotiri is a large Royal Air Force station, on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. It is located in the Western Sovereign Base Area, one of two areas which comprise Akrotiri and Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory, administered as a Sovereign Base Area.", "Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport or Ben Gurion Airport (IATA: TLV, ICAO: LLBG), sometimes referred to today by its Hebrew acronym Natbag, is the largest and busiest international airport in Israel.", "Atatürk International Airport ( IATA : IST,  ICAO : LTBA) is the major international airport in Istanbul, Turkey . Located in Yeşilköy , on the European side of the city, it is 15 kilometers (9 s) southwest of the city centre. The airport is named in honor of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder of the modern Turkish republic .", "Cagliari / Elmas Airport is located approximately 3,9 miles (6,3 km) southwest of Sestu and about 4,1 miles (6,6 km) southeast of Assemini.", "Haifa Airport serves domestic flights to Tel Aviv and Eilat as well as international charters to Cyprus, Greece and Jordan. The airliners that operates flights from Haifa are Arkia and Israir. There are currently plans to expand services from Haifa. Cruise ships operate from Haifa port primarily to destinations in the Eastern Mediterranean, Southern Europe and Black Sea.", "\"On Dec. 12, 1954, Israeli warplanes forced a Syrian Airways Dakota passenger craft carrying four passengers and five crewmen to land at Lydda airport inside Israel. The passengers were interrogated for two days before international protests, including strong complaints from Washington, finally convinced Israel to release the plane and its passengers.", "Izmir is a major airport in the Aegean side of Turkey. As Izmir city itself serves well for trade and industry you will see that Izmir airport is also geared with modern facilities. Its name is derived from a former Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and officially known as Adnan Menderes Airport. It is a good access point for Izmir, Kusadasi, Bodrum, and their attractions such as Pamukkale and Ephesus. Izmir airport was rebuilt in 2006 offering modern facilities including duty free shops, food outlets, and VIP lounges serving 6 million passengers each year.", "In December 2006, Ben Gurion International Airport ranked first among 40 European airports and 8th out of 77 airports in the world, in a survey, conducted by Airports Council International, to determine the most customer-friendly airport. Tel Aviv placed second in the grouping of airports which carry between 5 and 15 million passengers per year behind Japan's Nagoya Airport. The survey consisted of 34 questions. A random sampling of 350 passengers at the departure gate were asked how satisfied they were with the service, infrastructure and facilities. Ben Gurion received a rating of 3.94 out of 5, followed by Vienna, Munich, Amsterdam, Brussels, Zurich, Copenhagen and Helsinki. The airport retained its title as the best Middle Eastern airport in the 2007 and 2008 surveys. ", "جاكرتا تعتبر الحاضرة اإلندونيسية جاكرتا إحدى أغنى مدن العالم وبصفتها عاصمة البالد تشكل،بتنوع الثقافات والتقاليد وتزخر المدينة.بوابة رئيسية بارزة لسائر أنحاء إندونسيا التسوق والساحات العامة واألنشطة الترفيهية بمراكز ّ كما توفر تشكيلة واسعة من،والحياة الليلية النابضة استمتعوا باستكشاف المدينة.المطاعم العالمية أو،)بالطريقة التقليدية بواسطة الدراجات الهوائية (أوجيك ستزيد الخطوط الجوية.)(بجاج َ بمركبات ذات ثالث عجالت 14 إلى11 القطرية عدد رحالتها من الدوحة إلى جاكرتا من . سبتمبر1 اعتبار ًا من،ًرحلة أسبوعيا oryxinflightmagazine.com", "James Armstrong Richardson International Airport (also known as Winnipeg International Airport) is the eighth busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic and has been Canada’s longest serving international airport. The Winnipeg Airport Authority (WAA) operates it as part of Transport Canada’s National Airports System and is a Tier 2 airport under this system. The federal government transferred control of the airport to WAA on January 1, 1997. WAA employs over 160 airport specialists", "The airport overtook Cairo International Airport in 1996 as the busiest airport in Africa and is the fourth-busiest airport in the Africa–Middle East region after Dubai International Airport, Doha International Airport and Abu Dhabi International Airport. In fiscal year 2010, the airport handled 8.82 million departing passengers. ", "Ethiopian Airlines is one of the most successful and reputable airlines in Africa, and offers superior service on international flights to any of the US carrier members of the Star Alliance. Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa is the main hub for Ethiopian Airlines and also hosts Lufthansa, Sudan Airways, Kenya Airways, British Airways, KLM, Turkish Airways, Emirates, Gulf Air, Egypt Air and fly Dubai. A new runway and international terminal, which was said to be the largest in sub-Saharan Africa, opened in 2003. Terminal 2 services international flights, while Terminal 1 services domestic and some regional (Djibouti, Nairobi, Khartoum, etc.) destinations. In the U.S., there are direct flights from/to Los Angeles , Newark , and Washington, D.C. to/from Addis Ababa. A direct flight isn't actually \"direct\", as these three flights contain a stopover at either Dublin or Lomé depending on the flight you take. Direct flights are not to be confused with nonstop flights, which are flights that contain no stops.", "Malta International Airport (, ) is the only airport in Malta and it serves the whole of the Maltese Islands. It is located on island of Malta, between Luqa and Gudja, and occupies the location of the former RAF Luqa. It was completely re-furbished, becoming fully operational on 25 March 1992. It is still referred to by locals as Luqa Airport, and sometimes as Valletta Airport internationally, as it is located 5 km southwest of the Maltese capital Valletta. The airport serves as the main hub for Air Malta and a base for Ryanair. It is also home to the Area Control Center and hosts the annual Malta Airshow, visited by military and civil aircraft from various European and other countries. The airport is operated by Malta International Airport plc.", "Amman is introducing itself as a business hub. The city's skyline is being continuously transformed through the emergence of new projects. A significant portion of business flowed into Amman following the 2003 Iraq War. Jordan's main airport, Queen Alia International Airport, is located south of Amman and is the hub for the country's national carrier Royal Jordanian, a major airline in the region. The airline is headquartered in Zahran district. Rubicon Group Holding and Maktoob, two major regional information technology companies, are based in Amman, along with major international corporations such as Hikma Pharmaceuticals, one of the Middle East's largest pharmaceutical companies, and Aramex, the Middle East's largest logistics and transportation company. ", "Ethiopia had 58 airports , and 61 as of 2016. Among these, the Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa and the Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights. Ethiopian Airlines is the country's flag carrier, and is wholly owned by the Government of Ethiopia. From its hub at the Bole International Airport, the airline serves a network of 62 international destinations and 16 domestic ones. It is also one of the fastest-growing carriers in the industry and one of Africa's largest airlines.", "London Heathrow (LHR) is a giant, sprawling airport currently divided into four terminals (T2, T3, T4 and T5) - the former T1 has been demolished. The airport is so large it could almost qualify as being a small city in itself - indeed Heathrow is often described as an \"aerotropolis\" for this reason. Originally established in the late 1940s, it is London's primary airport, the premier air gateway into the United Kingdom, and is the busiest airport in the world for international passenger traffic and is Europe's foremost hub airport.", "The West Pier, built as part of the 1989 extension project, is the principal international and long haul departure point, with some gates capable of handling Boeing 747 aircraft. The largest aircraft currently regularly using the airport are the Emirates Boeing 777-300ER and Virgin Atlantic's Boeing 747-400s. On 10 April 2014, the airport for the first time hosted the Airbus A380 on a special one-off Emirates flight to Dubai to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the route. ", "Heathrow Airport ( IATA : LHR) is London and Europe's largest airport and the world's busiest airport in terms of international passenger movement, with services available from most major airports world-wide.", "King Hussein International Airport connects Aqaba to Amman, Sharm el-Sheikh, Dubai and Alexandria and several destinations in Europe. It is the headquarters of the Jordan Aviation Airlines .", "Athens is served by the Athens International Airport (ATH), located near the town of Spata, in the eastern Messoghia plain, some 35 km east of Athens. The airport, awarded the \"European Airport of the Year 2004\" Award, is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months, costing 2.2 billion euros. It employs a staff of 14,000.", "Planes from Emirates Airline (left) and Iraqi Airlines on the tarmac at Rafik Hariri International airport in Beirut, on November 21, 2015. (Photo: ANWAR AMRO/AFP/Getty Images)", "i traveled from the u.s to Amman ,Jordan via hethro airport when i arrived to queen alia international airport i was so amazed of the respect and the hospitality that i received my wife and i with my 2 children from the immigration at the airport and the custume personell that is something that i never experienced in any u.s airport or european airport my salute and appreciation to all the employees of queen alia international airport and i would also like to mention how humble they are and the sense of security and safety that you feel thank you thank you.", "The airport can be quite slow at times and movements are dominated by A319/320s and Embraer and Canadair Regional Jets. There are numerous good spotting/photo locations and hassle from the Police is very rare (But not unheard of - especially when El Al flights are due in or out).", "Marka International Airport in East Amman (serving routes to nearby Middle Eastern countries, as well as internal flights to Aqaba).", "An old airport located in the center of Eilat - need more info if there are international flights to it.", "October 31 – Flight KGL9268, an Airbus A321 airliner en route to Saint Petersburg from Sharm el-Sheikh, crashes near Al-Hasana in Sinai, killing all 217 passengers and 7 crew members on board.", "\"Ju�rez Airport\" redirects here. For the airport in Ciudad Ju�rez, see Abraham Gonz�lez International Airport .", "The last round of construction in this phase was to allow the airport to accommodate the Airbus A380. Gate 55, part of the international jetty, has been conceived for handling the A380. It is equipped with two air bridges to load and unload passengers on both decks of the A380 simultaneously. With Phase II of the international jetty expansion now completed, the airport have two additional A380 gates, although there is currently no airlines operating this type of aircraft at the airport.", "*October 31, 2015 – Metrojet Flight 9268, an Airbus A321 airliner en route to Saint Petersburg from Sharm el-Sheikh, crashes near Al-Hasana in Sinai, killing all 217 passengers and crew on board. " ]

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[ "The Percival Gull was a British single-engined monoplane, first flown in 1932. It was successful as a fast company transport, racing aircraft and long-range record breaker. It was developed into the Vega Gull and the Proctor.", "Jean Batten's lovely little Percival Mew Gull was recently acquired by the Auckland International Airport company. Last Sunday (Nov. 4, 1996; Ed.) , it was scheduled to fly over the Auckland region to mark the sixtieth anniversary of Jean Batten's epic solo flight from England to New Zealand.", "“EW Percival was not given the recognition he deserved,” commented aviator Alex Henshaw after Percival’s death in relative obscurity in 1984. Henshaw once flew a Percival ‘Mew Gull’ from England to South Africa and back in record-breaking time.", "In the United Kingdom an attempt at heavier-than-air flight was made by the aviation pioneer Percy Pilcher . Pilcher had built several working gliders , The Bat, The Beetle, The Gull and The Hawk, which he flew successfully during the mid to late 1890s. In 1899 he constructed a prototype powered aircraft which, recent research has shown, would have been capable of flight. However, he died in a glider accident before he was able to test it, and his plans were forgotten for many years.", "On 9 July 1932, E.W. Percival flew the prototype Gull (G-ABUR) in the round Britain King's Cup Race, averaging almost 143 mph (230 km/h), although a D-series Gull never won the trophy. The speed of Gulls also made them attractive for the long distance flights popular in the 1930s and the Gull, fitted with extra tanks offered a range of 2,000 miles (3,220 km). Lewis 1970", "* 1935 – Charles Kingsford Smith (38), Australian pioneer aviator, and co-pilot Tommy Pethybridge disappeared during an overnight flight from Allahabad, India, to Singapore while attempting to break the England–Australia speed record. Eighteen months later, Burmese fishermen found an undercarriage leg and wheel (with its tire still inflated) on the shoreline of Aye Island in the Andaman Sea, 3 km off the southeast coastline of Burma, which Lockheed confirmed to be from their Lockheed Altair, the Lady Southern Cross. Botanists who examined the weeds clinging to it estimated that the aircraft itself lies not far from the island at a depth of approximately 15 fathom. A filmmaker claimed to have located Lady Southern Cross on the seabed in February 2009. ", "With the spectre of war on the horizon, Percival seemed intuitively to understand that the sportsman flier market would be short-lived. He had already developed a more sedate courier plane and with the same sense of practicality developed a military communications version of the Vega Gull, called a Proctor, which could carry four people in comfort, as well as light transport and training versions (the Q4 and Q6) which could be used for civilian purposes. As orders came in for all three models, he desperately needed capital and a new production plant so took Percival Aircraft public to attract investors.", "Louis Charles Joseph Blériot (1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor and engineer. He developed the first practical headlamp for cars and established a profitable business manufacturing them, using much of the money he made to finance his attempts to build a successful aircraft. In 1909 he became world famous for making the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier than air aircraft, [N 1] winning the prize of £1,000 [N 2] offered by the Daily Mail newspaper. [N 3] [N 4] [N 5] Blériot was also the first to make a working, powered, piloted monoplane. [5] and the founder of a successful aircraft manufacturing company.", "* Gull Six VH-CCM, ex VH-ACM, ex G-ACUP, moved to Australia in 1939, where with VH-UVA (another Gull Six), it was used as the basis for the Connellan Airways fleet at Alice Springs. Sold into private ownership in 1948, it was restored in 2001 and is still operational.Godfurnon, Nicolas.[http://users.skynet.be/BAMRS/gull/gull-en.htm \"Percival Gull.\"] Brussels Air Museum Restoration Society (BAMRS). Retrieved: 8 May 2011.", "Amelia Mary Earhart (; July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2, 1937) was an American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Earhart joined the faculty of the Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment. ", "Amelia Mary Earhart, (born July 24, 1897; missing July 2, 1937) was a noted American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for becoming the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed L-10 Electra, Earhart disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. Fascination with her life, career and disappearance continues to this day.", "Bleriot was not the sole early aviator. German Otto Lilienthal flew a few hundred yards (meters) in the 1890s, and the Wright brothers briefly lifted off with a motor-propelled craft in 1903.", "In 1909, a French aviator, Louis Bleriot, crossed the English channel in an aircraft, laying the basis for the development of intercontinental flight. In 1910, the American pilot Eugene Ely took off from and landed on warships. In 1911 the US Army used a Wright brothers' biplane to make the first live bombing test from an airplane. In 1911, the American inventor and aviator Glenn Curtiss introduced the first practical seaplane.", "Alex Henshaw, for example, not only whipped down to South Africa and back in his Mew Gull, but also won the 1938 King’s Cup Air Race at an average speed of 236 miles per hour. Kingsford Smith and aviatrix Jean Batten, meanwhile, both piloted Gulls in their famous long-distance exploits.  Battens ‘Vega Gull’ – one of around 90 produced in total – is on display at Auckland International Airport.", "The first aircraft to make routine controlled flights were non-rigid airships (later called \" blimps \".) The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On October 19, 1901 he flew his airship \"Number 6\" over Paris from the Parc de Saint Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back in under 30 minutes to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize . Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. Subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his unparalleled contributions to the development of airships.", "The first aircraft to make routine controlled flights were non-rigid airships (sometimes called \"blimps\".) The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On October 19, 1901 he flew his airship \"Number 6\" over Paris from the Parc de Saint Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back in under 30 minutes to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize . Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. Subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his great contribution to the development of airships.", "The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30 1912), were two Americans credited with building the world's first successful fixed-wing aircraft and making the first controlled, powered and heavier-than-air human flight on December 17, 1903. In the two years afterward, they developed their flying machine into the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft.", "Louis Blériot was a French inventor, aircraft designer, and self-trained pilot who, on July 25, 1909, make the first flight across the English Channel. The flight from Les Barraques, France, to Dover, England, undertaken an aircraft he designed himself – the Blériot XI – and in bad weather, earned Blériot the £1,000 prize that the London Daily Mail had offered to the first aviator to cross the Channel in either direction. His accomplishment delighted the public and shocked many in the British military and political establishment.", "However, the most widely accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft. Previous flights were gliders (control but no power) or free flight (power but no control), but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Following this, the widespread adoption of ailerons rather than wing warping made aircraft much easier to control, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.", "The Wright brothers helped popularize barnstorming, stunt flights that showcased both pilot skills and aircraft strength. In 1914, William Boeing took his first plane ride with a barnstormer. Later that year, he built a hangar next to Lake Union in Seattle.", "1935: Howard Hughes, the US multimillionaire, flew a plane he had designed himself at a speed of 352.46 mph. This was a record, and he went on to set several more aviation records before he became a recluse.", "By 1907 Rolls' interest turned increasingly to flying, and he tried unsuccessfully to persuade Royce to design an aero engine. In 1909 he bought one of six Wright Flyer aircraft built by Short Brothers under licence from the Wright Brothers, and made more than 200 flights. On 2 June 1910, he became the first man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane, taking 95 minutes. For this feat, which included the first East-bound aerial crossing of the English Channel, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club. There is a statue to commemorate the flight in Monmouth and another in Dover.", "First west-east transatlantic solo flight.. Beryl Markham flew a single-engine Vega Gull from London to Nova Scotia in 21 hrs, 25 min. (Sept. 4–5).", "A. The Hon Charles Stewart Rolls (of Rolls-Royce fame). He died at the Bournemouth Air Show when the tail of his Wright Flyer broke off in mid-air", "After a distinguished career in astronomy and shortly before becoming Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution , Samuel Pierpont Langley started a serious investigation into aerodynamics at what is today the University of Pittsburgh . In 1891 he published Experiments in Aerodynamics detailing his research, and then turned to building his designs. On May 6, 1896, Langley's Aerodrome No.5 made the first successful sustained flight of an unpiloted, engine-driven heavier-than-air craft of substantial size. It was launched from a spring-actuated catapult mounted on top of a houseboat on the Potomac River near Quantico, Virginia. Two flights were made that afternoon, one of 1,005 m (3,300 ft) and a second of 700 m (2,300 ft), at a speed of approximately 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). On both occasions the Aerodrome No.5 landed in the water as planned, because in order to save weight, it was not equipped with landing gear. On November 28, 1896, another successful flight was made with the Aerodrome No.6. This flight, of 1,460 m (4,790 ft), was witnessed and photographed by Alexander Graham Bell . The Aerodrome No.6 was actually Aerodrome No.4 greatly modified. So little remained of the original aircraft that it was given the new designation of Aerodrome No.6.", "A ?1000-prize being offered by the London Daily Mail for the first successful flight across the English Channel interested Bl�riot and encouraged him to develop his fourth monoplane and first truly successful aircraft, the Bl�riot XI. After setting a European endurance record of 36 minutes 55 seconds and winning a cross-country prize, Bl�riot felt confident about embarking on his cross-Channel trip. He made the trip in 37 minutes, delighting the French and worrying the British, who felt that they had suddenly become vulnerable to air attack.", "The RFC moved en masse to Maubeuge on 17 August 1914 and began recce patrols on the 19 August. On 25 August Bay believed he and his observer had forced down a German Etrich Taube. They landed next to it, chased away the pilot and took a plaque from the Taube. However, they had not realised that it had already been fatally disabled by the sharp shooting of Euan Rabagliatti, piloted by C W 'Daddy' Wilson. As Wilson recorded in his diary \"stopped him in full career and claimed the first for 398 (their Avro). H-K handed the plaque over gracefully to me \"your bird I think\".", "1915 Frederick Handley Page, English aeronautical engineer who designed the first large bomber. His company produced a series of military aircraft, including the Halifax bomber in World War II. In 1930, Handley Page produced the first 40-seat airliner, the Hercules, a four-engined plane. He was Knighted in 1942.", "Pilot: The first person to fly the English Channel. On 25 July 1909 he flew from Calais to Dover in 37 minutes.", "Moving to an abandoned railway arch on Lea Marshes in Essex, he built the Roe I Triplane which weighed less than 91 kg (200 lb) and was covered in brown wrapping paper. He called it the Bull’s-Eye Avroplane after the brand-name of men’s trouser braces whose manufacturer had supported him. In July 1909 the Roe I Triplane made the first official powered flights in Britain by an all-British aircraft.", "The Dr.I Dreidecker (triplane) was a German fighter aircraft built by Fokker Flugzeugwerke and used by the Luftstreitkr�fte (German Air Force) during World War I. First flown in July 1917; the Dr.I saw widespread service by the spring of 1918. It became renowned as the aircraft in which Manfred von Richthofen gained his last 20 victories.", "In 1928, four Supermarine Southampton flying boats of the RAF Far East flight arrived in Melbourne, Australia. The flight was considered proof that flying boats had evolved to become a reliable means of long-distance transport." ]

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[ "Margaret Thatcher, in full Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, née Margaret Hilda Roberts (born October 13, 1925, Grantham , Lincolnshire , England —died April 8, 2013, London ), British Conservative Party politician and prime minister (1979–90), Europe’s first woman prime minister. The only British prime minister in the 20th century to win three consecutive terms and, at the time of her resignation, Britain’s longest continuously serving prime minister since 1827, she accelerated the evolution of the British economy from statism to liberalism and became, by personality as much as achievement, the most renowned British political leader since Winston Churchill .", "In 1992, Margaret Thatcher was raised to the House of Lords by the conferment of a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, upon her. She did not take a hereditary title, as she had recommended for Harold Macmillan, later Earl of Stockton, on his ninetieth birthday in 1984. She has explained that she thought she hadn't sufficient means to 'support' an hereditary title. By virtue of the life barony, she entered the House of Lords. She made a series of speeches in the Lords criticising the Maastricht Treaty, describing it as \"a treaty too far\" and in June 1993 told the Lords: \"I could never have signed this treaty\".[10] She also advocated a referendum on the treaty, citing A. V. Dicey, since all three main parties were in favour of it and that therefore the people should have their say.[11]", "1992 - Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher joins the House of Lords as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven.", "Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge (popularly referred to as \"poll tax\") was widely unpopular and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership. Thatcher holds a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, which entitles her to sit in the House of Lords.", "In 1992, Thatcher took her seat in the House of Lords as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven.", "\"Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS, née Roberts (13 October 1925 - 8 April 2013), was a British politician, the longest-serving (1979–1990) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist called her the \"Iron Lady\", a nickname which became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented Conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.\"", "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS, n�e Roberts (13 October 1925 (birth time source: Charles Harvey, Astrodatabank) � 8 April 2013), was a British politician, the longest-serving (1979�1990) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist called her the \"Iron Lady\", a nickname which became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented Conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism. Originally a research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 Thatch...", "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, ( Roberts; 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) was a British stateswoman and politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the \"Iron Lady\", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.", "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) British prime ministerof the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the “Iron Lady”, which later became associated with her uncompromising policies. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.", "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. Together with then-US President George W. Bush, he initiated the Iraq War with the invasion of Iraq, an act which remains highly controversial. ", "Born in Grantham in Lincolnshire, England, Margaret Hilda Roberts attended Somerville College of the University of Oxford. She was selected as Conservative candidate for Finchley in 1958 and took her seat in the House of Commons the following year. Upon the election of Edward Heath in 1970, Thatcher was appointed Secretary of State for Education and Science. In 1974, she backed Sir Keith Joseph for the Conservative party leader, but after falling short he dropped out of the race. Thatcher entered herself and became leader of the Conservative party in 1975. Among other things, she defiantly opposed the Soviet Union, and her tough-talking rhetoric gained her the nickname the \"Iron Lady\". [1] As the Conservative party maintained leads in most polls, Thatcher went on to become Britain's Prime Minister in the 1979 General Election.", "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, was a British stateswoman and politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century and is currently ... read more .", "âI fight on, I fight to winâ asserted Britainâs first female Prime Minister and leader of the British Conservative Party; and win she did. She won three consecutive terms of office in two decades and became the only British Prime Minister in the twentieth century to do so. One of the most influential Prime Ministers of Britain, she was also the most debated stateswomen of the century, earning both respect and hatred from the public, particularly for her treatment of trade unions. She transformed the Conservative Party from just another participant in the lowest common denominator politics of Britain into a national champion. She earned the nickname âIron Ladyâ because of her leadership style and radical ideologies, which came to be known as âThatcherismâ. Her journey from a humble grocerâs daughter to Secretary of State for Education and Science was one of steely perseverance. Following her appointment as Prime Minister, she introduced a new wave of economic initiatives to reverse what she perceived as a national decline. Margaret Thatcher was a woman of staunch values and brought about radical changes even though her ideas were under siege. She strode British politics with great astuteness and had the knack of making the most of opportunities, a trait which made her the most admired, yet controversial leader of the UK.", "Labour politician and women's rights campaigner who trained as a doctor, and under Clement Atlee became Minister for Social and National Insurance. For 12 years she was on Labour's National Executive Committee and was chair of the party in 1954-1955. Was among Labour's first life peers when she was made a baroness in 1961.", "Theresa Mary May ( Brasier; ; born 1 October 1956) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party. She has also been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidenhead since 1997. May identifies as a one-nation conservative and is characterised as a liberal conservative.", "In 1979 Margaret Thatcher became the first woman British Prime Minister. A decade later she became the first premier for 160 years to win three consecutive general elections. In 1990 she resigned her leadership of an increasingly divided and turbulent government. She is the only PM to have given her name to a branch of political philosophy, and arguably the most important figure in postwar British politics.", "Margaret Thatcher was a political phenomenon. She was the first woman elected to lead a major western power; the longest serving British prime minister for 150 years; the most dominant and the most divisive force in British politics in the second half of the 20th century. She was also a global figure, a star in the US, a heroine in the former Soviet republics of central Europe, a point of reference for politicians in France, Germany, Italy and Spain.", "Margaret Thatcher, Conservative politician and MP for Finchley from 1959-1992, became the first woman Prime Minister of the UK in 1979. Serving until 1990, her 11 years in post make her the longest serving British Prime Minister. Her hard-line politics led to her being known as the 'Iron Lady'.", "Margaret Thatcher's political career has been one of the most remarkable of modern times. Born in October 1925 at Grantham, a small market town in eastern England, she rose to become the first (and for two decades the only) woman to lead a major Western democracy. She won three successive General Elections and served as British Prime Minister for more than eleven years (1979-90), a record unmatched in the twentieth century.", "Born in Grantham in Lincolnshire, England, she read chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford and later trained as a barrister . She won a seat in the 1959 general election, becoming the MP for Finchley as a Conservative. When Edward Heath formed a government in 1970, he appointed Thatcher Secretary of State for Education and Science. Four years later, she backed Keith Joseph in his bid to become Conservative Party leader but he was forced to drop out of the election. In 1975 Thatcher entered the contest herself and became leader of the Conservative Party. At the 1979 general election she became Britain's first female Prime Minister.", "Anthony Charles Lynton \"Tony\" Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . He was Prime Minister from May 1997 until June 2007 and was succeeded by the former Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown .", "Barbara Anne Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, PC , GCOT (née Betts, 6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979 , making her the longest-serving female MP in the history of the House of Commons , until that record was broken in 2007 by Gwyneth Dunwoody . She later became the Member of the European Parliament for Greater Manchester from 1979 to 1989 . One of the most significant Labour Party politicians of the 20th century, she served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Harold Wilson in a number of roles, including as Secretary of State for Employment , Secretary of State for Health and Social Services , and First Secretary of State .", "The youngest British prime minister of the 20th century, John Major (born 1943) succeeded Margaret Thatcher as leader of the Conservative Party and political head of the United Kingdom in 1990, a post he held until 1997.", "Barbara Anne Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, PC, GCOT (née Betts, 6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979, making her the longest-serving female MP in the history of the House of Commons, until that record was broken in 2007 by Gwyneth Dunwoody. She later became the Member of the European Parliament for Greater Manchester from 1979 to 1989. One of the most significant Labour Party politicians of the 20th century, she served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Harold Wilson in a number of roles, including as Secretary of State for Employment, Secretary of State for Health and Social Services, and First Secretary of State.", "Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He resigned from all of these positions in June 2007.", "The London Evening News heralded Margaret Thatcher’s entry into Parliament with the headline “Mark’s Mummy is an MP Now.” Women were a rarity at this level of politics—just 25 of 630 MPs—and Thatcher was given various shadow cabinet positions in “women’s” areas such as pensions. In the 1970 Conservative government under Edward Heath, she became secretary of state for education and science (1970-74). Sadly, neither her father nor her mother had lived to see this success.", "Hugh Gaitskell, in full Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell (born April 9, 1906, London , England —died January 18, 1963, London), British statesman, leader of the British Labour Party from December 1955 until his sudden death at the height of his influence.", "Anne Clarissa Eden, Dowager Countess of Avon (née Spencer-Churchill; 28 June 1920) is the widow of Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977), who was British Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957. She married Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter, and then becoming Countess of Avon in 1961 on her husband's elevation to the peerage. Her memoir, sub-titled From Churchill to Eden, was published in 2007 under the name of Clarissa Eden.", "Dame Elaine Kellett-Bowman, who has died aged 90, crammed even more careers into her lifetime than her Oxford contemporary Margaret Thatcher, whom she supported with gusto from the back benches during 27 years as MP for Lancaster.", "Benn, Anthony Wedgwood (Tony Benn), 1925–, British politician, b. London. After working for the British Broadcasting Corporation (1949–50), he was elected a Labour member of Parliament in 1950. He tried unsuccessfully to disclaim his title, Viscount Stangate, which he inherited in 1960, in order to keep his seat in the House of Commons. He was largely responsible for the passage of the Peerage Act (1963), which allowed peers to renounce their titles and run for a seat in the Commons. In Harold Wilson's first Labour government he served as postmaster general (1964–66) and minister of technology (1966–70). In the 1974 Wilson government he was secretary for industry (1974–75) and secretary for energy (1975–79). After 1979 he led the left wing of the party, advocating unilateral nuclear disarmament, withdrawal from NATO and the European Community (now the European Union), and further nationalization of industry. His policies have had an increasingly narrow following, particularly with the inability of the Labour party to mount an effective challenge to the Conservatives in the 1980s. In 1988 he unsuccessfully challenged Neil Kinnock for the party leadership. The selection of Tony Blair as Labour leader amounted to a repudiation of Benn's wing of the party. Benn retired from Parliament in 2001. Benn's writings include Regeneration of Britain (1965), The New Politics (1970), Out of the Wilderness (1987), Office without Power (1988), and Against The Tide (1989).", "10 Estelle Morris (Birmingham Yardley) - When Labour came to power in 1997, Ms Morris had been an MP for five years and was appointed as an under secretary to the Department for Education and Employment. She became the first secretary of state for the new Department for Education and Skills after the 2001 election. But in October 2002, after a series of fiascos she surprisingly quit, saying she was not up to the job. After a backbench stint, she returned as a junior arts minister in 2003 but finally stood down as an MP at the 2005 election. She was made a life peer in 2005 and is pro-vice chancellor of Sunderland University.", "THE 20TH CENTURY – THE CENTURY OF VIOLENCE Rt. Hon. Professor Shirley Williams, politician and academic, was the daughter of political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain. After graduating from Oxford she worked as a journalist for several years before becoming an MP in 1964. Later she co-founded the Liberal Democrats and has been a member of the House of Lords where she was spokesperson on Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. An MP for nearly twenty years she was a member of the Cabinet for five years." ]

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[ "Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) was a French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances, which laid the foundation for many scientific advances of the early twentieth century. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie.  Becquerel's other notable research included the effects of magnetism on light and the properties of luminescence.  He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations, the most notable being his grandfather Antoine-Cesar Becquerel (1788-1878), his father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (1820-91), and his son Jean Becquerel (1878-1953).", "The becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: ) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity. One becquerel is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The becquerel is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s−1. The becquerel is named after Henri Becquerel, who shared a Nobel Prize with Pierre Curie and Marie Curie in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity. ", "1852: Birth of Antoine Henri Becquerel, French physicist who shared the Nobel prize in 1903 with the Curies for his discovery of radiation coming from uranium salts.", "For his discovery of radioactivity, Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with the Curies; he was also honoured with other medals and memberships in foreign societies. His own Academy of Sciences elected him its president and one of its permanent secretaries.", "Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him.", "Becquerel, Henri French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie. He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations,...", "• In 1896, intrigued by the physicist Henri Becquerel’s accidental discovery of radioactivity, Curie began studying uranium rays; Pierre soon joined her in her research. Two years later, the Curies discovered polonium—named after Marie’s homeland—and radium. In 1903 they shared the Nobel Prize in physics with Becquerel for their groundbreaking work on radioactivity.", "Henri Becquerel was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, with Pierre and Marie Curie , \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity \". However, there existed a credible controversy at the time since some scientists claimed [106] that Becquerel had merely rediscovered a phenomenon first noticed and scientifically investigated by the forgotten French scientist Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor decades earlier.", "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 was divided, one half awarded to Antoine Henri Becquerel \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\", the other half jointly to Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska \"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\".", "Much inorganic chemistry in the early 1900s was a consequence of the discovery of radioactivity in 1896, for which Henri Becquerel from Paris was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, together with Pierre and Marie Curie . In 1911 Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for her discovery of the elements radium and polonium and for the isolation of radium and studies of its compounds, and this made her the first investigator to be awarded two Nobel Prizes. The prize in 1921 went to Frederick Soddy of Oxford for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and on the origin of isotopes. In 1934 Frédéric Joliot and his wife Irène Joliot-Curie , the daughter of the Curies, discovered artificial radioactivity, i.e., new radioactive elements produced by the bombardment of non-radioactive elements with a-particles or neutrons. They were awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 for \"their synthesis of new radioactive elements\".", "The Gegner prize was awarded to Mme. Curie again in 1300, and a third time in 1902, together with the Berthelot medal. In 1903 the Nobel prize for physical science was awarded, half to Mons. and Mme. Curie and half to Henri Becquerel, whose discovery of the spontaneous radio-activity of uranium ore formed the basis of all subsequent researches in radio-activity. Only a few days ago we heard the news that Mme. Curie has been honored with the Nobel prize a second time, on this occasion in the division of chemistry. The list of medals and prizes which have been awarded to Mme. Curie in foreign countries is too long to quote.", "The 1903 prize was awarded to Henri Becquerel (along with Pierre and Marie Curie) “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”. However, critics alleged that[143] that Becquerel merely rediscovered a phenomenon first noticed and investigated decades earlier by the French scientist Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor. Sony Vaio VGN-SR21M/S Battery", "In June 1903, Marie defended her thesis, “Research on Radioactive Substances,” which, her examiners claimed, contributed more to scientific knowledge than any previous thesis ever published. Six months later, Becquerel and both Curies were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for “their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.”", "Only two months after the general announcement of the discovery of the x-rays, Henri Becquerel, a french physicist, communicated to the world his discovery of similar penetrating rays emitted from salts of uranium. His discovery was, unlike that of the x-rays, virtually unnoted by the layman and scientist alike. Only a relatively few scientist were interested in Becquerel's findings, and it was not until the discovery of radium by the Curies two years later that interest in radioactivity became wide spread.", "A colleague of the Curies, Henri Becquerel , paved the way for their groundbreaking research with his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity in 1896 . With the rest of the scientific community going gaga over Wilhelm Roentgen’s recent discovery of x-rays , Becquerel’s presentation to the Academy of Sciences aroused little interest. However, Marie Curie, casting about for a potential doctoral thesis, took note.", "The Curies and Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics for their associated research involving what the Nobel committee referred to as the “radiation phenomena.” Thus, Marie Curie became the first woman recipient of a Nobel Prize, nosing out Bertha von Suttner (peace) by two years.", "Our attention was caught by a curious phenomenon discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. The discovery of the X-ray by Roentgen had excited the imagination, and many physicians were trying to discover if similar rays were not emitted by fluorescent bodies under the action of light. With this question in mind Henri Becquerel was studying uranium salts, and, as sometimes occurs, came upon a, phenomenon different from that he was looking for: the spontaneous emission by uranium salts of rays of a peculiar character. This was the discovery of radioactivity.", "In 1903, for their work, Marie Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henry Becquerel, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.", "In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity.", "In 1896 Henri Becquerel was using naturally fluorescent minerals to study the properties of x-rays , which had been discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. He exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight and then placed it on photographic plates wrapped in black paper, believing that the uranium absorbed the suns energy and then emitted it as x-rays. This hypothesis was disproved on the 26th-27th of February, when his experiment \"failed\" because it was overcast in Paris. For some reason, Becquerel decided to develop his photographic plates anyway. To his surprise, the images were strong and clear, proving that the uranium emitted radiation without an external source of energy such as the sun. Becquerel had discovered radioactivity.", "Nikola Tesla was not the only one that was affected by the Prussian physicist's work. Two different physicists, both in France during the period of early 1896, took his work and established even more data from it. Henry Bequerel, much like Röntgen himself, accidentally stumbled upon the fact that something else would give off rays whilst in a dark room. Uranium compounds, he discovered, let off these interesting rays that would end up clouding a photographic plate. The discovery, however, did not gain much attention of the media, who was too focused on Röntgen's marvelous x-rays at the time.", "In 1896 Henri Becquerel was using naturally fluorescent minerals to study the properties of x-rays, which had been discovered the previous year by Wilhelm Roentgen . Becquerel exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight and then placed it on photographic plates wrapped in black paper, believing that the uranium absorbed the sun’s energy and then emitted it as x-rays.", "While studying naturally fluorescing minerals in 1896, the French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered that they emitted radiation without any exposure to an external energy source. These radioactive materials became the subject of much interest by scientists, including the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford who discovered they emitted particles. He designated these particles alpha and beta, on the basis of their ability to penetrate matter. In 1900, Becquerel showed that the beta rays emitted by radium could be deflected by an electric field, and that their mass-to-charge ratio was the same as for cathode rays. This evidence strengthened the view that electrons existed as components of atoms. ", "Becquerel's discovery of spontaneous radioactivity is a famous example of serendipity, of how chance favors the prepared mind. Becquerel had long been interested in phosphorescence, the emission of light of one color following a body's exposure to light of another color. In early 1896, in the wave of excitement following Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of X-rays on January 5 that same year, Becquerel thought that phosphorescent materials, such as some uranium salts, might emit penetrating X-ray-like radiation when illuminated by bright sunlight. His first experiments appeared to show this.", "Though a major step, this event does not deserve to be called the discovery of radioactivity. The discovery was a process, not an instantaneous occurrence, for even at this point Becquerel had not sufficiently localized the phenomenon. No doubt Becquerel was a skilled and ingenious experimenter. However, in this early research he was not sufficiently meticulous to exclude extraneous influences and to see that some of his experimental results could bear more than one explanation. Thus, he often concluded that his experiments proved uranium rays to posses a certain physical property, only to have it shown later that the effect was due to another cause. Indeed, his investigations are particularly interesting for their many false trails, unreproducible results and misinterpreted effects.", "Prof Watson made the discovery in 1953 at Cambridge University with Francis Crick. They were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Maurice Wilkins, from King's College London, for identifying the elegant double helix in work that laid the basis for modern molecular biology.", "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\".", "In February 1921, Otto Hahn published the first report on his discovery of uranium Z, the first example of nuclear isomerism. \"… a discovery that was not understood at the time but later became highly significant for nuclear physics\", as Walther Gerlach remarked. And, indeed, it was not until 1936 that the young physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker succeeded in providing a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of nuclear isomerism. For this discovery, whose full significance was recognized by very few, Hahn was again proposed, in 1923, for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, this time by Max Planck, among others.", "Thirty years prior to the rise of monomorphism, Béchamp brought his attention to tiny \"molecular granulations\" found in body cells, which other observers had noted before him. They had been scantily defined, and no one had identified their status or function. After 10 years of careful experimentation, Béchamp brought to the world in 1866 the profound revelation that the granules were living elements. He renamed them microzymas, meaning \"small ferments.\" During the following 13 years, Béchamp, with his devoted co-worker, Professor Estor, developed and refined the Theory of Microzymas.", "Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (1916 – 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, and most noted for being one of two co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, together with James D. Watson. He, Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\".", "Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins - Nobel Laureate in Medicine (1962), jointly with James D. Watson and Francis C. Crick,  for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.", "On April 15, 1908, Antoine Béchamp, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived died, aged 91. Antoine Béchamp was the foremost pioneer of science, medicine, nutrition and genetics of his generation, and his discoveries could have saved humanity immense misery and suffering." ]

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[ "In 1980 Atco's visibility rose with strong chart performances from Pete Townshend's Empty Glass album and the song \"Cars\" by Gary Numan. The last number one hit on Atco was \"If Wishes Came True\" by Sweet Sensation in 1990. In 1991, Sylvia Rhone merged Atco with Atlantic's fledgling EastWest Records America label and briefly operated the combination as Atco–East West Records America. By 1994, the Atco name was dropped and the label continued operating as EastWest Records America, which then switched to sister label Elektra Records for distribution. Since then, the Atco name and logo appeared only on reissues of old material through Elektra. As of mid-2005, its most recent release (in a joint venture with Rhino Records) was the soundtrack of the Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Sea, which starred Kevin Spacey and featured his renditions of Darin's songs.", "Atlantic's roster has included Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Led Zeppelin (1968-1973), The Coasters (on Atco), Crosby, Stills, and Nash (later Young), Dusty Springfield, The Rascals, Ruth Brown, Sticks McGhee, and Wilson Pickett, among many others. ", "Atlantic Recording Corporation (simply known as Atlantic Records) is a major American record label best known for its numerous recordings of rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz, and hip hop. Over its first 20 years of operation, Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American recording labels, specializing in jazz, R&B and soul recordings by African-American musicians including Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Wilson Pickett, Sam and Dave, Ruth Brown and Otis Redding, a position greatly enhanced by its distribution deal with Stax Records.", "In a nation reinvigorated by President John F. Kennedy’s promise of a “New Frontier,” civil rights became the predominant issue. “Soul lyrics, soul music,” Ahmet would later say, “came at about the same time as the civil rights movement, and it’s very possible that one influenced the other.” In partnership with Stax/Volt, Atlantic began releasing music recorded by Tom Dowd and Jerry Wexler in Memphis and Muscle Shoals, Alabama. In 1962, Atlantic released “These Arms of Mine,” the first hit single by Otis Redding, who, as Ahmet would later recall, “used to call me ‘Omelette,’ but not as a nickname – he thought at first that this actually was my name.” During this era, Atlantic had big hits by the Mar-Keys, Rufus and Carla Thomas, Solomon Burke, Wilson Pickett, Sam and Dave, Percy Sledge, and Joe Tex. In 1967, Wexler took Aretha Franklin into a studio in Muscle Shoals to record “I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You).” While his partner was turning out the greatest soul music ever recorded, Ahmet continued to pursue white rock acts for the label.", "In October 1955 Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller scored a West Coast hit with Los Angeles-based vocal group The Robins, who released \" Smokey Joe's Cafe \" on the duo's own Spark Records label. Seeking a national outlet, they leased the master to Atco and in November Atlantic purchased Spark and its catalog; Leiber and Stoller signed a landmark deal with Atlantic that made them America's first independent record producers. In 1956 two members of The Robins, Carl Gardner and Bobby Nunn , formed The Coasters who finally provided Atlantic with the crossover success it had been striving for. Their first (March 1956) Atco release (recorded in Hollywood) was \"Down in Mexico\", a Top 10 R&B hit: the double-sided \" Young Blood \"/\" Searchin' \" (also recorded in Hollywood) followed, with both sides entering the pop Top 10 after radio exposure and both charting for over 20 weeks - \"Searchin'\" reached #3 and \"Young Blood\" #8. Following Leiber and Stoller to New York, The Coasters' then cut \" Yakety Yak \" (June 1958), featuring the saxophone of King Curtis , and this became Atlantic's first pop #1; \" Charlie Brown \" made #2 on both the pop and R&B charts in February 1959, \" Along Came Jones \" also reached the pop Top 10 as did \" Poison Ivy \" (#7, Aug. 1959). \" Little Egypt \" (1961) was their last hit, reaching #21 in the pop chart.", "By the time Herb Abramson returned from the Army in 1955, Jerry Wexler had physically and psychically taken over his role at the company. Rather than break up their studio partnership, Ahmet put Abramson in charge of a subsidiary label, Atco, and gave him the Coasters and a young piano player named Bobby Darin to work with. By then, Atlantic had moved to a brownstone at 234 West 56th Street. Pushing back the desks at night, Ahmet and Jerry would record in a room with a creaking floor, a sloping ceiling with a skylight in the middle and a young genius named Tom Dowd, who was studying nuclear physics, behind the board. Using the third eight-track recording machine ever made, for which he invented faders to replace the knobs, Dowd recorded “Save the Last Dance for Me” by the Drifters.", "Atlantic was formed in 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson in New York City. Atco and Cotillion were subsidiary labels and Clarion was a budget label. Atlantic recorded rhythm and blues, jazz, blues, country and western, rock and roll, gospel, and comedy.", "Ertegun and Wexler realized many R&B recordings by black artists were being covered by white performers, often with greater chart success: [5] Atlantic's LaVern Baker had a #4 R&B hit with \" Tweedlee Dee \" but a rival version by Georgia Gibbs went to #2 on the pop charts, Big Joe Turner's April 1954 release \" Shake, Rattle and Roll \" was a #1 R&B hit but only made #22 on the pop chart while Bill Haley & His Comets 's version reached #7, sold over 1 million copies and was Decca Records' biggest-selling song of the year. In July 1954, as rock'n'roll gathered momentum, Wexler and Ertegun wrote a prescient article for Cash Box , headlined \"The Latest Trend: R&B Disks Are Going Pop\", devoted to what they called \"cat music\"; the same month, Atlantic scored its first major \"crossover\" hit on the Billboard pop chart when the \" Sh-Boom \" by The Clovers reached #5 (although The Crew-Cuts ' version went to #1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun Records ' owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley 's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \"was all the money we had then.\" but they were outbid by RCA Records 's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked:", "In addition to establishing Cotillion, Atlantic began expanding its own roster to include rock, soul/rock, progressive rock, British bands and singer songwriters. Two female artists were personally signed by Wexler, with album releases in 1969, Dusty Springfield ( Dusty in Memphis ) [32] and Lotti Golden ( Motor-Cycle ), although Golden also had a close working relationship with Ertegun, who was instrumental in her signing with the label. By 1969, the Atlantic 8000 series (1968–72) consisted of R&B, rock, soul/rock and psychedelic acts. [33] Other releases that year include albums by Aretha Franklin ( Soul '69 ), Led Zeppelin ( Led Zeppelin ), Don Covay ( House of Blue Lights ), Boz Scaggs ( Boz Scaggs ), Roberta Flack ( First Take ), Wilson Pickett ( Hey Jude ), Mott The Hoople ( Mott The Hoople ), and Black Pearl , ( Black Pearl ). [33]", "Ertegun and Wexler realized many R&B recordings by black artists were being covered by white performers, often with greater chart success: Atlantic's LaVern Baker had a #4 R&B hit with \"Tweedlee Dee\" but a rival version by Georgia Gibbs went to #2 on the pop charts, Big Joe Turner's April 1954 release \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" was a #1 R&B hit but only made #22 on the pop chart while Bill Haley & His Comets's version reached #7, sold over 1 million copies and was Decca Records' biggest-selling song of the year. In July 1954, as rock'n'roll gathered momentum, Wexler and Ertegun wrote a prescient article for Cash Box, headlined \"The Latest Trend: R&B Disks Are Going Pop\", devoted to what they called \"cat music\"; the same month, Atlantic scored its first major \"crossover\" hit on the Billboard pop chart when the \"Sh-Boom\" by The Clovers reached #5 (although The Crew-Cuts' version went to #1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun Records' owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \"was all the money we had then.\" but they were outbid by RCA Records's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked:", "For most of its history, Atco was known for pop music and rock and roll, but during its early years it produced some jazz albums. These included Harry Arnold, Betty Carter, King Curtis, Herb Geller, Roland Hanna, and Helen Merrill. ", "Atlantic Records was incorporated in October 1947 and was run by Abramson (the company president) and Ertegun (vice-president in charge of A&R, production and promotion) while Abramson's wife Miriam ran the label's publishing company, Progressive Music, and did most office duties until 1949 when Atlantic hired its first employee, book-keeper Francine Wakschal, who remained with the label for the next 49 years. Miriam quickly gained a reputation for toughness: staff engineer Tom Dowd later recalled; \"Tokyo Rose was the kindest name some people had for her\" and Doc Pomus described her as \"an extraordinarily vitriolic woman\". When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the company's chronic cash-flow shortage: \" ... most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us ... we were undercapitalized for a long time.\" The label's original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In the early fifties Atlantic moved from the Hotel Jefferson to offices at 301 West 54th St and then to its best-known home at 356 West 56th St.", "Atlantic entered the 33 1/3 rpm long play record business very early, issuing it's first album in March of 1949. Ahmet was well aware that a rhythm and blues album had little chance of success, since 78 rpm records dominated that genre. So even though Atlantic was successful with rhythm and blues recordings, their first foray into the album market was with a poetry album, Walter Benton's This Is My Beloved. John Dall provided the narration and Vernon Duke provided the background music. This 10-inch album carried the number 110 which stood for \"one 10-inch disc.\" The matrix numbers on this disc were TLP 11213/11214. The same material was released simultaneously as three 12-inch 78 rpm discs with the catalog number 312-S. The 312 stood for \"three 12 inch discs,\" and the \"S\" stood for standard speed which at that time was 78 rpm. The individual 78 rpm records were numbered 1201, 1202, and 1203. Atlantic rather quickly dropped this unwieldy numbering system and issued their second and third LPs in May, 1950, as ALS-108 by Joe Bushkin and ALS-109 by Erroll Garner. The first 12 inch LP issued by Atlantic (January, 1951) was ALS-401 which was a recording of scenes from Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\" performed by Eva LaGallienne and Richard Waring.", "During 1968 Atlantic established a new subsidiary label, Cotillion Records. The label was originally formed as an outlet for blues and deep Southern soul; its first single, Otis Clay's version of \"She's About A Mover\", was an R&B hit. Cotillion's catalog quickly expanded to include progressive rock, folk-rock, gospel, jazz and comedy. In 1976, the label started focusing on disco and R&B. Among its acts were the post-Curtis Mayfield Impressions, Slave, Brook Benton, Jean Knight, Mass Production, Sister Sledge, The Velvet Underground, Stacy Lattisaw, Lou Donaldson, Mylon LeFevre, Stevie Woods, Johnny Gill, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Garland Green, The Dynamics, The Fabulous Counts, and The Fatback Band. Cotillion was also responsible for launching the career of Luther Vandross, who recorded for the label as part of the trio Luther. Cotillion also released the triple-albums soundtrack of the Woodstock festival film in 1970. From 1970 it also distributed Embryo Records, founded by jazz flautist Herbie Mann after his earlier Atlantic contract had expired.", "In June 1952, Atlantic Records bought Ray's contract for $2,500. Charles' first recording session with Atlantic (\"The Midnight Hour\"/\"Roll With my Baby\") took place in September 1952, although his last Swingtime release (\"Misery in my Heart\"/\"The Snow is Falling\") would not appear until February 1953. He began recording jump blues and boogie-woogie style recordings as well as slower blues ballads, in which he continued to show the vocal influences of Nat \"King\" Cole and Charles Brown. \"Mess Around\" became Charles' first Atlantic hit in 1953; the following year he had hits with \"It Should Have Been Me\" and \"Don't You Know,\" which became his first chart success for Atlantic. He also recorded the songs \"Midnight Hour\" and \"Sinner's Prayer.\" Some elements of his own vocal style were evident in \"Sinner's Prayer,\" \"Mess Around,\" and \"Don't You Know\".", "At his first Atlantic recording session Charles allegedly wanted to stick to his Brown-style crooning, but the label soon helped him change his mind. Tired of using pick-up musicians, he was now successful enough to form his own band. His first Atlantic hit was 'It Should've Been Me', a ghetto comedy which owed something to Louis Jordan and was the sort of thing that might have influenced Leiber and Stoller's work with the Coasters. In later hits he became completely himself, bringing the passion of religion to the aches and pains of the secular world, and even using the melodies of gospel music: 'Talkin' 'Bout Jesus' became 'Talkin' 'Bout You'; Clara Ward's 'This Little Light of Mine' became 'This Little Girl of Mine'; 'How Jesus Died' became 'Lonely Avenue'; and 'I've Got a Savior' became 'I Got a Woman', his first number one in the black chart, which shortly after was covered by Elvis Presley, who brought rockabilly urgency to it. Charles added a preaching, commentating female trio to his act, the Raelettes (sometimes spelled Raylettes), and there was even a touch of feminism: black women are not famous for taking a lot of nonsense, and the Raelettes carried 'What Kind of Man are You?' by themselves. Later, on Percy Mayfield's 'Hit the Road, Jack', Charles adds a man's patronizing puzzlement to the Raelettes' lead: 'Well, I guess if you say so / I'll have to pack my bags and go ... You can't mean it!'", "What was important about Ahmet Ertegun, I think, was the way his life reminded us that language, culture, race, and religion are distinct parameters of humanity, and can be transcended: they enrich us, they do not trap us or divide us. Ertegun was not an African American, but he fell in love with African American music in the 1940s (just as I did later, far away, as a white boy at a high school in England), and he founded Atlantic Records to immortalize it in recordings. He was a Turkish-born, Turkish-speaking Muslim who worked for years alongside American Jews like business partner Herb Abramson and producer Jerry Wexler, producing records with non-Muslim non-Jewish singers and musicians. He understood the music he recorded, and valued it, and loved it from when he first heard it at the age of 9. His record company (started in 1947 on a $10,000 loan from the family dentist) made the careers of many African American jazz, R&B, and rock musicians.", "Aretha Franklin is a US singer–songwriter and musician. She began her career singing gospel as a child in church. In 1960, at the age of 18, Franklin recorded for Columbia Records but only to modest success. Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, she achieved critical and commercial acclaim songs such as \"Respect\" and \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" and \"Think\". These hits and more helped her to gain the title The Queen of Soul.", "He pioneered the genre of soul music during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles into the music he recorded for Atlantic Records. He also contributed to the integration of country and rhythm and blues and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his two Modern Sounds albums. While he was with ABC, Charles became one of the first African-American musicians to be granted artistic control by a mainstream record company.", "He pioneered the genre of soul music during the 1950s by combining rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues styles into the music he recorded for Atlantic Records. He also contributed to the racial integration of country and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records, most notably with his two Modern Sounds albums. While he was with ABC, Charles became one of the first African-American musicians to be granted artistic control by a mainstream record company.VH1 (2003), p. 210.", "He kicked off his musical career in the mid-1940s, performing at local dances with his brothers Jay and Clayton as the Perkins Brothers Band. In 1953 drummer W.S. \"Fluke\" Holland joined. The next year, after hearing Presley's debut Sun single, \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" (a Bill Monroe song Perkins and his group had been playing since 1949), Perkins and his brothers drove to Memphis to audition for Phillips. Shortly thereafter, they signed to the label and released Perkins' first single, \"Movie Magg\" (a song Perkins wrote at age 13) b/w \"Turn Around.\" In early 1955 came \"Let the Jukebox Keep On Playing\" b/w \"Gone Gone Gone.\" Perkins' biggest hit came in late 1956. \"Blue Suede Shoes\" was an instant smash and made Perkins the first white country artist to cross over to the R&B chart as well. A country, pop, and R&B hit, \"Blue Suede Shoes\" alternated with Elvis Presley's first post-Sun single, \"Heartbreak Hotel,\" for the top spots on national and regional charts. (Shortly thereafter, Presley issued his \"Blue Suede Shoes\"; over time, Perkins' original sold more copies.)", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and pianist. In a recording career that has spanned over half a century, Franklin's repertoire has included gospel, jazz,", "Little Richard (born Richard Wayne Penniman, December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist, and an early African-American pioneer of rock and roll. Many fans have proclaimed Richard as \"The Real King of Rock 'n' Roll\".", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist. Although known for her soul recordings and referred to as the The Queen of Soul, Franklin is adept at jazz, blues, R&B and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time.", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Although known for her soul recordings and referred to as The Queen of Soul, Franklin is also adept at jazz, blues, R&B, gospel music, and rock.", "Harold George \"Harry\" Belafonte, Jr. (born March 1, 1927) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and social activist. He was dubbed the \"King of Calypso\" for popularizing the Caribbean musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. Born Harold George Bellanfanti, Jr. at Lying-in Hospital in Harlem, New York: Belafonte was the son of Melvine (née Love) – a housekeeper of Jamaican descent – and Harold George Bellanfanti, Sr., a Martiniquan.", "Charles developed quickly in those early days. Atlantic Records purchased his contract from Swingtime Records in 1952, and two years later he recorded \"I Got a Woman,\" a raw mixture of gospel and rhythm 'n' blues, inventing what was later called soul. Soon, he was being called \"The Genius\" and was playing at Carnegie Hall and the Newport Jazz Festival.", "Sinatra was signed to her father's label, Reprise Records, in 1961. Her first single, \"Cuff Links and a Tie Clip\", went largely unnoticed. However, subsequent singles charted in Europe and Japan. Without a hit in the US by 1965, she was on the verge of being dropped. Her singing career received a boost with the help of songwriter/producer/arranger Lee Hazlewood, who had been making records for ten years, notably with Duane Eddy. Hazlewood became Sinatra's inspiration. He had her sing in a lower key and crafted songs for her. Bolstered by an image overhaul — including bleached-blonde hair, frosted lips, heavy eye make-up and Carnaby Street fashions — Sinatra made her mark on the American (and British) music scene in early 1966 with \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin''\", its title inspired by a line in Robert Aldrich's 1963 western comedy 4 for Texas starring her father and Dean Martin. One of her many hits written by Hazlewood, it received three Grammy Award nominations, including two for Sinatra and one for arranger Billy Strange. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. She appeared on TV in high boots, and with colorfully dressed go-go dancers, a craze during the late Sixties, and created a popular and enduring image of the Swinging Sixties.", "The first rock and roll artist to gain the attention and interest (and investment) of a major label (RCA)", "Becoming \"Johnny Ace\", he signed to Duke Records (originally a Memphis label associated with WDIA) in 1952 . My Song, his first recording, topped the R&B charts for 9 weeks in September. (My Song was covered in 1968 by Aretha Franklin.)", "Ray’s first record, the self-penned R&B number for OKeh Records , “Whiskey and Gin,” was a minor hit in 1951. The following year he dominated the charts with the double-sided hit single of “ Cry ” and “ The Little White Cloud That Cried “. Selling over two million copies of the 78rpm single, Ray’s delivery struck a chord with teenagers and he quickly became a teen idol . When OKeh parent Columbia Records realized that Ray had developed a fan base of white listeners, he was moved over to the Columbia label.", "Born in New Orleans, established as an R&B singer and pianist before becoming a rock 'n' roll star. Known for his R&B-tinged hits \"Ain't It a Shame\" and \"Blueberry Hill.\"" ]

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[ "Who lived the last few years of his life in Paris under the pseudonym 'Sebastian Melmoth'?", "Prison was unkind to Wilde's health and after he was released on May 19, 1897 he spent his last three years penniless, in self-imposed exile from society and artistic circles. He went under the assumed name of Sebastian Melmoth, after the famously \"penetrated\" Saint Sebastian and the devilish central character of Wilde's great-uncle Charles Robert Maturin's gothic novel Melmoth the Wanderer.", "complimentary \"Letters Concerning the English Nation,\" praising many points of its superiority and desirability to his own. His \"Candide\" also features the meeting of four deposed kings in exile. Oscar Wilde was imprisoned, famously in Reading Jail, for homosexual offenses committed with Lord Alfred Douglas, after which public scorn and pressure drove him to live in exile from England, protectively changing his public name to Sebastian Melmoth, after \"Melmoth the Wanderer.\"", "Oscar died in Paris on November 30th, 1900, aged 46. The fleabag Left Bank hotel where he spent his last days showed his name on the register as Sebastian Melmoth, a name he'd assumed after his trial for homosexuality - then illegal - and imprisonment where upon his release took him to exile in France. At the end, ill, penniless and cadging Absinthe at the cafes some sparkles of wit emanated from the once celebrated novelist, and yes, poet who dazzled London society and once had several plays running concurrently on the London stage. His supposed last words uttered in his cheap hotel room were \"Either this wallpaper goes or I do.\"", "Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854- November 30, 1900) ... Jane was a successful writer and an Irish nationalist, known also as ... The next six years were spent in London, Paris and the United States, where he ... . ' Sebastian Melmoth', after the central character of the gothic novel Melmoth the Wanderer...", "an Irish expatriate who is living in Paris. In \"Proteus,\" Stephen remembers him as he is wandering Sandymount strand.", "Honoré de Balzac (; , born Honoré Balzac, 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie Humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus.", "Casanova stayed in Paris for two years, learned the language, spent much time at the theater, and introduced himself to notables. Soon, however, his numerous liaisons were noted by the Paris police, as they were in nearly every city he visited. [35]", "Down and Out in Paris and London published by Victor Gollancz under the pen name of George Orwell (a pen name indebted to the River Orwell in East Anglia).", "In Paris, Mercader was posing as Jacques Mornard, a student of journalism at the Sorbonne and son of a Belgian diplomat. \"Mornard\" swept Ageloff off her feet almost immediately. He was suave, attractive, and romantic. Ageloff had no idea that her beloved \"Mornard\" was actually a Stalinist ideologue and NKVD assassin working towards a single goal. In fact, \"Mornard\" showed absolutely no interest in politics what-so-ever. He told Ageloff that he made a living writing sports articles, though she later recalled that he never once attended a sporting event during their time in Paris.", "In 2007, reporters in New Zealand interviewed a homeless British expatriate who, neighbours claimed, was the missing earl.<br /><br /> More recently, responding to claims that the two eldest Lucan children were sent to Gabon in the early 1980s so that their father might secretly watch them \"from a distance\", George Bingham denied ever visiting the country. He told the Daily Mirror that he had \"spent time in Namibia and South Africa\" and that he has \"a sworn affidavit from the Metropolitan Police and every member of my family, mother excepted, attesting to their belief that my father is dead.\" His mother dismissed the claims as \"nonsense\", reiterating that in her opinion \"he was not the sort of Englishman to cope abroad\".<br /><br /> Footnotes <br /><br /> Notes <br /><br /> Bibliography <br /><br /> Non-fiction <br /><br /> Fiction Read Less", "Aitken was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice and, after pleading guilty in 1999 to both offences, was jailed for 18 months of which he served almost seven months as a custodial sentence. During the preceding libel trial, his wife Lolicia, who later left him, was called as a witness to sign a supportive affidavit to the effect that she had paid his Paris hotel bill, but did not appear. In the end, with the case already in court, investigative work by The Guardian reporters into Swiss hotel and British Airways records showed that neither his daughter nor his wife had been in Paris at the time in question.", "Stendhal is the best-known pen name of French writer, Marie-Henri Beyle. Stendhal lived between 1783 and 1842, and had quite an exciting life. He was a member of Napoleon's army and enjoyed a good deal of fame and success, both as a writer and as a politician, in the later part of his life. Among Stendhal's works were a number of travel guides to European destinations, non-fiction works on art and other topics, and memoirs. He is most famous, however, for his novels. 'The Red and the Black' and ''The Charterhouse of Parma'' are the classics that Stendhal is remembered for.", "Nicolas Sarkozy, (born January 28, 1955, Paris, France), French politician who served as president of France (2007–12).", "Having claimed to have one British parent, although he has produced no evidence to support this, he decided to settle in the UK in 1986, but en route there in 1988, his papers were lost, either because his briefcase was stolen or because he himself, in \"a moment of folly\", sent them back. Despite this setback, he boarded the plane for London but was promptly returned to France when he failed to present a passport to British immigration officials. He was initially arrested by the French, but then released as his entry to the airport was legal and he had no country of origin to be returned to; thus began his residency at Terminal 1.", "He enjoyed a full literary and social life in the (largely non-French) bohemia of Montparnasse. He once went up in a lift with Rhys and James Joyce: despite his poor eyesight, Joyce managed to notice that Rhys's dress was undone at the back, and hooked her up. And yet Ford, who once wrote a book called New York Is Not America, also knew that Paris was Not France. For him the real France was a region that official \"France\" – northern, bureaucratic, centralising – had long ago conquered and attempted both to dismantle and to strip of its language: Provence.", "He told Dateline NBC in a 2006 broadcast that his mother sometimes worked as a prostitute and his father was an alcoholic who took Christophe to an orphanage when the boy was 5. He ran away and made his way to Paris where he pulled his first big con: faking the deed to a property he didn't own, then \"selling\" the property for USD $1.4 million.", "He showed up in Paris, Theo's home city, rather unexpectedly one time much to Theo's chagrin. There were no letters during that period so little is known about that time of his life. Other artists in Paris were impressed by his work, but it is not known whether he sold anything.", "Henri Marie Beyle, known through his writing as Stendhal, was born in Grenoble in 1783 and educated there at the Ecole Centrale. A cousin offered him a post in the Ministry of War, and from 1800 he followed Napoleon s campaigns in Italy, Germany, Russia and Austria. In between wars, he spent his time in Paris drawing rooms and theatres.After the fall of Napoleon, he retired to Italy, adopted his pseudonym and started to write books on Italian painting, Haydn and Mozart, and travels in Italy. In 1821 the Austrian police expelled him from the country, and on returning to Paris he finished his bookDe l amour. This was followed byRacine et Shakespeare, a defense of Romantic literature.Le Rouge et le noirwas his second novel, and he also produced or began three others, includingLa Chartreuse de ParmeandLucien Leuwen. None of his published works was received with any great understanding during his lifetime.Beyle was appointed Consul at Civitavecchia after the 1830 revolution, but his health deteriorated and six years later he was back in Paris and beginning ALifeof Napoleon. In 1841 he was once again recalled for reasons of illness, and in the following year suffered a fatal stroke. Various autobiographical works, Journal, Souvenirs de l egotismeandLa Vie de Henri Brulard, were published later, as his fame grew.\"", "Polanski fled initially to London on 1 February 1978, where he maintained a residence. A day later he traveled on to France, where he held citizenship, avoiding the risk of extradition to the United States by Britain. Consistent with its extradition treaty with the United States, France can refuse to extradite its own citizens, and an extradition request later filed by U.S. officials was denied. The United States government could have requested that Polanski be prosecuted on the California charges by the French authorities. Polanski has never returned to England, and later sold his home there. The United States could still request the arrest and extradition of Polanski from other countries should he visit them, and Polanski avoided visits to countries (such as the UK) that were likely to extradite him and mostly travelled and worked in France, Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland. In 1979, Polanski gave a controversial interview with the novelist Martin Amis in which, discussing his conviction, he said \"If I had killed somebody, it wouldn’t have had so much appeal to the press, you see? But… fucking, you see, and the young girls. Judges want to fuck young girls. Juries want to fuck young girls. Everyone wants to fuck young girls!\" ", "This Is My Name on Foreign : In Salvage For The Saint, Charles Tatenor's real name is revealed to be Schwarzkopf. As literally translating his surname into English would have sounded ridiculous ('blackhead'), he went for something that sounded like blackhead in French (tête noire).", "His family name is often misspelled as “Boulogne”. He is sometimes referred to as “The Black Mozart”.", "However, Galliano hit the headlines for all of the wrong reasons in 2011 when a video emerged of him allegedly making anti-sematic remarks to Italian tourists in a Paris bar. Actress Natalie Portman, who is the face of the Miss Dior Cherie fragrance and is of Jewish ancestry, said she was disgusted by the comments.", "In recent years several people have claimed to be the Count of St. Germain. (Note that St Germain was never regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church - the “st.” before his name refers to his alleged home).", "●   The Mysteries of Paris by Eugene Sue (a huge crime novel by the Dickens of Paris)", "Germany and other countries have unsuccessfully requested his extradition. He was twice sentenced to death in absentia in the 1950s; one of those convictions was in France in 1954. In August 1987 an Interpol \"red notice\" was issued for him. In 1995, German State prosecutors in Cologne and Frankfurt posted a �333,000 reward for information leading to his arrest.", "Melly later wrote a biography of Mesens entitled Don’t Tell Sybil (1997). While working for Mesens Melly became involved in the traditional jazz scene and began to spend his evenings in clubs on the outskirts of London \"where my violent enthusiasm, frequent drunkenness and personal manner of dancing attracted a lot of not entirely kindly amusement\".", "February 12 (24 Pluviose, Year II) - Sade's name is again (by error?) placed on the list of emigres, under the Christian names of Louis-Alphonse-Donatien, with the mention \"Vaucluse, Apt, December 13 1793.\"", "WDZ / VF de \" A Memorable Trashing\". Une chute conduit Diego dans un court mais étrange rêve, mais ce qui va s'en suivre va éveiller la suspicion d'une amie quant à sa double identité?", "Police believe Gaspar, a French national of Ukrainian origin, is the mastermind behind the Majestic scandal. He is still the subject of an international arrest warrant, while Robert Mani, an Armenian, was arrested at Malaga airport last year.", "On 14 July 2002, during Bastille Day celebrations, Chirac survived an assassination attempt by a lone gunman with a rifle hidden in a guitar case. The would-be assassin fired a shot toward the presidential motorcade, before being overpowered by bystanders. The gunman, Maxime Brunerie, underwent psychiatric testing; the violent far-right group with which he was associated, Unité Radicale, was then administratively dissolved.", "On 14 July 2002, during Bastille Day celebrations, Chirac survived an assassination attempt by a lone gunman with a rifle hidden in a guitar case. The would-be assassin fired a shot toward the presidential motorcade, before being overpowered by bystanders. The gunman, Maxime Brunerie, underwent psychiatric testing; the violent far-right group with which he was associated, Unité Radicale, was then administratively dissolved." ]

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[ "Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru signs the bilateral security treaty with the United States on September 8, 1951. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (right) and special ambassador John Foster Dulles stand directly behind him. The Japanese official on the left is Ikeda Hayato, who served as prime minister from 1960 to 1964.", "The Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty, or ANZUS Treaty, was an agreement signed in 1951 to protect the security of the Pacific. Although the agreement has not been formally abrogated, the United States and New Zealand no longer maintain the security relationship between their countries.", "The Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty, or ANZUS Treaty, was an agreement signed in 1951 to protect the security of the Pacific. Although the agreement has not been formally abrogated, the United States and New Zealand no longer maintain the security relationship between their countries.", "1951 – Australia, New Zealand and the United States signed a mutual defence pact known as the ANZUS Treaty in San Francisco, agreeing to cooperate on defence matters in the Pacific Ocean area.", "At the same time as the Japanese peace treaty, the United States concluded three new alliances: the Pacific Security Pact with Australia and New Zealand (ANZUS) on 1 September 1951, an alliance with the Philippines on 30 August 1951, and a security treaty with Japan on 8 September 1951. Provisions of ANZUS were invoked for the first time in September 2001, by Australian Prime Minister John Howard, in response to the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Later, the United States joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), created by the Treaty of Manila of 8 September 1954. The other signatories of this collective defense treaty for Southeast Asia were the United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan. Article 4 guaranteed the political independence and territorial integrity of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, although there was no formal alliance with these three states.", "On behalf of all the Allied Powers at war with Japan, the document was signed by US Gen. Douglas MacArthur. On behalf of member countries it was singed by Adm. Chester Nimitz from the United States, Lt. Gen. Kuzma Derevyanko from the Soviet Union, British Adm. Bruce Fraser and Gen. Xu Yongchang from China.", "3. The Treaty of Taipei outlined many of the same conditions as the Treaty of San Francisco which had was signed between the Allies and Japan in 1951, formally ending World War II in the Pacific.", "In the 1950s Japan signed peace treaties with Taiwan, India, Burma (Myanmar), the Philippines, and Indonesia. Reparations agreements were concluded with Burma (Myanmar), the Philippines, Indonesia, and South Vietnam, with reparations to be paid in the form of goods and services to stimulate Asian economic development. In 1951, Japan signed a security treaty with the United States, providing for U.S. defense of Japan against external attack and allowing the United States to station troops in the country. New security treaties with the United States were negotiated in 1960 and 1970. Many Japanese felt that military ties with the United States would draw them into another war. Student groups and labor unions, often led by Communists, demonstrated during the 1950s and 1960s against military alliances and nuclear testing.", "Japan and some of the Allied Powers signed this treaty on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco, and it came into force on April 28, 1952. It officially ended World War II, outlined compensation for former prisoners of war in Japan, and renounced Japan's rights to some overseas territories.", "The treaty came about following the close cooperation of the United States, Australia and New Zealand during World War II , when Australia had come under attack by a foreign power, Japan, for the first time in its history. In 1951, the United States was eager to normalise relations with Japan, particularly as the Korean War was raging a short distance from Japan. With the involvement of China and possibly the Soviet Union in Korea, the Cold War was threatening to become a full-scale war. However, the governments of Australia and New Zealand were extremely reluctant to finalise a peace treaty with Japan that would allow for Japanese rearmament. Both countries relented only when an Australian and New Zealand proposal for a three-way security treaty was accepted by the United States.", "1951, Sept.8: Peace treaty between Japan and the Allies and a Japan-U.S> Security Treaty is signed in San Francisco", "After three months of negotiation the delegates of Japan, Great Britain, and the United States had agreed upon a treaty which followed the general lines of the Hughes program; had joined with the French in an agreement to respect one another's insular possessions in the Pacific, and to settle all disagreements by conciliatory negotiations; had prepared the way for the withdrawal of Japan from Shantung and Siberia; and had agreed to respect the principle of the open door in China. The treaties were duly ratified by the Senate. The immediate causes of friction in the Pacific were removed; and although cynics might point out that competition in cruisers and submarines was little abated and that battleships were almost obsolete anyhow, the Naval Treaty at least lessened the burden of competition, as Secretary Hughes had predicted, and in addition set a precedent of profound importance. The armaments which a nation built were now definitely recognized as being a matter of international concern, subject to international agreement.", "In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions signed on December 13, 1921, Japan, the United States, Britain, and France agreed to recognize the status quo in the Pacific, and Japan and Britain agreed to terminate formally the Anglo-Japanese Alliance . The Washington Naval Treaty was signed on February 6, 1922. Japan withdrew troops from the Siberian Intervention on August 28, 1922. The Great Kantō earthquake devastated Tokyo on September 1, 1923. On December 27, 1923, communist Daisuke Namba attempted to assassinate Hirohito in the Toranomon Incident but his attempt failed. The General Election Law was passed on May 5, 1925, giving all men above age 25 the right to vote.", "The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marked the only time in Japan's history that it had been occupied by a foreign power. It transformed the country into a parliamentary democracy that recalled American \"New Deal\" priorities of the 1930s politics by Roosevelt. The occupation, codenamed Operation Blacklist, was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951 and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's independence - with the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands - was restored.", "The ANZUS Security Treaty was signed at the Presidio, San Francisco, on September 1, 1951, and entered into force on April 28, 1952. On November 3, 1983, the Treaty was described by Australian Defense Minister Gordon Scholes as \"a coming together of strategic interests between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, which remains relevant despite the greatly changed circumstances since it was signed.\"", "The San Francisco System takes its name from two treaties signed in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, under which the terms for restoring independence to Japan were established. One was the multinational Treaty of Peace with Japan that forty-eight \"allied\" nations signed with their former World War II enemy. The second was the bilateral U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, under which Japan granted the United States the right to \"maintain armed forces … in and about Japan,\" and the United States supported and encouraged Japanese rearmament.", "..... Click the link for more information. . Economic revival proceeded slowly with much unemployment and a low level of production, which improved only gradually. In 1949, however, MacArthur loosened the bonds of military government, and many responsibilities were restored to local authorities. At San Francisco in Sept., 1951, a peace treaty was signed between Japan and most of its opponents in World War II. India and Burma (Myanmar) refused to attend the conference, and the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and Poland refused to sign the treaty. It nevertheless went into effect on Apr. 28, 1952, and Japan again assumed full sovereignty.", "The United Nations (with the Soviets absent) declared the North Koreans aggressors and called for member nations to provide military support to repel the invasion. Twenty one countries responded and were included in the composite UN army put under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, the \"hero\" of the Pacific War.", "Following America’s entry into the World War II (1939-1945) in 1941, the United States Army called MacArthur back into service. In April 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) named MacArthur the Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific. MacArthur developed an innovative “island-hopping” strategy, which aimed to maximize Allied victories while minimizing the loss of life. On September 2, 1945, MacArthur accepted the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. He became the military governor of occupied Japan (1945-1950), facilitating that nation’s transition from imperial monarchy to democracy.", "U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson signing the Treaty of Peace with Japan, September 8, 1951", "Sixty years have passed since the signing and enactment of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.1 This post-World War II settlement with Japan, prepared and signed against the background of the intensifying Cold War, sowed seeds of frontier problems that continue to challenge regional security in East Asia.  Taking the “San Francisco System” as its conceptual grounding, this article examines these problems in the context of the post-World War II regional international order and its transformation.  In light of their multilateral origins, particularly the unresolved territorial problems involving Japan and its neighbors, the article explores ideas for multilateral settlements that could lead East Asia toward greater regional cooperation and community building.", "Dean Gooderham Acheson (pronounced; April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and was a key player in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.", "On Sunday, June 25, 1950, the Korean War was precipitated when North Korean Communist forces invaded the Republic of South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel at several points. Truman at once summoned an emergency conference and on June 27 announced that he would pledge American armed strength for the defense of South Korea. By September 15, American troops, supported by other forces of the United Nations, were taking the offensive in Korea. Truman held firm in the costly war that ensued but hesitated to approve a major counteroffensive across the Yalu River. In April 1951, amid national frustration over the war, he courageously dismissed Gen. Douglas MacArthur as head of the Far East Command of the U.S. Army. He took this action on the grounds that MacArthur had repeatedly challenged the Far Eastern policies of the administration, thus overriding the basic American principle that the military must always be subordinate to the civil arm of the government, and that MacArthur had recommended the use of bombs against Chinese forces north of the Yalu River in a way which might well provoke open war with Russia and cost the United States the support of important allies in the war.", "War broke out along the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. On that day, North Korean troops coordinated an attack at several strategic points along the parallel and headed south toward Seoul. The United Nations Security Council responded to the attack by adopting (by a 9-0 vote) a resolution that condemned the invasion as a \"breach of the peace.\" The Council did not have a Soviet delegate, since 6 months prior, the Soviet Union had left to protest the United Nation's refusal to seat a delegate from China. President Harry S. Truman quickly committed American forces to a combined United Nations military effort and named Gen. Douglas MacArthur Commander of the U.N. forces. Fifteen other nations also sent troops under the U.N. command. Truman did not seek a formal declaration of war from Congress; officially, America's presence in Korea amounted to no more than a \"police action.\"", "In the mid-1950s the United States and the Philippines jointly acknowledged Philippine ownership of U.S. military bases in the islands. The Philippine Senate also ratified the peace treaty with Japan and a Philippine-Japanese agreement providing for $800 million in Japanese reparations.", "Title: Agreement between the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, India and Pakistan on the one part and the Government of Japan on the other part regarding British Commonwealth War Graves in Japanese Territory. Signed: Tokyo, 21 September, 1955.", "August 8 The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States , and that nation becomes the third to join the new international organization. Soviets declare war on Japan.", "China was not invited due to disagreements on whether the established but defeated Republic of China or the newly formed People's Republic of China represented the Chinese people. The Republic of China would sign a separate peace treaty with Japan in 1952.", "On 7 December 1941, using aircraft carriers, Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack destroyed or crippled most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's battleships and brought the United States into the war. In launching this war, Japanese leaders sought to neutralize the American fleet, seize territory rich in natural resources, and obtain strategic military bases to defend their far-flung empire. At the same time that they were attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Malaya, causing Britain, Australia, and New Zealand to join the United States in the war against Japan. In the words of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) Combined Fleet \"Secret Order Number One\", dated 1 November 1941, the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to \"(eject) British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, (and) to establish a policy of autonomous self-sufficiency and economic independence.\" ", "Secretary of State Dean Acheson addressed the first session of the Pacific Council in Honolulu, Hawaii. He called the Japanese Peace Treaty “one building block in the structure of peace.”", "1946 – General Douglas MacArthur establishes the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo to try Japanese war criminals.", "It is well known that in the in the post-war San Francisco Peace Treaty, which came into effect April 28, 1952, Japan renounced the sovereignty of \"Formosa and the Pescadores.\" Unfortunately for the supporters of the ROC however, this sovereignty was not awarded to the Republic of China." ]

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[ "The Panama Canal is around 80km (50 miles) long and links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, running across the centre of Panama. Locks at the Pacific and Atlantic ends of the Canal either lower vessels to sea level or raise them up to the Canal. The Canal itself is made up of the Gaillard Cut channel and the artificial Gatun Lake. The lake was formed by the damming of the Chagres River.", "The Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, crosses the narrow Isthmus of Panama, where the long Continental Divide [12] (extending from Alaska in the far north to the Strait of Magellan in the extreme south of South America) dips to its lowest point. According to the theories of geologists, there was, in ancient periods, a natural channel between North and South America, but later the land is supposed to arise to form the isthmus as a barrier between the two oceans. After centuries of erosion with formation of valleys on either side of the central ridge, the distance between shores at the place selected for the canal was thirty-four miles, and the low point in the Continental Divide through which the Culebra Cut has been driven was some 305 feet above the level of the sea when the French began their excavating. The highest point on the center line of the canal was 312 feet above the level of the sea. The line of the canal goes up the valley of the Chagres River on the Atlantic slope, passes through the ridge of the Continental Divide in Culebra Cut, and descends to the Pacific down the Rio Grande. By following this route of minimum excavation, the canal is forty-two miles in length between shorelines, or eight miles more than the air line distance. It is fifty miles long from deep water in one ocean to deep water in the other.", "The Panama Canal is a large canal, 82 kilometres (51 miles) long, that cuts through the isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Because of the S shape of Panama, the Atlantic lies to the west of the canal and the Pacific to the east, reversing the normal orientation. It opened on August 15, 1914.", "Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Panama Canal is perhaps the most crucial piece of infrastructure supporting the free flow of trade and goods in the Western hemisphere. Ships passing through the lakes and locks travel approximately 51 miles between the Atlantic Ocean entrance and the Pacific Ocean entrance, eliminating the lengthy and often precarious 8000-nautical-mile trip around South America's Cape Horn. The economy and stability of the region largely depends on the safe transport of the more of 235 million tons of cargo that transits through the canal every year.", "The United States played the major role in the construction of the Panama Canal, which joins the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal is over 40 miles long and has a minimum width of three hundred feet.", "The Canal runs from northwest to southeast with the Atlantic entrance being 54 kilometers (33.5 miles) north and 43.5 kilometers (27 miles) west of the Pacific entrance. The air distance between the two entrances is 69 kilometers (43 miles).", "The Panama Canal is completed. It is 40 miles long from Atlantic to Pacific coasts and cost an estimated $365 million to complete.", "One of the largest and most challenging engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal is an 80km ship canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and creates a passage which represents 5% of international trade. The first attempts to build it date back to 1881 but was not actually completed until the effort undertaken by the US between 1904-14. Construction of the canal no longer made it necessary for ships to sail the lengthy route around the southernmost tip of South America and today, some 14,000 ships annually pass through this Central American shortcut. Work is now underway to expand the canal, including a new set of locks that will allow much larger ships to pass through the waterway.", "The Panama Canal is 50 miles long from deep water in the Atlantic to deep water in the Pacific. It was cut through one of the narrowest and lowest saddles from the long, mountainous Isthmus that joins the North and South Amercan continents. The orignal elevation was 312 feet above sea level where it crosses the Continental Divide in the rugged mountian range.", "The Panama Canal is a 77.1-kilometer ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key channel for international maritime trade. This canal was built between 1903 and 1914. Ships traveling between New York and San Francisco save 7 872 miles by using the Panama Canal.", "Visit the site in Panama City where the Atlantic Ocean intersects with the Pacific Ocean. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects, the 48-mile Panama Canal was built as a safe shortcut instead of taking the Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America.", " October 10th, 1913- The Panama Canal opens, connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific, giving passenger and cargo ships the means to sail from one ocean to another without having to go around the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn. Work began on the 82 kilometer long canal in 1881 and even today, it is considered one of the greatest engineering achievements in history.", "Officially opened in August 1914, the 77-kilometer channel joins the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean at the isthmus of Panama. It made the world smaller.", "The Atlantic Ocean extends in an S shape from the arctic to the antarctic regions between North and South America on the west and Europe and Africa on the east. It is connected with the Arctic Ocean by the Greenland Sea and Smith Sound; with the Pacific Ocean by Drake Passage, the Straits of Magellan, and the Panama Canal; and with the Indian Ocean by the Suez Canal and the expanse between Africa and Antarctica. The shortest distance across the Atlantic Ocean (c.1,600 mi/2,575 km) is between SW Senegal, W Africa, and NE Brazil, E South America. The principal arms of the Atlantic Ocean are Hudson and Baffin bays, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea in the west; the Baltic, North, Mediterranean, and Black seas in the east; and the Weddell Sea in the south. More large rivers, including the Mississippi, the Congo, and the Amazon, drain into the Atlantic than into any other ocean.", "canals have an important and significant status defined by their geographical position, as all of them form an immediate connection between vast areas of the high seas. For example, the Panama Canal links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Suez Canal - the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The Kiel Canal connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean;", "The Panama Canal is a man-made link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It vastly shortened the time required to transport goods between Asia and the US East Coast.", "The Panama Canal extends across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic Ocean (Cristobal on the Caribbean Sea) and the Pacific Ocean (Balboa). However, geographically Pacific and Atlantic oceans are not in the same level; the Pacific Ocean is a little higher than the Atlantic, thereby compelling ships to get up over the terrain of Panama, which is higher in the middle of the country.", "The southwest shore of Lake Nicaragua lies just 15 miles from the Pacific Ocean at its shortest point. In the early 1900s, plans were made to create the Nicaragua Canal through the Isthmus of Rivas, therefore linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean through the canal, lake and the San Juan River.", "The Panama Canal is an engineering marvel that was dreamt of in the sixteen century and is still being perfected. Known by several nicknames, including “the big ditch” and “the French trench,” this manmade canal joins the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. With the canal’s massive impact on trade and shipping, it is sometimes difficult to imagine what it was like before the canal existed.", "Panama Canal - One of the largest and most difficult engineering feats in modern history, this man-made canal joins the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, allowing ships to cross Central America without having to sail completely around South America.", "Originally constructed between 1887 and 1895 and named in honor of Kaiser Wilheim, the Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal), which links the North Sea at Brunsbuttel (near Hamburg) with the Baltic Sea at Kiel-Holtenau, is the world’s busiest artificial waterway.  Its initial purpose was to facilitate movement of the German fleet.  Although the canal is just a distance of about 62 miles (100 kilometers) in length, it saves roughly 250 nautical miles (460 kilometers) for ships and small or vessels moving between the two bodies of water.  Entrance is gained at a lock at either end, with small boats and ships often sharing passage.  Expanded to a depth of 36 feet (11 meters) and a depth of 328 feet (100 meters), the canal accommodates fairly large vessels, although megaships and tankers must take the longer route around the Jutland Peninsula.", "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). The Kiel Canal (Germany), Oresund (Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar (Morocco-Spain), and the Saint Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US) are important strategic access waterways. The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Atlantic Ocean south of 60 degrees south latitude.", "Europeans had dreamed of a Central American canal as early as the 16th century; President Ulysses S. Grant sent seven expeditions to study the feasibility of such a work. As travel and trade in the Western hemisphere increased, the need for a canal grew increasingly more obvious. To sail from Atlantic to Pacific, ships navigated around Cape Horn, the treacherous southern extremity of South America. A New York to San Francisco journey measured some 13,000 miles and took months.", "Ship Canal through Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. There's eventually a war w/ the Columbians over this.", "It takes approximately fifteen hours to traverse the canal through its three sets of locks (about half the time is spent waiting due to traffic). Ships passing through the canal from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean actually move from the northwest to the southeast, due to the east-west orientation of the Isthmus of Panama.", "waterway across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic (by way of the Caribbean Sea) and Pacific oceans, built by the United States (1904–14, on territory leased from the republic of Panama) and expanded by Pamana (2007–16).", "an artificial waterway in Panama, Central America, that bisects the Isthmus of Panama at its lowest part and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. One of the most important international waterways, the canal passes through a separate zone under the jurisdiction of the USA (see", "Treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States of America relative to the establishment of a communication by Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "The canal consists of artificial lakes, several improved and artificial channels, and three sets of locks. An additional artificial lake, Alajuela Lake (known during the American era as Madden Lake), acts as a reservoir for the canal. The layout of the canal as seen by a ship passing from the Atlantic to the Pacific is as follows: ", "Convention between Her Majesty and the United States of America, relative to the Establishment of a Communication by Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "Ever since Balboa crossed the Central American isthmus and named the Pacific Ocean in 1513, the world's seafaring countries have dreamed of a passage that would broach the thin isthmus that separates the two great oceans. Engineers soon began to explore the challenge. Where to build such a canal? How shall it be excavated? What shall be done with the rock? They returned to these questions again and again over the next 250 years, developing plans that relied on the power of new technologies such as the steam shovel.", "I am a man-made waterway in Central America that allows easy passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. What is my name?" ]

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[ "HAIR's world debut was in New York City in October 1967, off-Broadway, on the heels of the Summer of Love. Jerry and I had written HAIR for the uptown big theatre audiences. It was designed to invade Broadway territory, but we couldn't get a tumble from any of the Broadway producers. \"Not our cup of tea,\" they would say. We retreated from our firm intention, in response to an offer of a 6-week run for HAIR as the opening attraction at a new theater. The old Astor Library, gutted and under fresh construction, became The New York Shakespeare Festival Public Theater, and the producer Joseph Papp chose HAIR to be the premiere presentation in his experimental space, the Anspacher Theater. (Papp had produced free Shakespeare in Central Park for years, but was now branching out, to embrace the excitement of the avant garde theater movement.) Quite a wonderful opportunity, we thought; if we couldn't get HAIR on-Broadway, at least we could jump-start it downtown in the Joseph Papp spotlight of a new New York theater, in the East Village at that, where the play itself was set. As directed by Gerald Freedman, with choreography by Anna Sokolow, the \"Public\" proved to be a perfect \"out-of-town tryout.\"", "Hair  is a rock musical with a book and lyrics by James Rado and Gerome Ragni and music by Galt MacDermot.  A product of the hippie counterculture and sexual revolution of the 1960's, several of its songs became anthems of the anti-Vietnam War peace movement.  The musical's profanity, its depiction of the use of illegal drugs, its treatment of sexuality, its irreverence for the American flag, and its nude scene caused much comment and controversy.  After an Off-Broadway debut in October 1967 at Joseph Papp's Public Theater and a subsequent run in a midtown discothèque space, the show opened on Broadway in April 1968 and ran for 1,750 performances.   (More from Wikipedia)", "After an off-Broadway opening in October, 1967 at Joseph Papp's Public Theater, HAIR opened on Broadway, produced by Michael Butler, and ran for 1,750 performances, followed by a successful London production which ran for 1,998 performances. The show received Tony Award nominations for \"Best Musical\" and Best Direction of a Musical (for Mr. O'Horgan). HAIR utilized a racially-integrated cast and invited the audience onstage for a \"Be-in.\" The shows' infamous \"nude scene\" and \"make love not war\" message drew protests most everywhere it opened. The show faced legal battles on obscenity charges in Boston and Chattanooga, TN with both cases going to the US Supreme Court and winning important victories for free speech! Numerous productions have been staged around the world since then, and numerous recordings of the musical have been released. Several of the songs from its score became Top 40 hits, including Aquarius and Let The Sunshine In, and a successful film version was released in 1979.", "When HAIR, The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical, opened on Broadway at the Biltmore theatre on April 29, 1968 the musical, with book and lyrics by Gerome Ragni and James Rado , music by Galt MacDermot and directed by Tom O'Horgan, broke new ground in musical theatre and the genre of the \"rock musical\" was born.� HAIR was an expression of the youth, music and peace culture of the time.", "Neeley: It absolutely changed everything about musical theater. It happened because Tom O’Horgan – the director of ‘Hair’ – was able to sit down with Jim Rado, Gerry Ragni and Gait MacDermot [the creators of the musical] and take it off Broadway to develop it. He was a very creative man. Once the buzz started, it was a path for the show to Broadway. The investors on Broadway could actually come see the show before they put money into it, which was a great strategy. What we were doing on stage every night was happening in the streets. We became the authority on the movement, with the cast actually invited to colleges for lectures.", "Hair opened on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre on April 29, 1968. The production was directed by Tom O'Horgan and choreographed by Julie Arenal, with set design by Robin Wagner, costume design by Nancy Potts, and lighting design by Jules Fisher. The original Broadway \"tribe\" (i.e., cast) included authors Rado and Ragni, who played the lead roles of Claude and Berger, respectively, and Lynn Kellogg as Sheila, Lamont Washington as Hud, Sally Eaton and Shelley Plimpton reprising their off-Broadway roles as Jeanie and Crissy, Melba Moore as Dionne, Steve Curry as Woof, Ronnie Dyson (who sang \"Aquarius\"), Paul Jabara and Diane Keaton (both Moore and Keaton later played Sheila).[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id", "1968 - Hair made its way from Greenwich Village to to the Biltmore Theatre on Broadway. The show certainly opened eyes. It was the first time that actors appeared nude in a Broadway musical. Hair ran for 1,844 shows on and off Broadway. It was even more successful in its London run later. Big songs from the show: Hair (The Cowsills) and Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The 5th Dimension).", "“Hair” didn’t have much of a plot; a young man named Claude, set loose among the “tribe” of young hippies in Washington Square, faces being drafted in the Vietnam War. What was far more compelling was the phantasmagoria that exploded around him. “Hair” was, in many ways, simply a revue, showing practically every aspect of the counterculture in a variety of musical styles, dance, and stage effects. In April 1968, “Hair” took the IRT to Broadway, ensconcing itself at the Biltmore Theater on West 47th Street. The show’s nudity was a first for a Broadway musical, as was its full rock score. Both intrigued potential customers, and “The American Tribal Love Rock Musical” — a subtitle coined as a gag — settled in for a run of 1,742 performances.", "In the height of the anti-Vietnam War movement, hippie counter culture and a sexual revolution, Hair broke down the boundaries of racial integration, sexuality and political rebellion in the late 1960s. Hair is about a tribe of long-haired hippies fighting conscription to the Vietnam War and navigating through a world of racial inequality, drugs, homosexuality and poverty. At the heart of the group is Claude a somewhat bewildered hippie who struggles with the decision to either burn his draft card like his friends or to give into his responsibility as an American and go off to fight. He chooses the latter, is killed and mourned by his friends. Hair debuted off-Broadway in October 1967 and six months later moved to Broadway. It was made into a movie in 1979 and has been staged a myriad of times across the globe, including two Broadway revivals (1977 and 2009). The original production was nominated for two Tony awards (Best Musical and Best Director), but lost both to 1776.", "Rado and Ragni became friends and began writing Hair together in late 1964. Rado explained, \"We were great friends. It was a passionate kind of relationship that we directed into creativity, into writing, into creating this piece. We put the drama between us on stage.\" He recalled, \"There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas, and we thought if we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful.... We hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins [and] let our hair grow.\" Hair premiered off-Broadway in October 1967 and opened on Broadway in April 1968. It became a sensation, running for 1,750 performances and spawning numerous productions around the world and a 1979 film adaptation. Some of the songs from its score became Top 10 hits, and numerous albums of the songs have been released. The 2009 Broadway revival has earned the Tony Award for best revival and has also opened in London's West End.", "When HAIR moved to the Biltmore Theatre on Broadway after 144 Off-Broadway performances at Joseph Papp’s Public Theatre, it played for 1,750 performances starring James Rado, Gerome Ragni, Lynn Kellogg, and Sally Eaton. It was revived on Broadway in 1977 at the Biltmore Theatre starring Randall Easterbrook, Michael Holt, Ellen Foley and Iris Rosenkrantz. In 2009, it returned to Broadway and played for 519 performances at the Al Hirshfeld Theatre starring Gavin Creel, Will Swenson, Caissie Levy and Megan Lawrence.", "Hair was Broadway's first concept musical, a form that dominated the musical theatre of the seventies,Horn, pp. 127–29 including shows like Company, Follies, Pacific Overtures and A Chorus Line. While the development of the concept musical was an unexpected consequence of Hairs tenure on Broadway, the expected rock music revolution on Broadway turned out to be less than complete.", "As popular musical tastes shifted in the 60's, the popularity of the traditional Broadway musical faded. The rock musical \"happening\" Hair (1968) was hailed as a landmark, but it ushered in a period of confusion in the musical theatre. Composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim and director Hal Prince refocused the genre in the 1970s by introducing \"concept musicals\" - shows built around an idea rather than a traditional plot. Company (1970), Follies (1972), and A Little Night Music (1973) are examples of this idea of a concept musical which peaked with A Chorus Line (1974), conceived and directed by Michael Bennett.", "It was rare for so many productions to run simultaneously during an initial Broadway run. Producer Michael Butler, who had declared that Hair is \"the strongest anti-war statement ever written\", said the reason that he opened so many productions was to influence public opinion against the Vietnam War and end it as soon as possible. ", "In 1959, the otherwise lightweight off Broadway musical Once Upon a Mattress became one of the first New York shows to practice colorblind casting, putting Jane White, an African American actress in the role of the Queen, playing mother to the Caucasian actor Joe Bova. In 1961, Jean Genet�s off Broadway play The Blacks caused a sensation, addressing issues of race and racism in the most radical, most relevant terms ever on a New York stage. The show ran for more than 1,400 performances and it signaled the (re-)birth of black theatre in America. In 1962, the play Alarums and Excursions satirized growing American involvement in Vietnam for the first time. In the fall of 1962, the Writers� Stage, a new off Broadway theatre company, was born, and its founders wrote a statement of purpose:", "The show originated in 1970 as Tebelak's master's thesis project, under the direction of Lawrence Carra, at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A version was performed at Carnegie Mellon in 1970, with several of the cast members from the CMU Music Department. Tebelak then directed the show, with much of the student cast, for a two-week, ten performance run at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club (aka Cafe la Mama), New York City, opening February 24, 1971. It was brought to the attention of producers Edgar Lansbury (brother of Angela Lansbury), Joseph Beruh, and Stuart Duncan by Carnegie alumnus Charles Haid (associate producer), who wanted to open it Off-Broadway. ", "Michael Butler produced Hair at the MET Theatre in Los Angeles from September 14 through December 30, 2007. The show was directed and choreographed by Bo Crowell, with musical direction from Christian Nesmith (son of Michael Nesmith). Butler's production of Hair won the LA Weekly Theater Award for Musical of the Year. ", "Nine months later, The Public Theater presented a fully staged production of Hair at the Delacorte in a limited run from July 22, 2008 to September 14, 2008. Paulus again directed, with choreography by Karole Armitage. Groff and Swenson returned as Claude and Berger, together with others from the concert cast. Caren Lyn Manuel played Sheila, and Christopher J. Hanke replaced Groff as Claude on August 17. Reviews were generally positive, with Ben Brantley of The New York Times writing that \"this production establishes the show as more than a vivacious period piece. Hair, it seems, has deeper roots than anyone remembered\". Time magazine wrote: \"Hair... has been reinvigorated and reclaimed as one of the great milestones in musical-theatre history. ... Today Hair seems, if anything, more daring than ever.\"", "The London production opened at the New London Theatre in June 1973 with a cast that included a then-unknown Richard Gere as Danny, Stacey Gregg as Sandy, Stephen Bent as Roger, Jacqui-Ann Carr as Rizzo, and Derek James as Doody. Later Paul Nicholas and Elaine Paige, who had been in the London production of Hair, took over the leads. Kim Braden would also play Sandy. It was revived in London at the Astoria in 1979 with Su Pollard and Tracey Ullman in the two lead roles.", "The show opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons, starring Mandy Patinkin and Bernadette Peters, in July 1983 and ran for 25 performances. Only the first act was performed and even that was still in development. The first act was fleshed out and work began on the second during that time and the complete two-act show was premièred during the last three performances. After seeing the show at Playwrights, composer Leonard Bernstein wrote to his friend Sondheim, calling the show \"brilliant, deeply conceived, canny, magisterial and by far the most personal statement I've heard from you thus far. Bravo.\".Brown, Chip. \"Sondheim!\", Smithsonian, August 2002, 33(5) Kelsey Grammer (Young Man on the Bank and Soldier), Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio (Celeste #2) and Christine Baranski (Clarisse, who was later renamed Yvonne) were in the company of the off-Broadway production but did not continue with the show to Broadway. ", "Extending the precedents set by Show Boat (1927) and Porgy and Bess (1935), Hair opened the Broadway musical to racial integration; fully one-third of the cast was African American.Horn, p. 134 Except for satirically in skits, the roles for the black members of the tribe portrayed them as equals, breaking away from the traditional roles for blacks in entertainment as slaves or servants. An Ebony magazine article declared that the show was the biggest outlet for black actors in the history of the U.S. stage.", "In mid-2002, Margo Lion teamed with writers Marc Shaiman and Thomas Meehan to turn Hairspray into a Broadway musical production. The show opened on August 15, 2002 starring Marissa Jaret Winokur as Tracy and Harvey Fierstein as Edna. The show went on to win eight Tony Awards, including Best Musical, in 2003. The show closed on January 4, 2009.", "The stage play, written by Robert Harling, is still popular today and has frequent productions mounted throughout the United States . It was originally staged Off-Broadway . All of the action of the play takes place solely on one set — Truvy's beauty salon, which is part of her house. There are only six characters (all female) that appear on stage. There is the voice of a DJ on the radio that is heard during the play. All the other characters (like the male characters) that appear in the film version are only referred to in the dialog. The original stage production opened at the WPA Theatre, in New York City , on 28 March 1987. It was directed by Pamela Berlin and featured Margo Martindale as Truvy, Constance Shulman as Annelle, Kate Wilkinson as Clairee, Mary Fogarty as Ouiser, Blanche Baker as Shelby and Rosemary Prinz as M'Lynn. The production moved to the Lucille Lortel Theatre on 19 June 1987, with Betsy Aidem taking over the role of Shelby.", "Jonathan Larson moved Puccini’s characters from 1830-ish Paris to 1990-ish Alphabet City: Mimì’s lost key becomes Mimi’s lost bag of dope; tuberculosis becomes AIDS; “Quando me’n vo’” becomes “Take Me or Leave Me.” Rent opened off Broadway in 1996—the day after the thirty-five-year-old Larson died from a freak heart problem. The show moved to Broadway, won the Tony and Pulitzer Prize and ran for twelve years and more than 5,000 performances (during which time Bohème played 169 performances at the Met), making it the eleventh longest-running show in Broadway history.", "He+Put+Hair+on+Broadway%27s+Chest&stp \"He Put Hair on Broadway's Chest\"]. New York Times, p. D1. Retrieved on May 26, 2008. and walked out of the production. Richard Rodgers could only hear the beat and called it \"one-third music\".", "A wild-eyed theater director (Philip Seymour Hoffman) attempts to build a life-sized replica of New York City in preparation for an ambitious play in the feature directorial debut of notoriously quirky screenwriter Charlie Kaufman (Being John Malkovich, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind). Catherine Keener, Michelle Williams, and Emily Watson co-star in a tale of one man's quest to stage the ultimate love letter to the Big Apple.", "In New York, Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti, and there he met Sondheim, who had heard that East Side Story, now retitled West Side Story, was back on track. Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music, and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics, but the team opted to work on Peter Pan instead. Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task. Initially he resisted, because he was determined to write the full score for his next project (Saturday Night had been aborted), but Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience, and he accepted.[8] Meanwhile, Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters’ backgrounds: Anton, once an Italian American, was now of Polish descent, and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican.[9]", "Faith Prince as Audrey in the Off-Broadway production (Howard Ashman Papers, Music Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC.)", "Jerome Robbins' Broadway was a Broadway revue, directed by Robbins, showcasing scenes from some of his most popular earlier works on Broadway. The show ran from February 1989 to September 1990 and won six Tony Awards, including best musical. It featured \"Shall We Dance\" and \"The Small House of Uncle Thomas\" ballet, with Kikuchi as Eliza. Yuriko was the choreographic \"reconstruction assistant\". ", "The first Broadway revival began performances on October 13, 2011 at the Circle in the Square Theatre and officially opened on November 7, 2011 to mostly negative to mixed reviews. Theatre review aggregator Curtain Critic gave the production a score of 63 out of 100 based on the opinions of 18 critics. Starring Hunter Parrish, Wallace Smith, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, Celisse Henderson, Telly Leung, George Salazar, Morgan James, Uzo Aduba, Nick Blaemire and Lindsay Mendez, it was directed by Daniel Goldstein, choreographed by Christopher Gattelli, and produced by Ken Davenport. On April 17, 2012, Corbin Bleu took over in the starring role, as Jesus. The 2011 cast recording was released digitally on December 20, 2011, and was released in stores on January 31, 2012. The production closed on June 24, 2012. ", "Making her stage debut on the West Coast in the musical \"Promises, Promises\", she went on to play opposite Stacy Keach in \"Hamlet\" in Los Angeles before earning acting accolades back East. She started off promisingly by winning a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the musical \"I Love My Wife\" in 1977. After some TV, including a one-season sitcom Hello, Larry with McLean Stevenson , she regained her Broadway footing in the mid-1980s, copping a supporting Tony nomination and Clarence Derwent Award for \"Joe Egg\" (1985) and winning a Drama Desk Award for her combined work in \"It's Only a Play\" and \"Social Security\" (1985). She then captured New York's acting \"triple crown\" (Tony, Outer Critic Circle, Drama Desk awards) for her show-stopping turn as the Baker's Wife in the Stephen Sondheim musical \"Into the Woods\" (1987).", "New York City Center mounted short runs of the musical in 1955, 1965 and 1966. A production starring Walter Matthau as Nathan Detroit, Helen Gallagher as Adelaide, Ray Shaw as Sky and Leila Martin as Sarah had 31 performances, running from April 20 to May 1, and May 31 to June 12, 1955. " ]

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[ "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines was founded on 7 October, 1919 to serve the Netherlands and its colonies. KLM is today the oldest airline still operating under its original name. KLM has been part of the AIR FRANCE KLM group since the merger in 2004. KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 130 destinations worldwide. It is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. As of 2013 it had 32,505 employees. KLM's headquarters is in Amstelveen near its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol", "Founded in 1919, KLM (KL) is the oldest airline in the world operating under its original name. The airline, which operates from a hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. Its subsidiaries include KLM Cityhopper (WA) and Transavia (HV). KLM flies to about 130 destinations in 69 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. A member of the SkyTeam alliance, the carrier also has codeshare agreements with 29 other airlines. KLM's fleet of 113 passenger aircraft includes both Boeing and Airbus planes. Each is typically configured with a Business Class cabin, Economy Comfort Class and Economy Class.", "1919 – KLM, the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name, was founded.", "1919: KLM, the national airline of the Netherlands, was established. It is the oldest existing airline.", "Tuesday marks the 95th anniversary Dutch carrier KLM, the airline generally regarded as the world's oldest. The company was established on Oct. 7, 1919. The company commemorated the anniversary with a series", "DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the world's first airline. It was founded on November 16, 1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. Its headquarters were in Frankfurt. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1, 1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, Florida. The four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands' KLM (1919), Colombia's Avianca (1919), Australia's Qantas (1921), and the Czech Republic's Czech Airlines (1923).", "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines was founded on 7 October, 1919 to serve the Netherlands and its colonies. KLM is today the oldest airline still operating under its original name.", "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (English for Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij. correct me if i'm wrong Airbuster) is the national airline of the Netherlands and is part of Air France-KLM. Based in Amstelveen, the Netherlands. It operates domestic and worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations. Its main base is Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. It has 30,118 employees (as of June 2008 ) And was founded in October 7 1919. ( sorry for repeating what you said CARST but seems right just to add that on)", "Interesting fact: KLM was founded on October 7, 1919, making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name.", "As far as I know, the longest operating airline worldwide. KLM Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (Royal Dutch Air Lines) was founded in 1919. It is still operating and the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM merged with Air France , but both use their names till today.", "Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT S.A. (, flight), trading as LOT Polish Airlines, is the flag carrier of Poland. Based in Warsaw and established in 1929, it is one of the world's oldest airlines still in operation. With a fleet of approximately 45 aircraft, LOT operates a complex network to 60 destinations in Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia. Most of the destinations originate from its hub, Warsaw Chopin Airport. ", "Avianca is the national airline of Columbia, the world's second oldest airline behind KLM. Avianca offers 122 routes with both domestic and international flights available, with a fleet of 163 planes. Most of Avianca's destinations lie within South American and Latin America, though the airline operates a decent number of full-service flights to destinations in the Southern United States as well as Europe. Avianca is a member of the Star Alliance, maintains partnerships with airlines such as United, Lufthansa, Aeromexico, and Iberia, and manages several subsidiary airlines offering regional service to South American destinations.", "Please add the oldest, and one of the longest running airlines in history – Wien Air Alaska – flew over 60 years, starting in early 1924 (2 years before Western and 4 years before Pan Am), and it was raped & liquidated in Dec. 1984.", "LOT Polish Airlines is the flag carrier of Poland. LOT was established in 1929 and is based in Warsaw, making it one of the world's oldest airlines still in operation. Using a fleet of 55 aircraft, LOT operates a complex network to 60 destinations in Europe, North America, and Asia.", "Cecil B. DeMille founded the Mercury Aviation Company (aka Mercury Air Lines ) in 1919. Mercury was the first American airlines to carry air freight and passengers commercially on regularly scheduled runs. It scheduled service to Santa Catalina Island and San Diego, later San Francisco, with Junker-Larsen JL-6 monoplanes. Inaugurated five months before KLM began operations in Europe.^^", "Some of the most notable aircraft in the collection are the five Edwardian aeroplanes, of which one is the oldest British aeroplane still in flying condition. What makes these exceptional is that they still fly (weather permitting). The oldest, with British civil registration G-AANG, is the Bleriot XI (still with original engine), which dates back to 1909 - six years after the Wright brothers' aircraft and the world's oldest airworthy aeroplane, the next oldest being, at only three weeks newer by date of manufacture, the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's own restored original Bleriot XI (Bleriot factory serial number 56, with civil registration N60094) in the United States.", "Howard Hughes acquired control of TWA in 1939, and after World War II led the expansion of the airline to serve Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, making TWA a second unofficial flag carrier of the United States after Pan Am . [5] [6] Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and the new management of TWA acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an attempt to diversify the company's business. As the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 led to a wave of airline failures, start-ups, and takeovers in the United States, TWA was spun off from its holding company in 1984. Carl Icahn acquired control of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, and was further stressed by the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996. In 2001 TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003. [7]", "Lufthansa was established in 1926, following a merger between Deutsche Aero Lloyd (DAL) and Junkers Luftverkehr. It operated its first flight in that same year with a Fokker F-11, taking off from Berlin-Tempelhof for Zurich. In 1953, Aktiengesellschaft für Luftverkehrsbedarf (LUFTAG) acquired the Deutsche Lufthansa brand name and thereafter operated under that name. Lufthansa is a superpower in the airline industry, with 117,000 employees and numerous subsidiaries including Air Dolomiti, Swiss International Airlines, Eurowings, Augsburg Airways and Contact Air.", "1942 - The first commercial around-the-world airline flight took place today. Pan American World Airways was the company credited with the historic feat.", "The oldest surviving DC-3 is N133D, the sixth Douglas Sleeper Transport built in 1935. This aircraft was delivered to American Airlines on 12 July 1935 as NC16005. As of November 2010, the aircraft was at Griffin-Spaulding County Airport , Griffin, Georgia , where it was being prepared for a ferry flight to Charlotte County Airport , Punta Gorda, Florida . The aircraft will be restored back to Douglas Sleeper Transport standards, and full airworthiness.", "In the history of civil aviation, Germany may hold a unique distinction - that of having an airship service as its first airline, considered also by many as the world's first passenger airline. On November 16, 1909, German entrepreneurs created a company named DELAG (Deutsche Luftschiffahrt Aktien Gesellschaft). The company used one of the large airships built by Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin. The early DELAG flights, between 1910 and 1914, and then after World War I, between 1919 and 1921, cost passengers between 100 and 200 reichsmarks, much more than the income of an average German worker. For the most part, DELAG airships carried wealthy foreigners across Germany to cities such as Berlin, Potsdam, and Dusseldorf.", "Hindenburg was the last passenger aircraft of the world’s first airline — her chief steward was the first flight attendant in history — and she was the fastest way to cross the Atlantic in her day.", "In 1938 a Lufthansa Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor long range airliner flew non-stop from Berlin to New York and returned non-stop as a proving flight for the development of passenger carrying services. This was the first landplane to fulfil this function and marked a departure from the British and American reliance on seaplanes for long over-water routes. A regular Lufthansa Transatlantic service was planned but didn't start before World War II.", "The airport was opened in January 1911 from private funding by the Hamburger Luftschiffhallen GmbH (HLG), making it the oldest airport in the world which is still in operation. The original site comprised 45 hectares and was primarily used for airship flights in its early days. In 1913, the site was expanded to 60 hectares, the northern part being used for airship operations, while the southeast area was used for fixed-wing aircraft. ", "However, there are still a few surviving airlines with over 90 years of experience uder their wings, literally.", "By the early 1920s, small airlines were struggling to compete, and there was a movement towards increased rationalization and consolidation. In 1924, Imperial Airways was formed from the merger of Instone Air Line Company, British Marine Air Navigation, Daimler Airway and Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., to allow British airlines to compete with stiff competition from French and German airlines that were enjoying heavy government subsidies. The airline was a pioneer in surveying and opening up air routes across the world to serve far-flung parts of the British Empire and to enhance trade and integration. ", "Young aviator Tony Jannus made history on January 1, 1914 when he flew the world’s first scheduled passenger service airline flight from St. Petersburg’s downtown yacht basin to Tampa.", "On April 7, 1967, TWA became one of the USA's first all-jet airlines with the retirement of their last Lockheed L-749A Constellation and L-1649 Starliner cargo aircraft. That morning, throughout the TWA system, aircraft ground-service personnel placed a booklet on every passenger seat titled \"Props Are For Boats.\"", "On April 7, 1967, TWA became one of the USA's first all-jet airlines with the retirement of their last Lockheed L-749A Constellation and L-1649 Starliner cargo aircraft. That morning, throughout the TWA system, aircraft ground-service personnel placed a booklet on every passenger seat titled \"Props Are For Boats\".", "The history of “Fly The Friendly Skies of United” printed ads is featured in this commemorative ad created 20 years after the slogan was launched:", "Definition: Aglobal airline that was a dominant U.S. international carrier for much of the twentieth century.", "“Daredevil Lindbergh” in a re-engined Standard J-1, the plane in this photo often misidentified as a Curtiss “Jenny”, probably 1925" ]

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[ "Eleanor Roosevelt once famously said “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” She was right.", "First Lady Michelle Obama echoed Gabby Giffords' eloquent epigram when she responded to Donald Trump's claim that he can \"do anything\" to women because he's a \"star,\" even kiss and grope them without their consent.", "Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (née Smith; August 18, 1927) is the wife of the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, and in that capacity served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. She has for decades been a leading advocate for numerous causes, perhaps most prominently for mental health research. She was politically active during her White House years, sitting in on Cabinet and policy meetings as well as serving as her husband's closest adviser. She also served as an envoy abroad, to Latin America in particular.", "Despite her enormous record of activism, public speaking, fundraising, and acute degree of conscientious professionalism in all that she did, upon becoming First Lady Lou Hoover decided to restrict the degree of what had been an adult life of public activism. She did this on the premise that she would be expected to behave publicly in a way that did not defy the feminine traditional decorum associated with her new status. Seemingly overnight, her words and deeds assumed a previously unseen subdued nature.", "Dear Quote Investigator: There is a remarkably insightful statement about self-esteem that is usually credited to Eleanor Roosevelt, the diplomat and former First Lady:", "Few first ladies have been as popular as Betty Ford, and it was her frankness and lack of pretense that made her so. She spoke often in support of the Equal Rights Amendment, endorsed legalized abortion, discussed premarital sex and revealed that she intended to share a bed with her husband in the White House.", "First Lady Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is a lawyer, writer, and the wife of the 44th and current President, Barack Obama. She is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Through her four main initiatives, she has become a role model for women and an advocate for healthy families, service members and their families, higher education, and international adolescent girls education.", "In numerous ways, Lou Hoover broke from social restrictions long placed around women. Among friends and family, in the privacy of Camp Rapidan, she sported riding pants without worry of judgment. She broke the unwritten code that pregnant women who were beginning to physically appear so, should cease to be seen in public, and encouraged expectant mothers to attend her White House events, even inviting women in this condition to receive guests with her. When a pregnant White House servant assumed the First Lady would not want her working there, Lou Hoover reacted by insisting she use the elevators instead of climbing stairs and work less hours if she needed to. Using the family elevator was a privilege that Lou Hoover also extended to a disabled servant.", "Most notable is another precedent set by Julia Grant by issuing what is likely the first press release to come directly from, and quote a First Lady, although it pertained to a trivial matter. Asked to name which American woman dressed so well that she could lead fashion trends away from the dominant European influence of France’s Empress Eugenie, Julia Grant issued the statement for publication that, \"In matters pertaining to good sense and fine tact, I rely upon Mrs. Fish,\" said Julia.  ", "An early example of her protective nature occurred when Senator Strom Thurmond entered the President's hospital room that day in March, passing the Secret Service detail by claiming he was the President's \"close friend\", presumably to acquire media attention.[109] Nancy was outraged and demanded he leave.[40] While the president recuperated in the hospital, the first lady slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by the scent.[40] When Reagan was released from the hospital on April 12, she escorted him back to the White House.", "Kitt flagged down a cab. On the radio she heard, \"Eartha Kitt makes the First Lady cry.\" She was stunned. The reporter also stated that Kitt conducted herself like a raving mad lunatic at the White House, which was also false.", "Quote: \"I wouldn't mind if Hilary Clinton was president.\" Madonna throws her weight behind the former first lady.", "During the Clinton presidency, Mrs. Ford praised first lady Hillary Clinton, saying she had been with her at a meeting on health care and found her \"courteous, charming, able, attractive. ... She asks good questions. She picked out one of the most demanding roles she possibly could.\"", "Lady Thatcher’s blend of candor and assertiveness entranced supporters and enraged opponents. Unlike Reagan, whose affability helped make his policies popular, she earned a reputation for inflexibility, stridency, and arrogance. Rather than regretting such an image, Lady Thatcher seemed to revel in it. “I think sometimes the prime minister should be intimidating,” she once said. “There’s not much point being a weak, floppy thing in the chair, is there?”", "President Barack Obama praised her courage and compassion. \"As our nation's first lady, she was a powerful advocate for women's health and women's rights,'' he said in a statement.", "The U.S. first lady was furious. In \"My Turn,\" her memoir, she said, \"It wasn't a very polite answer, especially from somebody who hadn't even seen the private living quarters!\"", "Former Reagan administration staffer Anita McBride remembers Nancy Reagan for the style and elegance that she brought to the White House. \\u0022As women, we didn't wear pants in the West Wing and that was one of Mrs. Reagan's rules,\\u0022 she recall AP", "When she finished her remarks, the hall erupted in support of her remarks, although media coverage of it within China was banned. It is likely the most important one made by an American First Lady and drew as much attention as was hoped.", "At least one frequent guest challenged a prevailing perception of Harriet Lane, claiming \"it cannot be said\" that she was \"a popular woman.\" As Sarah Pryor recalled, Harriet Lane \"followed a prescribed rule of manner from which she never deviated\" and thus \"lacked magnetism.\"Harriet Lane adhered strictly to the limitations which the President believed were appropriate for the family of a leader of a democracy, namely that she refuse all gifts offered to her. \"Think of my feelings when the lovely lacquered boxes and tables from the Japanese Embassy brought me were turned form the door,\" she later recalled her frustration, \"to say nothing of the music-boxes and these fascinating sewing-machines they had just invented.\"", "The car sped the 3.4 miles to Dallas' Parkland Hospital, and on arrival there, the President was rushed into a trauma room. The First Lady at first remained in a room for relatives and friends of patients just outside. A few minutes into her husband's treatment she attempted to enter the operating room. A nurse stopped her and tried to bar the door but she persisted, and the President's personal doctor, Admiral George Burkley who was traveling with them, suggested she take a sedative, which she refused. \"I want to be there when he dies,\" she told Burkley. He eventually persuaded the nurse to grant her access to Trauma Room One, saying: \"It's her right, it's her prerogative.\"[page needed]", "She was open about the benefits of psychiatric treatment, and spoke understandingly about marijuana use and premarital sex. The new First Lady noted during a televised White House tour that she and the President shared the same bed. Ford was a guest on 60 Minutes and, in a characteristically candid interview, she discussed how she would counsel her daughter if she was having an affair. She said she \"would not be surprised\" by that, and also acknowledged that her children may have experimented with marijuana, which was popular among the young. Some conservatives called her \"No Lady\" for her comments and demanded her \"resignation\", but her overall approval rating was at a high seventy-five percent. As she later said, during her husband's failed 1976 presidential campaign, \"I would give my life to have Jerry have my poll numbers.\"", "\"She was a wonderful wife and mother; a great friend; and a courageous first lady,\" the former president said in a statement. \"No one confronted life's struggles with more fortitude or honesty.\"", "\"I see the first lady as another means to keep a president from becoming isolated,\" she said in 1985. \"I talk to people. They tell me things. And if something is about to become a problem, I'm not above calling a staff person and asking about it. I'm a woman who loves her husband and I make no apologies for looking out for his personal and political welfare.\"", "Dr. John Hutton, Physician to the President: One of the agents next to me says, \"Doc, the First Lady wants you down in the barn.\" And as I walked down there, everybody else is walking away, which wasn't customary and I said, gee, what's in store? She says, \"Now John,\" she says, \"you stand here. We're going to have a little meeting, but we're not all here yet.\"", "How taken aback was she by the reaction to the “ selfie ”? She was accused of engaging in behaviour unbecoming of a head of government at a memorial service, and of flirting with Obama. “Quite surprised,” she says as she finishes a mouthful of curry. “People were literally dancing and singing, and there was quite a good atmosphere. And all the heads of state and government, we didn’t get a fixed seat so we just had to basically find a seat when we got there. So everything was a bit loose and relaxed and then people were gathering in that corner where I was, not because of me but because of the guy I was sitting next to.", "One of her most famous speeches was Freedom From Fear, which began: \"It is not power that corrupts, but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it.\"", "One of her most famous speeches is the “Freedom From Fear” speech, which begins, “It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it.”", "[Quoted in Woman's Day, 11-1-05]: My whole life, I've wanted to feel comfortable in my skin. It's the most liberating thing in the world.", "“But Donald cannot be calm,” she admits. “He’s very outspoken. He just says it as it is.” That’s exactly why she thinks The Donald — as she famously referred to him in a 1989 Spy magazine interview — would make a great president.", "“She’s very competitive, and she believes deeply in him and in what we’re doing,” David Axelrod said later. “I don’t think she’s a pacifist—if she thinks we’re being treated unfairly or doesn’t think we’re being aggressive enough in debunking attacks, she will say so. She does not fold up into the lotus position and start chanting ‘kumbaya.’ She’s against gratuitous attacks but she’s not against defending our position and making sure we don’t get punked.”", "Chancellor, “bold and brave” on stage, was less confident off it. Her free spirit, moreover, was often regarded with opprobrium. “I hated it when people would call me daffy because I’d left my purse in a shop five times in one day,” she says.", "The former President told the crowd about how he met his wife for the first time. He also called her \"the best damn change-maker I've ever met in my entire life.\"" ]

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[ "Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams had previously won a Super Bowl, as the Steelers were the defending champions and the Cowboys had won Super Bowl VI.", "Super Bowl X was played between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl.", "* January 18 – Super Bowl X: The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Dallas Cowboys 21–17 at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida.", "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Super Bowl XXIX was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowls. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens).", "*New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first-half touchdown. The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so.", "In Super Bowl XLIX , the New England Patriots , the AFC champions, beat the NFC and defending Super Bowl champions, the Seattle Seahawks .", "Super Bowl XXX: Back in the Super Bowl for the third time in four years Cowboys fans must have had a flashback to the 70's as they faced the Pittsburgh Steelers in Tempe, Arizona. The Cowboys appeared to have the game in control leading 20-7 after a Larry Brown Interception set up an Emmittt Smith Touchdown run. However the Steelers would score ten unanswered points in the 4th Quarter to get back in the game. After the Cowboys stalled on offense the Steelers got the ball and drove down the field getting into Cowboys territory and appeared on the way to at least tying the game. However, Corner Back Larry Brown stepped up again intercepting a Neil O'Donnell pass and returning it deep into Steelers, to set up Emmitt Smith for a Touchdown that sealed the Cowboys fifth Super Bowl Championship 27-17. For his two key interception return unheralded Larry Brown received MVP honors.", "The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL over the Seattle Seahawks , 21-10. The franchise would tie the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys for most Super Bowl titles at five. After the Seahawks had drawn the game to 14-10, the Steelers clinched the game in the fourth quarter with Antwaan Randle El connecting with Hines Ward 43-yard touchdown to ice the game. Hines Ward was named Super Bowl MVP , catching 5 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 18 yards.", "In Super Bowl XLIX, the New England Patriots, the AFC champions, beat the NFC and defending Super Bowl champions, the Seattle Seahawks.", "The Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the premier association of professional American football. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970. After the merger, each league became a \"conference\", and the game was then played between conference champions. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played in 1967 to determine the championship of the regular season played in 1966, while Super Bowl XLV was most recently played on February 6, 2011, which the Green Bay Packers won to become the champions of the 2010 regular season.", "Jan. 28 : The Dallas Cowboys defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers, 27-17, to win the National Football League’s Super Bowl XXX.", "The Super Bowl is the annual  championship game  of the  National Football League  (NFL), the highest level of professional  American football  in the United States, culminating a  season  that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. This game is held at a selected site, usually a city that hosts an NFL team. The Super Bowl uses  Roman numerals  to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held, with  Super Bowl I  being the  1966 season championship game. The upcoming game,  Super Bowl XLVI , will be played at  Lucas Oil Stadium  in Indianapolis, on February 5, 2012, to determine the champion of the  2011 season  between the  New York Giants  and the  New England Patriots .", "The New England Patriots became the next AFC squad to win the title in Super Bowl XXXVI, taking a close game over the St. Louis Rams 20-17. That began an era of New England dominance: The Patriots won three Super Bowls in four years starting with that title. After missing out on the title game in Super Bowl XXXVII (when the Tampa Bay Buccaneers beat the Oakland Raiders), the Patriots won close games in Super Bowl XXXVIII and XXXIX, cementing their dominance in the AFC.", "The following season, Seattle advanced to Super Bowl XLIX, their second consecutive Super Bowl, but they were dethroned of their title by the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24.", "Super Bowl XLV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2010 season. The Packers defeated the Steelers by the score of 31–25. The game was played on February 6, 2011, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Dallas–Fort Worth area.", "* The New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts 31–17 to win their first Super Bowl in franchise history. Drew Brees is named Super Bowl MVP.", "The Steelers became just the third team to win the Super Bowl despite not playing a single home game in the playoffs. The Green Bay Packers, who won Super Bowl I, and the Kansas City Chiefs, who won Super Bowl IV, also accomplished the feat. The Steelers, however, had to win four games to accomplish the feat, while the Chiefs won three and Packers won only two games.", "To date, it is the fourth, and most recent, Super Bowl where both teams were making their Super Bowl debuts. Presently, this would only occur again if the Detroit Lions face either the Cleveland Browns, Jacksonville Jaguars, or the Houston Texans. The Bears entered the game after becoming the second team in NFL history to win 15 regular season games. With their then-revolutionary 46 defense, Chicago led the league in several defensive categories, outscored their opponents with a staggering margin of 456–198, and recorded two postseason shutouts. The Patriots were considered a cinderella team during the 1985 season, and posted an 11–5 regular season record, but entered the playoffs as a wild card because of tiebreakers. But defying the odds, New England posted three road playoff wins to advance to Super Bowl XX.", "*The Colts became just the sixth team to score 10 or more points in the first quarter and lose the game, joining the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI, Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl XIX, the Denver Broncos in both Super Bowls XXI and XXII, and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI", "The Steelers became just the third team to win the Super Bowl despite not playing a single home game in the playoffs. The Green Bay Packers, who won Super Bowl I (against the Kansas City Chiefs), and the Kansas City Chiefs, who won Super Bowl IV (against the Minnesota Vikings), also accomplished the feat. The Steelers, however, had to win four games to accomplish the feat, while the Chiefs won three and Packers won only two games.", "Super Bowl XLIX was played February 1, 2015, in Glendale, Arizona, against the New England Patriots. The Seahawks were ahead by 10 points going into the fourth quarter, but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady (b. 1977) completed 13 of 15 passes in two long drives for touchdowns, giving New England a 28-24 lead with just two minutes remaining. The scene was set for another dramatic finish. Wilson connected with Lynch on a 31-yard pass and run and Kearse made a seemingly impossible catch for a gain of 33 yards. A Lynch run moved the ball to the Patriots 1 with 26 seconds to play. A Seahawks victory seemed all but assured. But then came a fateful decision. With the Patriots lined up to stop another run, Seattle's coaches called for a pass. Wilson threw toward Ricardo Lockette (b. 1986) at the goal line, but Patriot Malcolm Butler (b. 1990) intercepted. The Seahawks and their fans were stunned. Many questioned the decision to pass instead of giving the ball one more time to Lynch. But there was no undoing the outcome. Seattle's quest for another Lombardi Trophy had ended, 20 seconds early and one yard short.", "The SuperBowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League NFL. The contest is held in an American city that is chosen three to four years beforehand, usually in warm-weather or domed sites. The winner of the American Football Conference AFC Championship Game faces the winner of the National Football Conference NFC Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs. Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League AFL and the National Football League (NFL), the two leagues met in a World Championship Game and Super Bowl III in 1969 was the first Super Bowl that carried the \"Super Bowl\" moniker at the time of the game. The NFC leads in Super Bowl wins with 22, while the AFC has won 21. The NFL and AFL each won two World Championships.", "      The Baltimore Ravens, a franchise that has been playing in Baltimore, Md., only since 1996, defeats the New York Giants 34–7 to win Super Bowl XXXV. (See January 31.)", "Super Bowl V proves to be a game of significant firsts. Its the first championship tilt between representatives of the American (Baltimore) and National (Dallas) football conferences within the reorganized NFL. In addition, it is the first Super Bowl to be played on artificial turf, the first to be decided on its final play, and the first to produce a Most Valuable Player who is neither a quarterback or a member of the winning team. It is also the first Super Bowl match-up between two original NFL franchises. Before the 1970 season, Baltimore was one of three teams moved by the NFL to the AFC. The Colts waste little time avenging their Super Bowl III loss to the Jets and the old AFL, by losing only twice during the season and rolling through the AFC playoffs. Although the aged Colts are expected to fall to the younger Cowboys in the Super Bowl, Jim OBriens game-ending 32-yard field goal gives Baltimore the title. In a game marred by 11 turnovers, Dallas linebacker Chuck Howley is named MVP thanks in part to his two interceptions.", "Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC's New York Giants. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7. The game was played on January 28, 2001, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.", "The Patriots played one of the best Super Bowl games ever in their win over the Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII. They finished off the Eagles in fine fashion the following year.", "'The NFL, in the last ten years, has grown larger than George Halas or Jim Thorpe or Bert Bell ever dreamed. In the most recent Super Bowl, the TV ratings topped the season-finale of MASH, which had held the record for most watched program for over 35 years. The game was watched by an average of 106.5 million people, the biggest night of television the country has ever seen. The game also featured another first: the first Super Bowl appearance (and victory) for the New Orleans Saints. While the Saints closed out the decade on top, however, the New England Patriots spent most of the decade in that position. Beginning in 2001, when the Pats upset the hugely-favored St. Louis Rams, the Patriots played in a total of four Super Bowls, winning three. They went undefeated in the 2007 regular season, besting the Miami Dolphins record of 14-0 in '72 with a 16-0 record, though, ironically, they lost the Super Bowl that year, ending with an 18-1 record.'", "Super Bowl 30 was played on January 28th, 1996 at Tempe, Arizona's Sun Devil Stadium. Barry Switzer's Dallas Cowboys beat Bill Cowher's Pittsburgh Steelers, 27-17. Larry Brown's two interceptions led to two Dallas touchdowns and a Pete Rozelle MVP Trophy for Brown. Chris Boniol hit 2 field goals. Emmitt Smith ran for two scores. Troy Aikman hit Michael Irvin on his lone touchdown pass. With 4:15 left in the game Neil Odonnell threw his second pick to Brown ending Pittsburgh's comeback hopes. Lavon Kirkland, Chad Brown, Kevin Greene and Greg Lloyd led the Steeler defense. Brock Marion, Deion Sanders, Charles Haley, Leon Lett, and Darren Woodson all played great for Dallas' defense.", "2001 – The Baltimore Ravens defeat the New York Giants, 34-7, in Super Bowl XXXV. It is one of many national championships won by Baltimore sports teams in football, baseball, indoor soccer and lacrosse", "New England Patriots, American professional gridiron football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts, that plays in the National Football League (NFL). The Patriots have won four Super Bowl titles (2002, 2004, 2005, 2015) and eight American Football Conference (AFC) championships.", "The Baltimore Colts defeat the Dallas Cowboys, 16-13, in Super Bowl V. The game is plagued by a record combined 11 turnovers, and is not decided until Jim O'Brien kicks a 32-yard field goal with five seconds remaining. Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley becomes the first player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP." ]

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[ "The unbeaten run finally came to end in the final of the World Open in 1986 in Toulouse, France, when Jahangir lost to New Zealand’s Ross Norman.[verification needed] Norman had been in pursuit of Jahangir’s unbeaten streak, being beaten time and time again. “One day Jahangir will be slightly off his game and I will get him”, he vowed for five years.[verification needed]", "The unbeaten run finally came to end in the final of the World Open in 1986 in Toulouse, France, when Jahangir lost to New Zealand's Ross Norman. Norman had been in pursuit of Jahangir's unbeaten streak, being beaten time and time again. \"One day Jahangir will be slightly off his game and I will get him,\" he vowed for five years.", "The unbeaten run finally came to end in the final of the World Open in 1986 in Toulouse, France, when Jahangir lost to New Zealand's Ross Norman. Norman had been in pursuit of Jahangir's unbeaten streak, being beaten time and time again. \"One day Jahangir will be slightly off his game and I will get him\", he vowed for five years.", "Jehangir khan is a former World No. 1 squash player from Pakistan, who is considered by many to be the greatest player in the history of the game. During his career he won the World Open six times and the British Open a record ten times. From 1981 to 1986, he was unbeaten in competitive play. During that time he won 555 games consecutively, the longest winning streak by any athlete in top-level professional sports as recorded by Guinness World Records", "Ross Norman (born 7 January 1959 ) is a former professional squash player from New Zealand. He is best remembered for winning the World Open in 1986, when he beat Jahangir Khan of Pakistan in the final 9-5, 9-7, 7-9, 9-1. The win marked the end of an unbeaten run for Khan that had stretched for over five years (the longest in the history of professional sport). Norman had been ranked the World No. 2 behind Khan for some time going into the match, but despite a single-minded determination to end his unbeaten run had been unable to end the total dominance that the Pakistani had held over the game. Norman had vowed: \"One day Jahangir will be slightly off his game and I will get him.\" That day finally came in the final of squash's biggest tournament, which was held that year in Toulouse, France.", "Jahangir Khan first competed internationally in an unofficial 1978 World Junior Championship where he lost in the semi finals. After that, PIA sent 15 year old Khan to compete in World Amateur Championship in Australia where he met Lars Kvant, who was then ranked in the top 5. Khan went down 0-2 before coming back to win in five. This match proved to be the pivoting point in the career of Khan. So, this was the world of Squash. A 15-year old had beaten the best players in the tournament. Khan received a setback after that, due to the death of his brother. Though two years later, he honored the memory of Torsam’s by defeating the Australian squash legend Geoff Hunt to become, at 17, the youngest-ever winner of the World Open. Geoff Hunt resurrected himself in British open and defeated Khan in two hours 24 minutes match. But that was the last time Khan would ever face defeat for a long time.", "In 1981 Jahangir beat Geoff Hunt in a two hour 11 minute marathon at Chichester 9-6 in the fifth. In the British Open, in one of the epic matches in squash history, Geoff Hunt resurrected himself to win over four games in two hours 24 minutes, but that was the last time Jahangir was to suffer defeat for five years and eight months and more than 800 matches. ", "The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe. Players such as F.D. Amr Bey of Egypt dominated the courts in the 1930s, Geoff Hunt of Australia dominated the game during the 1960s and 1970s, winning a record eight British Opens at the time. During the 1980s and 1990s Jahangir Khan of Pakistan won the British Open a record of ten times and Jansher Khan of Pakistan won the World Open a record of eight times.[2] No list of squash champions is complete without referencing the legendary Pakistani Hashim Khan, winner of 7 British Open championships, and his son, Sharif Khan, winner of 12 North American Open titles. Hashim is considered one of the best athletes of all times and is the patriarch of a sports dynasty, consisting of himself, his brother, Azam, nephews Mohibullah and Gul, sons Sharif, Gulmast, Aziz, Liaquat Ali, and Salim Khan - all of whom are squash champions in their own right. Jansher Khan, although sharing the same last name, is not considered part of the \"Khan Dynasty\" of squash as he is not related to Hashim Khan.", "Defeat came one day. Appropriately, it was in France, a country seasoned in violent overthrow. The date was 11 November 1986. The venue was Palais des Sports in Toulouse. The occasion was the final of the UAP World Open. The score was 9-5,9- 7,7-9,9-1. The victor was Ross Norman of New Zealand. It was the most sensational result in the annals of the game. Sheer amazement soon gave way to an odd sense of relief. Jahangir Khan was human. His detractors were delighted. They felt that his defeat was long overdue. In their view, his reign had always been rather suspect. They argued that his pre-eminence was due to the flatness of the surrounding countryside. He had no real competition. Old masters were on their way down. New, thrusting, young talents had not yet matured. He did not even have to beat some players. They succumbed willingly to his reputation. This is not true, forJahangir played and beat the ageing greats when they too were in their prime as players. He became simply too good for them.", "With his dominance over the international squash game in the first half of the 1980s, Jahangir decided to test his ability on the North American hardball squash circuit in 1983–1986. (Hardball squash is a North American variant of the game, played on smaller courts with a faster-moving ball.) Jahangir played in 13 top-level hardball tournaments during this period, winning 12 of them. He faced the leading American player on the circuit at the time, Mark Talbott, on 11 occasions and won 10 of their encounters. With his domination of both the softball and hardball versions of the game, Jahangir truly cemented his reputation as the world's greatest squash player. His success in North America is considered by some observers to be among the factors which led to growing interest in the international softball version of squash in the continent, and the demise of the hardball game in the late-1980s and 1990s.", "With his dominance over the international squash game in the first half of the 1980s secure, Jahangir decided to test his ability on the North American hardball squash circuit in 1983–1986. (Hardball squash is a North American variant of the game, played on smaller courts with a faster-moving ball.) Jahangir played in 13 top-level hardball tournaments during this period, winning 12 of them.[verification needed] He faced the leading American player on the circuit at the time, Mark Talbott, on 11 occasions (all in tournament finals), and won 10 of their encounters.[verification needed] With his domination of both the softball and hardball versions of the game, Jahangir truly cemented his reputation as the world’s greatest squash player. His success in North America is considered by some observers to be among the factors which led to growing interest in the international “softball” version of squash in the continent, and the demise of the hardball game in the late-1980s and 1990s.", "With his dominance over the international squash game in the first half of the 1980s secure, Jahangir decided to test his ability on the North American hardball squash circuit in 1983-1986. (Hardball squash is a North American variant of the game, played on smaller courts with a faster-moving ball.) Jahangir played in 13 top-level hardball tournaments during this period, winning 12 of them. He faced the leading American player on the circuit at the time, Mark Talbott, on 11 occasions (all in tournament finals), and won 10 of their encounters. With his domination of both the softball and hardball versions of the game, Jahangir truly cemented his reputation as the world's greatest squash player. His success in North America is considered by some observers to be among the factors which led to growing interest in the international \"softball\" version of squash in the continent, and the demise of the hardball game in the late-1980s and 1990s.", "In his definitive Squash: a History of the Game (2003), James Zug writes: \"The dream merchants of Hollywood could not make a more romantic story than the rise of Hashim Khan.\" His story certainly inspired the Khan family, who went on to dominate the world of squash for almost 50 years, from 1951, when Hashim won his first British Open, to 1998, when Jansher Khan – scion of another Khan clan – lost in the final of the British Open to Peter Nicol.", "The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe. Players such as F.D. Amr Bey of Egypt dominated the courts in the 1930s. Heather McKay of Australia dominated the game during the 1960s and 1970s, winning sixteen consecutive British Open titles between 1962 and 1977. Another Australian, Geoff Hunt , won a record eight British Open male titles between 1969 and 1981. During the 1980s and 1990s Jahangir Khan of Pakistan won the British Open a record of ten times and Jansher Khan of Pakistan won the World Open a record of eight times. No list of squash champions is complete without referencing the legendary Pakistani Hashim Khan , winner of 7 British Open championships, and his son, Sharif Khan, winner of 12 North American Open titles. Hashim is considered one of the best athletes of all times and is the patriarch of a sports dynasty, consisting of himself, his brother, Azam, nephews Mohibullah and Gul, sons Sharif, Gulmast, Aziz, Liaquat Ali, and Salim Khan - all of whom are squash champions in their own right. Jansher Khan, although sharing the same last name, is not considered part of the \"Khan Dynasty\" of squash as he is not related to Hashim Khan.", "In 1981, when he was 17, Jahangir became the youngest winner of the World Open, beating Australia’s Geoff Hunt (the game’s dominant player in the late-1970s) in the final.[verification needed] That tournament marked the start of an unbeaten run which lasted for five years and 555 matches. The hallmark of his play was his incredible fitness and stamina, which Rehmat Khan helped him build up through a punishing training and conditioning regime. Jahangir was quite simply the fittest player in the game, and would wear his opponents down through long rallies played at a furious pace.", "Five alive: Jahangir Khan's winning streak was ended at World Open in 1986 Photo: ADAM POPE", "Dominating international squash for the better part of a decade – during the 1980s into the 90s – it was initially, however, not at all obvious that Jahangir was going to become the greatest squash champion in history.", "However, when Jahangir was 15 years old his brother Torsam suffered a heart attack during a match and died.  This proved to be a tragic, but decisive turning point in young Jahangir’s life, as he then set out to become world squash champion in honour of his brother’s memory.", "At the end of 1986 another Pakistani squash player, Jansher Khan, appeared on the international scene to challenge Jahangir's domination. (Jansher is not known to be directly related to Jahangir, but their families originate from the same village in the Peshawar region of northern Pakistan, so they may be distantly related.) Jahangir won their first few encounters in late-1986 and early-1987. But Jansher scored his first win over Jahangir in September 1987, beating him in straight games in the semi-finals of the Hong Kong Open. Jansher then went on to beat Jahangir in their next eight consecutive encounters and capture the 1987 World Open title.", "The World Open (squash) was inaugurated in 1976 and serves as the main competition today. Jansher Khan holds the record of winning eight World titles followed by Jahangir Khan with six, Geoff Hunt & Amr Shabana four, Nick Matthew & Ramy Ashour three. The women's record is held by Nicol David with eight wins followed by Sarah Fitzgerald five, Susan Devoy four, and Michelle Martin three.", "Jansher's challenge to Jahangir in 1985-86 was dismissed as the precociousness of an upstart and disdainfully rejected. The man was only 16 and a half. Jansher was true to his word, he beat Jahangir six successive times and then started a rivalry which contributed in no small measure to the acceptance of squash as a true international sport. These two were supported by Ross Norman (New Zealand), and the mighty Australian quartet of Chris Dittmar, Chris Robertson, Rodney Martin and Brett Martin.", "Jahangir ended Jansher's winning streak in March 1988, and went on to win 11 of their next 15 encounters. The pair met in the 1988 World Open final, with Jahangir emerging the victor. But by that point it had become clear that squash now had two dominant players. The pair would continue to dominate the game for the rest of the decade. Jansher and Jahangir met a total of 37 times in tournament play. Jansher won 19 matches and Jahangir 18 matches.", "Former president Parvez Musharraf called him the best amongst the then greatest Pakistani squash players. According to him, Jahangir Khan was the ‘best squash player’ among Hashim Khan and Jansher Khan and also the ‘best athlete who ever lived’.", "Ross Norman was the world number two at the time of his win and had lost something like 30 times to Jahangir - including the 1985 World Open final and the 1986 British Open final. He had been in pursuit of Jahangir for a while and had claimed \"One day Jahangir will be slightly off his game and I will get him.\" He was ranked number two throughout 1986 and 1987 before Jansher Khan emerged. He retired in 1994, largely staying in the top ten until then.", "Time Magazine has named Jahangir as one of Asia's Heroes in the last 60 years. [2] Jahangir Khan was conferred with an honorary Doctorate of Philosophy by London Metropolitan University for his contributions to the sport. Due to his immense and absolute dominance in squash he was nicknamed \"The Conqueror\" (a loose translation of his first name).", "Hashim Khan, Jahangir Khan, and Jansher Khan are the best squash players the world has ever known, with Jahangir the best of the three. If Hollywood only knew his story of tragedy, grit and determination it would make another movie like Chariots of Fire . Many of those who know him consider him the best athlete who ever lived.", "Jansher Khan (born 15 June 1969, in Peshawar , Pakistan ) is a former World No. 1 professional squash player from Pakistan, who is widely considered to be one of the greatest squash players of all time. During his career he won the World Open a record eight times, and the British Open six times.", "In the late 1960’s and 1970’s, he was known as Mr. Squash. He had helped drag a sport which had mainly been the preserve of the English public school elite and the British Empire, firmly into the post-colonial era. With his emphasis on fitness training and on the importance of winning, he managed to transform a sport of the leisured classes into a rigorous modern one. His dynamic, determined personality helped in driving this transformation – to have attended one of his clinics was to have witnessed a master class in the psychology and tactics of the sport. Not only was he a master of the theory of the game, but he managed to reach the position of No.1 in the world game, vying on and off during the 1960’s and 1970’s with the great Australian, Geoff Hunt for the top position.", "A quarter of a century ago, squash was a huge participation sport in Britain. Thrusting young executives did their networking on sports club courts, while on the international stage the British passion for the game was exemplified by the swashbuckling, moustachioed figure of Jonah Barrington.", "Hashim Khan is a former squash player from Pakistan. He won the British Open seven times between 1951 and 1958. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest squash players of all time, and was the first great player to emerge from a Pakistani dynasty of squash players which dominated the international game for decades.", "Azam was introduced to squash by his older brother, Hashim Khan, who was also one of the world's top squash players in his time. After winning the British Open in 1951, Hashim recruited Azam as his practice partner in the summer of 1952.", "Hashim Khan was the first Pakistani to dominate the sport. Having been a squash coach in the British Army, when Pakistan gained independence he joined as a coach for the Pakistan Air Force. It was here he impressed the officers with his skills that they sent him to England to compete out of their own pocket. Despite being in his late forties, Hashim Khan showed great skill and speed and in 1951 competed in the prestigious British Open." ]

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[ "Jomo Kenyatta was born in or around 1889. He was born a member of the Kikuyu tribe in what was then british controlled East Africa. He was given the first of many names he would use in his long life, Kamau wa Ngengi. As a child he assisted his grandfather who was a tribal medicine man and attended classes at a Scottish Mission at Thogoto, west of Nairobi. In 1914 He converted to Christianity and took the name John Peter. By the first world war he was working as a clerk and living with relatives among the Maasai under the name Johnston Kamau.", "Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau wa Ngengi to parents Ngengi wa Muigai and Wambui in the village of Gatundu , in British East Africa (now Kenya), a member of the Kikuyu . His date of birth, sometime in the early to mid-1890s, is unclear, and was unclear even to him, as his parents were almost certainly not literate, and no formal birth records of native Africans were kept in Kenya at that time. [2] [3] His father died while Kamau was very young, after which, as was the custom, he was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who also inherited his mother, to become Kamau wa Ngengi. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ng'enda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather Kũngũ wa Magana, to whom he became very close.", "Jomo Kenyatta, also known as Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, is considered the founding father of the independent nation of Kenya . He became Kenya’s first prime minister (1963–1964) and first president (1964–1978). Acknowledged as a fascinating and courageous leader, his controversial life began when he was born to Muigai and Wambui as a member of the Kikuyu people. His birth name was Kamau wa Ngengi. His parents died while he was a young boy, and he spent time in his youth working with his grandfather, who was a medicine man steeped in the Kikuyu tradition. Kenyatta married his first wife, Grace Wahu, in 1920. They had two children, a daughter and a son.", "Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau to parents Moigoi and Wamboi -- his father was the chief of a small agricultural village in Gatundu Division, Kiambu District - one of five administrative districts in the Central Highlands of British East Africa. Moigoi died when Kamau was very young and he was, as custom dictated, adopted by his uncle Ngengi to become Kamau wa Ngengi. Ngengi also took over the chiefdom and Moigoi's wife Wamboi.", "Moi is a Kalenjin from the Rift Valley, a minor tribe in ethnically divided Kenya. His tribal heritage has been a significant factor in his political career. Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first independence president in 1964 and a Kikuyu, selected Moi as vice president in 1967 partly because Moi lacked a powerful political base and was not a participant in the Luo-Kikuyu fight.", "Because they resented the occupation of their highlands by European farmers and other settlers, the Kikuyu were the first native ethnic group in Kenya to undertake anticolonial agitation, in the 1920s and �30s. They staged the Mau Mau uprising against British rule in 1952 and spearheaded the drive toward Kenyan independence later in the decade. They became the economic and political elite of independent Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta, a Kikuyu, was Kenya�s first prime minister (1963�64) and first president (1964�78). He was also one of the first Africans to receive a Ph.D. (London School of Economics) in anthropology and to publish an ethnography (Facing Mount Kenya, 1938", "Jomo Kenyatta, original name Kamau Ngengi (born c. 1894, Ichaweri, British East Africa [now in Kenya]—died August 22, 1978, Mombasa , Kenya), African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (1963–64) and then the first president (1964–78) of independent Kenya .", "To this day Kenyan society is riven by murderous tribal and ethnic violence which is a legacy of colonial rule. At the time of Kenyatta’s death we wrote that the “Grand Old Man” of Kenya rose to the residency as a Kikuyu tribalist. We added:", "Dedan Kimathi was executed by the British in 1957 for having ordered atrocities and murders as the leader of the Mau-Mau. The Kikuyu Central Association, the political party that fronted for the secret activities of the Mau-Mau, was headed by Johnstone Kamau, better known as Jomo Kenyatta (1892–1978). Under his leadership, Kenya gained independence in 1963", "The Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) had been founded in 1924 in opposition to the theft of Kikuyu land and lack of education. Jomo Kenyatta, an educated Kikuyu who had spent some 16 years in Europe, was a leading member of the KCA at this time. On behalf of the KCA he went to London in 1929 to pressure the colonial government for better terms for the Kikuyu. But contrary to a perspective for independence, his programme was for “meaningful cooperation between the colonial state and his people” (Mau Mau and Kenya, Wunyabari Maloba, 1993). Kenyatta returned to Kenya in 1946 where he was widely revered as the Kikuyus’ leader, the “Burning Spear” who symbolised the growing anti-colonial sentiment among the black population. After the KCA was outlawed in 1941 the Kenya African Union (KAU) was formed in 1944. In 1947 Kenyatta became the leader of the KAU, nominally a nationalist party of all African ethnic groups but dominated by the Kikuyu. The KAU included some trade union militants; its leaders were educated and some had lived abroad. Its demands centred on better conditions for the black population under colonial rule. Although the KAU was for independence in principle it did not see this as attainable in the near future.", "Mau Mau forest armies were largely broken by 1957 and in 1960 the emergency was declared over. Following the rebellion, the British government did implement reforms.  Three years later, in 1963, Kenya received its independence from Great Britain.  One of the alleged Mau Mau leaders, Jomo Kenyatta , became the first president of the new nation.  ", "1953: In Kenya, Jomo Burning Spear Kenyatta was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for his involvement with the Mau-Mau.", "The assumed to be leader of the Mau Mau Rebels, Jomo Kenyatta (PSYOP of the Mau-Mau Uprising).", "Jomo Kenyatta(~1889 – 22 August 1978) was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978, serving first as Prime Minister (1963–64) and then as President (1964–78). He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation. He led nonviolent protest against British colonization of Kenya// Arrested for participation in the violent Mau Mau Rebellion", "The new colonial secretary was Iain MacLeod, a man firmly committed to Kenyan independence and black majority rule. Moving briskly, by mid-1960 MacLeod had encouraged the formation of two political parties: the Kenya African National Union (KANU) was a coalition between the dominant Kikuyu and runner-up Luo tribes, while the Kenya African Democratic Union was made up of smaller tribes fearing Kikuyu domination. Once again in absentia, Kenyatta was nominated the president of KANU.", "The name \"Jomo\" is translated in English to \"Burning Spear\", while the name \"Kenyatta\" was said to be a reference to the beaded Masai belt he wore, and later to \"the Light of Kenya\". After the war, he wrote a pamphlet (with some content contributed by Padmore), Kenya: The Land of Conflict, published by the International African Service Bureau under the imprint Panaf Service.<br /><br /> During this period, Kenyatta was an active member of a group of African, Caribbean and American intellectuals who included Dudley Thompson, George Padmore, C. L. R. James, Eric Williams, I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson, Chris Braithwaite, Amy Ashwood Garvey, Paul Robeson and Ralph Bunche. During his presidency, a number of streets in Nairobi were named after some of these early black-emancipation intellectuals.<br /><br /> Kenyatta acted as an extra in the film Sanders of the River (1934), directed by Zoltan Korda and starring Paul Robeson. Read Less", "On 10 November 1959 the state of emergency was ended in Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta, now aged 71, was released from house arrest in July 1961. He was elected Prime Minster in May 1963. Kenya became an independent African state on 12 December 1963. Four days later a general amnesty was announced for all Mau Mau activists. On 12 December 1964 Kenya was declared a republic and Jomo Kenyatta was its first president.", "Returning to Britain he attended the University of London where he studied economics and anthropology. By 1938 he had completed his First book about Kikuyu customs entitled 'Facing Mount Kenya' which was published under his new and final name, Jomo Kenyatta. Jomo means \"burning spear\" and Kenyatta refers to the beaded belt, or kinyata, that he always wore.", "Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, as he was popularly known, was an important and influential statesman in Africa. He is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state . He pursued a moderate pro-Western, anti-Communist economic philosophy and foreign policy. [21] [22] [23] He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations.", "The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent, representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nation's residents. European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony. Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.", "Born in 1924 at Sacho, Baringo District, Moi was a teacher between 1945 and 1957. He held ministerial posts in the interim administration once the British had decided to withdraw from Kenya and then was Minister of Home Affairs from independence in 1964 right through until 1978 when, as Vice-President and candidate of the only political party allowed, KANU, he succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President. Initially seen as a technocrat, he has become increasingly dictatorial. The longer he has been in power, the more intolerant of dissent he has become.", "20 October, Jomo Kenyatta and five others convicted of organizing the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya. Kenyatta is sentenced to seven years in prison", "Kenyatta was released in August 1961, and, at the London Conference early in 1962, he negotiated the constitutional terms leading to Kenya’s independence. KANU won the preindependence election in May 1963, forming a provisional government, and Kenya celebrated its independence on December 12, 1963, with Kenyatta as prime minister. A year later Kenya became a one-party republic when the main opposition party went into voluntary liquidation. At the same time, Kenyatta became the first president of Kenya under a new constitutional amendment . In this office he headed a strong central government, and successive constitutional amendments increased his authority, giving him, for instance, the power to arrest political opponents and detain them without trial if he considered them dangerous to public order—a power he used effectively though infrequently. To forestall any tribally based opposition, Kenyatta consistently appointed members of different ethnic groups to his government, though he relied most heavily on his fellow Kikuyu. In general, Kenya enjoyed remarkable political stability under Kenyatta’s rule, though conflicts within KANU’s political leadership did occasionally break out because of ideological differences and tribal rivalries.", "Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya, organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers. He came to power only after suppression of the Land & Freedom Army, or Mau Mau, he was the first president of Kenya. He worked hard to unite the various ethnic and language groups in the country.", "In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho. She was popularly referred to as Mama Ngina and was independent Kenya's First Lady , when Kenyatta was elected President.", "Back in Kenya, he married Grace Wanjiku, his third marriage and became the principal of Kenya Teachers College. In 1947, Kenyatta became president of the Kenya African Union (KAU), the first colony-wide African political organization. In 1950, Wanjiku died in childbirth while giving birth to his daughter, Jane Wambui (named after his mother). The following year, Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho.", "The National Day of Kenya marking its independence, with Jomo Kenyatta as the first Prime Minister, in 1963. He became President when Kenya became a republic in 1964.", "Mwai Kibaki, in full Emilio Mwai Kibaki (born November 15, 1931, Gatuyaini, Kenya), Kenyan politician who served as president of Kenya (2002–13).", "President Jomo Kenyatta died in Mombasa on August 22, 1978, and was buried in Nairobi on August 31.", "a member of an African people inhabiting the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania and having a largely pastoral economy and a society based on the patrilineal clan.", "Daniel arap Moi, in full Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (born 1924, Sacho, Kenya Colony [now Kenya]), Kenyan politician, who held the office of president (1978–2002).", "During World War II Kenyatta worked on a farm in Britain and married his second wife, Edna Clarke, who bore him a son, Peter Magana, in 1942. He continued his work as an advocate for his people and Africa in general joining with other African leaders to take part in the 5th Pan African Congress held at Manchester in 1945 where they demanded full independence for Africa." ]

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[ "Color Me Badd is an American contemporary R&B group that was formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The original members of the group were lead singer Bryan Abrams (born November 16, 1969), Mark Calderon (born September 27, 1970), Sam Watters (born July 23, 1970) and Kevin Thornton (born June 17, 1969). The group sold 12 million records worldwide. The group has been well known in Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, parts of east Asia, the United Kingdom, other parts of Europe, Canada and the United States. The group has been on TV shows, commercials, their songs have been in movies such as New Jack City, No Strings Attached and Glee. The group has not only had songs in movies but has starred as themselves on top TV shows in the 1990s such as Beverly Hills, 90210.", "Color Me Badd is an American contemporary R&B group that was formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The original members of the group were lead singer Bryan Abrams (born November 16, 1969), Mark Calderon (born September 27, 1970), Sam Watters (born July 23, 1970) and Kevin Thornton (born June 17, 1969). The group sold 12 million records worldwide. The group has been well known in New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, parts of east Asia, the United Kingdom, other parts of Europe, Canada and the United States. The group has been on TV shows, commercials, their songs have been in movies such as New Jack City, No Strings Attached and Glee. The group has not only had songs in movies but has starred as themselves on top TV shows in the 1990s such as Beverly Hills, 90210.", "Color Me Badd is an American contemporary R&B group that was formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The original members of the group were lead singer Bryan Abrams, Mark Calderon, Sam Watters and Kevin Thornton and later Martin Kember. The group sold 12 million records worldwide. The group has been well known in New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, parts of east Asia, the United Kingdom, other parts of Europe, Canada and the United States. The group has been on TV shows, commercials, their songs have been in movies such as New Jack City, No Strings Attached and Glee. The group has not only had songs in movies but has starred as themselves on top TV shows in the 1990s such as Beverly Hills, 90210.", "In 2015, Bryan Abrams, Mark Calderon, and Kevin Thornton began a tour in Singapore as Color Me Badd. ", "In 2015, Bryan Abrams, Mark Calderon, and Kevin Thornton began a tour in Singapore as Color Me Badd.", "Kevin Thornton had previously left the group in October 1998 to pursue ministry. He later released a Christian solo album, in 2005, that features contemporary hip-hop/rap material with gospel and soul music. Thornton became a licensed minister, in August 2006, and has since served as an evangelist, youth pastor and worship leader at his home church, Without Walls Church, in Fort Worth, TX. He has partnered with the church's non-profit Fort Worth Hope Center in helping to feed over 100,000 families a year in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. He is also actively involved in bringing awareness to the realities of human sex trafficking in America, through his partnership with \"Traffick911.\"", "Abrams, who released the 2001 solo album “Welcome to Me,” said the recent Hawaii show with Calderon “went great.” Now living in the metro and scheduling solo gigs, Abrams also appeared on VH1’s “Mission: Man Band” reality series. He has three songs on Kool & the Gang’s new record and sings lead on all three tracks.", "In 2001, Bryan Abrams released a solo album entitled Welcome to Me. In 2007, Abrams co-starred in the VH1 reality TV series Mission: Man Band. In 2007, Abrams co-wrote and recorded an appearance on the Insane Clown Posse song \"Truth Dare\", which was released on the Psychopathic Records compilations Psychopathics from Outer Space 3 (2007) and Featuring Freshness (2011).", "Mark Calderon continues to write and produce music for various artists including new music for Color Me Badd. He has worked with artists such as Stevie Brock who re-made the hit single \"All For Love\" which reached #1 on Disney Charts, worked with the artist IPV who is signed with Wright Entertainment as well as getting songs played on the hit series \"House MD\" and \"Knight Rider\". He continues to write and produce music. He has been a part of several mission trips to help those less fortunate and continues to be involved with helping the needy. He married Lisa Smedley-Calderon in 1992 who was their fashion stylist and who worked with entertainers such as Whitney Houston, Ralph Tresvant, Bobby Brown,Carmen Electra as well as many other artists and commercials.", "William Adams (born March 15, 1975), better known by his stage name will.i.am (pronounced \"Will I Am\"), is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, entrepreneur, actor, musician, record producer, and philanthropist. He is best known as a founding member of the hip hop and R&B band The Black Eyed Peas, with whom he has received seven Grammy Awards, eight American Music Awards, a Billboard Music Award, a Teen Choice Award, two MTV Video Music Awards and three World Music Awards.", "Nickolas Gene \"Nick\" Carter (born January 28, 1980) is an American singer. He is best known as a member of the pop group the Backstreet Boys. As of 2015 Carter has released three solo albums, Now Or Never, I'm Taking Off and All American during breaks between Backstreet Boys schedules, and a collaboration with Jordan Knight titled Nick & Knight. He has made occasional television appearances and starred in his own reality shows, House of Carters and I (Heart) Nick Carter. He gained fame in the mid 1990s and early 2000s as a teen idol. He is also the older and only brother of singer Aaron Carter.", "William James Adams, Jr. (born March 15, 1975), better known by his stage name will.i.am (“will I am”) is an American rapper, musician, songwriter, singer, entrepreneur, actor and producer. William came to prominence in the late 1990s as a member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. As a music producer, he has produced with other artists including Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, U2, Rihanna, Usher, Justin Timberlake and Earth, Wind & Fire.", "William James Adams Jr. (born March 15, 1975), better known as will.i.am, is an Jamaican-American singer and rapper who is one of founding members of the The Black Eyed Peas , alongside with his best friend Taboo and Apl.de.ap . He produced and wrote the majority of The Black Eyed Peas' musics, as well as such artists like Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Rihanna, Usher, Nicki Minaj, Cheryl Cole, Justin Timberlake , and others.", "All three boys started their musical careers as pianists, but Isaac eventually started playing guitar and Zac started playing drums, while Taylor continued as the keyboard player. The band recorded two independent albums in their hometown of Tulsa, Boomerang (recorded in autumn 1994, released in 1995) and MMMBop (released in 1996). The latter featured the original version of the song \"MMMBop,\" which would later become the runaway single on their debut commercial record Middle of Nowhere. The boys then found themselves at the South By Southwest (aka SXSW) music festival in Austin, Texas. There, they were promptly signed by manager Christopher Sabec. He shopped them to several record companies, most of which dismissed the band as either a novelty or fraud before Steve Greenberg, an A&R representative for Mercury Records, heard them play a set at the Wisconsin State Fair. After this performance, they were signed almost immediately by Mercury. They soon became a worldwide sensation with the release of their first major-label album, Middle of Nowhere, which was produced by the Dust Brothers.", "Public Enemy is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Khari Wynn, DJ Lord, and the S1W group. Formed on Long Island, New York in 1982, they are known for their politically charged music and criticism of the American media, with an active interest in the frustrations and concerns of the African American community. They remain one of the most critically acclaimed bands in history. Their first four albums during the late 1980s and early 1990s were all certified either gold or platinum and were, according to music critic Robert Hilburn in 1998, \"the most acclaimed body of work ever by a hip hop act.\" ", "Michael Clifford, born on November 20, 1995 in Sydney, is an Australian singer and musician from the band 5 Seconds of Summer (since 2011). 5 Seconds of Summer (commonly abbreviated as 5SOS) are an Australian pop punk band. Formed in Sydney in 2011, the band consists of Luke Hemmings (lead vocals, guitar), Michael Clifford (guitar, vocals), Calum Hood (bass guitar, vocals), and Ashton Irwin (drums, vocals). The group were originally YouTube celebrities, posting videos of themselves covering songs from various artists throughout 2011. The group gained a small following in 2012 after posting a series of cover versions of popular songs on YouTube. They rose to international fame while touring with One Direction on the Take Me Home Tour. The group has been referred to as a boy band in the m...", "N*E*R*D (a backronym of No-one Ever Really Dies) is an American rock, funk, and hip hop band. Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo were signed by Teddy Riley to Virgin Records as a duo, The Neptunes. After producing songs for several artists throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, the production duo formed the band with Shay Haley as a side project of The Neptunes in 1999. N*E*R*D's debut album, In Search Of..., sold 603,000 copies in the United States and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was also awarded the second annual Shortlist Music Prize. The band's second album, Fly or Die, sold 412,000 copies in the United States, but shipped at least 500,000 units, certifying it Gold. ", "Cash Cash is an American EDM group from Roseland, New Jersey formed in 2008. Since then, they've done remixes for acts such as Krewella, Capital Cities, Kelly Clarkson, Bruno Mars, Showtek & Icona Pop alongside of producing, recording, mixing & mastering their own original music. The group, which consists of best friends and brothers, Jean Paul Makhlouf, Alex...", "Hanson is an American pop rock band formed in Tulsa, Oklahoma by brothers Isaac, Taylor, and Zac Hanson. They are best known for the 1997 hit song \"MMMBop\" from their major label debut album Middle of Nowhere that earned three Grammy nominations. Despite the enormous commercial success of Middle of Nowhere, the band departed from Mercury Records and then eventually Island Def Jam Music Group after conflict with the label. The band now records under its own label, 3CG Records.", "The group recorded two albums—one of which, The Score (1996), was a multi-Platinum and Grammy-winning success and contains their hit single \"Killing Me Softly\"—before disbanding in 1997. Hill and Jean each went on to successful solo recording careers; Michel focused on soundtrack recordings and acting, though he found commercial success with his song \"Ghetto Supastar\". In 2007, MTV ranked them the 9th greatest Hip-hop group of all time. ", "Nick released his second solo album, I'm Taking Off, in 2012 and supported the project with a tour across America. The album's producers include some notable names that reinforce its diversity: Muckala (Backstreet Boys), Toby Gad (Beyonce), Brent Kutzle (One Republic), Noel Zancanella (Rashaan Ahmad), Carl Falk (Gavin DeGraw), Rami (Celine Dion), Matthew Gerrard (Jesse McCartney) and MIDI Mafia (50 Cent).", "R5 is an American pop rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 2009. The band consists of lead vocalist/rhythm guitarist Ross Lynch, Riker Lynch, Rocky Lynch, Rydel Lynch, and Ellington Ratliff.", "*The third full-length release from the punk band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, entitled \"Have a Ball\", released July 29, 1997, features a punk-rock cover of \"Sweet Caroline\".", "In 1993, LeToya Luckett joined Beyoncé Knowles, LaTavia Roberson, and Kelly Rowland to complete the Houston-based R&B group, Destiny's Child. After being signed and later dropped by Elektra Records, the group eventually signed with Columbia Records in 1997, but not before signing with Mathew Knowles the group's manager (and also Beyoncé Knowles' father). According to the E! Television Special, Boulevard of Broken Dreams, Knowles forced the girls to sign with him before they could sign with the label. Luckett's mother requested the contracts be reviewed by an attorney, but Knowles denied the request. However, Luckett eventually signed with him and joined the group. After graduating from the Houston club scene, the group opened for established acts such as Dru Hill, SWV, and Immature, and released their 1998 self-titled debut album Destiny's Child. The album spawned two singles: the platinum \"No, No, No Part II\" (featuring Wyclef Jean) and \"With Me\". Subsequently the group made it on the soundtrack album of the romantic comedy Why Do Fools Fall in Love with the song \"Get on the Bus\" (featuring Timbaland), and later toured as an opening act on TLC's \"Fanmail Tour\" and Christina Aguilera's debut tour.", "NLT was an American boy band whose members were Travis Michael Garland, Kevin McHale, Justin Joseph \"JJ\" Thorne, and Vahe \"V\" Sevani. They were discovered by Chris Stokes, who signed them to his TU...", "THE BACKSTREET BOYS — A. J. McLean, Howie Dorough, Nick Carter, Kevin Richardson, and Brian Littrell", "Park Avenue was a group that Kevin Knapp and Lou Ricigliano put together during the time period between \"Vegas\" and \"Lex Byers & Vegas\" . The group consisted of Lou on Guitar and vocals, Kevin on the Hammond and Keys, Guitar and vocals, Frank on Drums, Shelly Knapp on vocals, and Joe Coleman on Bass and vocals. Lou left the band and eventually re-joined \"Lex Byer and Vegas\". Kevin and Lou eventually got back together again years later to form R*Gang around 1988 which became a very popular and requested band.", "Bowling for Soup is an American rock band originally formed in Wichita Falls, Texas, in 1994. The band consists of Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler, and Gary Wiseman.", "Soft Cell is the duo of Marc Almond (vocals) and David Ball (instruments), who met in 1979 when they were students at Leeds Art College. They embraced electronic music, and worked to give it a less robotic sound, which proved successful. Early on, they performed inside a white padded cell with pink and blue bars as part of their stage act.", "In 2008, Tony Kanal collaborated with pop rock artist P!nk on the album Funhouse. Kanal co-produced \"Sober\", co-wrote \"Funhouse\" and also sang back-up vocals on \"Crystal Ball\".", "The song \"Give It to You\", by Jordan Knight, was on which of these albums? Give It to You", "Glenn Carter, Tony Vincent, Maya Days, Kevin Gray, Paul Kandel, Ray Walker, Fred Owens, Michael Lee, Rodney Hicks" ]

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[ "The World Scrabble Championship is the main international Scrabble tournament. It was held for the first time in London in the year 1991. The first winner was American author and baseball expert Peter Morris. After 1991 the Championship took place every second year, but since 2013 Scrabble players from all over the world have been meeting every year to fight for the title of “World Scrabble Champion”. The World Scrabble Championship is growing steadily. Last year we saw 131 players and the hosts are expecting even more participants this year.", "The first Scrabble World Championship was held in London in 1991, hosted by Spears, who were taken over by Mattel in 1994. It featured 48 players from 19 countries. The total prize pool was $US19,000, with $10,000 of that going to the winner.", "The World Scrabble Championship is the most prestigious title in competitive English-language Scrabble. It has been held every second year since 1991, and annually since 2013. The reigning World Scrabble Champion is Wellington Jighere, who won the title at Perth, Australia in 2015.", "A Few Words About SCRABBLE.  SCRABBLE has become the most popular word game in the United States, and it has been sold around the world in many languages, including Hebrew, Arabic, Japanese, and Russian; there has even been a version in Braille.  The government of Thailand promotes SCRABBLE because it encourages the use of English which is important for international business; a SCRABBLE tournament in 1991 drew one of the largest crowds ever–over 900 participants.  A call for entrants for a 1985 international tournament held in Boston brought 19,000 responses from around the world; $50,000 in prizes was given away, including a grand prize of $10,000 plus a trip for two to Hawaii.  There have been SCRABBLE handbooks and dictionaries, a SCRABBLE newspaper, and numerous packaging styles of SCRABBLE, including deluxe, magnetic, and travels sets, sets with revolving boards, and a seldom-seen soft vinyl and cloth board that covers a bridge table.  The game has also led to various spin-offs such as a picture version, SCRABBLE FOR JUNIORS, a 3-D version, RSVP, and a speed game with a rotating platform replacing the board, called RPM; a number of crossword card games and letter-cube games have also been produced by different companies since CRISS-CROSS WORDS first appeared.  The sale of SCRABBLE sets has gone well past the 100-million mark.", "The World Scrabble Championship : held in odd years, the last was in Mumbai , India in 2007 .", "The next generation of SCRABBLE players is steadily growing with over a half million kids playing the game in more than 18,000 schools nationwide through the School SCRABBLE Program. Hundreds of these students currently compete in state and regional championships across the country. The first annual National School SCRABBLE® Championship was held in Boston on April 26, 2003. Classrooms can also subscribe to the School SCRABBLE® News which includes a teacher edition complete with tested ideas and a lesson plan designed to meet nationally mandated educational goals, and a student issue chock full of feature stories and puzzles.", "Alfred Mosher Butts, an unemployed architect from Poughkeepsie, N.Y., invented the word game during the Great Depression when he combined the element of chance with the vocabulary skills required for crossword puzzles. During the game, each player draws seven lettered tiles from a pool of 100 and scores points by forming words on a puzzle grid. More than 100 million sets have been sold since Scrabble was introduced in 1949, and more than 200 tournaments are sanctioned each year by the North American Scrabble Players Association.", "Scrabble has been around since 1938 when Alfred Mosher Butts designed the game and James Brunot published it. Players place their pieces that bear a single letter across a board either in left to right or downward fashion to form words and score points. To avoid debates about the existence of the word formed, there is an official scrabble player’s dictionary available, though they can also agree to make use of any other dictionary as basis for verification.", "Scrabble was invented in 1931 and was originally called Criss Cross. For 17 years toy makers snubbed this game, saying it was too intellectual, so the inventor Alfred Botts decided to manufacture and sell it himself. It is the world's second best selling game. The highest scoring word in Scrabble is quartzy.", "Invented by out-of-work architect Alfred Butts during the Great Depression, Scrabble is a staple of word lovers’ lives. The popularity of this beloved game took off in the mid-1950s and has been an essential part of the canon of classic board games ever since.", "Scrabble was first manufactured in an old Connecticut schoolhouse at the rate of 12 games an hour. The game's inventors got their first taste of success in the early 1950s when the president of Macys Department Store discovered the delights of Scrabble while on vacation and began selling them through Macys in 1952.", "Scrabble was invented in 1938 by architect Alfred Mosher Butts. Butts created the game as a variation of another word game he invented, Lexiko.", "Did you know that today is International Scrabble Day? The famous word-building board game was invented by Alfred Mosher Butts, an unemployed architect in New York, during the Great Depression in 1938. The game took 15 years to achieve popularity. It is said that Jack Straus, the chairman of the department store Macy’s, played it on holiday in 1952 and enjoyed it so much that the store started selling it and it became an international success.", "English-language Scrabble is the original version of the popular word-based board game invented in 1938 by US architect Alfred Mosher Butts who based the game on the letter distribution in The New York Times in English.", "FATSIS: Yes, it has wrapped up now. More 660 players got together for four days and they played 28 games at the National Scrabble Championship in Orlando, and we have a winner. And his name is Nigel Richards, he is a security engineer from New Zealand, he lives in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He beat in the final deciding game an options trader from Chicago and a former national and world Scrabble champion named Brian Cappelletto. This was one of the most incredible Scrabble games of all time, and I say that without too much hyperbole. These guys were tied at 370 and there were no tiles left in the bag.", "I believe that Scrabble is one of the 50 most culturally and historically significant games published since 1800. This profile explains why. More »", "The National Scrabble Championship: an open event attracting several hundred players, held in the summer every year or two, most recently in Phoenix on August 4-9, 2006. The 2008 event is scheduled to be held in Orlando, Florida.", "Originally called Criss Cross, the game, which was based on the crossword puzzle and anagrams, was developed by Alfred M. Butts, an architect, in 1931. It was redesigned, renamed as Scrabble, and marketed by James Brunot in 1948. It was first sold in Great Britain in 1954.", "Scrabble designed by Alfred E. Butts, published by Selchow & Righter, later MB. Originally published in 1931 as Criss Cross. 15x15 board with 104 tiles. The letters are given a value (not always in keeping with their frequency - \"H\" is worth far too much, for example - Alfred got his original distribution by counting letters on the front page of an issue of the New York Times!), and some spaces are special: double-letter, double-word, triple-letter, triple-word scoring spaces. We play with the official Scrabble Dictionary, and are allowed to look up words before we play. Other Scrabble players find this practice blasphemous, but I suspect they haven't tried it - it makes it a better game, at least from our worldview. This is definitely the classic wordgame - one of the best. R. Wayne Schmittberger has a Scrabble variant with no luck involved: you lay out the tiles at the beginning of the game, randomly, face-up, around the board, so that there are two distinct ends to the line of tiles. After you play, you may draw from either end - but all letters taken in one turn must be from the same end. [SOS]", "The following records were achieved during competitive club or tournament play, according to authoritative sources, including the book Everything Scrabble by Joe Edley and John D. Williams, Jr. (revised edition, Pocket Books, 2001) and the Scrabble FAQ. When available, separate records are listed based upon different official word lists:", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and of Mattel elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia, until 1993 when it was acquired by J. W. Spear & Sons (now a Mattel subsidiary). The game is also known as Literati, Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Scramble, Spelofun, Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\") and Word for Word.", "1955 - Scrabble sold in the UK by Spears begins to grow in popularity. Scoop from Waddingtons challenges.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary.", "Toys aren't always a hit the year, or even the decade, they're created. Unemployed architect Alfred Mosher Butts invented the game of Scrabble, which he first called \"Lexiko\" and later \"Criss-Cross Words,\" in the 1930s. Entrepreneur James Brunot acquired the game in 1947, but it wasn't until 1953, when the president of Macy's — now owned by retail giant Federated Department Stores — discovered the game on vacation that things really took off. More than 100 million sets have since been sold worldwide.", "#The National Scrabble Championship: an open event attracting several hundred players, held around July/August every year or two in the United States.", "The National Scrabble Championship : an open event attracting several hundred players, held around July/August every year or two in the United States .", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and of Mattel elsewhere. The game is sold in 121 countries in 29 different language versions. One hundred and fifty million sets have been sold worldwide, and sets are found in one out of every three American homes.", "NORRIS: Well, let's turn to people who play Scrabble, the old-fashioned way, on the board. I understand there's a National Scrabble Championship wrapping up today.", "Butts, in exchange for royalties, agreed to allow Brunot to manufacture and market CRISS-CROSS WORDS in a suitably amended form.  Brunot altered the design of the board, including making the center starting square a double-word premium space.  He revised the rules, adding the fifty-point bonus for any word which used all seven of a player’s tiles.  And he changed the name to SCRABBLE.", "Anything you want to know about the history of Scrabble? Leave us a comment and we will try to add it to our article.", "The game is sold in 121 countries in 29 different languages (there is even a Braille version). One hundred million sets have been sold worldwide, and Scrabble sets are found in one out of every three American homes..", "Speed Scrabble, unpublished, uses Scrabble tiles. Heath Haley sent me the rules, but does not know who wrote them. I'm reluctant to post them without being able to credit the author. Anyone know who wrote this variant of Scrabble which is played without the board, simultaneously, to your own crossword-shaped words in front of each player?" ]

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[ "Stockholm Arlanda Airport (ARN), commonly referred to as Arlanda, is Sweden’s largest international airport and the third largest in the Nordic countries. It is situated 23 miles (37 km) north of the city of Stockholm, near the town of Marsta. In 2010, it served 17 million passengers.", "Stockholm Arlanda Airport, commonly referred to as Arlanda, is Sweden’s largest international airport and the third largest in the Nordic countries. It is situated 37km (23 miles) north of the city of Stockholm, near the town of Marsta. In 2010, it served 17 million passengers.", "Stockholm Arlanda Airport , is an international airport located in the Sigtuna Municipality of Sweden, near the town of Märsta, 37 km north of Stockholm and nearly 40 km south-east of Uppsala. The airport is located within Stockholm County and the province of Uppland. It is the largest airport in Sweden and the third largest airport in the Nordic countries. The airport is the major gateway for international air travel in large parts of Sweden. Arlanda Airport was used by close to 22.5 million passengers in 2014, with 17 million international passengers and 5 million domestic. By January 2015, Stockholm Arlanda Airport saw a 30% pax growth over 5 years, top growth among European airports.", "Armanda Airport Stockholm, Sweden: The video shows the inside of Arlanda terminal 5. The airport has a very warm and personal feel to it - lot of eateries, people enjoying their drink, and pleasant ambiance. Sweden's standard of living is very high and the airport reflects that as well. Best mode of transport is Arlanda express train, starts from the terminal 5, costs around 260 SEK, and connects to Stockholm center; T Centralian metro is right next to it. The metro network, and the public transport in general, is just too good, reaches to every parts. Loved the city, its warm people, and quality of life it offers.", "WizzAir connects Malmö to the largest cities in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. There are three connections to Stockholm - with SAS (Arlanda), Norwegian (Arlanda) and BRA (Bromma). Regional airlines fly to other destinations within Sweden, and the offer is complimented by many charter and scheduled flights to vacation destinations in Southern Europe, North Africa and Middle East.", "The price indicated on the taximeter is in Swedish kronor. For trips to and from Stockholm Arlanda Airport the major taxi companies have fixed prices of between SEK 550-600. Always ask the driver beforehand. In addition to the major taxi companies there are several independent firms; caution is advised. You can easily get hold of a taxi by calling a taxi company, hailing one on the street or by taking a one from a rank, e.g. at NK on Hamngatan.", "The Stockholm-Arlanda Airport  is located just over forty kilometers north of Stockholm. Upon arrival at the airport, visitors can opt to rent a car from one of the major national car rental companies located at the airport or they can take a taxi, bus or train to their planned hotel destination.", "Being an important city in the Scandinavian region, Stockholm also attracts the presence of other airlines from outside of Europe. Aeroflot offers trips to Moscow and Rossiya takes customers to St. Petersburg. Arkia Israel Airlines offers flights to Tel Aviv and Iran Air is the only option for getting to Tehran. Delta Air Lines and United Airlines both connect Stockholm Arlanda Airport with New York City.", "The motorway E4 goes past the airport and connects Arlanda with central Stockholm as well as Uppsala and other cities further north.", "The Arlanda Express train operates from Arlanda Airport to/from Stockholm Central Station every 15 min. throughout the day. The travel time is only 20 min. A surcharge is applicable when purchasing your ticket on board the train. Check prices and book tickets online. You can also travel by bus or taxi. More information about the airport buses . ", "Train: There are two railway stations at Arlanda Airport, namely Arlanda South and Arlanda North, and a third, Arlanda Central Station, under Skycity. Arlanda South is closest to Terminals 2, 3 and 4, while Arlanda North is closest to Terminal 5; Arlanda Central Station mainly serves trains departing on long-distance trips. The fastest train is the Arlanda Express, which travels nonstop between the airport and central Stockholm every 20 minutes. A one-way ticket costs SEK 260 (£25).", "Key hub for flights to major destinations in Europe as well as the rest of the world. It is situated 40km (25mi) north of the city. For more information about Stockholm-Arlanda Airport, airlines, timetables, VIP Service etc., see link above.", "Bromma's main advantage over the much larger Arlanda Airport is its proximity to the centre of Stockholm (about 8 km or 5 miles). However, Arlanda's fast rail link, completed in 1999, means that Bromma's competitive edge in this respect is somewhat lost. Both airports are now 20 minutes from Stockholm Central railway station. Since far from all passengers using Arlanda go there by train, Bromma still has a location advantage. For Bromma Airport there has been discussion about a future light railway to pass by. The light railway Tvärbanan extension has been inaugurated in 2013, but the nearest stop is 1 km away at Karlsbodavägen. A branch line of Tvärbanan with a stop at the airport is planned to be in operation by 2020.", "Buses operated by Upplands Lokaltrafik travel between Stockholm Arlanda Airport and Uppsala (bus no. 801) as well as Enköping to the southwest (bus no. 579/803) and Almunge (bus no. 806) to the northeast.", "Waterford Airport , [35] serves Waterford and the south east region. Aer Arann is currently the only carrier operating out of the airport. It is currently possible to fly between Waterford and Birmingham, London Luton and Manchester in the UK. From 1 May 2008, summer flights will resume to Lorient (France), Bordeaux (France), Faro (Portugal), Malaga (Spain) and Amsterdam. All users of the airport are subject to a €5 tax which must be paid in cash. Waterford Airport is currently extending its runway and building a new terminal. It can handle 1 million a year.", "The airport was first used in 1959, but only for practice flights. In 1960, it opened for limited civil traffic and in 1962 the official opening ceremony took place. It was used for intercontinental traffic already in 1960 since the runway at Bromma was too short. Scandinavian Airlines started using Douglas DC-8's on North American routes. The airport was also used very early by Pan American World Airways. The name Arlanda was decided after a competition prior to the airport opening. It is derived from Arland, an old name for the parish Ärlinghundra (now Husby-Ärlinghundra in Märsta) where the airport is situated. The '-a' was added in analogy with other Swedish place names ending with -landa and also makes a play on the Swedish verb \"landa\", which means \"to land\". The 1960s and 70s saw increases in traffic with scheduled traffic and charter traffic. The Boeing 747 jumbojet was started to be used in the 1970s both on one stop scheduled flights to New York and on weekend nonstop charters to the Canary Islands. Domestic flights to Gothenburg, Malmö, Luleå and Kiruna were operated by SAS DC-9s from Arlanda since they were considered too noisy to be used at downtown Bromma. The rest of domestic traffic operated out of Bromma and all international traffic out of Arlanda.", "Málaga Airport is the international airport that offers a wide variety of international destinations. It has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over a hundred cities in Europe (mainly in Great Britain, Central Europe and the Nordic countries but also the main cities of Eastern Europe: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sofia, Riga or Bucharest), North Africa, Middle East (Riyadh, Jeddah and Kuwait) and North America (New York, Toronto and Montreal).", "Suvarnabhumi Airport also known as (New) Bangkok International Airport, is one of two international airports serving Bangkok, Thailand. The other one is Don Mueang International Airport.", "Arlanda Airport has four terminals. International flights are served by Terminals 2 and 5, while domestic flights are served by terminals 3 and 4. A central building, SkyCity, connects Terminals 4 and 5 and houses a business centre and a number of shops and restaurants. Each terminal also has its own selection of retail outlets and eateries.", "Scandinavian Airlines previously had its head office on the airport property. The airline, previously headquartered at a facility in Solna, was scheduled to move into Arlanda in the northern hemisphere autumn of 2010. However the company has since moved its offices back to the SAS Frösundavik Office Building.", "Hungry? Located between Terminal 4 and Terminal 5, Sky City has numerous food options. Photo courtesy of Arlanda Airport", "The island’s airport, also known as Ronaldsway Airport (IOM) and Purt Aer Vannin in the Manx language, is served by operations from 12 different UK airports. Citywing and flybe operate the majority of services from cities such as Belfast City, Birmingham, Newcastle, Stansted, Blackpool, Glasgow, Gloucester, Liverpool and Manchester. easyJet flies from London Gatwick, Bristol and Liverpool and British Airways links the island to the centre of London with its London City service.", "By 1983 all domestic carriers moved their operations to Arlanda, following the completion of a new larger terminal complex. Bromma has since established itself as a general aviation hub, home to many flying schools.", "Arlanda (ARN) Airport Guide | Terminals & Parking, Airport Code, Car Rental & More Information | Cheapflights", "Stockholm-Skavsta Airport –  www.skavsta.se  Stockholm Skavsta Airport is located 100 km south west of central Stockholm. The airport is a hub for Ryanair and other low cost airlines and offers direct flights to several destinations in Europe (80 minutes by bus from central Stockholm).", "Stockholm Västerås Airport is located in Västerås, 100 km north west of central Stockholm. The airport is served chiefly by the low-fare airline Ryanair.", "Stockholm-Västerås Airport –  www.vst.nu  Stockholm Västerås Airport is located 100 km north west of central Stockholm. The airport is served chiefly by the low-fare airline Ryanair.", "The direct train Arlanda Express  takes you from Arlanda Airport to the main train station, directly below the venue. Departure: every 15 minutes (for most of the day). Travel time: 20 minutes.", "Malmö-Sturup Airport ( IATA : MMX) is located 61km from Copenhagen and offers low-fares flights with Wizzair to Eastern Europe. An Airport shuttle bus connects the airport with Copenhagen central station. FlyBus charges GBP10 / DKK100 for the ride.", "Arlanda Express , the high-speed train. This super fast train whisks you between the airport and city center in 20 minutes, with trains departing the airport and city center every 15 minutes during peak periods.", "Malmö-Sturup Airport (IATA : MMX, ICAO : ESMS)is located 61 km from Copenhagen and offers low-fares flights with Wizzair to Eastern Europe. An Airport shuttlebus connects the airport with Copenhagen central station. FlyBus charges 10 pounds / 100DK for the ride.", "1972 - An SAS domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malm�-Bulltofta Airport." ]

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[ "The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15, 1836. Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union, the state would continue to suffer due to its earlier reliance on slavery and the plantation economy, causing the state to fall behind economically and socially. White rural interests continued to dominate the state's politics until the Civil Rights movement in the mid-20th century. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and now relies on its service industry as well as aircraft, poultry, steel and tourism in addition to cotton and rice.", "Despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state, Arkansas became a state on June 15, 1836. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "Despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state, Arkansas became a state on June 15, 1836. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "Because the Missouri Compromise mandated that a new slave state had to be paired with a free state, Arkansas rushed to join the Union at the same time as Michigan. After a complicated legislative struggle, Congress created the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836, and state government began on September 13. The state constitution was much like those of other recently formed Southern states, implementing suffrage for free, white men and providing ironclad support for slavery.", "But that was not the final word. When Arkansas applied for admission to the Union, its proposed western border again was described as forty-five miles farther west, thereby causing Choctaw opposition to Arkansas’s admission. The act of Congress granting statehood used the Cherokee treaty description for the western Arkansas border. The dispute with the Choctaw continued. Because Arkansas and the Choctaw Nation seceded during the Civil War, boundaries were again subject to dispute when both reapplied for admission to the Union. The Supreme Court settled the dispute in 1886, fifty years after Arkansas became a state, by requiring the United States to pay the Choctaw for lands taken to establish the present boundary.", "A century of French and Spanish imperial control had little permanent effect on Arkansas, leaving it with fewer than 500 European-born inhabitants when it became part of the United States. The most significant change of the eighteenth century had been the decimation of the Quapaw Indian population, which ended the period only slightly more numerous than did the white settlers who had always been their friends and allies. Even after the Louisiana Purchase , change came slowly. Arkansas became a separate territory in 1819, but not until the 1830s did it begin to grow rapidly, a process that led to statehood in 1836. By that time, it was becoming a distinctly Southern state, the production of cotton and the ownership of slaves emerging as characteristics of its lowland region in the south and east. An increasing prosperity in the next several decades was destroyed by the Civil War .", "Arkansas held a very important position for the Rebels, maintaining control of the Mississippi River and surrounding Southern states. The bloody Battle of Wilson's Creek just across the border in Missouri shocked many Arkansans who thought the war would be a quick and decisive Southern victory. Battles early in the war took place in northwest Arkansas, including the Battle of Cane Hill, Battle of Pea Ridge, and Battle of Prairie Grove. Union General Samuel Curtis swept across the state to Helena in the Delta in 1862. Little Rock was captured the following year. The government shifted the state Confederate capital to Hot Springs, and then again to Washington from 1863-1865, for the remainder of the war. Throughout the state, guerrilla warfare ravaged the countryside and destroyed cities. Passion for the Confederate cause waned after implementation of unpopular programs such as the draft, high taxes, and martial law.", "The Mississippi River has never been static as the eastern boundary of Arkansas. With each flood and earthquake, the boundary changes, sometimes radically. A legal principle known as avulsion holds that when a sudden change takes land from one side of the river and places it on the other, the adjoining state does not gain land. The current map of Arkansas, therefore, reflects dozens of areas of Arkansas that are now east of the Mississippi River and are accessible by land only from Tennessee or Mississippi. Because of changes in the Mississippi River, Congress authorized Arkansas and Tennessee in 1909 to settle the boundary by agreement. But it still changes, and at least nine Supreme Court decisions have settled controversies relating to Arkansas’s eastern boundary. Except for parcels lying in other states, the eastern boundary now is the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi—the boundary established in 1836, when Arkansas was admitted into the Union.", "Before Arkansas was a state, it became a separate territory in 1819. Arkansas was part of the Louisiana Purchase between the United States and France. In June of 1836, Arkansas became a state.", "Post-colonial Arkansas in 1803 had perhaps 500 white inhabitants, most of them of French descent, living along the Mississippi River and the lower portions of the Arkansas and White rivers. Some of them were American citizens who had begun to trickle in during the 1790s, and their numbers increased when the land became part of the United States. The American settlement of Arkansas, however, did not begin in earnest until after the War of 1812 , due, in part, to land grants given to veterans of the war. The Census of 1810 covered only eastern Arkansas, and there were some new settlers in the central and northern parts of the area, but the total white population and their small number of slaves was probably not too much over the official count of 1,062 people.", "Little Rock has been Arkansas's capital city since 1821 when it replaced Arkansas Post as the capital of the Territory of Arkansas. The state capitol was moved to Hot Springs and later Washington during the Civil War when the Union armies threatened the city in 1862, and state government did not return to Little Rock until after the war ended. Today, the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway metropolitan area is the largest in the state, with a population of 724,385 in 2013. ", "Capital city: Little Rock Year of induction: 1836 Order of induction: 25th Nickname: The Land of Opportunity State bird: Mockingbird State flower: Apple Blossom Main industries: Agriculture, paper and wood products, electronics and mining. Did you know? Former President William Jefferson Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas.", "Their origins lay in the nepotism of William Rector, surveyor general of Missouri Territory, who provided public jobs in newly created Arkansas Territory for five of his brothers and two of his cousins. One of his cousins, Henry W. Conway, began the Family’s political dominance by being elected territorial delegate in 1823. A defining event occurred in 1827 when Secretary Crittenden shot and killed Delegate Conway in a duel that grew out of a recent election. Ambrose Sevier —Conway’s cousin and the son of the renowned Kentucky Indian fighter, John Sevier—was elected delegate and served for the rest of the territorial years. He also married the daughter of Benjamin Johnson , who was justice of the Superior Court of the territory and brother of Richard Mentor Johnson (hero of the War of 1812 and later Martin Van Buren’s vice president). For a good portion of the antebellum period, the Family faction also included William Woodruff , who provided political advice and the editorial support of the Arkansas Gazette , and wealthy attorney and land speculator Chester Ashley .", "The state's General Assembly reaffirmed the parameters of the flag in a 1987 act that Clinton signed. Among other provisions detailing the flag's features, such as its colors and shapes, there was a line that read, “The blue star above the word 'ARKANSAS' is to commemorate the Confederate States of America.” The act met no significant opposition at the time. In the same legislative session, the assembly also settled on an official state song .", "McNutt, Walter. A History of Arkansas From the Earliest Times to the Present. Democrat Printing and Lithographic Company: Little Rock, 1932.", "Disaster struck in 1927 when the Mississippi River overflowed, flooding one fifth of the state. With the fortunes of the state pegged to the price of cotton, the depression of the early 1930s (see Great Depression ) struck hard. Dispossessed tenants, black and white, formed (1939) the Southern Tenant Farmers Union; after trouble with the authorities, it moved its headquarters to Memphis, Tenn. A strike called in 1936 spread to other regions before its strength waned. Other impoverished farmers migrated west to California as \"Arkies\"—like the \"Okies\" from neighboring Oklahoma. After World War I, African Americans left the state in a steady stream to the industrial North. World War II brought further loss of population as workers left Arkansas for war factories elsewhere. The war, however, created a boom for new industries in the state, notably the processing of bauxite into aluminum.", "Historic places: Old State House Museum , the oldest surviving state capitol building west of the Mississippi, built in 1836. The Old State House is now a museum with exhibits related to Arkansas history and culture.", "Congress’s first attempt to set the western boundary for Arkansas Territory was in 1824, when—assuming the Choctaw would agree to change its 1820 treaty—it established the boundary forty-five miles west of Fort Smith. An 1828 treaty with the Cherokee Nation established the present Arkansas border. The western boundary was described as “commencing on the Red River at the point where the eastern Choctaw line strikes said river, and run due north with said line to the River Arkansas thence in a direct line to the southwest corner of Missouri.”", "Taylor, Orville W. “Arkansas.” In Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, edited by Samuel S. Hill. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1984.", "On September 24, 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard in order to ensure the safe entry of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School the following day. Governor Orval Faubus had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.", "Nearly all denominations established secondary schools and colleges in Arkansas in the nineteenth century. Cumberland Presbyterians founded Cane Hill College (Washington County) in 1858. This school closed in 1891 when a new institution, Arkansas Cumberland College, was opened in Clarksville (Johnson County) . After being acquired by the Presbyterian Church (PCUSA) in 1920, the name was changed to College of the Ozarks. In 1987, it achieved university status and was renamed University of the Ozarks .", "Everett, Derek R. “On the Extreme Frontier: Crafting the Western Arkansas Boundary.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 62 (Spring 2008): 1–26.", "The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants and athletic venues across the state. Despite a plethora of cultural, economic, and recreational opportunities, Arkansas is often stereotyped as a \"poor, banjo-picking hillbilly\" state, a reputation dating back to early accounts of the territory by frontiersmen in the early 1800s. Arkansas's enduring image has earned the state \"a special place in the American consciousness\", but it has in reality produced such prominent figures as politician and educational advocate William Fulbright, former President Bill Clinton, former NATO Supreme Allied Commander General Wesley Clark, Walmart magnate Sam Walton, singer-songwriters Johnny Cash and Glen Campbell, the poet C.D. Wright, and noted physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research.", "Ledbetter, Calvin. Carpenter from Conway: George Washington Donaghey as Governor of Arkansas, 1909–1913. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.", "William Jefferson Clinton, a native of Hope (Hempstead County) , was the fortieth and forty-second governor of Arkansas and the forty-second president of the United States. Clinton’s tenure as governor of Arkansas, eleven years and eleven months total, was the second longest in the state’s history. Only Orval E. Faubus served longer, with twelve years. Clinton was the second youngest governor in the state’s history, after John Selden Roane , and the third youngest person to become president, after Theodore Roosevelt and John Fitzgerald Kennedy.", "Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee and Mississippi on the east. The United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The Mississippi River forms most of Arkansas's eastern border, except in Clay and Greene, counties where the St. Francis River forms the western boundary of the Missouri Bootheel, and in many places where the current channel of the Mississippi has meandered from the location of its original legal designation. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the eastern border with Mississippi due to these meanders. ", "Located on the Arkansas River where the state of Arkansas meets Oklahoma, Fort Smith is the western gateway to Arkansas. The former military fort was situated with great purpose in 1817 to separate warring native tribes, and its location continues to serve Fort Smith today as a manufacturing and tourism destination.", "The territorial history of Little Rock and Arkansas is interpreted at the Arkansas Territorial Restoration, where living history portrayals and displays depict the period. That complex of buildings is the location of territorial government meetings before Arkansas became a state.", "Reflecting the state's large evangelical population, the state has a strong social conservative bent. Under the Arkansas Constitution Arkansas is a right to work state, its voters passed a ban on same-sex marriage with 75% voting yes, and the state is one of a handful with legislation on its books banning abortion in the event Roe v. Wade is ever overturned.", "*Arkansas has territory at across the Mississippi River on the northwest edge of Tennessee's Fort Pillow State Park, north of the Corona/Reverie, Tennessee irregularity (mentioned in the previous section). ", "The Arkansas State Capitol Building, located in Little Rock, is the main house of government of the state of Arkansas.", "The Senate decided to connect the two measures. It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.Greeley, Horace. [https://books.google.com/books?id" ]

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[ "Near the end of 1963, the BigTop label folded and Mala took over many of their artists. Don & Juan, Johnny & the Hurricanes, and the Royaltones appeared on Mala about that time. Del Shannon, BigTop's major artist, formed his own label, Berlee, upon leaving BigTop in 1963, but lack of distribution soon discouraged Del, and he eventually settled in at sister label Amy in 1964.", "By August 1963, Shannon's relationship with his managers and Bigtop had soured, so he formed his own label, Berlee Records, named after his parents [4] and distributed by Diamond Records. Two singles were issued: the apparently Four Seasons -inspired \"Sue's Gotta Be Mine\" was a moderate hit, attaining #71 in the US, and #21 in the UK (where Shannon's records continued on the London label). The second single, \"That's the Way Love Is\", did not chart, and Shannon patched things up with his managers soon after. In early 1964 , he was placed on Amy ( Stateside in the UK) and the Berlee label disappeared.[ citation needed ]", "By August 1963, Shannon's relationship with his managers and Bigtop had soured, so he formed his own label, Berlee Records, named after his parents and distributed by Diamond Records. Two singles were issued: the apparently Four Seasons-inspired \"Sue's Gotta Be Mine\" was a moderate hit, attaining #71 in the US, and #21 in the UK (where Shannon's records continued on the London label). The second single, \"That's the Way Love Is\", did not chart, and Shannon patched things up with his managers soon after. In early 1964, he was placed on Amy (Stateside in the UK) and the Berlee label disappeared. ", "LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period. Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. One of the most prominent cultural icons for over three decades, she has achieved an unprecedented level of power and control for a woman in the entertainment industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have praised her diverse and innovative musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Cited as an influence among numerous artists around the world, she is often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\".", "Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines; December 31, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter who gained prominence during the disco era of music, earning the title \"The Queen of Disco\".", "  Eddy Arnold (May 15, 1918 – May 8, 2008) was among the most popular country music singers in American history and helped to create the Nashville sound. He sold more than 85 million records and had 147 songs on the charts, including 28 No. 1 hits on Billboard's \"Country Singles\" chart. Although George Jones had more individual country hits, one authoritative study ranks Arnold as the the all-time leader for hits and their time on the charts. His longevity was exceptional. Arnold transcended changing musical tastes for more than 50 years, and his later concerts attracted three generations of fans. To some he also served as a role model; in a field often awash with alcohol and drugs, he remained temperate. He ranked 22nd on County Music Television's 2003 list of 40 Greatest Men of Country Music. Arnold made his first radio appearance in 1936, but struggled to gain recognition until he landed a job as the lead male vocalist for the Pee Wee King band.", "Beginning his musical career in the swing era as a boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the \"bobby soxers\", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums. Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961, toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy.", "Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962), best known as Garth Brooks, is an American country pop singer-songwriter. His eponymous first album was released in 1989 and peaked at number 2 in the US country album chart while climbing to number 13 on the Billboard 200 album chart. Brooks' integration of rock elements into his recordings and live performances earned him immense popularity. This progressive approach allowed him to dominate the country single and album charts while crossing over into the mainstream pop arena.", "Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr. is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. Beginning in 1968, he was a member of the funk/soul band the Commodores and then launched a hugely successf...", "Richie immediately set about recording his solo debut for Motown . Titled simply Lionel Richie, the album was released in late 1982 and was an immediate smash, reaching number three on the pop charts on its way to sales of over four million copies. It spun off three Top Five pop hits, including the first single, \"Truly,\" which became Richie's first solo number one. If Lionel Richie made its creator a star, the follow-up, Can't Slow Down, made him a superstar. Boasting five Top Ten singles, including the number ones \"All Night Long (All Night)\" and \"Hello,\" Can't Slow Down hit number one, eventually sold over ten million copies, and won the 1984 Grammy for Album of the Year. Such was Richie's stature that he was invited to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, a spectacular stage event that was broadcast worldwide.", "Richie immediately set about recording his solo debut for Motown. Titled simply Lionel Richie, the album was released in late 1982 and was an immediate smash, reaching number three on the pop charts on its way to sales of over four million copies. It spun off three Top Five pop hits, including the first single, \"Truly,\" which became Richie's first solo number one. If Lionel Richie made its creator a star, the follow-up, Can't Slow Down, made him a superstar. Boasting five Top Ten singles, including the number ones \"All Night Long (All Night)\" and \"Hello,\" Can't Slow Down hit number one, eventually sold over ten million copies, and won the 1984 Grammy for Album of the Year. Such was Richie's stature that he was invited to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, a spectacular stage event that was broadcast worldwide.", "Thus, he signed with RCA Records, then one of the three biggest labels in the world (the others being Columbia and Decca), even as he organized his own publishing company, Kags Music, and a record label, SAR, through which he would produce other artists' records -- among those signed to SAR were the Soul Stirrers, Bobby Womack (late of the Valentinos, who were also signed to the label), former Soul Stirrers member Johnny Taylor, Billy Preston, Johnnie Morisette, and the Simms Twins.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J.W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Bobby Womack and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags before leaving Keen to sign with RCA Victor. One of his first RCA singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring it on Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "in 1980 - US singer Donna Summer became the first act to be signed by David Geffen to his new Geffen record label.", "From Blytheville, AR. Born Autry DeWalt II (his birth name), he was raised in South Bend, Indiana, and moved to Battle Creek, Michigan as a young musician. Walker was discovered by singer and producer Harvey Fuqua and joined Motown with Fuqua's Harvey label in the early 60s. Backed by a tight trio of musicians known as the All-Stars (Billy Nix, Willie Woods and Victor Thomas), in 1965 Walker recorded the classic song \"Shotgun.\" With his always rough vocals leading the way through a sing-song refrain, the infectious, mostly instrumental song shot to the top of the Soul charts and hit the Pop top 5.", "Ray's first R&B hit was \"Confession Blues\" in Los Angeles in 1949. In 1951, he had his first solo chart buster with \"Baby Let Me Hold Your Hand\". His amazing versatility and raw, soulful delivery quickly caught on with audiences and helped put Atlantic Records on the map. Hits like \"Mess Around\", \"Things I Used to Do\", \"A Fool for You\", \"I've Got a Woman\", \"Drown in My Own Tears\", and especially \"What'd I Say\" in 1959, pushed gospel and R&B to a wider crossover audience. He made a move into the country music arena--unheard of for a black singer--in the 1960s, doing soulful spins on Hank Williams and Eddy Arnold tunes. In 1960, he left Atlantic and signed with ABC-Paramount. Under ABC-Paramount, hits poured out during this peak time with \"I Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Hit the Road Jack\", \"Busted\" and his beloved signature song \"Georgia On My Mind\".", "Bleyer could afford to retire mainly due to the proceeds from The First Family album, and in 1964 liquidating the company apparently offered him some tax advantages. Several labels (including Musicor, Liberty, and Kapp) were reportedly interested in purchasing the Cadence masters. But so was Andy Williams, who didn't particularly want to see his old hits showing up on budget labels pressed on recycled parking lot asphalt. When Williams asked about buying his masters, apparently Bleyer held out for a deal to sell the entire catalog, and Williams bought it all. Williams set up Barnaby Records to house this musical library, then leased several of the albums to Columbia, for whom he was then recording.", "Recorded an album for Epic Records in 1964 titled \"I Am the Greatest\". Sam Cooke produced one of the songs from the LP, \"The Gang's All Here\". A single, his version of \"Stand By Me\" was released just after his first Liston fight, in 1964, and received some airplay.", "In 1973, Fogerty began his solo career with The Blue Ridge Rangers, his one-man band collection of country and gospel songs. Under his old CCR contract, however, Fogerty owed Fantasy eight more records. In the end, he refused to work for the label. The impasse was resolved only when Asylum Records' David Geffen bought Fogerty's contract for $1,000,000. In 1975 he then released his only Asylum album, the self-titled John Fogerty. His next major hit was Centerfield, a chart-topping success in 1985. On tour in 1986, however, Fogerty suffered complaints over his steadfast refusal to perform CCR songs and suffered with recurring vocal problems which he blamed on having to testify in court. Fogerty's explanation for not playing CCR material songs was that he would have had to pay performance royalties to copyright holder Saul Zaentz, and that it was \"too painful\" to revisit the music of his past.", "     He hit the big time when he signed a big contract with Columbia records where he became an instant star. After Columbia Records released him in 1952, he moved over to Capital Records where he spent eight years continuing his successful solo career. In 1960 he left Capital and founded his own record label company called Reprise Records, where he continued to turn out the hits.", "Kennedy William Gordy (born May 15, 1964), better known by his stage name Rockwell, is an American singer, songwriter and recording artist who was signed to the Motown label.", "Then Orlando received \"Candida,\" a song that other producers and singers had turned down. Orlando was not able to originally lend his name to the song, as he was working for April-Blackwood, and recording under his own name would be a professional conflict of interest. After an insistence by producer Hank Medress that he dub his voice over the male vocals on the original track, the single was released on Bell Records as being performed by the band \"Dawn\", to protect his position.", "Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single “Fire and Rain” and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with “You’ve Got a Friend”, a recording of Carole King’s classic song. His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies. Following his 1977 album, JT, he has retained a large audience over the decades. His commercial achievements declined slightly until a resurgence during the late 1990s and 2000s, when some of his best-selling and most-awarded albums (including Hourglass, October Road and Covers) were released.", "With that money, Gordy started Tamla Records in 1959, which was soon followed by Motown and several other labels. As his first songs sold well, Gordy built his own simple recording studio and signed more acts. He relied on his family to help run the company, and his second wife, Raynoma Liles, sang background vocals and helped arrange songs.", "Dion met Angélil when she was 12, and he later became her manager and, in 1994, her husband. They have three children: René-Charles, 14, and 5-year-old twins, Nelson and Eddy.", "Alecia Beth Moore, connue sous le nom de scène de Pink (stylisé P!nk) est une chanteuse et actrice américaine, née le à Doylestown en Pennsylvanie (États-Unis). Elle a vendu plus de 40 millions d'albums et 65 millions de singles et a gagné 3 Grammy Awards. Elle se fait connaître en 2000 avec la sortie de son premier album studio Can't Take Me Home. En 2001, elle reprend avec Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim et Mýa la chanson Lady Marmalade pour la bande originale du film Moulin rouge. La chanson permet de faire connaitre la chanteuse à un plus grand public. Elle sort très vite son deuxième album studio Missundaztood avec entre autres les singles Get the Party Started et Family Portrait.", "Motown Records, Inc., also known as Tamla-Motown outside of the United States, is a record label originally based out of Detroit, Michigan (\"Motor City\"), where it achieved widespread international success. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as the first record label owned by an African-American and primarily featuring African-American artists to regularly achieve crossover success and have a widespread, lasting effect on the music industry.", "In 1964, his recording of the song \"Hello Dolly\" went to number one. An album of the same title was quickly created around the song, and also shot to number one (knocking The Beatles", "Ron Popeil was also a pioneer in the recording business. Ronco Records was one of the first in the recording industry to build compilations of well-known artists' works and to package them for direct to consumer sales on television. This practice was later adopted by others and is still in use by Time Life and other music purveyors.", "A black rhythm and blues artist would release a song recorded on a small indie label", "This was first hit. He had signed with Atlantic Records after an unsuccessful stint at Decca." ]

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[ "Till I Loved You is a studio album by American artist Barbra Streisand, released on October 25, 1988 on Columbia Records. The album was particularly notable both for its thematic structure (its eleven songs chronicle a romance's beginning, middle and end) and its high-budget production, as many guest writers, producers and musicians participated during its making – Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager offered three brand new songs to the album, Quincy Jones produced \"The Places You Find Love\" and Luther Vandross and Dionne Warwick among others added backing vocals to the track. Also, the title track (a Top 40 hit in the Billboard Hot 100) was a duet between Streisand and her then-boyfriend, actor Don Johnson. According to the liner notes of Barbra's retrospective box set: Just for the Record, the album also received a record certification in Holland and in New Zealand. ", "She started dating her hairdresser Jon Peters in 1974. He went on to be her manager and producer.[76] She is the godmother of his daughters, Caleigh Peters and Skye Peters.[77] Streisand dated actor Don Johnson between 1988 and 1989. Johnson duetted with Streisand on the title song from her 1988 album Till I Loved You. Streisand was also in a relationship with ice cream heir Richard Baskin lasting at least until 1986. Baskin produced her 1985 album The Broadway Album as well as her 1987 live album One Voice. Baskin also collaborated with her on the song “Here We Are At Last” from her 1984 album Emotion .[78]", "In 1988 American musical theatre composer Maury Yeston released a studio cast album of his own musical, Goya: A Life In Song. Plácido Domingo again starred as Goya, with Jennifer Rush , Gloria Estefan , Joseph Cerisano , Dionne Warwick , Richie Havens , and Seiko Matsuda singing supporting roles. Music and lyrics were by Yeston, and the recording was released by CBS/Sony (483294-2). The score featured one break-out song, “Till I Loved You,” sung by Placido Domingo and Gloria Estefan. It was subsequently a Top 40 hit by Barbra Streisand . In spite of that commercial success, the piece has not received a major staging.", "Nat King Cole , Johnny Mathis , Natalie Cole , Michael Bolton , Barbra Streisand , Skeeter Davis , Judy Garland , Diana Ross , The Lettermen , Eric Clapton , Betty Everett and Jerry Butler , Timi Yuro , Holly Cole , Elvis Costello , Lyle Lovett , Julia Migenes , Steve Howe & Martin Taylor , Dalida , Michael Jackson , Michael Bublé , Maria Friedman , Petula Clark , Djavan , Sun Ra , Robert Downey Jr. , Ray Quinn , Tony Bennett , Janelle Monae , Russell Watson , Josh Groban , Jimmy Durante , Barbi Benton , David Whitfield , Westlife , Harry Connick Jr. , Charice , Glee (TV series) and Nydia Rojas", "Cher; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, model, fashion designer, television host, comedian, dancer, businesswoman, philanthropist, author, film producer, director, and record producer. Described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry, she is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in various areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her career, which has led to her being nicknamed the \"Goddess of Pop\".", "Barbra Streisand (born April 24 , 1942 as Barbara Joan Streisand), is a two-time Academy Award -winning American singer , theatre and film actress , composer , film producer and director . She has won Oscars for Best Actress and Best Original Song as well as multiple Emmy Awards , Grammy Awards , Golden Globe Awards and an honorary Tony Award .", "In September 2014, she released Partners, a new album of duets that features collaborations with Elvis Presley, Andrea Bocelli, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Billy Joel, Babyface, Michael Bublé, Josh Groban, John Mayer, John Legend, Blake Shelton and Jason Gould. This album topped the Billboard 200 with sales of 196,000 copies in the first week, making Streisand the only recording artist to have a number-one album in each of the last six decades. It was also certified gold in November 2014 and platinum in January 2015, thus becoming Streisand's 52nd gold and 31st Platinum album, more than any other female artist in history. ", "Streisand's new album features 12 duets with the some of the world's most popular male vocalists, including: Michael Bublé, Stevie Wonder, Joyn Mayer, Babyface, Billy Joel, Blake Shelton, Lionel Richie, Andrea Bocelli, Jason Gould, John Legend, Josh Groban, and um, Elvis Presley.", "Cher ( born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American pop singer-songwriter, actress, director and record producer. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globe Awards and a People's Choice Award for her work in film, music and television.", "Cher (born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American pop singer-songwriter, actor, director and record producer. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globe Awards and a People's Choice Award for her work in film, music and television.", "72 - Barbra Streisand - Barbra Streisand (born Barbara Joan Streisand, April 24, 1942) is an American singer, film and theatre actress.", "Crawford recorded this as a duet with Barbra Streisand for her 1993 album Back to Broadway.", "Born, Barry Alan Pincus or  Barry Manilow born June 17, 1943 , an American songwiter and famous singer and producer known for his great hits, Copacabana, Mandy, Can’t Smile Without You, Could it Be Magic and hit record I Write This Song. Five of his hit songs album were on the charts best selling records , equaled to Frank Sinatra, Michael Jackson, Johnny Mathis and Bruce Springsteen and being named Radio & Records number one Adult Contemporary artist, and  sold more than 80 million records worldwide.  His career began in 1970s. He head his facelift for sagging skin on July 29, 2003 and undergone a hip surgery in August 29, 2006 and December 12, 2011. In 1989, he revealed that he was expecting an invitation from his neighbor Ronald and Nancy Reagan, but he told US Magazine, that they complained the limit or restriction  from Manilow’s doing the thing of sunbathing in the nude.", "Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939) is an American pop singer , pianist , and songwriter . His career has spanned over 50 years, during which time he has written many songs for himself and others, often working with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody.", "Barry Manilow (born Barry Alan Pincus; June 17, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter, arranger, musician and producer with a career that has spanned over fifty years. He is best known for a long string of hit recordings such as \"Mandy\", \"Can't Smile Without You\", and \"Copacabana (At the Copa)\".", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '80 DISC 3: Jona Lewie - Stop The Cavalry; Billy Preston & Syreeta - With You I'm Born Again; Andy Gibb - Desire; Boomtown Rats - Someone's Looking At You; Cliff Richard - Carrie; Peter Gabriel - Games Without Frontiers; David Essex - Silver Dream Machine; Beat - Mirror In The Bathroom; Detroit Spinners - Cupid; Adam & The Ants - Dog Eat Dog; Stephanie Mills - Never Knew Love Like This Before; Madness - Embarrassment; Specials - Do Nothing; Elvis Costello - I Can't Stand Up For Falling Down; UB40 - Food For Thought; Dr Hook - Sexy Eyes; Matchbox - When You Ask About Love; Eddie Rabbitt - Drivin' My Life Away; Joe Jackson - It's Different For Girls; Keith Michell - Captain Beaky; Rainbow - All Night Long; Sky - Toccata; Roxy Music - Over You; Specials - Rat Race; Korgis - Everybody's Got To Learn Sometime; Gary Numan - We Are Glass; Bob Marley & The Wailers - Could You Be Loved; Kate Bush - Babooshka; Roxy Music - Oh Yeah (On The Radio); Hazel O'Connor - Eighth Day.", "Bobby McFerrin (born New York City, March 11, 1950) is a jazz -influenced a cappella vocal performer and conductor. A ten-time Grammy Award winner, he is one of the world's best known vocal innovators and improvisers. His song \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" (featured in the 1988 movie Cocktail, and the 2005 movie Jarhead) was a #1 U.S. pop hit in 1988.", "By the beginning of the '80s, Rogers ' audience was as much pop as it was country, and singles like his cover of Lionel Richie 's \"Lady\" confirmed that fact, spending six weeks at the top of the pop charts. Rogers also began performing duets with pop singers like Kim Carnes (\"Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer,\" number three country, number four pop, 1980) and Sheena Easton (\"We've Got Tonight,\" number one country, number six pop, 1983). Rogers also began making inroads into television and film, appearing in a number of TV specials and made-for-TV movies, including 1982's Six Pack and two movies based on his songs \"The Gambler\" and \"Coward of the County.\" Late in 1983, he left United Artists/Liberty for RCA Records, releasing a duet with Dolly Parton called \"Islands in the Stream\" as his first single for the label. Written by the Bee Gees and produced by Barry Gibb , the record became one of his biggest hits, spending two weeks on the top of both the country and pop charts.", "Bobby McFerrin (born New York City, March 11, 1950) is a jazz -influenced a cappella vocal performer and conductor. A ten-time Grammy Award winner, he is one of the world's best known vocal innovators and improvisers. His song \" Don't Worry, Be Happy \" (featured in the 1988 movie Cocktail, and the 2005 movie Jarhead) was a #1 U.S. pop hit in 1988.", "CHARTBUSTERS UK / US HITS OF '87 DISC 13: Sam Moore & Lou Reed - Soul Man; Mick Jagger - Let's Work; ABC - The Night You Murdered Love; Eurythmics - Missionary Man; Bananarama - Trick Of The Night; Swing Out Sister - Twilight World; Ward Brothers - Cross That Bridge; David Bowie - Time Will Crawl; David Bowie - Never Let Me Down; Christians - When The Finger Points; Cliff Richard - Remember Me; Bryan Ferry - The Right Stuff; Eurythmics - Shame; Siouxsie & The Banshees - The Passenger; Tina Turner - Break Every Rule; Alison Moyet - Ordinary Girl; Doris Day - Move Over Darling; Deborah Harry - In Love With Love; Lone Justice - I Found Love; Deborah Harry - Free To Fall.", "Grammy Award-winning singer [1986, 1988]; duet [w/Linda Ronstadt]: Silencios; songwriter: El Cantante, Tu Carino, GDBD, Move It!; actor: Color of Night, The Two Jakes, One Man�s War, Dead Man Out, The Milagro Beanfield War, Homeboy, Crossover Dreams, The Last Fight", "----------------------- Writers DE BARRO , JOAO/RIBEIRO ,ALBERTO ---- Trascript 1978 By Barry Manilow (born June 17, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, arranger, producer, conductor, and performer, best known for such recordings as \"Could It Be Magic\", \"Mandy\", \"Can't Smile Without You\", and \"Copacabana (At the Copa).\"", "By 1978, Nicks had amassed a large backlog of songs dating back to her Buckingham Nicks days that she had been unable to record and release with Fleetwood Mac because of the constraint of having to accommodate three songwriters on each album. Nicks wrote and recorded demos for a solo project during Tusk sessions in 1979 and the Tusk world tour of 1979–80. Nicks, Danny Goldberg, and Paul Fishkin founded Modern Records to record and release Nicks's material. Nicks recorded the hit duets \"Whenever I Call You Friend\" with Kenny Loggins in 1978, and \"Gold\" with John Stewart in 1979. ", "The 1980s gave Manilow the adult contemporary chart-topping songs \"The Old Songs\", \"Somewhere Down the Road\", \"Read 'Em and Weep\" (written by Jim Steinman), and a remake of the 1941 Jule Styne and Frank Loesser standard \"I Don't Want to Walk Without You\". Manilow continued having high radio airplay throughout the decade. In the UK, Manilow had five sold-out performances at Royal Albert Hall. In the United States, at Radio City Music Hall (1984) his 10-night run set a box-office sales record of nearly $2 million, making him the top draw in the then 52-year history of the venue. In 1980, Manilow's One Voice special, with Dionne Warwick as his guest, was nominated for an Emmy for \"Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction\".", "In 1985, Barbra Streisand released a version of \"Somewhere\" as a single off the Grammy Award-winning The Broadway Album, charting at #43 in the US (on the Billboard Hot 100) and #88 in the UK. The song itself won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s). ", "His career spanned three decades and including hits like Saving All My Love For You, most famously performed by Whitney Houston , and Do You Know Where You're Going to performed by Diana Ross . Both songs were co-written by Michael Masser", "First artist to record the Burt Bacharach / Carole Bayer Sager song \"That's What Friends Are For\" (for the movie Night Shift (1982)), four years before it became a number one hit for Dionne Warwick , Elton John , Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder .", "Wrote most of the songs of the famous 1965 duo Simon&Garfunkel including 3 No.1 hits Mrs.Robinson, Sound of Silence and Bridge over troubled water. Elected in 1990 to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of the duo.", "The actor moonlighted as a singer, exhibiting a sixth sense for hit-making. He made two Hot 100 visits in 1987: \"Respect Yourself\" (No. 5) and \"Under the Boardwalk\" (No. 59).", "singer: You Better Go Now, When I Fall in Love, Fire Down Below; died Aug 2, 1991", "Sang \"Because We Are In Love\" at her 1980 wedding. The song was written by her brother Richard Carpenter and friend John Bettis .", "His biggest hits were \"I Love a Rainy Night\" (Pop #1), \"Drivin' My Life Away\" (Pop #5), and \"Step By Step\" (Pop #5), which were hits for him in 1981. In 1981, he also won an American Music Award for Best Pop Male Vocalist." ]

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[ "The World’s first crossword ~ Fun’s Word-Cross Puzzle by Arthur Wynne, published on the 21st December 1913 in the New York World", "On the 21st December 1913, the first modern crossword puzzle was printed in the New York World newspaper. Created by British-born journalist Arthur Wynne, his diamond-shaped puzzle was originally called a ‘word-cross puzzle’, but due.... . .", "SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21: Word has it that it was a snowy winter evening in 1913 when Arthur Wynne , an editor at the New York World, was contemplating how to give the Christmas issue that extra something. Recalling the word square puzzles he had enjoyed solving as a child, the British-born editor began constructing a diamond-shaped puzzle with squares for 32 words. That first “Word-Cross puzzle” appeared in print on Dec. 21, 1913, with more than a few flaws! Yet reader feedback was undeniable, and the puzzle was a hit. The crossword craze had officially begun.", "100 years of crosswords: the first appeared in New York on 21.12.1913 | Crosswords | The Guardian", "When the crossword puzzle first appeared in the New York World in December 1913, it became a craze that swept the planet.", "On December 12, 1913, the very first crossword puzzle, created by Arthur Wynne, was published in the New York World newspaper.", "Newspapers: The first crossword puzzle published in American newspapers was one composed by Arthur Wynne for the \"New York World\" on December 1, 1913.", "The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer, it became a pioneer in yellow journalism, capturing readers' attention and pushing its daily circulation to the one-million mark.", "10. 21 December 1913, official biography II, 690; 18 May 1914, official biography II, 693 in particular.", ", J.M. Barrie's What Every Woman Knows Fritz Haber synthesizes ammonia, H. Kamerlinggh Onnes liquifies helium, Bakelite invented by L.H. Baekeland, Zeppelin disaster at Echterdingen, General Motors Corporation formed, Fountain pens become widespread, Ford Model 'T' roles off production lines for the first time 1909Canberra becomes Australian capital, Anglo-Persian Oil Company founded to exploit D'Arcy Concession, Anglo-Siamese Treaty cedes rights for Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Trengganu to Britain, Formation of Federal Council in Federated Malay States, Creation of Canadian Department of External Affairs, Morley-Minto Reforms in India, Anglo-German discussions on Berlin to Baghdad Railway, Girl Guides foundedLloyd George's battle with House of Lords begins, Formation of Foreign Section of Secret Service Bureau (later MI6) and Military Section (later MI5), State visit by Edward VII to Berlin and Rome, Selfridges opens in LondonYoung Turks overthrow Ottoman Sultan, Franco-German agreement in Morocco, Civil War in Honduras, Robert Peary claims to have reached North PoleF.T. Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto is published calling for an appreciation of the modern, speed and creative destruction, Kandinsky begins first abstract paintings, Vaughan Williams' Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis", "* 1914 – H. G. Wells publishes science fiction novel The World Set Free, describing how scientists discover potentially limitless energy locked inside of atoms, and describes the deployment of atomic bombs.", "What are the important events that happened on December 21, 1913? Here are historical events, facts, and some myths about this day.", "The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter , but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell . During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson , The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth , later Lord Northcliffe.", "Time (styled within the magazine as TIME) is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, who built a highly profitable stable of magazines.", "Once part of the Harold Wilmerding Bell collection, this copy is owned by The Speckled Band of Boston and has been placed on deposit at Harvard's Houghton Library.� It can be found in their HOLLIS Catalog using \"Beeton's Christmas\" as the title.� The catalog record provides a detailed description of this copy.", "[8] The Times estimated that Lord Northcliffe’s lengthy article in praise of Lloyd George had been carried in one thousand American, Australian, Canadian, South African, French, Italian and other journals. [Times 11 December, 1916.]", "The program is in the tradition of the September 1897 editorial \"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus\" in the New York Sun. ", "Hark, The Herald Tribune Sings! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 A most extraordinary 1966 issue of the Trib’s New York magazine.", "11 The British Australasian 4 April 1912, p. 19; 17 April 1913, p. 21; 29 April 1915, p. 19; 30 September 1915, p. 18; 30 September 1920, p. 16; 13 July 1922, p. 20; 20 July 1922, pp. 20–21; The British Australian and New Zealander 23 January 1936, p. 8.", " This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. ", "The story was originally issued in 1933, as a supplement to the British Weekly, an evangelical newspaper; but came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic. The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little, Brown and Company, who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934. The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses, and Little, Brown were no exception. They cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate, and Little, Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month. Public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month.", "'This World Depression of Ours is Chock-full of Good News', Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan, (Oct 1932), 26. Reprinted in Ella Winter and Herbert Shapiro The World of Lincoln Steffens (1962), 216.", "The American edition precedes the English and differs radically textually and for an interesting reason. The story first appeared in The Strand magazine from September, 1914, to May, 1915. The American edition was reprinted from this.", "(4) For details, see The Electrical Review, 22 December 1950, and an interesting letter by a correspondent, 12 January 1951. There was a contemporary article in The Railway World., August 1893.", "14 St. Nicholas was an illustrated monthly magazine for children published from 1873-1940. Its first editors were Mary Mapes Dodge, Frank R. Stockton, and John T. Trowbridge, and its contributors included such well-known authors as Louisa May Alcott, Susan Coolidge, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Mark Twain, G. A. Henty, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Rudyard Kipling.", "Item Description: Random House, New York, 1962. Hardcover. Book Condition: Good. No Jacket. 1st UK Edition. Owners inscript on FFEP, FFEP and first few pages scribbled over with pen, boards have some wear to edges o/w good. Size: 8vo - over 7¾\" - 9¾\" tall. Book. Bookseller Inventory # 001752", "A magazine article from 1853, describing American Christmas customs to British readers, refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for 'a fabulous personage' whose name varies: in Pennsylvania he is usually called 'Krishkinkle' but in New York he is 'St. Nicholas' or 'Santa Claus'. The author quotes Moore's poem in its entirety, saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too. ", "The date on the newspaper in the scene in 1966 when the war ends is 21st September 1966 - which would have been the 100th birthday of H.G. Wells . See more »", "In an edition of The (New York) Sun, this editorial appearing September 21, 1897 spurred a part of popular Christmas folklore for its famous response by Francis Pharcellus Church.", "142 and 152 £200,000 in prizes Win with our bumper new £200,000 'Winning Lines' contest, and buy a Rolls-Royce model and get another free (see page 142); save £200 on your next holiday, and take advantage of our great jewellery offer (page 152). Great reader events in this issue! TVTIMES 20 December-2 January 1987 /V ol 125 No 52/1", "Copy of the forthcoming front page of the Christmas 1963 issue of the ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS", "1889 Manchester Times (England) 14 December, Page 1 Column 5 Issue 1690. Spoof, Tiddledy Winks, Flitterkins (in an advertisement)" ]

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[ "\"One Sweet Day\" is a song by American singer Mariah Carey and R&B group Boyz II Men . The song was written by Carey, Walter Afanasieff and Boyz II Men: Wanya Morris , Shawn Stockman , Nathan Morris , and Michael McCary . \"One Sweet Day\" was produced by Carey and Afanasieff for her fifth studio album, Daydream , and was released as the album's second single on November 14, 1995 (1995-11-14). The song speaks about death of a loved one, how the protagonist took their presence for granted and misses them, and finally about seeing the person in heaven. Both Carey and Boyz II Men wrote the song about specific people in their lives, being inspired by sufferers of the AIDS epidemic, which was globally prevalent at that time.", "This stayed at #1 US for 14 weeks, a record at the time. In 1995, this record was broken by \" One Sweet Day \" by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men, which held the top spot for 16 weeks. \"I Will Always Love You\" does hold the record for the most weeks at #1 for a song that first appeared on a soundtrack.", "To-date, only Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men's \"One Sweet Day\" (16 weeks, 1995-96) has surpassed the reign (also matched by five other songs).", "\"One Sweet Day\" won many prestigious awards throughout 1996. At the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, the song won the award for \"Favorite Adult Contemporary Single Female 'One Sweet Day'\". \"One Sweet Day\" also won the award for \"Song of the Year\" at the BMI Awards and a \"Special Award for 16 weeks at #1\" at the Billboard Music Awards. Together, Daydream and \"One Sweet Day\" were nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 38th annual ceremony, however, to Carey's surprise, and to the shock of many critics, they lost all of the nominations. In a readers' poll conducted by Rolling Stone, the song was ranked first for the category of the Best Collaboration of All Time. ", "Within a month, it became a #1 UK hit, where it topped the charts for 5 weeks. In America, it had an even more sensational chart run, going to #1 on October 11, and staying there for an astounding 14 weeks. The only song with a longer stay at the top of the American charts is \"One Sweet Day\" by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men.", "Outside the U.S., \"One Sweet Day\" was not as successful but did manage to reach the top-ten in over 13 countries and topped the chart in Canada and New Zealand, where it was certified platinum . In Canada, the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 89 on the RPM issue dated December 4, 1995, [26] and reached the top of the chart on January 22, 1996. [27] It was present on the chart for a total of 24 weeks, [28] and ranked 12th on the RPM Year-end chart for 1996. [29] It reached the top-two in Australia (platinum), The Netherlands; the top-five in France (silver) and Ireland and the top-ten in Belgium, Norway (platinum), Sweden and the United Kingdom (silver). In the UK, it is one of Carey's best-selling singles, with estimated sales of 255,000. [30]", "in 1995 - Mariah Carey went to No.1 on the US singles chart with her duet with Boyz II Men 'One Sweet Day'. It made Carey the first artist in history to have two consecutive single debut at No.1, 'Fantasy' being her first.", "In 1995, Columbia released Carey's fifth album, Daydream, which combined the pop sensibilities of Music Box with downbeat R&B and hip hop influences. A remix of \"Fantasy,\" its first single, featured rapper Ol' Dirty Bastard. Carey said that Columbia reacted negatively to her intentions for the album: \"Everybody was like 'What, are you crazy?'. They're very nervous about breaking the formula.\" It became her biggest-selling album in the U.S., and its singles achieved similar success—\"Fantasy\" became the second single to debut at number one in the U.S. and topped the Canadian Singles Chart for twelve weeks; \"One Sweet Day\" (a duet with Boyz II Men) spent a record-holding sixteen weeks at number one in the U.S.; and \"Always Be My Baby\" (co-produced by Jermaine Dupri) was the most successful record on U.S. radio in 1996, according to Billboard magazine. Daydream generated career-best reviews for Carey, and publications such as The New York Times named it one of 1995's best albums; the Times wrote that its \"best cuts bring pop candy-making to a new peak of textural refinement [...] Carey's songwriting has taken a leap forward, becoming more relaxed, sexier and less reliant on thudding clichés.\" The short but profitable Daydream World Tour augmented sales of the album, which received six Grammy Award nominations.", "She has had 15 #1 Hot 100 singles in the United States: \"Vision Of Love\", \"Love Takes Time\", \"Someday\", \"I Don't Want To Cry\", \"Emotions\", \"I'll Be There\", \"Dreamlover\", \"Hero\", \"Fantasy\", \"One Sweet Day\", \"Always Be My Baby\", \"Honey\", \"My All\", \"Heartbreaker\" and \"Thank God I Found You\". She currently has the record for the most weeks at #1 in the American charts with her single \"One Sweet Day\", featuring Boyz II Men. It totalled a full 16 weeks at #1 on top the Billboard Hot 100.", "\"One Sweet Day\" was performed at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards, held on February 28, 1996. During the performance, Carey wore a long black dress and matching sleeveless blouse, while the group wore white jackets and black pants. After the song's bridge, a choir of male and female vocalists took place on the rafters placed over the stage, all wearing white gowns. [31] The song was also performed at the memorial service for Princess Diana in September 1997, where other performers included Elton John . During the service and song recital, Carey wore a conservative long black sheer gown, with long golden curls. Boyz II Men all wore similar matching dark suit and garments. [31] The song became part of Carey's BET Christmas special in 2001, where she sang the song alongside Boyz II Men. [31] During the special, Carey wore a red gown in honor of the show's holiday theme, and featured a long golden hairstyle. One of the male vocalists had already been switched, as one of the group members had already resigned. [31]", "Outside the U.S., \"One Sweet Day\" was not as successful but did manage to reach the top-ten in over 13 countries and topped the chart in Canada and New Zealand, where it was certified platinum. In Canada, the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 89 on the RPM issue dated December 4, 1995, and reached the top of the chart on January 22, 1996. It was present on the chart for a total of 24 weeks, and ranked 12th on the RPM Year-end chart for 1996. It reached the top-two in Australia (platinum), The Netherlands; the top-five in France (silver) and Ireland and the top-ten in Belgium, Norway (platinum), Sweden and the United Kingdom (silver). In the UK, it is one of Carey's best-selling singles, with estimated sales of 255,000. ", "Daydream (1995; \"Fantasy\", \"One Sweet Day\", \"Open Arms\", \"Always Be My Baby\", \"Forever\", Underneath The Stars\")", "Single \"One Sweet Day\" holds the record for the single staying most weeks at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 (a record 16 weeks).", "Nobody could have possibly guessed when it first made no. 1 in July 1991, that Bryan Adams' \"(Everything I Do) I Do It For You\" would go on to spend the best part of four months at the top. At 16 weeks, it still holds the record for the longest continuous stay at number one. (In fact only Frankie Laine's \"I Believe\" can beat it in total weeks at the top; but that took three visits to do so!) This appeared to mark the dawn of a new era of lingering incumbents. Over the next three years, as many singles would make 8 or more weeks at the top including Wet Wet Wet's \"Love Is All Around\" which, at 15 consecutive weeks, holds the silver medal. Marty Pellow, lead singer of Wet Wet Wet, insisted that the single was deleted after it's 15th week at the top, fearing that the band could have become regarded as a one-trick pony.", "It spent one week at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, blocking Milli Vanilli's \"Girl You Know It's True\" from reaching the summit position. It was preceded at #1 on the Hot 100 by Mike + the Mechanics' \"The Living Years\" and succeeded by Roxette's \"The Look\". It also topped the US adult contemporary chart for two weeks. ", "The song also holds the distinction of being the only number one hit to fall completely off the chart after hitting #1 the week of Christmas 1949.", "The first single from the album, \"Praying for Time\", written by Michael, reached number one in the U.S. Billboard charts and the top ten in the UK in the summer of 1990. It remained in the Billboard Top 40 for ten weeks, and was the last number one solo single from Michael in the U.S. charts. The second single, \"Waiting for That Day\", was released a month after the album's release. Owing to a borrowed lyric from The Rolling Stones' hit \"You Can't Always Get What You Want\", co-writer credits were given to Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. It reached the top 40 in the British and American charts. The single's B-side, \"Mother's Pride\" was an American airplay success when it peaked at number 46 on airplay-only chart in March 1991.", "J Geils Band had Centerfold and Freeze Frame, Steve Miller finally got a UK top 10 hit with Abracadabra, as did fellow Americans John Cougar with Jack & Diane, and Survivor with Eye of the Tiger. Toni Basil scored with Mickey, Soft Cell had Torch, Human League had Mirror Man, and 14 years after his #1 with The Equals on Baby Come Back, Eddy Grant was back at #1 with I Don't Wanna Dance.", "Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988, the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24, 1988 displacing \"Sweet Child o' Mine\" by Guns N' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot. ", "Lead single \"Got 'til It's Gone\" was released in August 1997, featuring guest vocals from folk singer Joni Mitchell and rapper Q-Tip. The song's music video, depicting a pre-Apartheid celebration, won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. \"Together Again\" became Jackson's eighth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100, placing her on par with Elton John, Diana Ross, and The Rolling Stones. It spent a record forty-six weeks on the Hot 100 and nineteen weeks on the United Kingdom's singles chart. It sold six million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. \"I Get Lonely\" peaked at number three on the Hot 100, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. As Jackson's eighteenth consecutive top ten hit, it made her the only female artist to garner that achievement, surpassed only by Elvis Presley and The Beatles. Several other singles were released, including \"Go Deep\" and ballad \"Every Time\", which was controversial for the nudity displayed in its music video. ", "29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days. Jackie Wilson's \"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town)\" first entered the chart on 16th Nov 1957 when it peaked at number 6. Its use in a Levis ad in 1986 catapulted it back into the chart to top it on 27th Dec 1986.", "In 1997, they released the second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, making it the group's all consecutive number one hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie in the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number ones, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number one, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. \"Never Give Up on the Good Times\" was planned as fifth single, but was canceled after this event. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by The Beatles. On November 30, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. ", "The band continued to set records during the following years. Over the course of 1996, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? became the second-biggest British album in history. On the strength of the iconic single \"Wonderwall,\" Morning Glory also became a Top Ten success in America, where it reached quintuple platinum status; it also cracked the Top Ten throughout countries in Europe and Asia. During 1996, the Gallaghers ' combative relationship was frequently detailed in newspapers and gossip columns, particularly when they suddenly pulled out of their late summer U.S. tour. This followed the group's two concerts at Knebworth, which broke records for being the biggest outdoor concert in England.", "Despite the departure of Such, the band released their sixth studio album, These Days, a year later in 1995.These Days was a huge commercial success, especially in the Asian and European markets. The album debuted at #1 in UK where it replaced Michael Jackson's album HIStory at number one on the UK Albums Chart and spent four consecutive weeks at #1. In Japan, the album topped the Oricon chart with sales of 379,000 copies in first week, becoming second fastest selling international albums in history of the country's chart. The lead single This Ain't A Love Song reached #14 in the United States, and was the only significant US hit from the album, however, the album produced four UK Top 10 hits.", "In 1966, he scored the first of two big comeback singles with established Chicago soul producer Carl Davis with \"Whispers (Gettin' Louder)\" and \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\", a No. 6 Pop smash in 1967, which became one of his final pop hits. This was followed by \"I Get the Sweetest Feeling\", which, despite its modest initial chart success in the US (Billboard Pop #34), has since become one of his biggest international chart successes, becoming a Top 10 hit in the UK twice, in 1972 and in 1987, and a Top 20 hit in the Dutch Top 40, and has spawned numerous cover versions by other artists such as Edwin Starr, Will Young, Erma Franklin (Aretha's sister) and Liz McClarnon.", "One-hit wonders from the 90s: From Chumbawamba and Natalie Imbruglia to Kris Kross, 19 songs that will make you feel nostalgic | Metro News", "1999–2001: Sweet Kisses and Irresistible Simpson released her first single, \"I Wanna Love You Forever\", which peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2000. Soon afterward her major label debut album Sweet Kisses was released. To support the album, Simpson toured with Ricky Martin and with boy band 98 Degrees, and she and 98 Degrees group member Nick Lachey began dating shortly afterwards.After dating for two years, the couple cooled their relationship. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the couple reconciled. Simpson stated, \"After 9/11, I knew that I never ever wanted to be away from Nick ever for the rest of my life.\"", "On a Day Like Today was released in 1998 and the release coincided with his contract being sold to Interscope Records. Despite Interscope's involvement or lack of, On a Day Like Today enjoyed tremendous success internationally, entering the Top 5 in Germany and was certified platinum in the UK. It generated two British Top 10 singles: \"Cloud Number Nine\" and \"When You're Gone\", which featured Melanie C of The Spice Girls.", "The biggest hit in 1998 was \"Too Close\" by Next. It isn't nearly as iconic as \" Gettin' Jiggy With It \" (#14), \" Bittersweet Symphony \" (#79) or \" Everybody (Backstreet's Back) \" (#22).", "1966, Born on this day, Darius Rucker, Hootie & The Blowfish, (1995 US No.1 album 'Cracked Rear View' sold over 15m copies. 1995 UK No.50 single 'Hold My Hand').", "The single also included \"Sweetest Thing,\" which became a hit when it was re-released in 1998.", " From his album On a Day Like Today (1998). The song features Melanie C of the Spice Girls. ( Wikipedia )" ]

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[ "Harnett's work is in collections in the Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, New York), the Amon Carter Museum (Texas), the Dallas Museum of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the Carnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburgh), the Cincinnati Art Museum, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Harvard University Art Museums, the High Museum of Art (Atlanta, Georgia), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Joslyn Art Museum (Nebraska), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art (Washington D.C.), the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa), the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the San Diego Museum of Art (California), Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (Madrid), the Toledo Museum of Art (Ohio), the Wadsworth Atheneum (Connecticut), and the Wichita Art Museum among others.", "Among the public collections holding works by Barnett Newman are the Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts), the Allen Memorial Art Museum (Oberlin College, Ohio), the Art Institute of Chicago, the Berlin State Museums, the Cleveland Museum of Art, Harvard University Art Museums, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C.), the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art (Japan), Kunstmuseum Basel (Switzerland), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Menil Collection (Houston, Texas), the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid), the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, the Museum of Modern Art (New York City), the Nasher Sculpture Center (Dallas, Texas), the Nassau County Museum of Art (Roslyn Harbor, New York), the National Gallery of Art (Washington D.C.), the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa), the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Sheldon Museum of Art (Lincoln, Nebraska), the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington D.C.), Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam), the Tate Gallery (London), the Wadsworth Atheneum (Hartford, Connecticut), the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota), the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum (Cologne, Germany), and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City).", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, known colloquially as The Met, is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, USA. It has a permanent collection containing more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments. The main building, often referred to simply as \"the Met,\" is one of the world's largest art galleries, and has a much smaller second location in Upper Manhattan, at \"The Cloisters,\" which features medieval art.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, known colloquially as The Met, is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, USA. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments. The main building, often referred to simply as \"the Met\", is one of the world's largest art galleries; there is also a much smaller second location in Upper Manhattan, at \"The Cloisters\", which features medieval art.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, known colloquially as The Met, is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, USA. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments.", "\"1550-1650, A Century of Masters from the Collection of Walter P. Chrysler, Jr.,\" Fort Worth Art Center, Fort Worth, Texas, Sept. 7 - No. 4, 1962; Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Dec. 4, 1962 - Jan. 23, 1963; University of Texas, Austin, Texas, Feb. 4 - March 31, 1963. (Exhib. cat. pp. 33, 46).", "‘GEMS’: More than 100 paintings, photographs, sculture and mixed-media artwork that do not exceed 8 by 10 inches in size. ‘Land & Light & Water & Air’: The annual exhibit of landscape works features more than 100 New England painters and a corresponding photography exhibit. Through December 28. Info, 644-5100. Bryan Memorial Gallery in Jeffersonville. ‘Landscape Traditions’: The new wing of the gallery presents contemporary landscape works by nine regional artists. Through January 1. Info, 253-8943. West Branch Gallery & Sculpture Park in Stowe.", "There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia, which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts; the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the largest private museum in Washington; and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle, the first museum of modern art in the United States. Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum, the O Street Museum Foundation, the International Spy Museum, the National Geographic Society Museum, and the Marian Koshland Science Museum. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits, documentation, and artifacts related to the Holocaust. ", "The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art houses one of the finest collections of art in upstate New York. Special exhibitions are mounted each year, plus selections from a global permanent collection, which is displayed on six public floors. The collection includes art from throughout Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, graphic arts, medallic art, and Tiffany glass, ranging from the ancient to the contemporary. ", "The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum is a museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, with more than 28,000 Western and American Indian art works and artifacts. The facility also has the world's most extensive collection of American rodeo photographs, barbed wire, saddlery, and early rodeo trophies. Museum collections focus on preserving and interpreting the heritage of the American West. The museum becomes an art gallery during the annual Prix de West Invitational Art Exhibition and Sale each June. The Prix de West Artists sell original works of art as a fund raiser for the Museum. The expansion and renovation was designed by Curtis W. Fentress, FAIA, RIBA of Fentress Architects.", "museum of medieval European art, in Fort Tryon Park, New York City, overlooking the Hudson River. A branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, it was opened to the public in May, 1938.", "Oklahoma’s best-known visual artists are Native American, and their works as well as those of European masters are represented in many museums. Oil has made the state influential on the international petroleum landscape, but those that it has enriched have contributed much to the artistic scene. The Gilcrease Museum and the Philbrook Museum of Art, both in Tulsa, and the Woolaroc Museum, in Bartlesville , originally reflected individual tastes, but they have joined other art museums (notably the Oklahoma City Art Museum) in offering diverse displays.", "Founded in 1883, the Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA) is the ninth oldest and eighth largest encyclopedic art museum in the U.S. The permanent collection comprises over 54,000 works, including African, American, Asian, and European pieces. In addition to its collections, the museum consists of 100 Acres: The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park; Oldfields, a restored house museum and estate once owned by Josiah K. Lilly, Jr.; and restored gardens and grounds originally designed by Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers firm. The IMA also owns the Miller House, a Mid-Century modern home designed by Eero Saarinen located in Columbus, Indiana. The museum's holdings demonstrate the institution's emphasis on the connections among art, design, and the natural environment.", "Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, [19] Skinker Blvd and Forsyth Blvd. Located on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis, this museum was recently voted the best Museum in St. Louis by the Riverfront Times. One of the world's finest University art collections, it is also the oldest art museum west of the Mississippi River - it was founded in 1881. It is now housed in a new facility designed by Pritzker Prize winning architect, Fumihiko Maki. Among the permanent collection are pieces by Pablo Piccasso, Rembrandt, Max Ernst, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Juan Gris, Alexander Calder, and a separate department dedicated to currency called the Newman Money Museum.", "New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. \"Paintings from Private Collections: Summer Loan Exhibition,\" July 12–September 2, 1963, no. 49 (lent by Mrs. Bertram Smith).", "The permanent collection of the Gallery consists of well over 14,000 items, most of which are American. Its collections of European holdings are based primarily on the Clark collection mentioned above, and the Walker collection, from collectors Mary and Edward Walker. The Gallery houses the Corcoran School of Art, the only professional art school in the District of Columbia, as well as varied educational programs open to the public. Not only is the Corcoran an architectural achievement in the Beaux Arts tradition, but its continual dedication to art is a contribution to the cultural heritage of the nation's capital.", "New York City is home to some of the finest art museums in the country, and in Manhattan , you'll find the grandest of them all. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park has vast holdings that represent a series of collections, each of which ranks in its category among the finest in the world. Within this single building you'll find perhaps the world's finest collection of American artwork, period rooms, thousands of European paintings including Rembrandts and Vermeers, the greatest collection of Egyptian art outside Cairo, one of the world's finest Islamic art collections, Asian art, European sculpture, medieval and Renaissance art, antiquities from around the ancient world, and much, much more. As if all that wasn't enough, the Metropolitan also operates The Cloisters, located in Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan , houses a collection of medieval art and incorporates elements from five medieval French cloisters and other monastic sites in southern France in its renowned gardens.", "“The Museum of Fine Arts is one of the two Springfield Museums dedicated to fine and decorative arts. The Art Deco-style Museum was erected in response to a bequest from Mr. & Mrs. James Philip Gray, who left their entire estate for the “selection, purchase, preservation, and exhibition of the most valuable, meritorious, artistic, and high class oil paintings obtainable,” and for the construction of a Museum to house them. The Museum opened in 1933. The Museum of Fine Arts presents a strong cross section of American and European paintings, sculpture and works on paper.” –From the museum web site.", "\"April Wind\" is an egg tempera painting (not oil). It is owned by the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum in Hartford, CT.", "American Art at Amherst: A Summary Catalogue of the Collection At the Mead Art Gallery Amherst College", "Opened in 1935, the museum stages more than twenty exhibitions and over three hundred educational programs each year. Highlights of its permanent collection include major works by European artists Paul Klee and Marcel Duchamp, American photographer Ansel Adams, and American painters Jackson Pollock and Richard Diebenkorn. One of its most popular recent art shows was its 2008 travelling exhibition of works by Frida Kahlo.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the largest museum in the Western Hemisphere. Its collection of more than two million items is not only broad—covering the entire world, from antiquity to the present—but deep, with holdings so large in a number of areas that some might be considered museums unto themselves. Its European paintings are stunning: works by Botticelli, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Degas, Rodin, and other luminaries. The Egyptian Collection showcases the tomb of Perneb (circa 2440 B.C.) and the exquisite Temple of Dendur (circa 23-10 B.C.). The American Wing contains American arts and crafts, including a room from a Frank Lloyd Wright Prairie House. And the list goes on and on.", "“One of the finest college art museums in the country, the Williams College Museum of Art (WCMA) houses 12,000 works that span the history of art. Within the broad range of time periods and cultures represented, the collection emphasizes modern and contemporary art, American art from the late 18th century to present, and the art of world cultures. Admission to the museum is always FREE as are a host of educational programs that are available to the public.” –From the museum web site.", "As of June 2008, the SAM collection includes nearly 25,000 pieces. Among them are Alexander Calder's Eagle (1971) and Richard Serra's Wake (2004), both at the Olympic Sculpture Park; the aforementioned Hammering Man; Cai Guo-Qiang's Inopportune: Stage One (2004), a sculpture constructed from cars and sequenced multi-channel light tubes on display in the lobby of the SAM Downtown; The Judgment of Paris (c. 1516-18) by Lucas Cranach the Elder; Mark Tobey's Electric Night (1944); Yéil X'eenh (Raven Screen) (c. 1810), attributed to the Tlingit artist Kadyisdu.axch'; Do-Ho Suh's Some/One (2001); and a coffin in the shape of a Mercedes Benz (1991) by Kane Quaye of Ghana. While SAM's collections of modern and ethnic art are notable, its collection of more-traditional European painting and sculpture is quite thin, and the Museum relies on traveling exhibitions rather than its own collection to fill that notable gap. Nevertheless, there are early Italian paintings by Dalmasio Scannabecchi, Puccio di Simone, Giovanni di Paolo, Luca Di Tomme, Bartolomeo Vivarini, and Paolo Uccello. There are paintings by V. Sellaer, Jan Molenaer, Emanuel De Witte, Luca Giordano, Luca Carlevaris, Armand Guillaumin, and Camille Pissarro. This museum also has a large collection of Twentieth Century American paintings by Jacob Lawrence and Mark Tobey. There is an appreciable collection of Aboriginal Australian Art.", "Norman enjoys many cultural attractions that are funded by the university. The Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art made national and international news in 2000 when it was given the Weitzenhoffer Collection, the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university. The collection includes works by Mary Cassatt, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Camille Pissarro. ", "American Academy in Rome. American Art in Italian Private Collections: Calder, Dine, Kline, Nevelson, Rauschenberg, Rothko, Tobey, Twombly. Exhibition catalogue. 1994.", "Visual arts: Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts (collection of American art from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century)", "Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees. Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, Jr., a promising young protege. Under Barr's guidance, the museum's holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful loan exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, and Seurat. ", "The collection was started by Solomon R. Guggenheim in the late 1920s. In 1937, he founded the Museum of Nonobjective painting, located on East 54th street. It later moved to its present location near Central Park . The collection was expanded several times. In 1976, an important collection of paintings from Gauguin, Picasso, van Gogh and many others were donated by Justin K. Thannhauser. In 1990, more than two hundred works of American Minimalist art were added to the collection.", "KIMBELL ART MUSEUM — Based on philanthropist Kay Kimbell’s collection of 18th-century portraits and old masters, the collection now includes Michaelangelo’s first painting and works from prehistory to Picasso. Open 10 a.m.–5 p.m. Tue.–Thu. and Sat., noon–8 p.m. Fri. and noon– 5 p.m. Sun. Closed holidays. 3333 Camp Bowie Blvd. In the Cultural District . 817/332-8451 . Www.kimbellart.org.", "Had a chance to tour the Farnsworth Museum with Victoria Wyeth this week. An absolutely incredible experience. Victoria's exuberance and sincerity open a view of the works of Andrew, James and N.C. not previously possible. This is a must for anyone seeking to understand the significance of this art.", "Alexander Brest, founder of Duval Engineering and Contracting Co., was also the benefactor for the Alexander Brest Museum and Gallery on the campus of Jacksonville University. The exhibits are a diverse collection of carved ivory, Pre-Columbian artifacts, Steuben glass, Chinese porcelain and Cloisonné, Tiffany glass, Boehm porcelain and rotating exhibitions containing the work of local, regional, national and international artists. " ]

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[ "SO IT TURNS out that the baseball that rolled between Bill Buckner's legs is still rolling. And now you can pick it up and take it home - if you're willing to skip meals for the next 40 years. Charlie Sheen, the actor, paid $93,500 for the ball that came off Mookie Wilson's bat in the 10th inning of Game 6, the 1986 World Series. For almost eight years Sheen kept the ball inside a museum-style case on the wall of his game room. There's a baseball museum in those cabinets. But the actor has learned a new line: Enough is enough. He's putting the ball back in play at the April 27-28 Leland's auction. Along with a Jackie Robinson uniform shirt from 1949, his MVP season, and a Ted Williams shirt for 1941, when he became the last player to hit over .", "Nearly six years later, Richman put the ball up for auction. He expected it might snare a few thousand dollars, but actor Charlie Sheen bought \"the Buckner ball\" for a then-staggering $93,500, with most of the proceeds going to charity. Buckner questioned the ball's authenticity, though Montague and Richman vehemently insisted it was the actual one.", "The ball was eventually snapped up by actor Charlie Sheen for $93,500, and the star held on to the ball for almost eight years until he decided to part with a lot of his sporting memorabilia collection in 2000.", "Written by Don DeLillo, \"Game 6\" starred Michael Keaton as a Broadway playwright whose anger over the Boston Red Sox's loss to the New York Mets in a crucial 1986 World Series game triggers an act of violence. Costarring Robert Downey Jr and Ari Graynor.", "In Real Life: While everyone knows about Bill Buckner's infamous error at Shea Stadium to give the Mets a win in Game 6 of the 1986 World Series, few remember that Buckner not only walked into Shea two nights later, but also played a very good game. In his first at-bat, in the first inning, he singled to right. Then, with Boston trailing 6-3, he led off the top of the eighth with another single to start a two-run rally, scoring on a Dwight Evans double. He finished 2-for-4 with one run, while registering nine putouts and one assist at first base -- with no errors.", "Once Beane, a nervy guy who believes in wheeling, dealing and rolling the dice, gets James' system in his blood, the great fun of \"Moneyball\" begins as we watch Beane and Brand assemble, in classic \"Seven Samurai\" fashion, a team of unwanted players. People like Scott Hatteberg (Chris Pratt), a catcher whose overall baseball abilities Beane valued so much that he changed him into a first baseman because Hatteberg could no longer throw well enough to be behind the plate.", "However, the team's fortunes plummeted after the 1977 season, plagued by 90-loss teams and scarred by the notorious Disco Demolition Night promotion in 1979. Bill Veeck was forced to sell the team. He rejected offers from ownership groups intent on moving the club to Denver, eventually agreeing to sell the club to Ed DeBartolo, who was the only prospective owner who promised to keep the Sox in Chicago. However, DeBartolo was rejected by the owners, and the club was then sold to a group headed by Jerry Reinsdorf and Eddie Einhorn. The Reinsdorf era started off well, as the Sox won their first division title in 1983, led by manager Tony La Russa and stars Carlton Fisk, Tom Paciorek, Ron Kittle, Harold Baines, and LaMarr Hoyt. During the 1986 season, La Russa was fired by announcer-turned-GM Ken Harrelson. La Russa went on to manage in six World Series (winning 3) with the Oakland A's and St. Louis Cardinals, ending up in the Hall of Fame as the third-winningest manager of all time. ", "\"I still get such a bang out of it, playing ball. Same as I did when I first come up. You get out there and the stands are full and everybody is cheering. It is like everbody in the world come to see you. Inside that there is the players in there and there yakking it up and the pitcher throws and your looking for that pill and suddenly there is nothing else in the ballpark you and it and sometimes when your feeling right and there is a groove there and the bat just eases into it and meets that ball. When the bat meets that ball you can feel that ball just give and you know it is going to go a long way. Damn, if you don't feel like your going to live forever.\" - John Cusac as Buck Weaver in Eight Men Out (1988)", "After New York's defeat, the Curse was poked fun at during the \" Weekend Update \" segment of Saturday Night Live (based in New York City ). In the sketch, the ghost of Babe Ruth (played by Horatio Sanz ) appears and explains to Tina Fey and Amy Poehler that he left during Game Four with the ghosts of Mickey Mantle and Rodney Dangerfield to go drinking. Babe says that he drank a few beers, along with gasoline and horse tranquilizers , causing him to pass out for the next four days.", "Regardless of Schiraldi's pitching, Stanley's wild pitch or any of the other perceived shortcomings that led to Boston's loss in the 1986 World Series, Buckner's error epitomized the \"Curse of the Bambino\" in the minds of Red Sox fans, and he soon became the scapegoat for a frustrated fan base. Despite the fact that Buckner's error came after the score was already tied and the best he could have possibly done was to send Game 6 into an 11th inning, Buckner began receiving death threats and was heckled and booed by some of his own home fans. Meanwhile, he was the focal point of derision from the fans of opposing teams on the road—especially when he faced the Mets in Spring training , and the first time he came to bat at Yankee Stadium during the regular season. The Red Sox released Buckner on July 23, 1987, after recording a .273 batting average, two home runs and 42 RBI through 95 games.", "Bennett Miller's adaptation of Michael Lewis' non-fiction best seller Moneyball stars Brad Pitt as Billy Beane, a one-time phenom who flamed out in the big leagues and now works as the GM for the Oakland Athletics, a franchise that's about to lose their three best players to free agency. Because the team isn't in a financial position to spend as much as perennial favorites like the Yankees and the Red Sox, Beane realizes he needs to radically change how he evaluates what players can bring to the squad. After he meets Peter Brand (Jonah Hill), an Ivy League economics major working as an executive assistant for scouting on another team, Beane realizes he's found the man who understands how to subvert the system of assessing players that's been in place for nearly a century. However, as the duo begin to acquire players that seem too old, injured, or inept to play major-league baseball, they face stiff resistance from both the A's longtime scouts and the team's manager Art Howe (Philip Seymour Hoffman), who outright refuses to allow Beane's more-nontraditional acquisitions to play. Moneyball screened at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival.", "5565%2C8417317 We'll Cry In Our Beers As Sam, Diane Split].\" Spartanburg Herald-Journal TV Update [Spartanburg, NC] April 29, 1984: 14. Google News. Web. January 21, 2012. Fred Dryer was initially chosen for that role because he is a former football player, but the Charles brothers chose Danson because NBC executives noticed the chemistry between him and Shelley Long. The character then evolved into a former relief pitcher for the baseball team Boston Red Sox. To prepare for the role, Danson attended a bartending school in Burbank, California. ", "\"I'm the only former major league ball player who crashed the movies whole hog. Accordingly, I'd act like a ball player, not an actor, in the baseball scenes, and in the rest of the film I'd act like an actor, not a ballplayer.\" - Chuck Connors on playing Ted Williams in the movies in Baseball Digest (1961)", "8-15 Call to the Pen: A look back at the 1994 strike : In the summer of 1994 both Ken Griffey, Jr. and Matt Williams were hitting home runs at a historic pace. Tony Gwynn, was hitting ...", "6) Babe Ruth becomes the highest paid baseball player with an annual income of $70,000.Mar 2nd", "\"It's never the glove. The game’s called base ball. It's about the ball. It's always about the ball. It's never about the bat. The bat is a great piece, don't get me wrong, the shoes Buckner was wearing was incredible, the glove, all of it's good. I don't denigrate anybody's piece of memorabilia that goes to the play, but it's about the ball.", "George Herman Ruth, Jr., best known as \"Babe\" Ruth and nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American Major League baseball player from 1914–1935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters. Ruth was a mainstay in the Yankees' lineup that won seven pennants and four World Series titles during his tenure with the team. After a short stint with the Boston Braves in 1935, Ruth retired. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "1972 –Wednesday-  We note that currently the minimum wage for a major league baseball player is around a zillion dollars. On this day home run king  Hank Aaron signed a three-year deal with the Atlanta Braves that paid him $200,000 per year, making him the highest-paid player in Major League Baseball at the time. Note that bloated, giant headed, steroidically enhanced mutants playing baseball during the 1990s and early 2000s  may have hit more home runs, but Professor Sy Yentz  has consigned these altered beings to a separate category - most performance enhanced home runs.  ", "After two minor league seasons, in which he batted .323, Buckner made his major league debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers as a September call-up in at the age of 19. He appeared in one game, September 21 against the San Francisco Giants, and popped out to second baseman Ron Hunt, pinch hitting for Jim Brewer in the ninth inning. ", "Yankees Hall of Fame outfielder who was named to 13 All-Star games, won 9 World Series Championships and was named AL MVP 3 times.", "And no one, to a child whose love of baseball blossomed in the late 1980s and was fortified in the early ’90s, ever will be Griffey. I know this seems anachronistic and all, but you have to understand: Baseball was cool back then, and no one was cooler than Ken Griffey Jr. He was the last baseball player whose popularity exceeded football and basketball stars. And, yeah, the backward hat helped craft this eternally youthful image of him, and his Nike shoes were dope, and the luminescence of his swing – so perfect; so, so perfect – matched his aesthetic. The real reason everyone loved Griffey, though, was because he was that damn good.", "On July 18, 1999, Berra was honored with \"Yogi Berra Day\" at Yankee Stadium. Don Larsen threw the first pitch to Berra, to honor the perfect game from the 1956 World Series. This was a part of the celebration to mark the return of Berra to the Stadium, which ended his 14-year feud with Yankees' owner George Steinbrenner. The feud started in 1985 when Steinbrenner promised Berra an honest chance as manager, then fired him in the third week of the season. Berra vowed to never return to Yankee Stadium so long as Steinbrenner owned the team. On that day, Yankees pitcher David Cone threw a perfect game against the Montreal Expos, only the 16th time it had ever been done in Major League history.", "1986 – Jim Deshaies of the Houston Astros sets the major-league record by striking out the first eight batters of the game against the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "In November 1957, Campanella attended a \"Welcome to Los Angeles\" luncheon along with teammates Reese, Duke Snider and Gil Hodges. He returned in January to resume house hunting for his family, along with signing his 1958 contract with the Dodgers. Campanella appeared on a television special honoring actress Ethel Barrymore. He presented a season pass for Dodgers home games to Barrymore and an autographed ball signed by the Dodgers team to her nephew.", "Later, in 2012, Topps announced that they would release an official baseball card for the squirrel. The special-edition card is actually that of Cardinals' player Skip Schumaker, but it only features Schumaker's leg in the photo as the squirrel takes center stage. He is also on St. Louis' World Series rings .", "1987 - Joe Niekro was suspended for 10 days for throwing scuffed baseballs. He first denied the charge made by the home plate umpire, but an emery board fell right out of his pocket during an inspection!", "* Legendary Milwaukee Brewers baseball announcer and former Milwaukee Braves catcher Bob Uecker, who played on the Braves during the 1957 World Series in which the Braves won, undergoes two successful heart surgeries, one during the baseball season, and one following it, and gets inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.", "*The made-for-TV movie Murder at the World Series was filmed here, about a fictional 1977 World Series between the Astros vs. Oakland Athletics.", "*March 9 – Harry Wendelstedt, 73, National League umpire who worked five World Series and four All-Star games during his 33-year career from 1966 through 1998.", "When Joe Carter hit a walk-off home run to win the 1993 World Series, for what team was he playing?", "He tried on a bowling shirt like one his TV character Charlie Harper would wear, then took it off and had his goddesses burn it. He then donned a Detroit Tigers No. 99 jersey, a reference to his role in the film \"Major League.\"", "In the 1950s he was a part-owner of the Cleveland Indians baseball team. His guest appearance in I Love Lucy (1951) centered around his attending a Yankees-Indians game at Yankee Stadium." ]

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[ "Charles W. Fairbanks, a member of the Republican Party , took office as the 26th Vice President of the United States on March 4, 1905 at age 52. Fairbanks served as VP to President Theodore Roosevelt for 4 years through March 4, 1909. He was born in Union County, Ohio and received an education from Ohio Wesleyan University.", "Teddy Roosevelt was a weak and asthmatic child who grew up to be one of the most robust and ambitious U.S. presidents ever. A former New York City police commissioner (1895-97), author, and hero of the Spanish-American War (1898), he reluctantly accepted an offer to become William McKinley 's vice president upon McKinley's re-election in 1900. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest man ever to become president. (He was 42.) He served two terms, built up the Navy, used \"battleship diplopmacy\" to create an independent Panama and then build the Panama Canal, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for helping to end the Russo-Japanese War, designated dozens of national forests, parks, and monuments, and strengthened the executive branch through his progressive agenda and the sheer force of his personality. He is often remembered for his policy pronouncement, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" He was succeeded in 1909 by William Howard Taft . Roosevelt ran for president again in 1912, as a candidate of the National Progressive (or \"Bull Moose\") Party; he beat Taft but came in second to the next president, Democrat Woodrow Wilson . In the last years of his life he traveled widely, explored Brazil, supported America's entry into World War I, and published several books including Theodore Roosevelt - An Autobiography in 1913.", "The 926 delegates to the Republican convention, which met in Philadelphia on June 19–21, re-nominated William McKinley by acclamation. Thomas C. Platt, the \"boss\" of the New York State Republican Party, did not like Theodore Roosevelt, New York's popular governor, even though he was a fellow Republican. Roosevelt's efforts to reform New York politics – including Republican politics – led Platt and other state Republican leaders to pressure President McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his new vice- presidential candidate, thus filling the spot left open when Vice President Garret Hobart died in 1899. By electing Roosevelt to the vice-presidency, Platt would remove Roosevelt from New York state politics. Although Roosevelt was reluctant to accept the vice-presidency, which he regarded as a relatively trivial and powerless office, his great popularity among most Republican delegates led McKinley to pick him as his new running mate. Quite unexpectedly, Roosevelt would be elevated to the presidency in September 1901, when McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, New York.", "Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) became a national hero during the Spanish-American War as the leader of the \"Rough Riders.\" As Republican governor of New York, he outlawed racial segregation in public schools. In 1900, he was elected vice president under William McKinley. After McKinley’s assassination in 1901, he became president and was reelected three years later.", "Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a second full term. Roosevelt's first term as president (1901–1905) was incomplete, as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley; it was only his second term (1905–1909) that encompassed four full years. He had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the general election.", "Before President Theodore Roosevelt left office in 1909, he hand-picked William Taft as his successor and worked to get him elected. But once Taft became President, Roosevelt became increasingly disenchanted with his successor. He felt Taft was not progressive enough, turning his back on environmental conservation and targeting so-called good trusts. Enraged by his protégée's tenure, Roosevelt decided to challenge him for the Republican nomination in 1912.", "The reputation of the Republican Party in New York State was restored, and Sen Platt and the Republican machine, unhappy with much of Roosevelt’s legislative program and political appointments, preempted a second gubernatorial term by joining with western Republicans and others in nominating Roosevelt in 1900 as vice president to Pres William McKinley, who was running for reelection. The McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won in a landslide, and Roosevelt was sworn in as vice president on 4 Mar 1901. Following McKinley’s assassination in Buffalo,Roosevelt became president on 14 Sept 1901. At 42 he was the youngest president in US history.", "Theodore Roosevelt, although at the height of his popularity, refused to run for a second elective term in 1908, but swung his support at the Republican convention to William Howard Taft, who was nominated. The convention selected James S. Sherman of New York for the vice presidency. William Jennings Bryan completely dominated the Democratic convention and became its nominee. Party differences on the issues played an insignificant role in the election. After an apathetic campaign Bryan carried only the Solid South, Kansas, Colorado, and Nevada, although", "For most of the 19th Century, the vice-presidency was largely powerless and ceremonial. A big exception to this was William McKinley’s Vice President, Garret Hobart. Even though he still regularly carried out the main task of presiding over the Senate, Hobart was regularly consulted by McKinley for assistance and advice. In 1898, it was Hobart who ultimately convinced McKinley to urge Congress to declare war on Spain. He also cast the tie-breaking vote in the Senate which decided to take the Philippines as an American territory once the war ended. As Vice President, Hobart’s active role proved to be popular with fellow politicians. However, he died unexpectedly in 1899 and left the seat vacant until McKinley’s re-election a year later, when Teddy Roosevelt took the office.", "Most of McKinley's cabinet came to Buffalo, as well as his old friend and former campaign manager, Senator Mark Hanna . [29] Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was attending a luncheon event in Vermont on September 6 when word came that the President had been shot. [30] Roosevelt and his party left immediately for Buffalo, arriving the next day. However, by September 10, McKinley had improved to the point that Roosevelt's presence no longer seemed necessary, and, for the sake of publicity, the Vice President left Buffalo that day. He went to take a hiking vacation in the Adirondack Mountains , where his wife and family were already waiting. [31] Similarly, Mark Hanna and the cabinet members left Buffalo when the crisis seemed to have passed. [32]", "After leaving the White House in March 1909, Roosevelt took a 10-month hunting trip through Africa and made a grand tour of Europe. On his return he was reluctantly drawn into politics. Though he attempted to support both his old progressive friends and President William Howard Taft, the two men soon were violently opposed over policy matters. The conflict became personal in October 1910 when Taft authorized an antitrust suit against the U.S. Steel Corporation regarding a merger to which Roosevelt as president had tacitly agreed. Personal animosity and the developing split in the Republican Party finally prompted Roosevelt to contest Taft's 1912 renomination. The resulting bitter campaign and convention practically ensured a Democratic victory. Roosevelt himself made that outcome inevitable by founding the Progressive Party and running for president as an independent after he had lost the Republican nomination. In seeking votes, the former president, through both logic and necessity, was forced to radical proposals. Both the Progressive platform and its candidates' campaign for a \"New Nationalism\" looked forward to a powerful regulatory and social-service state. The results of the campaign were as expected, with Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate, winning by a large electoral vote.", "When the Republican convention began in Philadelphia that June, no vice presidential candidate had overwhelming support, but Roosevelt had the broadest range of support from around the country. McKinley affirmed that the choice belonged to the convention, not to him. On June 21, McKinley was unanimously renominated and, with Hanna's reluctant acquiescence, Roosevelt was nominated for vice president on the first ballot. The Democratic convention convened the next month in Kansas City and nominated William Jennings Bryan, setting up a rematch of the 1896 contest.", "Roosevelt was born in 1882, to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County, New York. He attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School and Harvard College. At age 23, in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, with whom he had six children. He entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt ran for vice president with presidential candidate James M. Cox, but the Cox/Roosevelt ticket lost to the Republican ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Roosevelt was stricken with debilitating polio in 1921, which cost him the use of his legs and put his future political career in jeopardy, but he attempted to recover from the illness, and founded the treatment center for people with polio in Warm Springs, Georgia. After returning to political life by placing Alfred E. Smith's name into nomination at the 1924 Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt, at Smith's behest, successfully ran for Governor of New York in 1928. In office from 1929 to 1933, he served as a reform governor promoting the enactment of programs to combat the Great Depression besetting the United States at the time.", "Several months after he was sworn-in as vice president, he was sworn-in as President. William McKinley was dead. Theodore Roosevelt became president as the result of an assassin's bullet.", "Franklin and Eleanor were married in New York City in 1905, a few months after FDR began law school at Columbia. Roosevelt had little interest in the law, however, and his attention soon turned to politics. He ran successfully for the New York State Senate in 1910 and was re-elected in 1912. In 1913, he joined the Wilson administration as assistant secretary of the Navy and played a key role in readying the United States for entry into the world war. FDR was roundly praised for his efforts and the leaders of the Democratic Party tabbed him as a Democrat to watch. Indeed, in 1920, the party named him its vice-presidential candidate. Although the ticket of James Cox and FDR lost, FDR's future seemed bright.", "Vice President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) becomes the nation’s 26th President after the assassination of Presdient William A. McKinley (1843-1901). No new Vice President is selected.", "Roosevelt served as president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners from 1895 to 1897, as assistant secretary of the navy from 1897 to 1898, and as governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. A propagandist of geopolitical ideas, he demanded the construction of a large navy. He promoted the outbreak of the Spanish-American War of 1898. In January 1901, Roosevelt became vice-president of the USA, and in September 1901, after President W. McKinley was assassinated, he became president. Elected to another term in 1904, he served from 1905 to 1909. Reacting to an upsurge in the labor movement, the spread of socialist ideas, and the growth of the democratic antimonopoly movement, Roosevelt proposed a bourgeois reformist program calling for government regulation of monopolies and the broadening of social legislation. The antitrust laws passed under his administration were demagogic and lacking in practical significance.", "Roosevelt was reelected to the State Senate in 1912, and supported Woodrow Wilson's candidacy at the Democratic National Convention. As a reward for his support, Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913, a position he held until 1920. He was an energetic and efficient administrator, specializing in the business side of naval administration. This experience prepared him for his future role as Commander-in-Chief during World War II. Roosevelt's popularity and success in naval affairs resulted in his being nominated for vice-president by the Democratic Party in 1920 on a ticket headed by James M. Cox of Ohio. However, popular sentiment against Wilson's plan for US participation in the League of Nations propelled Republican Warren Harding into the presidency, and Roosevelt returned to private life.", "Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) was the 26th President of the United States, serving from 1901-1909.  Borglum chose Roosevelt because he influenced the construction of the Panama Canal and built a powerful U.S. Navy, both of which helped establish the United States as a world power.  Roosevelt also engineered the peace treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War, for which he earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.  Closest to our hearts, Roosevelt was perhaps the greatest conservationist in the history of mankind.  Roosevelt preserved more than 234 million acres, created the National Forest Service, established 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, and 150 national forests.  Roosevelt favored using America’s natural resources, but opposed wasteful consumption.", "Theodore Teddy Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 â January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901â1909).", "Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R. and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the 26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement, as well as being the youngest President in the United States's history. He served in many roles including Governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer, author, and soldier. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" persona. His last name, often mispronounced, per Roosevelt, is correctly pronounced \"Rosavelt.\"[2][3]", "The 1920 Democratic National Convention chose Roosevelt as the candidate for Vice President of the United States on the ticket headed by Governor James M. Cox of Ohio, helping build a national base, but the Cox-Roosevelt ticket was heavily defeated by Republican Warren Harding in the presidential election. Roosevelt then retired to a New York legal practice, but few doubted that he would soon run for public office again.", "Eleanor Roosevelt began courting her father's fifth cousin, 20-year-old Harvard student Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1903. The couple got engaged in November, married on St. Patrick's Day 1905, and produced six children, five of whom survived infancy. In 1921, while vacationing in Campobello Island, New Brunswick, FDR contracted an illness that resulted in permanent paralysis of his legs. Another blow followed: FDR's affair with Eleanor's social secretary, Lucy Mercer. The marriage endured, however, and as President and First Lady, they used their influence to promote New Deal policies and advocate for civil rights.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He is famous for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt’s achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "Elected governor of the state of New York in 1898, he invested his two-year administration with the vigorous and businesslike characteristics which were his hallmark. He would have sought reelection in 1900, since much of his work was only half done, had the Republicans not chosen him as their candidate for the second office of the Union. He held the vice-presidency for less than a year, succeeding to the presidency after the assassination of President McKinley on September 14, 1901. In 1904 Roosevelt was elected to a full term as president.", "1858-1919 - Theodore Roosevelt -- US president 1901-09. Received Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating end to Russo-Japanese War .", "William Taft's Vice President was James S. Sherman from 1909-1912. From 1912-1913 he did not have a Vice President.", "In the state election of 1910, Roosevelt ran for the New York State Senate from the district around Hyde Park in Dutchess County, which was strongly Republican, having elected one Democrat since 1856. The local party chose him as a paper candidate because his Republican cousin Theodore was still one of the country's most prominent politicians, and a Democratic Roosevelt was good publicity; the candidate could also pay for his own campaign. Surprising almost everyone, due to his aggressive and effective campaign, the Roosevelt name's influence in the Hudson Valley, and the Democratic landslide that year, Roosevelt won the election.", "a leading American politician from the 1890s until his death. He was a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party's candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908)", "Which US President won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his mediation in the Russo-Japanese War*theodore roosevelt", "Warren G. Harding's vice president who became president when Harding died from a heart attack in 1923.", "Go to Roosevelt, Theodore (27 Oct. 1858) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.)" ]

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[ "The Charter of the United Nations (also known as the UN Charter) of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization. It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries (Poland, the other original member, which was not represented at the conference, signed it two months later). It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the original five permanent members of the Security Council—the Republic of China (later replaced by the People's Republic of China), France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later replaced by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, and the United States—and a majority of the other signatories.", "1945 – The UN Charter, the constitution of the United Nations, entered into force after being ratified by the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and a majority of the other signatories.", "From August to October 1944, delegates from the United States , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the Republic of China met at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., to negotiate the formation of a new organization to replace the League of Nations. Most of the outstanding issues were settled at the Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945) among the leaders of the “Big Three” nations: U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), British prime minister Winston Churchill (1874–1965), and Soviet general secretary Joseph Stalin (1879–1953). Shortly thereafter, delegates of fifty nations met in San Francisco to finalize the negotiations, culminating in the signing of the UN Charter on June 26, 1945. On August 8, 1945, the United States became the first country to ratify the Charter. The United Nations Organization came into being on October 24 (celebrated since 1948 as United Nations Day) when the majority of original signers, including the great powers (the four Dumbarton Oaks conveners and France ), had ratified the Charter.", "[2] The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992.", "(Un) an international organization whose main function is to maintain and strengthen international peace and security and to develop cooperation among nations. The principles of the organization’s activities and its structure were worked out during World War II by the principal participants in the anti-Hitler coalition. The most important stages in the creation of the UN were the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, USA, and Great Britain in 1943, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944, the Yalta Conference in 1945, and the San Francisco Conference in 1945. At the conference in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, representatives of 50 nations signed the UN Charter; these states and Poland are considered to be the original members of the UN. The Charter came into force on Oct. 24, 1945, after the Soviet Union, the USA, Great Britain, France, China, and most of the other signatories had filed their instruments of ratification. October 24 has been designated as United Nations Day.", "On October 24, 1945, the United Nations (U.N.) was born when France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States created a new international peacekeeping organization . These five countries — along with 46 others — committed to maintaining world peace after World War II ended.", "In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter . Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks , United States in August-October 1944.", "The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, held between April and July 1945. The Charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June (Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st \"original\" signatory), and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945. In 1944, the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the formation and the permanent seats (for the \"Big Five\", China, France, the UK, USA and USSR) of the United Nations Security Council were decided. The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946.United Nations Security Council: Official Records: First Year, First Series, First Meeting", "On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization convened in San Francisco with 50 nations represented. Three months later, during which time Germany had surrendered, the final Charter of the United Nations was unanimously adopted and signed by the delegates. The Charter called for the U.N. to maintain international peace and security, promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international law, and promote the expansion of human rights.", "The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization was begun under the aegis of the U.S. State Department in 1939. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term 'United Nations' as a term to describe the Allied countries. The term was first officially used on 1 January 1942 when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war effort.On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the Charter of the United Nations. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took place in Westminster Central Hall in London in January 1946.", "In 1945, the United Nations officially came into existence as its charter took effect following Soviet ratification. It was announced by U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes.", "The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. The text of the \"Declaration by United Nations\" was drafted by President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House, 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. \"Four Policemen\" was coined to refer four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which was emerged in Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries. \"On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China, signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures.\" The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed.", "The UN is a child of the Atlantic Charter, which was signed by the United States and Britain in August 1941 (before America formally entered the war). The Charter, which declared a set of principles regarding the governance of nations in opposition to the savagery of the Nazi war against Western civilization, went on to became the most important declaration of international principles of governance in the 20th century.", "At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Aug.–Oct., 1944), those four countries drafted specific proposals for a charter for the new organization, and at the Yalta Conference (Feb., 1945) further agreement was reached. All the states that had ultimately adhered to the 1942 declaration and had declared war on Germany or Japan by Mar. 1, 1945, were called to the founding conference held in San Francisco (Apr. 25–June 26, 1945). Drafted at San Francisco, the UN charter was signed on June 26 and ratified by the required number of states on Oct. 24 (officially United Nations Day). The General Assembly first met in London on Jan. 10, 1946.", "The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and other Allies, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war. The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan; the Japanese surrendered on September 2, ending World War II. ", "The Declaration of the United Nations was signed by 26 nations during January of 1942. It laid the foundation for what would become the United Nations Organization after the end of World War II. Leaders, including Roosevelt and Churchill, and representatives from the United States, United Kingdom, China, and Soviet Union, as well as 22 other nations, had been meeting in Washington, D.C. to discuss important military decisions regarding the war after the U.S. joined the Allies. The signing of the Declaration affirmed that the signatories would adhere to the Atlantic Charter, a document drawn up to define the goals of the Allies after the war that had been created in August of the previous year.", "Ethiopia is a charter member of the United Nations (UN), having joined on 13 November 1945; it belongs to the ECA and all the nonregional specialized agencies. A participant in the African Development Bank, G-24, and G-77. The former Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie, was a founder of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which is now known as the African Union (AU). The AU secretariat and the UN Economic Commission for Africa are located in Addis Ababa. The nation has observer status in the WTO. It is part of COMESA, the ACP Group, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a Horn of Africa regional grouping.", "17 January 1946 - At the first session of the UN Security Council, held in London, Australia’s Norman J.O. Makin (seated right at front desk) delivers remarks while Gladwyn Jebb and others listen. Seated in the background is Brian Urquhart (back row, second from right)", "With Soviet encouragement, Mongolia increased its participation in communist-sponsored conferences and international organizations. In 1955, Mongolia attempted to join the United Nations, but the request was vetoed by the Republic of China (now based on Taiwan) which maintained their renewed claim over Mongolia. Mongolia became a member of the UN in 1961 after the Soviet Union threatened to veto the admission of all of the newly decolonized states of Africa if the Republic of China again used its veto. Diplomatic relations with the United States were not established until the end of the Cold War. Mongolia became a bone of contention between the Soviet Union and China following the Sino-Soviet split because of the presence of Soviet nuclear arms.", "The United Nations (UN) is a global organization of states that aims to find cooperative solutions for international security, economic, and social problems. The first formal use of the term United Nations appeared in the Declaration by the United Nations (January 1, 1942), in which twenty-six Allied countries pledged to defeat the Axis Powers and subscribed to the principles of the Atlantic Charter (August 14, 1941) during World War II (1939–1945). These principles included “the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security.”", "The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.", "On this day in 1945, the United Nations Charter, which was adopted and signed on June 26, 1945, is now effective and ready to be enforced.", "The blueprint formed the basis of talks in 1945 between representatives from 50 countries. Under the terms of the resulting charter the UN came into being on 24 October 1945.", "The Charter of the United Nations went into effect on October 24, 1945, a date now observed worldwide as United Nations Day. In the Washington, DC metropolitan area that observance, coordinated by the United Nations Association of the National Capital Area, extends from October 20 to October 28, 2007.", "On 14 December 1960, the UN General Assembly approved the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. This statement affirms that \"all peoples have the right to self-determination\", and that rule by outside powers constitutes is a violation of human rights. The statement passed with no votes against. The United States and seven other colonial powers abstained; Zelma George, an African American in the U.S. delegation, stood to signify her support of the Declaration. ", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established 24 October 1945, to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is situated in Manhattan, New York City, and enjoys extraterritoriality.", "1971 – The UN General Assembly voted to admit the People’s Republic of China and expel Nationalist China (Taiwan).", "In what year was the United Nations established? a. 1939 c. 1945 b. 1944 d. 1946", "The UN Charter being signed by a delegation at a ceremony held at the Veterans’ War Memorial Building on 26 June 1945.", "5. Q Which European country became a full member of the United Nations in 2002, having been an ‘observer state’ since 1946?", "In 1941 the palace was the location of the establishment and signing of the Charter of the United Nations.", "The first session of the UN after its founding was convened in which city in 1946?" ]

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[ "This Page will deal with the portion of the Alaska Highway from the Yukon/Alaska border to Fairbanks Alaska. The official terminus of the highway is in fact located in Delta Junction Alaska and the portion between Delta Junction and Fairbanks is in reality on the Richardson Highway. It’s a minor point but one that we needed to point out.", "The Alaska Highway (also known as the Alaskan Highway, Alaska-Canadian Highway, or ALCAN Highway) was constructed during World War II for the purpose of connecting the contiguous United States to Alaska through Canada. It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek , British Columbia, and runs to Delta Junction, Alaska, via Whitehorse , Yukon. Completed in 1942 at a length of approximately 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi), As of 2015 [update] it is 2,232 km (1,387 mi) long. The difference in distance is due to constant reconstruction of the highway, which has rerouted and straightened out numerous sections. The highway was opened to the public in 1948. [2] Legendary over many decades for being a rough, challenging drive, the highway is now paved over its entire length. [1]", "The Alaska Highway (also known as the Alaskan Highway, Alaska-Canadian Highway, or ALCAN Highway) was constructed during World War II for the purpose of connecting the contiguous United States to Alaska through Canada. It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, and runs to Delta Junction, Alaska, via Whitehorse, Yukon. Completed in 1942 at a length of approximately 2700 km, it is 2232 km long. The difference in distance is due to constant reconstruction of the highway, which has rerouted and straightened out numerous sections. The highway was opened to the public in 1948. Legendary over many decades for being a rough, challenging drive, the highway is now paved over its entire length.", "The legendary Alaska Highway - Constructed during World War II, this road connects Alaska to the Lower 48 via Canada. This famous road runs from Dawson Creek, BC, to Delta Junction, AK, and is unofficially considered to be a part of the Pan-American Highway which extends to Argentina.", "An informal system of historic mileposts developed over the years to denote major stopping points; Delta Junction, at the end of the highway, makes reference to its location at \"Historic Milepost 1422.\" [1] It is at this point that the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway , which continues 155 km (96 mi) to the city of Fairbanks. This is often regarded, though unofficially, as the northern portion of the Alaska Highway, with Fairbanks at Historic Milepost 1520. [1] Mileposts on this stretch of highway are measured from Valdez, rather than the Alaska Highway. The Alaska Highway is popularly (but unofficially) considered part of the Pan-American Highway , which extends south (despite its discontinuity in Panama ) to Argentina. [3]", "The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is designated Alaska Route 2. In Yukon, it is Highway 1 and in British Columbia, Highway 97. The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska was planned to become part of the United States Numbered Highway System, and to be signed as part of U.S. Route 97. The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is also unsigned Interstate A-1 and unsigned Interstate A-2.", "An informal system of historic mileposts developed over the years to denote major stopping points; Delta Junction, at the end of the highway, makes reference to its location at \"Historic Milepost 1422.\" It is at this point that the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway, which continues 155 km to the city of Fairbanks. This is often regarded, though unofficially, as the northern portion of the Alaska Highway, with Fairbanks at Historic Milepost 1520. Mileposts on this stretch of highway are measured from Valdez, rather than the Alaska Highway. The Alaska Highway is popularly (but unofficially) considered part of the Pan-American Highway, which extends south (despite its discontinuity in Panama) to Argentina.", "You can’t drive to all the way to Juneau without taking the ferry, but the 1,500-mile ALCAN, or Alaska-Canadian Highway, is legendary for its beauty, and connects Alaska, Canada, and the Lower 48. Forget all the old stories about a muddy, bumpy dirt road. Today, the ALCAN is fully paved and well maintained, with year-round roadside services including gas, food, and lodging. You’ll still want to bring the most current Milepost guide to Alaska, which features detailed mile-by-mile listings along the route.", "Northern Alberta Railways Park One block from the city centre are some of the city’s main attractions: Railway Station Museum, Art Gallery in a grain elevator, Visitor Centre and wildlife display and the Mile 0 Cairn officially marking the true Mile 0 of the Alaska Highway. A historic self-guided downtown walking tour starts here. Minimum Time Required: 1.5 hours Mile 0 Post and Alaska Highway House Erected in 1946, the Mile 0 Post is one of the most photographed landmarks on the Alaska Highway. Dawson Creek and Alaska Highway House offers interactive technology, fixed displays, WW II memorabilia, the one-hour PBS DVD: The Building of the Alaska Highway to tell the amazing story. Minimum Time Required: 1.5 hours", "The road was originally built mostly by the US Army as a supply route during World War II. Crews worked from both ends and met at the historic linkup point of Contact Creek located at Milepost 588 of the Alaska Highway .", "The Milepost shows the Canadian section of the highway now to be approximately 1187 mi, but the first milepost inside Alaska is 1222. The actual length of the highway inside Alaska is no longer clear because rerouting, as in Canada, has shortened the route, but unlike Canada, mileposts in Alaska are not recalibrated. The BC and Yukon governments and Public Works Canada have recalibrated kilometre posts. The latest BC recalibration was carried out in 1990; using its end-point at the border at Historic Mile 630, the Yukon government has recalibrated in three stages: in 2002, from Mile 630 to the west end of the Champagne revision; in fall 2005, to a point just at the southeast shore of Kluane Lake, and in fall 2008, to the border with Alaska.", "The completion of the Alaska Highway and subsequent expansion of the road system resulted in the demise of the steamboat and prevented the White Pass and Yukon Route Railroad from reopening.Whitehorse now serves as the central hub of transportation services throughout the Yukon . Virtually all trucks bound for Alaska, rural Yukon, and Inuvik , Northwest Territories pass through Whitehorse en route to their destinations.", "November 21 – The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the \" highway \" is not usable by general vehicles until 1943 ).", "Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.", "Since the Second World War a limited road network has been extended northwards into the Mackenzie Valley. Highways are mainly all-weather gravel roads and include several important river ferry links. The Mackenzie and Yellowknife highways link Hay River and Yellowknife to the road system of northwestern Alberta. Extensions from Hay River tie in Fort Resolution and Fort Smith. This extension is the only road access to Wood Buffalo National Park. A northward extension down the Mackenzie Valley ends at Wrigley, north of Fort Simpson. The Liard Highway, opened in 1984, ties Fort Simpson to Fort Liard and to the Alaska Highway . Inuvik and other Mackenzie Delta communities are now linked to Dawson, YT, by the Dempster Highway , making it almost possible to reach the shores of the Arctic Ocean by road. The Deh Cho Bridge, across the Mackenzie River near Fort Providence, opened on 30 November 2012, and is designed to lower the reliance of the surrounding areas, especially the North Slave Region, on ferries. The bridge will also hopefully allow for year-round commercial activities as opposed to the strictly seasonal trends of previous years.", "On and off since the 1960s, the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities, in coordination with the Federal Highway Administration and the Municipality of Anchorage (or the lineal predecessors of those entities), have been exploring the concept of a roadway connecting the endpoints of the Seward and Glenn highways. The project is called \"Highway to Highway\", and the most recent concept for this project is that of a \"trenched\" freeway through the heart of Anchorage.", "The building of the Alaska Highway in 1942-43 brought more than 30,000 U.S. Army personnel into the Yukon. A series of airstrips and a highway were built to transport war supplies to Alaska. Some Yukon First Nations people worked in the construction camps and Yukon women played an important role doing domestic work for the highway crews.", "Past Eagle, the first town on the Yukon in Alaska, the river spread out into the famous Yukon Flats. The water meanders for 300 miles over a broad plain, attaining a width of over ten miles in spots amid a veritable maze of islands. Our maps became useless because the rampant river cuts new channels, creates new islands and removes previous land areas in its restless advance. Thankful again for our preference to paddle cruising, we could carefully inspect and then follow the main channel at our relatively slow speed. We had the joy and benefit of being on our own, while motorized boats require a pilot for navigation. Near Circle at the beginning of the Flats we passed a sign: ‘End of the Road’ to mark the northernmost end of the American Highway system. With an air of glowing satisfaction we had passed beyond the realm of the automobile. Hereafter we pondered often over the silent atmosphere, which at first seemed overwhelming, but gradually became a welcome feature of our wilderness journey. Each sound that breaks the silence takes on important dimensions. The crack of a twig, the song of a bird, the splash of a fish and the echo of our names as it rebounds many times from the surrounding hills.", "From Whitehorse there begins a 460-mile section of river that runs to Dawson where road access occurs. From Dawson the river runs into Alaska to the first real access, the Taylor Highway, at the town of Eagle Alaska, 240 miles below Dawson. From Eagle, it is 158 miles to where the river next sees road access at the remote town of Circle Alaska at the end of the Steese Highway. From Circle the river begins it's sweeping bend to the southwest to where the Dalton Highway crosses the river below Steven's Village after 200 miles. After going under the Dalton Highway you are on the way to a section of river without road access but there are numerous villages where regular commercial air service is your ticket out. Below the haul road a likely destination might be Galena, 310 miles away, where the Yukon starts its run to the south and to its giant delta region. At Mountain Village the great river turns into a giant maze of braids and might be a logical place to end a trip on this lower part of the river. The village of Emmonak, near the river's mouth, might be as far as you want to go into the western delta region and is the regional hub for air traffic.", "* Mile 1348, one bypassed section of the original route, about 37 mi southeast of Delta Junction, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as \"one of the few sections of the road in Alaska virtually unchanged.\" Located at , the unpaved road is used by local residents to access Craig Lake, and is signed as Craig Lake Trail.", "For anyone planning on driving to or through Alaska we recommend that your first step is to purchase The Milepost .  This is a mile-by-mile guide to the roads and highway in Alaska and includes the Alaska Highway.  It is considered the “bible of North Country travel”!  It is an excellent guide and offers insight to service stations, lodging, restaurants, photo stops and even the history of towns and parks along the way.  I have lived in Alaska for over 30 years and I still use this guide when I travel to areas of Alaska new to me.  The Milepost is updated annually and can be purchased online or may be available in the travel section of your local bookstore.", "The northern route first passes through Cripple, which is 425 mi from Anchorage, and 550 mi from Nome (ITC, Northern), making it the middlemost checkpoint. From Cripple, the route passes through Sulatna Crossing to Ruby, on the Yukon River. Ruby is another former gold rush town which became an Athabaskan village.", "The southern route first passes through the ghost town of Iditarod, which is the alternate halfway mark, at 432 mi from Anchorage, and 556 mi from Nome (ITC, Southern). From Iditarod the route goes through the Athabaskan villages of Shageluk, Anvik, Grayling, and Eagle Island.", "The official start of construction took place on March 8, 1942 after hundreds of pieces of construction equipment were moved on priority trains by the Northern Alberta Railways to the northeastern part of British Columbia near Mile 0 at Dawson Creek. Construction accelerated through the spring as the winter weather faded away and crews were able to work from both the northern and southern ends; they were spurred on after reports of the Japanese invasion of Kiska Island and Attu Island in the Aleutians. During construction the road was nicknamed the \"oil can highway\" by the work crews due to the large number of discarded oil cans and fuel drums that marked the road's progress.\"The Alcan Highway\".  On September 24, 1942 crews from both directions met at Mile 588 at what became named Contact Creek, [4] at the British Columbia-Yukon border at the 60th Parallel; the entire route was completed October 28, 1942 with the northern linkup at Mile 1202, Beaver Creek, and the highway was dedicated on November 20, 1942 at Soldiers Summit.", "The Kuskulana Bridge is said to be the biggest thrill on the road to McCarthy. Located in Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska, United States, this one lane vehicle bridge lies at milepost 17 of the gravel  McCarthy Highway  (closed in winters). The speed limit is 15mph. This 525-foot-long bridge was built in 1910 during the dead of winter (with temperatures dipping to –60°F) as the railroad pushed to complete the line by spring. It was rehabilitated in 1988. The bridge spans 238 feet (73 m) high above the Kuskulana River and still remains for many, the most hair raising part of the entire McCarthy Road.  This historic railroad span is a vertigo-inducing 238ft above the bottom of the gorge. ", "*In addition to Alaska and Hawaii being separated from the Lower 48, each has road systems isolated from each other. Alaska Route 7 and the other roads near Juneau, Alaska remain separated by ferry from other road systems.", "Flying the Alaska Highway This is Part 3 of a series of stories about flying to Alaska.", "Proposals for a highway to Alaska originated in the 1920s. Thomas MacDonald , director of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads , dreamed of an international highway spanning the United States and Canada. In order to promote the highway, Slim Williams originally travelled the proposed route by dog sled. Since much of the route would pass through Canada, support from the Canadian government was crucial. However, the Canadian government perceived no value in putting up the required funds to build the road, since the only part of Canada that would benefit was not more than a few thousand people in the Yukon.", "^ a b c d e f Connelly, Joel (July 10, 2009). \"Tab for Alaska road: $445 million\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/archives/173475.asp.", "Located in Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska, the Lakina River Bridge lies at milepost 44.3 of the gravel McCarthy Highway (closed in winters). The bridge is 190 ft long and the weight limit is 32 Ton.", "*Fairbanks, Alaska  – northernmost city of more than 20,000 residents, and northernmost city with public road access", "After Unalakleet, the last stretch of the Iditarod Trail crosses through Inupiat villages and the frozen expanse of Norton Bay, punctuated by spruce trees in the ice to guide teams to the finish. Following the south shore of the Seward Peninsula along the Bering Sea, the tiny settlement of White Mountain marks the last stop before Nome and the finish line." ]

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[ "Joseph Frank \"Buster\" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, director, producer, writer, and stunt performer. He was best known for his silent films , in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic , deadpan expression, earning him the nickname \"The Great Stone Face\". [3] Keaton was recognised as the seventh-greatest film director by Entertainment Weekly . [5] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Keaton the twenty-first greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema. [7] Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton's \"extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, [when] he worked without interruption on a series of films that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies\". [3] His career declined afterward with a dispiriting loss of his artistic independence when he was hired by MGM , which resulted in a crippling alcoholism that ruined his family life. He recovered in the 1940s, remarried, and revived his career to a degree as an honoured comic performer for the rest of his life, earning an Academy Honorary Award in 1959.", "Joseph Frank \"Buster\" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American comic actor, filmmaker , producer and writer. [1] He was best known for his silent films , in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic , deadpan expression, earning him the nickname \"The Great Stone Face\". [2]", "Buster Keaton (born Joseph Frank Keaton, October 4, 1895 � February 1, 1966) was an American silent film comic actor and filmmaker. His trademark was physical comedy with a stoic, deadpan expression on his face, earning him the nickname \"The Great Stone Face\" (referencing the Nathaniel Hawthorne story about the \"Old Man of the Mountain\" ). His career as a performer and director is widely regarded to be among the most innovative and important work in the history of cinema. He was recognized as the seventh greatest director of all time by Entertainment Weekly. A 2002 world-wide poll by Sight and Sound ranked Keaton's The General as the 15th best film of all time. Three other Keaton films received votes in the survey: Our Hospitality, Sherlock, Jr., and The Navigator. Early life in v...", "Though silent film comedian Buster Keaton was a famous bearer, his real name was Joseph Frank Keaton. Supposedly, he got his nickname and later stage name from Harry Houdini when he was a child. This name isn't good for an actual name, and sounds more like the name of dog.", "Joseph Frank Keaton, better known as Buster Keaton, was a comedian and actor who rose to prominence with his silent films in which he often played the character of a poker faced man with a deadpan expression. So famous was his expressionless, stoic face that he earned the nickname of âThe Great Stone Faceâ. Born into a vaudeville family, Keaton was destined for the show business. He began performing with his parents in âThe Three Keatonsâ when he was just three years old. His family performed a comedy sketch in which the young boy would be constantly tossed and thrown around the stage, often inviting the wrath of authorities who accused his parents of child abuse. It was during this time that he realized that he could elicit more laughter from the audience by making a poker face rather than by laughing himself during the comedy act. He made his transition from vaudeville to films when he was 21 years old. Initially apprehensive about the medium of film, his reservations went away after the success of âThe Sapheadâ in which he played a lead role for the first time. More roles followed and he was soon a major comedian in Hollywood; he was ranked as the 21st greatest male star by the American Film Institute.", "Joseph Frank \"Buster\" Keaton (1895-1966), American comic actor and filmmaker, best known for his silent films, nicknamed \"The Great Stone Face,\" ranked the 21st-greatest male star by the American Film Institute in 1999", "One of the great silent clowns of the early comedic period was Buster Keaton, known for acrobatic visual gags, physical action, and for his deadpan, unsmiling, expression-less \"stoneface.\" (His first name was a nickname given to him by Harry Houdini after he fell down some steps.) Keaton was first a vaudeville performer, performing and partnering quite often with former Keystone star and mentor Roscoe \"Fatty\" Arbuckle. He entered the profession of film-making in 1917 at the age of twenty-one as a supporting player, in his film debut The Butcher Boy (1917). Then, he started his own production company and became an actor in his own production unit in many excellent short films (usually two-reelers) from 1920-1923, including One Week (1920), Neighbors (1920), The High Sign (1921), The Boat (1921), The Haunted House (1921), The Playhouse (1921), The Paleface (1921), Hard Luck (1921), and The Frozen North (1922), but none as a repeating character.", "By the way: a little truth-is-stranger-than-fiction tidbit regarding the onstage Buster, William Henry Crane. With his partner he later went on to score a big hit with The Henrietta. Many students of Keaton’s work know that this play was adapted for the screen in 1920 as The Saphead, Buster Keaton’s first starring feature film. But that’s not the strangest coincidence here. Appearing in the movie in the co-starring role as Buster father, at age 75, is none other than Mr. Crane himself!", "^ Vance, Jeffrey. \"Introduction.\" Keaton, Eleanor and Jeffrey Vance. Buster Keaton Remembered. Harry N. Abrams, 2001, pg. 29. ISBN 0-8109-4227-5", "Rollo Treadway Buster Keaton Patsy Kathryn McGuire Her father Frederick Vroom SCREENPLAY CLYDE BRUCKMAN, JOSEPH A MITCHELL, JEAN C HAVEZ DIRECTORS BUSTER KEATON, DONALD CRISP", "According to a frequently repeated story, which may be apocryphal, Keaton acquired the nickname \"Buster\" at about 18 months of age. Keaton told interviewer Fletcher Markle that Houdini happened to be present one day when the young Keaton took a tumble down a long flight of stairs without injury. After the infant sat up and shook off his experience, Houdini remarked, \"That was a real buster!\" According to Keaton, in those days, the word \"buster\" was used to refer to a spill or a fall that had the potential to produce injury. After this, it was Keaton's father who began to use the nickname to refer to the youngster. Keaton retold the anecdote over the years, including a 1964 interview with the CBC's Telescope.", "2nd February, 1933 : Buster Keaton was a slapstick comedy and silent film star who was fired from MGM as of this day. The reason that was given in one history report was that he was drinking excessively. A possible reason for Buster Keaton's failure to make it with MGM was the fact that it may have been hard for him to adjust working under the direction of someone else. Before this time, he had actually been able to have control over his own creativity. From the time that he had been fired until about 10 years later, Keaton had undergone more trials. For one, his wife had divorced him, and he had taken on smaller and smaller film roles. He had even ended up in a psychiatric ward (mental hospital) for awhile as well. However, he made a strong comeback in the 1950s.", "Brownlow, Kevin, \"Buster Keaton\" from The Parade’s Gone By (1968) Alfred A. Knopf, (1976) University of California Press", "So in summing up where Keaton fits in among all these Busters, I think the following can be said with tentative accuracy: He was not the first person named Buster. Nor was he the first famous Buster. It’s unclear if he was the first person to call himself Buster professionally. He was not the first person nicknamed Buster to have appeared on stage. However, he may have been the first performer to openly, consistently bill himself onstage using Buster as his public name, as opposed to playing a character named Buster. I emphasize my use of the word ‘tentative’ here. Further evidence of earlier professional or theatrical Busters may yet turn up.", "Jimmie Buster Keaton Mary Jones Ruth Dwyer Billy Meekin Ray Barnes Lawyer Snitz Edwards Mrs Jones Frankie Raymond Miss Jones Jean Arthur SCREENPLAY CLYDE BRUCKMAN, JEAN C HAVEZ, JOSEPH A MITCHELL DIRECTOR BUSTER KEATON", "Let it be noted that the character of Buster Bluth's actual first name is Byron, with Buster as a nickname.", "His name is “O,” and he is the chief figure in Film, the only screenplay written by Samuel Beckett, and he is played by Buster Keaton. Fifty years ago, Beckett and Keaton collaborated on the movie in New York City, in an unlikely pairing of two of the greatest artists in their respective fields. Film won Keaton a standing ovation at the 1965 Venice Film Festival and received modest distribution in the United States. But for years it was surrounded by tantalizing rumors of deleted scenes, tension on the set, and drastic changes to the script during shooting.", "Also in 1954, Keaton and his wife Eleanor met film programmer Raymond Rohauer , with whom the couple would develop a business partnership to re-release Keaton's films. Around the same time, after buying the comedian's house, the actor James Mason found numerous cans of Keaton's films. Among the re-discovered films was Keaton's long-lost classic The Boat . [35] The Coronet Theatre art house in Los Angeles, with which Rohauer was involved, was showing The General which \"Buster hadn't seen ... in years and he wanted me to see it,\" Eleanor Keaton said in 1987. \"Raymond recognised Buster and their friendship started.\" [37] Rohauer in that same article recalls, \"I was in the projection room. l got a ring that Buster Keaton was in the lobby. I go down and there he's with Eleanor. The next day I met with him at his home. I didn't realise we were going to join forces. But I realised he had this I-don't-care attitude about his stuff. He said, 'It's valueless. I don't own the rights.'\" [37] Keaton had prints of the features Three Ages, Sherlock, Jr., Steamboat Bill, Jr., College (missing one reel) and the shorts \"The Boat\" and \"My Wife's Relations\", which Keaton and Rohauer had transferred to safety stock from deteriorating nitrate film stock . Unknown to them at the time, MGM additionally had saved a few of Keaton's work: all his 1920-1926 features and his first eight two-reel shorts. [37]", "This latest Buster Keaton comedy finds him in Mexico. His leading lady is Lorna Gray, who later became better known as 1939 Adrian Booth.", "A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starring Donald O'Connor as Keaton was released. The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon, who also directed the film, was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. A 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill, won two Emmy Awards. ", "Michael John Keaton (b. 1951), born Michael John Douglas, American multiple award winning actor known for his leading roles in Beetlejuice, Batman and Batman Returns and many more", "Upon Keaton's return to Hollywood, he made a screen comeback in a series of 16 two-reel comedies for Educational Pictures . Most of these are simple visual comedies, with a large number of of the gags supplied by Keaton himself, most often recycling ideas from his family vaudeville act and his earlier films. The high point in the Educational series is Grand Slam Opera, featuring Buster in his own screenplay as an amateur-hour contestant. When the series lapsed in 1937, Keaton returned to MGM as a gag writer, including the Marx Brothers films At the Circus (1939) and Go West (1940), and providing material for Red Skelton . [33] He additionally helped and advised Lucille Ball in her comedic work in films and television. [34]", "The act ran up against laws banning child performers in vaudeville. According to one biographer, Keaton was made to go to school while performing in New York, but only attended for part of one day. Despite tangles with the law and a disastrous tour of music halls in the United Kingdom, Keaton was a rising star in the theater. Keaton stated that he learned to read and write late, and was taught by his mother. By the time he was 21, his father's alcoholism threatened the reputation of the family act, so Keaton and his mother, Myra, left for New York, where Buster Keaton's career swiftly moved from vaudeville to film. ", "^ a b McGee, Scott. \"Buster Keaton: Sundays in October\". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2010. Note: Source misspells Keaton's frequent appellation as \"Great Stoneface\".", "Buster Keaton was an acrobatic stage performer from childhood. In what scenes in particular does he seem to be using his acrobatic talents?", "He also raised his profile through a string of American programs and commercials. In 1956 he was paid $50,000 by Paramount for the film rights to The Buster Keaton Story, which follows the performer's life (albeit inaccurately) from his vaudeville days through his work in Hollywood.", "In 1928 Buster Keaton made the move that he would later call the mistake of his life. With the advent of talkies, Keaton signed on with MGM, where he proceeded to make a string of new sound comedies that fared decently at the box office but lacked the kind of Keaton punch the filmmaker had come to expect from his work.", "He began performing with his parents as a three year old in the act âThe Three Keatonsâ, first appearing on stage in 1899. His parents performed a comedy sketch that involved the young Buster being tossed and thrown around a lot. In spite of this seemingly rough treatment, the boy was never injured.", "Buster Keaton - Actors and Actresses - Films as Actor:, Films as Actor and Director:, Other Films:, Publications", "BUSTER KEATON An hilarious comedy of errors featuring a man and an automobile. Made in black and white", "Incidentally, he also appeared in at least one film with Buster Keaton and appeared on the Ed Sullivan show\".", "How does Buster Keaton�s style of comedy compare and contrast with that of Charlie Chaplin and other visually oriented comics?" ]

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[ "Pope Paul VI ( Latin : Paulus PP. VI; Italian : Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII , who had convened the Second Vatican Council , he decided to continue it. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, which resulted in a number of historic meetings and agreements.", "A Polish pilgrim displays a souvenir of canonised Popes John Paul II (left) and John XXIII while waiting for mass before the canonisation ceremony in St Peter's Square at the Vatican, April 27, 2014. Pope John XXIII, who reigned from 1958 to1963 and called the modernising Second Vatican Council, and Pope John Paul II, who reigned for nearly 27 years before his death in 2005 and whose trips around the world made him the most visible pope in history, were declared saints by Pope Francis at an unprecedented twin canonisation on Sunday.", "Pius XI was succeeded in 1939 by his Secretary of State, the aristocratic ultra-insider Curialist Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). Pius XII was seen as one of the great thinkers to assume the papacy in the 20th century and was also the ultimate insider; his grandfather, father, cousin and brother have been Vatican high-ranking officials. Pius was succeeded by the lower-class, elderly, popular, and informal Pope John XXIII (1958–1963). The contrast between the diffident, intellectual and distant Pius XII and the humble—in his own words \"ordinary\"—\"Good Pope John\" was dramatic, with none more surprised at the election than Pope John himself. He reportedly already had his return rail ticket in his pocket when he was elected.", "In October 1958 Pope Pius XII died, after a Papacy which had lasted 19 years and which had, in its first five years, been an impotent witness as the world tore itself apart during the Second World War. His successor, who took the title John XXIII, was 77 years old, and was widely expected to be a stop-gap Pope. In the event he proved to be an immensely popular figure with the laity, and astounded the hierarchy of the Church by convening an Ecumenical Council which opened in 1962 and closed in 1965 under his successor, Paul VI. It ushered in widespread changes to many aspects of Catholic life, particularly the Liturgy, which many in the Church found difficult to accept.", "John Paul made Jorge Mario Bergoglio — the current Pope Francis — a cardinal. Francis' immense popular appeal has also been likened to that of John XXIII, dubbed the \"good pope.\" John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.", "Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, \"We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike.\" John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: \"Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!\" ", "John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 � 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes.", "born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in 1903. He was the oldest pope (reigning until the age of 93), and had the third longest pontificate, behind Pope Pius IX (his immediate predecessor) and Pope John Paul II. He is the most recent pontiff to date to take the pontifical name of \"Leo\" upon being elected as pope.", "He had more meetings than any Saint Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła was elected Pope at the Conclave of 16 October 1978, and he took the name of John Paul II. On 22 October, the Lord's Day, he solemnly inaugurated his Petrine ministry as the 263rd successor to the Apostle. His pontificate, one of the longest in the history of the Church, lasted nearly 27 years.", "* Nicola Canali (12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of Pope John XXIII (1958)", " Pope John XXIII, born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (11/25, 1881 – 6/3, 1963), was Pope from October 28, 1958 to June 3, 1963.  He called the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) but did not live to see it to completion.  He advocated for Hungarian Jews in WWII.  (This author thinks he was a crypto-Jew.)  In 1959, shortly after his elevation to the papacy, Pope John XXIII expunged the reference to \"perfidious Jews\" in the Good Friday prayer.", "Pope Saint John Paul II (; ; ), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was pope from 1978 to 2005. He is widely known to Catholics as Saint John Paul the Great, especially in the names of institutions. ", "Bl. (Blessed) Pius IX (1846-78): Born Giovanni Mastai-Feretti. Longest ruling pope ever (32 years) and the last pope to be secular ruler over Rome and its surroundings. Pius IX's reign, during which the Italian government conquered Rome and ended the Church's temporal authority, marked the beginning of a nearly 60-year period in which the popes, referring to themselves as \"Prisoners in the Vatican\", refused to leave the Apostolic Palace in order to avoid being treated as subjects of the Italian crown. Often known as \"Pio Nono\", even by non-Italian speakersnote ironically, Italians nowadays tend not to refer to popes by their regnal names - they'll typically talk about \"Papa Wojtyla\" rather than \"Papa Giovanni Paolo\" (and allegedly giving name to a Spanish sweet", "Roncalli decided to live on the second floor of the residence reserved for the patriarch, choosing not to live in the first floor room once resided in by Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who later became Pope Pius X. On 29 May 1954, the late Pius X was canonized and Roncalli ensured that the late pontiff's patriarchal room was remodelled into a 1903 (the year of the new saint's papal election) look in his honor. With Pius X's few surviving relatives, Roncalli celebrated a mass in his honor.", "1876–1958, pope (1939–58), an Italian named Eugenio Pacelli, b. Rome; successor of Pius XI. Ordained a priest in 1899, he entered the Vatican's secretariat of state.", "Born as Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger (Karl Joseph Aloysius Ratzinger), Pope Benedict XVI was nominated by the cardinals on April 19, 2005 as the 265th pope after the death of the hugely popular Pope John Paul II.  Benedict became the 9th German pope and the first in almost 500 years, to be elected as the pope. As noted in the article titled, “ The Fate of the Vatican on the Death of John Paul II ”, BibleSearchers Reflections pondered these words written by the Jesuit historian of the Church, Malachi Martin, in his seminal book, “ The Keys of this Blood ”:", "1978 - Pope John Paul II - October 1978: \"There were three popes in 1978. The death of Paul VI was followed by the election of Cardinal Albino Luciani, who took the unusual double-barrelled name of John Paul I. Thirty-four days later he was dead. The College of Cardinals then amazed the world by choosing a non-Italian, Cardinal Karol Wojtola of Poland, who in respect for his immensely popular predecessor, took the name John Paul II.\"", "Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time. Pope-elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was erased. Although these changes are no longer controversial, a number of modern lists still include this \"first Pope Stephen II\". It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia, which is in the public domain.", "Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremony, some of which was abolished after Vatican II, while the rest fell into disuse. His papal coronation ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned). Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica, in view of the crowds assembled in Saint Peter's Square below.", "31. There have been six Roman Catholic Popes during the Queen's reign (Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, John Paul II and Benedict XVI).", "John Paul II, also known as Blessed John Paul, served as the Pope of the Catholic Church for more than two and half decades. Scroll down to acquaint yourself with the eventful life of this great man.", "Pope John Paul II was the most recognized person in the world. From the time of his election on October 16, 1978, Pope John Paul II traveled to over 110 countries. His many trips, his extensive writings, his very presence spoke to the heart of all people. No previous pope has ever traveled so extensively. No previous pope has ever received so much TV, radio, newspaper, and magazine coverage. No previous pope has written more encyclicals, books, and letters. In a sense, he was the conscience of the world.", "Pius X (1903-1914) was canonized a saint in 1914 although his papacy was very controversial. He was negative towards democratic governments and also severely curtailed “modern” writings of Catholic theologians, Bible scholars and historians. He was elected after the Emperor of Austria had vetoed his competition. Such vetoes were prohibited after this election. His conservative reversals of predecessors caused a political break with France. He made enemies of most nations over the separation of church and state but did allow Italian Catholics to vote again.  In his fight against Modernism he stated that doctrines cannot change and used informants to spy on Church teachers. This had a devastating effect on Catholic scholarship. German leaders, however, did not impose the anti-Modern teachings on its Catholic clergy.  He began the modern practice of not embalming popes.", "Pius IX, 1846-1878. His thirty-one year pontificate is the longest in history. He called the First Vatican Council, which defined papal infallibility and supremacy.", "Pope Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on April 16, 1927) is Pope Emeritus of the Catholic Church, having served as Pope from 2005 to 2013.", " Leo XIII (reigned 1878–1903) was no less conservative in his ultramontanism and his theological inclinations than his predecessor, and on issues of church doctrine and discipline his administration was a strict one. It was during his reign that the movement known as Modernism , which advocated freedom of thought and the use of biblical and historical criticism, arose within Roman Catholicism. Although the formal condemnation of its tendencies did not come until 1907, four years after his death, Leo made his opposition to this trend clear by the establishment of the Pontifical Biblical Commission as a monitor over the work of scriptural scholars. His conservative and centralizing tendencies also were reflected in his relations with other churches. Although he voiced a more open attitude toward the Eastern churches, he sought their return to obedience to Rome. In 1895 Leo appointed a commission to decide the long-mooted question of whether, despite the separation from Rome in the 16th century, the priestly ordination of the Anglican Communion was valid, as was that of the separated Eastern churches; in 1896 he issued Apostolicae curae (“Apostolic Concerns”), which denied the validity of Anglican orders and was a setback for ecumenical hopes on both sides.", "Hi there have been more than 500 popes and I want to know something about the pope 16th if its possible thank you very much.", "Pope Paul IV, C.R. (6/28, 1476 – 8/18, 1559), né Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was Pope from May 23, 1555 until his death.", "He nearly doubled the number of cardinals, making the college the largest in history. On 25 January 1959, he announced his intent to call a council to consider ways to renew the Church in the modern world, promote diversity within the unity of the Church, and consider reforms promoted by ecumenical and liturgical movements. Convening the council, known as Vatican II, on 11 October 1962, was the high point of his reign.", "Nine popes led the Catholic church during the 20th century. One of them died after serving for just 33 days. What was his name?", "(For the full list of men who have held this office, see LIST OF POPES .)", "Benito Mussolini was highly esteemed by the Jesuits of Rome. He was their man of providence, who restored Vatican City to the papacy in 1929." ]

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[ "Warner Brothers Records was originally founded in the mid-1920's by the Warner Brothers film company as part of their development of sound in movies. Poor sales in the early 1930's forced the studio to sell off subsidiary labels and close down the record company. The Warner Brothers label was re-established in the late 1950's again partly as an outlet for sound recordings related to their movie and TV products. The first big success was with a 77 Sunset Strip related song. Other releases in the early years of the restarted company included albums by the Everly Brothers, Peter, Paul and Mary and Bob Newhart. In the early sixties Frank Sinatra signed to the company in a deal that included movies and recordings, this deal also linked Sinatra's Reprise label with Warner Brothers. In the mid sixties the company started acquiring smaller labels, including Autumn Records . The label signed the Grateful Dead in 1966.", "Warner Bros. began with the four Warner brothers—Albert, Sam, Harry and Jack. In books chronicling the American film industry, the brothers are all legendary, especially the flamboyant showman Jack L. Warner. Pioneers in their own right, the Warners brought sound to movies, introduced the first “four-legged star,” revitalized the movie musical, created the gangster-picture era, and produced a number of socially significant films that evoked national awareness about growing problems of their times.", "In 1960, the Everly Brothers moved to a new label, Warner Bros., and wanted their first release for them to be a hit.  Their first record for Warners would become their biggest success.  \"Cathy's Clown\" was written by Don and Phil Everly.  Its subject matter was inspired by a high school girlfriend of Don's; its sound by Grofe's \"Grand Canyon Suite.\"  Recorded in the legendary RCA Studio B in Nashville, engineer Bill Porter used a tape loop on the drums to give the impression of two drummers.  Porter got the song's distinctive vocal sound by having the Everlys sing into one microphone, then feeding that single through a massive plate reverb unit.  Porter later admitted, to get the sound he wanted, he tightened the reverb springs to the point of breakage.  The Beatles, who had been so influenced by the Everlys's harmonizing that they once considered calling themselves \"the Foreverly Brothers,\" cited \"Cathy's Clown\" as an inspiration for \"Please Please Me.\" Selected for the 2013 registry.", "With his brothers Harry M. Warner , Albert Warner , and Sam Warner , he founded Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. in 1923. They released the first motion picture with synchronized sound, The Jazz Singer (1927) with Al Jolson . In the 1930s they gave employment to a parade of stars, including Bette Davis , Errol Flynn and Paul Muni , as well as James Cagney , Edward G. Robinson , and a man whose star would eventually rise in the 1940s, Humphrey Bogart . Decades later, the firm's successor, Warner Communications Inc., merged with Time Inc. to become Time Warner Inc., the world's largest media and entertainment company.", "After a slow start, The Doobie Brothers proved to be one of Warner Bros.' most successful signings. Their debut album made little impact but their second album Toulouse Street (1972) reached #21 and spawned two US Top 40 singles, \"Listen to the Music\" and \"Jesus is Just Alright\", inaugurating a string of hit albums and singles over the next five years. Their third album The Captain and Me was even more successful, reaching #7 in the US and producing two more hit singles, \"China Grove\" (#15) and \"Long Train Runnin'\" (#8); it became a consistent seller and is now accredited 2x Platinum by the RIAA. What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits (1974) reached #4 and produced two more hits including their first US #1 single \"Black Water\" (1975). Stampede also reached #4, and produced another hit single with the Motown cover \"Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)\" (US #11).", "Around this time, Paramount head Adolph Zukor offered Sam a deal as an executive producer for his studio if he brought Vitaphone with him; during the year, Harry had also become the company president. Warner, not wanting to take any more of brother Harry's refusal to move forward with using sound in future Warner films, agreed to accept Zukor's offer, but the deal died after Paramount lost money in the wake of Rudolph Valentino's death. By April 1927, the Big Five studios (First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Producers Distributing) had put the Warners in financial ruin, and Western Electric renewed the Warner's Vitaphone contract with terms that it was no longer exclusive and that other film companies could test sound with Western Electric as well. Harry eventually agreed to accept Warner's demands, and he pushed ahead with a new Vitaphone feature, based on a Broadway play and starring Al Jolson. The Jazz Singer broke box-office records, established Warner Bros. as a major player in Hollywood, and single-handedly launched the talkie revolution.", "Thanks to the success of The Jazz Singer, the studio was cash-rich. Jolson's next film for the company, The Singing Fool was also a success. With the success of these first talkies (The Jazz Singer, Lights of New York, The Singing Fool and The Terror), Warner Bros. became a top studio and the brothers were now able to move out from the Poverty Row section of Hollywood and acquire a much larger studio lot in Burbank. They expanded by acquiring the Stanley Corporation, a major theater chain. This gave them a share in rival First National Pictures, of which Stanley owned one-third. In a bidding war with William Fox, Warner Bros. bought more First National shares on September 13, 1928; Jack also appointed Zanuck as the manager of First National Pictures.", "The first songs Simon and Garfunkel sang together were doo-wop hits, but soon they were singing their own songs. One of those was \"Hey, Schoolgirl,\" which the duo recorded in 1957. An agent of Big Records present at the session signed them on the spot. Calling themselves Tom and Jerry (\"Tom Graph\" and \"Jerry Landis\"), they had a Top Fifty hit with \"Hey, Schoolgirl\" and appeared on American Bandstand. (In a 1984 Playboy interview Simon asserted that the record company agent used payola to get the record played.) Garfunkel estimates the record sold 150,000 copies. When a few follow-ups flopped, Tom and Jerry split up. When they met again in 1962, Garfunkel was studying architecture after trying to record as Arty Garr, and Simon was studying English literature but devoting most of his time to writing and selling his songs. In 1964 Simon, who had just dropped out of law school and quit his job as a song peddler for a music publishing company, took one of his originals to Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson. Wilson bought the song and signed the Everly Brothers –influenced duo.", "In 1925, Sam Warner of Warner Bros., then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions, saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound-on-disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York's Vitagraph Studios, which they had recently purchased. The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers, if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them. Consequently, in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W. J. Rich, a financier, giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system. To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president. ", "In late 1961 singer Solomon Burke arrived at Jerry Wexler's office unannounced. Wexler was a fan of Burke's and had long wanted to sign him so when Burke told Wexler his contract with his former label had expired Wexler replied: \"You're home. I'm signing you today\". The first song Wexler produced with Burke was \"Just Out of Reach\", which became a big hit in September 1961. Burke's the soul/country & western crossover predated Ray Charles' similar venture by more than 6 months. Burke became a consistent big seller through the mid-1960s and scored hits on Atlantic into 1968. In 1962 folk music was booming and the label came very close to signing Peter, Paul & Mary; although Wexler and Ertegun pursued them vigorously the deal fell through at the last minute and they later discovered music publisher Artie Mogull had introduced their manager Albert Grossman to Warner Bros. Records executive Herman Starr, who had made the trio an irresistible offer that gave them complete creative control over the recording and packaging of their music. ", "By the close of 1958, The Everly Brothers had four million-sellers. All I Have To Do Is Dream (penned in 15 minutes by songwriters Felice and Boudleaux Bryant) topped the US charts for four weeks, becoming their biggest-ever selling single. It also provided the boys' debut #1 in Britain, holding on to that position for a staggering seven weeks.", "In 1967, Warner Bros. took over Valiant Records, which added hit-making harmony pop group the Association to the Warner roster. This acquisition proved to be another huge money-spinner for Warner Bros. - The Association scored a string of major hits in the late 1960s, and their 1967 hit \"Never My Love\" went on to become the second most-played song on American radio and TV in the 20th century. During the year, the label also took its first tentative step into the burgeoning rock market when they signed leading San Francisco psychedelic rock group the Grateful Dead. Warner Bros. threw the band a release party at the Fugazi Hall in San Francisco's North Beach. During the concert, Warner A&R manager Joe Smith took the stage and announced \"I just want to say what an honor it is to be able to introduce the Grateful Dead and its music and its music to the world\", which prompted a cynical Jerry Garcia to quip in reply: \"I just want to say what an honor it is for the Grateful Dead to introduce Warner Bros. Records to the world.\" ", "During this formative period, WBR made several other notable new signings including Randy Newman and Van Dyke Parks. Newman would not make his commercial breakthrough until the mid-1970s but he achieved a high profile in the industry thanks to songs he wrote that were covered by other acts like Three Dog Night and Alan Price. Although Warner Bros. spent large sums on albums that sold poorly, and there were some missteps in its promotion strategy, the presence of unorthodox acts like the Grateful Dead and critically acclaimed 'cult' performers like Newman and Parks, combined with the artistic freedom that the label afforded them, proved significant in building Warner Bros.' reputation and credibility. Bob Krasnow, who briefly headed Warner Bros.' short-lived 'black' label Loma Records later commented that the Grateful Dead \" .... were really the springboard. People said 'Wow, if they'll sign the Dead, they must be going in the right direction.'\" ", "New staff joined the label in late 1961. Jim Conkling retired in the fall of that year, selecting as his successor Mike Maitland, a former Capitol executive, with Joe Smith appointed as head of promotions. Warner Bros. made another prescient signing in folk group Peter, Paul & Mary. The trio had been on the verge of signing with Atlantic Records, but before the deal could be completed they were poached by Warner Bros. Artie Mogull (who worked for one of Warner Bros.' publishing companies, Witmark Music) had introduced their manager Albert Grossman to Herman Starr, and as a result the group signed a recording and publishing deal with Warner Bros. Grossman's deal for the group broke new ground for recording artists—it included a substantial advance of $30,000 and, most significantly, it set a new benchmark for recording contracts by stipulating that the trio would have complete creative control over the recording and packaging of their music. ", "At Eric Clapton ‘s suggestion, the brothers relocated to Miami, Florida , early in 1975 to record. After starting off with ballads, they eventually heeded the urging of Mardin and Stigwood and crafted more dance-oriented disco songs, including their second US No. 1, “ Jive Talkin’ “, along with US No. 7 “ Nights on Broadway “. The band liked the resulting new sound. This time the public agreed by sending the LP Main Course up the charts. This album included the first Bee Gees songs where Barry used falsetto, [42] something that would later become a trademark of the band. This was also the first Bee Gees album to have two US top-10 singles since 1968’s Idea. Main Course also became their first charting R&B album.", "At Eric Clapton's suggestion, the brothers relocated to Miami, Florida, early in 1975 to record. After starting off with ballads, they eventually heeded the urging of Mardin and Stigwood and crafted more dance-oriented disco songs, including their second US No. 1, \"Jive Talkin'\", along with US No. 7 \"Nights on Broadway\". The band liked the resulting new sound. This time the public agreed by sending the LP Main Course up the charts. This album included the first Bee Gees songs where Barry used falsetto, something that would later become a trademark of the band. This was also the first Bee Gees album to have two US top-10 singles since 1968's Idea. Main Course also became their first charting R&B album.", "The brothers' three-year deal with Cadence terminated at the close of 1959 and the major labels virtually queued up to add the duo to their rosters. It was reported that the brothers were seeking a new contract that would bring them one million dollars over the next 10 years - a deal unheard of at the time.", "Warner Bros. Records was established in 1958 as the recorded music division of the American movie studio, Warner Bros. Pictures. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a convoluted series of corporate mergers and acquisitions from the early 1960s to the early 2000s. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a struggling minor player in the industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world.", "While in Knoxville, the brothers caught the attention of family friend Chet Atkins, manager of RCA Victor's studio in Nashville. The brothers became a duo and moved to Nashville. Despite affiliation with RCA, Atkins arranged for the Everly Brothers to record for Columbia Records in early 1956. Their \"Keep a-Lovin' Me,\" which Don wrote, flopped, and they were dropped from the Columbia label.", "In October 1967 Atlantic was sold to Warner Bros.-Seven Arts for US$17.5 million, although all the partners later agreed that it was a poor deal which greatly undervalued Atlantic's true worth. Initially, Atlantic and Atco operated entirely separately from the group's other labels, Warner Bros. Records and Reprise Records , and management did not interfere with the music division, since the ailing movie division was losing money, while the Warner recording division was booming - by mid-1968 Warner's recording and publishing interests were generating 74% of the group's total profits. [30]", "On 3 January 1967, the Gibb brothers with their parents and Byrne set sail for England, aboard the ship Fairsky, reaching Southampton on 6 February. The brothers performed on board in exchange for passage. Later, the Gibb brothers auditioned for Stigwood; they passed, and they signed to Robert Stigwood Organisation on 24 February. \"New York Mining Disaster 1941\" was their first song that was written in 1967.", "Warner Bros. agreed to buy Imperial Records in 1956 and although the deal fell apart it marked the breaking of a psychological barrier: \"If the company was willing to buy another label, why not start its own?\" To establish the label the company hired former Columbia Records president James B. Conkling; its founding directors of A&R were Harris Ashburn, George Avakian and Bob Prince. Conkling was an able administrator with extensive experience in the industry—he had been instrumental in launching the LP format at Columbia and had played a key role in establishing the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences the previous year. However, Conkling had decidedly middle-of-the-road musical tastes (he was married to Donna King of vocal trio the King Sisters) and was thus rather out of step with emerging trends in the industry, especially the fast-growing market for rock'n'roll music. ", "In August 1963, Warner Bros. made a \"rescue takeover\" of Frank Sinatra's ailing Reprise Records as part of a deal to acquire Sinatra's services as a recording artist and as an actor for Warner Bros. Pictures. The total deal was valued at around US$10 million and it gave Sinatra a one-third share in the combined record company and a seat on the Warner-Reprise board; Warner Bros. Records head Mike Maitland became the president of the new combine and Mo Ostin was retained as manager of the Reprise label. ", "In the United States, A & M signed folk singer Phil Ochs, rock organist Lee Michaels, and country duo Dillard and Clark. They also signed one of the greatest country rock bands ever formed, the Flying Burrito Brothers. Their first album for A & M, The Gilded Palace of Sin, was not only one of the best \"first albums\" by any group, but is arguably one of the best albums ever made \"period\".", "·      Warner Brothers Studios invented a way to record sound separately from the film on large disks and put the sound and motion pictures together.", "Warner Bros. was a pioneer of films with synchronized sound (then known as \"talking pictures\" or \"talkies\"). In 1925, at Sam's urging, Warner's agreed to add this feature to their productions. By February 1926, the studio reported a net loss of $333,413. ", "Which slice of somewhat tangled history brings us to the making of Rumours. The �white album� was increasing its sales, and so it wasn�t too much of an issue for Warner Bros to let the band make another album. The band produced themselves and had been so far under the Warner radar that there was virtually no interference from the WB executives or A&R Department.", "The album propelled the group to stardom. It stayed on the Billboard charts for over two years and marked a milestone in rock history as one of the very first concept albums, recorded not only with a symphony orchestra but also in stereo, both uncharted territory at that time. Thanks to the singles \"Nights In White Satin\" and \"Tuesday Afternoon\" the record went gold, reaching No. 3 in the charts.", "In October 1955 Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller scored a West Coast hit with Los Angeles-based vocal group The Robins, who released \" Smokey Joe's Cafe \" on the duo's own Spark Records label. Seeking a national outlet, they leased the master to Atco and in November Atlantic purchased Spark and its catalog; Leiber and Stoller signed a landmark deal with Atlantic that made them America's first independent record producers. In 1956 two members of The Robins, Carl Gardner and Bobby Nunn , formed The Coasters who finally provided Atlantic with the crossover success it had been striving for. Their first (March 1956) Atco release (recorded in Hollywood) was \"Down in Mexico\", a Top 10 R&B hit: the double-sided \" Young Blood \"/\" Searchin' \" (also recorded in Hollywood) followed, with both sides entering the pop Top 10 after radio exposure and both charting for over 20 weeks - \"Searchin'\" reached #3 and \"Young Blood\" #8. Following Leiber and Stoller to New York, The Coasters' then cut \" Yakety Yak \" (June 1958), featuring the saxophone of King Curtis , and this became Atlantic's first pop #1; \" Charlie Brown \" made #2 on both the pop and R&B charts in February 1959, \" Along Came Jones \" also reached the pop Top 10 as did \" Poison Ivy \" (#7, Aug. 1959). \" Little Egypt \" (1961) was their last hit, reaching #21 in the pop chart.", "In October 1955 Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller scored a West Coast hit with Los Angeles-based vocal group The Robins, who released \"Smokey Joe's Cafe\" on the duo's own Spark Records label. Seeking a national outlet, they leased the master to Atco and in November Atlantic purchased Spark and its catalog; Leiber and Stoller signed a landmark deal with Atlantic that made them America's first independent record producers. In 1956 two members of The Robins, Carl Gardner and Bobby Nunn, formed The Coasters who finally provided Atlantic with the crossover success it had been striving for. Their first (March 1956) Atco release (recorded in Hollywood) was \"Down in Mexico\", a Top 10 R&B hit: the double-sided \"Young Blood\"/\"Searchin'\" (also recorded in Hollywood) followed, with both sides entering the pop Top 10 after radio exposure and both charting for over 20 weeks - \"Searchin'\" reached #3 and \"Young Blood\" #8. Following Leiber and Stoller to New York, The Coasters' then cut \"Yakety Yak\" (June 1958), featuring the saxophone of King Curtis, and this became Atlantic's first pop #1; \"Charlie Brown\" made #2 on both the pop and R&B charts in February 1959, \"Along Came Jones\" also reached the pop Top 10 as did \"Poison Ivy\" (#7, Aug. 1959). \"Little Egypt\" (1961) was their last hit, reaching #21 in the pop chart.", "After graduating in 1963, Simon joined Garfunkel, who was still at Columbia, to perform together again as a duo, this time with a shared interest in folk music. Simon enrolled part-time in Brooklyn Law School, By late 1963, billing themselves as \"Kane & Garr\", they performed at Gerde's Folk City, a Greenwich club that hosted Monday night open mic performances. The duo performed three new songs — \"Sparrow\", \"He Was My Brother\", and \"The Sound of Silence\" — and got the attention of Columbia producer Tom Wilson, who worked with Bob Dylan. As a \"star producer\" for the label, he wanted to record \"He Was My Brother\" with a new British act named the Pilgrims. Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition, and they performed \"The Sound of Silence\". House engineer Roy Halee recorded the audition, and at Wilson's urging, Columbia signed the duo.", "Following his first Billboard Rhythm and Blues chart number one, \"3 O'Clock Blues\" (February 1952), B.B. King became one of the most important names in R&B music in the 1950s, amassing an impressive list of hits including \"You Know I Love You\", \"Woke Up This Morning\", \"Please Love Me\", \"When My Heart Beats like a Hammer\", \"Whole Lotta Love\", \"You Upset Me Baby\", \"Every Day I Have the Blues\", \"Sneakin' Around\", \"Ten Long Years\", \"Bad Luck\", \"Sweet Little Angel\", \"On My Word of Honor\", and \"Please Accept My Love\". This led to a significant increase in his weekly earnings, from about $85 to $2,500, with appearances at major venues such as the Howard Theater in Washington and the Apollo in New York, as well as touring the entire \"Chitlin' circuit\". 1956 became a record-breaking year, with 342 concerts booked and three recording sessions. That same year he founded his own record label, Blues Boys Kingdom, with headquarters at Beale Street in Memphis. There, among other projects, he produced artists such as Millard Lee and Levi Seabury. In 1962, King signed to ABC-Paramount Records, which was later absorbed into MCA Records, and which itself was later absorbed into Geffen Records. In November 1964, King recorded the Live at the Regal album at the Regal Theater. King later said that Regal Live \"is considered by some the best recording I've ever had . . . that particular day in Chicago everything came together . . .\"" ]

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[ "Kitty Kelley is a journalist who has written for \"The Washington Post, The New York Times, Newsweek, Good Housekeeping \"and more. She is the bestselling author of \"Jackie Oh!; Elizabeth Taylor: The Last Star; Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography; The Royals; \"and \"The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty \"and has an upcoming biography of Oprah Winfrey (Crown, 2010). \"From the Trade Paperback edition.\" show more", "Kitty Kelley (born April 4, 1942) is an American journalist and author of several best-selling unauthorized biographies of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Rock Hudson, Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Nancy Reagan, the British Royal Family, the Bush family, and Oprah Winfrey.", "Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was an English-American actress, businesswoman and humanitarian. She began as a child actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. The American Film Institute named her the seventh greatest female screen legend in 1999.", "\"Love Is A Many Strangled Thing\" is dedicated to Elizabeth Taylor , who appeared as herself in \"Krusty Gets Kancelled\" and voiced Maggie in \"Lisa's First Word\".", "Actress Elizabeth Taylor (b.1932) died on March 23. Taylor only appeared in a couple of genre films, including The Flintstones, Night Watch, and The Blue Bird. Taylor was also the guest of honor at Rovacon in Virginia in 1978 and 1979 when she was married to Virginia politician John Warner. Taylor's best known work was out of genre and included National Velvet, Cleopatra, Father's of the Bride, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, and Butterfield 8, the last two of which garnered her Academy Awards.", "Along with Glenda Jackson and Dame Maggie Smith she is one of only three British actresses to have won an Academy Award on two occasions: Leigh won Best Actress for Gone with the Wind (1939) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) while Jackson won Best Actress for Women in Love (1969) and A Touch of Class (1973) and Smith won Best Actress for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) and Best Supporting Actress for California Suite (1978). Although Elizabeth Taylor - who won Best Actress for BUtterfield 8 (1960) and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) - was born in London, her parents were American and she was raised in the United States from the age of three.", "Along with Vivien Leigh , she is one of only two British actresses to have won an Academy Award on two occasions: Leigh won Best Actress for Gone with the Wind (1939) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) while Jackson won Best Actress for Women in Love (1969) and A Touch of Class (1973). Although Elizabeth Taylor - who won Best Actress for BUtterfield 8 (1960) and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) - was born in London, her parents were American and she was raised in the United States from the age of three.", "Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (February 27, 1932 (birth time source: her birth certificate, Astrodatabank) � March 23, 2011), also known as Liz Taylor, was an English-American actress. A former child star, she grew to be known for her acting talent and beauty, as well as her Hollywood lifestyle, including many marriages. Taylor was considered one of the great actresses of Hollywood's golden age. The American Film Institute named Taylor seventh on its Female Legends list. Early years (1932�1942) Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born in Hampstead, a wealthy district of North West London, the second child of Francis Lenn Taylor (1897�1968) and Sara Viola Warmbrodt (1895�1994), who were Americans residing in England. Taylor's older brother, Howard Taylor, was born in 1929. Her pare...", "Elizabeth Taylor has been famous since 1944, when she landed the leading role in National Velvet at the age of 12.", "In addition to alcohol and drugs, she had a problem with overeating, and it became the butt of jokes by the comedian Joan Rivers. (“She has more chins than a Chinese phone book.”) Ms. Rivers later apologized to Ms. Taylor through a friend, though Ms. Taylor shrugged off the insults, saying they did not “get me where I live.” Ms. Rivers said, “From then on, I was crazy about her.” Ms. Taylor wrote a book about her weight problems, “Elizabeth Takes Off: On Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Self-Image & Self-Esteem” (1988). When she returned to the Ford Center for further treatment, she met Larry Fortensky, a construction worker, who was also a patient. In a wedding spectacular in 1991, she and Mr. Fortensky were married at Michael Jackson’s Neverland Valley Ranch in Santa Ynez, Calif., with celebrated guests sharing the grounds with Jackson’s giraffes, zebras and llamas. Although the press was not invited, a photographer parachuted in and narrowly missed landing on Gregory Peck. Five years later, the Fortenskys were divorced. Ms. Taylor, a longtime friend of Jackson’s, was a visible presence at his funeral in 2009.", "Elizabeth Taylor , the actress who dazzled generations of moviegoers with her stunning beauty and whose name was synonymous with Hollywood glamour, died on Wednesday in Los Angeles. She was 79.", "STEVE EMBER: And I’m Steve Ember with PEOPLE IN AMERICA in VOA Special English. Today we tell about the film star Elizabeth Taylor. She made over sixty films during her long career in Hollywood. She was famous for her striking beauty, violet eyes and shining black hair. Taylor was equally known for her complex private life and eight marriages. Beginning in the nineteen eighties, she also raised millions of dollars to support AIDS research.", "If the young Elizabeth Taylor was an up and coming talent today, she'd probably be considered one of Hollywood's leading sex symbols . In her prime, Taylor possessed sultry, sexy features, a very voluptuous figure, and was very open about her passion for lovemaking.", "Truman Capote met Elizabeth Taylor – who died this week – many times. In this dazzling portrait from 1974, he brings to life her wit, her honesty, her surprising love of literature – and the reality of her passion for Richard Burton.", "Following the success of Best Picture-winning Around the World in 80 Days (1956), producer Michael Todd (the third husband of Elizabeth Taylor) and co-developer of the Todd A-O sound system, was killed in a plane crash near Albuquerque, New Mexico on March 22, 1958. Taylor went on to 'steal' married actor Eddie Fisher (Todd's best friend) away from Debbie Reynolds. Following a quickie divorce, Fisher married Taylor the same day - May 12, 1959.", "She reconciled with old nemesis Elizabeth Taylor to work on the made-for-TV movie These Old Broads (2001), written by Debbie's daughter, Carrie Fisher , with Taylor, Shirley MacLaine and Joan Collins . Debbie and Taylor were friends until the late 1950s when Debbie's then-husband, Eddie Fisher , began having an affair with Liz, then left Debbie and married Taylor. When they began working on \"These Old Broads\" together, Taylor told Debbie, \"I owe you a lot\". Debbie said, \"I just got a lump in my throat when she said that\".", "Kelley's first celebrity biography was Jackie Oh! (1978), a life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, which was written at the request of Lyle Stuart, who launched the book into the New York Times Best Seller List. In the book, Kelley describes John F. Kennedy's womanizing and includes \"revelations\" about Onassis's love life, her depression and electric shock treatment. Kelley's publisher Lyle Stuart was later quoted saying \"at the time I believed her shock-treatment story. Looking back, I feel I was had and the whole thing was a fable. I doubt that it ever happened. And knowing how she makes things up, I believe she was sure she could get away with it because no one would sue.\" Journalist Michael Crowley stated Jackie Oh! contained \"core truths—including an unflinching look at JFK that showed him to have been 'more of a Romeo than has been previously revealed.'\"", "HAMMER: So with all the tributes that we`ve heard today about Elizabeth Taylor, perhaps the best way to tell her amazing story is through her own words.", "Between 1952 and 1956 Elizabeth Taylor played in many romantic films that did not demand great acting talent. In 1956 she played opposite James Dean (1931–1955) in Giant, followed by the powerful Raintree County (1957), for which she was nominated (put forward for consideration) for an Academy Award for the first time. In Suddenly Last Summer (1959) she received five hundred thousand dollars (the most ever earned by an actress for eight weeks of work) and another Academy Award nomination.", "In February 1997, Taylor experienced another health scare when she underwent surgery to remove a benign brain tumor. One of Taylor's more recent performances was in 2001, when she appeared in the made-for-TV movie These Old Broads, along with Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds, whose marriage she had broken up some four decades prior. Two years after being made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000, Elizabeth Taylor received the Kennedy Center Honors.", "Elizabeth Taylor died on March 23, 2011 in Los Angeles, from congestive heart failure. Her final resting place is Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Glendale, California.", "Her life was played out in print: miles of newspaper and magazine articles, a galaxy of photographs and a shelf of biographies, each one painting a different portrait. “Planes, trains, everything stops for Elizabeth Taylor, but the public has no conception of who she is,” said Roddy McDowall, who was one of her earliest co-stars and a friend for life. “People who damn her wish to hell they could do what they think she does.”", "With Montgomery Clift she appeared in another epic, Raintree County (1957), though production was interrupted by a serious car accident in which Clift’s features were damaged and had to be partly reconstructed by plastic surgery. The crash happened outside Elizabeth Taylor’s house, and she was the first to reach him. After several minutes she managed to decipher his mumbled request: “Please take out my teeth.” With characteristic bravery, she pulled out the four lodged in his tongue. The ambulance took 45 minutes to arrive.", "But yesterday, after a life as dramatic as any movie script, Elizabeth Taylor's battle was over.", "Author, Publisher, and Magazine Journalist. She is probably best known for her best selling book, \"Sex and the Single Girl\" (1962), which was made into a movie in 1964. She was also the editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan Magazine for 32 years, from 1965 to 1997. Her work played an important part in the 1960s sexual revolution and she was often an outspoken advocate of women's sexual freedom. She went on to write other books including \"Sex and the Office\" (1965), \"Outrageous Opinions of Helen Gurley Brown\" (1967), \"Helen Gurley Brown's Single Girl's Cookbook\" (1969), \"Sex and the New Single Girl\" (1970), \"Having It All\" (1982), \"The Late Show: A Semi Wild but Practical Guide for Women Over 50\" (1993), and \"I'm Wild Again: Snippets from My Life and a Few Brazen Thoughts\" (2000). She was named one of the 25 most influential women in the US five times by the World Almanac. In 1985, she was presented with a Matrix Award by New York Women in Communications for her exemplary contributions to magazine journalism, and in 1988 she was inducted into the Publisher's Hall of Fame. In 1995, she was the first woman to receive the Henry Johnson Fisher Award by the Magazine Publishers of America, their highest honor, and in 1996 she received the American Society of Magazine Editor's Hall of Fame Award. She was married for over 50 years to renowned motion picture producer David Brown, who died in 2010. (bio by: William Bjornstad)", "* Truman Capote's 1958 novella Breakfast at Tiffany's is set in 1943; the protagonist, Holly Golightly, sings music from Oklahoma! while accompanying herself on her guitar.", "CNN`s Larry King talks about her most memorable interviews with Elizabeth Taylor and what he`ll miss most about her.", "This is hardly the first piece of hardware she's taken home for her star-making role in the Tate Taylor-directed film, which takes place in the South during the civil rights movement. Spencer plays one of the maids profiled in a book written by the film's leading lady, played by Emma Stone. She previously won the Golden Globe, BAFTA and Critics' Choice Award for her part in the flick.", "Music publisher Peter Thompson also published a country dance bearing her name in Volume II of Thompson's Compleat Collection of 200 Country Dances published in 1764. During her lifetime, numerous books and articles claiming to tell her lifestory were published, although these were spurious and make it difficult to separate biographical facts from the myth of Kitty Fisher. She was also included as a character in several eighteenth-century novels, including Chrysal by Charles Jonstone. Paulette Goddard played her in the 1945 blockbuster film Kitty, released by Paramount Pictures. A fictionalized version of Fisher appeared in the 1991 Channel Four historic musical fantasy Ghosts of Oxford Street, played by Kirsty MacColl.", "When Nancy Astley falls for Kitty Butler, a cross-dressing cabaret singer, she has no idea just how far she'll go from her roots shucking oysters in a seaside resort in Kent. Waters's rowdy debut novel strikes out for a woman finding her independence in turn-of-the-century England, while painting a colorful portrait of the time. (LJ 3/15/99) (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.", "And she was even just interviewed by Kim Kardashian. She was on twitter. Was staying relevant important to Elizabeth Taylor, Larry, or just sort of a by-product of the way she lived her life?", "In 2015, author Jacqueline Wilson wrote her novel Katy, which is a modern retelling of What Katy Did." ]

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[ "The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued is indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark, displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle.", "For Jordan: PMS 485 red, 355 green and black. The vertical flag is simply the horizontal version turned 90 degrees clockwise.", "All vehicles registered in the UK must display the international registration letters GB on the rear of the vehicle when taken temporarily abroad.", "Vehicle registration numbers now have a format composing of 2 letters followed by 2 numbers and ending with 3 letters (AA51 AAA). The first 2 letters are, once again, a regional tag just as they were on the very first ‘Dateless Plates’", "Vehicles here have carried mandatory registrations marks since before 1915, with each island having a unique arrangement unrelated to the British registration system. Guernsey vehicles carry straightforward numerical plates with no letters and in 2003 up to five figures. Jersey also uses a five-figure series, preceded by the single letter J. Interestingly, J, was also allocated by the mainland county Durham, between 1903 and 1922.", "Car for use in (country): Date Required:. I am interested in: 8(K) Series fj New 600 Series Q 400 Series fj 2(X) Saloon fj 200 Coupe 200 Cabriolet FJ Montcgo Estate Q Metro fj Mini Q) Land Rover Defender Land Rover Discovery G Range Rover Q TAX FREE FOR EXPORT fj TAX PAID FOR I'K USE Post to SCE Ltd, FRHEPOST. Faringdon, Oxon SN: 5BR (No stamp required if mailed in IK or BFPO).", "The licence plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ğ, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü.", "In some jurisdictions plates will be permanently assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. Some countries permit the re-registration of the vehicle with \"personal\" (\"vanity\" or \"Cherished Mark\") plates. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country it will require re-registering in the country of import. China requires the re-registration of any vehicle that crosses its borders from another country, such as for overland tourist visits, regardless of the amount of time it is due to remain there; this has to be arranged with prior approval.", "Although these plates are permitted throughout the entire UK, they are not recognised in other countries, therefore a motorist who drives a vehicle abroad displaying these plates must also affix a \"GB\" sticker.", "Lettering on the plate must be black on a white or yellow reflective background. With this EU format, vehicles are no longer required to carry an international code plate or sticker for traveling between member states. The non-EU states of Switzerland , Norway and Turkey also recognise the blue strip instead of the traditional white oval with the country code in black.", "Daily direct buses are available from Amman to Tel Aviv , Haifa and Nazareth , via the King Hussein bridge. Call the operator (+972 4-6573984) for details. Otherwise, you can take a taxi from the north bus terminal in Amman (JOD5 each for four people sharing: if you don't have a group, either wait for either people to arrive or pay JOD20 and go yourself). After clearing Jordan customs, a separate JETT bus will take you across the border to Israeli customs for a small fee, then once past Israeli customs, a Palestinian bus company offers buses to Jericho and Ramallah. From Ramallah, a share taxi will take you to Jerusalem.", "You can cross into Jordan by car from Israel, but the border formalities are time-consuming and expensive as Jordanian insurance is required and you will even have to change your license plates. The only available crossings are at Aqaba (if coming from Eilat ) and at the Sheikh Hussein Bridge for those coming from Northern Israel. Note that the Allenby/King Hussein crossing does not allow private vehicles of any kind.", "If your home country isn’t a signatory to these conventions, you must obtain registration plates from the authorities in the state where the vehicle is landed. A foreign registered car must display the appropriate international sign at the rear (excluding Canadian and Mexican registered vehicles). If you own a car with foreign plates and intend to work or study in the US, you must obtain US plates in accordance with the regulations in the state where you’re residing. The regulations applicable to registration plates for tourists and residents also apply to foreign driving licences.", "On the international level the license plates of different countries are distinguished by a supplementary license plate country code. This country designator is displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker on the rear of the vehicle near the number plate.", "Jordan    officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern part of the Syrian Desert down to the Gulf of Aqaba. It shares borders with Syria to the north, Iraq to the north-east, Israel and the Palestinian territories to the west, and Saudi Arabia to the east and south. It shares control of the Dead Sea with Israel, and the coastline of the Gulf of Aqaba with Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Much of Jordan is covered by desert, particularly the Arabian Desert; however the north-western area, with the sacred Jordan River , is regarded as part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city of Amman is in the north-west.", "There are several car rental companies located in Jordan some will even give you a driver for free if you book a car rental with them. Some of these are Hertz , Sixt Rental Cars , National [3] , and many more.", "The Abdali transport station near Downtown Amman served as a bus/taxi hub to locations throughout Jordan, but many of its services (especially microbus and service taxi) have been relocated to the new Northern bus station (also called Tarbarboor, or Tareq). Here you can find buses into Israel and a JOD1.5 bus to Queen Alia airport.", "Private motor vehicles, caravans and trailers may be brought temporarily into Zimbabwe, provided they are licensed in their home countries and bear appropriate registration plate and nationality plaque. The International Certificate of Motor vehicles is recognized in Zimbabwe Vehicles must be insured against third party risks arising in Zimbabwe, short-term policies are obtainable at border posts. A road tax per vehicle is applicable", "Jordan's transportation facilities are underdeveloped, but improvements have been made in recent years. The third development plan (1986–90) allotted jd445 million for transportation. A good road network links the principal towns and connects with Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. In 2003 Jordan's road system totaled 7,364 km (4,580 mi), all of which were paved. In 2003, there were 315,250 passenger cars and 107,920 commercial vehicles.", "USG offers all types of Auto Shipping Solutions to Jordan . Please see below some of our rates ", "Jordan ranked as having the 35th best infrastructure in the world, one of the highest rankings in the developing world, according to the World Economic Forum's Index of Economic Competitiveness. This high infrastructural development is necessitated by its role as a transit country for goods and services to the Palestine and Iraq. Palestinians use Jordan as a transit country due to the Israeli restrictions and Iraqis use Jordan due to the instability in Iraq. ", "The official description of the flag of Jordan is that it symbolizes the Kingdom's roots in the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, as it is adapted from the revolt banner. The black, white and green bands represent the Arab Abbasid, Umayyad and Fatimid dynasties respectively, while the crimson triangle joining the bands represents the Hashemite dynasty. The seven-pointed Islamic star set in the centre of the crimson triangle represents the unity of Arab peoples in Jordan.", "Jordan has two major International Airports.  They are Queen Alia International Airport and King Hussein International Airport.  Queen Alia International Airport is the largest Airport in Jordan.", "There are several car rental companies located in Jordan. Some will even give you a driver for free if you book a car rental with them.", "Including a picture of an unregistered vehicle along with letters to owners of those vehicles to remind them that their registration is due.", "[3184] Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, adopted January 1, 1952, available at < http://www.parliament.jo/dustor.html > (in Arabic) and < http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/constitution_jo.html > (in English).", "There are numerous buses pulling into the city of Amman operated by JETT (Jordan Express Tourist Transport). The JETT bus to/from the Palestinian border bridge costs JOD7.5 and takes about 1 hour.", "Israeli rental cars are not generally permitted across the borders for insurance reasons. In addition, it may not be advisable to travel in Arab countries while displaying an Israeli number plate.", "* Egypt and Jordan sign a new protocol that, according to Egypt's economy and trade minister, signifies the resumption of trade and of economic and financial relations between the two countries. Jordan and most other Arab countries had imposed an economic and political boycott on Egypt after President Anwar el-Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979.", "If you are driving a private car which isn't registered in the name of someone going on the trip, bring written proof that you have the permission of the owner to take the car into the other country.", "Most nationalities need a visa to enter Amman, but in most cases this can be got on arrival - you just buy it from the guy checking your passport. It is small stamp, like a postage stamp, that they stick into your passport and stamp with a rubber stamp.", "BMI (0844 8484888; flybmi.com ) offers daily, direct flights between Heathrow and Amman from £464 return, including taxes. EasyJet (0905 821 0905; easyjet.com ) also flies to Amman three days a week from Gatwick, from £106, including taxes. On arrival you’ll need to buy a single-entry tourist visa at immigration costing JD20 (around £18)." ]

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[ "Julie Christie is a British actress. She was born in British India to English parents, but at the age of six moved to England, where she attended boarding school.", "Julie Christie, (born April 14, 1941, Chukua, Assam , India ), British film actress renowned for a wide range of roles in English and American films of the 1960s and ’70s, as well as for her strikingly attractive looks and offbeat, free-spirited personality.", "Julie Frances Christie was born on April 14, 1941, in Chabua, India. Julie Christie spent her early childhood living on an Indian tea plantation with her parents and brother, though she eventually moved to England after the divorce of her mother and father. Julie Christie subsequently spent much of her adolescence moving from one home to another, and attended a number of educational institutes (including a convent school from which she was eventually expelled).", "Julie Christie in \"Away From Her.\" The actress, born in 1941 in India, which was then part of the British Empire, won an Academy Award, New York Film Critic Circle Award, National Board of Review Award, and a BAFTA Award in 1965 for her breakthrough role as the amoral model Diana Scott in Darling. In 2008 she won a Golden Globe and a Screen Actor's Guild Award for \"Away From Her.\"", "Christie's father Frederick was a member of the American upper class , and had been sent to Switzerland for his education. He was considered personable and friendly by those who knew him. He soon developed a romantic relationship with Clara, and they were married in April 1878. [11] :4–5 Their first child, Margaret Frary Miller (1879–1950), was born in Torquay, where the couple were renting lodgings, while their second, Louis \"Monty\" Montant (1880–1929), was born in the U.S. state of New York , where Frederick was on a business trip. Clara soon purchased a villa in Torquay named \"Ashfield\" in which to raise her family, and it was here that her third and final child, Agatha, was born. [11] :6–7", "Christie’s father Frederick was a member of the American upper class , and had been sent to Switzerland for his education. He was considered personable and friendly by those who knew him. He soon developed a romantic relationship with Clara, and they were married in April 1878. [11] :4–5 Their first child, Margaret Frary Miller (1879–1950), was born in Torquay, where the couple were renting lodgings, while their second, Louis “Monty” Montant (1880–1929), was born in the U.S. state of New York , where Frederick was on a business trip. Clara soon purchased a villa in Torquay named “Ashfield” in which to raise her family, and it was here that her third and final child, Agatha, was born. [11] :6–7", "Julie Christie (actress) -- Alive. Born April 14, 1941. Lara in Dr. Zhivago, nominated for an Oscar for Afterglow.   IMDb", "Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay , Devon . She served in a hospital during the First World War before marrying and starting a family in London. She was initially unsuccessful at getting her work published, but in 1920 The Bodley Head press published her novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles , featuring the character of Hercule Poirot. This launched her literary career.", "Born to a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, Christie served in a hospital during the First World War, before marrying and starting a family in London. Although initially unsuccessful at getting her work published, in 1920, The Bodley Head press published her novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, featuring the character of Poirot. This launched her literary career.", "Born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, Christie served in a hospital during the First World War, before marrying and starting a family in London. She was initially unsuccessful at getting her work published; but in 1920 The Bodley Head press published her novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, featuring the character of Poirot. This launched her literary career.", "Christie had a lifelong interest in archaeology. She met her second husband, Sir Max Mallowan , a distinguished archaeologist, on a trip to the excavation site at Ur in 1930. But her fame as an author far surpassed his fame in archaeology. [76] Prior to meeting Mallowan, Christie had not had any extensive brushes with archaeology, but once the two married, they made sure to only go to sites where they could work together. Christie accompanied Mallowan on countless archaeological trips, spending 3–4 months at a time in Syria and Iraq at excavation sites at Ur , Nineveh , Tell Arpachiyah , Chagar Bazar , Tell Brak , and Nimrud . She wrote novels and short stories, but also contributed work to the archaeological sites, more specifically to the archaeological restoration and labelling of ancient exhibits, including tasks such as cleaning and conserving delicate ivory pieces, reconstructing pottery, developing photos from early excavations which later led to taking photographs of the site and its findings, and taking field notes. [77]", "Agatha Christie (1890–1976) was the author of more than 70 detective novels, plays, and short stories, and the creator of the characters Poirot and Miss Marple. She began writing as a teenager and composed her first detective novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles in 1916. Introducing the detective Poirot, it was published by The Bodley Head in the US in 1920 and in the UK in 1921, with the publisher requesting more novels that Christie was happy to provide. A few years later she left The Bodley Head for Collins, who published her masterpiece The Murder of Roger Ackroyd in 1926, and would remain her primary publisher for the rest of her life. Christie’s books increased in popularity, and in 1930 she published her first novel featuring Miss Marple, The Murder at the Vicarage, as well as the first of six non-detective novels published under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott.", "It was on her second trip that she met Sir Max Mallowan. In 1930, Christie married Mallowan. Her travels with him contributed background detail for several of her novels set in the Middle East. Over the decades, they would travel throughout Syria and Iraq. Mallowan working on archaeological digs and Christie writing many of her most popular mysteries. If archaelogy was Max's profession, it was now Agatha's favorite past time. The couple had many wonderful experiences together on their archaeological digs where fans would often visit to catch sight of the now famous writer.", "Agatha (Miller) Christie was born in the town of Torquay, along the Devon coast, to an American father and a British mother. She never claimed or held U.S. citizenship. Many of her novels (such as And Then There Were None) were set in and around the location of her childhood home.", "Over the years, her travels took her to the Middle East where she met noted English archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan. They married in 1930. Christie accompanied Mallowan on annual expeditions to Iraq and Syria, which served as material for Murder in Mesopotamia (1930), Death on the Nile (1937), and Appointment with Death (1938).", "Description above from the Wikipedia article Julie Christie, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia", "* John Reginald Halliday Christie (1899-1953), an English serial killer active in the 1940s and 1950s murdered at least seven women including his wife Ethel in his flat at 10 Rillington Place, Notting Hill, London. ", "Christie lived in Chelsea , first in Cresswell Place and later in Sheffield Terrace. Both properties are now marked by blue plaques . In 1934, she and Max Mallowan purchased Winterbrook House in Winterbrook , a hamlet adjoining the small market town of Wallingford which was then within the bounds of Cholsey and in Berkshire . [33] This was their main residence for the rest of their lives and the place where Christie did most of her writing. This house, too, bears a blue plaque. Christie led a very low-profile life despite being known in the town of Wallingford, where she was for many years President of the local amateur dramatic society .", "Few could challenge Agatha Christie’s reign as the eternal queen of crime fiction. Born in Torquay in 1890, the largely home-educated Christie continued to live in Devon for much of her life, the county and its coastline looming large in the later crime fiction that brought her almost unparalleled global fame.", "In 1930, she married archeologist Sir Max Mallowan and accompanied him on expeditions to the Middle East, which became the setting for many of her novels. She created Miss Marple, one of her most beloved detectives, in 1930. All told, Christie wrote some 80 novels, 30 short story collections, and 15 plays, plus six romances under the pen name Mary Westmacott. She was knighted in 1971 and died in 1976, just a year after she killed off Poirot in the novel Curtain: Hercule Poirot’s Last Case. Poirot received a front-page obituary in the New York Times on August 6, 1975. By the time Christie died, more than 400 million copies of her books had been sold in more than 100 languages.", "Unfinished Portrait (1934). Second romance novel by Christie, using the alias Mary Westmacott. It contains strong auto-biographical elements. The story introduces the character Celia, an imaginative, introverted, and dependent girl. The story covers her sheltered childhood, and emotional attachment to her strong mother Miriam. She becomes essential in Celia's life well into young adulthood, even when Celia gets her own husband and child. Celia starts her own writing career, but then her sheltered world is shattered. First Miriam dies, then her husband leaves her for another woman, demanding a divorce. At this point Celia is physically ill, emotionally distraught, and contemplating suicide. She chooses an exotic island as the stage for her final act, but there she meets Larraby, a portrait painter. They have a long discussion over her deepest fears, her loneliness. Celia comes to realize that she is still able to cope with her problems, and that her life isn't over yet.", "The Guinness Book of World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time. Her novels have sold roughly 4 billion copies, and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the world's most-widely published books, behind Shakespeare's works and the Bible. According to Index Translationum, Christie is the most-translated individual author – having been translated into at least 103 languages. And Then There Were None is Christie's best-selling novel with 100 million sales to date, making it the world's best-selling mystery ever, and one of the best-selling books of all time. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. In 2013, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was voted the best crime novel ever by 600 fellow writers of the Crime Writers' Association.", "British writer of crime and detective fiction, Dame Agatha Christie. (1954).  (Photo by Walter Bird/Getty Images)", "Agatha Christie ( Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller ) was born in Torquay, in the county of Devon, as the daughter of Frederick Alvah Miller , an American with a moderate private income, and Clarissa Miller ( Clarissa Margaret Boehmer ). The Millers, Agatha 's parents, had two other children: Margaret Frary Miller (1879–1950), called Madge, who was eleven years Agatha Christie 's senior, and Louis Montant Miller (1880–1929), called Monty, ten years older than Agatha . Later, in her autobiography, Agatha Christie would refer to her brother as \"an amiable scapegrace of a brother\".", "She was schooled at the Miller family home, Ashfield. She loved to read and also enjoyed piano, singing, dancing and tennis. Christie had hopes of becoming an opera singer and had studied music in Paris, but she was never able to establish a professional career in music.", "Agatha Christie was born in Ashfield. Agatha grew up in the town of Torquary’, change ‘Torquary’ to ‘Torquay’.", "Torquay was the home of the writer Agatha Christie, who was born in the town and lived there during her early years. The town contains an \"Agatha Christie Mile\", a tour with plaques dedicated to her life and work. ", "Agatha Christie died on January 12, 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.", "DAME AGATHA CHRISTIE DBE- Acclaimed crime novelist and playwright (September 15th 1890 – January 12th 1976) Christie had one daughter Rosalind Margaret Hicks.", "True story: On 31 March 1953, Christie was arrested near Putney Bridge after being questioned by a police officer. The killer murdered at least eight women – including his wife Ethel – by strangling them in his flat at 10 Rillington Place", "Christie was a voracious reader from an early age. Among her earliest memories were those of reading the children's books written by Mrs Molesworth, including The Adventures of Herr Baby (1881), Christmas Tree Land (1897), and The Magic Nuts (1898). She also read the work of Edith Nesbit, including The Story of the Treasure Seekers (1899), The Phoenix and the Carpet (1903), and The Railway Children (1906). When a little older, she moved on to reading the surreal verse of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll.", "In 1930, Christie married archaeologist Max Mallowan (Sir Max from 1968) after joining him in an archaeological dig. Their marriage was especially happy in the early years and remained so until Christie's death in 1976. In 1977, Mallowan married his longtime associate, Barbara Parker." ]

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[ "The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic strip created by the German immigrant Rudolph Dirks and drawn by Harold H. Knerr for 37 years (1912 to 1949). [1] It debuted December 12, 1897 in the American Humorist, the Sunday supplement of William Randolph Hearst ‘s New York Journal . Dirks was the first cartoonist to express dialogue in comic characters through the use of speech balloons . [2]", "The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic strip created by the German immigrant Rudolph Dirks and drawn by Harold H. Knerr for 37 years (1912 to 1949). [1] It debuted December 12, 1897 in the American Humorist, the Sunday supplement of William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. Dirks was the first cartoonist to express dialogue in comic characters through the use of speech balloons . [2]", "The Katzenjammer Kids is an American comic strip created by the German immigrant Rudolph Dirks and drawn by Harold H. Knerr for 37 years (1912 to 1949). It debuted December 12, 1897 in the American Humorist, the Sunday supplement of William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal .", "Swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer (Geneva, 1799–1846) is considered the father of the modern comic strips. His illustrated stories such as Histoire de M. Vieux Bois (1827), first published in the USA in 1842 as The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck or Histoire de Monsieur Jabot (1831), inspired subsequent generations of German and American comic artists. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, about two trouble-making boys, which had a direct influence on the American comic strip. Max and Moritz was a series of severely moralistic tales in the vein of German children's stories such as Struwwelpeter (\"Shockheaded Peter\"); in one, the boys, after perpetrating some mischief, are tossed into a sack of grain, run through a mill, and consumed by a flock of geese. Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, and thought balloons originated in Dirks' strip.", "1897. \"The Katzenjammer Kids,\" the pioneering comic strip by Rudolph Dirks, debuts in the New York Journal.", "After an extended legal battle, Dirks was granted the names and likenesses of his characters, while Hearst retained the name of the strip. Subsequently, Dirks' \"Hans and Fritz\" (later changed to \"The Captain and the Kids\") appeared in the Pulitizer papers, while The Katzenjammer Kids, written and drawn by Harold Knerr , were Hearst's.", "The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Max and Moritz , a children’s story of the 1860s by German author Wilhelm Busch . The Katzenjammer Kids (three brothers in the first strip but soon reduced to two) featured Hans and Fritz, twins who rebelled against authority, particularly in the form of their mother, Mama; der Captain, a shipwrecked sailor who acted as a surrogate father; and der Inspector, an official from the school system. Other characters included John Silver, a pirate sea captain and his crew, and King Bongo, a primitive-living but sophisticated-acting black jungle monarch who ruled a tropical island. Several of the characters spoke in stereotypical German-accented English. The main plot of the strip was Hans and Fritz would pull a prank or trick on one of the adults which resulted in their being hunted down and given a spanking in the end panel. Katzenjammer translates literally as the wailing of cats (i.e. “caterwaul”) but is used to mean contrition after a failed endeavor or hangover in German (and, in the latter sense, in English too). Whereas Max & Moritz were grotesquely but comically put to death after 7 destructive pranks, the Katzenjammer Kids and the other characters still thrive.", "The Katzenjammer Kids characters initially appeared outside of comics in a handful of live-action silent films, the first released in 1898. Between December 1916 and August 1918, a total of 37 Katzenjammer Kids silent cartoon shorts were produced by William Randolph Hearst's own cartoon studio International Film Service , which adapted well-known comic strips owned by Hearst for animation. The series was retired in 1918 at the height of the characters' popularity - partly because of the growing tension against titles with German associations after World War I. The comic strip was briefly renamed to \"The Shenanigan Kids\" around this time, and in 1920 another five cartoons were produced under this title. All Katzenjammer Kids/Shenanigan Kids cartoons from International Film Services were directed (and most likely also animated) by Gregory La Cava .", "*Art Clokey, the creator of Gumby, has claimed that The Katzenjammer Kids inspired the creation of Gumby's nemeses, The Block-heads. ", "The circulation war between the Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World was raging. The World had a huge success with the full-color Sunday feature, Down in Hogan's Alley, better known as the Yellow Kid, starting in 1895. Editor Rudolph Block asked Dirks to develop a Sunday comic based on Wilhelm Busch's cautionary tale, Max und Moritz. When Dirks submitted his sketches, Block dubbed them The Katzenjammer Kids, and the first strip appeared on December 12, 1897. Gus Dirks assisted his brother with The Katzenjammer Kids during the first few years, until his suicide on June 10, 1902.", "Knerr continued drawing The Katzenjammer Kids until his death in 1949; the strip was then written and drawn by Charles H. Winner (1949-56), with Joe Musial taking over in 1956. Musial was replaced on The Katzenjammer Kids by Mike Senisch (1976-81) and Angelo DeCesare (1981-86). The strip is currently drawn by Hy Eisman and distributed internationally to some 50 newspapers and magazines. Notable features of the modern version include a more constructive relationship between the Captain and the boys, who sometimes have friendly conversations instead of fights. The King and his people are now Polynesian rather than African. Eisman reused a lot of old gags and stories in recent years.", "Knerr continued drawing The Katzenjammer Kids until his death in 1949; the strip was then written and drawn by Charles H. Winner (1949–56), with Joe Musical taking over in 1956. Musical was replaced on The Katzenjammer Kids by Mike Senisch (1976–81) and Angelo DeCesare (1981–86). The strip is currently drawn by Hy Eisman and distributed internationally to some 50 newspapers and magazines. Notable features of the modern version include a more constructive relationship between the Captain and the boys, who sometimes have friendly conversations instead of fights. The King and his people are now Polynesian rather than African. Eisman reused a lot of old gags and stories in recent years.", "My primary interest is in the version of these characters as drawn by Harold H. Knerr .  You can learn more about Knerr and maybe even help me to do the same by checking out his separate page.  You'll also find lots more Katzenjammer Kids info, including access to images of two complete Sunday color comic strips.", "After a series of legal battles between 1912 and 1914, Dirks left the Hearst organization and began a new strip, first titled Hans und Fritz and then The Captain and the Kids. Dirks' new strip featured the same characters seen in The Katzenjammer Kids, which was continued by Knerr. The two separate versions of the strip competed with each other until 1979, when The Captain and the Kids ended its six-decade run. Currently, The Katzenjammer Kids is still distributed by King Features , making it the oldest comic strip still in syndication .", "The Katzenjammer Kids was so popular that it became two competing comic strips and the subject of a lawsuit. This happened because Dirks wanted to take a break after 15 years, but the Hearst newspaper syndicate would not allow it. Dirks left anyway, and the strip was taken over by Harold Knerr. Dirks sued, and after a long legal battle, the Hearst papers were allowed to continue The Katzenjammer Kids, while Dirks was allowed to syndicate an almost identical strip of his own for the rival Pulitzer newspapers.", "* ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzenjammer_Kids The Katzenjammer Kids]]'' is a comic strip that debuted December 1897, and has been published ever since, with [[http://comicskingdom.com/katzenjammer-kids#about new strips]] still appearing regularly today. This makes it most likely the longest-running piece of serial fiction in any medium or format.", "Initially named Hanz und Fritz after the two naughty protagonist brothers, Dirks' feature was called The Captain and the Kids from 1918 on. The Captain and the Kids was very similar to The Katzenjammer Kids in terms of content and characters, but Dirks had a looser and more verbal style than Knerr, who on the other hand often produced stronger, more direct gags and drawings. The Captain and the Kids soon proved to equal the popularity of The Katzenjammer Kids. It was later distributed by the United Features Syndicate (while Hearst's King Features distributed The Katzenjammer Kids). [1]", "This drawing by Dirks’ successor, Harold Knerr, shows the titular mischievous boys. The Katzenjammer Kids retains its place in history as the longest-running comic ever.", "Oddly enough, there do not seem to have been any \"Katzenjammer Kids\" animated films during the sound and color era.  MGM did, however, produce a series of cartoons based on the Dirks version of the characters: \"The Captain and the Kids.\"  A poster for one of them is seen here.", "Knerr's version of the strip introduced several major new characters in the 1930s. Miss Twiddle, a pompous tutor, and her brainy niece Lena came to stay permanently with the Katzenjammers in early 1936. Later in the year Twiddle's ex-pupil, \"boy prodigy\" Rollo Rhubarb joined them. The ever-smug Rollo is always trying to outwit Hans and Fritz, but his cunning plans often backfire.", "Maurice Sendak (1928 - 2012) was the internationally acclaimed American author and illustrator of Where The Wild Things Are and In The Night Kitchen. The power of his stories both to delight and disturb made him one of the most highly honoured yet controversial children’s authors and illustrators of our time. Sendak often drew on the work of earlier artists. His influences include Beatrix Potter, but also Albrecht Dürer, William Blake and Randolph Caldecott. He admired Potter’s art for its ‘beauty’, ‘poetry’ and ‘aliveness’: ‘And how she could draw! – a gift not all illustrators are endowed with.’", "Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 â December 7, 1902) was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the Father of the American Cartoon .", "Dirks was born in Heinde, Germany in 1877 and his family moved to Chicago in 1884. His first cartoon appeared in Judge magazine in 1894. He based his famous cartoon strip on the children’s story Max and Moritz written by German author Wilhelm Busch. The Katzies cast of characters included: Hans and Fritz, twins with a total antipathy towards any authority; Mama; der Captain, a shipwrecked sailor who served as a surrogate father figure; and der Inspector, a school official. The strip was written with an American-German accent, and even today, in spite of political correctness, continues to be written in this vernacular.", "Maurice Sendak has been called the Picasso of children's literature, and godfather to generations of readers. His landmark book, \"Where the Wild Things Are,\" which he wrote and illustrated, catapulted him to international fame.", "Maurice Bernard Sendak (/ˈsɛnd�k/; June 10, 1928 � May 8, 2012) was an American illustrator and writer of children's books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Jewish-Polish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Besides Where the Wild Things Are, Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen, Outside Over There, and illustrated many works by other authors including the Little Bear books by Else Holmelund Minarik.", "Paul O. Zelinsky, 1998 Caldecott medalist for Rapunzel, also has three Caldecott Honor Books under his belt: Hansel and Gretel, Swamp Angel, and this fine edition of Rumpelstiltskin. Zelinsky's oil paintings are perfectly suited to the strange saga of the little man with the secret name who knows how to spin straw into gold. The golden light infusing the late medieval setting subtly reinforces the theme.", "Maurice Bernard Sendak (June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American illustrator and writer of children’s books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Jewish-Polish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Besides Where the Wild Things Are,Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There, and illustrated Little Bear.", "Another large, inexpensive kids' book with simple art. The distinctive feature of this book is that each story is timed. Three fables: TMCM (67, with two colored pictures), FC (74), and LM (98, the latter two with black-and-white illustrations). The artist collaborated on Bedtime Tales (1989).", "A native of suburban Los Angeles, Kirschner began his career as an illustrator for Jim Henson's Muppet and Sesame Street characters. At 23, he wrote and illustrated a series of children's books entitled Rose Petal Place. This property spawned a total of 16 books, two television specials and over 1100 different products.", "1984 Geschichten von Onkel Remus. Joel Chandler Harris. Herausgegeben, aus dem Amerikanischen �bersetzt und bearbeitet von Hans Petersen. Illustrationen von Rolf F. M�ller. Berlin: Der Kinderbuchverlag. DM 2 at Zentralantiquariat, Leipzig, July, '95.", "A notable example is the case of the British childrens writer, Raymond Briggs, whose first childrens book; Midnight Adventure was published in 1961. He later wrote his Father Christmas books which had as their hero an extremely grumpy and down-to-earth, though somehow endearing, Santa. Between 1961 and 1982 Briggs wrote and illustrated 16 childrens books as well as illustrating other books. Several of Raymond Briggs books have been mentioned briefly already in connection with the classification of literature as childrens literature, but this paper, in looking at Briggs work as an illustrator, will investigate his contribution to childrens literature and humor and to the wider area of illustrated nuclear fiction. Illustrated work is often classified as childrens literature due to a perception of illustrations as being more usually addressed to children.", "Caption: An illustration from a children’s book of the Pied Piper leading away the children of Hamelin, circa 1899." ]

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[ "\"Johnny Angel\" is a song written by Lyn Duddy and Lee Pockriss and recorded by Shelley Fabares. It hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 7, 1962, during a 15-week run on the chart. The song is an expression of a teenage girl's romantic longing for a boy who doesn't know she exists, to the point where she declines other boys' propositions for dates because she'd rather concentrate on the boy she loves. The song premiered on an episode of Fabares' sitcom, The Donna Reed Show, and was released on Columbia Pictures' Colpix Records label. The song also has a sequel song entitled \"Johnny Loves Me\" (which tells the story of how the girl won Johnny's heart). The song had previously been recorded by Georgia Lee on the Decca label.", "\"Johnny Angel\" is a song written and composed by Lyn Duddy and Lee Pockriss. The song was originally recorded by both Laurie Loman and Georgia Lee, however these two versions were not successful. It first became a popular hit single in 1962 when covered by Shelley Fabares who took it to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart. British singer Patti Lynn had a moderate hit with her remake of \"Johnny Angel\" the same year in the UK Singles Chart. The American pop music duo, The Carpenters also covered \"Johnny Angel\" in 1973 as part of a medley of oldies on side two of their album Now & Then.", "Johnny Angel is the debut pop single by Shelley Fabares released in 1962. The song premiered on an episode of Fabares' sitcom, The Donna Reed Show during the fourth season. The lyrics of the song tell the story of a teenage girl's romantic longing for a boy who doesn't know she exists, to the point where she declines other boys' propositions for dates because she'd rather concentrate on the boy she loves.", "During the 60s and 70s, the number one hits Sherry, December, 1963 (Oh What A Night!), Walk Like A Man, Silence Is Golden, Dawn (Go Away), Rag Doll and Big Girls Don’t Cry saw the Four Seasons and lead singer Frankie Valli propelled to super stardom.", "The early months of 1961 saw The Avengers debut on TV, the UK opening of Frank Sinatra’s new project, Reprise Records, and The Beatles’ first-ever gig at the Cavern Club. In April, ITV unveiled Thank Your Lucky Stars, hosted by Pete Murray, and in May Spurs beat Leicester City to win the double. June brought the weddings of both Shirley Bassey and Petula Clark, as well as the defection to the West of Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev.Chart-toppers in the first half of 1961 included Are You Lonesome Tonight? (Elvis Presley), Sailor (Petula Clark), Walk Right Back (The Everly Brothers), Blue Moon (The Marcels), On The Rebound (Floyd Cramer), Runaway (Del Shannon), Well I Ask You (Eden Kane) and You Don’t Know (Helen Shapiro). Among the many other hits which are now regarded as golden oldies were You’re Sixteen (Johnny Burnette), Calendar Girl (Neil Sedaka), My Kind of Girl (Matt Monro), Will You Love Me Tomorrow (The Shirelles), Rubber Ball (Bobby Vee), Runnin’ Scared (Roy Orbison), Hello Mary Lou (Ricky Nelson) and Stand By Me (Ben E King).", "The 1962 album, Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music and its sequel Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2 , helped to bring country into the mainstream of music. His version of the Don Gibson song, I Can’t Stop Loving You topped the Pop chart for five weeks and stayed at No. 1 R&B for ten weeks in 1962. It also gave him his only number one record in the UK. In 1962, he founded his own record label, Tangerine Records , which ABC-Paramount promoted and distributed. [27] [28] He also had major pop hits in 1963 with “ Busted ” (US No. 4) and Take These Chains From My Heart (US No. 8), and a Top 20 hit four years later, in 1967, with “ Here We Go Again ” (US No. 15) (which would be a duet with Norah Jones in 2004). [29]", "Ken Dodd was one of the biggest selling chart stars of the '60s, beaten only by The Beatles. Photo: REX", "A decade later, Johnny T. Angel's recording on Bell Records peaked at #94 on June 8, 1974 (US). ", "He added nine more top 20 hits  between 1963-65. He ranked alongside Cliff Richard and Marty Wilde as the most popular rockers of the early 1960�s.", "The Dave Clark Five's UK Top Ten singles (1963–70) were as follows: \"Glad All Over\" (No.1 for 2 weeks from 14 January 1964); \"Bits and Pieces\" (No.2, March 1964); \"Can't You See That She's Mine\" (No.10, June 1964); \"Catch Us If You Can\" (No.5, August 1965); \"Everybody Knows\" (No.2, November 1967); \"The Red Balloon\" (No.7, October 1968); \"Good Old Rock'n'Roll\" (No.7, January 1970) and, finally, \"Everybody Get Together\" (a cover version of \"Get Together\", the Chet Powers' song popularised by The Youngbloods in the US), which peaked at No.8 in April 1970.", "Originally recorded by David and Jonathan, and then Gene Pitney in 1967, the latter's version of the song reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart in December 1967, but failed to chart in the United States. The song was subsequently covered by a number of other acts including Cilla Black, Allison Durbin (dubbed \"Australia's Queen of Pop\" in the 1960s) on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man, Terry Reid and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on their 1986 album of covers Kicking Against the Pricks. It was sung in French by Herbert Léonard in 1968 with the title \"Quelque chose tient mon cœur\" and in Italian by Pitney himself with the title \"Uomo, non sai\" (\"Man, you don't know\").", "Scott Engel was born on this day in 1943. Along with Gary Lees and John Maus, he lit up the singles charts with one or two classic pop songs. Most noteworthy is 'The Sun Ain’t Gonna Shine Anymore' which highlighted the excellent vocal harmonies of the Walker Brothers. This pop ballad emulated their previous success with 'Make It Easy On Yourself' by reaching the summit of the British singles chart. Unquestionably one of the great singles of the 1960s, this tear-jerker has been described fittingly as \"majestic\" by the former Radio One disc jockey Mike Read. The great bespectacled one wasn't too wide of the mark on this occasion. What a pity that Scott and his companions could not build upon the success of this 45. Anyhow, one note of warning ought to be issued: Before indulging yourself in this track, get a couple of tissues out.", "\"Telstar\" is a 1962 instrumental written and produced by Joe Meek for English band the Tornados. The track reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in December 1962 (the second British recording to reach No. 1 on that chart in the year, after \"Stranger on the Shore\" in May), and was also a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart. It was the second instrumental single to hit No. 1 in 1962 on both the US and UK weekly charts.\"Stranger on the Shore\" did make No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100, the Record Mirror and NME weekly charts and also topped the end of year charts.", "1963 - The Angels become the first white all-female group to have a No.1 record. The song was \"My Boyfriend's Back.\"", "Pop/rock singer and songwriter Johnny Tillotson enjoyed his greatest success in the early '60s when he scored a series of Top Ten hits including \"Poetry in Motion\" and the self-penned \"It Keeps Right on a-Hurtin'.\" In total, he placed 30 singles and LPs in the Billboard charts between 1958 and 1984, most of them in the pop charts, though he also reached the country, R&B, and easy listening charts. His string of hits allowed him to establish a performing career both in the U.S. and around the world that kept him steadily working well into the 21st century.", "1942, Born on this day, Dave Clark, Dave Clark Five, (1964 UK No.1 single 'Glad All Over', 1965 US No.1 single 'Over And Over', plus over 15 other UK Top 40 singles).", "Diamond's debut LP, The Feel of Neil Diamond, released in August 1966, was a rush job, featuring \"Cherry, Cherry\" and \"Solitary Man\" along with his covers of hits like \"La Bamba\" and \"Monday, Monday.\" It barely charted. Also featured, however, was \"I Got the Feelin' (Oh No No),\" an original composition that would be his next single in October. It reached number 16 in December, but the 45 was also significant for its Diamond-penned B-side, \"The Boat That I Row.\" British singer Lulu quickly covered the song, and her version became a Top Ten U.K. hit in the spring of 1967. Diamond's fourth Bang single, \"You Got to Me,\" was released in December 1966 and peaked at number 18 in March 1967. In February, his song \"Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)\" was featured on the Monkees ' chart-topping second album, More of the Monkees. The following month, \"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You,\" the Diamond-penned follow-up to \"I'm a Believer,\" entered the singles chart for the Monkees ; it peaked at number two in April.", "John Fred Gourrier (JOHN FRED and HIS PLAYBOY BAND): who led John Fred and His Playboy Band to Billboard's #1 spot in December 1967 with \"Judy In Disguise (With Glasses)\", died April", "Valli scored 29 Top 40 hits with The Four Seasons, one Top 40 hit under The Four Seasons' alias 'The Wonder Who?', and nine Top 40 hits as a solo artist. As a member of The Four Seasons, Valli's number one hits included \"Sherry\" (1962), \"Big Girls Don't Cry\" (1962), \"Walk Like a Man\" (1963), \"Rag Doll\" (1964) and \"December 1963 (Oh, What A Night)\" (1975). Valli's recording of the song \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" reached number two in 1967. \"You're Ready Now\", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in Great Britain as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number one hits with the songs \"My Eyes Adored You\" (1974) and \"Grease\" (1978).", "In 1968 Cleveland soul group The Hesitations reached #38 in the US with their version. In the same month that this reached the Top 40, lead singer George \"King\" Scott was accidentally killed by a bullet from a gun owned by tenor Fred Deal.", "\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\", written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio, was a 1967 single by Frankie Valli. The song was among Valli's biggest hits, reaching #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning a gold record. It was Valli's biggest \"solo\" hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with \"My Eyes Adored You\".", "Johnny Moore (THE DRIFTERS): lead singer for The Drifters on their 1960s hit, \"Under The Boardwalk\", died December 30, 1998 at the age of sixty four", "1961 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Take Good Care of My Baby ” by Bobby Vee, “ The", "1962 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Peppermint Twist ” by Joey Dee & The Starliters, “ Duke", "Eighteen-year-old Marian Angel from Wembley recorded this track in 1965. It lay hidden on the flip of It’s gonna be alright until it was ‘discovered’. Though the single hadn’t been a hit in Britain, bosses at Jubilee records considered it strong enough for a US release, though, again, it failed to sell.", "His first singles for Parlophone, \"I Like Love\" and \"Right Behind You Baby\", were released in 1958, followed several months later by \"Pledgin' My Love\" backed with \"Brand New Cadillac\", (the latter track featuring guitarist Joe Moretti, who later featured on \"Shakin' All Over\" with Johnny Kidd & The Pirates). Parlophone was not satisfied with the immediate results and severed the recording contract. Taylor moved to Palette Records and recorded \"I'll Be Your Hero\", backed with \"Jet Black Machine\", which was released on 19 August 1960.", "john fred [gourrier] (\"john fred & his playboy band\", 1-hit wonders from '67/\"judy in disguise\", a goofy response to \"the beatles\" 'lucy in the the skies' from the same year) (2005)", "Cascades - Angel On My Shoulder - 1967 [2:33] - In 1960, the Silver Strands were a group of", "by • Artists - D , Music - 1950s , Music - 1960s • Tags: Australia", "* \"Angel\" b/w \"A Love That Can Never Be\" (Motown M 1006, May 1961) (replacement release)", "by • Artists - C , Music - 1950s , Music - 1960s • Tags: Soul music", "The silly Fifties type songs were still around in 1963. This one is by JOHNNY CYMBAL." ]

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[ "Viasa was envisioned by the government of Venezuela in 1959 to create a new company that could serve as the country's flag carrier and run without government intervention. It was set up in 1960 when the international routes operated by Línea Aeropostal Venezolana (LAV) and Avensa were merged and taken over by the newly created carrier. The government contributed 55% of the capital, while private investors — among which were LAV and Avensa, the latter owned by Grupo Boulton and Pan American World Airways—contributed with the remainder. The board of directors came entirely from the private sector. The first president of the airline was Mr. R. van den Branden; the first chairman of the board was Mr. Oscar Augusto Machado Zuloaga, a very competent and well liked gentleman, who was instrumental in Viasa's commercial success and immediate acceptance by the market.", "Venezolana Internacional de Aviación Sociedad Anónima (), or VIASA for short, was the Venezuelan flag carrier between 1960 and 1997. It was headquartered in the Torre Viasa in Caracas. Launched in 1960, it was nationalised in 1975 due to financial problems, and re-privatised in 1991, with the major stake going to Iberia. The company ceased operations in , and went into liquidation.", "- March 16- Venezolana Internacional de Aviación, Sociedad Anónima (\"Viasa\") Flight 742, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-9-30, crashes on takeoff from Aeropuerto Grano de Oro, Maracaibo, Venezuela. All 84 passengers on board, plus 71 people on the ground were killed in the crash. At 155 people dead, it was the worst aviation disaster in history at that time.", "- May 30- Viasa Flight 897, a Douglas DC-8 crashes shortly after taking off from Lisbon Portela Airport. All 61 passengers and crew on board are killed.", "The airline's livery consisted of silver on the belly, white on the top part of the fuselage color, with orange and blue cheatlines that went all the way to the start of the tail. The fuselage featured the name Viasa written in orange on top of the cheatlines. The tail was all orange, with the name Viasa in white. After Iberia took over, all the fuselage went white, and so did the tail. The cheatlines were made thicker around the plane's cockpit, to resemble Iberia's planes.", "Aeroflot, American, Air Berlin, Air France, Air Tahiti Nui, Air New Zealand, Alitalia, All Nippon Airways, Asiana, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, China Eastern, China Southern, El Al Israel Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, EVA Air, Fiji Airways , Ethiopian, Iberia Airlines, Japan Airlines, KLM Royal Dutch, Korean Air, LAN Airlines, LAN Peru, Lufthansa, Norwegian, Philippine Airlines, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Saudia, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Airlines, Thai Airways, Transaero Airlines, & Turkish Airlines", "Maersk decided to look for possibilities to fly international routes. The first non-SAS international concession was in 1981 granted to Air Business from Esbjerg via Thistedt to Stavanger Airport, Sola in Norway, using an Embraer Bandeirante. Maersk Air bought the company in 1984 and bought two Short 360s. Soon the a change to the concession was granted allowing the flight to operate from Aalborg instead of Thistedt, allowing for a greater catchment of passengers. The airline was kept as a regional subsidiary and took the name Maersk Commuter in 1988. It was dissolved in 1990.Ellemose: 91", "Founded in 1919, KLM (KL) is the oldest airline in the world operating under its original name. The airline, which operates from a hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. Its subsidiaries include KLM Cityhopper (WA) and Transavia (HV). KLM flies to about 130 destinations in 69 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. A member of the SkyTeam alliance, the carrier also has codeshare agreements with 29 other airlines. KLM's fleet of 113 passenger aircraft includes both Boeing and Airbus planes. Each is typically configured with a Business Class cabin, Economy Comfort Class and Economy Class.", "Adria Airways d.d., formerly Inex-Adria Airways, is the largest airline in Slovenia. Today, the majority of Adria Airways' business is in scheduled flights. Adria operates to 22 scheduled destinations throughout Europe. It has been a Star Alliance member since 2004 and a Lufthansa partner since 1996. IOSA Registration was received among the first airlines in the world.", "TAP Portugal is the flag carrier airline of Portugal headquartered at Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport which also serves as its hub. TAP is a member of the Star Alliance and operates almost 2,000 flights a week to 88 destinations in 38 countries worldwide. The company has a fleet of 88 airplanes, 63 of which manufactured by Airbus and 25 other are operated for TAP Portugal Express.", "A fleet of 153 Airbus aircrafts (A319, A320, A321, A330, A340) and Boeing (B767 and B777) operate in the mesh of the TAM airline that flies to countries in North America, Europe and South America, TAM has 15 international destinations and 45 destinations in all states of Brazil. TAM/SA still has two more airlines, a subsidiary of the Paraguayan TAM Airlines (before: TAM Mercosur) and the regional Pantanal Linhas Aereas. Besides these two, other companies belong to the group: Executive Aviation TAM, TAM Cargo, MRO TAM, TAM Loyalty and Multiplus.", "Aeromexico , Aer Lingus , Air France , Alitalia , British Airways , Cathay Pacific , Copa Airlines , El Al , Emirates , Hainan Airlines , Iberia , Icelandair , Jetblue , Japan Airlines , Lufthansa , Norwegian Air Shuttle , Porter Airlines , Qatar Airways , SATA International , Southwest , Swiss , TACV , Turkish Airlines , Virgin Atlantic , WOW Air", "Blue Wings was a charter airline based in Germany primarily operated international scheduled destinations in Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Lebanon, North Africa and Russia.", "Fares on these and other national carriers (like Aerolineas Argentinas and Avianca) can be low if you book far enough in advance, but last minute fares are shockingly expensive. When I was in Brazil in early 2011, for example, a two-hour flight from the border city of Foz do Iguaçu to São Paulo ran R$789.50 — and that was on GOL, Brazil’s self-proclaimed low-fare airline .", "Ryanair has also helped with the launch of low-cost airlines: VivaAerobús (Mexico) and VivaColombia (Colombia). In 2016, it will help to develop a new low-cost airline in Costa Rica, named VivaCan. ", "TAM Airlines  – Brazilian airline company named from Transportes Aéreos Marília (Marilia's Air Transport). Marília is a city in São Paulo state, Brazil.", "Other airlines that fly into El Salvador include American Airlines (from Miami and Dallas ), United (from Houston , Newark , and Washington, D.C. ), Delta (from Atlanta ), Spirit (from Fort Lauderdale ), Iberia (from Madrid ), Copa (from Panama City , Aeromexico (from Mexico City ) and Veca between selected Central American Cities.", "August 9, 1995 - Aviateca Flight 901, a 737-200 (registration N125GU) crashed on approach to the El Salvador International Airport in San Salvador, El Salvador. 58 of 65 occupants were killed.[196]", "Fortaleza : Direct flights to Lisbon by TAP, Madrid by Iberia, Cabo Verde by TACV, and Italy by Air Italy.", "* November 9 – TAESA Flight 725, covering the route Tijuana–Guadalajara–Uruapan–Mexico City, crashes a few minutes after takeoff from Uruapan International Airport, killing 18 people on board. This event causes the bankruptcy of the Mexican airline a few months later.", "American Airlines is a founding member of Oneworld alliance, the third largest airline alliance in the world and coordinates fares, services, and scheduling with alliance partners British Airways, Iberia, and Finnair in the transatlantic market and with Cathay Pacific and Japan Airlines in the transpacific market. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name of American Eagle. ", "PANAGRA airlines was a U.S. owned airline (Pan American airlines and Grace shipping co owners). The airline adverised it was the “friendliest airline” and primarily flew routes along the west coast of S.A. The airline initially only had S.A. routes as far north as Panama as Pan Am’s interests were the east coast of S.A. to the U.S.. Later PANAGRA operated flights all the way up to N.Y. and as far west as San Fracisco They were acquired by Braniff (1969). It would be nice to see them on your site!", "In Europe, SABENA opened services to Copenhagen and Malm� in 1931. A route to Berlin was initiated in 1932. The mainstay pre-war airliner that SABENA used in Europe was the successful Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner. The airline's pre-war routes covered almost 6,000 km within Europe alone. While the Brussels Haren airport was Sabena's main base, the company also operated lines from other Belgian airports, and even had a domestic network that was mainly used by businessmen who wanted to be in their coastal villas for the weekend.", "The only problem with just about any of the flights is that like AA, there is only one flight per day. If you have a delayed connection, you will miss it and have to take the next one in 24 hours. – Pam Ricker regularly flies USA-Uruguay", "Always check the individual carrier's Web site to verify where they currently fly. Carriers such as Mexicana, Taesa, Aerocalifornia, Alma de Mexico, Líneas Aéreas Azteca, Aviacsa, and Avolar are no longer in business.", "Amaszonas, Av. Saavedra Nº 1649, Miraflores, La Paz, ☎ +591 2 222-0848 ( info@amaszonas.com ), [1] . Most famous for their La Paz to Rurrenabaque route but also fly to Uyuni, Trinidad, Guayaramerin, Riberalta, Cobija, San Borja, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Fares are listed under \"tarifas\" on their website, listed below. Their office in Santa Cruz is in El Trompillo airport.   edit", "Low cost carriers include: Norwegian , Air Berlin , Monarch Airlines , Jet2.com , Vueling (a discount subsidiary of Iberia), Wizz Air , easyJet , Ryanair , Blue Air , Transavia , Germanwings , TUI Fly among many others.", "We have always had good luck with LACSA (or TACA, as it is also known). They have always been on time and the service is about what any airline gives. Recently they started selling meals on their flights so if you want anything to eat other than snacks and drinks bring a couple of five dollar bills (that was the price and you have to pay when you order). They do not have \"wide body\" aircraft, however, so the seats are pretty cramped. Try to get a row at an emergency exit, where there is a lot more leg room.", "In Europe SABENA opened services to Copenhagen and Malmo in 1931.  A route to Berlin began in 1932.  The mainstay pre-war airliner that SABENA used in Europe was the successful Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner.  The airline's pre-war routes covered almost 6000 kms within Europe alone.  ", "In Europe SABENA opened services to Copenhagen and Malmo in 1931.  A route to Berlin began in 1932.  The mainstay pre-war airliner that SABENA used in Europe was the successful Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner.  The airline's pre-war routes covered almost 6000 kms within Europe alone.  ", "Surprisingly, until they had the DC10, Laker sometimes operated a BAC111 non-stop from LGW to the Canary Islands. It seems that there were restrictions on weight (passengers were restricted to 15kgs for luggage) and the flight operated at higher levels than norm, so it just about came within the BAC111's range. Refuelling stops were sometimes necessary at Faro.", "Varig and Cruzeiro used to serve POS - the latter ended services to Manaos around 1989. AF also served POS from CAY but that seems to have ended too. Does anybody know when AF ended that service, which was started 3 years ago with ERJ 145?" ]

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[ "Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett \"Doc\" Brown, Marty's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by advising Marty how to cause his parents to fall in love. Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985.", "The Back to the Future franchise is an American science fiction–adventure film series written and directed by Robert Zemeckis, produced by Bob Gale and Neil Canton for Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment, and distributed by Universal Pictures. The franchise follows the adventures of a high school student, Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox), and an eccentric scientist, Dr. Emmett L. Brown (Christopher Lloyd), as they use a DeLorean time machine to time travel to different periods in the history of Hill Valley, California.", "Back to the Future is an American science fiction/comedy movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and released in 1985 . It is about a young man named Marty McFly who accidentally travels into the past and jeopardizes his own future existence. The film was followed by two sequels, Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ), and Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ), forming a trilogy .", "According to some websites, such as imdb.com, Leonard Nimoy was going to direct Back to the Future but was unable to because he was starting work on the story for Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. In November 2010, Bob Gale spoke to BTTF.com as part of a Myth Debunking story and debunked this rumor and said that \"No one but Bob Zemeckis would have ever been allowed to direct Back to the Future because we both had complete control of the script.\"", "That’s why, with each passing year, the comedy in the Back To The Future series becomes more complex. Over the course of three films, director Robert Zemeckis and his writing-producing partner Bob Gale sent Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox) and mad scientist Doc Brown (Christopher Lloyd) on a winding mission that dropped them into 1955, 2015, 1885, and 1985. But for the last three decades, our real world has changed, and so has the way audiences process the Back To The Future movies’ versions of each era. Ultimately, the entire franchise has become a comment on the 1980s.", "Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It is the sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future and the second installment in the Back to the Future trilogy. The film stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Thomas F. Wilson, and Lea Thompson and continues immediately following the original film. After repairing the damage to history done by his previous time travel adventures, Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr. Emmett \"Doc\" Brown (Lloyd) travel to 2015 to prevent McFly's future son from ending up imprisoned. However, their presence allows Biff Tannen (Wilson) to steal Doc's DeLorean time machine and travel to 1955, where he alters history by making his younger self wealthy.", "Contemporary high schooler Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox) doesn't have the most pleasant of lives. Browbeaten by his principal at school, Marty must also endure the acrimonious relationship between his nerdy father (Crispin Glover) and his lovely mother (Lea Thompson), who in turn suffer the bullying of middle-aged jerk Biff (Thomas F. Wilson), Marty's dad's supervisor. The one balm in Marty's life is his friendship with eccentric scientist Doc (Christopher Lloyd), who at present is working on a time machine. Accidentally zapped back into the 1950s, Marty inadvertently interferes with the budding romance of his now-teenaged parents. Our hero must now reunite his parents-to-be, lest he cease to exist in the 1980s. It won't be easy, especially with the loutish Biff, now also a teenager, complicating matters. Beyond its dazzling special effects, the best element of Back to the Future is the performance of Michael J. Fox, who finds himself in the quagmire of surviving the white-bread 1950s with a hip 1980s mindset. Back to the Future cemented the box-office bankability of both Fox and the film's director, Robert Zemeckis, who went on to helm two equally exhilarating sequels.", "Steven Allan Spielberg (born on December 18 , 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) is an American film director, screenwriter, film producer and studio executive. He was the executive producer of all three installments of the Back to the Future trilogy , and has been given credit by producer Bob Gale and director Robert Zemeckis for helping them realize their dream of bringing Back to the Future to the screen.", "Back To The Future (1985) - Wacky scientist Doc Brown (Christopher Lloyd) turned a stainless-steel, made-in-Belfast-until-the-company-went-pear-shaped Delorean into the most famous time machine of the eighties and dispatched Marty McFly (Michael J Fox) back 30 years to turn his wimpish father into a real man. Robert Zemeckis directed the equally successful sequels (imaginatively titled Back To The Future II and III) also had Zemeckis holding the megaphone.", "Fans of Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly will want to watch the clip below from the bonus features of the Back to the Future 25th Anniversary Trilogy collection out Oct. 26. We get a peek at what the movie would have looked like if director Robert Zemeckis didn’t realize after five weeks of filming that Eric Stoltz, who was originally cast as the teen time traveler, had different “comedy sensibilities” than himself and his co-writer Bob Gale. As executive producer Steven Spielberg recalls in the clip, Zemeckis showed him some footage and said he didn’t think they were getting the kind of laughs they wanted. Zemeckis had to make what he refers to as the “horrific decision” to recast the role after the studio agreed to let him reshoot those five weeks worth of film. Stoltz, of course, went on to get his big break in 1985’s Mask — and both he and Fox earned Golden Globe nominations that year.", "Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 movie and is the second part of the Back to the Future trilogy . It is the sequel to the first movie in the trilogy, Back to the Future . It was directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale . This movie and the third part of the trilogy, Back to the Future Part III , were filmed simultaneously and released six months apart.", "Last year brought endless amounts of celebration revolving around Back to the Future. Not only did it mark the 30th anniversary of the original time travel film from director Robert Zemeckis, but it also marked the year in which Doc Brown and Marty McFly traveled into the future in Back to the Future Part II. There were endless screenings, fan gatherings, and tons of new memorabilia released. But just because those milestones are passed us doesn’t mean fans are done celebrating.", "Earlier in his career, Zemeckis co-wrote (with Bob Gale) and directed “Back to the Future,” which was the top-grossing release of 1985, and for which Zemeckis shared Oscar and Golden Globe nominations for Best Original Screen play.  He then went on to helm “Back to the Future, Part II and Part III,” completing one of the most successful film franchises ever.", "After having co-starred in a television series called  Family Ties for a few years, series producer Gary David Goldberg was approached and asked to let Fox star in a Steven Spielberg produced film about a time-traveling teenager. At first, Goldberg did not inform Michael about the offer, not wanting to lose Michael to film stardom. Months later, Goldberg was again asked about Michael because Eric Stoltz , who had been chosen for the part after Goldberg stated that Fox was not available, was reportedly not giving the energetic performance that Robert Zemeckis , the director, was looking for. Goldberg finally told Michael about the offer and he quickly agreed to play the role of Marty McFly in the film Back to the Future . Fox would rehearse for Family Ties from 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM. After he was done, he would be rushed to the Back to the Future set where he would rehearse and shoot until 2:30 A.M. This schedule lasted for two full months.", "Buckle up and get your flux capacitor firing, because the Back to the Future trilogy is headed back to the big screen on Oct. 21 for a one-night event. ( Go here for more details .) Universal made the announcement in London on Friday, where the trilogy’s cast — including stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, and Lea Thompson — reunited for a 30th anniversary celebration of the franchise’s first film. The Robert Zemeckis-directed flick was the highest-grossing film of 1985. ", "n astonishing three decades ago, Steven Spielberg launched the first Back To The Future film upon the world… and popular culture would never be the same again. Created by Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis, the time-bending trilogy was not only a nearly-billion dollar franchise but a cherished series of films that earned their place in screen history. Marty McFly’s adventures are as popular as ever, and the sequel’s 2015 setting suddenly finds us living in the future. Riding the Delorean with us for a look at the making of the movies are Bob Gale (screenwriter/producer), Christopher Lloyd (the legendary Doc Brown), Lea Thompson (Marty’s mum), Kevin Pike (special effects supervisor on Part One), Andrew Probert (production illustrator on Part One) and poster artist Drew Struzan. Strap yourselves in and fire up the flux capacitor… >> 18 | ’80s Movies The Ultimate Celebration", "Back to the Future was written by Bob Gale and Zemeckis, and starred Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd . The movie opened on July 3 , 1985 and grossed $210 million at the US box office, making it the highest grossing film of 1985. [1] On December 17 , 2002 , Universal Studios Home Entertainment released Back to the Future: The Complete Trilogy on DVD and VHS .", "Bob Gale is a graduate of USC’s film school and it was during the early part of his career that he met, and began working with, Robert Zemeckis. Beginning in the 1970s with films like Steven Spielberg’s 1941, a movie where the “Bobs” shared writing credits, their collaboration continued on films like I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars, but it wasn’t until Zemeckis finished Romancing the Stone in 1984 that the two were able to join forces on the film that would launch their careers into the stratosphere: Back to the Future. To this day, Gale remains the gatekeeper of the Back to the Future franchise, overseeing many of its goings-on, and he was an integral part in the creation of this documentary.", "* Critics of mainstream film such as Ray Carney and American artist and actor Crispin Glover (who starred in the Spielberg-produced Back to the Future and who sued Spielberg for using his likeness in Back to the Future Part II) claim that Spielberg's films lack depth and do not take risks. ", "A new Blu-ray and DVD Back to the Future trilogy box set came out Tuesday to commemorate the occasion, and there already has been months of online buzz about how accurate Part II was at depicting the world of 2015. But while the 1989 sequel did a decent job forecasting the future, the film may ultimately be more memorable for creating a roadmap for subsequent Hollywood franchises to follow. We talked to screenwriter-producer Bob Gale about the film for this futuristic occasion.", "Back to the Future Part III(1990) : Back to the Future Parts I through III (1985, 1989, 1990): mentioned in Steven's Time Travel Page \"In this timetravel classic, Michael J. Fox plays Marty McFly, whose friend Doc Brown (Christopher Lloyd) builds a time machine from a modified DeLorean. Explores time paradoxes in great detail, these films are the best of the genre. Part One happens in 1955, where he arranges for his parents to meet and fall in love. Part Two happens in the future, where he has to save his kids. Part Three finds him and Doc in the Old West. (I've seen Part One at least 20 times!)\"", "Doctor Emmett Lathrop \"Doc\" Brown, Ph.D. is a fictional character and one of the lead characters in the Back to the Future motion picture trilogy , in which he is the inventor of the first time machine , which he builds out of a DeLorean sports car. The character is memorably played by actor Christopher Lloyd in all three films, as well as in the live action sequences of the animated series. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series. The character's appearance and mannerisms are loosely inspired by Leopold Stokowski and Albert Einstein .[citation needed]", "Christopher Lloyd, Michael J. Fox, and Lea Thompson in Back To The Future Universal/Courtesy Everett Collection", "Back to the Future was released on July 3, 1985, grossing over $389 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1985. It won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film, and the Academy Award for Best Sound Effects Editing, as well as receiving three additional Academy Award nominations, five BAFTA nominations, and four Golden Globe nominations, including Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Ronald Reagan even quoted the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address. In 2007, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry, and in June 2008 the American Film Institute's special AFI's 10 Top 10 designated the film as the 10th-best film in the science fiction genre. The film marked the beginning of a franchise, with two sequels, Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), as well as an animated series, theme park ride, several video games and a forthcoming musical.", "Following the conclusion of Back to the Future Part III, Dr. Emmett L. Brown settled in 1991 in Hill Valley with his new wife Clara, their sons Jules and Verne, and the family dog, Einstein, living in the same farmland where Clara lived in 1885. As with the films, time travel was achieved through the use of a modified DeLorean, which had apparently been re-built after it was destroyed at the end of the trilogy. The DeLorean now has voice-activated \"time circuits\" and can also travel instantaneously to different locations in space and time, in addition to folding into a suitcase. The characters also traveled through time using the steam engine time machine Doc invented at the end of the third film.", "'Back to the Future': Director, Stars, Producers Reveal 10 Secrets You Didn't Know | Hollywood Reporter", "The revelation comes amid a wave of heightened interest in the “Future” films, as Wednesday — October 21, 2015 — was the day that Marty McFly and Doc Brown traveled to in “Back to the Future Part II,” which was released in 1989.", "During the 1989 production of Back to the Future Part II , Fox's father passed away, and his wife, Tracy Pollan, gave birth to his first son. Fox, then 28 years old, was made to look \"middle aged\" with the assistance of makeup artist Bron Roylance , and he paid homage to his father by adding some of his mannerisms to the character. (On June 9, 2008, Fox turned 47 years old, the same age as Marty McFly in 2015 .)", "The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weeklys list of the 50 Best High School Movies. In 2008, Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire. It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times, a list of 1000 movies. In January 2010, Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time. On December 27, 2007, Back to the Future was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2006, the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time.", "Jeffrey Weissman was cast in Back to the Future Parts 2 & 3 to play the role of George McFly. He appeared most famously in the 2015 future scene at Marty’s future home where he hung upside down from the coolest back brace ever made. Jeffrey appears at many fan shows as George and also has hosted the bi-annual Delorean Car Show numerous times.", "The date, Oct. 21, 2015, is significant to fans of the trilogy, because it's the day that Fox's character Marty McFly travels to in Back to the Future II.", "35. Also, he nearly took a part in Back to the Future III... in my opinion, the most underrated film in the franchise." ]

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[ "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara ( 14 June 1928 – 9 October 1967 ), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary , politician , author , physician , military theorist , and guerrilla leader during the Cuban revolution . Following his execution in Bolivia , he became both a stylised countercultural icon and symbol of rebellion for leftist movements worldwide.", "9/10/1967. The revolutionary Marxist leader Che Guevara was captured in Bolivia and shot. Bolivian troops killed Ernesto �Che� Guevara and six other guerrillas they had cornered in the village of La Higuera near Vallegrande. The Argentine born hero of Latin American revolutionaries, Guevara was a prominent figure in Fidel Castro�s successful Cuban Revolution of the 1950s and 60s. Guevara then decided to join other struggles of �liberation�. Guevara came from a middle class family and his travels convinced him that only violent revolution would solve the economic, political, and poverty problems facing many Latin American countries. The French philosopher Jean Paul Satre described him as �the most complete human being of our age�.", "Che Guevara was a Marxist revolutionary and military leader from Argentina. Fully named Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, but commonly known as Che, he was a key figure in the Cuban revolution of 1959. He served there in government for a while, but then left to attempt to provoke revolution elsewhere in Latin America and Africa. He was eventually caught and executed by government forces in Bolivia. His image has become a symbol of the counter-culture around the world.", "1967: The legendary fighter who had supported Castros struggle in Cuba, Ernesto Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary and guerrilla leader, was captured and shot in the village of La Higuera, near Vallegrande, Bolivia.", "1967: Che Guevara 'shot dead'. Marxist revolutionary Ernesto 'Che' Guevara is reportedly killed during a battle between army troops and guerillas in the Bolivian jungle.", "On October 8, 1967, the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara was captured by the CIA-assisted Bolivian Army in the nearby ravine Quebrada del Churo, ending his campaign to create a continental revolution in South America. Che Guevara was held in the schoolhouse, where he was killed the next day. The body was then brought to Vallegrande, where it was placed on display and afterwards secretly buried under an airstrip.", "Born in Rosario, Argentina, in 1928, Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara de la Serna studied medicine before traveling around South America, observing conditions that spurred his Marxist beliefs. He aided Fidel Castro in overturning the Batista government in the late 1950s, and then held key political offices during Castro's regime. Guevara later engaged in guerrilla action elsewhere, including in Bolivia, where he was captured and executed in 1967.", "Cuban revolutionary and former right hand man of Fidel Castro, Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara's body is seen in Oct. 1967 after he was shot to death in Bolivia. (AP Photo) **WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT**", "Sometime later, Guevara became a member of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement that seized power in Cuba in 1959. After serving in various important posts in the new government and writing a number of articles and books on the theory and practice of guerrilla warfare, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with the intention of fomenting revolutions first in the Congo-Kinshasa (later named the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and then in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA-organized military operation. Guevara died at the hands of the Bolivian Army in La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9, 1967. Participants in and witnesses to the events of his final hours testify that his captors summarily executed him, perhaps to avoid a public trial followed by imprisonment in Bolivia.", "* July 13 – The remains of Che Guevara are returned to Cuba for burial, alongside some of his comrades. Guevara and his comrades were executed on 9 October 1967 in Bolivia.", "OCTOBER 10, 1967: Two doctors,. Moisés Abraham Baptista and José Martínez Cazo, at the Hospital Knights of Malta, Vallegrande, Bolivia, sign a death certificate for Che Guevara. The document states that “on October 9 at 5:30 p.m., there arrived…Ernesto Guevara Lynch, approximately 40 years of age, the cause of death being multiple bullet wounds in the thorax and extremities. Preservative was applied to the body.” On the same day, and autopsy report records the multiple bullets wounds found in Guevara’s body. “The cause of death,” states the autopsy report, “was the thorax wounds and consequent hemorrhaging.” (U.S. Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia, Airgram, 10/18/67)", "OCTOBER 18, 1967: The U.S. Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia sends an airgram to the Department of State with the Official Confirmation of Death of Che Guevara. (U.S. Embassy, La Paz, Bolivia, 10/18/97)", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara's picture can be found throughout Cuba on murals and billboards. A key person in Castro's revolution, Guevara has been elevated to a stature usually reserved in other cultures for martyrs and saints. Cuban schoolchildren begin their day by reciting the patriotic slogan, \"Pioneers of communism, we shall be like Che.\" Originally a medical doctor from Argentina , after the revolution in Cuba, Guevara served as president of the National Bank of Cuba. He resigned that post in 1965 and went to Bolivia to join the revolutionary movement in that country. He was killed by the Bolivian army in 1967. Castro declared a three-day period of national mourning in Cuba, and even now the government sponsors campaigns with themes of \"Let's Be Like Che.\"", "OCTOBER 17, 1997: In a ceremony attended by Castro and thousands of Cubans, Che Guevara is reburied in Santa Clara, Cuba. (NYT, 10/18/97)", "OCTOBER 10, 1967: Two doctors,. Moises Abraham Baptista and JosT Martfnez Cazo, at the Hospital Knights of Malta, Vallegrande, Bolivia, sign a death certificate for Che Guevara. The document states that \"on October 9 at 5:30 p.m., there arrived...Ernesto Guevara Lynch, approximately 40 years of age, the cause of death being multiple bullet wounds in the thorax and extremities. Preservative was applied to the body.\" On the same day, and autopsy report records the multiple bullets wounds found in Guevara�s body. \"The cause of death,\" states the autopsy report, \"was the thorax wounds and consequent hemorrhaging.\" (U.S. Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia, Airgram, 10/18/67)", "* Che Guevara — 2008 film by Josh Evans in which Argentine revolutionary Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara (Eduardo Noriega) meets his death in Bolivia in 1967", "While researching his biography Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, author Jon Lee Anderson happened to discover the hidden location of Guevara's burial. Thus in 1997, the skeletal remains of a handless body were exhumed from beneath an air strip near Vallegrande, identified as those of Guevara by a Cuban forensic team at the scene, and returned to Cuba. On October 17, 1997 , his remains, with those of six of his fellow combatants, were laid to rest with military honours in a specially built mausoleum in the city of Santa Clara, where he had won the decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution.", "Later that morning on October 9, Bolivian President René Barrientos ordered that Guevara be killed. The executioner was Mario Terán, a half-drunken sergeant in the Bolivian army who had requested to shoot Che on the basis of the fact that three of his friends from B Company all named \"Mario\" had been killed in an earlier firefight with Guevara's band of guerrillas. To make the bullet wounds appear consistent with the story the government planned to release to the public, Félix Rodríguez ordered Terán to aim carefully to make it appear that Guevara had been killed in action during a clash with the Bolivian army.", "Che’s body was put in a helicopter and taken to the nearby town of Vallegrande. His corpse was laid out in the laundry room of a hospital and many photographs were taken.  His identity was confirmed by a British journalist who was the only one present who had ever seen Che alive. Che’s hands were amputated and sent to Buenos Aires, Argentina, for confirmation of his identity through fingerprint comparison. His body was thrown into a pit near Vallegrande airstrip. Che’s diary and other writings were sent to the La Paz and preserved in the National Archives.", "With his violent death, Guevara came to be seen as a revolutionary martyr, the very status he had wanted for himself for so long. He remains a hero to many people around the world for his anti-imperialist beliefs and support for working people. In Cuba he is considered one of the outstanding national figures. However, an alternative view of Guevara is of him as a murderer, because of his enthusiastic support for the execution of Batista’s men. They also point out that he was not a notable success at economic management in Cuba, and that he represented an ideology which has been conclusively defeated in the modern world. Even in death, Che Guevara remains a highly controversial figure.", "* The Jintai Museum park in Beijing, China (where Guevara visited chairman Mao Zedong in 1960), is home to a sculpted bust of Che, designed by Chinese artist Yuan Xikun. ", "[er'nesto \"tʃe\" ge'βaɾa]; June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967) commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary , physician, author, intellectual , guerrilla leader, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution . Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol and global insignia within popular culture.", "Monumental image on Cuban Ministry of the Interior, based on Irish artist Jim Fitzpatrick's graphic of Alberto Korda's March 1960 photo. During Guevara's tenure as Minister of the Ministry of Industries (MININD) from 1961 to 1965, this building was the MININD's headquarters and his office was on the top floor.While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstances of his death debated, his legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against his execution occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, songs and poems were written about his life and death.[50][51] Even liberal elements that had felt little sympathy with Guevara's communist ideals during his lifetime expressed admiration for his spirit of self-sacrifice. He is singled out from other revolutionaries by many young people in the West because he rejected a comfortable bourgeois background to fight for those who were deprived of political power and economic stability. And when he gained power in Cuba, he gave up all the trappings of high government office in order to return to the revolutionary battlefield and, ultimately, to die.", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara (June 14,1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, politician, author, physician, military theorist, and guerrilla leader. After his death, his stylized image became a ubiquitous countercultural symbol worldwide.", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara (June 14,[1] 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, politician, author, physician, military theorist, and guerrilla leader. Since death, his stylized image has become a ubiquitous global symbol of counterculture.", "Che Guevara was an Argentinean-born, Cuban revolutionary leader who became a left-wing hero. A photograph of him by Alberto Korda became an iconic image of the 20th century. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known as Che Guevara, was born on 14 June 1928 in Rosario, Argentina into a middle-class family. He studied medicine at Buenos Aires University and during this time travelled widely in South and Central America. The widespread poverty and oppression he witnessed, fused with his interest in...", "Che Guevara's body was put on display for citizens to come and see for days after he was executed.", "* In the autonomous community of Oleiros, Galicia, a ten-meter high outline of Guevara's face was constructed by Cuban artist Juan Quintani. The mayor of Oleiros, Angel García Seoane, promoted the 2008 project to \"honor Che and all the revolutionaries of the world.\" ", "The 4 metre-tall bronze statue of Che Guevara was unveiled on 14 June 2008 to commemorate his 80th birthday. It is made from 75,000 bronze keys donated by Argentines nationwide and weighs 2.7 tons. The statue was made by artist Andres Zerneri and is the first such monument to Guevara in his native Argentina. ", "On January 3rd, 1961, Che Guevara suggested to Fidel Castro that they go play a round of golf. They drove out to what was then the ritziest, most elite country club in Havana. It was empty—almost all the members had fled during the revolution—and Fidel and Che romped around the bucolic green acres while their official photographer snapped publicity shots. As they played, they realized that the grounds of the country club were spectacular. They knew they had to do something with the property. There, with golf clubs in hand, they decided they would build an art school.", "Mexican authorities sentenced Mercader to 20 years in prison. Although the Soviet government denied responsibility, Stalin secretly bestowed the Order of Lenin upon the assassin. A year after his 1960 release, Mercader traveled to Moscow and received the Hero of the Soviet Union award. The assassin split time between Cuba and the Soviet Union before his death in 1978. Trotsky, who became one of the millions of Stalin’s victims, had his ashes interred under a large monolith engraved with a hammer and sickle in the garden of his Mexico City home.", "Five days later, on 21 September, Orlando Letelier, a former ambassador to the US and defence minister under Allende, is assassinated in Washington by Cuban exiles operating on the orders of Pinochet's secret police. Letelier has been targeted as part of the Operation Condor alliance." ]

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[ "Daryl Dragon was an unofficial member of the Beach Boys from 1967 through 1972 – he was given his nickname “The Captain” by Mike Love. After parting ways with the Beach Boys, Dragon achieved pop music stardom as one half of Captain & Tennille . Muskrat Love, anyone?", "Daryl Frank Dragon (born August 27, 1942) is a keyboardist, known as Captain from the pop musical duo Captain & Tennille, with his former wife, Toni Tennille. ", "The Captain & Tennille are a husband and wife US pop music duo who achieved super stardom success during the 1970s and early 1980s. The duo consists of The Captain, Daryl Frank Dragon (born August 27, 1942), and Tennille, Toni Tennille, (born Cathryn Antoinette Tennille on May 8, 1940).", "The pair met in 1972. Daryl Dragon (The Captain) was playing for the Beach Boys at the time. In between tours, he was called to audition for a job as a keyboardist for a local theater group which happened to be starring a talented young singer named Toni Tennille. The two hit it off and when the theater run ended, Dragon recommended her as a backup singer for the Beach Boys. They also started to play in small clubs around the Los Angeles area where they built a loyal following and captured the attention of A&M Records who signed the duo in 1974. They also entered into another contract that year, when the pair tied the knot.", "The couple met in 1972 near the end of the run of an ecological stage musical that Tennille had written. Dragon, who was called \"Captain of the Keyboards\" by the Beach Boys, was hired for the musical's band.", "It was redone in the 70's (punkish band).. in the UK,... can't remeber the name but possibly Bow wow wow..... think they also did \"I want candy\".", "Crosby and Hillman wrote most of the songs for 1967's \"Younger Than Yesterday\", which shifted the band's fan base from teenagers to a cult of older, more radical fans. While recording 1968's \"The Notorious Byrd Brothers\", David Crosby quit to join Crosby, Stills and Nash. A new Byrd's album featured more studio effects created by McGuinn and even a Moog synthesizer, the first use of synthesizers in rock music. Shortly after its release, drummer Mike Clarke left the band, leaving only McGuinn and Hillman. Jim McGuinn became increasingly interested in Eastern religions, and changed his name to Roger at the urging of an Indonesian guru, who claimed a name beginning with \"R\" would \"resonate better with the universe.\"", "Doobie Brothers - are an American rock group. They have sold over 22 million albums in the United States from the 1970s to the present. The Doobie Brothers were inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004. As one of the most popular Californian rock bands of the '70s, the Doobie Brothers evolved from a mellow boogie band to a finely tuned pop band by the end of the decade. The group racked up a string of gold and platinum albums in the US, along with a number of radio hits like \"Listen to the Music,\" \"Black Water\" and \"China Grove.\" The roots of the Doobie Brothers lay in Pud, a short-lived Californian country-rock band in the vein of Moby Grape featuring guitarist/vocalist Tom Johnston and drummer John Hartman. After Pud collapsed in 1969, the pair began jamming with bassist John Shogren and guitarist Patrick Simmons. The quartet decided to form a group, naming themselves the Doobie Brothers after a slang term for marijuna. Soon, the Doobies earned a strong following throughout Southern California, especially among the biker crowd, (harleys and leather) ,and they were signed to Warner Bros. The Doobie line-up seemed to be in a constant state of flux, as the member roster seemed to change with each album released, moving from a trio format to as high as 12 members at one point.", "Upon their departure from The Specials, Hall, Staple and Golding founded the pop band  Fun Boy Three  and enjoyed commercial success from 1981 to 1983 with hits such as \"Tunnel of Love\", \"Our Lips Are Sealed\" and \"The Lunatics (Have Taken Over the Asylum)\". The group ended with Hall's sudden departure, leading to a 15-year rift with Staple. [9]", "After the break-up of The Byrds, McGuinn released several solo albums throughout the 1970s. In 1973 he collaborated with Bob Dylan on songs for the sound track of the Sam Peckinpah movie Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid including \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\". He toured with Bob Dylan in 1975 and 1976 as part of Dylan's \"Rolling Thunder Revue\", cancelling a planned tour of his own in order to participate. In late 1975, he played guitar on the track titled \"Ride The Water\" on Bo Diddley's The 20th Anniversary of Rock 'n' Roll all-star album.", "The group first hit the charts in 1971 with \"Don't Pull Your Love\". Reynolds left the group in late 1972, and was replaced by keyboardist Alan Dennison; however, the band still kept the name 'Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds'. This revised line-up performed the group's biggest hit, 1975's \"Fallin' in Love\".", "By June 1972, Eric and Tovarish had disbanded and Eric went to Mexico for two months for rest. Upon his return Eric embarked on a personal project which had the potential to make rock history entitled, Mirage. In April 1973 Eric had resumed his music career and now had a new band backing him. Eric on vocals, Alvin Taylor on drums, Aalon Butler and Randy Rice on guitars comprised what would come to be known as the Eric Burdon Band. In January 1974, Snuffy Walden was added as a third guitarist. They made an appearance on Don Kirschner's TV show, \"Rock Concert\" which proved to further their publicity.", "They began touring together and Jones bought out his contract with Musicor so he could record with Tammy and her producer Billy Sherrill on Epic Records (the singer had split with longtime producer Pappy Daily on acrimonious terms). Jones and Wynette became known as \"Mr. & Mrs. Country Music\" in the early 1970s, scoring several big hits, including \"We're Gonna Hold On,\" \"Let's Build A World Together\", \"Golden Ring\", \"Near You,\" and \"(We're Not) The Jet Set\". When asked about recording Jones and Wynette, Sherill told Dan Daley in 2002, \"It did increase my scotch intake some. We started out trying to record the vocals together, but George drove Tammy crazy with his phrasing. He never, ever did it the same way twice. He could make a five-syllable word out of 'church.' Finally, Tammy said, 'Record George and let me listen to it, and then do my vocal after we get his on tape.' Tammy was a very quick study.\"", "Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds hold a special place in the annals of rock and not just for their oldies station perennial \"Don't Pull Your Love (Out).\" Imagine if Graham Nash left Crosby, Stills and Nash yet the band didn't bother to change their name. That's exactly what happened here. Dan Hamilton, Joe Frank Carollo, and Tommy Reynolds played together in a variety of Los Angeles groups, scoring a hit as part of the T-Bones, a studio group whose \"No Matter What Shape Your Stomach's In\" was based on a popular Alka Seltzer jingle. Inspired by the summery AM radio pop of Three Dog Night, the trio formed the extremely similar Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds in 1970, signed with Dunhill Records and immediately scored a Top Five hit with \"Don't Pull Your Love (Out).\" None of the follow-up singles had any success, and Tommy Reynolds left the group in 1973. In an act of cynicism unparalleled in rock & roll, either Hamilton and Carollo or (more likely) Dunhill drafted singer Joe Carrero to take Reynolds' place, yet didn't change the name of the band! The assumption must have been that it was foolish to risk what little name recognition the floundering group already had. It worked, because the refurbished trio hit number one with 1975's \"Fallin' In Love\" before disappearing for good. Dan Hamilton died of a stroke in December 1994. ~ Stewart Mason", "Clover's main competition in the Bay Area jazz-funk scene was a band called Soundhole, whose members included drummer Bill Gibson, saxophonist/guitarist Johnny Colla, and bassist Mario Cipollina (younger brother of John Cipollina). Like Clover, Soundhole had spent time backing the famous singer and recording artist, Van Morrison. After getting a singles contract from Phonogram Records in 1978, Huey Lewis recruited Hopper, Gibson, Colla, and Cippolina to form a new group, Huey Lewis & The American Express. Though they played gigs under this name, in 1979 they recorded and released a single simply as \"American Express\". The single, \"Exodisco\" (a disco version of the theme from the film Exodus) was largely ignored. The B-side of this record, \"Kick Back\", was a song that had previously been performed live by Lewis and his former band, Clover. In 1979 the band wooed guitarist Chris Hayes and moved to Chrysalis Records which occurred when their demo tape was heard by Pablo Cruise manager Bob Brown, who helped them land a record deal with the label. Chrysalis did not like the name \"American Express\", fearing trademark infringement charges from the credit card company, so the band changed their name.", "Bubble Puppy is a Texan psychedelic rock band originally active from 1966 to 1969. They are best remembered for their Top-20 hit “Hot Smoke & Sassafras”. The group was formed in 1966 in San Antonio, Texas by Rod Prince and Roy Cox. Looking to form a “top gun rock band” based on the concept of dual lead guitars, a staple of southern rock that was highly unusual on the psychedelic music scene, Prince and Cox recruited Todd Potter: a gymnast, saxophone player and guitarist. With the addition of Danny Segovia and Clayton Pulley, the original line up of Bubble Puppy was complete", "Soft Cell are an electronic music duo that came to prominence in the early 80s. They consist of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo is most widely known for their 1981 worldwide hit version of \"Tainted Love\" and influential multi-platinum debut ''Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret''. In the UK, they had five Top 5 hits, including \"Bedsitter\", \"Say Hello, Wave Goodbye\", \"Torch\" and \"What!\", and also had four Top 20 albums between 1981 and 1984. The duo split in 1984, but reformed in the early 2000s to tour and released a new album in 2002. Their songs have been covered by various artists including David Gray, Marilyn Manson, Nouvelle Vague and A-ha.", "Rathbone was then with Eric Haydock in Kirk Daniels and the Deltas. This band was formed in 1960 with Kirk Daniels on lead vocals (b. Harry Morris d. Friday, October 5, 2007, after a long illness), Tommy Turner on lead guitar (b. Thomas Turner), John Murphy on rhythm guitar, Haydock on bass and Rathbone on drums. They were also known as The Kirk Daniels Group. They also went out as The Flintstones wearing caveman gear. Murphy later played lead guitar with Deke Rivers and the Big Sound. Later Kirk Daniels and the Deltas became The Deltas / The Deltas (featuring Ricky and Dane), without Daniels and Murphy. In came Allan Clarke (Ricky) on lead vocals, Graham Nash (Dane) on rhythm guitar and Vic Farrell on lead guitar. This band was later called The Flintstones again.  ", "Formed in 1964 in Jersey City, New Jersey, Kool & The Gang has been performing for over 50 years. Led by bass player Robert \"Kool\" Bell, the group began as a jazz instrumental band before transitioning into R&B and funk. Kool & The Gang has sold over 70 million records, including five platinum, three gold, and one double platinum album (Emergency in 1984). Its eight number one singles include \"Celebration\" (1980), \"Ladies' Night\" (1979), \"and \"Joanna\" (1983). Their honors include five American Music Awards, a Soul Train Legend Award, and a Grammy for Album of the Year for Saturday Night Fever (which included their song, \"Open Sesame\").", "Gary was the front-man for the band, which formed in 1972. With his cockney accent, he became a popular glam-rock singer. The band were discovered by former Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich front-man Dave Dee, who signed them to Atlantic Records. Their eponymous debut album was well received by the press, but had achieved limited sales. They played many gigs with punk rock band the Adverts. On their first American tour in 1975, they shortened their name to \"The Kids\".", "Shane agreed and organized two troupes under the name of \"The New Kingston Trio\". The first consisted of guitarist Pat Horine and banjoist Jim Connor in addition to Shane and lasted from 1969 to 1973, the second including guitarist Roger Gambill and banjoist Bill Zorn from 1973 until 1976. Shane tried to create a repertoire for these groups that included both the older and expected Kingston Trio standards like \"Tom Dooley\" and \"M.T.A.\" but that would also feature more contemporary songs as well, including country and novelty tunes. The attempt did not meet with any significant success. The only full-length album released by either group was The World Needs a Melody in 1973 (though 25 years later FolkEra Records issued The Lost Masters 1969–1972, a compilation of previously unreleased tracks from the Shane-Horine-Connor years), and its sales were negligible. Though both troupes of the New Kingston Trio made a limited number of other recordings and several television appearances, neither generated very much interest from fans or the public at large. ", "In March 1971, RCA issued \"Funny Funny\", written by Chinn and Chapman, which became the group's first international hit, climbing to the Top 20 on many of the world's charts. EMI reissued their 1970 single \"All You'll Ever Get from Me\" (May 1971) and it again failed to chart. Their next RCA release \"Co-Co\" (June 1971) went to number two in the U.K., their follow up single, \"Alexander Graham Bell\" (October 1971), only went to #33. These tracks still featured session musicians on the instruments with the quartet known as the Sweet providing the vocals.", "1963 - Peter, Paul and Mary released the single, \"Puff The Magic Dragon\". Through the years, controversy continually surrounded the song. It was banned by several radio stations whose management figured that the song was about the elicit joys of smoking marijuana. The group denied this startling assumption. “It’s about a magic dragon named Puff,” they said. So there. The trio recorded a dozen hits that charted between 1962 and 1969. \"Puff\" was their third song. It went to number two on the pop charts and puffed around for nearly three months. The group next did a Bob Dylan protest song, \"Blowin’ in the Wind\" and ended a sterling career with a John Denver song -- the group’s biggest -- \"Leaving on a Jet Plane\".", "Rick \"Tim Tam\" Wiesend - lead singer of Tim Tam and the Turn-Ons, died of cancer on October 22nd, 2003 at the age of 60. The band's only U.S. chart appearance was \"Wait A Minute\" in 1966", "Wayne Fontana was born Glynn Ellis in Manchester, England, on 28 October 1945. He started his musical career at school with a skiffle group called The Velfins, and later formed a Rock & Roll outfit called The Jets, with whom he worked the pubs and clubs of Greater Manchester.", "1944 ● Michael Leslie “Mick” Jones → Rock guitarist for Spooky Tooth, founding member of hard/arena rock Foreigner , “Double Vision” (#2, 1978)", "rick lewis (member of doo-wop band from late '50's \"the silhouettes\"/\"get a job\" was a huge hit in '58, \"goofy doo-wop\"-ers from late '60's \"sha na na\" took their name from vocalizations in \"get a job\") (2005)", "Starting in 1972, singer-songwriter Kenny Rankin was Carlin's label mate on Little David Records, and Rankin served many times as Carlin's musical guest or opening act during the early 1970s. The two flew together in Carlin's private jet; Carlin says that Rankin relapsed into using cocaine while on tour since Carlin had so much of the drug available.", "Dennis DeYoung releases second solo album, Back to the World, and will also contribute a single (not from album), “This Is the Time,” to the movie, “The Karate Kid Part II.” James Young released his first solo effort, City Slicker, a collaboration with Jan Hammer.", "Darryl Vincent - Died 1973 - Suicide ( Rockabilly ) (He did, \"Daddy's Goin' Batty\" and \"Wild, Wild Party\").", "Doug Clifford also produced Groovers Paradise for former Sir Douglas Quintet and Texas Tornados frontman Doug Sahm. Both Clifford and Stu Cook played on the album which was released on Warner Bros. in 1974. Clifford continued to perform and record with Doug Sahm through the 1980s.", "February 1973 - Records soundtrack of Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid in Los Angeles.  Also plays harmonica on sessions by  Booker T. Jones and Roger McGuinn." ]

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[ "South Dakota (; ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory. South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with North Dakota. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 165,000, is South Dakota's largest city.", "South Dakota (engl. Aussprache [ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə] , deutsch: Süd-Dakota) ist einer der nordwestlichen Prärie-Bundesstaaten der Vereinigten Staaten mit ca. 820.000 Einwohnern. Er umfasst 199.731 km². Im Westen befinden sich die Black Hills, östlich davon die Badlands. Die größte Stadt ist Sioux Falls, die Hauptstadt ist Pierre. South Dakota beheimatet mehrere Indianerreservate, insbesondere der Lakota. Der Staat hat innerhalb der USA nach Alaska, Oklahoma und New Mexico den vierthöchsten Bevölkerungsanteil von Indianern.", "South Dakota is located in the Northern Midwest, just south of North Dakota. It was the 40th state admitted to the union on November 2, 1889, the same day as North Dakota. It has an area of 77,121 sq. miles and a population of 844,877, making it the 5th least populous state in the country. The state capital is Pierre and the largest city is Sioux Falls.", "South Dakota state located in the Midwestern region of USA. The state has derived its name from \"Dakota Sioux American Indian Tribes\" and \"Lakota\".", "South Dakota, the Mt. Rushmore State, is located in the Great Plains of North America. Surrounded by six states, Wyoming and Montana to the west, North Dakota to the north, Minnesota and Iowa on the east and Nebraska on the south, the area just northeast of Belle Fourche in Butte County , claims to be the geographical center of the entire United States .", "North Dakota is located in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east; South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the \"Geographic Center of the North American Continent\". With an area of 70762 sqmi, North Dakota is the 19th largest state. ", "Dakota is an American state near the border with Canada. The highest mountain in Japan, located SW of Tokyo.", "March 17th, 2014In a recent study done ranking each of the 50 states (and the District of Columbia) by motorcycle ownership per capita, South Dakota ranked the best. There are a total of 69,284 motorcycles registered in the state, according to the Department of Transportation, and with a total population of 816,598, when you do the math, there�s roughly 12 people in South Dakota for every motorcycle.Considering South Dakota is the home of the Sturgis rally, its ranking on this list may not be mu�", "The third least-populous state is North Dakota, which has a population of 672,591. North Dakota's capital is Bismarck and its largest city is Fargo. It is located in the upper Midwest. North Dakota's land area is 68,976 square miles and its population density is 9.75 persons per square mile. Wildlife includes bighorn sheep, elk and moose. The state lies along the U.S. and Canadian border. To the north, the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba border North Dakota; to the south, South Dakota; to the east, Minnesota; to the west, Montana.", "South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as \"East River\" and \"West River\".Hasselstrom, pp. 2–4. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there. South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome.", "In South Dakota the heart of the population is found in southern Tripp County. Some individuals are found in eastern Todd County and western Gregroy County. One specimen was found along the South Dakota/Nebraska border in Bennett County.", "The Sioux are Native American and First Nations people in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many language dialects. Their territory covers some 200,000 km2 in the present day state of South Dakota and neighboring states. The Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nation (also known as the Great Sioux Nation) descends from of the original inhabitants of North America and can be divided into three major linguistic and geographic groups: Lakota (Teton, West Dakota), Nakota (Yankton, Central Dakota) and Dakota (Santee, Eastern Dakota). The total number of native North Americans is approximately 1.5 million, of which around 100,000 are Lakota. They reside near the Sacred Black Hills of South Dakota.", "The flag of the state of South Dakota represents the U.S. state of South Dakota with a field of sky blue charged with a version (in navy blue on white) of the state seal in the center, surrounded by gold triangles representing the sun's rays, surrounded in turn by inscriptions in gold sans-serif capitals of \"SOUTH DAKOTA\" on top and \"THE MOUNT RUSHMORE STATE\" (the state nickname) on the bottom. The inscription on the bottom was \"THE SUNSHINE STATE\" before it was changed in 1992.", "When Dakota split into two parts, South Dakota became variously known as the Blizzard State, the Artesian State (for the many artesian wells in the state), and the Land of Plenty. It was also known as the Sunshine State a name, which unlike the other three, was retained and which was depicted on the state flag until 1980. In that year, South Dakota deferred to Florida's claim on the nickname and relaunched the state officially as the Mount Rushmore State, which appears in words on the state flag. The other common nickname is The Coyote State, which comes from the prairie wolf, named by the Nahuatl Indians as the \"coyotl\", from which we get \"Coyote\" (and which is also a nickname for the residents of the state). Licence plates declare Great Faces, Great Places.", "There is a Great Place in South Dakota that is located north of the Pierre and Fort Pierre communities. It creates the fourth largest artificial reservoir in the United States and one of the largest earth-rolled dams in the world. It’s the Oahe Dam. ", "1890 – South Dakota. December 29. Soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry killed 178 Sioux Amerindians following an incident over a disarmament-inspection at a Lakota Sioux encampment near Wounded Knee Creek. 89 other Amerinds were injured, 150 were reported missing; Army casualties were 25 killed, 39 wounded.[citation needed]", "Interstate 90 runs east to west across South Dakota, while Interstate 29 runs north to south near the eastern border. Interstate Information Centers are staffed in the summer months and offer a variety of travel and tourism information. The state has two major airports located in Rapid City in the west and Sioux Falls in the east. Rapid City is on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, approximately 25 miles from Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Sioux Falls is located at the intersection of Interstates 29 and 90. Aberdeen, Pierre and Watertown also have airports with limited service by major carriers.", "The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming. This range of low mountains covers 6000 sqmi, with peaks that rise from 2,000 to 4,000 feet (600 to 1,200 m) above their bases. The Black Hills are the location of Harney Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m above sea level), the highest point in South Dakota and also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Two billion-year-old Precambrian formations, the oldest rocks in the state, form the central core of the Black Hills. Formations from the Paleozoic Era form the outer ring of the Black Hills; these were created between roughly 540 and 250 million years ago. This area features rocks such as limestone, which were deposited here when the area formed the shoreline of an ancient inland sea.", "Pierre ( ) (Lakota: čhúŋkaške; \"fort\") is the capital of the state of South Dakota and the county seat of Hughes County. The population was 13,646 at the 2010 census, making it the second least populous state capital after Montpelier, Vermont. Founded in 1880 on the Missouri River opposite Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the capital since South Dakota gained statehood on November 2, 1889. It was chosen for its location in the geographic center of the state. Fort Pierre itself was named after Pierre Chouteau, Jr., an American fur trader from St. Louis, Missouri who was of colonial French origin.", "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of North Dakota was 756,927 on July 1, 2015, a 12.54% increase since the 2010 United States Census. This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011. Only Alaska, Wyoming, and Vermont have fewer residents ", "There are nearly 60 state parks and recreation areas in South Dakota. They offer numerous opportunities to experience the state, from an outdoor and recreational perspective to an historic one. Among them, Fort Sisseton Historic State Park, in the northeast corner, was a frontier army outpost in 1864 and is still home to 14 of the original buildings. Lewis and Clark Recreation Area, near Yankton, and Farm Island Recreation Area, near Pierre, are two of numerous state parks located on the shores of the Missouri River and offer many camping, fishing, swimming, boating and hiking opportunities.", "The state capitol (occupied 1935) is a 19-story skyscraper; on its grounds are the governor’s mansion and the North Dakota Heritage Center, a historical museum. Bismarck is also known as a site on the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail and as the home of the Dakota Zoo. The city is the seat of Bismarck State (community) College (founded 1939) and the University of Mary (founded 1955). Southwest of the city are On-a-Slant Indian Village, originally built by the Mandan in the late 16th century but abandoned in 1781, and Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park; to the north, Double Ditch Indian Village State Historic Site preserves the ruins of a Mandan village. Inc. 1875. Pop. (2000) 55,532; Bismarck Metro Area, 94,719; (2010) 61,272; Bismarck Metro Area, 108,779.", "PIERRE, S.D. – There is a Great Place in South Dakota that is located north of the Pierre and Fort Pierre communities. It creates the fourth largest artificial reservoir in the United States and one of the largest earth-rolled dams in the world. It’s the Oahe Dam.", "Cover of the book \"Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography\" by Laura Ingalls Wilder. (South Dakota State Historical Society Press)", "Staten Island  /ˌstætən aɪlənd/ is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 468,730, Staten Island is the least populated of the five boroughs but is the third largest in area at 59 sq mi (153 km2). The Borough of Staten Island is coextensive with Richmond County, the southernmost county in the state of New York. Until 1975, the borough was officially named the Borough of Richmond. Staten Island has been sometimes called \"the forgotten borough\" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government.", "The most popular tourist spot in North Dakota is the Wild West town of Medora, which was founded in 1883 by the Marquis de Mores, a French nobleman. According to the 2010 census, its population is 112 people.n", "Charlotte Amalie ( or), located on St. Thomas, is the capital and largest city of the U.S. Virgin Islands, founded in 1666 as Taphus (meaning \"beer houses\" or \"beer halls\" ). In 1691, the town was renamed to Amalienborg (in English Charlotte Amalie) after Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (1650–1714), queen consort to King Christian V of Denmark. It has a deep-water harbor that was once a haven for pirates and is now one of the busiest ports of call for cruise ships in the Caribbean, with about 1.5 million cruise ship passengers landing there in 2004. Protected by Hassel Island, the harbor has docking and fueling facilities, machine shops, and shipyards and was a U.S. submarine base until 1966. The town has been inhabited for centuries. When Christopher Columbus came here in 1493, the area was inhabited by Island Caribs and Taíno. It is on the southern shore at the head of Saint Thomas Harbor. In 2010 the city had a population of 18,481, which makes it the largest city in the Virgin Islands Archipelago. Hundreds of ferries and yachts pass through town each week, and at times the population more than doubles.", "Saint Martin (; ) is an island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km east of Puerto Rico. The 87 sqkm island is divided roughly 60/40 between France (53 km2) and the Kingdom of the Netherlands (34 km2); the two parts are roughly equal in population though, with slightly more people living on the Dutch side. It is the smallest inhabited island divided between two nations. The division dates to 1648. The southern Dutch part comprises Sint Maarten and is one of four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The northern French part comprises the Collectivité de Saint-Martin (Collectivity of St. Martin) and is an overseas collectivity of France.", "Saint Martin (French: Saint-Martin; Dutch: Sint Maarten) is an island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles) east of Puerto Rico. The 87 km2 island is divided roughly 60/40 between France (53 km2)and the Netherlands Antilles (34 km2);it is the smallest inhabited sea island divided between two nations, a division dating to 1648. The southern Dutch half comprises the Eilandgebied Sint Maarten (Island Territory of St. Maarten) and is part of the Netherlands Antilles. The northern French half comprises the Collectivité de Saint-Martin (Collectivity of St. Martin) and is an overseas collectivity of France.", "Saint Croix, the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands, lies to the south and has a flatter terrain. The National Park Service owns more than half of Saint John, nearly all of Hassel Island, and many acres of coral reef. (See also Virgin Islands National Park, Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument, Buck Island Reef National Monument, Christiansted National Historic Site, and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve.)", "Jamestown is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Stutsman County. The population was 15,427 at the 2010 census, making it the ninth largest city in North Dakota. Jamestown was founded in 1872.", "Around 1730, Cheyenne people introduced the Lakota to horses, called šuŋkawakaŋ (\"dog [of] power/mystery/wonder\"). After their adoption of horse culture, Lakota society centered on the buffalo hunt on horseback. The total population of the Sioux (Lakota, Santee, Yankton, and Yanktonai) was estimated at 28,000 by French explorers in 1660. The Lakota population was first estimated at 8,500 in 1805, growing steadily and reaching 16,110 in 1881. The Lakota were, thus, one of the few Native American tribes to increase in population in the 19th century. The number of Lakota has now increased to more than 170,000, of whom about 2,000 still speak the Lakota language. " ]

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[ "Reed was born Robert Oliver Reed in Wimbledon, London, to sports journalist Peter Reed and his wife Marcia (née Andrews).[1] He was the nephew of film director Sir Carol Reed, and grandson of the actor-manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree by his alleged mistress May Pinney Reed. He was alleged to have been a descendant (through an illegitimate step) of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.[2] Reed attended Ewell Castle School in Surrey.", "Oliver Reed was born on February 13, 1938 in Wimbledon, London, England as Robert Oliver Reed. He was an actor, known for Gladiator (2000), Oliver! (1968) and Tommy (1975). He was married to Josephine Burge and Kate Byrne. He died on May 2, 1999 in Valletta, Malta.", "Oliver Reed was born on February 13, 1938 in Wimbledon, London, England as Robert Oliver Reed. He was an actor, known for Gladiator (2000), Oliver! (1968) and Tommy (1975). He was married to Josephine Burge and Kate Byrne. He died on May 2, 1999 in Valletta, Malta. See full bio »", "Robert Oliver Reed was born in Wimbledon on February 13, 1938, a great-grandson of the actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree and a nephew of the film director Carol Reed. After being expelled from 14 schools, Reed succeeded in becoming captain of athletics and junior cross-country champion at Ewel Castle.", "Robert Oliver Reed was an English actor known for his burly screen presence. Reed exemplified his real-life macho image in \"tough guy\" roles. His films include The Trap, Oliver!, Women in Love, Hannibal Brooks, The Triple Echo, The Devils, The Three Musketeers, Tommy, Castaway, Lion of the Desert and Gladiator. At the peak of his careeer, in 1971, British exhibitors voted Reed one of the most popular stars at the box office (5th).…  Read More", "In 1964 he starred in the first of six films directed by Michael Winner, The System, (known as The Girl-Getters in the U.S.). More Hammer Films productions followed, such as The Brigand Of Kandahar (1965). He first collaborated with director Ken Russell in a TV biopic of Claude Debussy in 1965, and later played Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Russell's subsequent TV biopic Dante's Inferno (1967). <br /><br />In 1966 Reed played a mountain fur trapper, with co-star Rita Tushingham, in an action-adventure film The Trap with a soundtrack by British film composer Ron Goodwin. Reed's presence could be seen in The Shuttered Room (1967). Reed played the role of Bill Sikes, alongside Ron Moody, Shani Wallis, Mark Lester, Jack Wild and Harry Secombe, in his uncle Carol Reed's screen version of the successful stage musical Oliver! (1968). The following year, Reed played the title role in Michael Winner's World War II action-comedy Hannibal Brooks (1969), alongside an elephant named Lucy. <br /><br />His next project with Ken Russell, a film version of Women in Love (1969), was first released during the same year, in which he wrestled naked with Alan Bates in front of a log fire. Read Less", "Reed died of a sudden heart attack[3] during a break from filming Gladiator in Valletta, Malta on 2 May 1999. The heart attack was a result of a night of hard drinking, which included three bottles of downed rum and arm wrestling victories over five sailors. He was 61 years old. Several of his scenes in Gladiator had to be completed using CGI techniques and, in one place, a mannequin. His funeral was held in Churchtown, County Cork, Republic Of Ireland. The song “Consider Yourself” from his classic film Oliver! was played at Oliver Reed’s funeral. Reed’s remains were buried in the 13th-century cemetery in the heart of Churchtown village, and his grave was seeded with Irish wildflowers.", "Hard-boozing actor Oliver Reed – known for his lusty portrayals of English louts, lovers and lunatics both on-screen and in real life – died yesterday at the age of 61.", "Oliver Reed, whose red-faced exuberance brought earthiness to film appearances as varied as a swashbuckling musketeer, a brutal Dickensian burglar and his best-known role as a coal mine owner's son in Ken Russell's version of ''Women in Love,'' died on Sunday while filming a movie in Malta. He was 61.", "Cast early on as a thug or teddy boy in several British kitchen sink and juvenile delinquency dramas, Reed had his first major role as the title character in Curse for Hammer Films (he had had a small part as a bouncer in the same studio's The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll , also directed by Terence Fisher, released the previous year). Parts in other of the studio's horror and action thrillers quickly followed, most notably the scenery-chewing psycho in Paranoiac . His career advanced considerably when he met Ken Russell, for whom he starred as the poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Russell's BBC biopic Dante's Inferno . Their association continued with Russell's breakthrough film, Women in Love , in which Reed co-starred, through several other Russell extravaganzas ( Mahler , Lisztomania ) in which the actor took cameos. Reed had his biggest success as the murderous Bill Sikes in Oliver! , the film adaptation of the hit musical based on Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist . The director, Carol Reed, was his uncle, who, detesting nepotism, declined considering his nephew for the part; the latter won it entirely on his own by auditioning. He has worked steadily since, but has never quite achieved the star status Oliver! so auspiciously hinted at.", "* Oliver \"Ollie\" Reeder (Chris Addison) – Series 1-4 – Ollie is a special adviser to the secretary of state (formerly junior policy adviser) to Hugh Abbot and his replacement, Nicola Murray. An Oxbridge graduate from Lincolnshire, he is arrogant, inept, inexperienced, somewhat gawky and is often inadvertently the cause of departmental mistakes. However, the minister often takes up his ideas believing them to be vote-winners. During series 1 it is revealed that he once had a relationship with journalist Angela Heaney (Lucinda Raikes) who makes occasional appearances through the first three series. He was seconded to 10 Downing Street after he slept with opposition party worker Emma Messinger (Olivia Poulet) and was told to use his relationship to gather information on opposition party policy. He is described by Terri as \"a little bit morally bankrupt and massively self centred and a tiny bit dangerously unreliable\". ", "He enjoyed a friendly rivalry with English actor Oliver Reed during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Reed would often refer to himself as \"Mr. England.\" When Harris would hear him saying that, he would then refer to himself as \"Mr. Ireland.\".", "The writer Robert Sellers published in 2013 What Fresh Lunacy Is This? – The Authorised Biography of Oliver Reed.", "5. Oliver! (1968) Dicken's novel has had many screen and stage adaptations, but one of the most popular is Carol Reed's version starring Ron Moody as Fagin and Mark Lester as Oliver. Oliver's adventure takes him through the streets of London where he learns to fend for himself along with his pick-pocket pals. It was very well received, with the New Yorker describing it as 'one of the few film versions of a stage musical that was superior to the original show'.", "\"Oliver Reed is a strange actor, and his barrel-like physiognomy and menacing eyes often seem best suited for the gargoyle roles (British director) Ken Russell gives him. But here Reed gives a vulnerable, deeply human performance, one of the best of his career. As Gerald, he reminds you of an ersatz Hemingway with his pants down, besotted on mortality.\"", "Wedged between culture-defining films In the Heat of the Night and Midnight Cowboy, Oliver! was a welcome throwback to the musicals of old. Despite the film’s G-rating, Oliver Reed’s Bill Sikes is rather terrifying.", "In 1973 Steve McQueen flew to England to meet Reed and discuss a possible film collaboration. \"Reed showed me his country mansion and we got on well,\" recalled McQueen. \"He then suggested he take me to his favorite London nightclub.\" The drinking, which started at Reed's home, Broome Hall, continued into the night until Reed could hardly stand. Suddenly, and with no apparent warning, he vomited over McQueen's shirt and trousers. \"The staff rushed around and found me some new clothes, but they couldn't get me any shoes,\" said McQueen. \"I had to spend the rest of the night smelling of Oliver Reed's sick.\"", "Mr. Reed was also memorable as the brutal Bill Sikes in ''Oliver!,'' the 1968 movie-musical version of Dickens's ''Oliver Twist.'' It was directed by his uncle, Sir Carol Reed, who also directed the 1949 classic ''The Third Man.''", "Incorrect reports of Reed's death were broadcast by numerous U.S. radio stations in 2001, caused by a hoax email (purporting to be from Reuters) which said he had died of a drug overdose. In 2003, he released a 2-CD set, The Raven, based on \"Poe-Try\". In 2011, he transformed the CD into an illustrated book, with art by Lorenzo Mattotti, published by Fantagraphics. Besides Reed and his band, the album featured actors and musicians including singers David Bowie, Laurie Anderson, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, the Blind Boys of Alabama and Anohni, saxophonist Ornette Coleman, and actors Elizabeth Ashley, Christopher Walken, Steve Buscemi, Willem Dafoe, Amanda Plummer, Fisher Stevens and Kate Valk. The album consisted of songs written by Reed and spoken-word performances of reworked and rewritten texts of Edgar Allan Poe by the actors, set to electronic music composed by Reed. At the same time a single disc CD version of the album, focusing on the music, was also released.", "Reed was born in Seattle, but his family moved to England several months later. He was raised in Nailsworth, Gloucestershire and attended Cirencester Deer Park School.", "However, Cliff Goodwin's biography of Reed, Evil Spirits, offers the theory that Reed was not always as drunk on chat shows as he appeared to be, but rather was acting the part of an uncontrollably sodden former star to liven things up, at the producers' behests. In addition, he did some drinking in the US and was arrested in the Southern US, where he was acquitted of disturbing the peace while drunk. He was banned from Georgia as a result. In December 1987, Reed became seriously ill with kidney problems as a result of his alcoholism and had to abstain from drinking for a year.", "[on Oliver Reed ] He drank himself to death. He sat on a bar stool until he fell off it and carried on drinking... lying in his own piss and vomit, he continued to drink till he passed out. What did the tabloids say he drank on the day he died? Something like thirty beers, eight or ten dark rums and half a bottle of whiskey. In the end, he created such a weird energy around him that no one drinking with him cared.", "Reed got his first significant roles in Hammer Films' Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960), The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960), Captain Clegg (1962), Pirates of Blood River (1962), and The Curse of the Werewolf (1961). Reed also starred in Paranoiac and The Damned (1963). In 1964 he starred in the first of six films directed by Michael Winner, The System, (known as The Girl-Getters in the U.S.). More Hammer Films productions followed, such as The Brigand Of Kandahar (1965). He first collaborated with director Ken Russell in a TV biopic of Claude Debussy in 1965, and later played Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Russell's subsequent TV biopic Dante's Inferno (1967).", "Main article: Oliver Hardy Oliver Hardy (January 18, 1892 – August 7, 1957) was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia . As a tribute to his father (who died when Norvell was very young), he took his father's first name (although not legally), henceforth calling himself \"Oliver Norvell Hardy.\" His offscreen nicknames were \"Ollie\" and \"Babe.\"", "Oliver Postgate was born in Hendon, north London, on April 12 1925. His father, Raymond, was a political journalist and later the founder of The Good Food Guide, while his mother was the daughter of George Lansbury, the leader of the Labour Party in the 1930s and a cabinet minister. Oliver's cousins included Angela Lansbury, the actress.", "In his later years Reed practised Tai-Chi. He continued to make music, and in 2005 released The Raven, a double-CD based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Subsequent recordings included Hudson River Wind Meditations (2007) and Lulu (2011), on which he collaborated with Metallica. He underwent a liver transplant in May.", "Oliver! is a 1968 British musical drama film directed by Carol Reed and based on the stage musical of the same name, with book, music and lyrics written by Lionel Bart. The screenplay was written by Vernon Harris.", "In 1974, Reed made a convincingly doughty Athos in The Three Musketeers. On one occasion during filming in Spain, the police were summoned to Reed's hotel to arrest him for dancing naked in a giant goldfish tank. \"Leave me alone,\" shouted, Reed. \"You can't touch me! I'm one of the Four Musketeers.\"", "Had a tattoo on his penis. According to Patrick Warburton , Reed showed him the tattoo the first day they worked together.", "Oliver is briefly portrayed in the 2002 film The Gathering Storm. He was played by Gerrard McArthur.", "Oliver! is a British musical, with music and lyrics by Lionel Bart. It first appeared in the West End in 1960, enjoying a long run, and was made into a film directed by Carol Reed in 1968.", "Oliver! is an English musical, with music and lyrics by Lionel Bart. The musical is based upon the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens." ]

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[ "SANSA operates out of Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO) south of Alajuela.  SJO is Costa Rica’s main international airport where the major international carriers like Continental, United, American, and TACA land and the rental car companies maintain their offices and fleets.", "SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System, later renamed Scandinavian Airlines) is the flag carrier of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, and the largest airline in Scandinavia. In 1951 the Scandinavian airlines SILA (Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik), DNL (Det Norske Luftfartselskap) and DDL (Det Danske Luftfartselskab) were merged to create SAS.", "SAS Scandinavian Airlines [2] (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) - Scandinavia's largest carrier and the flag carrier of all 3 countries, main international hub is Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup.", "SAS is the largest airline in Scandinavia and is the flag carrier of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The airline operates flights to 176 destinations in more than 30 countries. Its main European and intercontinental hub is Copenhagen Airport (CPH) near Copenhagen, the company operates also hubs at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN) and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL).", "SAS Braathens was the name of the national airline of Norway but since 2007 its official name is SAS Scandinavian Airlines Norge and has its base at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL), 50 kilometres north of the capital. Destinations with the Norwegian branche of SAS are Amsterdam , Athens , Barcelona , Berlin , Brussels , Copenhagen , Crete , Dublin , Düsseldorf , Frankfurt , Lisbon , London , Madrid , Milan , Paris , Reykjavík, Rome , Stockholm -Arlanda, Venice , and Zürich , among others. Norwegian Air Shuttle is a low cost airline flying from here to several dozens of cities throughout Europe as well. Most European airlines fly to Oslo directly and Pakistan Airlines flies to and from three destinations in Pakistan , being one of a few non European airlines.", "Norway's craggy coastline makes roads and trains slow, so domestic flights are very popular. The largest operators are SAS [13] , Norwegian [14] and Widerøe [15] .", "The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock , the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen , in the Netherlands , the Hansa Brewery in Bergen , and the Hansapank in Estonia.", "KLM is the national airline of the Netherlands and is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. It operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations worldwide. In May 2004 Air France merged with KLM creating Air France-KLM, a European airline holding company incorporated under French law. Both Air France and KLM continue to fly under their distinct brand names. KLM's main hub is at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS) located 9 km (5.6 mi) southwest of Amsterdam .", "Malmö (;; ) is the third largest city in Sweden and the 6th largest in the Nordic countries. Malmö is also the most populous city in Scania and is the economical and cultural centre of South Sweden. Malmö is also an important part of the transnational Øresund Region, which covers Denmark east of Great Belt (including Copenhagen) and Scania.", "Denmark is served by two major and several minor airports who nearly all offer international connections. Most European airlines offers routes to Copenhagen, and many also to Billund, but SAS Scandinavian Airlines remains the dominant carrier. Key players in the low-cost market include Norwegian , Easyjet , Transavia and, finally, Ryanair which has services only to provincial airports.", "* Airlines: e.g., Aerolineas Argentinas, Air Canada, Air France, Alitalia, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Delta Air Lines, Icelandair, KLM, Qantas, Scandinavian Airlines, Singapore Airlines, SriLankan Airlines, Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Australia, among others.", "Founded in 1919, KLM (KL) is the oldest airline in the world operating under its original name. The airline, which operates from a hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. Its subsidiaries include KLM Cityhopper (WA) and Transavia (HV). KLM flies to about 130 destinations in 69 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. A member of the SkyTeam alliance, the carrier also has codeshare agreements with 29 other airlines. KLM's fleet of 113 passenger aircraft includes both Boeing and Airbus planes. Each is typically configured with a Business Class cabin, Economy Comfort Class and Economy Class.", "The Gambia is often called ‘the gateway to West Africa’, as it’s easy to reach from America, Canada, and just six hours flight from the UK. Most recently, a new national carrier for the country, Gambia Bird Airlines Ltd, began flying into London Gatwick for the first time, forging a dynamic link between the two countries as well as the rest of the continent.", "17/5/1920. KLM, the national airline of The Netherlands, began its first scheduled service, between Amsterdam and London.� See 7/10/1919.", "August 1968 saw the establishment of its first overseas base at Tegel Airport in what used to be West Berlin . The company had up to three BAC One-Elevens stationed there [17] until 1981 when these aircraft were replaced with one of its three newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 series widebodies , at the time the largest aircraft operated out of any Berlin airport. [18] [19] Its Berlin operation was staffed by 90, mainly local workers. Throughout this period, it carried thousands of holidaymakers from the Western parts of the formerly divided German capital to resorts in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands.", "In 1919, KLM, the national airline of the Netherlands, was established. It is the oldest existing airline.", "Another thing to consider is that I believe Nature Air flys into a different airport near Pavas - where as Sansa flys directly into SJO.", "<h2>Flybe Destinations</h2> <ul>Flybe is a low-cost regional airline group based in Exeter, Devon, England. Operating under the parent company Flybe Group PLC, it offers flight services on over 180 routes to 65 European airports. Considered as Europe's largest regional airline, flybe carries more than 7 million travelers every year and employs around 2,800 people. The airline operates short haul services to destinations throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and continental Europe. Apart from this, flybe has codeshare agreements with Air France, British Airways, Etihad Airways and KLM. Hence, its destinations list increases from the above mentioned to include the United Arab Emirates as well. The airline was established in 1979 under the name Jersey European Airways, the airline was subsequently renamed British European, then Flybe. In the United Kingdom, the airline’s largest base is Southampton Airport and it has other large bases at Belfast City Airport, Birmingham Airport, and Manchester Airport, with a total of 14 aircraft and crew bases across the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man. </ul>", "Lithuania: Lithuanian Airlines (020 8759 7323; www.lal.lt ) flies from Heathrow to Vilnius from £265. Cheap alternative: Ryanair (08701 569 569; www.ryanair.com ) from Stansted to Lubeck, a short hop on the train to Kiel and then the Lisco (00 370 61 55943) ship to Klaipeda.", "The A. P. Moller-Maersk Group's first investment in aviation was taken in 1937, when it bought a stake in Danish Air Lines, the flag carrier at the time. Its next step took place in 1967, when the group bought a Hawker Siddeley HS 125-3B as a corporate jet. At the time there were few options for Danish airlines. The charter market was dominated by Speis Rejser and Tjæreborgs Rejser, each with their own airlines—Conair and Sterling, respectively. Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) was the flag carrier and had the sole right to conduct international scheduled services, and freight charters could only be carried out if the entire load had a single shipper and recipient.Ellemose: 49", "The Isle of Man's Ronaldsway airport is served predominantly by five airlines (Aer Lingus, British Airways, Citywing, easyJet and Flybe) offering direct scheduled services from 11 airports in the UK and Ireland. Most of these routes operate year-round with frequent flights from London (City and Gatwick), Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool and Dublin, giving the opportunity for transfers from European and worldwide air services.", "There will be no Thomas Cook flight to Gambia from Gatwick Airport due to unrest in the country. Passengers should check with th", "Widerøe is the largest regional airline in the Nordic countries, it is a Member of the SAS Group and operates 35 domestic and 7 international destinations.", "Open jaw: to fly into one city and back from another, the best option is with SAS, which flies to the Baltic capitals via Copenhagen or Stockholm from Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen; returns from £229.", "* Iraqi Airways' flights between Gatwick and Baghdad stop in Malmö. However, the airline does not have the rights to transport passengers solely between Gatwick and Malmö.", "Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and operates to destinations in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia from its main bases at London Heathrow and London Gatwick and its secondary base at Manchester. The airline also operates flights from Glasgow and seasonal flights from Belfast.", "Ryanair flies to 22 countries, 132 destinations across Europe, it being the continents low cost airline with the most extended network.", "Eastern Airways have purchased land on the Humberside side, moving from \"Schiphol Way\" over to the back of Humberside Flying Club.. How the hell eastern airways survive with the prices they charge is beyond me.. My Company paid £250+ for me to Fly from Humberside to Aberdeen.. just to pick a loco up \"urgently\".. I certainly wouldn't fly with them internally within the UK, when BA , sleasyJet e.t.c. do flights from under £40.", "1971 saw the introduction of the Boeing 747-100 on transatlantic routes flying alongside the Boeing 707-320Cs. Sabena, like many other trans-Atlantic airlines, was satisfied with the Boeing 707s. For commercial reasons they recognised that they had to buy jumbo jets for their prestige services, notably New York JFK and as of the mid-seventies, Chicago O'Hare. Sabena purchased only two first generation jumbo jets and they continued to fly the 707 into the late 1970s.", "View the full size photo! British Air Ferries (BAF) G-APEY Vickers Viscount 806 London Gatwick Airport - EGKK Aircraft: British Air Ferries (BAF) Vickers Viscount 806 3", "When asked for a response to the European ruling last October, MEP for South East England Catherine Bearder stated: “Passengers must be better informed about their rights, starting when purchasing their tickets [...] but also in departure and arrival halls as well. It is unacceptable that many people are not aware of already existing EU rights when facing not just delays but cancellations and luggage problems during their trips as well.”", "Gråhundbus, [17] . Local operator [Greyhound Bus] with several daily connections to Malmö and once daily to Malmö Airport. Also works with partners elsewhere to Europe.   edit" ]

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[ "\"Harper Valley PTA\" is a country song written by Tom T. Hall that was a major international hit single for country singer Jeannie C. Riley in 1968. Riley's record sold over six million copies as a single. The song made Riley the first woman to top both the Billboard Hot 100 and the U.S. Hot Country Singles charts with the same song, a feat that would go unrepeated until Dolly Parton's \"9 to 5\" in 1981.", "\"The country singer Margie Singleton asked Tom T. Hall to write her a song similar to Bobby Gentry's Grammy winning hit \"Ode To Billie Joe\", which she had covered the previous year, and which Gentry wrote and recorded in 1967. The melody is essentially the same as that of the Gentry song, but Gentry seemingly was never informed or given any credit by Hall. After driving past a school called Harpeth Valley Elementary School in Bellevue, Tennessee, Hall noted the name and wrote \"Harper Valley P.T.A.\" about a fictional confrontation between a young widow Stella Johnson and a local PTA group who objected to her manner of dress, social drinking, and friendliness with town's men folk. Jeannie C. Riley, who was working as a secretary in Nashville for Jerry Chesnut, got to hear the song and recorded it herself and it became a massive hit for her.\" ", "When Jeannie C. Riley recorded “Harper Valley PTA” in 1968, it not only became her most beloved hit to date, but also threw songwriter Tom T. Hall into the spotlight: The song became a major, international hit — the song hit No. 1 in Canada and Australia, and earned a Top 20 spot in the U.K. (No. 12) — and has sold more than 6 million copies. “Harper Valley PTA” also made Riley the first woman to land at No. 1 on both the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Hot 100 charts with the same song — something that no other female artist would do until 1981 ( Dolly Parton ‘s “9 to 5″).", "*Tammy Faye Bakker recorded a protest song to the tune of \"Harper Valley PTA\" in retaliation to the scandal in which she and husband Jim Bakker were involved in the late 1980s.", "Wow, I'd have thought Paul Kelly had bigger hits than that. Easily my favourite of the 5 or so I know. Didn't Harper Valley P.T.A. hit #1 here? Or did you use a different chart or something?", "Born Woodrow Wilson Guthrie in 1912 Okemah, OK; American singer, songwriter, and folk musician best known for his honest portrayals of life during the Great Depression; also a poet, Guthrie's expressions promoting social, political, and spiritual justice directly inspired the folk music revival of the 1960's; inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, and highlighted by the Smithsonian Institution in This Land Is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie", "Pete Seeger's rendition of the song written by Malvina Reynolds in 1962,is known internationally, and in 1963 reached # 70 in the Billboard Hot 100. Seeger was a friend of Reynolds, also a political activist, and like many others in the 1960s he used folk songs as a medium for protest.", "That song was written by Bob Gaudio, along with a lady friend, Judy Parker. At first it was about the repeal of Prohibition, and was called \"December 5th, 1933.\" Judy wasn't pleased with that concept, though, and said that the words were a little \"too cute.\" New lyrics were written, and the melody reworked. The result was a tune that everyone seemed to like -- except for one man. \"Me,\" said John Paiva. \"I'm the guy who predicted 'December '63' would be a bomb.\"", "The \"Philmont Hymn\" is the ranch's official song and was written by John Benton Westfall (1928-May 9, 2009) in 1947 when he was 19. Westfall was the lone staffer at Visto Grande (then called Cimarron Bench Camp) at the time. Westfall, who at the time was a student at Pittsburg State University wrote the song on a trip home to Kansas on a train from Philmont influenced by the \"click-click, click-click\" of the tracks. He later became a professional Scouter in Iowa, Kansas, and Oklahoma and worked as a salesman for Phillips Petroleum. ", "“Footloose” by Kenny Loggins — “Loggins’s chart-topping 1984 single, cowritten with Dean Pitchford, returns with new lyrics to fit the zoo setting of this picture book adaptation, packaged with a CD recording. Instead of kicking off Sunday shoes, Loggins invites readers to “slip on their dancin’ shoes” and join a rowdy cast of animals who show off several dancing styles. …the revised lyrics offer a fun way for parents and grandparents to “cut footloose” with a new generation.” — Rubin Pfeffer, PUBLISHERS WEEKLY, c2016.", "Taylor Swift, country music’s youngest-ever Entertainer of the Year, attended Alvernia Montessori School in Berks County Pa. The singer is widely described as “the product of homegrown values”; New York Times calls her “one of pop’s finest songwriters, country music’s foremost pragmatist, and more in touch with her inner life than most adults”.", "Peter “Pete” Seeger (May 3, 1919 – January 27, 2014) was an American folk singer and activist. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of the Weavers, most notably their recording of Lead Belly’s “Goodnight, Irene”, which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture and environmental causes.", "Peter \"Pete\" Seeger (May 3, 1919 – January 27, 2014) was an American folk singer and social activist. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of the Weavers, most notably their recording of Lead Belly's \"Goodnight, Irene\", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture and environmental causes.", "Peter \"Pete\" Seeger (May 3, 1919 - January 27, 2014) was an American folk singer and activist. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of the Weavers, most notably their recording of Lead Belly's \"Goodnight, Irene\", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture and environmental causes.", "The Byrds (“To every thing there is a season and a time for every purpose under the heaven”. The song was “Turn! Turn! Turn!” – written by Pete Seeger)", "*The Philadelphian punk band Ex Friends put the words of the poem to music in their digital single \"This Be The Verse\". ", "* \"For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)\" by AC/DC (Dewey uses the lyrics in a speech to the class)", "His favourite song from this album – which it should be mentioned once again was released in 1970 and is thus not really a sixties album… – was “New Speedway Boogie.” This song was written in 1969 about the death of Meredith Hunter at Altamont, by a gang of Hell’s Angels who were hired as security. It was written by Dead lyricist Robert Hunter.", "A November 1963 Newsweek article fueled rumors that Dylan stole this song from a New Jersey high school student. The article stated:", "* \"Something to Believe In\" by The Ramones (Penn and Teller are seen supporting the fictitious \"Hands Across Your Face\" charity)", "Carl was recruited to be a member of the Lake County Fourth Grade Marching Band, and because of the Perkins’s limited finances, was given a new white shirt, cotton pants, white band cap and red cape by Miss Lee McCutcheon, who was in charge of the band. In January 1947, Buck Perkins moved his family from Lake County, Tennessee to Madison County, Tennessee . A new radio that ran on house current rather than a battery and the proximity of Memphis made it possible for Carl to hear a greater variety of music. At age fourteen years, using the I IV V chord progression common to country songs of the day, he wrote what came to be known around Jackson as “Let Me Take You To the Movie, Magg” (the song would convince Sam Phillips to sign Perkins to his Sun Records label).", "We Want A Rock - References the 1967 song \"If I Were a Carpenter\" by Tim Hardin, which was famously covered by many artists including Johnny Cash.", "“The Ballad of High Noon” (or “Do Not Forsake Me, O My Darlin’”) is a popular song published in 1952, with music by Dimitri Tiomkin and lyrics by Ned Washington. ", "A prolific songwriter, his best-known songs include \"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?\" (with Joe Hickerson), \"If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)\" (with Lee Hays of the Weavers), and \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" (lyrics adapted from Ecclesiastes), which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are sung throughout the world. \"Flowers\" was a hit recording for the Kingston Trio (1962); Marlene Dietrich, who recorded it in English, German and French (1962); and Johnny Rivers (1965). \"If I Had a Hammer\" was a hit for Peter, Paul & Mary (1962) and Trini Lopez (1963), while the Byrds had a number one hit with \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" in 1965.", "Spector attended Fairfax High School, where he learned how to play the guitar and started writing songs. During his time at Fairfax, he met fellow students Marshall Leib, Harvey Goldstein and Annette Kleinbard. Together they formed the music group The Teddy Bears, and had a No.1 hit in the United States and the United Kingdom with \"To Know Him Is To Love Him.\" The title of the song was taken from the inscription on Spector's father's grave.", "They are well known for their vocal harmonies and were among the most popular recording artists of the 1960s. Their biggest hits - including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"I Am a Rock\" (1965), \"Homeward Bound\" (1965), \"Scarborough Fair/Canticle\" (1966), \"A Hazy Shade of Winter\" (1966), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1969), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Cecilia\" (1969) - peaked at number one in several charts. They have received several Grammys and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007.", "Folk singer Pete Seeger, who had been blacklisted in the 1950s because of his leftist political views, was initially banned by CBS from singing the song, Waist Deep in the Big Muddy, on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in September 1967. On this day, however, he was allowed to sing the song about the American quagmire in the Vietnam War.", "SONG - The Highest Judge of All - (Billy) - \"Take me beyond the pearly gates\"", "We understand you began writing songs at the George School in Pennsylvania. Can you tell us how that came about?", "63 min: An impromptu version of Take Me Home, Country Roads just broke out at Eden Park. West Virginia! Sing along:", "*The children's television show Barney & Friends has a song called \"Walk Across the Street\" sung to this tune. ", "In the early fifties with high school friends he played in a country oriented Western and Bop Band. Between 1950 and 1952, they performed at local clubs and high school talent shows, sometimes adding a bass and, less frequently, drums. Harmony duets still predominated their style, with Bob usually singing lead. When Buddy occasionally would sing lead, you'd hear a more upbeat tempo, a less country sound and another forecast of things to come." ]

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[ "18. Elvis’s last No. 1 album in his lifetime was Aloha From Hawaii Via Satellite, which topped the chart in May 1973. It displaced Pink Floyd’s The Dark Side of the Moon (which has gone on to become one of the best-selling albums of all time).", "This was the last #1 hit for Elvis during his lifetime. A remixed version of \"A Little Less Conversation\" hit #1 in the UK in 2002.", "Mark James : Caught in a Trap : Suspicious Minds : Elvis' Last No. 1 Hit : Elvis Articles : Mark James. : 'For Elvis Fans Only' Official Elvis Presley Fan Club", "Elvis finally scored his first UK number one single in 1957 with \"All Shook Up\", and quickly became a phenomenon. It was in 1960 when the million selling \"It's Now or Never\" hit the top giving Elvis his fifth number-one single after \"Jailhouse Rock\", \"One Night/I Got Stung\" and \"A Fool Such As I\" had all hit the top. He kept breaking his own record another ten times by June 1965 with \"Are You Lonesome Tonight\", \"Wooden Heart\", \"Surrender\", \"His Latest Flame\", \"Can't Help Falling In Love/Rock-A-Hula Baby\", \"Good Luck Charm\", \"She's Not You\", \"Return To Sender\", \"Devil In Disguise\" & \"Crying In The Chapel\". He had now achieved 15 #1 singles, a record that seemed very difficult to beat.", "His 1977 country hit, \"Way Down,\" was the #1 song on Billboard magazine's country singles chart the week of Elvis' death. Nine other songs would go to #1 on Billboard's country charts between 1956 and 1981: \"I Forgot to Remember to Forget,\" \"Heartbreak Hotel,\" \"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You,\" and the two-sided #1 hit \"Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel\" (all 1956); \"All Shook Up,\" \"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\" and \"Jailhouse Rock\" (all 1957); \"Moody Blue\" (1977); and \"Guitar Man\" (1981, a remixed version released more than three years after his death). Most of his 1950s #1 country hits were also #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well.", "6. Elvis had a No. 1 album (Elv1s: 30 No. 1 Hits) in 2002, 25 years after he died. Nobody else has ever had a No. 1 album that long after his or her death.", "8. Elvis had 17 No. 1 hits, a total topped only the Beatles (with 20) and Mariah Carey (with 18). In addition, six of Elvis’s songs peaked at No. 2. The biggest of these, “Return to Sender,” spent five straight weeks at No. 2 in 1962, stuck behind the Four Seasons’ “Big Girls Don’t Cry.”", "But the other song, “Just Like Rolling Up the Hill,” was sold on eBay. What this means, according to eBay, is that the new owner can “produce, sing, or release it yourself.” It was later promoted on eBay as “Elvis’ Last Recorded Song.” No one other than King had knowledge of these recordings and songs.", "In September, Elvis Presley returned to the top with the soundtrack to his film King Creole. One place lower at no.2 was last year's soundtrack Loving You and a new compilation Elvis Golden Records. King Creole was the last film made by Elvis before entering the US army and also the last in black and white. The songs in the film included the hit singles Hard Headed Woman and the title track and features the Jordanaires on backing vocals, particularly on all the ballads. Elvis Golden Records was one of Rock n Roll's first unashamed greatest hits collection, 14 tracks, 10 of which were US number one singles between 1956 to date.", "The song hit #1 on the Billboard charts the week ending November 3, 1956, remaining in the position for 5 weeks and reached no. 11 on the charts in the UK. \"Love Me Tender\" also reached number three for three weeks on the R&B chart. It was also an achievement as \"Love Me Tender\" succeeded another Presley single, \"Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel\" at #1. This occurrence marked two important events in Billboard history. During this time, Elvis accomplished another record; the longest consecutive stay at number one by a single artist, sixteen weeks, though this was tied by Boyz II Men in 1994 and stood for eight years until being surpassed by R&B singer Usher in 2004 who spent 19 weeks at the top of the charts.", "This was a big comeback song for Elvis. It was seven years since his last #1 hit.", "As well as the formulaic movie songs of the 1960s, Presley added to the studio recordings of Elvis Is Back, by recording other noteworthy songs like \" She's Not You \", \" Suspicion ,\" \" Little Sister \", \" (You're the) Devil in Disguise \" and \" It Hurts Me .\" In 1966 he recorded a cover of Bob Dylan 's \" Tomorrow is a Long Time \" (which RCA Victor relegated to a bonus track on the soundtrack album for Spinout ). He also produced two gospel albums: His Hand in Mine (1960) and How Great Thou Art (1966). In 1967, he recorded some well-received singles, like Guitar Man , by songwriter/guitar player Jerry Reed . However, \"during the Beatles era (1963-70), only six Elvis singles reached number ten or better. 'Suspicious Minds' was the lone number one.\" [154]", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 � August 16, 1977), was an American singer, musician and actor. He is often known simply as Elvis, and is also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\", or simply \"The King\". Presley began his career as a singer of rockabilly, performing country and rhythm and blues songs. He developed a combination of country music and blues with a strong back beat, and an energetic delivery - one of the earliest forms of rock & roll. He also had success with ballads, country, gospel, blues, pop, folk and even semi-operatic and jazz standards. In a career of over two decades, Presley set many records for concert attendance, television ratings and records sales. He subsequently became one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music. ...", "In February of 1956 Elvis recorded his first five songs for RCA. Among these was Heartbreak Hotel, which quickly rose to the top of the charts to become Elvis’ first Number 1 hit.", "April 21, 1962 - \"Good Luck Charm\" reaches Billboard's top spot. Elvis won't have another chart topping record until 1969.", "Last met Elvis Presley in Las Vegas, Nevada in 1976 in the King's last concert in gambling city. Orbison was in the audience and Presley said on the microphone: \"Quite simply, the greatest singer in the world, Roy Orbison.\".", "Elvis Presley died at age 42 on August 16, 1977 at his mansion in Graceland, near Memphis, shocking his fans worldwide. At the time of his death, he had sold more than 600 million singles and albums. Since his death, Graceland has become a shrine for millions of followers worldwide. Elvis impersonators and purported sightings have become stock subjects for humorists. To date, Elvis Presley is the only performer to have been inducted into three separate music 'Halls of Fame'. Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales, and remains one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music.", "Elvis was 21 years old when this song was released on January 27, 1956. He had released a few singles and gained a large following in the South, but \"Heartbreak Hotel\" made him a national sensation. It was his first #1 hit on the US Billboard Pop chart, and it also topped the Country chart. Over the next seven years, he always had at least one song in the Top 10 on the Pop chart.", "Presley holds the record for the most posthumous chart toppers. Following his death in August 1977, \"Way Down\" instantly shot to the top for five weeks. Twenty-five years later, an old song called \"A Little Less Conversation\" was remixed by JXL and used in a Nike World Cup advert. It became so popular that it shot straight to the top of the charts and remained there for four weeks. Then in 2005, RCA decided to re-issue all 18 of his no. 1 singles for his 70th birthday anniversary. \"Jailhouse Rock\", \"One Night/I Got Stung\" and \"It's Now or Never\" became three more chart toppers for the superstar, giving him 21 in total of which five were posthumous. In 2007, the 30th anniversary of his death, one of Presley's albums reached the top spot.", "1956: Elvis Presley gets his first #1, as ‘Heartbreak Hotel’ moves into the top spot on the charts.", "When Elvis died, I got about five phone calls asking me to do some sort of tribute and I wouldn't do it, it's cheap, I would feel like I was thieving something. Later on, when Gidea Park did \"Beach Boy Gold\", we arranged an Elvis medley and it worked out very well. I called myself Tulsa McLean after his character in G.I. Blues. I thought I did a good job but [the Radio 1 DJ] Mike Read sussed it was me. He played it on Radio 1 and said, \"That sounds suspiciously like Les Gray to me.\" I don't know whether that killed the record, but it didn't sell.", "Elvis Presley: Although Elvis Presley died in 1977, he was still the best-selling artist of the '70s, which might surprise some people. During that decade, he released five hit albums and had 11 hit singles, including \"Separate Ways\" and \"Burning Love.\" In 1977, the year he died, Billboard rated Presley the highest-grossing live act of the year, even though he only got to tour for half of the year.", "RCA Victor released Presley's  self-titled debut album  on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of  rock and roll : \"Blue Suede Shoes\"—\"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way\", according to critic  Robert Hilburn —and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of  Little Richard ,  Ray Charles , and  The Drifters . As described by Hilburn, these \"were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases.\" [91 ] It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. [87 ] While Presley was not an innovative instrumentalist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers  Bo Diddley  and  Chuck Berry , cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, \"of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music.\" [92 ]", "Born in Tupelo, Miss., on Jan. 8, 1935 -- his twin brother, Jesse Garon, died at birth -- Elvis Presley was 18 when he walked into a Memphis studio and paid $4 to record \"My Happiness\" and \"That�s When Your Heartaches Begin\" as a present for his mother.", "Presley recorded a number of country hits in his final years. Way Down was languishing in the American Country Music chart shortly before his death in 1977, and reached number one the week after his death. It also topped the UK pop charts at the same time.", "Elvis originally recorded this number during the jam session at the Sun Studios, known as \"The Million Dollar Quartet.\" He included it in the \"How Great Thou Art\" sessions, almost ten years later.", "This ballad, written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, brilliantly conveyed the teen angst felt by the majority of Elvis's fan base. Elvis put his heart and soul into the lyrics, connecting on a personal level with listeners, and it was one of his personal favorites.", "It is his only song on that list. Presley's recording of the song was also on the list, ranked number 423.", "This was Presley's first UK number one hit for 18 months, but the first of a run of four chart toppers.  The lyrics for this song were written especially for him.  Unusually for the time, it entered the UK chart at number one where it stayed for eight weeks, and went on to sell well over a million copies.  Worldwide, it sold over 25 million copies, and is one of Presley's biggest recordings. ", "In nineteen sixty-four, Elvis Presley starred in a movie called \"Viva Las Vegas.\" Here he sings the title song from that movie.", "In 1964, Elvis Presley starred in a movie called “Viva Las Vegas.” Here he sings the title song from that movie...", "This was Presley's seventeenth Top 10 single in the UK, and was issued whilst he was still serving in the US Army.  It was listed in the UK as a double A-side with \"I Need Your Love Tonight\". " ]

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[ "Rodeo  was originally a ballet choreographed by Agnes DeMille and scored by Copland in 1942 for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo .  It premiered that year at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City with DeMille in the title role to great acclaim.  Copland converted the music into an orchestral suite, Four Dance Episodes from Rodeo , which was premiered by the Boston Pops in 1943.  This version, whose chief difference from the ballet music was the removal of one movement and the trimming of other sections, became one of Copland’s most popular and enduring works.  This is especially true of the first movement, Buckaroo Holiday, and the last, Hoedown.  Both of these have been arranged for band.", "Rodeo is a ballet scored by Aaron Copland and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, which premiered in 1942. Subtitled \"The Courting at Burnt Ranch\", the ballet consists of five sections: \"Buckaroo Holiday\", \"Ranch House Party\", \"Corral Nocturne\", \"Saturday Night Waltz\", and \"Hoe-Down\". The symphonic version omits \"Ranch House Party\", leaving the other sections relatively intact.", "Rodeo is a popular topic in country-western music, such as the 1991 Garth Brooks hit single \"Rodeo\", and has also been featured in numerous movies, television programs and in literature. Rodeo is a ballet score written by Aaron Copland in 1942, and choreographer Agnes de Mille's ballet, Rodeo was commissioned by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1942 with the Copeland score. The late country singer Chris Ledoux competed in bareback riding and wrote many of his songs based on his experiences.", "Copland's first cowboy ballet was Billy the Kid, about the notorious outlaw who lived in the American Southwest in the late 1800's. Then, choreographer (a choreographer is a person who invents dance moves) Agnes de Mille convinced Copland to write a second cowboy ballet -- Rodeo.", "Rodeo was completed in 1942 and first staged in the same year by the Ballet russe de Monte Carlo, with choreography by Agnes de Mille, niece of the Hollywood film-producer and one of the most distinguished American ballerinas of the day. The sub-title of the ballet, The Courting at Burnt Ranch, describes accurately enough its slender plot. The cowboys chase every woman they see, but pay little attention to the girl working with them on the ranch. The situation changes, however, when she appears at a Saturday night ball dressed for the occasion, when the famous Hoe-down is danced, the first time a square-dance had intruded into the world of ballet. The four dance episodes that form the orchestral suite open with Buckaroo Holiday, followed by the tranquillity of Corral Nocturne. The mood changes with Saturday Night Waltz and the final Hoe-down.", "The irony of the son of Jewish Lithuanian immigrants in Brooklyn becoming this bellwether of Americana has often been noted. That Copland was the most famous of the Americans who flocked to Paris for studies with Nadia Boulanger is also well known. What is not as familiar is the music he wrote even in Paris—ballet music that he worked into the Dance Symphony. We can hear him toying with the jazz language of the ’20s in this. It’s an element that would fade, but not disappear, from his composing toolkit. Leopold Stokowski gave the first performance of it in 1931 with the Philadelphia Orchestra, on a benefit concert for out-of-work musicians.", "Rodeo was premiered at the Metropolitan Opera House on October 16, 1942. To make the suite called Four Dance Episodes from Rodeo Copland shortened four of the main dance scenes of the ballet and dropped some connecting music, including a delightful ricky-ticky barroom piano solo reputed to have been written by the young Leonard Bernstein for insertion into the ballet as a gift to his mentor.", "Leonard Bernstein, almost 20 years Copland's junior was his lifelong friend and advocate. Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic became known for their performances of Copland's works. Bernstein even wrote a short piano section in Copland's Rodeo.", "2. During her time with the New York City Ballet, this choreographer created Fall River Legend, which she based on the story of Lizzie Borden. In 1942, her choreography for Rodeo became the first to integrate tap-dancing and classical ballet. Name this American choreographer, who created the dances for musicals like Brigadoon and Oklahoma!", "(1900-1990) – Copland is best known for his ballets like Rodeo, Appalachian Spring (which contains the Shaker hymn Simple Gifts) and Billy the Kid. Other notable works include the opera The Tender Land and the orchestral works Lincoln Portrait, El Salon Mexico and Fanfare for the Common Man.", "Aaron Copland (COPE-land) (1900-1990). At first a modernist, he was the first American student of Nadia Boulanger in Paris in the 1920s; there he finished his Organ Symphony and Music for the Theater. By the 1930s, Copland turned to simple themes, especially the American West: El Salón Mexico was followed by the ballets Billy the Kid, Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring (1944), the last containing the Shaker hymn \"Simple Gifts.\" Copland's Third Symphony contained his Fanfare for the Common Man, while Lincoln Portrait featured spoken portions of the President's writings. Copland wrote several educational books, beginning with 1939's What to Listen For in Music.", "npr_host: Welcome to the NPR Online chat. Our guest tonight is Terry Teachout, NPR Performance Today Commentator and music/dance writer for Time magazine. Copland epitomized the American classical-music sound with pieces like \"Rodeo,\" \"Appalachian Spring,\" and \"Billy the Kid.\" Welcome, Terry!", ": ct Points: 2.5 • 6 ) • Aaron Copland received:  (2.5pts) •   The Congressional Gold Medal award in 1986. •   no awards during his lifetime. •   the modern ballet Composer d'excellence award immediately after  the premiere of Rodeo. •  ", "Aaron Copland's life spanned most of the twentieth century, yet he is best-known for music that he wrote during a very short period, from 1938 to 1944. It was during this six years that he wrote his three ballets Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942) and Appalacian Spring (1943-44) as well as Fanfare for the Common Man and A Lincoln Portrait.", "In 1944, at the climax of World War II, Copland was asked by his New School colleague Martha Graham to write the score for a new ballet. Graham was every bit the modernist and iconoclast that Copland was.", "Considered one of the great Romantic ballets, Giselle was first performed in Paris in 1841. Originally choreographed by Jean Coralli and Jules Perrot, the modern production seen today was choreographed by Marius Petipa for the Imperial Ballet.", "In 1954, Copland received a commission from Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein to create music for the opera The Tender Land , based on James Agee 's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men . [67] Copland had been leery of writing an opera, being especially aware of the pitfalls of that form, including weak libretti and demanding production values. [68] Nevertheless, Copland decided to try his hand at \"la forme fatale,\" especially as the 1950s were boom times for American playwrights, with Arthur Miller , Clifford Odets and Thorton Wilder doing some of their best work. [68] Originally two acts, The Tender Land was later expanded to three. As Copland feared, critics found the libretto to be the opera's weakness, and he later stated: \"I admit that if I have one regret it is that I never did write a 'grand opera'.\" [69] In spite of its flaws, the opera has established itself as one of the few American operas in the standard repertory.", "Few figures in American music loom as large as Aaron Copland . As one of the first wave of literary and musical expatriates in Paris during the 1920s, Copland returned to the United States with the means to assume, for the next half century, a central role in American music as composer, promoter, and educator. Copland 's sheer popularity and iconic status are such that his music has transcended the concert hall and entered the popular consciousness; it both accompanies solemn and joyous celebrations the world over (Fanfare for the Common Man) and punctuates the familiar words \"Beef: It's What's for Dinner!\" (Rodeo) for millions of television viewers.", "Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 � December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music, as well as an accomplished pianist. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, he was widely known as �the dean of American composers.� Copland's music achieved a balance between modern music and American folk styles. The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape. He also incorporated percussive orchestration, changing meter, polyrhythms, polychords and tone rows in a broad range of works for concert hall, theater, ballet, and films. Aside from composing, Copland was a teacher, lecturer, critic, writer, and conductor (generally, but not always) of his own works. Early life Aaron Copland was born in ...", "a new ballet to be premiered at the Library of Congress. Aaron Copland was to compose the score.", "Aaron Copland occupies an unassailable position in the music of the United States of America. The son of Jewish emigrants from Poland and Lithuania, he was born in Brooklyn in 1900, into circumstances comfortable enough to allow him the study of music. He took lessons from Goldmark, a distinguished emigrant from Vienna, and in 1920 went to Paris, where he studied with Nadia Boulanger, the first of her American pupils. In Europe he was able to meet a number of the leading young composers of the day and to see performances by Dyagilev's Ballets russes. At the same time he was feeling his way towards a characteristically American style of composition, that should be as clearly recognisable as the national style of the late 19th century Russian composers.", "In what is considered one of the earliest examples of a truly American ballet, Rodeo combines the exuberance of a Broadway musical with the disciplines of classical ballet. Of particular note, the first scene requires men to pantomime riding and roping while dancing solo and dancing in groups (not very common for male ballet dancers), and while interacting with an awkward Cowgirl, who seeks their acceptance. The cast dresses in stylized western garb, which makes it all the more difficult to execute many of the moves.", "Born and raised in the same urban, early-20th-century milieu that produced Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern and George and Ira Gershwin, the great and quintessentially American composer Aaron Copland was trained in the classics but steeped in the jazz and popular Jewish music that surrounded him in childhood. As a young composer, his stated aim was to write music that would \"make you feel like you were alive on the streets of Brooklyn.\" Ironically, it was music that brilliantly evoked the rural American heartland that made Copland famous. One such work�arguably his greatest�was the score for the ballet Appalachian Spring, which became one of the most recognizable and beloved pieces of American music ever written almost immediately following its world premiere on this day in 1944.", "npr_guest: IT sure is. In fact, Copland was the first important American classical composer to go to work for Hollywood. A lot of his fellow composers thought he was \"selling out\" by working for Hollywood studios. But nothing could be further from the truth. Copland brought his own distinctive style to Hollywood at a time when most movie music was very strongly influenced by European romantics -- in fact, most of it was written by European-born composers! Copland scored several well-known Hollywood films, including the film versions of John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\" and Thornton Wilder's play \"Our Town.\" I think his very best film score, though, was for William Wyler's \"The Heiress,\" a movie version of Henry James' \"Washington Square\" which starred Montgomery Clift and Olivia de Havilland. He won an Oscar for that score, which I think is just possibly the best film score ever composed by a classical composer. Of course he did it for the money -- he could live for a year or two on the fee for a Hollywood score -- but he never compromised his style, or his genius, and so his film music is an important part of his output. He turned \"Our Town\" into a concert suite that gets played fairly frequently, and Leonard Slatkin has recorded a short suite from \"The Heiress.\"", "His compositions for ballet were also quite well-received and have become American classics. Among them are Rodeo, introduced in 1942, and Appalachian Spring, introduced in 1944. He proudly received the Pulitzer Prize for Appalachian Spring.", "While the \"Texas minuet\" of the \"Saturday Night Waltz\" plays de Mille’s transcribed version of \"I Ride an Old Paint\" (also known as \"Houlihan\") the cowboys and their girls pair off. Expectant of a partner and finding none, the Cowgirl is alone until the Champion Roper approaches her, having failed to best the Wrangler in winning the affections of the Rancher's Daughter. Both this section and the \"Corral Nocturne\" feature Copland's characteristic economy of sound, where he uses solo instruments in lieu of entire sections.", "Copland studied conducting in Paris in 1921, but not until his involvement conducting his own Hollywood scores, did he undertake it except out of necessity. On his international travels in the 1940s, however, he began to make appearances as a guest conductor, performing his own works. By the 1950s, he was conducting the works of other composers as well. From the 1960s on, he conducted far more than he composed. [156]", "On October 16, 1942, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo premiered Agnes de Mille's Rodeo at the Metropolitan Opera House. Frederic Franklin was cast as the Champion Roper in the original production opposite Agnes de Mille as the Cowgirl.", "1900 Aaron Copland , American composer (Billy the Kid, Appalachian Spring) (d. 1990), born in Brooklyn, New York", "Born in Brooklyn, to Russian immigrant parents, Aaron brought Russian ultra-patriotism to American music. Infusing western and jazz elements Copland wrote pieces that tell of American folklore. He was immensely popular, even when it was found that he had ties to the Communists. His \"Appalachian Spring\" won a Pulitzer Prize.", "Bériot wrote many airs variés and other miscellaneous pieces. The best known of these is the Scène de ballet. Itzhak Perlman plays this piece to romantic perfection on the same Concertos from My Childhood album that contains his rendition of Viotti's Twenty-second Concerto.", "Aaron Copland (1900-1990), “Street in a Frontier Town,” Scene 1 from the ballet Billy the Kid (1939)" ]

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[ "Riders of the Purple Sage is a Western novel by Zane Grey, first published by Harper & Brothers in 1912. Considered by many critics to have played a significant role in shaping the formula of the popular Western genre, the novel has been called \"the most popular western novel of all time.\" ", "Told by a master storyteller who, according to critic Russell Nye, “combined adventure, action, violence, crisis, conflict, sentimentalism, and sex in an extremely shrewd mixture,” Riders of the Purple Sage is a classic of the Western genre. It is the story of Lassiter, a gunslinging avenger in black, who shows up in a remote Utah town just in time to save the young and beautiful rancher Jane Withersteen from having to marry a Mormon elder against her will. Lassiter is on his own quest, one that ends when he discovers a secret grave on Jane’s grounds. “[Zane Grey’s] popularity was neither accidental nor undeserved,” wrote Nye. “Few popular novelists have possessed such a grasp of what the public wanted and few have developed Grey’s skill at supplying it.”", "(January 31, 1872 – October 23, 1939) was an American author best known for his popular adventure novels and stories that presented an idealized image of the Old West. Riders of the Purple Sage (1912) was his bestselling book.", "Riders of the Purple Sage is set in 1871 in Utah. It is set in a fictional area of Southwest Utah called Cottonwoods. Cottonwoods was founded by the father of Jane Withersteen, therefore Jane Withersteen inherited the worth of the village, \"And then she sighed, remembering that her father had founded this remotest border settlement of southern Utah and that he had left it to her. She owned all the ground and many of the cottages. Withersteen House was hers, and the great ranch, with its thousands of cattle, and the swiftest horses of the sage. To her belonged Amber Spring, the water which gave verdure and beauty to the village and made living possible on that wild purple upland waste. She could not escape being involved by whatever befell Cottonwoods\".", "Used jn many of Zane Grey's novels, and may have invented the trope. Examples are numerous, including Lassiter in \"Riders of the Purple Sage\". In \"Lone Star Ranger\" both Buck Duane and Ringo are seen as competing for this designation : Ringo wins, briefly.", "Tim Hovey - Died 9-9-1989 - Drug overdose ( Actor ) Born 6-19-1945 - He was the co-author of The New Riders Of The Purple Sage's, \"Important Exportin Man\" which is reported to have been stolen from Gospel Oak's, \"OK Sam\".", "New Riders of the Purple Sage. This 1971 release includes backup work by Jerry Garcia, Spencer Dryden, Mickey Hart and Commander Cody. Their brand of mellow country/rock is highlighted in \"Glendale Train\" and \"Louisiana Lady\". The Adventures of Panama Red is another good recording from NRPS. ", "ROBBINS: Take the silent \"Riders of the Purple Sage\": the dark, handsome actor climbs a cliff with a baby in his arms, pulls the actress playing his sister behind him, then pushes a giant boulder onto pursuing outlaws. Stunts like that made Tom Mix the first western superstar.", "Longtime Grateful Dead collaborator who co-wrote Friend of the Devil and developed a following with his psychedelic country group, New Riders of the Purple Sage. Stomach cancer, July 21.", "\"Red River Valley\" has also been recorded by Roy Acuff, Arlo Guthrie, Lynn Anderson, the Andrews Sisters, Eddy Arnold, Moe Bandy, Suzy Bogguss, Johnny Bond, Boxcar Willie, Elton Britt, Josephine Cameron, John Darnielle, Foster & Allen, Larry Groce, the McGuire Sisters, the Mills Brothers, Michael Martin Murphey, Johnnie Ray, Riders in the Sky, Riders of the Purple Sage, Tex Ritter, Marty Robbins, Jimmie Rodgers, Roy Rogers, Pete Seeger, the Sons of the Pioneers,Tex Morton with Sister Dorrie, Billy Walker, Roger Whittaker, Cassandra Wilson and Glenn Yarbrough.", "Several thematic elements play a role in Riders of the Purple Sage including the significance of morality, honor, redemption, isolation and religious confrontation.", "Spencer Dryden was dismissed from the band in February 1970 by a unanimous vote of the other members. He felt burned out by four years on the \"acid merry-go-round\" and was deeply disillusioned by the events of Altamont, which, he later recalled, \"did not look like a bunch of happy hippies in streaming colors. It looked more like sepia-toned Hieronymus Bosch\". He took time off and later returned to music in 1972 as a drummer for New Riders of the Purple Sage. Dryden was replaced by Joey Covington, an L.A. musician who had played with Hot Tuna throughout 1969 and had already performed select engagements with the Airplane throughout 1969 as a second drummer; the band's line-up was later augmented by violinist Papa John Creach in October 1970.", "During his return to Austin after a ski trip in Colorado, Nelson was inspired by his then-wife, Connie Koepke, to write a western concept album. Koepke suggested the inclusion of Arthur \"Guitar Boogie\" Smith's \"Tale of the Red Headed Stranger\", which Nelson sang during his radio shows on KCNC in Fort Worth and previously, to his children at bedtime. Nelson decided to write a complete story that included details of events prior to the ones described in the song. As he spontaneously composed the songs, Koepke wrote down the lyrics. With his original writings, Nelson included on the story, Fred Rose's \"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain\", Wolfe Gilbert's \"Down Yonder\", Juventino Rosas' \"O'er the Waves\", Hank Cochran's \"Can I Sleep in Your Arms?\", Eddy Arnold's \"I Couldn't Believe it Was True\", and Billy Callery's \"Hands on the Wheel\". When he arrived in Austin, Nelson recorded a demo of the songs on a tape recorder accompanied with his guitar at his ranch in Fitzhugh Road.", "Hopalong Cassidy or Hop-along Cassidy is a fictional cowboy hero created in 1904 by the author Clarence E. Mulford, who wrote a series of popular short stories and many novels based on the character.", "*\"Farewell to the Mountains\" – Poem by Davy Crockett, music by George Bruns, sung by Fess Parker", "The exploration, settlement, exploitation, and conflicts of the \"American Old West\" form a unique tapestry of events, which has been celebrated by Americans and foreigners alike—in art, music, dance, novels, magazines, short stories, poetry, theater, video games, movies, radio, television, song, and oral tradition—which continues in the modern era. Levy argues that the physical and mythological West inspired composers Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, Virgil Thomson, Charles Wakefield Cadman, and Arthur Farwell. ", "Harry Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – c. November 6, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, in the American Old West. Longabaugh likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert Leroy Parker) after Parker was released from prison around 1896. Together with the other members of \"The Wild Bunch\" gang, they performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.", "Pete Seeger - the banjo-picking troubadour who introduced generations of Americans to their Folk Music heritage, died of natural causes on January 27th, 2014 at the age of 94. As a member of The Weavers, he recorded such hits as \"Goodnight Irene\" and \"On Top of Old Smokey\" and would go on to write \"If I Had a Hammer\", \"Turn, Turn, Turn\", \"Where Have All the Flowers Gone\" and \"Kisses Sweeter Than Wine\"", "An obscure western concept album by a well known contemporary recording artist is \"The Ballad of Sally Rose\" by Emmy Lou Harris. Released in May 1985, it marked a significant departure for Harris and is loosely based on her relationship with the late Gram Parsons. The album tells the story of western character Sally Rose, a singer, whose hard-living, hard-drinking lover is killed while on the road. Yet another well known singer-songwriter who has recorded western music is Jewel who wrote the beautiful song \" The Cowboy's Lament,\" not to be confused with \"Cowboy's Lament\" which is also known as \"Streets of Laredo.\"", "* \"Linwood\", written and performed by Jon Chandler on The Grand Dame of the Rockies – Songs of the Hotel Colorado and the Roaring Fork Valley; winner of the 2009 Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best Song ", "Pete Seeger will be remembered as a folk music legend. The 94-year-old was known for penning \"Turn, Turn Turn\" and popularizing \"This Land is Your Land\", but there are lots of other fascinating facts many may not know about Seeger. VPC", "Peter \"Pete\" Seeger (May 3, 1919 - January 27, 2014) was an American folk singer and activist. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of the Weavers, most notably their recording of Lead Belly's \"Goodnight, Irene\", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture and environmental causes.", "Peter “Pete” Seeger (May 3, 1919 – January 27, 2014) was an American folk singer and activist. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of the Weavers, most notably their recording of Lead Belly’s “Goodnight, Irene”, which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture and environmental causes.", "In the 1960s, Greene capitalized on his image as Benjamin \"Pa\" Cartwright by recording several albums of country-western/folk songs, which Greene performed in a mixture of spoken word and singing. In 1964, Greene had a #1 single on the music charts with his spoken-word ballad, \"Ringo\" (which referred to the real-life Old West outlaw Johnny Ringo, not to Ringo Starr of the Beatles), and got a lot of play time from \"Saga of the Ponderosa\", which detailed the Cartwright founding of the famous ranch.", "World traveler and author who wrote Tales of the South Pacific, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948. His other literary works include The Fires of Spring, The Drifters, Chesapeake, and Caravans.", "Ride the High Country is a threnody for an obsolete kind of heroism and the code of honor underpinning it. It is also a paean to the landscape of Peckinpah’s youth – it was shot in the same High Sierras he had hunted and fished as a youth. These themes grounded his later works as well, Wild Bunch, Junior Bonner and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid: they might collectively be called How the West Was Lost.", "Folk singer Pete Seeger, who had been blacklisted in the 1950s because of his leftist political views, was initially banned by CBS from singing the song, Waist Deep in the Big Muddy, on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in September 1967. On this day, however, he was allowed to sing the song about the American quagmire in the Vietnam War.", "One of the first songs the band recorded in 1949,  Scruggs' \"Foggy Mountain Breakdown,\" while not especially popular upon its release, would eventually become a bluegrass classic after it was featured in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde. The Foggy Mountain Boys signed with Columbia Records in 1951 and their first single for the label, 1952's \"'Tis Sweet to Be Remembered,\" became a major country hit. However, the band would not score another big smash until the 1959 song \"Cabin in the Hills.\" Propelled by its success, The Foggy Mountain Boys churned out a slew of 1960s bluegrass hits, including \"Go Home\" (1961), \"Pearl, Pearl, Pearl\" (1962), \"You are My Flower\" (1964), \"I Still Miss Someone\" (1965) and a new recording of \"Foggy Mountain Breakdown\" (1968). However, by far their most popular song was \"The Ballad of Jed Clampett\" — the theme song of The Beverly Hillbillies — recorded in 1962, which topped the country music charts for several weeks and even reached No. 44 on the pop charts.", "Larry McMurtry 1936 Terms of Endearment, Lonesome Dove, a historical saga that follows ex-Texas Rangers as they drive their cattle from the Rio Grande to a new home in the frontier of Montana, and for co-writing the adapted screenplay for Brokeback Mountain. He wrote \"Cadillac Jack\"", "Beside the good ol’ boy joshing around between cowboy hero Gene Autrey and sidekick Pat Buttram, the 12th edition of “The Gene Autry Collection” features The Sagebrush Troubadour (1935), in which Rangers Gene Autry and Frog Millhouse (Smiley Burnette) travel undercover as Western troubadours to find the killer of old, half-blind Frank Martin. Their only clues are a guitar string and a swayback horse that is the key to finding the dead man’s lost goldmine. It’s one of only two whodunits on the singing cowboy’s resume. The other movies in the set are Ride, Ranger, Ride (1936), Yodelin’ Kid From Pine Ridge (1937) and Gold Mine in the Sky (1938).", "BOB DYLAN: (Singing) Well, The Lone Ranger and Tonto, they're riding down the line, fixing everybody's troubles, everybody's except mine...", "Shane - Main Theme: The Call Of The Faraway Hills by City Of Prague Philharmonic from the Album The Magnificent Westerns" ]

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[ "David Llewelyn Wark \"D. W.\" Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948), known as the \"Inventor of Hollywood,\" was an American film director, writer and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. He is known for his groundbreaking films The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916). ", "D.W. Griffith, in full David Wark Griffith (born January 22, 1875, Floydsfork, Kentucky , U.S.—died July 23, 1948, Hollywood , California ), pioneer American motion-picture director, credited with developing many of the basic techniques of filmmaking, in such films as The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance (1916), Broken Blossoms (1919), Way Down East (1920), Orphans of the Storm (1921), and The Struggle (1931).", "D.W. Griffith, the son of Jacob Griffith, a former Confederate colonel, was born in a tiny hamlet not far from Louisville , Kentucky. He received his early education in one-room schools, largely under the tutelage of his older sister, and was subject to the strong influence of his father’s imaginative stories of the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War and family readings of the works of Dickens, Shakespeare, and Sir Walter Scott . The family was impoverished upon the death of Jacob, when David was 10 years old. After a brief stay with relatives, the family moved to Louisville. Griffith’s formal education was terminated in secondary school by the necessity of contributing to the family’s financial needs. He became, successively, an elevator operator in a dry-goods store and a clerk in a bookstore. During the latter clerkship, Griffith was exposed to the literati of Louisville and to the actors and actresses who played at Louisville’s Temple Theatre.", "David Wark Griffith was born in rural Kentucky to Jacob \"Roaring Jake\" Griffith, a former Confederate Army colonel and Civil War hero. Young Griffith grew up with his father's romantic war stories and melodramatic nineteenth-century literature that were to eventually mold his black-and-white view of human existence and history. In 1897 Griffith set out to pursue a career both acting and writing for the theater, but for the most part was unsuccessful. Reluctantly, he agreed to act in the new motion picture medium for Edwin S. Porter at the Edison Company. Griffith was eventually offered a job at the financially struggling American Mutoscope & Biograph Co., where he directed over four hundred and fifty short films, experimenting with the story-telling techniques he would later perfect in his epic The Birth of a Nation (1915).", "David Wark Griffith, billed first as “Lawrence Brayington” and then as “Lawrence Griffith“, had a mostly undistinguished and obscure theatrical career. Appearing in touring stock companies or with Louisville theatre groups, he worked for years in the famously insecure and penurious conditions actors endured in turn-of-the-century America. Between engagements he worked odd jobs such as picking hops or shoveling coal on a freighter. Agonisingly unsuccessful at obtaining any real work in New York City, he often slept in flophouses and frequented brothels, all the while imbibing the colourful and tumultuous immigrant life of the Lower East Side.", "Contents: D.W. Griffith: the Biograph years (29 min.) - D.W. Griffith: the feature film years (27 min.) Two films which are biographical accounts of the life and work of the early motion picture producer and director, D.W. Griffith. Both films include extensive film clips from his motion pictures. The first film focuses on the films Griffith directed while working for the Biograph Company from 1908 through 1913 and includes an interview with actress Blanche Sweet. The second film reviews Griffith's work after he matured and includes an interview with Lillian Gish who comments upon her experiences acting in his films. Originally produced in 1975 for broadcast on the television program Camera Three. 56 min. total Video/C 4604", "REFERENCES: Lillian Gish, The Movies, Mr. Griffith and Me (Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969); Karl Brown, Adventures with D. W. Griffith (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973); Richard Schickel, D. W. Griffith: An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984); Robert M. Henderson, D. W. Griffith: His Life and Work (New York: Oxford University Press); William M. Drew, D. W. Griffith�s \"Intolerance:\" Its Genesis and Its Vision (Jefferson, NJ: McFarland & Company, 1986); Kevin Brownlow, The Parade� s Gone By (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968); Seymour Stern, \"An Index to the Creative Work of D. W. Griffith,\" (London: The British Film Institute, 1944-47); David Robinson, Hollywood in the Twenties (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co, Inc.); Edward Wagenknecht and Anthony Slide, The Films of D. W. Griffith (New York: Crown, 1975); William K. Everson, American Silent Film (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Iris Barry and Eileen Bowser, D. W. Griffith: American Film Master (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965).", "According to legend, D.W. Griffith struggled through his final years in poverty, ignored by the film industry he helped to create, and forgotten by the public and his peers. This legend was fostered by Lillian Gish to the end of her very long life. The truth is very different. For one thing, legal and financial maneuvering by Griffith’s attorney cousin, Woodson Oglesby, left Griffith in relative prosperity for the remainder of his life. And he was far from forgotten by the public or by Hollywood. In 1933 he was hired to star in a twice-weekly radio show featuring his reminiscences about the origins of Hollywood. He received a handsome payment for a British remake of Broken Blossoms, but his drunken escapades in London cost him the chance to be involved in any meaningful way.", "Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Dorothy Bernard William J. Butler, Arthur V. Johnson, Charles Hill Mailes, Claire McDowell, George Nichols, Alfred Paget, Mary Pickford, Josef Swickard, Henry B. Walthall, Charles West. 999:568", "As a young man, D.W. Griffith got his start in show business working part-time as a \"super\" at the local theater in Louisville, Kentucky. It was during this time that he joined the Masons and began his acting career. By 1908 Griffith began working as a film actor for the Edison Studio in the Bronx, N.Y., and later that same year began directing films for Edison's American Mutoscope and Biograph Company.", "Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Dorothy Bernard, Christy Cabanne, Harry Hyde, Wilfred Lucas, Charles Hill Mailes, Alfred Paget, Blanche Sweet, Charles West 162 min. 999:568", "Griffith was born in Los Angeles, California, one of eleven children born to parents Robert and Florence Griffith. The family lived in Littlerock, California before Florence Griffith moved with her children to the Jordan Downs public housing complex located in the Watts section of Los Angeles. As a young child, Griffith would visit her father in the Mojave Desert. Her father dared Griffith to chase jackrabbits, and she was eventually fast enough to catch one.", "Instead, he turned to another epic subject – the American Revolution. Harking back to his play War, he wove actual Revolutionary War incidents – Paul Revere’s ride, the Battle of Bunker Hill, the signing of the Declaration of Independence – into a rather flimsy love story, entitled America, involving Neil Hamilton and Carol Dempster. Again, the story focused on the Family theme, this time on two families, one Patriot, the other Loyalist. Griffith had to stretch credibility by making Hamilton a courier for the Patriot cause, thus giving him an excuse to be a witness to the most important events of the Revolution. And, of course, there had to be a patented ride-to-the-rescue, this time to save Dempster from the clutches of the libidinous British Colonel Walter Butler (Lionel Barrymore). America is notable today primarily as Griffith’s last silent epic.", "*D. W. Griffith co-wrote and directed the short film, The Hessian Renegades (1909), about the early stages of the American Revolution.", "American filmmaker. Considered to be the first great genius of American film direction, Griffith pioneered various techniques of film direction such as the dramatic use of camera angles, camera movement, lighting effects and film editing. Despite being a racist vision of the Civil war, his masterpiece The Birth of a Nation is still lauded as one of the finest works of American cinematographic history.", "D.W. Griffith has five films preserved in the United States National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". These films are Lady Helen's Escapade (1909), A Corner in Wheat (1909), The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance: Love's Struggle Throughout the Ages (1916), and Broken Blossoms (1919).", "In April 1919, Griffith, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and Charlie Chaplin founded United Artists Corporation. The man who drafted the legal articles of incorporation, and also became a partner in United Artists, was the former U.S. Treasury Secretary, William Gibbs McAdoo, the son-in-law of Woodrow Wilson, who became the Ku Klux Klan's candidate for the 1924 Democratic Party presidential nomination. Even the old Rev. Thomas Dixon took a stab at being a Hollywood producer in 1917, when he built The Dixon Studios, Laboratory and Press on Sunset Boulevard and Western. One of his more forgettable films was The Fall of a Nation, an anti-German propaganda piece designed to build popular support for U.S. entry into the First World War on the side of the British.", "makers of one of the first full-length feature films, D. W. Griffith's epic Judith of Bethulia (1914)", "His next film, Intolerance (released in 1916), was equally ambitious but a financial disaster. In 1915 he joined with Mack Sennett and Thomas Ince to form the Triangle Corporation, but the venture failed and Griffith left in 1917. He continued making movies, having success especially with Way Down East (1920), but most of his films during the '20s lost money, including those he made with United Artists, the studio he co-founded with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin . As silent movies were replaced by talkies, Griffith's position in the film industry waned. His last feature, The Struggle (1931), was a failure. Although he was no longer making movies, he was honored in 1935 with a special Oscar. His other films include Broken Blossoms (1919), Orphans of the Storm (1922) and Abraham Lincoln (1930).", "Though United Artists survived as a company, Griffith's association with it was short-lived, and while some of his later films did well at the box office, commercial success often eluded him. Griffith features from this period include Broken Blossoms (1919), Way Down East (1920), Orphans of the Storm (1921), Dream Street (1921), and America (1924). Of these, the first three were successes at the box office. [13]", "Griffith was subsequently employed as a director by Paramount Pictures and as contract director by United Artists. His view of the American Revolution was realized in America (1924), and his next-to-last film, Abraham Lincoln (1930), was another view of the American Civil War in a somewhat ponderous biographical style. Despite his past success and the general acknowledgement of his vital contributions to the syntax of the motion picture, Griffith was unable to find permanent employment after Abraham Lincoln. His last film, The Struggle (1931), a grim study of the degeneration of an alcoholic husband, was an abject failure, withdrawn by United Artists after a brief run. Griffith had produced The Struggle independently and, although not destitute , was never again able to finance another film or find regular employment in the motion-picture industry.", "On the morning of July 23, 1948, Griffith was discovered unconscious in the lobby at the Knickerbocker Hotel in Los Angeles, where he had been living alone. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage at 3:42 PM on the way to a Hollywood hospital. A large public service was held in his honor at the Hollywood Masonic Temple, but few stars came to pay their last respects. He is buried at Mount Tabor Methodist Church Graveyard in Centerfield, Kentucky. In 1950, The Directors Guild of America provided a stone and bronze monument for his gravesite. ", "Griffith’s marriage with Evelyn unravelled due to his drinking and jealousy, and they divorced in 1947. He died at the Temple Hospital in Hollywood on 24 July 1948, of a cerebral hemorrhage. At his memorial service, Donald Crisp gave a moving tribute before breaking down in tears.", "Griffith, so successful with a well-tried stage melodrama, made the decision to film yet another, even older, play. This was The Two Orphans, which had premiered way back in 1874 and in which Griffith himself appeared as a young actor. Retitled Orphans of the Storm (1921), the crowded plot dealt with two sisters, Louise and Henriette, one of them blind, played by Dorothy and Lillian Gish. Separated when they travel to Paris to find a cure for Louise’s blindness, they survive many complicated adventures before Henriette has to be saved from the guillotine through another ride-to-the rescue by Danton and his followers. The film gave Griffith the opportunity to pillory (almost literally) another hypocritical “reformer”, Robespierre. Orphans of the Storm is a delightful film in every way. The homely little details of 18th-Century French life, the rumbustious performance of Lucille La Verne as the female Fagan, and the strong portrayal of Danton by Monte Blue are all exemplary. The famous recognition scene, in which Henriette hears the voice of her lost, blind sister from a balcony, is one of the film’s strongest assets. Danton’s ride-to-the rescue is more imaginatively filmed, and more exciting, than the ride of the Klan in The Birth of a Nation.", "Just how far Griffith fell in artistry and public esteem in the late 1920s can be judged by what other directors were doing. While Griffith was churning out dreck such as The Sorrows of Satan, Drums of Love, Battle of the Sexes, and Lady of the Pavements, Fritz Lang was making Metropolis, Die Frau im Mond, Spione and M. Sergei Eisenstein was filming Battleship Potemkin and October. King Vidor was directing The Crowd and F.W. Murnau was filming Sunrise. Abel Gance shot Napoleon, with its spectacular final triptych. Carl Dreyer directed The Passion of Joan of Arc. And what must have galled Griffith more than any of these was the fact that Lillian Gish was starring brilliantly in two films directed by Victor Sjöstrom, The Scarlet Letter and The Wind. No wonder that Griffith began to rely more and more on alcohol to calm his nerves.", "All the pieces were falling into place; now what was needed was a subject worthy of Griffith’s ambitions. A writer named Frank Woods introduced Griffith to a 1905 work titled The Clansman. It had achieved modest success as both a novel and stage play, and Woods was sure it would suit the screen. Griffith fully agreed and responded with alacrity. For him The Clansman was both inspired and inspiring, and it dealt with a subject close to his Southern roots.", "Although Griffith was thought by many to be a bigot and racist, he detested the manner in which whites and the \"white man's government\" treated and oppressed Native Americans. This was a theme that he explored in several of his early short films, most notably in The Red Man's View (1909) and Ramona (1910), which are very strong denouncements of the oppression of Native Americans by whites.", "Griffith was advised that The Mother and the Law was too intimate and small-scale a story to be released by the director of The Birth of a Nation. Griffith’s viewing of Giovanni Pastrone’s epic Italian film Cabiria, depicting the attack on Carthage by the Romans, and a visit to the turreted and domed buildings of the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, turned his mind in other directions. The unimaginable slaughter in Europe during the Great War must have also stimulated his desire to make an even stronger antiwar message than the one ending Birth.", "Consequently, the dissidents left the East completely and moved about as far away as they could get -- to Los Angeles. Well, to a rural area near Los Angeles -- where there the weather was good (lots of sunshine, little rain, so ideal for outside movie work) and plentiful barns (on farms) for inside work. This was Beverly Hills. In Hollywood, Griffith and others began to experiment with longer films, and Griffith produced the first successful full-length feature film.", "Influenced by the Italian feature film Cabiria (1914), Griffith was convinced that feature films were commercially viable. He produced and directed the Biograph film Judith of Bethulia (1914), one of the earliest feature films to be produced in the United States. However, Biograph believed that longer features were not viable. According to actress Lillian Gish , \"[Biograph] thought that a movie that long would hurt [the audience's] eyes\".", "TRIVIA NOTE: The Dr. Kildare character was created by author Max Brand (under the pen name for Frederick Schiller Faust) in a series of short stories. Between 1938 and 1947, several movies were made starring   Lew Ayres as Kildare and Lionel Barrymore as Gillespie (these actors continued their roles in a late 1940s radio network series).", "In 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) contracted with Faust to acquire the rights to the Kildare character along with Faust's services as a film story writer. Faust then made major changes to the character to fit MGM's idea for a new movie series, including changing Kildare's specialty to diagnostics rather than surgery, introducing the character of Kildare's superior \"Dr. Leonard Gillespie,\" de-emphasizing the criminal elements, and restarting the story from Kildare's first arrival at the city hospital. Faust (as Max Brand) collaborated with MGM on its Kildare film series starting with the first MGM series release, Young Dr. Kildare (1938) and continuing through The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941). During this time, Faust wrote several original Kildare stories which were first published in magazines, later republished in novel form, and made into films by MGM. The stories were written prior to the films being made, and were not published as movie tie-ins.[https://books.google.com/books?id" ]

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[ "On this day in 1960 Peanuts character Lucy Van Pelt made a statement that became a book title, as well as one of the most-parodied utterances in comics history. Lucy's famous sentence, \"Happiness is a Warm Puppy\", was said one half-century ago today.", "It made me think of the brilliant Charles Schultz, the creator of Peanuts. The man who gave life to one of the most beloved dogs of all time: Snoopy. One of my favorite quotes comes directly from the Peanuts genius, “Happiness is a Warm Puppy”. So incredibly true. I have the luck of having a warm ball of goodness that curls up under my arm every night, but before I had Ashi in my life, I had my books.  In this case, comic books. You heard me! Straight from the English major’s mouth. I would read Peanuts and Mutts by Patrick McDonnell when I had gotten back from a long day. Without fail, these short panels focusing on the cats and dogs in our lives would melt me right back into contentment by the time the book would hit my bedside table. I’ve made a list below of some all time favorites. Enjoy and remember that dogs are not the only ones capable of such boundless love, that a good cookie can make an entire day better and that happiness is not only a warm puppy, but a warm and open heart.", "Following the huge success of the Peanuts-themed 1962 book, Happiness Is a Warm Puppy (on the best-seller list for two years), TV host Johnny Carson came out with his own comedic version in 1967, also a best-seller. Its title was:", "Although the expression had been in use for some time and Wodehouse had used it before (eg in The Crime Wave at Blandings, 1936), it would have been particularly well known in 1958 because of a popular song of that name. The Bluebird of Happiness was written by Art Mooney in 1948 and recorded at that time by Mooney and his Orchestra. But the ditty would later become a huge hit when covered by the Metropolitan Opera star tenor Jan Peerce (b. Jacob Pincus Perelmuth), probably in the mid-50's.", "‘Elementary, my dear Watson’. Sherlock Holmes, whose birthday was in January, in fact never spoke his most famous line in any of the stories written by his creator Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. P.G. Wodehouse was the first to use the phrase in his 1915 novel Psmith, Journalist, and it pops up again at the end of the 1929 film The Return of Sherlock Holmes.", "Most of the humorous content of “Mrs. Goose, Her Book” has the imprint of originality, and based on currently available data QI  believes that Maurice Switzer is the leading candidate for originator of the expression. This 1906 citation was also given in “The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs”, an indispensable new reference work from Yale University Press. 6", "Lyricist:     August Rigo ;  Billie Joe ;  James Mollica Destri ;  Oscar Hammerstein II ;  Rodney Jerkins ;  Stephen Sondheim", "In the 1960s, the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era. In 1988, McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco. Inspired by the expression's charm and simplicity, McFerrin wrote the now famous song, which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail, and became a hit single the next year. In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said, \"Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says 'Don't worry, be happy,' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words, I think.\" ", "Oscar Levant quipped, \"I've been around so long, I knew Doris Day before she was a virgin.\". This was first said by Groucho Marx .", "The quote is from a Cole Porter song entitled \"Ev'ry time we say goodbye,\" from Porter's revue Seven Lively Arts, from 1944. Porter (1891-1964) was an American songwriter who wrote symphonic jazz works and musicals. He is best remembered for his adaption of Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, as the musical Kiss me, Kate ( Lax and Smith 611; Havelice 200).", "'I named my puppy Ginger, after the movie star <mark>Ginger Rogers</mark>, who was, at that time, best known as Fred Astaire&#39;s dancing partner. My puppy was so gentle, she did not even object when I dressed her in my doll&#39;s clothes. Her tail would wag from beneath'", "Dr. Seuss’s ad campaign was a hit. “Quick, Henry, the Flit!” was the “Got Milk?” or the “Where’s the Beef?” of its day — a catchphrase that everyone knew. As Robert Cahn wrote in his 1957 profile of Seuss, “‘Quick Henry, the Flit’ became a standard line of repartee in radio jokes. A song was based on it. The phrase became a part of the American vernacular for use in emergencies. It was the first major advertising campaign to be based on humorous cartoons.”", "(a dog is well known as “man’s best friend\") is a saying that’s been cited in print since at least 1911. U.S. President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) is often credited with saying “If you want a friend in Washington, buy a dog,” but there is no evidence that he ever said it. “You want a friend in life, get a dog!” is a line in the play Give ‘em hell, Harry(1975).", "At the end of most episodes, the narrator, William Conrad , would announce two humorous titles for the next episode that typically were puns of each other (and usually related more to the current predicament than to the plot of the next episode). For example, during an adventure taking place in a mountain range , the narrator would state, \"Be with us next time for ' Avalanche Is Better Than None,' or 'Snow's Your Old Man.'\" Such a 'This,' or 'That' title announcement had been used in The Adventures of Sam Spade radio shows produced in 1946-50. The narrator frequently spoke with the characters, thus breaking the fourth wall .", "The popular phrase ‘dog is man’s best friend’ was coined by George Graham Vest, a Frankfort native, lawyer and United States Senator. The phrase was spoken during his closing arguments in a trail in which damages were sought for killing a dog. Vest stated, “The one absolutely unselfish friend that a man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him and the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is his dog.”", "\" Beyond the Laughing Sky \" - (Bob Hilliard and Sammy Fain) April 22, 1949 (replaced by \"In a World of My Own\"; this melody was later used for \"The Second Star to the Right\" in Peter Pan , with new lyrics by Sammy Cahn)", "Under the name of Edward Monkton, Andreae has created several cartoons used on cards and other merchandise, including \"A Lovely Love Story\" and \"The Lady and the Chocolate\". Among his best-loved characters are \"The Pig of Happiness\", the \"Penguin of Death\" and \"Zen Dog\".", "The greatest claim to fame of Warrensburg, Missouri is that it is where the phrase 'a dog is a man's best friend' originated. In 1870, a farmer shot a neighbour's dog and, in the subsequent court case where the owner sued for damages, the lawyer George Graham Vest gave a tear-jerking speech that became known as the Eulogy to a Dog:", "The name ‘His Master’s Voice’ of course came from the celebrated portrait of Nipper, a mixed-breed/part-Jack Russell Terrier which was painted in 1898, three years after the dog’s death, by his owner, Francis Barraud (he had inherited Nipper - so named because he would ‘nip’ the backs of peoples’ legs - from his brother, Mark, who’d died in 1887).  The original painting featured Nipper listening to a recording of his late master’s voice on an Edison-Bell wind-up cylinder phonograph, and Barraud initially offered it to the Edison-Bell company, who declined.  W.B. Owen subsequently suggested to the artist that he replace the phonograph with a Berliner disc gramophone, following which The Gramophone Company bought the amended painting for £100 - £50 for the “His Master’s Voice” copyright, £50 for the painting itself.  The image was first used on the cover of the company’s UK catalogue in 1899, and the following year it was registered as a trademark in the United States. ", "Avery's most famous MGM character debuted in 1943's \"Dumb-Hounded\". Droopy (originally \"Happy Hound\") was a calm, little, slow-moving and slow-talking dog who still won out in the end. He also created a series of risqué cartoons, beginning with 1943's \"Red Hot Riding Hood\", featuring a sexy female star who never had a set name but has been unofficially referred to as \"Red\" by fans. Her visual design and voice varied somewhat between shorts. Other Avery characters at MGM included Screwy Squirrel and the \"Of Mice and Men\"-inspired duo of George and Junior.", "Freud was one of Britain's first \"celebrity chefs\"; he worked at the Dorchester Hotel, and went on to run his own restaurant in Sloane Square at a relatively young age. He appeared in a series of dog food advertisements (at first for Minced Morsels, later Chunky Meat) in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry (played by a number of dogs) which shared his trademark \"hangdog\" expression. In 1968, he wrote the children's book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, six years later.", "Happy returned in the short Prest-O Change-O , directed by Chuck Jones , where he is the pet rabbit of unseen character Sham-Fu The Magician. Two dogs, fleeing the local dogcatcher, enter his absent master's house. Happy harasses them, but is ultimately bested by the bigger of the two dogs.", "Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type. [62] He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph, later renamed to His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The Gramophone Company and EMI . Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in UK and Europe. [63]", "THE TITLE OF MARK HADDON'S \"THE CURIOUS INCIDENT OF THE DOG IN THE NIGHT-TIME\" WAS FIRST UTTERED BY THIS LITERARY CHARACTER", "The music is used in the film This Happy Breed, including the closing titles. The song has since been covered by such notable and diverse artists as Gracie Fields, Cleo Laine, Donald Peers.", "\"It's delightful, it's delicious, it's Delugg.\" - The lyric \"It's delightful, it's delicious, it's de-lovely\" features in the chorus of the Cole Porter song \"It's De-lovely.\" The song first appeared in the stage musical Red, Hot and Blue! (1936), sung by Ethel Merman and Bob Hope.", "1900 - ‘His Master’s Voice’, was registered with the U.S. Patent Office. The logo of the Victor Recording Company, and later, RCA Victor, shows the dog, Nipper, looking into the horn of a gramophone machine.", "Rowlf was a guest on The Arsenio Hall Show . When Rowlf came out, he pointed to Arsenio and remarked, \"Son of a bitch!\" After the audience's hysterics died down, Rowlf added, \"That's the nicest thing a dog can say about anybody.\"", "He is a canine icon, a pet pin-up, and a hound whose wry observations on human behaviour have endeared him to millions.", "Who is credited with the quote “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”?", "In reading about this beloved English entertainer, I came across some of his clever quotes and cute sayings. Here's one that might describe the basis for his playful attitude and fun-filled approach to life: \"Such is life and life is such and after all it isn't much. First a cradle. Then a hearse. It might have been better, but it could have been worse.\"", "The Love Parade (1929) has three of them. In the song \"Paris, Stay the Same,\" Count Alfred sings about all the romantic nights he's had with the ladies of Gay Paree . Then Alfred's valet Jacques sings about his romantic nights with the maids and shopgirls of Paris. Then Alfred's dog barks out a verse, which is pretty clearly the same sentiment, but about the, er, bitches of Paris." ]

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