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[ "The Big Sleep is a 1946 film noir directed by Howard Hawks, the first film version of Raymond Chandler's 1939 novel of the same name. It stars Humphrey Bogart as detective Philip Marlowe and Lauren Bacall as the female lead in a film about the \"process of a criminal investigation, not its results.\" William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, and Jules Furthman co-wrote the screenplay.", "Howard Hawks Director, The Big Sleep What do the classic films Scarface , Twentieth Century , Bringing Up Baby , Only Angels Have Wings , His Girl Friday , Sergeant York , To Have and Have Not , The Big Sleep , Red River Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and Rio Bravo have in common? Aside from their displays of great craftsmanship, the answer is director Howard Hawks...", "The Big Sleep (1946), directed by Howard Hawks; starring: Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall. PG cert, running time 114 min.", "Humphrey Bogart with Martha Vickers in Howard Hawks's 1946 film version of The Big Sleep. Photograph: Allstar/Warner Bros", "The Big Sleep was published in the spring of 1939. Despite collecting an impressive retinue of literary admirers, including Somerset Maugham and, later, Edmund Wilson, the Knopf (US) edition sold barely 13,000 copies, though it did better in France and England. It did not begin to attract serious international attention until after the appearance of Howard Hawks’s film starring Humphrey Bogart .", "The \"Bogie and Bacall\" phenomenon, a fascination with the couple that had begun with To Have and Have Not, and that grew during their subsequent marriage, was in full swing by the end of the war. Bacall's agent, Charles K. Feldman, asked that portions of the film be re-shot to capitalize on their chemistry and counteract the negative press Bacall had received for her 1945 performance in Confidential Agent. Producer Jack L. Warner agreed, and new scenes, such as the sexually suggestive racehorse dialogue, were added (scripted by an uncredited Julius Epstein). The re-shot ending featured Peggy Knudsen as Mona Mars because Pat Clark, the originally cast actress, was unavailable. Furthermore, the parts of James Flavin and Thomas E. Jackson were completely eliminated. Because of the two versions created by the re-shooting, there is a substantial difference in content of some twenty minutes between them, although the difference in running time is two minutes. The re-shot, revised The Big Sleep was released on 23 August 1946.", "Francis Ford Coppola (; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director , Film producer , and screenwriter . He is considered to have been a central figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking.", "Michael Winner's The Big Sleep (1978), the second film adaptation of Chandler's 1939 novel of the same name, starred Robert Mitchum as Philip Marlowe", "Mark Anthony \"Baz\" Luhrmann (; born 17 September 1962) is an Australian film director, screenwriter and producer best known for The Red Curtain Trilogy, comprising his romantic comedy film Strictly Ballroom (1992), the romantic drama Romeo + Juliet (1996), and the pastiche-jukebox musical Moulin Rouge! (2001). His 2008 film Australia is an epic historical romantic drama film starring Hugh Jackman and Nicole Kidman. His 2013 drama The Great Gatsby, based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name, stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tobey Maguire. ", "The Big Sleep (1939). Based on the short stories Killer in the Rain (1935) and The Curtain (1936). [8]", "Academy Award-winning filmmaker Ron Howard is one of this generation's most popular directors. From the critically acclaimed dramas A Beautiful Mind and Apollo 13 to the hit comedies Parenthood and Splash, he has created some of Hollywood's most memorable films.", "Daniel Hanley, Mike Hill, Ron Howard Winner of 4 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, A Beautiful Mind is directed by Academy Award winner Ron Howard and produced by long-time partner and collaborator, Academy Award winner Brian Grazer. A Beautiful Mind stars Russell Crowe in an astonishing performance as brilliant mathematician John Nash, on the brink of international acclaim when he becomes entangled in a mysterious conspiracy. Now only his devoted wife (Academy Award winner Jennifer Connelly) can help him in this powerful story of courage, passion and triumph.", "AJ: Oh, well, Stanley Tucci, love of my life. I did a play with him and got to know him, and he was talking about this movie he was doing, that he was getting together. And I just loved him so much that I wanted to be around him, so I said, “Stanley, let me be part of this movie. I will be craft services. I will be your script girl. Just let me be part of this in some way.” And he called me up in my New York City apartment one day and said, “Allison, I want you to play the part of Ann, the flower lady in Big Night.” He just called and offered that to me. And that was one of the happiest movie sets I’ve ever been on. The most fun. Such difficult hours, but I was hanging out with Marc Anthony! He had a wordless part in that movie, and he and I became friends. We were so silly, hanging out together. And I loved Campbell Scott. I was just so happy to be there that I could’ve worked 24-hour days and not complained a bit. I was having such a great time. Really one of my favorite movies I got to do. ", "The Best Director winner was 58 year-old Kathryn Bigelow (her first nomination) for The Hurt Locker. It was an historic win - she became the first woman ever to win in the category. [Note: Bigelow was the second American woman nominated as Best Director (following Sofia Coppola in 2003), and only the fourth woman nominated in the category. Bigelow won the Directors Guild Award, the first woman ever to win the top award from the DGA, a solid predictor of her eventual win since the DGA feature film award winner went on to win the Academy Award for Best Director all but six times since 1948. Ironically, Bigelow was James Cameron's ex-wife. Action film director Bigelow had been a collaborator with fellow nominee James Cameron, who executive-produced Point Break (1991) and was also writer-producer for her film Strange Days (1995). The longtime Oscar snub Bigelow also directed such overlooked films as Near Dark (1987) and Blue Steel (1989).]", "Kathryn Bigelow made history tonight, becoming the first woman to be honored with the Oscar for Best Director, thanks to her sterling work in The Hurt Locker. In her speech, she thanked her cast and crew, while taking a moment to also thank the men and women serving the United States abroad.Her win comes at a time when directors in Hollywood are still relative rarity. Even among women director, Bigelow is something of an oddity -- her ouvre instead being thrilling actioners instead of... Read Full Story", "But it wasn't all doom and gloom - Kathryn Bigelow made Oscars history when she became the first female to land the top director Academy Award for her war movie The Hurt Locker , beating ex-husband James Cameron in the process. Music mogul Simon Cowell confirmed his engagement to make-up artist Mezhgan Hussainy while others to put a ring on it included Friends star David Schwimmer , who proposed to his photographer girlfriend Zoe Buckman , and Sacha Baron Cohen and Isla Fisher , who enjoyed a small private wedding ceremony in Paris, France.", "He has since appeared in a strong list of feature films and has worked with many notable directors. Some of his credits include Kathryn Bigelow 's \"Strange Days\", Irwin Winkler's \"Life as a House\", Steven Spielberg's \"War of the Worlds\" and was part of the ensemble cast of Paul Haggis' Best Picture Oscar-winner, \"Crash\" for which he received a Screen Actors Guild Award.", "Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman ever to win an Academy Award as best director. She claimed the Oscar for her 2009 Iraq War movie The Hurt Locker. Bigelow was an avant-garde painter in New York City in the 1970s when she began working with film; eventually she went to Columbia University’s film school. Her first feature was The Loveless (1982, with Willem Dafoe ), but her first splashy commercial features were Blue Steel (1989, with Jamie Lee Curtis as a rookie cop) and Point Break (1991, with Keanu Reeves as an undercover FBI slacker chasing renegade surfer bank robbers led by Patrick Swayze ). Bigelow became known as a calm and even feminine presence who liked to direct violent masculine action flicks. James Cameron , her husband from 1989-91, produced her 1995 science fiction thriller Strange Days, and her 2002 submarine movie K-19: The Widowmaker was well received. Bigelow reached a new level of fame with The Hurt Locker, a gritty and claustrophobic study of bomb detonation experts putting their lives on the line in Iraq. The film earned nine Academy Award nominations; Bigelow won for best director, and the film won the Oscar as best picture of the year. Her next film, Zero Dark Thirty (2012), about the hunt for Osama bin Laden , was also nominated as best picture.", "But the sweetest sweetheart of them all wasn't even a woman. After decades of secretly desiring the sweet, innocent-with-a-touch-of-non-innocence image of Sweetheart after Sweetheart, America's women finally had one they could publicly admire, and they revelled in him. His role as a cute little man-as-boy in Big provided women an accepted way to desire boys in men's clothing. They adored the all-American nice-guy-war-hero with a soft touch on his trigger in Saving Private Ryan. He played the heroic astronaut, the adorable chocolate-munching Forrest Gump , the AIDS-stricken gay man that no woman could ever have but all wanted. But the Sweetheartest movie of all time, opposite a female American Sweetheart - oh, it's just too much - was Sleepless in Seattle. Hanks epitomized the female fantasy of the - sniff - \"sensitive man\" sex symbol and thus left his female Sweetheart counterparts in the dust.", "Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Nora Ephron, based on a story by Jeff Arch. It stars Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, alongside a supporting cast featuring Bill Pullman, Ross Malinger, Rob Reiner, Rosie O'Donnell, Gaby Hoffmann, Victor Garber, and Hanks' wife Rita Wilson. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $220 million worldwide.", "Sleepless in Seattle, the sophomore directorial effort from Nora Ephron, is a light romantic comedy inspired by the 1957 film An Affair to Remember. Tom Hanks stars as widower and single father Sam. When Sam's son, Jonah (Ross Malinger), calls into a talk radio program looking for a new mother, Sam ends up getting on the phone and laments about his lost love. Thousands of miles away, Annie (Meg Ryan) hears the program and immediately falls in love with Sam, despite the fact that she has never met him and that she is engaged to humdrum Walter (Bill Pullman). Believing they are meant to be together, Annie sets out for Seattle to meet Sam, who, meanwhile, contends with an onslaught of letters from available women equally touched by his phone call. Rosie O'Donnell, Rita Wilson, and Rob Reiner also star.", "Until 2010, no woman had ever won the Best Director award. Kathryn Bigelow was the first, winning for The Hurt Locker — beating out her ex-husband, James Cameronnote Cameron had already won three Oscars for Titanic (1997) . (for Avatar) in the process.", "** Academy Award nomination for Best Director [film won Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Original Screenplay]", "The Big Lebowski is a comedy starring Jeff Bridges and John Goodman in a story about a Los Angeles hippy mistaken for a wealthy industrialist and drawn into a bizarre extortion scheme. The Big Lebowski was directed by Joel Cohen in 1998.", "Feb 2, 2010 Congrats to Catherine Bigelow, the director of “The Hurt Locker,” for being the 4th woman ever to be nominated for the Best Director Oscar!", "In 1993, Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks reunited for their second film together: 'Sleepless in Seattle,' a film that would go on to become one of the greatest romantic comedies of all time. Inspired by 'An Affair to Remember,' the film follows widower Sam (Hanks), whose son calls into a radio talk show and convinces his father to talk about his wife, attracting a woman named Annie (Ryan). But before the pair can come together, they'll endure a seemingly endless string of mix-ups and personal complications, of course. 20 years later, we revisit the cast of this classic and see what they're up to now. ", "It Happened One Night was the first film to win the \"Big Five\" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing). As of 2014, only two more films have achieved this feat: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975 and The Silence of the Lambs in 1991. It Happened One Night was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975.", "Bradley Cooper received his first Best Actor Oscar nomination for \"Silver Linings Playbook.\" His other credits include TV's \"Sex and the City\" and \"Alias\"; \"The Hangover\" and its sequels; \"All About Steve\"; \"The A-Team\"; \"The Words\"; and \"The Place Beyond the Pines.\"", "He has been nominated for an Emmy Award, two BAFTA Awards and five Golden Globe Awards. His other films include The Big Chill (1983), Silverado (1985), Cry Freedom (1987), Dave (1993), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), The Ice Storm (1997), In & Out (1997), De-Lovely (2004) and My Old Lady (2014).", "All About Eve (1950) . Allen became the first director to win an Academy Award for a film he starred in.", "Fellowes wrote the script for Gosford Park, which won the Oscar for Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen in 2002. In late 2005, Fellowes made his directorial début with the film Separate Lies, for which he won the award for Best Directorial Début from the National Board of Review. ", "Hanks received his first Oscar in 1994 for his role as an attorney dying of AIDS in \"Philadelphia.\" The previous year, he starred opposite Meg Ryan in the now-classic romantic comedy \"Sleepless in Seattle.\"" ]

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[ "On October 6, 1927, Warner Bros. Pictures released The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson, and a whole new era began, with “pictures that talked,” bringing the Studio to the forefront of the film industry. The Jazz Singer played to standing-room-only crowds throughout the country and earned a special Academy Award for technical achievement. However, Sam Warner paid for his family’s triumphant achievement with his life—dying of sheer exhaustion the day before the movie premiered. The Warners went on to quickly produce the first “all-talking” movie and their first “talking” gangster film, The Lights of New York. By late 1928, the rush for sound was on, with the Warners well out in front.", "In October of 1927 the film “The Jazz Singer” was released: the first full length “Talkie” – motion pictures with sound.", "Four years later, in 1927, Warner Bros. released the world’s first feature-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer. ", "With the coming of the talkies, the film musical genre naturally emerged with the first full-length, revolutionary 'talkie' (with speech and song) that premiered in New York City at the Warner Theatre on October 6, 1927. It was a \"musical\" of sorts - Warner Bros.' The Jazz Singer (1927) . Contrary to popular belief, it was not the first sound feature film, since it was mostly silent, and it was not the first Hollywood musical (The Broadway Melody (1929) holds that honor). It was also not the first instance of sound-on-film.", "The Jazz Singer, American musical film , released in 1927, that was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue . It marked the ascendancy of “ talkies ” and the end of the silent-film era.", "The effective end of the silent era of films came when Warner Brothers produced and debuted The Jazz Singer (1927) , the first widely-screened feature-length talkie or movie with dialogue. The musical, starring popular vaudevillian Al Jolson, had accompanying audio (with a sound-on-disc technology) which consisted of a few songs by Jolson and a few lines of synchronized dialogue. In his nightclub act in the film, Jolson presented the movie's first spoken ad-libbed words: \"Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't heard nothin' yet.\" The film had about 350 spontaneously ad-libbed words.", "The Jazz Singer is a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the \"talkies\" and the decline of the silent film era. Directed by Alan Crosland and produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the film, featuring six songs performed by Al Jolson, is based on ", "Legendary singer/entertainer Al Jolson died at the age of 64 of a heart attack. The brash vaudeville comedian and actor became famous by his appearance in Warners' The Jazz Singer (1927) , the first feature-length Hollywood talkie film with some spoken dialogue. His life was commemorated in two musical films: The Jolson Story (1946) in which Jolson's voice was dubbed into Larry Parks' singing, and the sequel Jolson Sings Again (1949).", "During late 1927, Warners released The Jazz Singer, which was mostly silent but contained what is generally regarded as the first synchronized dialogue (and singing) in a feature film; but this process was actually accomplished first by Charles Taze Russell in 1914 with the lengthy film The Photo-Drama of Creation. This drama consisted of picture slides and moving pictures synchronized with phonograph records of talks and music. The early sound-on-disc processes such as Vitaphone were soon superseded by sound-on-film methods like Fox Movietone, DeForest Phonofilm, and RCA Photophone. The trend convinced the largely reluctant industrialists that \"talking pictures\", or \"talkies\", were the future. A lot of attempts were made before the success of The Jazz Singer, that can be seen in the List of film sound systems.", "In the 1930s, Jolson was America's most famous and highest-paid entertainer. Between 1911 and 1928, Jolson had nine sell-out Winter Garden shows in a row, more than 80 hit records, and 16 national and international tours. Although he is best remembered today as the star of the first talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he later starred in a series of successful musical films throughout the 1930s. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was the first star to entertain troops overseas during World War II. After a period of inactivity, his stardom returned with The Jolson Story (1946), for which Larry Parks played Jolson, with the singer dubbing for Parks. The formula was repeated in a sequel, Jolson Sings Again (1949). In 1950, he again became the first star to entertain GIs on active service in the Korean War, performing 42 shows in 16 days. He died just weeks after returning to the U.S., partly owing to the physical exertion of performing. Defense Secretary George Marshall posthumously awarded him the Medal of Merit.[http://www.marshallfilms.org/filminfo.asp?id", "U.S. 1927 U.S.A. \"The Jazz Singer\" Oct. 6th, 1927: The Jazz Singer premiered in New York bringing to a close the era of silent movies and the sound and music era begins.", "In the first part of the 20th century, Al Jolson was without question the most popular performer on Broadway and in vaudeville. Show-business historians regard him as a legendary institution. Yet for all Al Jolson 's success in live venues, Al Jolson is possibly best remembered today for Al Jolson 's numerous recordings and for starring in The Jazz Singer (1927), the first nationally distributed feature film that included synchronized sound dialogue sequences as well as music and sound effects.", "The Jazz Singer is a great companion piece to Hallelujah! (1929) Both feature jazz (black) music presented for a wide (white) audience. You may watch either of these films and find offense, but at the time they were groundbreaking. Popular music from any time period is not only the soundtrack to that particular generation; it is the progression from the previous generation and a stepping stone for the next generation of musicians.", "The first Warner Bros. Vitaphone features, Don Juan (premiered August 1926) and The Better 'Ole (premiered October 1926), like three more that followed in early 1927 (When a Man Loves, Old San Francisco and The First Auto), had only a synchronized instrumental score and sound effects. The Jazz Singer contains those, as well as numerous synchronized singing sequences and some synchronized speech: Two popular tunes are performed by the young Jakie Rabinowitz, the future Jazz Singer; his father, a cantor, performs the devotional Kol Nidre; the famous cantor Yossele Rosenblatt, appearing as himself, sings another religious melody, Kaddish. As the adult Jack Robin, Jolson performs six songs, five popular \"jazz\" tunes and the Kol Nidre. The sound for the film was recorded by British-born George Groves, who had also worked on Don Juan. To direct, the studio chose Alan Crosland, who already had two Vitaphone films to his credit: Don Juan and Old San Francisco, which opened while The Jazz Singer was in production.", "This was the first movie with actual sound. The Jazz Singer was a movie in 1927 in which you could hear what Al Jolson was saying.", "Warner Brothers - who also produced the Jazz Singer - remade a 1916 silent movie, which has subsequently become lost and originally intended it to be a musical short. But the film was continually extended until it became a full-blown 57-minute feature. And although it ended up as a crime thriller, it still contains three songs, which showed off what the new medium could achieve. The film cost only $23,000 to produce, but grossed almost two million dollars.", "In 1996, The Jazz Singer was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\" motion pictures. In 1998, the film was chosen in voting conducted by the American Film Institute as one of the best American films of all time, ranking at number ninety. In 2007, a three-disc deluxe DVD edition of the film was released. The supplemental material includes Jolson's 1926 Vitaphone short, A Plantation Act.", "1927 � \"Talking\" films debut in America with the showing of The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson", "Frank Sinatra (December 12, 1915 May 14, 1998) was a very popular American singer and film actor. Beginning his musical career in the swing era as the boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found unprecedented success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He was a founding member of the \"Rat Pack\" and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy.", "       \"The Jazz Singer\" triggered the talking-picture revolution.  Based on Alfred Cohn's story \"The Day of Atonement,\" and Samson Raphaelson's popular Broadway play of the same name, the film starred Al Jolson as a Jewish boy who attempts to become a Broadway star.  Even though \"The Jazz Singer\" was not the first film to use sound, it proved to be the first one to use spoken dialogue as part of the dramatic action.   The combination of Jolson, America's most popular singer, and the new medium of sound helped to produce a profit of $3.5 million, causing Warner Bros. to begin its rule as one of  Hollywood's top studios.  When Warners Bros follow-up sound films, such as \"The Lights of New York\" also became box-office hits, the rest of Hollywood switched to sound with startling speed, hoping to adapt to the new technology.  A year after its release, Hollywood recognized the importance of \"The Jazz Singer\" with regard to motion picture history  by honoring the film with a special Academy Award.", "In \"Young Man With a Horn\" (1950), Kirk Douglas played a jazz musician whose marriage and friendships are decimated by his growing alcoholism. It co-starred Lauren Bacall (left), Doris Day, and Hoagy Carmichael.", "1915,  Billie Holiday, (Elinore Harris), the greatest female jazz singer of all time. Made over 100 records, worked with", "The Jazz Singer, despite its reputation as the first \"talkie,\" is fundamentally a silent film, with an atmospheric musical backdrop, no sound effects, and dialogue on title cards. It does, however, have several recorded songs which are lip-synced (with variable success ), and during the filming/recording of one of these songs, Jolson ad-libbed a spoken intro: \"Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't heard nothin' yet! Wait a minute, I tell ya! You ain't heard nothin'!\" (Additionally, the film has one short synchronized dialogue scene where Jolson talks to his mother.)", "** \"For producing The Jazz Singer, the pioneer outstanding talking picture, which has revolutionized the industry\".", "Louis Armstrong was the most famous jazz trumpeter of the 20th century. Like Jelly Roll Morton , Armstrong began playing in New Orleans clubs and saloons in his early teens. By the 1920s Armstrong was touring the country and leading his own band, the Hot Five (later the Hot Seven). He continued to tour and record throughout his life and was particularly famous for his innovative, loose-limbed improvisations; some call him the first great jazz improvisor. His gravelly voice and sunny persona were a hit with the non-jazz public, and later in his career he became a sort of cheerful ambassador of jazz, even appearing as himself (more or less) in movies like High Society (1956, with his good friend Bing Crosby and starlet Grace Kelly ) and Hello, Dolly! (1969, with Barbra Streisand ). The theme song from the latter film became his most widely-known recording.", "In 1930 “Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra” starred in the first feature-length movie musical filmed entirely in Technicolor , King of Jazz . The film was technically ahead of its time, with many dazzling camera effects complementing the Whiteman music. Whiteman appeared as himself, and good-naturedly kidded his weight and his dancing skills. A highlight was a concert rendition of Rhapsody in Blue. Unfortunately, by the time King of Jazz was released to theaters, audiences had seen too many “all-singing, all-dancing” musicals, and much of the moviegoing public stayed away. (It also didn’t help that the film was shot as a revue with no story and not particularly imaginative camerawork.) The expensive film didn’t show a profit until 1933, when it was successfully reissued to cash in on the popularity of 42nd Street and its elaborate production numbers.", "During 1952, Astaire recorded The Astaire Story, a four-volume album with a quintet led by Oscar Peterson. The album, produced by Norman Granz, provided a musical overview of Astaire's career. The Astaire Story later won the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999, a special Grammy award to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old and that have \"qualitative or historical significance.\"", "During 1952 Astaire recorded The Astaire Story, a four volume album with a quintet led by Oscar Peterson. The album provided a musical overview of Astaire's career, and was produced by Norman Granz. The Astaire Story later won the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999, a special Grammy award to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have \"qualitative or historical significance.\"", "A biography of Louis Armstrong (nicknamed \"Satchmo\"), American jazz trumpeter and singer. Renowned for his charismatic stage presence, improvisational solo performances, and gravelly voice, he became America's international \"ambassador of good will.\" Features archival film footage with commentary by authors, historians and jazz musicians. Supplementary short issued with: The Adventures of young Indiana Jones. 2007. 32 min. DVD X235", "In reality, the landmark part-talkie singing film was an old-fashioned melodrama about Jewish-bred 'jazz singer' Jakie Rabinowitz/Jake Robin (charismatic Broadway mega-star Al Jolson). It featured seven songs (including \"Blue Skies,\" \"Toot-Toot-Tootsie,\" and \"Mammy\" - famous for the image of Jolson on one knee holding out his arms to embrace the audience), and a few lines of screen dialogue (including one long emotional homecoming speech to Jolson's mother, played by Eugenie Besserer). After Jolson had sung his first song, \"Dirty Hands, Dirty Face\", he delivered a portentous, spellbinding line that was ad-libbed and left in the film, before singing his next song. His naturally-spoken words were the first ever heard in a full-length movie:", "Directed by Alfred E. Green. Cast: Larry Parks, Evelyn Keyes, William Demarest, Bill Goodwin. A musical extravaganza biopic telling the story of the meteoric singing/performing career of Asa Yoelson, a talented cantor's son determined to make it big in the \"biz\". After changing his name to Al Jolson, he captivated audiences everywhere with his minstrel and jazz performances. 130 min. DVD 9907", "Directed by Alan Crosland. Cast: Al Jolson, May McAvoy, Warner Oland, William Demarest, Eugenie Besserer, Otto Lederer, Josef Rosenblatt. A melodramatic story of a Jewish cantor's son (Al Jolson) who aspires to be a jazz singer despite his father's objection and religious tradition. In motion picture history, this marks the first feature film to utilize synchronous sound. 89 min. DVD 8594; vhs 999:790" ]

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[ "Aalborg Airport ( IATA : AAL) about 7km east of the city centre, is Denmark's 3rd largest airport with flights to around 20 European destinations, including Oslo, Reykjavik and the Faroe Islands as well as major hubs like London, Paris, Amsterdam and Istanbul. There is also a semi direct connection from New York with Iceland Express every Wednesday. Major carriers includes Norwegian, SAS and Atlantic Airways.", "Aalborg Airport is 6 km northwest of the city centre. With its two runways, it has 20 direct routes to destinations in Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, the UK, Spain, and Turkey, along with seasonal flights to additional Spanish destinations and the Faroe Islands. Processing 1.4 million passengers a year, the airport is the third largest in Denmark. The Aalborg Air Base, an important Danish Air Force facility, occupies part of the extensive airport area. The Port of Aalborg is northern Denmark’s main import/export hub, operated by Aalborg Havn A/S on the Limfjord. Two additional private harbours serve the cement factory, Aalborg Portland A/S, and the power station, Vattenfall A/S.", "Aalborg Airport ( IATA : AAL) about 7 km east of the city centre, is Denmark's 3rd largest airport with flights to around 20 European destinations, including Oslo, Reykjavik and the Faroe Islands as well as major hubs like London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Istanbul. Major carriers includes Norwegian, SAS, Turkish Airlines, and Atlantic Airways. Many routes are limited within seasons.", "*On 24 December 2002 a Swearingen Metroliner III (OY-BPH) of Danish operator North Flying crashed after take off from Aberdeen on a positioning flight to Aalborg in Denmark. Immediately after take-off the aircraft was suspected to have suffered a major power loss in its right engine and crashed into a field just to the south of the airport. It slid along the field and through a fence onto Dyce Drive, a main road into the airport, where it hit a moving car and then came to rest. The two crew and driver of the car survived the accident, with only one crewmember sustaining minor injuries. ", "With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier. Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia's busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014. Other notable airports are Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport, and Aarhus Airport.", "Copenhagen (Kobenhavn), Denmark's capital and largest city, has one of the busiest airports (Kastrup) of Northern Europe. It is the terminal port for the great arc over the North Atlantic from the United States and Canada , as well as the corresponding arc across the North Pole to Japan and East Asia. Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) operates worldwide. Likewise, Copenhagen's Free Port serves 5,000-6,000 ships annually as they exchange cargoes without the expense and formalities of clearing customs. Aarhus, Odense, and Aalborg also are centers of trade and commerce.", "..... Click the link for more information.  is Denmark's capital, largest city, and chief industrial center. In addition to the capital, other important cities include Ålborg, Århus Århus", "Aarhus Airport ( IATA : AAR) is on the Djursland peninsula 44km north east of Aarhus , 50km from Randers , 90km from Silkeborg , 99km fra Horsens , 98km from Viborg and 138km from Aalborg. An airport shuttle bus connects the airport to Aarhus Central Station from where you can reach the rest of Jutland by Train. Non national carriers serving Aarhus airport are Ryanair, British Airways and Finnair.", "Appearing here as a white area, it is the capital and largest city of Denmark. It is located on the eastern shore of Zealand, partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two.", "Aarhus Airport ( IATA : AAR) is on the Djursland peninsula 44 km north east of Aarhus , 50 km from Randers , 90 km from Silkeborg , 99 km fra Horsens , 98 km from Viborg and 138 km from Aalborg. An airport shuttlebus connects the airport to Aarhus Central Station from where you can reach the rest of Jutland by Train. Non-national carriers serving Aarhus airport are Ryanair, British Airways and Finnair.", "The island of Sylt also has an airport, which in the summer sees many flights from domestic German airports and Zurich . The airport is of limited use, however, for tourists wishing to go beyond the North Frisian Islands, as travelling to anywhere in the continental part of Schleswig-Holstein requires changing trains and often travelling as far as Hamburg. There is also an airport at Sonderborg , Denmark which is useful for travel to Flensburg and surroundings.", "Billund Airport () is an airport in Denmark. Located 1 NM northeast of Billund, it serves as one of the country's busiest air cargo centres, as well as a charter airline destination, although some regular airlines also offer flights there. Nearby Legoland Billund park is the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside of Copenhagen. ", "Nordkraft is a cultural centre in a former power plant near the harbour. It has theatres, a cinema, and concert facilities. Kunsthal Nord, established in the centre in 2009, arranges up to five exhibitions a year of all forms of contemporary art, especially of local origin but also from other parts of Denmark and beyond. It serves as the exhibition centre for KunstVærket, the North Jutland centre for the arts, and also works in collaboration with the modern art museum Kunsten designed by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. ", "SAS is the largest airline in Scandinavia and is the flag carrier of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The airline operates flights to 176 destinations in more than 30 countries. Its main European and intercontinental hub is Copenhagen Airport (CPH) near Copenhagen, the company operates also hubs at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN) and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL). SAS website provides online booking and airline ticket reservation service, information about the airline's fares and timetables.", "The main airport of Denmark is Kastrup - Copenhagen Airport - the largest airport in Scandinavia. In Jutland the main airports are Billund near Esbjerg and Aarhus Airport in Tirstrup. Arriving to Denmark by airplane you will most often be landing in Copenhagen. The airports of Aarhus and Billund only have few international flights. Among them connections to London, Sweden, Norway and Spain.", "Helskini Airport (IATA code: HEL), also known as Helsinki - Vantaa Airport is located in the city of Vantaa, 17 km north of Helsinki. Is the main airport of Finland that serves Helsinki metropolitan region. It is also a popular transfer point between Asia and Europe, due it's geographical location and fast and easy transfers. It serves as a hub for Finnair, its subsidiary Nordic Regional Airlines, CityJet, Jet Time, TUIfly Nordic and operatic base for Norwegian Air Shuttle. The airport is a focus city for Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia. It was originally built for the 1952 Summer Olympic Games. In 2015, the airport served over 16 Million passengers, being the fourth busiest airport in the Nordic countries and the 31th busiest airport in Europe. Is considered one of the best airports in Europe by some surveys.", "Earlier known as Jersey European Airways, Flybe (BE) is a low-cost British Airline offering scheduled passenger services to more than 102 destinations. Serving as the largest regional airline, Flybe has been serving its customers since 1979. Headquartered in Jack Walker House Exeter International Airport Devon, United Kingdom, the airline has its largest base in Birmingham and hub at Manchester. The airline offers scheduled services to many countries in Europe including Austria, Croatia, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain and many more.", "Norway's craggy coastline makes roads and trains slow, so domestic flights are very popular. The largest operators are SAS [13] , Norwegian [14] and Widerøe [15] .", "Billund-Airport is one of the medium-sized airports in Denmark. It is an international airport with more than 2.9m passengers per year (incoming, outgoing and transit). The runways are located 11 hours away from Atlanta, GA and from here the shortest possible connection is a 1 Stop Over flight. This is a Long Distance flight as defined by the European Union.", "Stavanger Airport, Sola, is located in Sola, 14 minutes away from Stavanger City Center. The airport opened in 1937. In 1940 Stavanger Airport, Forus, opened, but closed in 1989. In 2013 Sola airport had over 4 million passengers and was the largest airport in Rogaland county. It is also the 3rd largest airport in Norway and 7th in the Nordic countries. The busiest route is Oslo-Gardermoen, with over 1,5 million passengers; the second most popular is Bergen Airport, Flesland, with over 700,000 passengers; Oslo-Torp is the third most popular, followed by Trondheim Airport, Værnes and Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik domestically. Internationally, the busiest routes are Copenhagen, Amsterdam, and Aberdeen. Stavanger also has connections to domestic and European destinations, including London, Berlin, Paris, Barcelona, Stockholm, Warsaw. Domestic destinations are all the way up from Tromsø down to Kristiansand. The airport also provides intercontinental routes to Cancun and Phuket.", "Malmö-Sturup Airport [dead link] ( IATA : MMX) is located 61 km from Copenhagen in southern Sweden and offers low-fares flights with Wizzair to Eastern Europe and Ryanair to London (Stansted), Poland and Spain. An Airport shuttle bus connects the airport with Copenhagen central station. FlyBus charges UK₤10 or kr 100 for the ride.", "2001 – At Linate Airport in Milan, Italy, Scandinavian Airlines Flight SK686 collided on take-off with a Cessna Citation II business jet, killing 118 people.", "Since 1998, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in the United States has been the world's busiest passenger airport. Numbers represent the number of passengers enplaned and deplaned with passengers in transit counted only once.", "Svalbard Airport, Longyear is located at Hotellneset, 3 km northwest of town. It has a 2483 m long runway and is the only airport that is permitted to serve aircraft from off the archipelago. Scandinavian Airlines operates daily flights to Oslo and Tromsø, while there are irregular flights to Russia. Lufttransport operates regular charter services to Svea Airport and Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben. Arktikugol operates helicopters to Barentsburg and Pyramiden. There are two quays in Longyearbyen, one for export of coal and one for general goods. From 1907 to 1987, the mining companies operated a network of aerial tramways to transport coal from the mines to the port.", "Sandefjord Airport, Torp [2] ( IATA : TRF) is located just north of Sandefjord , 115 km to the south of Oslo, and is Ryanair's destination airport in Oslo. Ryanair now operate another service, from London Stansted to Haugesund on the west coast.", "Copenhagen Airport is the largest airport in Scandinavia and a cruise in the Baltic Sea very often starts in Copenhagen before the ship leaves for Saint Petersburg, Stockholm, Tallinn and other of the cities in Baltic Sea.", "Malmö Airport , called Sturup, is actually in the Svedala municipality some 30 kilometres by road from central Malmö. It is mostly used by low-fare, charter and regional carriers. The only one operating sceduled international flights from there is WizzAir .", "a place where passenger aircraft arrive and depart, with buildings for customs, waiting-rooms etc. lughawe مَطَار летище aeroporto letiště der Flughafen lufthavn αεροδρόμιο aeropuerto lennujaam فرودگاه lentoasema aéroport שׂדֶה תְּעוּפָה विमानपत्तन zračna luka repülőtér bandar udara flugvöllur aeroporto 空港 공항 oro uostas lidosta lapangan terbang vliegveld flyplass , lufthavn lotnisko هوایی ډګر aeroporto aeroport аэропорт letisko letališče aerodrom flygplats สนามบิน; ท่าอากาศยาน havaalanı 機場 аеропорт ہوائی اڈہ sân bay 機場", "Kiel has its own airport ( IATA : KEL) in \"Holtenau\" (north-west). Planes of the size of a BAe 146 can take off and land. Charter flights leave for other Scandinavian destinations. At the moment, there are no regular services.", "On 10 November 2015, Flybe announced that it would base two Embraer 195 aircraft at Doncaster's Robin Hood Airport, starting new routes to Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, Jersey, Alicante, Málaga, Faro and Newquay as of 27 March 2016. ", "Solastranden (Sola Beach) is a long sandy beach by the airport. It is very popular in the summer and allows for some small waves for surfing. Along the beach, in the dunes, are the remains of defences from the 1940-45 occupation. Other less populated beaches are all along the coastline although they are sometimes hard to find.", "ANA Boeing 737-500 at Sapporo International Airport ( Chitose ). An ANA Boeing 777-200 can be seen on final approach in the background." ]

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[ "*\"Crocodile Rock\" reaches the top of the US charts, giving Elton John his first U.S. number-one single.", "in 1970 - Elton John's first US hit, �Your Song� entered the Billboard Hot 100, where it went on to reach number eight. The Hollies had been offered the song and Three Dog Night had already recorded a version which was included on their �It Ain't Easy� album.", "1970, Elton John's first US hit, ‘Your Song’ entered the Billboard Hot 100, where it went on to reach number eight. The Hollies had been offered the song and Three Dog Night had already recorded a version which was included on their ‘It Ain't Easy’ album.", "Up until the release of Crocodile Rock, Elton’s biggest hits had been ballads backed with Taupin’s pensive lyrics. But this jaunty rock ‘n’ roll number – the first single from his Don’t Shoot Me, I’m Only the Piano Player album – broke the mould, becoming his first number one single in the US (and reaching number five in the UK). Though recognising that it has never been the weightiest or most original song he and Taupin have penned, Elton defended the track in 1995: “I wanted it to be a record about all the things I grew up with. Of course it’s a rip-off, it’s derivative in every sense of the word.”", "1970 - Elton John and lyricist Bernie Taupin combined for the first time on Elton�s first American album simply titled, Elton John. The LP contained Elton�s first hit, Your Song, which made it to the top ten on the music charts in December.", "For his second album, John and Taupin hired producer Gus Dudgeon and arranger Paul Buckmaster, who contributed grandiose string charts to Elton John. Released in the summer of 1970, Elton John began to make inroads in America, where it appeared on MCA's Uni subsidiary. In August, he gave his first American concert at the Troubadour in Los Angeles, which received enthusiastic reviews, as well as praise from Quincy Jones and Leon Russell . Throughout the fall, Elton John continued to climb the charts on the strength of the Top Ten single \"Your Song.\" John followed it quickly in late 1970 with the concept album Tumbleweed Connection, which received heavy airplay on album-oriented radio in the U.S., helping it climb into the Top Ten. The rapid release of Tumbleweed Connection established a pattern of frequent releases that John maintained throughout his career. In 1971, he released the live 11-17-70 and the Friends soundtrack, before releasing Madman Across the Water late in the year. Madman Across the Water was successful, but John achieved stardom with the follow-up, 1972's Honky Chateau. Recorded with his touring band -- bassist Dee Murray, drummer Nigel Olsson, and guitarist Davey Johnstone -- and featuring the hit singles \"Rocket Man\" and \"Honky Cat,\" Honky Chateau became his first American number one album, spending five weeks at the top of the charts.", "in 1975 - Elton John's album 'Captain Fantastic And The Brown Dirt Cowboys', went to No.1 on the US album chart, the first album ever to enter the US chart at No.1.", "Elton John's career as singer/songwriter started in the early 1960s, when he won a piano scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music in London at the age of eleven. Two weeks before his final exams, he abandoned his studies to pursue a career in show business, starting off as a messenger boy for a music publishing company. At the same time he earned extra money by performing with his band Bluesology, which backed up soul artists such as Patti LaBelle and Doris Troy. As early as 1967 his first success came with the chart single \"Let the Heartaches Begin,\" sung by R&B singer Long John Baldry and backed by Bluesology.", "Elton John was the biggest pop star of the '70s, grabbing headlines and generating hits throughout the world. As it turned out, this was merely the first act in a remarkable career that kept him at the top of the charts for over 25 years. He charted a Top 40 hit single every year between 1970 and 1996, a sign that he knew how to both change with the times and mold the times to fit him. Initially marketed as a singer/songwriter, John soon revealed he could craft Beatlesque pop and pound out rockers with equal aplomb. He could dip into soul, disco, and country, as well as classic pop balladry and even progressive rock. His versatility, combined with his effortless melodic skills, dynamic charisma, and flamboyant stage shows, became his calling cards and many of his songs -- including \"Your Song,\" \"Rocket Man,\" \"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road,\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" -- became contemporary pop standards.", "1975: Elton John begins a two-week stint at No. 1 on the singles chart with a cover of \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.\"", "He had already released his first two albums, Empty Sky and Elton John, the second of which had reached no. 11 in the charts. That album featured both his US Top 92 hit Border Song (which also formed Elton's debut on \"Top Of The Pops\" - the TV programme, not the LP series!) and his first UK hit, Your Song, (although the latter was not released until January 1971, after the release of his third LP, Tumbleweed Connection. In fact, THAT album had itself already been recorded back in March 1970).", "In November 1977, Elton John announced he was retiring from performing; Taupin began collaborating with others. Now only producing one album a year, John issued A Single Man in 1978, employing a new lyricist, Gary Osborne; the album produced no singles that made the top 20 in the US but the two singles from the album released in the UK, \"Part-Time Love\" and \"Song for Guy\", both made the top 20 in the UK with the latter reaching the top 5. In 1979, accompanied by Ray Cooper, Elton John became one of the first Western artists to tour the Soviet Union, as well as one of the first in Israel. John returned to the US top ten with \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\" (number 9), a song originally rejected in 1977 by MCA before being released, recorded in 1977 with Philadelphia soul producer Thom Bell. John reported that Thom Bell was the first person to give him voice lessons; Bell encouraged John to sing in a lower register. A disco-influenced album, Victim of Love, was poorly received. In 1979, John and Taupin reunited, though they did not collaborate on a full album until 1983's Too Low For Zero. 21 at 33, released the following year, was a significant career boost, aided by his biggest hit in four years, \"Little Jeannie\" (number 3 US), with the lyrics written by Gary Osborne. ", "In 1967, Dwight answered an advertisement in the British magazine New Musical Express, placed by Ray Williams, then the A&R manager for Liberty Records. At their first meeting, Williams gave Dwight a stack of lyrics written by Bernie Taupin, who had answered the same ad. Dwight wrote music for the lyrics, and then mailed it to Taupin, beginning a partnership that . When the two first met in 1967 they recorded what would become the first Elton John/Bernie Taupin song: \"Scarecrow\". Six months later Dwight was going by the name \"Elton John\" in homage to Bluesology saxophonist Elton Dean and Long John Baldry.", "1947 ● Elton John (Reginald Kenneth Dwight) → Grammy-winning pop-rock and rock ‘n’ roll mega-star with over 40 Top 25 hits, from “Crocodile Rock” (#1, 1973) to “Candle In The Wind 1997” (#1, 1997)", "in 1974 - Elton John started a ten-week run at No.1 on the US album chart with his 'Greatest Hits'.", "This song helped send the Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player album to #1 on both sides of the Atlantic. It was Elton's first #1 in the UK, but Honky Chateau went to #1 in the US earlier that year.", "After failing lead vocalist auditions for both King Crimson and Gentle Giant , Dwight answered an advertisement in the New Musical Express placed by Ray Williams , then the A&R manager for Liberty Records . At their first meeting, Williams gave Dwight a stack of lyrics written by Bernie Taupin , who had answered the same ad. Dwight wrote music for the lyrics, and then mailed it to Taupin, and thus began a partnership that continues to this day. In 1967, what would become the first Elton John/Bernie Taupin song, \"Scarecrow\", was recorded; when the two first met, six months later, Reginald Dwight had changed his name to Elton John, by deed poll , in homage to Bluesology saxophonist Elton Dean and Long John Baldry.", "His heyday was short-lived:1970/1975.During this time,he was really the prince of pop,because nobody else could take over the Beatles' throne.So Elton John Madman across the water goodbye yellow brick road and captain Fantastic are among his greatest achievements.There's precious little to say after....", "Greatest Hits (often referred to as Elton John Greatest Hits in North America) is the eleventh official album release for Elton John, and the first compilation. Released in November 1974, it spans the years 1970 to 1974, compiling ten of John's singles, with one track variation for releases in North America and for Europe and Australia. It topped the album chart in both the United States and the United Kingdom, staying at number one for ten consecutive weeks in the former nation and eleven weeks in the latter. It is his best-selling album to date, being his first to have received an RIAA Diamond certification for US sales of more than 10 million copies – as of April 2016 the album has been certified as selling in excess of 17 million copies in the US.", "Last month marked the 40th anniversary of Elton John’s “Philadelphia Freedom” reaching the top of the Billboard singles charts.", "The son of a former Royal Air Force trumpeter, Elton John was born Reginald Kenneth Dwight in 1947. Dwight began playing piano at the age of four, and when he was 11, he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music. After studying for six years, he left school with the intention of breaking into the music business. In 1961, he joined his first band, Bluesology, and divided his time between playing with the group, giving solo concerts at a local hotel, and running errands for a London publishing house. By 1965, Bluesology were backing touring American soul and R&B musicians like Major Lance, Doris Troy and the Bluebells. In 1966, Bluesology became Long John Baldry's supporting band, and began touring cabarets throughout England. Dwight became frustrated with Baldry's control of the band and began searching for other groups to join. He failed his lead vocalist auditions for both King Crimson and Gentle Giant before responding to an advertisement by Liberty Records. Though he failed his Liberty audition, he was given a stack of lyrics Bernie Taupin, who had also replied to the ad, had left with the label. Dwight wrote music for Taupin's lyrics and began corresponding with him through mail. By the time the two met six months later, Dwight had changed his name to Elton John, taking his first name from Bluesology saxophonist Elton Dean and his last from John Baldry.", "1970 - U.S. Debut / Elton John - \"In 1970, Elton John made his debut in the United States at the Troubadour club in Los Angeles.\"", "1970 - Elton John made his first live appearance in the U.S. He opened for David Ackles at \"The Troubadour\" in Los Angeles, CA.", "This fortuitous connection would not only bring the stability to Gus’s work that he had been looking for, but it also launched Elton’s career as a true recording artist. While Elton and Bernie’s song writing had become more mature over the past months, it was not until their material was married to the talents of Gus and Paul that it truly came alive. Although it was originally conceived as an elaborate songwriter’s demo, soon after its release in 1970, and in conjunction with some breakout performances in America, the resulting Elton John album generated the chart success and critical attention that Elton and his management had found so elusive.", "By the beginning of the 1990s, John was able to turn around his personal problems. He also took a greater interest in public service with the establishment of the Elton John AIDS Foundation and a commitment to AIDS research. The album The One, released in 1992, became an instant success and helped lead to a publishing deal with Warner/Chappell music, a twelve-year agreement that involved the highest cash advance in the music industry until Robbie Williams surpassed it in a deal he signed in 2002. John's singing style throughout The One is warmly expressive, demonstrating a sensitivity for the lyrical sentiments through a control of register that is always reliable and convincing. Musically, the style on this album is laid back within an adult-oriented rock genre that affords the singer the opportunity to reflect. John claimed that this album was the first he released without alcohol or drugs, a circumstance that might account for the measured and poignant mood of all the songs.", "The Elton John album is released, the second album by Elton John, but the first to chart and the first to be released in America.", "Sir Elton Hercules John CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947) is an English pop/rock singer, composer and pianist.", "1969: Elton John meets for the first time with what would become his classic team – songwriter Bernie Taupin, arranger Paul Buckmaster, and producer Gus Dudgeon – to begin work on his first solo album.", "Secondly, for the first three years of his \"proper' music biz career Elton John was a confirmed studioholic. Although he failed his legendary audition for Liberty Records in June 1967, he had caught the attention of A & R man Ray Williams, who also had connections with publishers Dick James Music. Having been introduced to Taupin by Williams, Elton started recording demos of their material both at Regent Sound Studios and DJM's own facilities.", "Elton John (1947- ) is the first rock star from the West to tour the U.S.S.R.", "in 1976 - Elton John was immortalised in wax at Madame Tussauds in London. The first rock star to be so since The Beatles.", "Elton John: 'If it hadn't been for Elvis, I don't know where popular music would be. He was the one that started it all off'." ]

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[ "Oral Roberts University (ORU), based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in the United States, is an interdenominational, Christian, comprehensive liberal arts university with an enrollment of about 3,661 students. Founded in 1963, the university is named after its late founder, evangelist Oral Roberts, and accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA).", "Tulsa has 15 institutions of higher education, including two private universities: the University of Tulsa, a school founded in 1894, and Oral Roberts University, a school founded by evangelist Oral Roberts in 1963.", "More than a university, Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was also the headquarters for evangelist Oral Roberts’s electronic church. The electronic church in America, dominated by Christian evangelicals, used technology to spread the Gospel over radio airways and television signals to a dispersed audience. Yet evangelicals like Roberts also constructed ambitious campuses in real space and time. The architecture of Oral Roberts University visualized a modern and “populuxe” image for the electronic church in the 1960s and 1970s. The university’s Prayer Tower purposely alluded to the Seattle Space Needle, aligning religion and the Space Age, and the campus’s white, gold, and black color palette on late modern buildings created an image of aspirational luxury, conveying Roberts’s health and wealth gospel. Oral Roberts University served as a sound stage for Roberts’s radio and television shows, a pilgrimage point for his audience, and a university dedicated to training evangelicals in the electronic church.", "Prayer Tower (center) and John D. Messick Learning Resources Center (left), Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma, ca. 1960s. (Source: Beryl Ford Collection/Rotary Club of Tulsa, Tulsa City-County Library and Tulsa Historical Society, Tulsa, Oklahoma.)", "The architecture of Oral Roberts University reified the so-called electronic church in America—the collection of religious radio, television, and now online ministries dominated by Christian evangelicals. While the electronic church ostensibly existed in radio waves and satellite transmissions, radio evangelists and televangelists in the 1960s through the 1980s realized [End Page 381] ambitious architectural programs—including Robert Schuller’s Crystal Cathedral in California, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker’s Heritage USA theme park in South Carolina, and Pat Robertson’s Regent University in Virginia—that located the electronic church in real space. 4 Oral Roberts University was a particularly successful realization of the electronic church in two principal ways. First, the campus was the site of the very production of Roberts’s electronic ministries, providing interior studio space and exterior stage sets. Second, the architecture of the campus itself symbolized the technological production and transmission of Roberts’s evangelical message.", "The city's historical residential core lies in an area known as Midtown, containing upscale neighborhoods built in the early 20th century with architecture ranging from art deco to Greek Revival. The University of Tulsa, the Swan Lake neighborhood, Philbrook Museum, and the upscale shopping districts of Utica Square, Cherry Street, and Brookside are located in this region. A large portion of the city's southern half has developed since the 1970s, containing low density housing and retail developments. This region, marked by secluded homes and suburban neighborhoods, contains one of the state's largest shopping malls, Woodland Hills Mall, as well as Southern Hills Country Club, and Oral Roberts University.", "Oral Roberts University campus on dedication day, 2 April 1967. Clockwise from top: Prayer Tower, Learning Resources Center, Timko-Barton Hall, Roberts Hall dormitory, and the dome of the Health and Physical Education Center. (Source: Beryl Ford Collection/Rotary Club of Tulsa, Tulsa City-County Library and Tulsa Historical Society, Tulsa, Oklahoma.)", "Supervision of public schools is conducted by elected state and county superintendents, and higher education is coordinated by the regents for higher education, appointed by the governor. Major schools within the state university system are the University of Oklahoma (founded 1890), in Norman, and Oklahoma State University (1890), in Stillwater . Both have a large number of graduate departments ranked above average in achievement. Also notable is the historically black Langston University , established by the territorial legislature in 1897. Private institutions enroll less than one-fifth of the college population; these include the University of Tulsa (1894; Presbyterian) and Oral Roberts University (1963; interdenominational Protestant), in Tulsa.", "The university’s focus on technology identified it as a technologically progressive and forward-looking institution. In its own promotional literature, it used the descriptors “futuristic” and “ultramodern,” advertising that every dorm room had a television and air conditioning and that the student dining commons had state-of-the-art microwave ovens. 50 Amid the university dedication events in 1967, Billy Graham stressed the electronic leaning of the university: “Dr. Roberts has given Tulsa and America a university and an institution of and for tomorrow. He has taken all that modern science can give, including computers and electronics and used [End Page 393] them in the best way to mold students.” 51 While an operating, degree-granting institution, Oral Roberts University was, and remains, heavily invested in the modern electronic church.", "Tulsa has two universities that compete at the NCAA Division I level: the University of Tulsa Golden Hurricane, and the Oral Roberts University Golden Eagles. The University of Tulsa's men's basketball program has reached the Sweet Sixteen three times, made an appearance in the Elite Eight in 2000, won the NIT championship in 1981 and 2001, and won the inaugural College Basketball Invitational in 2008. The Tulsa football team has played in 16 bowl games, including the Sugar Bowl (twice) and the Orange Bowl. Oral Roberts University's men's basketball team reached the Elite Eight in 1974 and won the Mid-Continent Conference title three straight years, from 2005 to 2007. ", "The Prayer Tower in Tulsa parroted the Space Needle and U.S. Science Pavilion in Seattle in its designs. In 1962, when Stanfield was the architect for the campus, Oral Roberts University published a campus master plan with a central structure in a triangular, sail-like shape. 66 The design changed dramatically after Roberts visited Seattle in 1963 and changed his architect to Wallace. In a second scheme published in 1964, Wallace transformed the central structure, now named the Prayer Tower, into an open cylinder with lancet arches and an open crown 67 ( fig. 13 ). This design borrowed much formal language from Yamasaki’s so-called “space Gothic” arches on the Seattle fairgrounds.", "Successive schemes for the Oral Roberts University Prayer Tower by architects Cecil Stanfield (left) and Frank Wallace (center and right). (Source: “The Way We Weren’t,” Perihelion (yearbook), 1967, 86. Image courtesy of Tulsa City-County Library, Tulsa, Oklahoma; used with permission from Oral Roberts University.)", "The BOK Tower, built during this period, is the 2nd tallest building in Oklahoma and the surrounding states of Missouri, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Kansas. Tulsa also has the third-, and fourth-tallest buildings in the state, including the Cityplex Tower, which is located in South Tulsa across from Oral Roberts University, far from downtown. One of the area's unique architectural complexes, Oral Roberts University, is built in a Post-Modern Futuristic style, incorporating bright gold structures with sharp, jetting edges and clear geometric shapes. The BOK Center, Tulsa's new arena, incorporates many of the city's most prominent themes, including Native American, art deco, and contemporary architectural styles. Intended to be an architectural icon, the building was designed by César Pelli, the architect of the Petronas Towers in Malaysia.", "On November 27, Pearsons said the university planned to separate its finances and leadership from the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association, to the apparent approval of many students and faculty members. On 10 January 2008 ORU settled with lawsuit plaintiff John Swails who was reinstated to his previous teaching position. The school also announced a formal search committee for a new president, to be headed by board of regents member and Tulsa resident Glenda Payas. ", "Perhaps due to Wallace’s derivative designs, the university’s Christian identity, and its location in middle America, the Oral Roberts University campus was snubbed by the architectural press in its early years, though it was discussed often in profiles of Roberts himself. When the campus did receive attention from critics, they framed its architecture as rather pedestrian. The 1978 assessment published in Progressive Architecture claimed that Oral Roberts University represented “a kind of popular understanding of modern architecture” tinged with an idea of luxury:", "Even as it positioned itself within traditional academic ideals, the school identified strongly as a conservative Christian university with a central evangelical mission. Roberts was inspired to establish the university by his own son’s secularized experience at Stanford University. 31 Evangelist Billy Graham framed the genesis of the university this way: While many American colleges and universities had become places where “religion and God are foreign,” “[w]e see rising up in this country schools like Oral Roberts University and men like Oral Roberts, who are not ashamed to say ‘I believe in the Bible, in Christ, and in the supernatural.’” 32 The university required attendance at chapel twice weekly, though students could attend local churches of their choice and denomination on Sundays. Students also had to adhere to strict conduct and dress codes as well as physical fitness standards. 33 The school was distinctive for how strongly it was tied to its religious founder and namesake. President Roberts—who himself never [End Page 388] earned a college degree—was a constant presence on campus and exerted control over students and faculty in a “semitheocracy.” 34", "Oral Roberts University • Type of institution: Four-year university • Emphasis: Liberal arts • Contact: (918) 495-6518 or (800) 678-8876, www.oru.edu", "A profile of architect Frank Wallace recounted a story about visitors on the Oral Roberts University campus tour who, when asked who the architect of the campus was, guessed architects Yamasaki and I.M. Pei. Their answers were revealing for two reasons. First, Wallace was not a household name, and he remains little known or studied. Like Oral Roberts, he was an Oklahoma native. He attended architecture school at the University of Arkansas, the same school where Edward Durell Stone—remembered for his designs for the John F. Kennedy Center (1959–71) in Washington, D.C., and the U.S. Embassy (1954) in New Delhi, India, among others—also studied and taught. Rather than seek an elite architect with a national reputation, Roberts consciously chose an architect from his own community to execute his vision. The Oral Roberts University campus was the greatest architectural commission of Wallace’s career. 81", "On January 14, 2008, Oral Roberts University’s board of regents voted unanimously to accept $62 million from the Mart Green family, founders of Hobby Lobby and Mardel educational and Christian supply stores. In late October, an ORU spokesman had said ORU was $52.5 million in debt and the school accepted an unconditional $8 million from the Greens in late November. ORU’s board of regents has been replaced with a 23-member board of trustees all initially named by the Greens, with Mart Green as chairman. Although Green said in November, two family members would sit on the board, he will reportedly be the only one. Green said he wanted to be involved in ORU because his family “felt like financial stewardship needed to be shored up.” ", "Students were also expected to participate in the electronic church. The World Action Singers who performed on the Roberts television ministry were selected from university students in an attempt to appeal to a younger audience. Students and faculty were also invited to be the audience for Roberts’s television shows. Students gained experience with technology in the service of evangelization by working at the KORU radio station, and this technological teaching was also codified in the curriculum. Roberts’s University of Evangelism, the predecessor to Oral Roberts University, trained students in the use of “radio, television, films and other modern methods to win souls”; one of the courses offered at Oral Roberts University was “Contemporary Methods in Evangelization.” 49 A key purpose of the university was to train future evangelists for the electronic church.", "The Presbyterian Church (PCUSA) established the Presbyterian Mission Day School, a one-story building at what would become 4th Street and Boston Avenue in 1884. A second story was soon added to accommodate the number of children who were to attend. This school operated until 1889. When Tulsa incorporated in 1899, it took over the school and became the first public school. James M. Hall and three other men bought the property with their own funds and held the title until the city could reimburse them. ", "The University of Tulsa has an enrollment of 4,192 undergraduate and graduate students and is ranked 83rd among national doctoral universities in U.S. News and World Reports 2009 edition of America's Best Colleges and among the best 123 Western Colleges by the Princeton Review in 2007, which also ranks it in the top ten schools nationally for quality of life, overall happiness of students, and relationship with the community. In addition to doctoral and masters programs, TU is home to the University of Tulsa College of Law and the Collins College of Business. TU also manages the famous Gilcrease Museum in northwest Tulsa and hosts the Alexandre Hogue Gallery on its main campus.", "This year also marks the fiftieth year since Clyde and his wife, Patsy, helped found the Unitarian Universalist Church of Las Cruces, New Mexico. While at university, the couple had visited Unitarian churches in Kansas. When Clyde joined New Mexico State University in 1955 to found its now-renowned astronomy program, they joined students interested in starting a church.", "Wright provided a valuable link for the young college to its Tulsa constituency, and he continued to serve in that capacity even after the move to Oklahoma City. He was a generous contributor, a great board member and a man of vision who provided important leadership in the critical early years. He served on the board until 1984.", "* The University of Oklahoma operates what is known as the OU-Tulsa Schusterman Center, offering bachelors, master's and doctoral degree programs in conjunction with the main campus in Norman and the OU Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City. The OU-Tulsa Schusterman Center also houses the OU School of Community Medicine, the first medical school of its kind in the United States.", "University of Tulsa • Type of institution: Four-year comprehensive university • Emphasis: Preprofessional and professional preparation • Contact: (918) 631-2307 or (800) 331-3050, www.utulsa.edu", "1. Oklahoma Panhandle State University • Goodwell • Type of institution: Four-year university • Emphasis: Agriculture and education • Contact: High School and Community Relations, (580) 349-1310 or (800) 664- 6778, ext. 1310, www.opsu.edu", "In partnership with Southwestern Oklahoma State University, the tribe founded the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College on August 25, 2006. Dr. Henrietta Mann, enrolled tribal member, was president in 2009. The campus was in Weatherford, Oklahoma and the school offered programs in Tribal Administration, American Indian Studies, and General Studies. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College Board of Regents voted to dissolve the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College at the end of the 2015 spring semester. ", "Muskogee is home to four institutions of higher education: the public four-year Northeastern State University, the public two-year Connors State College, the public Indian Capital Technology Center and the private four-year Bacone College, which is the oldest college in the state of Oklahoma.", "The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including two major university systems: Arkansas State University System and University of Arkansas System. The University of Arkansas, flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System in Fayetteville was ranked #63 among public schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Other public institutions include University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, and University of Central Arkansas across the state. It is also home to 11 private colleges and universities including Hendrix College, one of the nation's top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report. ", "“The land! The land!” Thousands of Oklahoma Christian University students can instantly recognize those words as the words of their favorite teacher, Dr. Jim Wilson. They may or may not share his exuberance concerning the American frontier, but they remember the words because they are the words of a person who made a difference in their college years.", "Northeastern State Normal opens in Cherokee Female Seminary building. This building and many other tribal schools and government buildings were lost at Oklahoma statehood. " ]

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[ "Its flagship store in London is across 7 floors with more than 50,000 toys. Located at Nos. 188-196 Regent Street, it is considered one of the city's major tourist attractions, receiving around five million visitors per year. The chain has several other outlets in the United Kingdom and others worldwide.", "Hamleys is the oldest toy shop in the world and one of the world's best-known retailers of toys. Founded by William Hamley as \"Noah's Ark\" in High Holborn, London, in 1760, it moved to its current site on Regent Street in 1881. The flagship London store is set over seven floors, with more than 50,000 toys on sale. It is considered one of the city's major tourist attractions, receiving around five million visitors each year. The chain has ten other outlets in the United Kingdom and nearly 50 franchises worldwide. Hamleys was bought by the Icelandic i ... (展开) nvestment company Baugur Group in 2003 but was taken over by Baugur's main investor, the Icelandic bank Landsbanki when the group defaulted. In 2012, the French toy retailer Groupe Ludendo bought the business for £60 million. In October 2015 it was reported that Groupe Ludendo was negotiating the sale of the toy retailer, possibly to a Hong Kong company owned by a relative of the owner of department store House of Fraser.", "Regent Street (between Oxford Circus and Piccadilly Circus). Includes such gems as Hamleys, considered to be London's flagship toy store spread out on seven levels, and the London Apple Store. (Tube: Oxford Circus, Piccadilly Circus)", "Dinky Toys are die-cast miniature model cars and trucks. They appeared in early 1934 when Meccano Ltd of Liverpool , England introduced a line of \"Modelled Miniatures\" under the trade mark \"Meccano Dinky Toys\". The announcement was made in the April 1934 issue of Meccano Magazine . [1] [2] [3]", "Hamleys is the oldest and largest toy shop in the world and one of the world's best-known retailers of toys. Founded by William Hamley as \"Noahs Ark\" in High Holborn , London , in 1760, it moved to its current site on Regent Street in 1881. This flagship store is set over seven floors, with more than 50,000 toys on sale. It is considered one of the city's prominent tourist attractions, receiving around five million visitors each year. The chain has ten other outlets in the United Kingdom and also has more than 60 franchises worldwide.", "Eureka! The National Children's Museum is an interactive educational museum for children in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, with a focus on learning through play. It is run as an educational charity and not-for-profit organisation. Eureka! is based on the North American model of children’s museums, aimed at families with children age 0–11 and encourages hands-on inter-generational learning.", "Hamleys is the oldest toy shop in the world and one of the world's best-known retailers of toys. Founded by William Hamley as \"Noah's Ark\" in High Holborn, London, in 1760, it moved to its current site on Regent Street in 1881.", "With Christmas on the way, aside from Essential SF as a present, what smart toy can you buy? Help is at hand with the Science Museum, Kensington, London's, Smart Toy guide.", "In the 1780s William Bullock the elder, a West Bromwich toy-maker, was making various metal wares, some involving the use of steel: sword-hilts, buckles, buttons, watch-chains, and hat-pins. (fn. 219) Other references to steel-toy making in the later 18th and early 19th centuries (fn. 220) indicate that the trade was then carried on in West Bromwich, but it was not important. The Bullocks had turned to ironfounding by 1805. (fn. 221)", "The annual London Toy Fair, the trade show for the toy and games industry, takes place at Olympia.", "Between 1984 and 2003, the building housed a large collection of stuffed animals in complex dioramas, such as an animal courthouse or school classroom populated by baby squirrels. Known as \"Mr Potter's Museum of Curiosities\", these exhibits were created by Walter Potter in the 1850s, and were originally housed in his museum in Bramber, Sussex. The collection was auctioned by Bonhams in 2003 resulting in its dispersal.", "The Web Adventure Park, Wigginton Road Kids will love this brilliant family activity centre near the Clifton Moor stretch of York’s outer ring road. Grown-ups needn’t miss out on the fun because Wired, a high ropes challenge course up to 26ft (8m) off the ground, is suitable for adults. Creepy Crawlies boasts an indoor play centre with dedicated zones for sixteen-year-olds down to toddlers and an outdoor park featuring sand and water play areas, electric quad bikes, an animal farm and a synthetic ice rink. Other activities available include arts & crafts and horse riding, and there is an on-site café. Website: www.webadventurepark.co.uk", "There is much confusion over the origins of the modern 'Newton's cradle'. An unknown designer in Canada has been credited, without any substantiating evidence, as being the first to name and make this popular executive toy . However in early 1967, an English actor, Simon Prebble , coined the name 'Newton's cradle' (now used generically) for his iconic wooden version manufactured by his company, Scientific Demonstrations Ltd . After some initial resistance from uncomprehending retailers, they were first sold by Harrods of London thus creating the start of an enduring market for executive toys. Later a very successful chrome design for the Carnaby Street store Gear was created by the sculptor and future film director Richard Loncraine .", "A replica of the Manchester SSEM, aka \"Baby\"—now at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England.", "Hamleys toy shop is 100 metres south of Oxford Circus on the east side of the road. Originally located in Holborn and named Noah's Ark, the Regent Street store opened in 1881 and has been at the present address since 1981. It claims to be the largest toy shop in the world. ", "Frank Hornby  was the founder of Meccano, one of the foremost toy manufacturers of the 20th century. He originally produced electric train sets. The first Dinky toys were produced under the name Modelled Miniatures in 1933 as accessories to his train sets. The large scale production of Dinky Toys took off in 1934. Meccano produced these at the Liverpool Binns Road factory from 1934 until 1979. ", "Hi Daniel, My mother used to work in the 50`s as an outdoor machinist for a dolls clothes manufacturer on Blackhorse rd. I cannot remember its name, but I remember having to wait outside for her with my baby brother crying in his pram, while she waited for the next batch of dolls clothes to make. It would be great if you could let me know. I love your web site, I left walthamstow when I was 13 in 1957, but I am still a stowie.", "The Town Museum provides a range of Guided Walks around Peterborough City Centre, in the daytime and during the evenings. The tours, which range from ghost walks to medieval, Victorian and wartime history, provide a fascinating and informative insight to different aspects of the city's past.", "Stockport's museums include the Hat Works in Wellington Mill, a former hat factory, and Stockport Air Raid Shelters in the underground tunnels dug in the Second World War to protect inhabitants in air raids. Staircase House, a Grade II* listed medieval townhouse, houses the Stockport Story Museum. ", "The V&A Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green houses one of the world's largest and oldest collections of toys ; dating from as far back as the 16th Century, it includes some of the first jigsaw puzzles ever made. Also among the treasures are rocking horses, dolls, teddy bears , puppets, toy soldiers, train sets, model cars and board games .", "Try Also Diggerland, Castleford Where children (of all ages!) get to ride, drive and operate construction vehicles. Ideal for families and very close to junction 31 of the M62.", "The Cambridge Toy Shop, 15/16 Sussex St, CB1 1 PA. The ultimate independent toy shop. A reward perhaps for your little one completing the walk?", "The Pomskizillious Museum of Toys in Gozo is a curious and delightful privately owned collection. Edwin and Susan Lowe, a British couple from Devon, assembled a fine assortment of genuine nineteenth and twentieth century toys. The three hundred year old converted farmhouse in which the toy museum is located provides an ideal home to this unique collection. These outstanding antiques have found their home in Gozo from various parts of the world but the best represented countries are the usual suspects when it comes to the main Western European toy manufacturing regions of the period...this includes England, France, Germany and Italy. International renowned brands such as Steiff, Lenci and Kathe Kruse soft toys, Schuco & Lehmann clockwork tin toys and a Wedgewood tea set may be found here. The Pomskizillious Museum of Toys has a vast repertoire, from an authentic Maltese doll that has survived for over two centuries to more 'modern' train sets from the dirty thirties.", "Visit the American Toy Museum in Akron, Ohio. The museum’s mission is to “preserve, display, interpret and disseminate the history of the American toy industry as it developed in Akron, Ohio.” For those of you unable to go to the museum, its Web site, www.americantoymarbles.org contains a wealth of information.", "All the big department stores such as Lewis's, Blacklers and TJ's had their toy sections but for specialised must haves there was no place better than Hobbies in Basnett Street. Pictured here (left) just how I remember it like time stood still, it stocked Subbuteo, airfix kits, air guns, plastic animal zoo and farm sets, Soldiers of every infantry, Jigsaws, board games, Dinky, Matchbox and Corgi vehicles, Action man - you name it, they had it.", "Snibston Discovery Museum, was located off Ashby Road and was built on part of the site of the former Snibston Colliery. It featured interactive exhibits, an 0-4-0ST steam locomotive, a fashion gallery and more. The museum focused on technology and design and how it affects everyday life.", "Named after local industrialist Sir Albert Herbert, the museum's impressive collections range from the natural history of the surrounding area to the large industrial machinery that dominated this once great manufacturing centre. The museum also features a notable collection of costumes dating from the 1800s. Its gallery spaces include sculpture and paintings by major artists, such as LS Lowry, Stanley Spencer, David Bomberg and Paul Nash. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.", "Toy-town News or Nursery Times – a newspaper based on the mythology of children's stories. For example, the royal butler Paul Burrell was satirised as the \"Knave of Hearts\" who was \"lent\" tarts \"for safe keeping\" , rather than stealing them as in the rhyme. Nigel Dempster is referred to as \"Humpty Dumpster\".", "Toytown, situated in the centre of the park, adjacent to Market Square. It is home to a number of gentle rides for young visitors.", "Meccano was the first metal toy construction set of any note sold in the western hemisphere. It was first produced about 1900 in England by Frank Hornby. It consisted of (and still consists of) metal strips of various lengths with equally spaced holes in them so they can be connected by nuts and bolts.", " On the site of the old Bell pottery stands the Potteries Museum which houses one of the largest and most important ceramics collection in the world. The museum also contains a Spitfire airplane - a tribute to the designer Reginald Mitchell who was born in the City.", "Situated at Clifford Road Primary School just off Foxhall Road, Clifford Road Air Raid Shelter Museum is housed in a World War II shelter beneath the school playground. Built during the first three months of the war, it was sealed up after the cessation of hostilities & largely forgotten about until its rediscovery in 1989, when workmen excavating a pond came upon one of the original entrances. Originally there had been thirteen sections of tunnel, each with its own stairway from the playground." ]

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[ "The Beach Boys signed with Capitol Records in July 1962 and released their first album, Surfin’ Safari, that same year. The album spent 37 weeks on the Billboard chart, launching the young group known for its shimmering vocal harmonies and relaxed California style into international stardom. The Wilson/Love collaboration resulted in many huge international chart hits, and under Brian Wilson’s musical leadership, the band’s initial surf-rock focus was soon broadened to include many other themes, helping make The Beach Boys America’s preeminent band of the 1960s.", "For five decades, The Beach Boys — America’s first pop band to reach the 50-year milestone — has recorded and performed the music that has become the world’s favorite soundtrack to summer. Founded in Hawthorne, California in 1961, The Beach Boys were originally comprised of the three teenaged Wilson brothers: Brian, Carl and Dennis, their cousin Mike Love, and school friend Al Jardine. In 1962, neighbor David Marks joined the group for their first wave of hits with Capitol Records, leaving in late 1963, and in 1965, Bruce Johnston joined the band when Brian Wilson retired from touring to focus on writing and producing for the group.", "NOTE:  The Beach Boys started out like many other rock bands of the era - as a singles act.  Beginning on the tiny Candix label, the Beach Boys soon graduated to Capitol Records, and there had many hit singles, breaking nationwide with \"Surfin' USA\".  Beginning with that single (b/w \"Shut Down\"), the band began a tradition of double-sided hits - with both the singles' \"A\" and \"B\" sides becoming hits.  With the advent of the Beatles, and the rising tide of The British Invasion, The Beach Boys became less of a \"singles\" act, and concentrated more on crafting entire albums which could stand on their own.  This page is only a small percentage of their worldwide singles output - for a more complete guide, check out the book", "The origins of the group lie in Hawthorne, California, a southern suburb of Los Angeles situated close to the Pacific coast. The three sons of a part-time song plugger and occasionally abusive father, Brian , Dennis , and Carl grew up a just few miles from the ocean -- though only Dennis had any interest in surfing itself. The three often harmonized together as youths, spurred on by Brian 's fascination with '50s vocal acts like the Four Freshmen and the Hi-Lo's . Their cousin Mike Love often joined in on the impromptu sessions, and the group gained a fifth with the addition of Brian 's high-school football teammate Al Jardine . His parents helped rent instruments (with Brian on bass, Carl on guitar, and Dennis on drums) and studio time to record \"Surfin',\" a novelty number written by Brian and Mike . The single, initially released in 1961 on Candix and billed to \"the Pendletones\" (a musical paraphrase of the popular Pendleton shirt), prompted a little national chart action and gained the renamed Beach Boys a contract with Capitol. The group's negotiator with the label, the Wilsons' father, Murray , also took over as manager for the band. Before the release of any material for Capitol, however, Jardine left the band to attend college in the Midwest. A friend of the Wilsons, David Marks , replaced him.", "In October 1961, the Pendletones recorded the two surfing song demos in twelve takes at Keen Recording Studio. Murry brought the demos to Herb Newman, owner of Candix Records and Era Records, and he signed the group on December 8, 1961. When the boys eagerly unpacked the first box of singles – released both under the Candix label, and also as a promo issue under X Records (Morgan's label) – they were shocked to see their band had been renamed as the Beach Boys. Murry Wilson called Morgan and learned that Candix wanted to name the group the Surfers to directly associate them with the increasingly popular teen sport. But Russ Regan, a young promoter with Era Records – who later became president of 20th Century Fox Records – noted that there already existed a group by that name, and he suggested calling them the Beach Boys.", "The origins of the group lie in Hawthorne, California, a southern suburb of Los Angeles situated close to the Pacific coast. The three sons of a part-time song plugger and occasionally abusive father, Brian , Dennis , and Carl grew up a just few miles from the ocean -- though only Dennis had any interest in surfing itself. The three often harmonized together as youths, spurred on by Brian 's fascination with '50s vocal acts like the Four Freshmen and the Hi-Lo's. Their cousin Mike Love often joined in on the impromptu sessions, and the group gained a fifth with the addition of Brian 's high-school football teammate Al Jardine . His parents helped rent instruments (with Brian on bass, Carl on guitar, and Dennis on drums) and studio time to record \"Surfin',\" a novelty number written by Brian and Mike. The single, initially released in 1961 on Candix and billed to \"the Pendletones\" (a musical paraphrase of the popular Pendleton shirt), prompted a little national chart action and gained the renamed Beach Boys a contract with Capitol. The group's negotiator with the label, the Wilsons' father, Murray, also took over as manager for the band. Before the release of any material for Capitol, however, Jardine left the band to attend college in the Midwest. A friend of the Wilsons, David Marks, replaced him.", "1965 led to greater experimentation behind the soundboard with Wilson. The album Today! featured less focus on guitars, more emphasis on keyboards and percussion, as well as volume experiments and increased lyrical maturity. Side A of the album was devoted to sunny pop tunes, with darker ballads on the reverse side. In November 1965 the group followed up their #3 summer smash \"California Girls,\" with another top 20 single, \"The Little Girl I Once Knew.\" It is considered to be the band's most experimental statement prior to Pet Sounds, using silence as a pre-chorus, clashing keyboards, moody brass, and vocal tics. Perhaps too extreme an arrangement to go much higher than its modest #20 peak, it was only the band's second single not to reach the top 10 since their 1962 breakthrough. In December they would score an unexpected #2 hit (#3 in the UK) with the single \"Barbara Ann\", which Capitol Records released as a single without input from any of the Beach Boys. It has become one of their most recognized hits over the years and was a cover of a 1961 song by The Regents.", "Capitol demanded a Beach Boys LP for the 1965 Christmas season, and to appease them, Brian conceived Beach Boys' Party!, a live-in-the-studio album consisting mostly of acoustic covers of 1950s rock and R&B songs, in addition to covers of three Beatles songs, Bob Dylan's \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", and idiosyncratic rerecordings of the group's earlier hits. In December they scored an unexpected number two hit (number three in the UK) with \"Barbara Ann\", which Capitol released as a single with no band input. Originally by the Regents, it became one of the Beach Boys' most recognized hits.", "(born June 20, 1942) is an American musician best known as the chief songwriter of the Beach Boys. Besides acting as their co-lead vocalist, he also functioned as the band's main producer and arranger. After signing with Capitol Records in mid-1962, Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits for the Beach Boys.", "The Beach Boys are an iconic American rock band, frequently cited as one of the most influential and commercially successful groups of all time. They are recognized for their intricate vocal harmonies, studio innovations, and musical impact that is still felt today. After rising to stardom with a string of hits that defined the '60s California Sound, they delved into progressive pop, experimenting with songs inspired by classical music and the avant-garde. Following their most esteemed work, Pet Sounds (1966), the group became symbols of psychedelic counterculture.", "Released in May, Pet Sounds eventually peaked at number eleven in the US and number two in the UK. This helped the Beach Boys become the strongest selling album act in the UK for the final quarter of 1966, dethroning the three-year reign of native bands such as the Beatles. Met with a lukewarm critical reception in the US, Pet Sounds was indifferently promoted by Capitol and failed to become the major hit Wilson had hoped it would be. Its failure to gain a wider recognition in the US combined with Capitol's decision to issue Best of The Beach Boys in July dispirited Brian, who considered Pet Sounds an extremely personal work. Some assumed that the label considered the album a risk, appealing more to an older demographic than the younger, female audience the Beach Boys built their commercial standing on. Pet Sounds sales numbered approximately 500,000 units, a significant drop-off from the chain of million-selling albums that immediately preceded it. Best of The Beach Boys was quickly certified Gold by the RIAA.", "The Beach Boys' numerous hits include \"Surfin' U.S.A.\" (1963, 1974 re-release), \"I Get Around\" (1964), \"Help Me Rhonda\" (1965), and \"Good Vibrations\" (1966). Dean Torrence provided lead vocals for \"Barbara Ann\" (1966). They continued to chart many songs throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and (on the Adult Contemporary charts) most of the 1990s. Brian and Carl Wilson also recorded solo.", "In January 1963, the Beach Boys recorded their first top-ten (cresting at number three in the United States) single, \"Surfin' U.S.A.\", which began their long run of highly successful recording efforts at Hollywood's United Western Recorders on Sunset Boulevard. It was during the sessions for this single that Brian made the production decision from that point on to use double tracking on the group's vocals, resulting in a deeper and more resonant sound. The Surfin' U.S.A. album was also a big hit in the United States, reaching number two on the national sales charts by early July 1963. The Beach Boys had become a top-rank recording and touring band.", "Finally, in mid-1962 the Beach Boys released their major-label debut, Surfin' Safari. The title track, a more accomplished novelty single than its predecessor, hit the Top 20 and helped launch the surf rock craze just beginning to blossom around Southern California (thanks to artists like Dick Dale, Jan & Dean, the Chantays, and dozens more). A similarly themed follow-up, Surfin' U.S.A., hit the Top Ten in early 1963 before Jardine returned from school and resumed his place in the group. By that time, the Beach Boys had recorded their first two albums, a pair of 12-track collections that added a few novelty songs to the hits they were packaged around. Though Capitol policy required the group to work with a studio producer, Brian quickly took over the sessions and began expanding the group's range beyond simple surf rock.", "Following a successful Australasian tour in January and February 1964, the band returned home to face the British Invasion through the Beatles appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show. Also representing the Beatles, Capitol support for the Beach Boys immediately began waning. This caused Murry to fight for the band at the label more than before, often visiting their offices without warning to \"twist executive arms.\" Brian reacted to the Beatles bemusedly: \"I was flipping out. I couldn't understand how a group could be just yelled and screamed at. The music they made, 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' for example, wasn't even that great a record, but they just screamed at it. ... It got us off our asses in the studio. We started cutting – we said 'look, don't worry about the Beatles, we'll cut our own stuff.\" Reportedly, Brian wanted more time to complete their next album, yet Capitol insisted they finish recording swiftly to avoid being forgotten in the throes of the impending invasion. Satisfying these demands, the band hastily finished the sessions on February 20, 1964 and titled the album Shut Down Volume 2. \"Fun, Fun, Fun\" was released as a single from the album (backed with \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\") and was a major hit. The LP, while containing several filler tracks, was propelled by other songs such as the melancholic \"The Warmth of the Sun\" and the advanced production style of \"Don't Worry Baby\".", "Initially comprised of brothers Brian, Dennis and Carl Wilson, plus their cousin Mike Love and close friend Al Jardine, The Beach Boys were, for a time, America’s preeminent pop band. Centered on intricate vocal harmonies, classic melodies, and breathtaking arrangements, the group’s material hit a stunning peak with “Good Vibrations,” a “pocket symphony” composed by Brian Wilson that’s considered by some to be the greatest pop song ever written. The band’s 1966 album, Pet Sounds, had a profound impact on the making of The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s album.", "#2---The Beach Boys were the number one band in the world in 1966 after recording their hit song Good Vibrations and their great album Pet Sounds!", "Capitol/EMI will put out a 78 rpm vinyl double disc set pairing two Beach Boys ’ high watermark recordings, “Good Vibrations” and “Heroes and Villains,” both recorded after the “Pet Sounds” album during sessions for the highly anticipated “SMiLe” album that was eventually shelved. The Record Store Day set will include commercially released versions of both songs on the first disc, and early alternate takes of both on the second. ", "After spending the early Sixties as an American phenomenon, the Beach Boys finally broke into the UK charts in 1966 with a trio of top three hits led by \"Barbara Ann\" then \"Sloop John B\" and \"God Only Knows\" before making number one with \"Good Vibrations\". Their LP, \"Pet Sounds\" was also a big success in 1966 and went on to be one of the most acclaimed albums of the decade. The Beach Boys fan club was started by Alice, the president, in 1973, when she wrote to rock magazines expressing an interest in seeing more articles about the band and it is the official Beach Boys fan organisation.", "Outside of Spector's own songs, the most recognizable example of the \"Wall of Sound\" is heard on many classic hits recorded by The Beach Boys (e.g., \"God Only Knows\", \"Wouldn't It Be Nice\"—and especially, the psychedelic \"pocket symphony\" of \"Good Vibrations\"), for which Brian Wilson used a similar recording technique, especially during the Pet Sounds and Smile eras of the band. Wilson considers Pet Sounds to be a concept album centered around interpretations of Phil Spector's recording methods. Author Domenic Priore observed, \"The Ronettes had sung a dynamic version of The Students' 1961 hit 'I'm So Young', and Wilson went right for it, but took the Wall of Sound in a different direction. Where Phil would go for total effect by bringing the music to the edge of cacophony – and therefore rocking to the tenth power – Brian seemed to prefer audio clarity. His production method was to spread out the sound and arrangement, giving the music a more lush, comfortable feel.", "The Pendletones changed their name to ‘The Beach Boys’ about the time they signed with the record label.", "* In 1965, the Beach Boys covered \"Tell Me Why\" on their Beach Boys' Party! album.", "Regardless of legal actions and strained relations, all of the band's surviving members were on hand in June 2011 for a special announcement: forthcoming were new live dates, reissues (including the first-ever release of The Smile Sessions; it appeared at the end of 2011), new recordings, and a spate of planned releases for 2012 that would feature all of the surviving members of the band who contributed the most to their '60s prime: Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston, and even David Marks. The new recordings included a version of their 1968 hit \"Do It Again,\" and by June 2012, a full album, including 12 original songs produced by Wilson and given the title of its first single, That's Why God Made the Radio; the album generated generally positive reviews and debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200. Just before their 50th anniversary tour ended, in late September, Love announced that additional tour dates for the rest of 2012 would not include Brian Wilson, Jardine, or Marks. The brief reunion was commemorated on the May 2013 live album The Beach Boys Live: The 50th Anniversary Tour.", "Regarded by some critics as one of the greatest American rock groups and an important catalyst in the evolution of popular music, the Beach Boys are one of the most critically acclaimed, commercially successful, and widely influential bands of all time. The Beach Boys' sales estimates range from 100 to 350 million records worldwide, and have influenced artists spanning many genres and decades. The group's early songs made them major pop stars in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and other countries, having seven top 10 singles between April 1963 and November 1964. They were one of the few American bands formed prior to the 1964 British Invasion to continue their success. Among artists of the 1960s, they are one of few central figures in the histories of rock.", "Pet Sounds is the eleventh studio album by the American rock band the Beach Boys. Released on May 16, 1966, it initially met a lukewarm critical and commercial reception in the United States but received immediate success abroad. The album has since garnered enormous worldwide acclaim by critics and musicians alike and is regarded as one of the most influential pieces in the history of popular music.", "Released in December 1961, \"Surfin'\" soon aired on KFWB and KRLA, two of Los Angeles' most influential teen radio stations. It was a hit on the West Coast, going to number three in Southern California, and peaked at number 75 on the national pop charts. By the final weeks of 1961 \"Surfin'\" had sold more than 40,000 copies. By this time, the de facto manager of the Beach Boys, Murry Wilson landed the group's first paying gig (for which they earned $300) on New Year's Eve, 1961, at the Ritchie Valens Memorial Dance in Long Beach, headlined by Ike & Tina Turner. In their earliest public appearances, the band wore heavy wool jacket-like shirts that local surfers favored before switching to their trademark striped shirts and white pants. Murry effectively seized managerial control of the band, and Brian acknowledged that he \"deserves credit for getting us off the ground ... he hounded us mercilessly ... [but] also worked hard himself.\"", "1964: The Beach Boys release ‘I Get Around.’ By the 4th of July in 1964, it would become the #1 song in the US, topping the charts for two weeks.", "  The Beach Boys - Pet Sounds - Album Cover Location - San Diego Zoo, California - May, 1966", "1942 ● Al Jardine → Founding member, guitarist and occasional lead vocals for surf-pop-rock The Beach Boys , “Good Vibrations” (#1, 1966), solo", "1963: ‘Surfin’ USA’ by the Beach Boys was released in the U.S., where it will become the group’s second Billboard chart-maker, reaching #3. The song was a note-for-note copy of Chuck Berry’s ‘Sweet Little Sixteen’ with new lyrics. After Berry sued, he was granted royalties and all further issues of the song gave him writing credit.", "1963: The Beach Boys release the song \"Surfer Girl,\" which is the first song Brian Wilson ever wrote.", "The seminal line-up comprised Brian Wilson (b. 20 June 1942, Hawthorne, California, USA), Carl Wilson (b. 21 December 1946, Hawthorne, California, d. 6 February 1998), Dennis Wilson (b. 4 December 1944, Hawthorne, California, USA, d. 28 December 1983), Al Jardine (b. 3 September 1942, Lima, Ohio, USA) and Mike Love (b. 15 March 1941, Baldwin Hills, California, USA). When the aforementioned three brothers, one cousin and a schoolfriend formed a casual singing group in Hawthorne in 1961, they unconsciously created one of the  longest-running, compulsively fascinating and bitterly tragic sagas in popular music. As Carl and The Passions, the Pendletones and Kenny and the Cadets, they rehearsed and played high-school hops while elder brother Brian began to demonstrate his songwriting ability. He was already obsessed with harmonics and melody, and would listen for hours to close-harmony groups, especially the Four Freshmen and the Hi-Lo's. One of his earliest songs," ]

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[ "Ludwig van Beethoven (Listeni/'l?dv?g vn 'be?.to?v?n/; German: ['lu?tv? fan 'be?t.ho?f?n] ( listen); baptized 17 December 1770[1] - 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral works (including the celebrated Missa Solemnis), and songs.", "Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (; ; 23 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian and Soviet composer, pianist and conductor. As the creator of acknowledged masterpieces across numerous musical genres, he is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His works include such widely heard works as the March from The Love for Three Oranges, the suite Lieutenant Kijé, the ballet Romeo and Juliet – from which \"Dance of the Knights\" is taken – and Peter and the Wolf. Of the established forms and genres in which he worked, he created – excluding juvenilia – seven completed operas, seven symphonies, eight ballets, five piano concertos, two violin concertos, a cello concerto, a Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra, and nine completed piano sonatas.", "Ludwig van Beethoven (,;; baptised 17 December 1770 - 26 March 1827) was a German composer. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, 1 violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, his great Mass the Missa solemnis and an opera, Fidelio.", "The theatrical works Persephone (1934) and A Game of Cards (1936) were as obviously unique as the Symphony of Psalms. They were somewhat subordinate to a series of purely instrumental works on a grand scale: the Violin Concerto (1931), Duo concertante for violin and piano (1932), Concerto for two pianos (1935), Concerto for chamber orchestra (\"Dumbarton Oaks,\" 1938), and Symphony in C (1940). If composers like Arthur Honegger, Bohuslav Martinu, Walter Piston, Roger Sessions, and Benjamin Britten abstracted from Stravinsky's procedures models for their own various recurring problems, this was irrelevant to the lasting values of the Stravinsky works, for he continued to set himself fresh problems and to find fresh solutions.", "The theatrical works Persephone (1934) and A Game of Cards (1936) were as obviously unique as the Symphony of Psalms. They were somewhat subordinate to a series of purely instrumental works on a grand scale: the Violin Concerto (1931), Duo concertante for violin and piano (1932), Concerto for two pianos (1935), Concerto for chamber orchestra (\"Dumbarton Oaks,\" 1938), and Symphony in C (1940). If composers like Arthur Honegger, Bohuslav Martinu, Walter Piston, Roger Sessions, and Benjamin Britten abstracted from Stravinsky's procedures models for their own various recurring problems, this was irrelevant to the lasting values of the Stravinsky works, for he continued to set himself fresh problems and to find fresh solutions.", "Joseph Maurice Ravel (; 7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In the 1920s and 1930s Ravel was internationally regarded as France's greatest living composer.", "Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, he was widely known as \"the dean of American composers.\" [1] Copland's music achieved a balance between modern music and American folk styles. The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape.", "This is a famous musical suite by French composer Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921), written while on vacation in Austria in 1886. It is scored for a chamber ensemble of flute/piccolo, clarinet (B flat and C), two pianos, glass harmonica, xylophone, two violins, viola, cello and double bass - in this recording, a full orchestral string section is used, and instead of the glass harmonica, there is a glockenspiel. Saint-Saëns believed that the work was too frivolous to publish during his lifetime, and for this reason, he only gave private performances to his close friends. He left a provision for it to be published posthumously, so the Carnival of the Animals only received a formal premiere one year after the composer's death.", "Although he wrote ballet music for many of his operettas, Offenbach wrote only one ballet, Le papillon. The score was much praised for its orchestration, and it contained one number, the \"Valse des rayons\", that became an international success. [163] Between 1836 and 1875 he composed several individual waltzes and polkas, and suites of dances. [164] They include a waltz, Abendblätter (\"Evening Papers\") composed for Vienna with Johann Strauss's Morgenblätter (\"Morning Papers\") as a companion piece. [165] Other orchestral compositions include a piece in 17th-century style with cello solo, which became a standard work of the cello repertoire. Little of Offenbach's non-operatic orchestral music has been regularly performed since his death. [32]", "Camille Saint-Saëns, a French composer of the Romantic period, was extremely prolific and composed works in nearly every musical genre. His best-known works are Le Carnaval des Animaux (The Carnival of the Animals), his opera Samson et Dalila, piano and cello concertos, the tone poem Danse macabre, and his Third Symphony. A child prodigy, he began composing before he was admitted to the Paris Conservatoire at age thirteen. He was a gifted pianist and organist, and Franz Liszt even considered him the greatest organist in the world. Saint-Saëns also toured as a pianist and performed concertos along with premieres of his own works.", "Aaron Copland, said the composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, was the one to \"lead American music out of the wilderness.\" Copland's musical opus, for which he received the 1964 Medal of Freedom, also included such masterworks as \"Piano Variations\" (1930), \"El Salon Mexico\" (1936), \"Billy the Kid\" (1938), \"Fanfare for the Common Man\" (1942), \"Rodeo\" (1942), \"Appalachian Spring\" (1944), and \"Inscape\" (1967).", "André George Previn, KBE (; born Andreas Ludwig Priwin; April 6, 1929) is a German-American pianist, conductor, and composer. He is considered one of the most versatile musicians in the world and is the winner of four Academy Awards for his film work and ten Grammy Awards for his recordings (and one more for his Lifetime Achievement).", "A two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer born and living in New York City. He studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris in the 1930s, and then returned to the United States. After a neoclassical phase, he went on to write atonal, rhythmically complex music. His compositions, which have been performed all over the world, include orchestral and chamber music as well as solo instrumental and vocal works.", "Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. Several of his first major orchestral works, including the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, were greeted with acclaim. He also composed oratorios, chamber music, symphonies and instrumental concertos. He was knighted at Buckingham Palace on 5 July 1904 and appointed Master of the King's Music in 1924.", "Aaron Copland (; November 14, 1900 - December 2, 1990) was an American composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, in his later years he was often referred to as \"the Dean of American Composers\" and is best known to the public for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 1940s in a deliberately accessible style often referred to as \"populist\" and which the composer labeled his \"vernacular\" style. ", "Perhaps his best-known work is Pictures at an Exhibition . It was written for piano, but later the French composer Maurice Ravel arranged it for orchestra , and this version is very often performed today at concerts. A short orchestral piece Night on Bald Mountain is also very often performed.", "In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He remained with the orchestra for twelve years, to date (2016) the longest tenure of the post. His concerts made a strong impression with the public, and within months the LPO was playing to ninety per cent capacity audiences at the Festival Hall, far outstripping the other London orchestras. Among the composers with whom Haitink was associated were Bruckner and Mahler, whose symphonies featured frequently in the LPO's concerts during the Haitink period, as did those of Shostakovich, particularly the Tenth, which Pirouet describes as the calling card of the orchestra and conductor. With Vladimir Ashkenazy, Haitink and the LPO gave a six-concert cycle of the Beethoven symphonies and piano concertos, for which the Festival Hall was full to capacity. In The Times, Joan Chissell described the orchestra's playing as \"worthy of any festival\". There was some discontent within the LPO that Haitink's prolific recordings were almost always with the other orchestra of which he was chief conductor, the Amsterdam Concertgebouw. Pirouet comments that as Haitink recorded exclusively for the Dutch firm Philips it was to be expected that the Amsterdam orchestra would be preferred, and in any case the LPO was recording extensively with Boult, Solti, Daniel Barenboim and many others. In the 1970s international tours continued, with itineraries taking in the US, Western Europe, the Soviet Union, and, in 1972, China, long inaccessible to Western musicians, where the orchestra met an enthusiastic welcome. ", "Benjamin Frankel (1906-1973) hatte, wie auch Edward Elgar, Ambitionen als Komponist von ernster Musik. Der gebürtige Londoner komponierte acht Sinfonien, Konzerte für Violine und Viola sowie zahlreiche Orchesterwerke und Kammermusik. Doch auch auf dem Gebiet der leichteren Musik war er äußerst aktiv und schöpferisch. Als Klavier- und Kompositionsschüler der Guildhall School spielte er als Jazzgeiger in Nachtclubs, und während der 1930er Jahre war er ein überaus gefragter Dirigent und Arrangeur für Musikshows des West End-Theaters. Zu diesen Shows zählte auch Noel Cowards Operette. Frankel schrieb die Musik für über einhundert Filme – darunter ebenfalls die Musik für So long at the Fair mit Jean Simmons und Dirk Bogarde aus dem Jahre 1950. Bei dem hier beschriebenen Jahrmarkt handelt es sich um die Pariser Weltausstellung von 1889, und Frankel vereinte die Eindrücke, die er auf seinen Wegen durch die Stadt gesammelt hatte, in seinem Konzertstück Carriage and Pair.", "(9 July 1879 – 18 April 1936) was an Italian composer, musicologist and conductor. He is best known for his orchestral music, particularly the three Roman tone poems: Fountains of Rome (Fontane di Roma), Pines of Rome (I pini di Roma), and Roman Festivals (Feste romane). His musicological interest in 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century music led him to compose pieces based on the music of these periods. From Wikipedia", "In 1841 he wrote two of his four symphonies, No. 1 in B-flat, Op. 38, \"Spring\" and No. 4 in D minor (the latter, a pioneering essay in 'cyclic form', was performed that year but published only much later after revision and extensive reorchestration as Op. 120). He devoted 1842 to composing chamber music, including the Piano Quintet in E-flat, Op. 44, now one of his best known and most admired works; the Piano Quartet and three string quartets. In 1843 he wrote Paradise and the Peri, his first essay at concerted vocal music, an oratorio style work based on Lalla-Rookh by Thomas Moore. After this, his compositions were not confined to any one form during any particular period.", "Famed actor, composer, artist, author and director. His talents extended to the authoring of the novel \"Mr. Cartonwine: A Moral Tale\" as well as his autobiography. In 1944, he joined ASCAP, and composed \"Russian Dances\", \"Partita\", \"Ballet Viennois\", \"The Woodman and the Elves\", \"Behind the Horizon\", \"Fugue Fantasia\", \"In Memorium\", \"Hallowe'en\", \"Preludium & Fugue\", \"Elegie for Oboe, Orch.\", \"Farewell Symphony (1-act opera)\", \"Elegie (piano pieces)\", \"Rondo for Piano\" and \"Scherzo Grotesque\".", "(1857-1934 British) Composer whose “Pomp and Cirumstance” marches include one that is performed at graduations frequently. His other most famous work is his “Enigma Variations,” which includes musical representations of his friends, including a movement entitled “Nimrod” and a movement that depicts a friend’s bulldog falling in a river. This composer also wrote a choral setting of Cardinal Newman’s The Dream of Gerontius. Another work of his is the overture “Cockaigne.” ", "At the age of 16 in 1825 he wrote his String Octet in E Flat Major, and In 1826 at the age of 17, he composed the Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream , based on the Shakespeare's play. These showcases his grasp of form, harmony, counterpoint, color and a great compositional technique. His Symphony No. 3 in A minor, Known as Scottish Symphony was written in 1830 and revised several times between 1830 and 1842. . After a long period of oblivion due to changing musical tastes, he has occupied his position among the most popular composers of the Romantic era. He died in November 4, 1847, due to nervous problems and the depression he had developed soon after his beloved sister Fanny's demise that year.", "Eugene Ormandy (November 18, 1899 � March 12, 1985) was a Hungarian-born conductor and violinist who became internationally famous as the music director and conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra. The maestro's 44-year-long association with the Philadelphia is one of the longest enjoyed by any conductor with a single orchestra. Under his baton, the Philadelphia had three gold records and won two Grammy Awards.", "Belgian composer. He was a pioneer of cyclic form, and his harmonic style was influenced by his experience as a church organist. His music, mainly religious and Romantic in style, includes the Symphony in D Minor (1886–88), Variations symphoniques (1885) for piano and orchestra, the Violin Sonata (1886), the oratorio Les Béatitudes/The Beatitudes (1879), and many organ pieces.", "American composer and conductor; NY philharmonic; symphonic and choral music, film music, and musical theater works  ", "We studied a concerto by this composer that was written for classical orchestra with piano solo. It emphasizes jazz instruments (clarinet, brass), blues notes, and syncopated jazz rhythms.", "His ballets are well known for their melodic magnificence, but he also wrote 6 symphonies, the last three of which are universally accepted as legendary for the resplendent orchestration and development of their lyrical melodies. The fourth is also noted for the bombastic, violent, celebratory spirit of its final movement. The fifth is famous as an elaboration of this same spirit, culminating in a complex final movement of victorious, fanfare quality. The sixth is considered by many to be more affecting and better than the fifth or fourth. It is nicknamed “Pathetique,” for its somber, sad emotion.", "During his 61-year career, he composed 4 operettas, 8 cadenzas, 1 concerto and more than 40 pieces for violin and piano. Among his best-known compositions are Liebesleid, Liebesfreud, Caprice Vennois and Schon Rosmarin.", "In  the early 1870’s he was turning more to the orchestra. In 1874 he wrote Poeme Nocturne but only the first part of three has survived. He composed  his symphonic poeme Lenore  1875. Four years later he composed his opera Roussalka. He stoppeds composing in 1885.", "If you hear something in the symphony genre, who probably composed this piece? Where was it probably written? When?", "His melodies are often passionate and emotional. His orchestration is subtle and varied, with textures carefully contrasted.  He was very fond of bell sounds:" ]

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[ "In the early 20th century three new states were admitted to the union, Oklahoma in 1907 and Arizona and New Mexico in 1912.", "Not until 1896 was Utah allowed into the Union, and by the 20th century, only Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona remained as territories.", "The United States is a federal union of fifty states. The original thirteen states were the successors of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule. Most of the rest have been carved from territory obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. The exceptions are Vermont, Texas, and Hawaii; each was an independent republic before joining the union. Early in the country's history, three states were created out of the territory of existing ones: Kentucky from Virginia; Tennessee from North Carolina; and Maine from Massachusetts. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War . The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959 . The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the states do not have the right to secede from the union.", "The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President.", "The US state of Oklahoma almost entered the Union as two states – Oklahoma and Sequoyah. The latter is the name of a failed attempt in the early 20th century by Native Americans, who formed (and still form) a large part of the population in eastern Oklahoma, to constitute a state of their own.", "Vermont became the first state added to the Union following the 13 colonies on March 1, 1791. Until statehood, had been a region claimed by both New York and New Hampshire", "Union: Also called the North or the United States, the Union was the portion of the country that remained loyal to the Federal government during the Civil War. Union states were: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. West Virginia became a Northern state in 1863 and California and Oregon were also officially Northern but they had little direct involvement in the War.", "This is a list of US states by name of statehood, that is, the date when each US state joined the Union. Although the first 13 states can be considered to have been members of the United States from the date of the Declaration of Independence - Thursday, July 4, 1776 - they are presented here as being \"admitted\" on the date each ratified the present United States Constitution; most other such lists, including the 50 State Quarters program, do the same. The admission dates for later states were set by either the act of admission or a later resolution issued under that act, except for Ohio, whose date of admission was determined by act of Congress in 1953", "On August 10, 1821, Missouri entered the Union as the twenty-fourth state. Named after the Native American people who originally inhabited the land, Missouri was acquired by the U.S. as part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase . At that time, the territory’s occupants were mainly French settlers. After the War of 1812, American settlers poured into the region.", "Of the four states beginning with the letter \"A,\" Alabama has been in the union the longest, becoming a state in 1819. Alaska is the youngest state on the list, with a statehood admission date of 1959. Arkansas became a state in 1836, and Arizona joined the union in 1912. More state names start with the letters \"M\" and \"N\" than any other letters in the alphabet.", "Our State began when voters approved its Original Constitution and elected our first officeholders on November 13, 1849.  Recognizing this Constitution, the U.S. Congress admitted California to the Union, September 9, 1850.  We became the 31st Star in the America Flag.", "During the period 1878-89, Congress consistently rejected appeals for Washington statehood despite its growing population. Denial of statehood was largely due to a concern that the lack of an interstate railroad connection would interfere in the effective governance of Oregon as a state. More significantly, the legislators hesitated to disturb the delicate balance of Democrats and Republicans in Congress by creating another state. Finally, a decade after its initial request, Congress admitted Washington into the Union along with Montana and the Dakotas .", "After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24, 1861. A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill (96 percent approving). The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war. Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginia provided about 20,000–22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union.", "On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was admitted as the 20th state. Territory by Act of April 7, 1798, effective May 7, 1798.", "Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.", "1796: Tennessee, formerly part of North Carolina, is the 16th state admitted to the Union . On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy and became a major battleground for the Civil War, re-entering the Union after war's end. Electors chose John Adams to be the second president of the United States.", "New Mexico (; ) is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the fifth-most extensive, the 36th-most populous, and the sixth-least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "Situated in the Midwestern location of the United States. Illinois is the 21st state to join the Union (on December 3, 1818 ) and with a population of nearly 13 million, Illinois is the 5th  most populous state. Known as the Land of Lincoln; The \"Prairie State\".", "New Mexico to call a constitutional convention in anticipation of being admitted to the Union. On October 3, 1910, 100 elected delegates convened at Santa Fe to draft a document which was approved by the voters on January 21, 1911. On January 6, 1912, President William H. Taft signed a proclamation declaring New Mexico the 47th State of the Union.", "On this day in 1912, Arizona was admitted to the Union, the last of the contiguous states to be admitted.  ", "Oklahoma is the youngest commonwealth in the Federal Union. The western part of the state was organized as a federal territory in 1890; the eastern part, excepting the extreme northeastern corner, remained under the ownership and governments of the Five Civilized Tribes. Seventeen years later, these regions were united under the name \"Oklahoma\" and admitted as the 46th State. However, organization of government and development of Christian civilization began within its borders over a century ago, forming a background of culture and advancement in its history that still plays a part in the making of the spirit of the commonwealth.", "In December 1847, a second constitutional convention was called. This convention resulted in a new, more moderate state constitution that Wisconsinites approved in a March 1848 referendum, enabling Wisconsin to become the 30th state on May 29, 1848. Wisconsin was the last state entirely east of the Mississippi River (and by extension the last state formed entirely from territory assigned to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris) to be admitted to the Union.", "In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. Many haunted battlefields live long past their legendary bloodshed. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for approximately 50% of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.", "Oklahoma joined the Union in 1907, during Theodore Roosevelt's second term; none were admitted under FDR.", "Nevada became a state on Oct. 31, 1864. It was the 36th state to join the union.", "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. It was the 41st state to join the union.", "Illinois became a state on Dec. 3, 1818. It was the 21st state to join the union.", "At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the United States remained neutral. Americans sympathized with the British and French, although many citizens, mostly Irish and German, opposed intervention. In 1917, the United States joined the Allies, turning the tide against the Central Powers. Reluctant to be involved in European affairs, the Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles , which established the League of Nations . The country pursued a policy of unilateralism, verging on isolationism. In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage . Partly because of the service of many in the war, Native Americans gained U.S. citizenship in the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.", "The United States became the world's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe. The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest. Mass dissatisfaction with corruption, inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement, from the 1890s to 1920s, which led to many social and political reforms. In 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women's suffrage (right to vote). This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913, which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress. Initially neutral during World War I, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year.", "In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power. The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers; instead, the United States chose to pursue unilateralism. The aftershock of Russia's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States, leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive.", "- 1919 Missouri becomes the 11th state to ratify the 19th Amendment granting the vote to women.", "What part has the 16th Amendment played in the expansion of the federal government in the 20th century?" ]

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[ "The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home. 10,625 athletes competed, [1] some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries. [1] There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . [1] Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. It was also the first time since 1896 (other than the since-downgraded 1906 Intercalated Games ) that the Olympics were held in Greece.", "The 2004 Summer Olympic Games (, ), officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004, was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home. 10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries. There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports. Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. 2004 marked the return of the games to the city where they began.", "The 2004 Summer Olympics are officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad (the 28th Summer Olympic Games). The Games were held in Athens over 17 days, from August 13 to August 29, 2004. Planners expected 10,500 athletes (in fact 11,099 competed) and 5,500 team officials from 202 countries. Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. There were a total of 301 medal events from 28 different sports.", "Held between August 13th and 29th, the 2004 games saw the modern Olympics return to its birthplace of Athens. In memory of the inaugural tournament in 1896, the original Panathenaic stadium was used for archery and ancient Olympia was deployed for the shot-put competition. Rather fittingly and appropriately, the motto of the games proved: ‘Welcome Home’.", "The Olympic Stadium, the centre of the Olympic Games 2004, is situated at Maroussi and it is part of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex (OAKA). The Olympic Stadium will host 72,000 spectators, who will attend the exciting Athletics  events, the Football gold medal match and the Opening and Closing Ceremonies.", "Greece's exemplary success in hosting a safe and secure 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens has enhanced its international prestige. The 2004 Olympics and Paralympics left an impressive and expensive legacy of new roads, spectacular stadiums, and modern public transportation systems, which the PASOK government began in 1997 and the New Democracy government of Karamanlis completed in 2004.", "The Games were concluded on 29 August 2004. The closing ceremony was held at the Athens Olympic Stadium, where the Games had been opened 16 days earlier. Around 70,000 people gathered in the stadium to watch the ceremony.", "While the Bird's Nest may be the best known of the white elephants, the Athens games seem to have spawned the largest number of them. Writing in the Toronto Globe and Mail in May 2014, Doug Saunders shared his impressions of the aftermath of the 2004 Athens Olympics: If you spend some time wandering the fields and hillsides outside of Athens, as I've done, you will see rising from the scrub a very different sort of Greek ruin. There's a crumbling volleyball stadium with nomadic families living in its stands. There's a 20,000-seat softball park largely reclaimed by trees. A barren, grass-covered hillside resembling a huge abandoned amphitheater turns out to have been a kayaking venue. All were built for the 2004 Olympic Games. 29", "In 2004 the Olympic Games returned to Greece, the home of both the ancient Olympics and the first modern Olympics. For the first time ever a record 201 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Olympic Games. The overall tally for events on the programme was 301 (one more than in Sydney 2000). Popularity in the Games reached soared to new highs as 3.9 billion people had access to the television coverage compared to 3.6 billion for Sydney 2000. Women's wrestling was included in the program for the first time. Swimmer Michael Phelps won 6 gold medals and set a single-Games record with 8 total medals. Leontien Ziljaard-van Moorsel became the first female cyclist to earn 4 career gold medals and 6 total medals, while canoeist Birgit Fischer became the first athlete in any sport to win two medals in each of 5 Olympics. Runner Hicham El Guerrouj won both the 1,500m and the 5,000m, while on the women's side Kelly Holmes triumphed in both the 800m and the 1,500m. In team play, Argentina won the men's football tournament without giving up a goal, and the U.S.softball team won by outscoring their opponents 51-1.", "Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in 1896 and 2004. The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium, which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world, and one of its most interesting modern monuments. The biggest stadium in the country, it hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League, in 1994 and 2007. Athens' other major stadium, located in the Piraeus area, is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a sports and entertainment complex, host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final. In 2004 Greece national football team won the UEFA European Championship Finals in Portugal. In the final tie they beat the host nation Portugal 1:0.", "Athens, Greece hosted the Olympics again in 2004. During these games the \"shot put\" event was held in ancient Olympia.", "On 6 December 2012, the IOC stripped medals from four athletes caught doping at the 2004 Athens Olympics including one gold medalist and postponed a decision to revoke Lance Armstrong's bronze from the 2000 Sydney Games. The IOC also disqualified four athletes whose Athens doping samples were retested earlier in the year and came back positive, including shot put gold medalist Yuriy Bilonog of Ukraine. The others are hammer throw silver medalist Ivan Tskikhan of Belarus and two bronze medalists, women's shot putter Svetlana Krivelyova of Russia and discus thrower Irina Yatchenko of Belarus.", "The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other nation. The United Kingdom hosted the 2012 Olympic games, its third Summer Olympic Games, in its capital London, making London the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union and Sweden. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro will host the first Summer Games in South America. Three cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games: Los Angeles, Paris and Athens. Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912 and the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are usually listed as jointly hosting. Events at the Summer Olympics have also been held in Hong Kong and the Netherlands, with the equestrian events at the 2008 Summer Olympics being held in Sha Tin and Kwu Tung, Hong Kong and two sailing races at the 1920 Summer Olympics being held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo, Japan will be the host city, hosting for the second time, the first being the 1964 Summer Games.", "By 2016, the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 44 cities in 23 countries, but by cities outside Europe and North America on only eight occasions. Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times, a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history. The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro will be the first for a South American country. No bids from countries in Africa have ever succeeded. The countries that sent the most athletes to the 2008 Summer Olympics are China with 639, the United States with 596, and Russia who brought 455 athletes.", "By 2012, the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 42 cities in 22 countries, but only by cities outside Europe and North America on seven occasions. Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times, which is a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history. All bids by countries in South America and Africa have failed. The number in parentheses following the city or country denotes how many times that city or country had then hosted that version of the Games. The table includes the Intercalated Games of 1906 , which the IOC no longer considers an official Olympic Games.", "Rio de Janeiro , Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics , becoming the third city in the Southern Hemisphere to host the Olympic Games (after Melbourne, Australia, in 1956 and Sydney, Australia, in 2000), and the first South American city to host the Olympics. [19] In October 2009, the IOC included golf and rugby sevens as part of the Olympic program for Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo , Japan will host the 2020 Summer Olympics , making it the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice.", "The Summer Olympics take place in Mexico City. The event is officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad.", "London, United Kingdom will hold the 2012 Summer Olympics , making it the first city to host the Games three times. The International Olympic Committee has removed baseball and softball from the 2012 program. Rio de Janeiro , Brazil will be the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics , becoming the third city in the Southern Hemisphere , the first South American city to host either the Summer or Winter Games, for the first time the Summer Games will be in winter and the first time with a country with Portuguese its first language . In October 2009, the IOC included golf and rugby sevens as part of the Olympic program for Rio de Janeiro (Rugby sevens, in particular, was not considered for inclusion in 2012).", "South Korea hosted the Asian Games in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan) and 2014 (Incheon). It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997, the Asian Winter Games in 1999 and the Summer Universiade in 2003, 2015. In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul, coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals and 11 bronze medals. South Korea regularly performs well in archery, shooting, table tennis, badminton, short track speed skating, handball, hockey, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, baseball, judo, taekwondo, speed skating, figure Skating, and weightlifting. The Seoul Olympic Museum is a museum in Seoul, South Korea, dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics. On July 6, 2011 Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.", "The city of Rio de Janeiro hosted the Games of the XXXI Olympiad. This followed three rounds of voting by members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 2 October 2009 at the 121st IOC Session, in Copenhagen, Denmark.", "The 2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese: Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016), officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, and commonly known as Rio 2016, is a major international multi-sport event in the tradition of the Olympic Games due to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016.", "Tokyo - this city has been selected as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee awarded the Games of the XXXII Olympiad in 2020 to Tokyo, which was chosen over fellow Candidate Cities Istanbul and Madrid after two rounds of voting during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires. The games are planned to be held from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo. The city was announced as the host at the 125thIOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013.Tokyo previously hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in 2020 will become the fifth city (and the first in Asia) to host the Summer Olympic Games more than once. Tokyo will also be hosting the 2020 Summer Paralympics.", "2004- At the Olympic games, Romania won gold, the U.S. won silver and Russia won bronze.", "The 1996 Summer Olympics (), known officially as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially as the Centennial Olympic Games, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, from July 19 to August 4, 1996. A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since 1924, and place them in alternating even-numbered years, beginning in 1994. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games. Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. This marks the first and only Olympic Games to be held in the Southern United States.", "The Olympic Games returned to Australia in 2000 with the Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, which were held between 15 September and 1 October. These were the largest ever Olympic Games at the time, with 10 651 athletes (4069 women and 6582 men) representing 199 countries. Even though there were many athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games, they were well organised and went very smoothly. Millions of dollars were spent to create Sydney Olympic Park, where many of the events took place. Other events took place in Darling Harbour and venues around the Sydney metropolitan area.", "The 2000 Summer Olympic Games (), officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium, were an international multi-sport event which was held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956.", "From September 22 to October 7, 1990, Beijing hosted the 11th Asian Games , which were held in China for the first time and attended by 6,122 athletes from 37 countries competing in 29 sports. The city was awarded the games in 1984 over Osaka . The Asian Games Village was built north of the city center beyond the Third Ring Road. The Worker Stadium served as the Games' main venue. The city's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games ended in September 1993 with a narrow loss by a vote of 43-45 in the final round to Sydney .", "This is an overview taken Sept. 13, 1988 in Seoul showing the Olympic stadium along the Han-Gang River where the opening ceremonies for the summer Olympic games will take place. (AP Photo/Dick Fung)", "They played host to millions of spectators, athletes and officials from across world during 2004 Summer Olympics", "The USA have hosted the Summer Olympic Games four times, the most of any country: 1904, 1932, 1984 and 1996. (see more on countries with host cities )", "The selection was announced by the International Olympic Committee on September 7, 2013. The 2020 Summer Games are slated to begin on July 24, 2020, and run until August 9. Keeping with tradition, the city plans to use some of the same venues as they did when they hosted in 1964 . Over 200 countries are expected to participate in 2020.", "Up to, and including, the 2012 Olympic Games, which city has hosted the Olympic Games more than once?" ]

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[ "Arthur Blessitt from North Fort Myers, Florida, USA has walked a total distance of 32,202 miles in more than 27 years since 1969. Carrying a 12-foot cross and preaching throughout his walk, he has been to all seven continents, including Antarctica.", "* Arthur Blessitt walked around the world carrying a 45 lb wooden cross, covering 38102 mi through 315 countries, between 1969 and 2008.", "(Apr 10 2009) - Denver Post : Man shoulders wooden cross around the globe DENVER -- Arthur Blessitt has walked across every nation, territory and island group on the planet � 38,102 miles, enough to hold the Guinness Book's world record. And he does hold it, although the record keeper doesn't really have a category for what Blessitt did. He walked all those miles between 1969 and 2009, with a heavy wooden cross resting on his shoulder. A small wheel attached to the bottom of the cross helped Blessitt roll it across seven continents, through Middle Eastern war zones, over Antarctic ice and through South American jungle.", "J.W. Hyatt invents celluloid, Dmitri Mendeleev lays out elements in his Periodic Table, 1870Rhodes arrives in Africa, Cable links Australia and London, British troops withdraw from Canada , Australia and New Zealand Elementary education actFranco-Prussian war ends Napoleon III's rule of France, Schliemann discovers Troy, Paraguayan War ends, Pope is declared to be infallible when speaking on spiritual matters, Italians enter Rome and declare it the capital of Italy, Adolf Nordenskjold explores the interior of Greenland, Rockefeller founds Standard Oil CompanyJules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , William Morris' Earthly Paradise , Richard Wagner's Die Walk�re", "home where he lived. As a disabled man who travelled the world, rode, sailed, shot, had a political career – did everything, in fact, that disabled people were meant to be incapable of doing – Arthur was a trailblazer. His extraordinary achievements represent a sustained refusal to accept the limitations others would impose upon him: surely a life to be celebrated.", "Sir Edmund Hillary, the same man that had first climbed Everest in 1953, lead the 1960 trip in association with Desmond Doig. The expedition was sponsored by the World Book Encyclopedia and was well outfitted with trip-wire cameras, as well as timelapse and infrared photography. Despite a ten-month stay the group failed to find any convincing evidence of the existence of the Yeti. The artifacts they examined, two skins and a scalp, turned out to belong to two blue bears and a serow goat.", "People have both bicycled and run around the world, but the oceans have had to be covered by air travel, making the distance shorter than the Guinness guidelines. To go from North America to Asia on foot is theoretically possible but very difficult. It involves crossing the Bering Strait on the ice, and around 3000 km of roadless swamped or freezing cold areas in Alaska and eastern Russia. No one has so far travelled all of this route by foot. David Kunst was the first verified person to walk around the world between 20 June 1970 and 10 October 1974.", "1887 - This is one of those truer-than-true factoids that makes us wonder (as so much does). Thomas Stevens completed the first worldwide bicycle trip, after starting his trek in April 1884. Stevens and his trusty bike traveled 13,500 miles, arriving back in San Francisco, California almost three years later. Now, what we want to know is pretty obvious: How�d he cross the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on a bike? Where�d he keep his food? Where�d he sleep? Was he for real?", "Following the Equator: A Journey around the World, American Publishing, 1897, published as More Tramps Abroad,Chatto & Windus, 1897.", "1974 – American David Kunst completed the first round-the-world journey on foot, taking four years and twenty-one pairs of shoes to accomplish the 14,450-mile journey across four continents.", "On June 27, 1898, the first solo circumnavigation of the globe is completed by Joshua Slocum from Brier Island, Nova Scotia. After more than three years, Slocum returned in his gaff rigged sloop oyster boat named Spray having circumnavigated the world, a distance of more than 74,000 km. The event was almost unnoticed because the Spanish–American War, which had begun two months earlier, dominated all the headlines.", "June 6th, 2013The article was originally written on clclt.comJournalist Neale Bayly has traveled through 65 countries � 45 on his motorcycle � in the past 35 years. He once bought a bike in Florida and rode up to Alaska. He then sold it for $400 and hitchhiked to California, flew to Asia to tour several countries, and then spent the last of his money on a one-way ticket to Australia. He arrived with only $22 in his pocket and wound up living th�", "[15] As mentioned in chapter 1, Jenson crossed the equator twice while traveling around the world on special assignment for the Church, 1895–1897. See Neilson and Moffatt, Tales from the World Tour, 91, 282. See also Jenson, Autobiography, 490–511.", "Shackleton with Scott and Dr. Edward Wilson trekked south towards the South Pole in 1902. The journey proceeded under difficult conditions, partially the result of their own inexperience with the Antarctic environment, poor choices and preparation and the pervading assumption that all obstacles could be overcome with personal fortitude. They used dogs, but failed to understand how to handle them. As with most of the early British expeditions, food was foolishly in short supply; the personnel on long treks were usually underfed by any sensible measure and were essentially starving. Scott, Wilson and Shackleton made their \"furthest south\" of 82�17'S on December 31, 1902. They were 480 statute miles from the Pole. Shackleton developed scurvy on the return trip and Dr. Wilson was suffering from snow blindness at intervals.", "During the 19th century, as the African interior was slowly charted, the search intensified. Most of the explorers—loners, thrill seekers and adventurous aristocrats were British, and many of them died from disease, animal attack or murder. With every failed attempt, Montesquieu’s words rang more true. (In fact, satellite images and aerial photographs would show that the Nile bubbles from the ground in the mountains of Burundi, between lakes Tanganyika and Victoria.) Finally, in the waning days of 1864, Sir Roderick Murchison, head of Britain’s Royal Geographical Society and the driving force behind countless global expeditions, beseeched his old friend Livingstone to find the source. Murchison traveled north from London to Newstead Abbey, the former estate of Lord Byron, where Livingstone was staying with friends. At a time when explorers enjoyed the fame of modern-day rock stars, none was better known than the 51-year-old Livingstone—a recent widower with four children—with his stutter, crooked left arm, and walrus mustache. Since his first trip to Africa in 1841, he had walked across the Kalahari Desert, traced the path of the 2,200-mile-long ZambeziRiver and, in the 1854-56 journey that made him famous, ambled from one side of Africa to the other. The former missionary’s renown was so great that he was mobbed by fans on the streets of London.", "*George Meegan, The Longest Walk – Odyssey of the Human Spirit (1988); describes an unbroken walk from Tierra del Fuego at the southernmost tip of South America to the northern coast of Alaska at Prudhoe Bay between 1977 and 1983.", "In the course of his 16,000-mile journey, Sean travelled the famous pan-American highway across the Atacama Desert, outran tornados, relied on fellow travellers to ferry water across the Australian outback, and inadvertently joined a cycle club in Mumbai. He learnt things about himself he didn’t know and rediscovered a spirit of adventure that changed everything. This is a book about an amazing and sometimes incredibly difficult journey, but it’s also a book about never giving up when there’s an opportunity to follow your dreams.", "*The Crossing of Antarctica; the Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition, 1955–1958 with Sir Vivian Fuchs (1958). Cassell ASIN B000HJGZ08", "Sir Edmund Hillary eventually continued on other expeditions and even traveled to the South Pole. He passed away in 2008. To this day, he remains the most famous of all mountaineering explorers.", "* Beginning in Montreal, Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958, becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle.", "1969 Wally (Walter William) Herbert, British surveyor and explorer. His first surface crossing by dog sledge of the Arctic Ocean 1968-69, from Alaska to Spitsbergen via the North Pole, was the longest sustained sledging journey (6,000 km/3,800 mi) in polar exploration.", "Years after the death of Scott, Wilson and Shackleton, Albert Armitage, the expedition's second-in-command, claimed that there had been a falling-out on the southern journey, and that Scott had told the ship's doctor that \"if he does not go back sick he will go back in disgrace.\" There is no corroboration of Armitage's story. Shackleton and Scott stayed on friendly terms, at least until the publication of Scott's account of the southern journey in The Voyage of the Discovery. Although in public they remained mutually respectful and cordial, according to biographer Roland Huntford, Shackleton's attitude to Scott turned to \"smouldering scorn and dislike\"; salvage of wounded pride required \"a return to the Antarctic and an attempt to outdo Scott\".", "Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas on further visits in 1956, 1960–1961, and 1963–1965. He also reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section, on 4 January 1958. His party was the first to reach the Pole overland since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912, and the first ever to do so using motor vehicles.", "Lawrence Oates, British explorer, walked to his death in 1912 in an attempt to save his starving companions during Scott's expedition to the South Pole: \"I am just going outside and I may be some time.\"", "    Scott's last journey is, of course, an epic of its own. In October 1910, the news broke that the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had secretly turned back from a projected trip to the Arctic and was headed south, intent on beating the British to the pole. The race was on. Both expeditions set out in October 1911, Scott from Cape Evans, near his old base, Amundsen from the Bay of Whales, some distance to the east. Scott's party, bogged down by a bewildering array of modes of transportation--ponies, such as Shackleton had already proved to be useless, motor sledges that didn't work, and dogs that no one knew how to drive--slogged their way south, adhering closely to Shackleton's route and playing out the now traditional drama of starvation and hardship. Amundsen and his four companions, travelling by ski with a team of fifty-two superbly conditioned and trained dogs, averaged a comfortable fifteen to twenty miles a day in comparison with Scott's ragged ten- to thirteen-mile daily pace. On their homeward run, the Norwegians covered up to thirty miles a day.", "Captain Robert Scott, of the U.K., voyages on his first expedition to the South Pole. Accompanied by Enerst Shackleton and Edward Wilson, he covers only 3100 miles and then returns home after suffering from scurvy and blinding snow.", "Henry Morton Stanley (the explorer famous for finding the missing Dr Livingstone with the words \"Dr Livingstone, I presume\" ...) was commissioned by King Leopold II of Belgium to procure what became known as the Congo Free State (and eventually the Democratic Republic of the Congo). For over twenty years the territory was the king's personal possession.", "   In the 1950s, Missouri�s William H. Danforth, founder of Ralston Purina and grandfather of former U.S. Senator Jack Danforth, offered Smith a gift to travel the world to study religions up close. These adventures enlarged the outpouring of his love. ", "On January 6, 1871, Stanley reached Zanzibar, the starting point for expeditions to the interior, and, intent on a scoop, left on March 21 without disclosing his intentions. His secretive conduct caused much offense to the authorities, especially to Sir John Kirk , the British consul, who had been having difficulty in making contact with Livingstone. Leading a well-equipped caravan and backed by American money, Stanley forced his way through country disturbed by fighting and stricken by sickness to Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika , Livingstone’s last known port of call. There he found the old hero, ill and short of supplies, and greeted him with the famous words, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” (The exact date of their meeting is unclear, as both men recorded different dates in their journals; according to Stanley, they met on November 10, 1871, while Livingstone’s journal suggests that the event occurred sometime between October 24 and 28.)", "Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen led an expedition that brought them to the Antarctic and thereby his discovery of the South Pole in 1911 and years later leading another team to the North Pole. In addition, Roald is known to have been the first to go through the Northwest Passage, a route that begins in the Arctic Ocean and ends in the Pacific Ocean. Amundsen is one of four men considered leader of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.", "In 1927 , Indy left his job in London and returned to Chicago . He visited his old college friend, Jack Shannon , who convinced Indy to attend a lecture given by a Russian man claiming to have seen Noah's Ark having climbed Mount Ararat . Chased from the city by the mob, they joined an expedition launched to reach the site of the Ark but an avalanche buried the Ark beneath tons of snow along with any hope of its recovery. [72]", "On June 16th (that’s today!), 1903, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen set out from Oslo, Norway to complete the first east to west navigation of the Norwest Passage. Unlike previous attempts by other explorers, Amundsen chose a small ship and planned to travel lightly. He hugged the coastline to avoid the worst of the ice-locked seas and gleaned tips from the Inuit people on how to hunt and what to wear in the polar environment. The lessons he learned from this trip established his foundation of knowledge that became invaluable on his later expeditions." ]

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[ "Yul Brynner was born Yuliy Borisovich Briner in 1920.[3][4] He exaggerated his background and early life for the press, claiming that he was born “Taidje Khan” of part-Mongol parentage, on the Russian island of Sakhalin.[5] In reality, he was born at home in a four-story residence at 15 Aleutskaya Street, Vladivostok, in the Far Eastern Republic (present-day Primorsky Krai, Russia).[6] He occasionally referred to himself as Julius Briner,[1] Jules Bryner, or Youl Bryner.[3] The 1989 biography by his son, Rock Brynner, clarified some of these issues.[5]", "On July 11, 1920, Yul Brynner was born Yuli Borisovich Bryner in the turbulent and revolutionary climate of Vladivostok, Russia.  His father, Boris Bryner, was a mining engineer and his mother, Marousia Blagovidova, who came from the intelligentsia, was an actress and singer. Yul grew up with a variety of languages swirling around the household including Russian, English, French, Chinese, Korean, Czech and Japanese.  When he was 6 years old, the family moved to Harbin, China, where he and his sister, Vera, attended a school run by the YMCA. Yul’s parents divorced in 1934, and with an increasingly chaotic military environment, Brynner’s mother decided to move with the children to Paris.  At this time in the late nineteenth century, Paris was the undisputed Mecca of the European arts, and the children were enrolled at Lycée Moncelle, one of the city’s top schools. During this time, Yul focused on his skills as a guitar player.", "Yul Brynner was born Yuliy Borisovich Bryner in 1920. He exaggerated his background and early life for the press, claiming that he was born Taidje Khan of part-Mongol parentage, on the Russian island of Sakhalin. In reality, he was born at home in a four-storey residence at 15 Aleutskaya Street, Vladivostok, in the Far Eastern Republic (present-day Primorsky Krai, Russia). He also occasionally referred to himself as Julius Briner, Jules Bryner, or Youl Bryner. A biography written by his son, Rock Brynner, in 1989 clarified these issues.", "On September 28, 2012, an 2.4-metre (8-foot) tall statue was inaugurated at Yul Brynner Park, in front of the home where he was born at Aleutskaya St. No. 15 in Vladivostok, Russia. Created by local sculptor Alexei Bokiy, the monument was carved in granite from China. The grounds for the park were donated by the city of Vladivostok, which also paid additional costs. Vladivostok Mayor Igor Pushkariov, US Consul General Sylvia Curran, and Yul’s son, Rock Brynner, participated in the ceremony, along with hundreds of local residents", "Yul Brynner Memorial Photos Flowers Edit Share Birth: Jul. 11, 1920 Vladivostok Primorsky Krai, Russia Death: Oct. 10, 1985 New York New York County (Manhattan) New York, USA", "Yul sometimes claimed to be a half-Swiss, half-Japanese named Taidje Khan, born on the island of Sakhalin; in reality, he was the son of Marousia Dimitrievna (Blagovidova), the Russian daughter of a doctor, and Boris Yuliyevich Bryner, an engineer and inventor of Swiss-German and Russian descent. He was born in their home town of Vladivostok on 11 July 1920 and named Yuli after his grandfather, Jules Bryner. When Yuli's father abandoned the family, his mother took him and his sister Vera to Harbin, Manchuria, where they attended a YMCA school. In 1934 Yuli's mother took her children to Paris. Her son was sent to the exclusive Lycée Moncelle, but his attendance was spotty. He dropped out and became a musician, playing guitar in the nightclubs among the Russian gypsies who gave him his first real sense of family. He met luminaries such as Jean Cocteau and became an apprentice at the Theatre des Mathurins. He worked as a trapeze artist with the famed Cirque d'Hiver company.", "Yul Brynner (Russian: Юлий Борисович Бринер, Yuliy Borisovich Briner; July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985) was a Russian-born United States-based actor of stage and film. He was best known for his portrayal of the King of Siam in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I, for which he won two Tony Awards and an Academy Award for the film version; he played the role 4,625 times on stage. He is also remembered as Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille blockbuster The Ten Commandments, General Bounine in the 1956 film Anastasia and Chris Adams in The Magnificent Seven. Brynner was noted for his distinctive voice and for his shaved head, which he maintained as a personal trademark long after adopting it in 1951 for his role in The King and I. Earlier, he was a model and television director, and later a photographer and the author of two books.", "\"The enthralling story, across four generations, of a singular dynasty of fathers and sons, all of them gifted, dynamic, complicated and driven, all of them firmly embedded in the history of their times. . . . They include the restless, brilliant, and ambitious Yul Brynner, whose odyssey from the Russian Far East to Paris, New York and Hollywood is chronicled with the flair of a born raconteur, the professional historian�s command of facts, and the memoirist�s firsthand knowledge of intimate family lore. His son, Rock Brynner, brings this dazzling saga full circle with his adoption by the people of Vladivostok.\"", "Yul Brynner (born Yuly Borisovich Briner, ; July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985)Record of Yul Brynner, #108-18-2984. Social Security Administration. [http://ssdi.rootsweb.com/ Born in 1920 according to the Social Security Death Index (although some sources indicate the year was 1915)] Provo, Utah: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2006. In his biography of his father, Rock Yul Brynner, he asserts that he was born in the later year (1920). was a Russian-born, United States-based film and stage actor. ", "Yuliy Borisovich Bryner , Yul Brynner Юлий Борисович Бринер, (July 11, 1920  – October 10, 1985) was a Russian stage and film actor. He was best known for his portrayal of Mongkut, king of Siam, in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the film version; he also played the role more than 4,500 times onstage. He is also remembered as-:", "Brynner was born into one of the richest families in the Russian Far East. His grandfather, Julius was a Swiss citizen who moved to the Russian Far East in the 19th century and had a business empire that stretched to the Korean peninsula.  Historical records indicate that the Romanov Dynasty’s quest to protect the Brynner family’s business interests was among the factors responsible for the 1905 Russo-Japanese War.", "His father, Boris Yuliyevich Briner, was a mining engineer and inventor of Swiss-German and Russian descent, whose father, Jules Briner, was a Swiss citizen who moved to Vladivostok in the 1870s and established a successful import/export company.Rochman, Sue. [http://www.cancertodaymag.org/Winter2011/Pages/yul-brynner-lung-cancer.aspx \"A King's Legacy\"], Cancer Today magazine, Winter 2011 (December 5, 2011); accessed January 20, 2013 Brynner's paternal grandmother, Natalya Yosifovna Kurkutova, was a native of Irkutsk and a Eurasian of part Buryat ancestry. ", "His father, Boris Yuliyevich Bryner, was a mining engineer whose father, Jules Bryner, was Swiss, and whose mother, Natalya Iosifovna Kurkutova, was a native of Irkutsk and was partly of Buryat ancestry. His mother, Marousia Dimitrievna (née Blagovidova), came from the intelligentsia and studied to be an actress and singer; she was the granddaughter of a doctor who had converted from Judaism to the Russian Orthodox Church.", " According to Rock Brynner’s book, Yul moved with his sister and mother to Harbin in the 1920s and later to Paris, where he tried a variety of jobs from being a guitar player to a member of a circus troupe. He immigrated with his family to the United States in 1940 and got his first major break in 1951, when he was chosen to play the role of King Rama IV for the Rodgers and Hammerstein play, the King and I. Brynner won the Tony Award for the Best Featured Actor, but his greatest achievement came in 1956 when he won the Oscar Award for the Best Actor in the film adaptation of the musical.", "Arsenyev Regional History Museum, 20 Svetlanskaya St (At the intersection of Aleutskaya and Svetlanskaya), ☎ +7 4232 41-40-82. Mostly a natural history museum, save for a few pieces of Stalinist kitsch and a tribute to Hollywood star and hometown hero Yul Brynner. There are some interesting displays on pre-Russian settlers and their techniques for hunting and survival, but the death-dance between the tiger and the bear has to be seen to be believed.   edit", "Bondarchuk shot to international fame with War and Peace , a powerful adaptation of the eponymous masterpiece by Leo Tolstoy . The 7-hour-long film epic won the 1969 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and brought Bondarchuk a reputation of one of the finest directors of his generation. The most expensive project in film history, War and Peace was produced over seven years, from 1961 to 1968, at an estimated cost of $100,000,000 (over $800,000,000 adjusted for inflation in 2010). The film set several records, such as involving over three hundred professional actors from several countries and also tens of thousands extras from the Red Army in filming of the 3rd two-hour-long episode about the historic Battle of Borodino against the Napoleon's invasion, making it the largest battle scene ever filmed. Bondarchuk also made history by introducing several remote-controlled cameras that were moving on 300 meter long wires above the scene of the battlefield. Having earned international acclaim for War and Peace , he starred in the epic The Battle on the River Neretva with fellow Russian, Yul Brynner , and Orson Welles , whom he would direct the following year.", "At age 20, after a brief three-month stay in England, Yul traveled with his mother to the United States to continue his studies with Michael Chekhov. Yul lived in New York City and began to tour with Chekhov’s theatrical troupe. Chekhov cast Yul in a series of Shakespeare plays where he honed his acting skills.  It did not take long for Brynner to be cast in his first Broadway role in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night (1941) and then Lute Song (1945), starring opposite famed actress Mary Martin.", "Exotic leading man of American films, famed as much for his completely bald head as for his performances, Yul Brynner masked much of his life in mystery and outright lies designed to tease people he considered gullible. It was not until the publication of the books \"Yul: The Man Who Would Be King\" and \"Empire and Odyssey\" by his son, Yul \"Rock\" Brynner, that many of the details of Brynner's early life became clear.", "In addition to his work as a director and performer, Brynner was an active photographer and wrote two books. His daughter Victoria put together Yul Brynner: Photographer (ISBN 0-8109-3144-3) a collection of his photographs of family, friends, and fellow actors, as well as those he took while serving as a UN special consultant on refugees. Brynner wrote Bring Forth the Children: A Journey to the Forgotten People of Europe and the Middle East (1960), with photographs by himself and Magnum photographer Inge Morath, and also The Yul Brynner Cookbook: Food Fit for the King and You (1983 ISBN 0-8128-2882-8).", "According to his son, Yul \"Rock\" Brynner, \"In his youth, Yul Brynner was Jean Cocteau 's opium supplier.\" Empire and Odyssey, p. 141.", "A student of music from childhood, Brynner was an accomplished guitarist. In his early period in Europe he often played and sang gypsy songs in Parisian nightclubs with Aliosha Dimitrievitch. He sang some of those same songs in the film The Brothers Karamazov. In 1967 he and Dimitrievitch released a record album The Gypsy and I: Yul Brynner Sings Gypsy Songs (Vanguard VSD 79265).", "At thirty-six years old, Yul won a Tony Award for his performance in The King and I, as well as an Academy Award for Best Actor in the film adaption. Yul went on to star in a multitude of highly-acclaimed films including The Ten Commandments (1956) with Charlton Heston, Anastasia (1956), co-starring Ingrid Bergman, The Brothers Karamazov (1958) with William Shatner, The Magnificent Seven (1960) with Steve McQueen,  Morituri (1965) co-starring Marlon Brando, and The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969) with Katharine Hepburn. Among his final feature roles, Brynner appeared in Michael Crichton's Westworld (1973) and its sequel, Futureworld (1976).  Yul also appeared in drag, as a torch singer, in an unbilled role opposite Roman Polanski in the Peter Sellers comedy, The Magic Christian (1969).", "He appeared in more than 40 other films over the next two decades,[7] including the epic Solomon and Sheba (1959), The Magnificent Seven (1960), Taras Bulba (1962) and Kings of the Sun (1963). He co-starred with Marlon Brando in Morituri (1965), Katharine Hepburn in The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969) and Lee J. Cobb in a film version of The Brothers Karamazov (1958). He played the titular role of The Ultimate Warrior (1975) and starred with Barbara Bouchet in Death Rage (1976). Among his final feature film appearances were in Michael Crichton’s Westworld (1973) and its sequel Futureworld (1976). Brynner also appeared in drag (as a torch singer) in an unbilled role in the Peter Sellers comedy The Magic Christian (1969).[24]", "After these notable appearances on Broadway, Brynner struggled to find acting work and fell in to the burgeoning world of television.  In 1950, Yul held a steady job as a staff producer and director at CBS, working alongside Sidney Lumet and his assistant, John Frankenheimer.  It was at this time that Yul developed his life long passion for photography.", "He became a member of the Irkutsk Drama Theater in the 1950s, then joined the Chekhov's Drama Theatre in the city of Taganrog in the 1960s, then, upon invitation from Lenfilm Studios, he returned to Leningrad in 1968. There, after a few successful appearances on television, he made his big screen debut as spy Sotnikov in Razvyazka . Shelokhonov played a foreign spy wearing a Soviet uniform and killing people. When the movie was released, a real Red Army officer wearing a uniform approached the Moscow Kremlin and made several gun shots trying to kill the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev . Immediately after this attack on the Soviet leader, the movie Razvyazka was banned by the Soviet government, and the filmmakers were censored, albeit Shelokhonov survived again thanks to his talent. He spent most of his professional acting career working for film studios in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev and Odessa.", "The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. Eldar Ryazanov's and Leonid Gaidai's comedies of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catch phrases still in use today. In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. ", "In 1968, he starred as Piotr Ilyich Kamenev, the Soviet Premier, in the movie version of The Shoes of the Fisherman along with Anthony Quinn, Leo McKern, John Gielgud, and Oskar Werner. The movie was nominated for two Academy awards, and was produced during the height of the Cold War.", "1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in the Soviet cinema. Eldar Ryazanov's and Leonid Gaidai's comedies of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catch phrases still in use today. In 1961–1967 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive Soviet film made. In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre known as 'osterns'; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. ", "In addition to the masters of the older generation, a number of new young film-makers emerged in the various studios of the country in the late 1950’s, most of whom were graduates of the All-Union State Institute of Cinematography, the Advanced Screenwriting Courses (1960), and the Advanced Directing Courses (1966). Among these were the directors T. E. Abuladze, Sh. K. Aimanov, A. A. Alov, V. P. Basov, S. F. Bondarchuk, R. A. Bykov, V. Ia. Vengerov, L. I. Gaidai, G. N. Daneliia, Iu. P. Egorov, V. P. Žalakjavičius, V. I. Ivchenko, Iu. Iu. Karasik, E. G. Klimov, A. S. Konchalovskii, L. A. Kulidzhanov, T. M. Lioznova, A. N. Mitta, V. N. Naumov, A. M. Neretniek, Iu. N. Ozerov, G. I. Panfilov, S. I. Rostotskii, E. A. Riazanov, S. I. Samsonov, A. A. Saltykov, Ia. A. Segel’, V. N. Skuibin, I. V. Talankin, A. A. Tarkovskii, L. A. Faiziev, D. Ia. Khrabrovitskii, M. M. Khutsiev, Iu. S. Chuliukin, G. N. Chukhrai, R. D. Chkheidze, M. A. Shveitser, E. M. Shengelaia, G. N. Shengelaia, and V. M. Shukshin.", "In the 1960’s and 1970’s, Soviet film-making became more comprehensive and profound in its study of the various aspects of society. The means of expression became richer, and the language of film was refined. The Great Patriotic War continued to be a major theme, with the best films depicting the immortal deeds, moral purity, and humanism of the Soviet people with great emotional force. Among the most important such films were Peace to Him Who Enters (1961, directed by A. A. Alov and V. N. Naumov), My Name Is Ivan (1962, directed by A. A. Tarkovskii), Introduction (1963, directed by I. V. Talankin), The Living and the Dead (1964; based on K. M. Simonov’s work, directed by A. B. Stolper), Tale of a Mother (1964, directed by A. A. Karpov), The Father of a Soldier (1965, directed by R. D. Chkheidze), Nobody Wanted to Die (1966, directed by V. P. Zalakjavicius), The Apples of 1941 (1969, directed by B. Batyrov), The Dawns Here Are Quiet (1972, directed by S. I. Rostotskii), and the four-part film epic Liberation (1970–71, directed by Iu. N. Ozerov).", "Among outstanding directors and actors who have contributed to the city’s cultural life are E. O. Liubimov-Lanskoi, A. D. Popov, R. N. Simonov, Iu. A. Zavadskii, N. P. Okhlopkov, V. I. Kachalov, I. M. Moskvin, O. L. Knipper-Chekhova, L. M. Leonidov, N. P. Khmelev, A. K. Tarasova, B. N. Livanov, A. N. Gribov, M. M. Ianshin, A. A. Iablochkina, V. N. Ryzhova, E. D. Turchaninova, A. A. Ostuzhev, V. N. Pashennaia, M. I. Tsarev, M. I. Zharov, I. V. Il’inskii, B. I. Babochkin, B. V. Shchukin, I. N. Bersenev, A. G. Koonen, S. M. Mikhoels, V. P. Maretskaia, N. D. Mordvinov, R. Ia. Pliatt, M. I. Babanova, Iu. K. Borisova, M. A. Ul’ianov, and O. N. Efremov. Famous motion-picture directors have included S. M. Eisenstein, V. I. Pudovkin, A. P. Dovzhenko, D. Vertov, G. V. Aleksandrov, I. A. Pyr’ev, M. I. Romm, Iu. Ia. Raizman, G. L. Roshal’, S. A. Gerasimov, and S. I. Iutkevich.", "The victorious conclusion of the war posed new challenges for motion pictures, that of creatively reflecting the feat of all the people in the struggle against fascism and that of depicting the life of the Soviet people who had returned to peaceful labor. Among the films of the late 1940’s and early 1950’s were The Young Guard (1948; based on A. A. Fadeev’s work, directed by S. A. Gerasimov), The Legend of the Siberian Land (1948, directed by I. A. Pyr’ev), The Faraway Bride (1948, directed by E. A. Ivanov-Barkov), Konstantin Zaslonov (1949, directed by V. V. Korsh-Sablin and A. M. Faintsimmer), and The Return of Vasilii Bortnikov (1953, directed by V. I. Pudovkin). The Soviet films of the late 1950’s, including The Cranes Are Flying (1957, directed by M. K. Kalatozov), The House Where I Live (1957, directed by L. A. Kulidzhanov and Ia. A. Segel’), A Man’s Fate (1959; based on M. A. Sholokhov’s work, directed by S. F. Bondarchuk), and Ballad of a Soldier (1959, directed by G. N. Chukhrai), revealed the upsurge in Soviet film-making and the emergence of many new talented creative individuals and reflected a more profound treatment of the war theme. All won world acclaim. The best films about the war, which further developed the creative film-making achievements of the war years, were characterized by a documentary quality and a striving to re-create actual events as exactly and vividly as possible." ]

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[ "Karen Carpenter died in 1983 at the age of 32. But the music that she and Richard created lives on.", "THEN: Karen Carp... One-half of music duo The Carpenters, Karen Carpenter died in 1983 of heart failure caused by complications from anorexia. She was 32 years old. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: Evening Standard/Getty Images)", "Nine months ago singer Karen Carpenter fell victim to heart failure after an eight-year battle with anorexia nervosa. She seemed to be on the verge of recovery when she died at the age of 32. After spending almost all of 1982 undergoing treatment for the eating disorder, the 5’4½” Carpenter had managed to pump her weight from a frail 80 pounds to a nearly normal 110.", "The pop singer Karen Carpenter, who with her brother Richard sold more than 30 million records as the Carpenters, died Friday of cardiac arrest at Downey Community Hospital in Downey, Calif. The 32-year-old singer was found unconscious by her mother, Agnes Carpenter, at her parents' home in Downey, a suburb of Los Angeles, and was taken to the hospital.", "\"Put on the nuclear curtain.\" \"Then put on the Carpenters.\" - In 1968, after a time with the band Spectrum, brother and sister Richard and Karen Carpenters formed their own musical duo called, simply, the Carpenters. They were one of the most successful music acts of the 1970s, with their pop/adult contemporary style giving them 12 top ten hits, including three number ones. The Carpenters were listening so easy, you couldn't even tell you were listening. Hits included \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" (1970), \"Top of the World\" (1973) and \"Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft\" (1977). In 1983, at age 32, Karen died from complications due to anorexia nervosa, which some people blame on her brother's supposed domineering nature.", "Karen Carpenter - died of heart irregularities caused by anorexia nervosa just days before her 33rd birthday on February 4th, 1983", "Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo, consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter. Though often referred to by the public as The Carpenters, the duo's official name on authorized recordings and press materials is simply \"Carpenters\". During a period in the 1970s when louder and wilder rock was in great demand, Richard and Karen produced a distinctively soft musical style that made them among the best-selling music artists of all time. Carpenters' melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary genres. Carpenters had three No. 1 singles and five No. 2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No. 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart (see The Carpenters discography). In addition, they had twelve top 10 singles (including their No. 1 hits). To date, Carpenters' album and single sales total more than 100 million units. During their 14-year career, the Carpenters recorded 11 albums, thirty-one singles, five television specials, and a short-lived television series. They toured in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, the Netherlands and Belgium. Their recording career ended with Karen's death in 1983 at age 32 from heart failure following complications of anorexia nervosa. Extensive news coverage of the circumstances surrounding her death increased public awareness of the consequences of eating disorders. Verbergen", "Karen Carpenter (singer) -- Dead. Heart failure due to complications from anorexia nervosa. Died February 4, 1983. Born March 2, 1950. Very popular lead singer of The Carpenters, one of the top groups of the early '70s.  ", "Coincidentally, Brittany Murphy was the same age - 32 - as Karen was when she died.", "Carpenter had a fixation with her weight from her earliest days performing with her brother, Richard, in and around their hometown of Downey, California. As a teenager, she dropped at least 25 pounds on a popular and severe weight-loss program known as “the Water Diet,” so that by the time she and Richard burst on the pop scene with their smash hit “Close To You” in the summer of 1970, she was a thin but healthy 20-year-old carrying 120 lbs. on a 5′ 5″  frame. She maintained that weight through the early years of the Carpenters’ success, yet it appears that Karen’s insecurities about her appearance only grew, even as she was becoming one of the biggest pop stars of her era.", "The couple had three children together: Eric, Karen, and Mark. In June 1961, daughter Karen was diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the middle part of her brain stem; X-ray treatment slowed its growth, but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk. Two-year-old Karen died of pneumonia, related to her weakened health, on January 28, 1962. ", "Karen Carpenter (Karen Anne Carpenter) - Died 2-4-1983 - Heart failure due to Anorexia Nervosa ( Pop ) Born 3-2- 1950 in New Haven, Conneticut, U.S. - Singer - Was a member of The Carpenters (They recorded, \"Yesterday Once More\" and \"We've Only Just Begun\").", "The real name of the actress is Harliyn Carpenter. She was born on March 3, 1922 in Kansas City. She died too young in 1937, only 26 years old, but managed to shoot 26 films.", "Hope died of natural causes at her home in Toluca Lake, California on September 19, 2011. She was 102 years old.[12] [edit] Honors", "Just when Ballard's life finally seemed to be on an upward swing, tragedy struck. On February 21, 1976, she was checked into Detroit's Mt. Carmel Mercy Hospital. She died the next day of a blood clot on one of her coronary arteries according to examiners. She was only 32 years old.", "Carpenter's funeral service took place on February 8, 1983, at the Downey United Methodist Church. Dressed in a rose-colored suit, Carpenter lay in an open white casket. Over 1,000 mourners passed through to say goodbye, among them her friends Dorothy Hamill, Olivia Newton-John, Petula Clark, and Dionne Warwick. Carpenter's estranged husband Tom attended her funeral, where he took off his wedding ring and placed it inside the casket. She was entombed at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cypress, California. In 2003, Richard had Karen re-interred, along with their parents, in a newly constructed outdoor Carpenter family mausoleum at the Pierce Brothers Valley Oaks Memorial Park in Westlake Village, California, which is closer to his Southern California home.", "In 1957 she was appointed as a special US delegate to the United Nations during the 12th General Assembly by President Dwight D. Eisenhower , such was her widespread appeal. The remainder of her life was spent on civic causes. She even donated $10,000 to the restoration of the town fountain in her girlhood home of Madison, Indiana, in 1976, even though she had not been there since 1938 when she came home for a visit. She died of heart failure on September 4, 1990, in Los Angeles, California.", "\"Now\", recorded in April 1982, was the last song Carpenter recorded. She recorded it after a two-week intermission in her therapy with psychotherapist Steven Levenkron in New York City for her anorexia, during which she had lost a considerable amount of weight. During her illness, in order to lose weight, she had taken thyroid replacement medication (to speed up her metabolism) and laxatives. Despite her participation in therapy, her condition continued to deteriorate and she only lost more weight, leading Carpenter to call her psychotherapist to tell him she felt dizzy and that her heart was beating irregularly. Finally in September 1982, she was admitted to Lenox Hill Hospital in New York and hooked up to an intravenous drip, which caused her to gain a considerable amount of weight (30 pounds) in just eight weeks. The sudden weight gain further strained her heart, which was already weak from years of dietary restriction.", "� Karen Anne Carpenter was a famous singer / drummer. � She is part of a brother / sister duo.", "TIMI YURO: was just 18 years old when she reached #4 on the US charts in 1961 with a song called, \"Hurt\". She succumbed to brain cancer on March 30, 2004 at the age of sixty two", "Karen Carpenter has been called one of the best female vocalists of the 20th Century by a number of influential publications as diverse as Rolling Stone and National Public Radio, and Sir Paul McCartney called her the best female vocalist ever, saying that she was \"the best female voice in the world: melodic, tuneful and distinctive.\" A critical re-evaluation of Carpenters occurred during the 1990s and 2000s with the making of several documentaries produced in the United States, Japan, and Great Britain, like Close to You: Remembering the Carpenters (United States), The Sayonara (Japan), and Only Yesterday: The Carpenters Story (Great Britain). It has been said that Karen's signature vocals helped spur more contralto singers into pop music such as Anne Murray, Rita Coolidge, and Melissa Manchester. Despite contentions that their sound was \"too soft\" to fall under the definition of rock and roll, major campaigns and petitions exist toward inducting Carpenters in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. ", "Timi Yuro - was just 18 years old when she reached #4 on the US charts in 1961 with a song called \"Hurt\", succumbed to brain cancer March 30th, 2004. She was 62", "Richard Carpenter married his first cousin, Mary Rudolph, on May 19, 1984. Kristi Lynn (which was the name Karen had chosen for a daughter if she ever had one) [Little Girl Blue] was born on August 17, 1987, Traci Tatum on July 25, 1989, Mindi Karen (named after her late aunt) on July 7, 1992, followed by Colin Paul and Taylor Mary. ", "As of April 2004, her brother Richard Carpenter has made four new Carpenters albums since her death. This is possible by using songs that were left off previous albums and making new albums out of them. He also uses songs that Karen recorded and then later arranges music to accompany them.", "People we lost in 2013 – Pop-country singer Patti Page died on January 1 in Encinitas, California. She was 85. Born Clara Ann Fowler, Page was the best-selling female artist of the 1950s and had 19 gold and 14 platinum singles.", "Karen’s Theme  is a song composed by Richard Carpenter and dedicated to his sister after her passing.", "Before her death, she began filming 'Something's Got to Give' with Dean Martin, though she was still getting sick a lot. 20th Century Fox attempted to sue her due to her lack of attendance in filming, as she often appeared in the media and magazines looking perfectly well. She famously sang 'Happy Birthday' to President John F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden in 1962.", "Whether from ipecac or from malnourishment alone, Carpenter was so weak by the mid-’70s that she could do little more than lie down between shows. Her exhaustion forced the band to cancel a 1975 European tour while she slept 14 to 16 hours a day, according to Schmidt’s biography.", "* 1999 – VH1 ranked Carpenter at #29 on its list of the 100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll. ", "She is the oldest of the six surviving people mentioned by name in the 1989 Billy Joel song \"We Didn't Start the Fire\". The other five are Queen Elizabeth II , Brigitte Bardot , Chubby Checker , Bob Dylan and Bernard Goetz .", "Liz Carpenter (writer) -- Dead. Pneumonia Died March 20, 2010. Born September 1, 1920. Down-to-earth writer who was Lady Bird Johnson's press secretary and fought for women's causes, died same day as another LBJ administration member, Stewart Udall   Obituary", "In 1980 Miss Carpenter married a real-estate developer, Thomas J. Burris of Newport Beach, Calif. Mr. Bloch said the couple were getting a divorce. He also said Miss Carpenter had suffered from anorexia during 1981 and 1982, but had recovered. ''She looked great,'' Mr. Bloch said. ''She was anxious to record her new album, and she was in good spirits.''" ]

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[ "The first-ever modern Olympics was held in Athens, Greece in 1896. The founder of the International Olympic Committee Baron Pierre de Coubertin once said “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not winning but taking part, the essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well.”", "“The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not winning but taking part; the essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well” – Baron Pierre de Coubertin, International Olympic Committee founder and father of the modern Games.", "\"The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.\"", "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well. [84]", "The founder of the modern Olympic games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, first stated the Olympic creed in 1896, and it is as much a cherished ideal today as it was more than a century ago: \"The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part.\"", "Coubertin said \"These three words represent a programme of moral beauty. The aesthetics of sport are intangible.\" The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris. A more informal but well known motto, also introduced by Coubertin, is \"The most important thing is not to win but to take part!\" Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games.", "The French educator, Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937), is considered to be the founder of the modern Olympic Games. De Coubertin believed that participation in sport helped form the character of young people. [13] Consequently, he promoted the principles of what he defined as ‘Olympism’. [14] For de Coubertin, to follow these principles was to ‘adhere to an ideal of a higher life, to strive for perfection’, to represent an elite ‘whose origins are completely egalitarian’. The Olympics’ founding father also saw ‘chivalry’ with its moral qualities as the basis of ‘a four-yearly festival of the springtime of mankind’ which glorified beauty by the ‘involvement of the philosophic arts in the Games’. [15]", "The First International Games take place in Athens, Greece. The promoters included the French Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Coubertin revered the ancient Hellenes, and believed that participation in amateur sports was an essential part of a liberal arts education. Coubertin also believed that the games should honor the individual athlete, not the country, and that participating was more important than winning. Therefore, unlike the ancient games, athletes received prizes for second and third place as well as first. Modern sport historians often call these games the first modern Olympics. To some extent, this is true, as they were the first modern athletic events to use international amateur sporting competition as flag-waving international theater. Nevertheless, truly modern Olympics, meaning quadrennial games pitting superb athletes against one another in theatrical settings for the purpose of encouraging mass nationalism and consumer spending, only date to the 1920s.", "In 1921, Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games , borrowed a Latin phrase from his friend, Father Henri Didon, for the Olympic motto: Citius, Altius, Fortius (\"Swifter, Higher, Stronger\").", "French baron, Pierre de Coubertin, not only started the movement to found the modern Olympic Games, but he also designed the Olympic Rings. Coubertin described the Rings and their meaning in the following quote:", "That was the dream of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founding father of the modern Olympics. He must have said so to reduce the win at all cost syndrome among athletes and their countries.", "The revival of the Olympic Games began with Baron Pierre de Coubertin (18631937) of France. Coubertin was greatly interested in education, and he firmly believed that the best way to develop the minds of young people was to develop their bodies as well; learning and athletics should go together. After he visited the ruins of ancient Olympia, it occurred to Coubertin that perhaps the best way to generate widespread acceptance of his theory was to resurrect the Olympic Games. He hoped the new Games would bring back the ideals of physical, mental, and spiritual excellence displayed in the ancient Games, as well as build courage, endurance, and a sense of fair play in all who participated. In addition, he hoped the Games would turn the tide he saw worldwide of the growing commercialism of sports.", "credited as founder/inventor of modern olympics, said games were for elite and amateaur athletes, not for pros", "The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius, Altius, Fortius, which is Latin for \"Faster, Higher, Stronger\". [1] It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894.", "The tradition of cultural festivities and the Olympic Games stems from the philosophy of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who saw the Games as an expression of the excellence of both mind and body. A cultural program is not an optional extra. It is a requirement. The Charter of the Modern Olympic Games requires the host city and country to present a program of national and international arts.", "Modern Olympic Games : The revival work of the Games was undertaken by Baron Pierre de Coubertin nearly 1,500 years after the last of the ancient Games. He was born into a family of Italian origin which had settled in France. It was on November 25, 1892, during a conference at Sorbonne about the history of physical exercises, that the first pronounced those famous six words in public \"The Restoration of the Olympic Games\" He said that the Games would ennoble and strengthen amateur sports to give them strength and lasting quality for an essential role in the world of modern education.", "The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the IV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in 1908 in London, England, United Kingdom. These games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome, but were re-located on financial grounds following a disastrous eruption of Mt Vesuvius in 1906. They were the fourth chronological modern Olympic Games in keeping with the now-accepted four-year cycle as opposed to the proposed Intercalated Games alternate four-year cycle. The IOC president for these Games was Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Lasting a total of 187 days, or 6 months and 4 days, these games were the longest in modern Olympics history.", "A French baron named Pierre de Coubertin changed all that. Coubertin was an aristocrat who had worked for some years to improve the quality of physical education in France. In addition to a keen interest in athletics, Coubertin was a proponent of internationalism-cooperation between nations which he felt would promote peace. Inspired by the uncovering of the ruins at Olympia, the failed efforts to revive the ancient Games, and his interest in sports, Coubertin conceived the idea of reestablishing the Olympic Games. In 1892, he hosted a banquet for the Union of French Athletic Sports Clubs, a group he had founded five years earlier. In a speech at the banquet, he proposed reviving the Olympic Games, but the suggestion was met with a mixture of apathy and derision. Was Coubertin suggesting holding footraces in the nude as the ancient Greeks had? Was he seriously suggesting that civilized Europeans should compete with Africans and Asians?", "Baron Pierre de Coubertin, an influential French aristocrat and historian, proposed a revival of the Ancient Olympic Games at a congress that he organised in Paris in 1894. The congress resulted in the formation of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Athens was chosen to stage the first of the Modern Olympics in 1896.", "Germany defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. After examining the education of the German, British, and American children, Coubertin decided that it was exercise, more specifically sports, that made a well-rounded and vigorous person. Coubertin may also have speculated that a vigorous person might make a good solider. In 1890, de Coubertin organized and founded a sports organization, Union des Soci?t?s Francaises de Sports Athl?tiques (USFSA). The USFSA used an emblem consisting of two interlocking rings, reflecting that the USFSA was born, with de Coubertin as president, through the merger of two previously independent associations. The shape formed by the interlocking of two circles is the “vesica piscis” symbol of the Mother Goddess. The symbol with the “vesica piscis” is known to have been used on uniforms of the USFSA at least as early as 1893.", "The revival of the Olympic Games is only a small part of Baron de Coubertin`s work. In addition to numerous publications dedicated to the technique and the teaching of sport, he was the author of important historical studies, which include a remarkable four-volume universal history, as well as numerous notes, studies and pamphlets on politics, sociology, general teaching, the reform of education, etc. His works total over sixty thousand pages and the catalogue of his publications fill a fourtee-page printed booklet. Counted among the eminent historians of his time, he was a great educator und sociologist as well. ", "The title of Honorary President of the Olympic Games was bestowed on him in 1925 until his death in 1937. It was decided that no other President would ever be granted this honour again. The revival of the Olympic Games represents only a small part of Baron de Coubertin's work. Apart from numerous publications devoted to the technique and teaching of sport, he was the author of important historial, political and sociological studies. His works total over 60,000 pages.", "Throughout his life, Coubertin devoted himself to laying the foundations of the modern games. His vision is evident in nearly every aspect of the modern Olympiad: from the formalities of the opening and closing ceremonies, to the rules and regulations of competition, to the design of the Olympic symbol and medals.", "These games, in turn, influenced a young French aristocrat, athlete and educator named Pierre de Coubertin (1863 - 1937). Coubertin was interested in the success of Victorian England’s sports culture, convinced that competitive athletics developed moral and social values such as camaraderie, a sense of fair play, and national pride, while also fostering a sense of brotherhood and peaceful competition among nations.", "** Pierre de Coubertin as quoted in \"Olympic Games,\" Britannica.com (Retrieved August 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web. http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/2/0,5716,115022+1+108519,00.html).", "In which event did Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the Modern Olympic movement, won a gold medal in 1912 game?", "Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the 1916 Games were cancelled, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II .", "Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the 1916 Games were canceled, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were canceled because of World War II .", "Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the 1916 Games were cancelled, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II.", "What Coubertin saw on the playing fields of Rugby and the other English schools he visited was how “organised sport can create moral and social strength”. Not only did organised games help to set the mind and body in equilibrium, it also prevented the time being wasted in other ways. First developed by the ancient Greeks, it was an approach to education that he felt the rest of the world had forgotten and to whose revival he was to dedicate the rest of his life.", "Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the 1916 Games were canceled, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were canceled because of World War II.", "Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the 1916 Games were canceled, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were canceled because of World War II." ]

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[ "Charles Schulz, (born November 26, 1922, Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S.—died February 12, 2000, Santa Rosa , California ), creator of Peanuts , one of the most successful American comic strips of the mid-20th century.", "Charles M. Schulz was born on November 26, 1922 in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA as Charles Monroe Schulz. He was a writer and producer, known for A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965), The Peanuts Movie (2015) and Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!) (1980). He was married to Jeannie Forsyth and Joyce Halverson. He died on February 12, 2000 in Santa Rosa, California, USA.", "Charles Monroe Schulz was born on November 26, 1922, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The only child of dad Carl, a German immigrant and barber, and mom Dena, a waitress turned homemaker, Schulz spent most of his childhood in the Twin Cities, outside of a two-year stint in Needles, California, after the onset of the Great Depression.", "Charles Schulz, (1922~2000), was born November 26, 1922 to Carl and Dena Schulz of St. Paul, Minnesota. By weeks end, however, Charles became known as \"Sparky,\" nicknamed by an uncle with a soft spot for Barney Googles horse \"Sparkplug.\" Schulz carries the nickname to this day, proof of a life devoted to comics. Early on, Schulz recognized his own talents, realizing he could draw even better than his older cousin. An insightful kindergarten teacher once told him, \"Someday, Charles, you're going to be an artist.\" \"It\" seems beyond the comprehension of people that someone can be born to draw comic strips, but I think I was, \"says Schulz. \"My ambition from earliest memory was to produce a daily comic strip.\"", "Charles Monroe Schulz was born at home at 919 Chicago Avenue South, #2, Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Dena Bertina (nee Halverson) Schulz and Carl Fredrich Augustus Schulz.", "Born in Minneapolis, Minn., on Nov. 26, 1922, Charles M. Schulz was the only child of Dena and Carl Schulz. From birth, comics played an important role in Schulz's life. At just two days old, an uncle nicknamed him 'Sparky' after the horse Spark Plug from the Barney Google comic strip, and throughout his youth he and his father shared a Sunday morning ritual reading the funnies. Schulz always knew he wanted to be a cartoonist and was very proud when Ripley's newspaper feature, Believe It or Not, published his drawing of the family dog in 1937. The Schulz family moved to Needles, Calif., in the summer of 1929, when Sparky was 6 years old; they only stayed there for about a year before returning to Minnesota.", "Charles Monroe “Monte” Schulz was born in Colorado Springs, bringing the young and quickly growing Schulz family to a total of four members. The following month, a little less than a year after moving to Colorado, the Schulz family packed their belongings and moved back to Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Schulz grew up in Saint Paul. He was the only child of Carl Schulz, who was born in Germany, and Dena Halverson, who was Norwegian. His uncle called him \"Sparky\" after the horse Spark Plug in Billy DeBeck's comic strip, Barney Google.", "Charles Monroe Schulz was born Nov. 26, 1922, in Minneapolis and grew up in St. Paul. He was the son of a barber. \"Sparky\" Schulz's only cartooning education was through art correspondence courses. He was drafted and served in World War II as an Army infantryman.", "Charles Schulz created and drew the long-running comic strip Peanuts. By all accounts a shy child while growing up in Minnesota, Schulz took a correspondence art course, served in the U.S. Army during WWII, and then doggedly pursued a career as a cartoonist. His Minneapolis comic panel Li'l Folks was renamed Peanuts and syndicated nationwide in 1950. By the mid-1960s it had become one of the best-known cartoon strips in the world. Schulz's characters, including the wishy-washy Charlie Brown and his fantastical dog Snoopy , also starred in a popular series of holiday TV specials and in the stage show You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown. Late in 1999 Schulz announced he had colon cancer and would retire after nearly 50 years of drawing Peanuts. He died on February 12, 2000, one day before his final Sunday strip appeared. Schulz did not pass the strip to another artist, but many newspapers continue to publish daily reruns of Schulz's past Peanuts strips.", "Schulz was born in Minneapolis and attended St. Paul Central High School. He launched his career from an art instruction school in Minneapolis.", "Schulz was born in Minneapolis on Nov. 26, 1922, and was raised in St. Paul. He studied art after he saw a \"Do you like to draw?\" ad. He was drafted into the Army in 1943 and sent to the European theater, although he saw little combat.", "In 2001, the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors renamed the Sonoma County Airport , located a few miles northwest of Santa Rosa, California , the Charles M. Schulz Airport in his honor. The airport's logo features Snoopy as the World War I Flying Ace (goggles/scarf), taking to the skies on top of his red doghouse (the Sopwith Camel). A bronze statue of Charlie Brown and Snoopy stands in Depot Park in downtown Santa Rosa. [37]", "Schuman, Michael A. Charles M. Schulz: Cartoonist and Creator of Peanuts. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2000.", "A month after his death, the board of supervisors in Sonoma County, California (where Schulz had lived since 1969) voted to change the name of their commercial airport to \"Charles M. Schulz - Sonoma County Airport\" (baggage code STS). The airport added a statue of \"World War I Flying Ace Snoopy\" in 2007, and a statue of \"World Traveler Lucy\" in 2010.", "Schulz's father was a barber and his mother a housewife, just like Charlie Brown's parents. Plus, as the youngest in his class at Central High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Schulz was famously shy.", "Schulz never liked to travel and returned to the Twin Cities only twice after he left in 1958 for California. He eventually made his residence in Santa Rosa, where there is a now a \"Peanuts\" museum and ice rink whose construction he financed.", "Charles Monroe Schulz (November 26, 1922 – February 12, 2000), nicknamed Sparky, was an American cartoonist, best known for the comic strip Peanuts .", "A:  Charles Schulz took a correspondence course in cartooning at what is now the Art Instruction Schools, Inc., in Minneapolis, MN.", "^ Mendelson, Lee (1970). Charlie Brown & Charlie Schulz. New York: World Publishing Company. LC 75-107642  The dust jacket describes the book as \"The warmhearted biography of a wonderful man (real) and a wonderful boy (almost-as-real) who proved that being a loser could be the biggest success story of all.\"", "Late in his senior year at St. Paul’s Central High School, Schulz enrolled in a correspondence course at the Federal School of Applied Cartooning in Minneapolis. He worked odd jobs as he began submitting his cartoons to publications, but his career plans were halted when he was drafted into the U.S. Army in the fall of 1942. Shortly after he left for basic training, his mom passed away at age 50 from cervical cancer.", "^ \"Saying Goodbye: Friends and family eulogize cartoonist Charles Schulz\" February 22, 2000 Pamela J. Podger San Francisco Chronicle", "The famed cartoonist received several posthumous honors, including the Congressional Gold Medal. In 2002, the Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center opened in Santa Rosa, displaying original artwork, letters, photographs and other memorabilia. ", "1978: Portrait of American cartoonist Charles M Schulz (1922 - 2001), creator of the 'Peanuts' comic strip, sitting at his studio drawing table with a picture of his character Charlie Brown and some awards behind him. Schulz created the comic strip in 1950. CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images", "Then came World War Two. Mister Schulz served in the United States Army. During this period he very much enjoyed a comic strip about soldiers called “Willie and Joe.” Cartoonist Bill Mauldin drew this strip. Charles Schulz had Snoopy remember Bill Mauldin every year on the American holiday that honors former soldiers.", "A: Charles Schulz, who for nearly 50 years single-handedly designed, researched, wrote and drew every panel and strip that appear in daily and Sunday newspapers around the world.", "*Both Schroeder and Charles Schulz are honorary brothers of the music fraternity, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.", "In 2006, Forbes ranked Schulz as the third highest-earning deceased celebrity, having earned $35 million in the previous year. In 2009, he was ranked 6th. According to Tod Benoit in his book Where Are They Buried? How Did They Die?, Charles M. Schulz's income during his lifetime totaled more than $1.1 billion.", "After the war, Mister Schulz taught at an art school. He fell in love with another employee. She was a young woman with red hair. However, this red-haired woman married someone else. Mister Schulz said he thought she chose another man because her mother believed Charles Schulz would never succeed in life.", "After the war, Mr. Schulz taught at an art school.  He fell in love with another employee.  She was a young woman with red hair.  However, this red-haired woman married someone else.  Mr. Schulz said he thought she chose another man because her mother believed Charles Schulz would never succeed in life.", "Q: With whom did Charles Schulz sign his first 5-year contract, starting his career as a full-time cartoonist?", "Did Charles Schulz have a dog or dogs in his life that influenced his creation of Snoopy?" ]

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[ "The Welsh poet William Henry Davies wrote the poem ‘Leisure’, which famously begins:‘What is this life if, full of care,/We have no time to stand and stare.’", "* Poet WH Davies was born here. \"What life is this, if, full of care, we have no time to stand and stare,\" he wrote in his poem Leisure.", "* Stand and Stare' statue by Paul Bothwell Kincaid, in Commercial Street, commemorating the work of poet W. H. Davies, who was born in Newport and lived his early life there. Davies is best known for his poem Leisure; \"What is this life if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare\".", "In the year of Christ 1571, at the age of thirty-eight, on the last day of February, his birthday, Michael de Montaigne, long weary of the servitude of the court and of public employments, while still entire, retired to the bosom of the learned virgins, where in calm and freedom from all cares he will spend what little remains of his life, now more than half run out. If the fates permit, he will complete this abode, this sweet ancestral retreat; and he has consecrated it to his freedom, tranquility, and leisure. ", "There is a peculiar but inexorable logic that compels this Wordsworthian idiosyncrasy. If, for Wordsworth, the earliest part of life was the state of fullest being (‘trailing clouds of glory do we come / … Heaven lies about us in our infancy’) and the process of growth was accompanied by the loss of being (‘Shades of the prison-house begin to close / Upon the growing Boy’) it follows that the worst of all possible states in life must be the extreme future, where the process of diminution has reached the nadir. It is this special anxiety about an ultimate loss of being that provides the substratum of Wordsworth’s pervading interest in derelicts and lonely people, particularly the lonely aged—‘the sole survivor’ such as Simon Lee. As Socrates says to Cephalus, ‘I enjoy talking with the very aged. . . . For we have to learn from them as from wayfarers who have preceded us on a road that we too, it may be, must eventually take—what is it like? . . . Is it a hard part of life to bear?’ For Wordsworth the answer is somber: the prospect of the future echoes with the loss of joy experienced in the past. For instance, in ‘Tintern Abbey’ the poet’s attention moves from the ‘aching joys’ and ‘dizzy raptures’ of the past to a future when ‘solitude, or fear, or pain, or grief’ might be one’s portion.", "This poem is by Harry Scott-Holland. Scott-Holland was the Canon of St. Paul's and died in 1918. The poem is often read at funerals.", "These are perhaps the most famous lines in John Donne ’s oeuvre, especially since they were used in the 20th century by Ernest Hemingway for the title of his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls ). It is often suggested that the lines come from Donne's poetry, but they come from a prose work, the Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions, and severall steps in my Sicknes, written in 1624 while Donne was Dean of St. Paul’s (a very high honor in the Church of England). The book expresses his reflections in light of his very serious bout with spotted fever (Warnke 9; Novarr 162).", "The rare moments of peace and happiness that occur in James’s fiction are sometimes connected with the quiet beauty of ritual, especially Evensong. There are reminders of joy and of traditional values in the references to authors such as Shakespeare, Austen or Blake. But beauty is only a reminder of grace, and lames sets the issue of self-knowledge in opposition to self-indulgence, the warship of beauty, and personal hypocrisy. Increasingly, her fiction reminds us that we need to accept our need of belief; belief itself is a gift. Even as a nonbeliever, Philippa finds in the Anglican mass a reminder of her unrecognized need to believe: “It was, after all, no hardship to listen to Cranmer’s prose, or as much of it as the revisers had left unmutilated. From these sonorous, antiphonal cadences Jane Austen, on her deathbed, receiving the sacrament from her brother’s hands, had taken comfort. That fact alone was enough to silence irreverence.", "His prose collection, The Necessary Angel, released when the author was 72, asserted that poetry was “the supreme fiction.” In his 60s he echoed Baudelaire’s notion that beauty is inextricably linked with evil in “Esthétique du Mal.” Later poems include “The Plain Sense of Things” and “A Quiet Normal Life,” but he’s better known for early works like “The Snow Man,” “The Idea of Order at Key West,” and “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” FTP, name this American author of the poems “Sunday Morning,” “Peter Quince at the Clavier,” and “The Emperor of Ice Cream.”", "Above Tintern Abbey and Intimations of Immortality by William Wordsworth - The poems, “Above Tintern Abbey” and “Intimations of Immortality written by the poet, William Wordsworth, pertain to a common theme of natural beauty. Relaying his history and inspirations within his works, Wordsworth reflects these events in each poem. The recurring theme of natural beauty is analogous to his experiences and travels. Wordsworth recognizes the connections nature enables humans to construct. The beauty of a “wild secluded scene” (Wordsworth, 1798, line 6) allows the mind to bypass clouded and obscured thinking accompanied with man made environments....   [tags: poetry, natural beauty]", "Few are those whose contribution to humanity — be it art, or music, or literature, or some other enchantment — fills the heart with uncontainable gratitude for their very existence. Mary Oliver — one of the greatest poets of all time, and perhaps the greatest of our time — is one such blessing of a writer. She, the patron saint of paying compassionate attention, has made a supreme art of bearing witness to our world — be it in her exquisite poems , or in the prose of that moving remembrance of her soul mate , or in her meditations on the craft of poetry itself .", "Eliot's earliest masterpiece, \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,\" was published in Poetry magazine in 1915. Written as a dramatic monologue, the poem is an examination of the soul of a timid man paralyzed by indecision and worry about his appearance to others, particularly women. Anxious about becoming bald, and about his thin arms and legs, Prufrock hesitates in making even the smallest decisions or actions, wondering: \"Do I dare / Disturb the universe? / In a minute there is time / For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.\" Eliot's first collection of poems, Prufrock and Other Observations, appeared in 1917.", "Life in time in ‘East Coker’ (1940) is conceived not experientially in terms of ordinary routine and personal predicament but as a societal movement towards death. One reason why Eliot moved on to present time in this broad and outward-looking way was that the advent of war made the question of where European civilisation was going imperative for him. Just before the writing of ‘East Coker’ he had summed up his gloomy brooding about the condition of English society in the question posed at the conclusion of The Idea of a Christian Society:", "The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (New York, 1947; London, 1948; verse; won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry) (dedicated to John Betjeman).", "With \"Ode to a Nightingale,\" Keats's speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the mortality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the tragedy of old age (\"where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies\") is set against the eternal renewal of the nightingale's fluid music (\"Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!\"). The speaker reprises the \"drowsy numbness\" he experienced in \"Ode on Indolence,\" but where in \"Indolence\" that numbness was a sign of disconnection from experience, in \"Nightingale\" it is a sign of too full a connection: \"being too happy in thine happiness,\" as the speaker tells the nightingale. Hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs to flee the human world and join the bird. His first thought is to reach the bird's state through alcohol--in the second stanza, he longs for a \"draught of vintage\" to transport him out of himself. But after his meditation in the third stanza on the transience of life, he rejects the idea of being \"charioted by Bacchus and his pards\" (Bacchus was the Roman god of wine and was supposed to have been carried by a chariot pulled by leopards) and chooses instead to embrace, for the first time since he refused to follow the figures in \"Indolence,\" \"the viewless wings of Poesy.\"", "With \"Ode to a Nightingale,\" Keats's speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the mortality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the tragedy of old age (\"where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies\") is set against the eternal renewal of the nightingale's fluid music (\"Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!\"). The speaker reprises the \"drowsy numbness\" he experienced in \"Ode on Indolence,\" but where in \"Indolence\" that numbness was a sign of disconnection from experience, in \"Nightingale\" it is a sign of too full a connection: \"being too happy in thine happiness,\" as the speaker tells the nightingale. Hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs to flee the human world and join the bird. His first thought is to reach the bird's state through alcohol--in the second stanza, he longs for a \"draught of vintage\" to transport him out of himself. But after his meditation in the third stanza on the transience of life, he rejects the idea of being \"charioted by Bacchus and his pards\" (Bacchus was the Roman god of wine and was supposed to have been carried by a chariot pulled by leopards) and chooses instead to embrace, for the first time since he refused to follow the figures in \"Indolence,\" \"the viewless wings of Poesy.\"", "Having led 'an undomestic Wanderer's life' travelling 'from place to place', a life in the Lakes was finally settled for Wordsworth in 1799, when a tour there with Coleridge resulted in the author's decision to live in Grasmere. He immediately took a lease at Dove Cottage, the first of four homes he would have in the Lake District. His return to the area inspired the same joy experienced by his youthful counterpart in Book IV of The Prelude. Writing in 'Home at Grasmere', he once again relishes his release into nature, enjoying what it offers all those who see it:", "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent is one of the best known of the sonnets of John Milton (d. 1674). The last three lines (concluding with \"They also serve who only stand and wait.\") are particularly well known, though rarely quoted in context.", "Henry Lyte (1793-1847) knew he was dying when he wrote this hymn. The words, \"Fast falls the eventide\" refer not to the close of day but to the evening of life.", "In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enthralled with the Republican movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their child, Caroline. Because of lack of money and Britain 's tensions with France, he returned alone to England the next year. The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raise doubts as to his declared wish to marry Annette, but he supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. During this period, he wrote his acclaimed \"It is a beauteous evening, calm and free,\" recalling his seaside walk with his daughter, whom he had not seen for ten years. At the conception of this poem, he had never seen his daughter before. The occurring lines reveal his deep love for both child and mother. The Reign of Terror estranged him from the Republican movement, and war between France and Britain prevented him from seeing Annette and Caroline again for several years. There are strong suggestions that Wordsworth may have been depressed and emotionally unsettled in the mid- 1790s . He then fell in love with Mrs. Gannon.", "William Wordsworth, at 73, was the oldest Poet Laureate to be appointed. He accepted the position on the agreement that he would not have obligations to write poetry on demand.", "Page  112 112 THE POEMS Fall, round me fall, ye little things, Ye statesmen, warriors, poets, kings! If virtue fail her counsel sage, Tremble, ye mortals, at my rage! MAN SPEAKER. Yet let that wisdom, urged by her example, Teach us to estimate what all must suffer: Let us prize death as the best gift of nature; As a safe inn, where weary travellers, When they havejourney'd through a world of cares, May put off life, and be at rest for ever. Groans, weeping friends, indeed, and gloomy sables, May oft distract us with their sad solemnity: The preparation is the executioner. Death, when unmask'd, shows me a friendly face, And is a terror only at a distance: For as the line of life conducts me on To Death's great court, the prospect seems more fair.'Tis nature's kind retreat, that's always open To take us in when we have drain'd the cup Of life, or worn our days to wretchedness. In that secure, serene retreat, Where all the humble, all the great, Promiscuously recline; Where, wildly huddled to the eye, The beggar's pouch and prince's purple lie; May every bliss be thine!", "The goal of the writer is to live alone, which alludes to the idea that he has had enough of dealing with other human beings on a daily basis. Therefore, the appeal of this poem is inherent in the original question asked - escapism and escapist actions that will take him far from his usual environs, as well as family, friends, relatives, neighbors, co-workers, and acquaintances.", "In the final stanza, the speaker presents the conclusions drawn from his three attempts to engage with the urn. He is overwhelmed by its existence outside of temporal change, with its ability to \"tease\" him \"out of thought / As doth eternity.\" If human life is a succession of \"hungry generations,\" as the speaker suggests in \"Nightingale,\" the urn is a separate and self-contained world. It can be a \"friend to man,\" as the speaker says, but it cannot be mortal; the kind of aesthetic connection the speaker experiences with the urn is ultimately insufficient to human life.", "ELIZABETH FARNSWORTH: In the few seconds we have left, do these poems in the Ted Hughes book, which is a best-seller, stand on their own, or are they only of great interest because of the biographical material they have?", "“Your whole life goes by and it feels like only a minute. You try to remember what it was you believed in. What was so important? What was it? You wanted to make a difference. And then you think someone should have said it sooner. Someone should have said it a long time ago. When we were young, someone should have said, ‘This is living. This is life. This lifetime doesn’t last forever. A few days. A few minutes. That’s all.’", "\"In the life of a man, his time is but a moment, his being an incessant flux, his senses a dim rushlight, his body a prey of worms, his soul an unquiet eddy, his fortune dark, and his fame doubtful. In short, all that is of the body is as coursing waters, all that is of the soul as dreams and vapours: life a warfare, a brief sojourning in an alien land; and after repute, oblivion. Where, then, can man find the power to guide and guard his steps? In one thing and one alone: philosophy.\"", "\"All the flower children were as alike as a congress of accountants and about as interesting.\"\"Farce is tragedy played at a thousand revolutions per minute.\"\"I refuse to spend my life worrying about what I eat. There is no pleasure worth forgoing just for an extra three years in the geriatric ward.\"\"I suppose that writers should, in a way, feel flattered by the censorship laws. They show a primitive fear and dread at the fearful magic of print.\"\"The freedom to make a fortune on the stock exchange has been made to sound more alluring than freedom of speech.\"\"The only rule I have found to have any validity in writing is not to bore yourself.\"\"The shelf life of the modern hardback writer is somewhere between the milk and the yogurt.\"\"The worst fault of the working classes is telling their children they're not going to succeed.\"\"There is always time for failure.\"\"There is no pleasure worth forgoing just for an extra three years in the geriatric ward.\"\"To escape jury duty in England, wear a bowler hat and carry a copy of the Daily telegraph.\"", "The two states of innocence and experience are not always clearly separate in the poems, and one can see signs of both states in many poems. The companion poems titled \"Holy Thursday\" are on the same subject, the forced marching of poor children to St. Paul's Cathedral in London. The speaker in the state of innocence approves warmly of the progression of children:", "John Keats's major works do not focus on religion, ethics, morals, or politics. He mostly just writes about sensations and experiencing the richness of life.", "The speaker may be alone, in ‘embalmed’ darkness, an image of death. This then leads to the contemplation of the attractions of death of which the speaker tells in stanza 6: ‘I have been half in love with easeful Death’ (line 52). There is a hint of irony here as the nightingale sang, in the first stanza, ‘in full-throated ease’. This moment of ‘ecstasy’, listening to the artless exquisiteness of the nightingale’s song strikes him as an ideal moment at which to die: ‘To cease… with no pain,/While thou art pouring forth thy soul’. And the speaker would die in the knowledge that the nightingale’s song would not cease, even if he were no longer able to hear it. There is an ambiguity, indeterminacy, about the word ‘Still’ in the penultimate line of the sixth stanza, ‘Still wouldst thou sing’. The ‘still’ could either denote temporal continuity or physical lack of movement. The first suggests immortality while the second death (mortality). The idea of the speaker’s mortality, in contrast to the nightingale is introduced and then expanded upon in the famous first two lines of the seventh stanza:", "Q7. Who wrote the poem entitled ’The Soldier’ whose first line starts “If I should die think only of me”?" ]

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[ "Charles Schulz, (born November 26, 1922, Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S.—died February 12, 2000, Santa Rosa , California ), creator of Peanuts , one of the most successful American comic strips of the mid-20th century.", "Charles Monroe Schulz (November 26, 1922 – February 12, 2000), nicknamed Sparky, was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Peanuts (which featured the characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, among others). He is widely regarded as one of the most influential cartoonists of all time, cited as a major influence by many later cartoonists, including Calvin and Hobbes creator Bill Watterson.", "Charles Schulz, born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on November 26, 1922, launched his comic strip Peanuts in 1950. Featuring hero Charlie Brown, over the years the strip would run in more than 2,000 newspapers and in many languages. Peanuts also expanded into TV specials like the Emmy-winning A Charlie Brown Christmas, as well as books and a huge merchandise collection. Schulz died on February 12, 2000.", "Charles Monroe Schulz, the son of Carl Schulz, a barber, like Charlie Brown's father, and the former Dena Halverson, was born in Minneapolis on Nov. 26, 1922. Young Charles was nicknamed Sparky after the horse Spark Plug in the comic strip ''Barney Google.'' He had a black-and-white dog named Spike (memorialized in the character of Snoopy's skinny Western brother).", "1978: Portrait of American cartoonist Charles M Schulz (1922 - 2001), creator of the 'Peanuts' comic strip, sitting at his studio drawing table with a picture of his character Charlie Brown and some awards behind him. Schulz created the comic strip in 1950. CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images", "Schulz was discouraged by influential colleagues from publishing his first short stories. He specialized at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in the seventies and in 1973 he was appointed as teacher of Portuguese Language and Literature in Bologna. His Bayrn Opgrunt, is set in Germany during the hyperinflation of the 1920s.", "(Charles Monroe Schulz), 1922–2000, American cartoonist, b. Minneapolis, Minn. Creator of the syndicated comic strip Peanuts (1950–2000), one of the world's most popular examples of the genre, Schulz expressed a droll yet tender philosophy", "Biography - Charles Schulz, 1922-2000: He Wrote the Popular Comic Strip \"Peanuts\" for 50 Years (VOA Special English 2005-07-16)", "After meeting through mutual friends at Art Instruction Schools and dating for several months, Charles Schulz married Joyce Steele Halverson of Minneapolis. They honeymooned in Colorado Springs, Colorado and lived with Carl Schulz and his fiancé, Annabelle, on Edgerton Street in St. Paul. Before long, Charles Schulz adopted Joyce’s one year old daughter Meredith, her child from a previous marriage, born February 5, 1950. Carl married Annabelle Anderson shortly after Charles and Joyce’s wedding.", "It�s the same story wherever you look. Schulz had a brand new biography published in 2007 (his second), while the only substantial source on Smythe�s life remains a relatively brief essay in Les Lilley�s 1990 collection The World of Andy Capp � also out-of-print, by the way.", "Like every American kid born in the last half-century, I grew up on Peanuts. Charlie Brown and the gang offered a daily dose of laughter and levity, even though I had nary a care in the world. However, my connection ran deeper than most of the boys and girls who read Peanuts while stuffing their faces with cereal because I knew the man behind the gang, Charles Schulz.", "p. 94 (August 4, 1975). Schulz lived with his family in Needles, Ca. , from 1929 to 1931. They went there to join his mother's brother Monte Halverson. Her other brother Silas, her sister Ella, and her mother also joined them. [8]", "In 1929, the Schulz family packed up their 1928 Ford and traveled across the country to live in small town Needles, California. Carl, Dena and Charles Schulz rented a house at 503 Palm Way, not far from the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. Carl took a job working alongside his brother-in-law, Monroe “Monte” Halverson, at his barbershop across from Santa Fe Park. Charles attended the D Street School just a few blocks down the street from their home. MORE >", "LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Charles M. Schulz, the creator of ''Peanuts,'' a cartoon world of tiny angst-ridden stick figures and a bold beagle that captured the whole world's fancy, died at his home in Santa Rosa, Calif., on Saturday  night after a three-month battle with colon cancer that had forced him to give up drawing the strip.", "It's easy to see how Charles Schulz himself was the model for Charlie Brown's character. Schulz didn't have the worst childhood in the world growing up in Saint Paul, but it was a hard life. His father was a barber, his mother died when he was 20. It was the Depression, they were poor, and he remembers many pancake dinners. He was skinny and quiet. His cartoon sketches were rejected by his own high school yearbook, and he made a living at an art correspondence school in Minneapolis.", "The real Charlie Brown died a few years ago, but death never clouds the lives of the characters in Peanuts. Charles Schulz moved from Minnesota to California in 1958, and has been hand-drawing his strip ever since. In a letter announcing his retirement, Schulz thanks the public for giving him the constant motivation to keep drawing for half a century.", "The Peanuts comic strip was adapted to television and to the stage, and Schulz wrote the screenplays for two feature-length animated films. He was coauthor of Charlie Brown, Snoopy and Me (1980). The 3-D computer-animated The Peanuts Movie, based on his comic strips, was released in 2015.", "* Charles M. Schulz (1975) Peanuts Jubilee: My Life and Art with Charlie Brown and Others. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-25132-6 (paperback).", "^ \"Saying Goodbye: Friends and family eulogize cartoonist Charles Schulz\" February 22, 2000 Pamela J. Podger San Francisco Chronicle", "A: Charles Schulz, who for nearly 50 years single-handedly designed, researched, wrote and drew every panel and strip that appear in daily and Sunday newspapers around the world.", "Schulz travels to Paris, France to receive the “Commandeur de l’Ordre Des Artes et Lettres” on December 21, 1989. The distinguished award was presented by the French Minister of Culture, Jack Lang.", "The famed cartoonist received several posthumous honors, including the Congressional Gold Medal. In 2002, the Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center opened in Santa Rosa, displaying original artwork, letters, photographs and other memorabilia. ", "In 2006, Forbes ranked Schulz as the third-highest earning deceased celebrity, as he had earned $35 million in the previous year. In 2009, he was ranked sixth. According to Tod Benoit, in his book Where Are They Buried? How Did They Die?, Charles M. Schulz's income during his lifetime totaled more than $1.1 billion. ", "Schulz, a tall, trim, silver-haired man who was as athletically inclined as Charlie Brown was not, was regarded as affable and generous in his community. He played baseball, tennis, golf and hockey, and in 1969 he built Redwood Empire Ice Arena for residents of Santa Rosa.", "In 2006, Forbes ranked Schulz as the third highest-earning deceased celebrity, having earned $35 million in the previous year. In 2009, he was ranked 6th. According to Tod Benoit in his book Where Are They Buried? How Did They Die?, Charles M. Schulz's income during his lifetime totaled more than $1.1 billion.", "Schulz's father was a barber and his mother a housewife, just like Charlie Brown's parents. Plus, as the youngest in his class at Central High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Schulz was famously shy.", "The Schulz family moved from Minneapolis to a rented apartment at 1662 James Avenue in St. Paul, which was much closer to Carl’s business, The Family Barbershop. The barbershop, located at the corner of Selby Avenue and Snelling Avenue, was a place that Charles Schulz spent a great deal of time while growing up.", "About a year after moving to the James Avenue apartment, the Schulz family rented a house around the corner at 473 Macalester Street. Charles Schulz attended kindergarten at the Mattocks School on James Avenue, located equidistant between the James Avenue apartment and the Macalester Street home.", "Socially, he was Charlie Brown's equal. At St. Paul Central High, he grew to 6-feet-tall, 135 pounds, and had a bad complexion -- though, unlike Charlie Brown, he did possess a full thatch of hair on a less cantaloupe-shaped head. Adding misery to anguish, his cartoons were rejected for the high school yearbook, a slight that Schulz -- who grew into a handsome man and accomplished athlete -- never forgot.", "After the war, Mister Schulz taught at an art school. He fell in love with another employee. She was a young woman with red hair. However, this red-haired woman married someone else. Mister Schulz said he thought she chose another man because her mother believed Charles Schulz would never succeed in life.", "Q: With whom did Charles Schulz sign his first 5-year contract, starting his career as a full-time cartoonist?", "Did Charles Schulz have a dog or dogs in his life that influenced his creation of Snoopy?" ]

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[ "Oliver William Stone was born on September 15, 1946, in New York City, the only child of Louis and Jacqueline Goddet Stone. His father was a successful stockbroker. Stone's childhood was marked by all the privileges of wealth—private schooling, summer vacations in France, and most importantly, a sense of patriotism. Stone's father was strongly conservative (one who believes in maintaining social and political traditions and who opposes change). When Stone was a junior at the Hill School, a Pennsylvania college prep academy, his parents decided to divorce. He discovered that his father was actually deeply in debt, which led him to question the values he had been taught. Stone entered Yale University in 1965, but he quit after only one year.", "The movie talked about the return of an embittered, crippled Vietnam soldier from the war. Although it failed to win Best Picture or Best Actor, Oliver Stone won an Academy Award for Directing, his third win to date. After Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Stone took a hand in producing several movies, including the Academy Award-winning film Reversal of Fortune (1990). He returned to the director's chair in 1991, once again with two films. Val Kilmer starred as the legendary and controversial Jim Morrison in Stone's psychedelic film The Doors (1991).", "Oliver Stone - Born on the 4th of July .. Buffalo Springfield; For What It's Worth 1996", "Oliver Stone won the Best Director Oscar - it was his first Best Director Oscar. [He later won a second Best Director Oscar for his Born on the Fourth of July (1989).] Stone also had two Oscar nominations in the same category, Best Original Screenplay, for two different films: Platoon and Salvador. Both lost to Woody Allen's Hannah and her Sisters.", "“W” – Two-time Best Director Oscar winning movie director (“Platoon,” “Born on the Fourth Of July”) is due a third Oscar. No? Well, he’s trying hard with the movie “W,” a biopic in the tradition of his other Presidential biopics “Nixon” and “JFK.” However, with the release of “W” on October 17, 2008, Oliver Stone reaches a milestone. “W” is the first of his Presidential biopics that will be released not only when – at least one can hope? – the President portrayed is still alive, but who is also STILL IN OFFICE. The 2008 Presidential primaries are not until the first week of November. So “W” will have been in movie theaters a full 3 weeks, to influence those who can’t think for themselves.", "*Born on the Fourth of July, directed by Oliver Stone, starring Tom Cruise—Golden Globe Award for Best Picture (Drama)", "Throughout his long career, which began at a young age writing short plays for his family, Oliver Stone has served as director, writer and producer on a variety of films, documentaries and television movies. He is widely recognized for his controversial versions of recent American history, some of them at deep odds with conventional myth -- films such as 1986's “Platoon,” the first of his Vietnam trilogy, or 1991’s “JFK” and 1994’s “Natural Born Killers” and “Nixon,” his 1995 take on the finer points and parables of the Nixon administration , as well as on George W. Bush in “W.” (2008) Stone says his films are \"first and foremost dramas about individuals in personal struggles,\" and considers himself a dramatist rather than a political filmmaker.", "Matthew Richard \"Matt\" Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an American actor, animator, writer, director, producer, singer, and songwriter. He is best known for being the co-creator of South Park (1997–present) along with his creative partner Trey Parker, as well as co-writing the Tony Award-winning musical The Book of Mormon (2011). Stone was interested in film and music as a child, and attended the University of Colorado, Boulder following high school, where he met Parker. The two collaborated on various short films, and starred in a feature-length musical, titled Cannibal! The Musical (1993).", "1986 was the year that brought him much fame to the U.S.A. and the world. He directed the political film Salvador (1986) starring Oscar-nominated James Woods . However, his big hit was the Vietnam war film Platoon (1986) starring Charlie Sheen , Willem Dafoe , Tom Berenger , and Francesco Quinn . Berenger and Dafoe received Oscar nominations for their roles as the polar opposite sergeants who each influence the tour of duty of Chris Taylor (Sheen). Stone won his first Oscar for directing this film, which won Best Picture and was a hit at the box office. After Platoon (1986), Stone followed up with the critically acclaimed Wall Street (1987). The movie, starring Charlie Sheen and Michael Douglas , focuses on the business world of tycoons and stock brokers. The film was well received and won an Oscar for Douglas' portrayal of the villainous Gordon Gekko. Stone returned immediately the following year with Talk Radio (1988), which talked of a foul-mouthed radio host (played by Eric Bogosian ) who never fails to talk about the serious issues. Although it was not as successful as his last three films, Stone did not slow down at all. He directed Tom Cruise into an Oscar-nominated role in Born on the Fourth of July (1989).", "On February 14, 1998, Stone married Phil Bronstein , executive editor of the San Francisco Examiner and later San Francisco Chronicle . [43] They adopted a baby son, Roan Joseph Bronstein, in 2000. [44] Bronstein filed for divorce in 2003, citing irreconcilable differences. [45] The divorce became final in 2004, [46] with a judge ruling that Roan should remain primarily with Bronstein, with Stone receiving visitation. [47] [48]", "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps BY OLIVER STONE Starring Michael Douglas, Shia LaBoeuf, Carey Mulligan Could Michael Douglas make Oscar history and be the first actor to win two Oscars for playing the same role? His performance in Oliver Stone's follow-up to Wall Street comes 23 years after the original introduced \"greed is good\" to the language and netted said Oscar, and has already been touted for picking up awards. The movie is set in 2008 and the cynical, corrupt Gekko has been released", "Oliver Stone is a three-time Oscar winner, and although he has mostly been stung by critics of his films, he remains a well-known name today in the film industry. The films he directed have been nominated for 31 Academy Awards, including eight for acting, six for screen writing, and three for directing. There is no denying that Stone has cemented himself a position among the legends of Hollywood.", "In the 1991 Oliver Stone film JFK, he played a mysterious Washington intelligence officer, reputed to have been L. Fletcher Prouty, who spoke of links to the military–industrial complex in the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. He played psychiatrist and visionary Wilhelm Reich in the video for Kate Bush's 1985 single, \"Cloudbusting\".", "Stone's more recent film projects include directing U-Turn (1997), writing and directing Any Given Sunday (1999), and serving as executive producer of the TV movie The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001). In 2001 a Louisiana court threw out a lawsuit against Stone and Warner Brothers studios that claimed that viewing Natural Born Killers had led two people to shoot a store clerk, leaving her paralyzed. In 2002 Stone traveled to Cuba, where he spent seventy-two hours filming Cuban leader Fidel Castro (1927–) for a documentary (a completely fact-based film) on the country.", "In 1934 San Francisco, Calif.-born Irving Stone (Tennenbaum) (1903-89) pub. his first novel Lust for Life , about Vincent Van Gogh; rejected by 17 publishers until Vanguard (New York City) takes a chance, and it becomes an instant hit, putting him into the historical bio. novel biz.; filmed in 1956 starring Kirk Douglas. In 1943 he pub. They Also Ran . In 1947 he pub. Adversary in the House , about Kate Debs, wife of Eugene V. Debs, who opposed Socialism. In 1949 he pub. The Passionate Journey , about Wild West painter John \"Wichita Bill\" Noble (1874-1934). In 1950 he pub. Immortal Wife , about Jessie Benton Fremont (1824-1902), wife of \"the Great Pathfinder\" John Charles Fremont (1813-90). In 1954 he pub. Love is Eternal , about Abe Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. On Mar. 16, 1961 he pub. the bestseller The Agony and the Ecstasy , about Michelangelo (1475-1564); filmed in 1965 starring Charlton Heston. In 1971 he pub. Passions of the Mind: A Novel of Sigmund Freud . In 1975 he pub. The Greek Treasure , about Troy discoverer Heinrich Schliemann (1822-90). In 1980 he pub. The Origin: A Biographical Novel of Charles Darwin . In 1985 he pub. Depths of Glory: A Biographical Novel of Camille Pisarro , about painter Camille Pissarro (1830-1903).", "Stone was nominated twice in the category and won an equal number of votes for both films. Tied with Oliver Stone for Salvador (1986).", "His father Louis Stone was a successful stockbroker on Wall Street, then he suffered some financial setbacks due to bad investments and a bitter divorce from Oliver's mother Jacqueline. The movie Wall Street (1987) is supposed to be modeled after Louis.", "Tom Cruise, Willem Dafoe, Raymond J. Barry, Caroline Kava, Kyra Sedgwick, Bryan Larkin, Jerry Levine, Josh Evans, Frank Whaley, Stephen Baldwin, John Getz, Lili Taylor, Tom Berenger, Abbie Hoffman, Jason Gedrick, Ed Lauter, Michael Wincott, Tom Sizemore, Mike Starr, James Le Gros, John C. McGinley, Wayne Knight, Bob Bunton, Vivica A. Fox. Directed by Oliver Stone. 144 min.", "After this film, Stone directed his third Vietnam film to date. Heaven & Earth (1993) was a film about the war from the viewpoint of a Vietnamese girl, and also co-starred Tommy Lee Jones (who had received an Oscar nomination for JFK (1991)). Despite its new woman's perspective and several positive reviews, it was a box office failure. Stone was unfazed; his next film is perhaps his most notorious film to date. Adapting a screenplay by Quentin Tarantino , Stone made Natural Born Killers (1994) starring Woody Harrelson , Juliette Lewis , Tom Sizemore and Rodney Dangerfield in his only dramatic performance. The film was received well at the box office, while review were very mixed. Because of the violence that people claimed was inspired by the film, it was compared to Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange (1971). As usual, Stone was at the center of controversial subjects; his next film Nixon (1995) was no exception. The film focused on the life of President Richard Nixon, played by Anthony Hopkins , while featuring another well-known cast, including Joan Allen in the role of Nixon's wife. Both went on to receive Oscar nominations, while Stone received his sixth Oscar nomination for Screenwriting. The film got mixed reviews, and failed to recoup its budget.", "Anthony Hopkins, Joan Allen, Powers Boothe, Ed Harris, Bob Hoskins, E.G. Marshall, David Paymer, David Hyde Pierce, Paul Sorvino, Mary Steenburgen, J.T. Walsh, James Woods, Brian Bedford, Kevin Dunn, Fyvush Finkel, Annabeth Gish, Larry Hagman. Directed by Oliver Stone. 190 min.", "In 1991, Stone directed and co-wrote “The Doors,” a biopic about the 1960s-1970s rock group of the same name that focused on the life of its lead vocalist Jim Morrison (portrayed by Val Kilmer). He received a Golden St. George nomination at the 1991 Moscow International Film Festival for the film. Later that same year, Stone directed Kevin Costner, Tommy Lee Jones, Gary Oldman, Laurie Metcalf, Joe Pesci, Kevin Bacon, John Candy, Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau in the controversial film “JFK,” which was adapted by Stone and Zachary Sklar from the books “On the Trail of the Assassins” by Jim Garrison and “Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy” by Jim Marrs. The film, which studied the events leading to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the alleged cover-up through the eyes of district attorney Jim Garrison, was considered a box office hit with over $205 million worldwide against its $40 million budget. “JFK” brought Stone Oscars nominations for Best Director, Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. He also received a Golden Globe for Best Director - Motion Picture plus additional awards and nominations.", "After producing the films “Iron Maze” (1991), a thriller directed by Hiroaki Yoshida, “Zebrahead” (1992, written and directed by Anthony Drazan), “South Central” (1992, written and directed by Stephen Milburn Anderson), “The Joy Luck Club” (1993, directed by Wayne Wang) and the Emmy nominated TV miniseries “Wild Palms” (1993), which marked his first venture into the small screen, Stone wrote and directed “Heaven & Earth” (1993), adapted from the books “When Heaven and Earth Changed Places” and “Child of War, Woman of Peace” by Le Ly Hayslip. The film starred Tommy Lee Jones, Joan Chen and Haing S. Ngor. Stone next directed and co-scripted the crime film “Natural Born Killers” (1994), from which he netted a Golden Globe nomination for Best Director - Motion Picture and a Special Jury Prize at the 1994 Venice Film Festival. He then directed Anthony Hopkins in the biographical film “Nixon” (1995), which he also produced and wrote. The latter film earned Stone an Oscar nomination for Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen, which he shared with Stephen J. Rivele and Christopher Wilkinson, and a Chicago Film Critics Association Award in the category of Best Director. 1995 also saw him executive produce the HBO film “Indictment: The McMartin Trial,” which starred James Woods. He jointly picked up a 1995 Emmy in the category of Outstanding Made for Television Movie for the film.", "Oliver Stone The story of a husband and wife who are serial killers involved in a cross country killing spree that elevates them from fugitives into media celebrities.", "Stone made three documentaries on Fidel Castro: Comandante (2003), Looking for Fidel, and Castro in Winter (2012). He made Persona Non Grata, a documentary on Israeli-Palestinian relations, interviewing several notable figures of Israel, including Ehud Barak, Benjamin Netanyahu, and Shimon Peres, as well as Yasser Arafat, leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization.", "In motion pictures, Stone was a success almost immediately. His first produced screenplay, CHARADE (1963), which he also novelized, was a mystery with romance that paired Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn. It offered more twists, turns, and surprises than one might think a movie could hold as a bevy of unsavory characters try to discover where Hepburn’s deceased husband hid $250,000. Oddly, Stone won the Academy Award for his next screenplay, FATHER GOOSE, again starring Grant as a beach bum turned lookout for the Australians during World War II who doubles as a guardian of schoolgirls. Although the 1964 film was well received, it garnered neither the critical acclaim of CHARADE nor the box office success. Stone continued to excel at adaptations, with the musical SWEET CHARITY (1969) and THE TAKING OF PELHAM 1-2-3 (1980), based on the mystery novel about a nefarious gang who hijack a subway train. Later came WHY WOULD I LIE? (1980), which put Treat Williams as a social worker trying to unite a youth with his ex-con mother. Stone took a long sojourn from the big screen until JUST CAUSE (1995), which starred Sean Connery as a famed law professor trying to prove Blair Underwood innocent of a crime for which he was convicted.", "“For the first time you really understood what happened over there, and that it should never, ever in our lifetime happen again.” oliver stone accepts Best director.", "veteran Ron Kovic in Oliver Stone's film. Stone won an Oscar as best director for this film.", "Stone first came to attention for her role in War and Remembrance before achieving international recognition with her starring role as Catherine Tramell in the erotic thriller Basic Instinct (1992) by Paul Verhoeven. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama for her performance in the crime drama film Casino (1995), directed by Martin Scorsese. She received further acclaim and Golden Globe Award nominations for her roles in the 1998 drama The Mighty and the 1999 comedy The Muse. In 2004, Stone won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in The Practice. She has also appeared in such movies as the crime drama Alpha Dog (2006), the drama Bobby (2006), a biographical drama film about a porn actress, Lovelace (2013), and, most recently, the ensemble film Mothers and Daughters (2016).", "Stone, Oliver � (director of \"Platoon\", \"JFK\", and much more) said on \"Later with Bob Costas\" he took a lot", "The following year, Stone co-wrote and directed “Nixon,” an epic take on the title character's presidency that earned four Oscar nominations. In 1997, Stone directed U-Turn , starring Sean Penn and Jennifer Lopez.", "Mr. Stone has assembled a high-profile cast for this film. Besides Mr. Hopkins, who took the role after Tom Hanks turned it down, the film's cast includes Joan Allen as Pat Nixon (\"She looks remarkably similar, the same beautiful, fragile bones,\" said Mr. Stone). Other lead actors are Powers Boothe (Gen. Alexander M. Haig Jr.); Ed Harris (Howard Hunt); Bob Hoskins (J. Edgar Hoover); E. G. Marshall (John Mitchell); David Paymer (Ron Ziegler); David Hyde Pierce (John Dean); Paul Sorvino (Henry A. Kissinger); J. T. Walsh (John Erlichman), and James Woods (H. R. Haldeman).", "And let's not forget, Stone's most iconic role ever was that of Catherine Tramell in BASIC INSTINCT. Who was her co-star in that film? Michael Douglas, who plays Hank in the MCU." ]

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[ "W. Axl Rose (born William Bruce Rose, Jr.; raised as William Bruce Bailey; February 6, 1962) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. He is the lead vocalist of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses, a position he has held since its inception in 1985. Due to his powerful and wide vocal range and energetic live performances, Rose has been named one of the greatest singers of all time by various media outlets, including Rolling Stone and NME. ", "William Bruce Rose Jr.,better known as 'Axl Rose', was born on February 6, 1962, in Lafayette, Indiana, USA. He Is the founder and lead singer of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses. He is a celebrated but controversial figure in the world of rock.", "Axl Rose is an anagram of oral sex (his real name is William Bruce Rose jr)", "in 1962 - William Bruce Rose Jr. \"Axl Rose\" American rock singer/songwriter, keyboardist and guitarist (L.A. Guns, Guns N' Roses), is born.", "The lead singer for Guns N' Roses was born William Bruce Rose Jr. to William and Sharon Rose. William Sr. left the family when his son was two years old. His mother eventually remarried and changed her son's name to William Bailey, using the last name of her new husband, L. Stephen Bailey. At age seventeen, the boy learned of his biological father's existence and readopted his birth name, William Rose, but referred to himself as \"W. Rose\" as he did not want to share a name with his biological father. He eventually adopted the name W. Axl Rose, with 'Axl' coming from a band in which he once played.", "Singer Axl Rose of Guns N’ Roses performs on the opening night of “Appetite for Democracy,” the band’s 12-show residency, at The Joint inside the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino on October 31, 2012 in Las Vegas, Nevada. (Photo by Isaac Brekken/Getty Images)", "Singer Axl Rose of GUNS N' ROSES married Erin Everly, Don Everly's daughter. The marriage lasted 27 days.", "Guns N’ Roses singer Axl Rose will be joining AC/DC for its “Rock or Bust” world tour — including rescheduled U.S. dates.", "1990, Guns N’ Roses leader Axl Rose married Erin Everly, daughter of The Everly Brothers Don at Cupid’s Wedding", "Guns N' Roses is an American hard rock band founded in Los Angeles, California in 1985. The band has released six studio albums: Appetite for Destruction in 1987, G N' R Lies in 1988, Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II in 1991, \"The Spaghetti Incident?\" in 1993 and, after 15 years and with frontman Axl Rose being the only member of the original lineup remaining, Chinese Democracy in 2008. They also released an EP titled Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide in 1986.", "Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses performs on stage at the 6th Annual Revolver Golden Gods Award Show at Club Nokia on April 23, 2014 in Los Angeles, California. (Paul A. Hebert | Invision | AP)", "In an October 2012 appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live, Axl Rose, lead singer of Guns N' Roses, referenced Sweet as one of his favorite bands growing up along with fellow British band Queen. ", "After coming to Los Angeles, Axl Rose initially sang for a number of bands, including Rapidfire and L.A. Guns, before forming Hollywood Rose with his childhood friend Izzy Stradlin. Rose co-founded Guns N’ Roses in 1985 with his former band mate Tracii Guns by combining Hollywood Rose and L.A. Guns. The band’s lineup at that time consisted of Axl, Tracii Guns, Ole Beich and Duff McKagan.", "Combination of Axl Rose and Tracii Guns' names, also it's a combination of LA Guns and Hollywood Roses when they merged.", "The song was inspired by Axl Rose's girlfriend, Erin Everly, daughter of Don Everly (of the Everly Brothers), and the single was an edited version of the track on Appetite for Destruction. Axl and Erin were married in April, 1990; a few weeks later, Rose filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. The lead singer described his relationship with Erin as \"extremely volatile.\"", "Axl Rose rejected much of the material that Slash submitted for the follow up to Use Your Illusion, so Slash formed the band Slash's Snakepit. Their debut album, It's Five O'clock Somewhere, was released in 1995, selling over a million copies in the US, despite little promotion from Geffen Records. In October 1996, Slash's official departure from Guns N' Roses was announced, via a fax sent by Axl to MTV.", "2011: Duff McKagan joins Axl Rose and the current edition of Guns N’Roses on stage in Seattle for a rendition of ‘You Could Be Mine,’ a song written in part by both McKagan and Rose. McKagan’s band Loaded is the opening act. McKagan, who left GN’R in 1997, does a repeat appearance the following night in Vancouver.", "• Axl Rose of Guns N’Roses says of I’m Not In Love, “that song messes with my life, man. It’s one of my favourite songs of all time.”", "Without consultation from his band mates, Rose did not renew Gilby Clarke's contract with the band in June 1994, as he claimed Clarke to be only a \"hired hand.\" Tension between Rose and Slash reached a breaking point after the latter discovered that Rose had hired his childhood friend Paul \"Huge\" Tobias as Clarke's replacement. Although the band recorded material during this time, it was ultimately not used because, according to Rose, their lack of collaboration prevented them from producing their best work. Slash finally left Guns N' Roses in October 1996 due to his differences with Rose, while Matt Sorum was fired in June 1997 after an argument over Tobias's involvement in the band. Duff McKagan departed the band in August of that year, leaving Rose and Dizzy Reed as the only remaining band members of the Use Your Illusion era.", "Born and raised in Lafayette, Indiana, Rose moved to Los Angeles in the early 1980s, where he became active in the local hard rock scene and joined several bands, including Hollywood Rose and L.A. Guns. In 1985, he co-founded Guns N' Roses, with whom he had great success and recognition in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Their first album, Appetite for Destruction (1987), has sold in excess of 30 million copies worldwide, and is the best-selling debut album of all time in the U.S. with 18 million units sold. Its full-length follow-ups, the twin albums Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (1991), were also widely successful; they respectively debuted at No. 2 and No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and have sold a combined 35 million copies worldwide. ", "*Axl Rose – lead vocals (all tracks), keyboards (tracks 1, 6 and 13), synthesizers (tracks 6, 12 and 13), piano (tracks 7, 13 and 14), guitar (tracks 6 and 12), samples (track 12), arrangements and digital editing (all tracks), production, Logic Pro engineering, mixing, art direction (Alternative booklets)", "After 1994, following the conclusion of their two-and-a-half-year Use Your Illusion Tour, Rose disappeared from public life for several years, while the band disintegrated due to personal and musical differences. As its sole remaining original member, he was able to continue working under the Guns N' Roses banner because he had legally obtained the band name. In 2001, he resurfaced with a new line-up of Guns N' Roses at Rock in Rio 3, and subsequently played periodic concert tours to promote the long-delayed Chinese Democracy (2008), which undersold the music industry's commercial expectations despite positive reviews upon its release. In 2012, Rose was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Guns N' Roses, though he declined to attend the event and requested exclusion from the HoF.", "- Axl Rose originally wanted Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro to replace Stradlin, but Stradlin was eventually replaced by former Kill For Thrills guitarist Gilby Clarke", "He moved to Hollywood, California, in 1985. During his first weekend in Hollywood, Del met West Arkeen and the members of an unsigned group called Guns N' Roses. Del still works with Axl Rose and the current lineup of Guns N' Roses, serving as road manager", "Fans got a foretaste of what an Axl Rose-fronted AC/DC would sound like. Guns N’ Roses headlined the Coachella festival in California on Saturday, and Young joined the band for credible renditions of AC/DC classics “Whole Lotta Rosie” (a song Rose has performed live for years with his own band) and “Riff Raff.”", "Easily recognizable by his top hat and round glasses, Saul Hudson (July 23, 1965), better known as “Slash”, is a British-American musician. Above all, he is well known for having been the former lead guitarist of the hard rock band “Guns N’ Roses”, with whom he performed from 1985 to 1996.", "Slash (born Saul Hudson, 23.7.1965) Slash is the former guitarist of American rock group Guns N' Roses and current guitarist of Velvet Revolver", "In September 1991, with enough material completed for two albums, Guns N' Roses released Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II, which debuted at No. 2 and No. 1 respectively on the Billboard 200, a feat not achieved by any other group. By the albums' release, however, Rose's relationships with his bandmates had become increasingly strained. His childhood friend Izzy Stradlin abruptly left the group in November 1991; he was replaced by Gilby Clarke of Kill For Thrills. Of his reasons for leaving, Stradlin said, \"I didn't like the complications that became such a part of daily life in Guns N' Roses,\" citing the riot and Rose's chronic lateness as examples, as well as his new-found sobriety making it difficult to be around other bandmates continued alcohol and substance abuse. At some point during the remainder of the tour, Rose reportedly demanded, and received, sole ownership of the Guns N' Roses name from Slash and Duff McKagan; Rose allegedly issued an ultimatum—they had to sign the name over to him or he would not perform. (In 2008, however, Rose stated that these reports were false and that the alleged coercion would have rendered the contract legally untenable. )", "As the stability of Guns N' Roses collapsed, Rose withdrew from public view. The band never officially broke up, although it did not tour or perform for several years and no new material was released. Rose continued to recruit new musicians to replace band members who either left or were fired. By the late 1990s, he was considered to be a recluse, rarely making public appearances and spending most of his time in his mansion in Malibu. In various media reports, he was referred to as the \"Howard Hughes of rock\" and \"rock's greatest recluse.\" Rose was said to spend his nights rehearsing and writing with the various new lineups of Guns N' Roses, working on the band's next album, Chinese Democracy.", "With the success of Appetite for Destruction and G N' R Lies, Rose found himself lauded as one of rock's most prominent frontmen. By the time he appeared solo on the cover of Rolling Stone in August 1989, his celebrity was such that the influential music magazine agreed to his absolute requirement that the interview and accompanying photographs would be provided by two of his friends, writer Del James and photographer Robert John. MTV anchorman Kurt Loder described Rose as \"maybe the finest hard rock singer currently on the scene, and certainly the most charismatic.\" ", "Radio 100.5 DJ Jason Bailey said Rose was being \"flown in\" to Atlanta to audition with AC/DC to fill in for Johnson. \"It's all but a done deal that Axl will front AC/DC for the ten remaining shows,\" Bailey said.", "Izzy Stradlin (born Jeffrey Dean Isbell) (Guns N’ Roses, Izzy Stradlin & The Ju Ju Hounds, Hollywood Rose, London) – 54" ]

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[ "Al Hibbler (1915-2001) - Born August 16, in Little Rock, Al was a very popular baritone singer in the 40s and 50s. He rose to fame with the Duke Ellington band. His deep tone, distinctive phrasing and inflections were readily identifiable. Blind since birth, Hibbler studied voice at the Conservatory for the Blind in Little Rock. He sang with local bands in Arkansas and Texas and in 1942 hooked up with Jay McShann's band. His principal period of development was with Ellington from 1943 to 1951. One of the most important singers Ellington ever showcased, Hibbler appeared on a range of Ellington standards including \"Do Nothing' Til You Hear From Me,\" \"Ain't Got Nothin' But the Blues,\" \"Don't Be So Mean to My Baby\" and \"I'm Just A Lucky So-And-So.\" Hibbler left Ellington for a career as a single artist and in 1955 recorded the hit \"Unchained Melody.\" His other hits include \"After the Lights Go Down Low,\" \"He\" and \"Eleventh Hour Melody.\"", "Al Hibbler, a singer with an idiosyncratic baritone style, was known for his work with the Duke Ellington Orchestra in the 1940s and early '50s.", "Born in Little Rock, Ark., and blind from birth, Hibbler attended the Conservatory for the Blind in his hometown and sang in the school's choir.", "“And he was a polio sufferer, so he basically didn’t have much use of his left leg or his left arm. The chance of being any kind of rock star is like zero [back then]. He was one of the first disabled punk rockers ever. I’m really looking forward to that.”", "In March 1982, a horrendous car accident left him trapped in his Rolls-Royce. When extricated, he was left with spinal cord injuries that paralyzed him from the waist down and confined him to a wheelchair. After rehabilitation, he recorded the album Love Language , featuring the 1984 ballad \"Hold Me\", a duet with a then-unknown Whitney Houston . He also performed at Live Aid on July 13, 1985, and continued to record throughout the 1980s and 1990s.", "Stevland Hardaway Morris (born Stevland Hardaway Judkins, May 13, 1950), known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century. Wonder signed with Motown's Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth.", "He is a Country music star challenged with hearing loss.  In a field where singing on pitch and being in the right key is important so to then is hearing.  Adams did not let his disability stop him. He has helped to broaden the appeal of Country/Rock.", "In 2002 he performed a concert tour, singing from his wheelchair. In 2008 \"I Am Who I Am,\" a musical by Jackie Taylor based on his life story, was performed by the Black Ensemble Theater in Chicago.", "It is well known that the Ian Dury song \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\" was inspired by his disability; Dury was born in Harrow in May 1942 (not Essex as he would claim early on in his music career), and contracted polio when he was seven years old. Although unlike Michael Flanders of the Flanders & Swann duo who suffered the same fate six years earlier, Dury was not confined to a wheelchair, his body was still deformed by the disease, and he used a walking stick for the rest of his life. Here's a photo of Dury .", "VITAL STATISTICS: He was born on September 7, 1936 at 2:30 p.m. at the Holley home located at 1911 6th Street in Lubbock, Texas. (The house is no longer there.) It was a Monday, was Labor Day, and it was a leap year. During elementary school it was discovered that he needed glasses. Upon examination, his eyesight was determined to be 20/800. He unsuccessfully tried wearing contact lenses and then began wearing glasses, ultimately ending up with the very thick horn-rimmed frames which has now become his trademark. After having his teeth capped, he possessed a very captivating yet disarming smile which, at least in some photos, made him appear more like a concert pianist than a rock 'n' roll performer. As an adult, Buddy had dark brown hair, stood a half-inch shy of six feet and weighed about 145 pounds although this varied.", "After his retirement from music, Van Vliet rarely appeared in public. He resided near Trinidad, California, with his wife Janet \"Jan\" Van Vliet. By the early 1990s he was using a wheelchair as a result of multiple sclerosis. The severity of his illness was sometimes disputed. Many of his art contractors and friends considered him to be in good health. Other associates such as his longtime drummer and musical director John French and bassist Richard Snyder have stated that they had noticed symptoms consistent with the onset of multiple sclerosis, such as sensitivity to heat, loss of balance, and stiffness of gait, by the late 1970s.", "Born in Albany, Georgia, on 23 September, 1930, as Ray Charles Robinson, he suffered from congenitive juvenile glaucoma as a child and was completely blind by the age of seven. Despite this, he learned to read and write music and to play several instruments by the time he was 15.", "Stevie Wonder stands out as one of the most famous people with disabilities, celebrated as one of the top American musicians of all time. His 26 Grammys and an Academy Award have earned him a well-deserved place in the Rock and Roll and Songwriters Halls of Fame.", "This is how African-American singer and songwriter Stevie Wonder loses one of his five senses: It is the result of a traffic accident.  Stevie Wonder is in the passenger seat of a 1948 Dodge flatbed truck.  He is sleeping, with headphones on.  The person at the wheel of the Dodge is momentarily distracted by something and fails to notice the truck in front of them until it is too late and the vehicles collide.  The truck into which they crash is carrying logs of timber.  The load slips and one log smashes through the windshield of the Dodge, striking Wonder full in the face.  Stevie Wonder is rushed to hospital.  He spends four days in a coma induced by a brain contusion.  Although he recovers, Stevie Wonder incurs permanent damage: He loses his sense of smell.  This fateful accident takes place on 6 August 1973 near Salisbury, North Carolina.  Stevie Wonder is already blind.  He lost his eyesight years earlier.  But that’s a different story…", "RAOUL FELDER: He had a semi-hit record that was taking off, and RCA or some other major company wanted to buy the rights. They never thought to interview him and see what he looked like physically. As the song was taking off on the charts, they suddenly found out that he was handicapped. And they killed the record. That’s when he decided to become a songwriter.", "During the recording sessions for his second album, tentatively named \"Life After Death... 'Til Death Do Us Part\", later shortened to Life After Death, Wallace was involved in a car accident that shattered his left leg and temporarily confined him to a wheelchair. The injury forced him to use a cane. He and Lil' Cease were arrested for smoking marijuana in public and had their car repossessed. Wallace chose a Chevrolet Lumina rental SUV as a substitute, despite Lil' Cease's objections. The vehicle had brake problems before the accident but Wallace dismissed them. According to Lil' Cease, Wallace's leg was shattered when they hit a rail along with Lil's Cease's jaw. Wallace spent months in a hospital following the accident and had to complete therapy. Despite his hospitalization, he continued to work on the album. The accident was referred to in the lyrics of \"Long Kiss Goodnight\": \"Ya still tickle me, I used to be as strong as Ripple be / Til Lil' Cease crippled me.\" ", "In 1995, Ralph suffered a stroke, and developed Bell's palsy. This affected the muscles in his face, leading to a change in his voice. Other than that, though, he continued to broadcast.", "He worked non-stop, touring across Europe, Africa and at major venues in Quebec in Canada. However, in 1971, his workload caught up with him when he collapsed on stage from exhaustion. After a brief period off, he returned to the recording studios, releasing several best-selling hits throughout the early 1970s. He expanded from owning his own record company to acquiring a celebrity magazine and a modeling agency. Although driven to achieve financial success, in 1974 he organized a concert to raise funds for a charity for handicapped children, and the following year he participated in a Paris concert to raise funds for medical research.", "Hibbler left the Ellington organization in 1951 in an apparent dispute over his desire to freelance. He went on to record with Ellington's son, Mercer, as well as with Billy Taylor, Count Basie, Gerald Wilson and Rahsaan Roland Kirk.", "In 1976, Mr. Basie suffered a heart attack. While he recuperated his band continued to fulfill engagements, frequently with Nat Pierce taking Mr. Basie's place at the piano and sometimes with guest conductors such as the trumpeter Clark Terry, who was a member of the Basie band in the 1940's. Within less than six months, however, Mr. Basie was back at the keyboard. During his last years, he had difficulty walking and rode out on the stage on a motorized wheelchair which he sometimes drove with joyful abandon.", "Little Richard, the flamboyant singer who rocked \"Tutti Frutti\" onto the record charts in the '50s, was seriously injured early today when he crashed his sports car into a telephone pole in West Hollywood, sheriff's deputies said. The 52-year-old singer, whose real name is Richard Penniman, suffered a broken right leg, broken ribs, and head and facial injuries in the 12:05 a.m. accident, Deputy Lynda Edmonds said.", "On 19 April 2016, Johnson made an official statement regarding his health problems and inability to tour. In the statement, he acknowledged his ongoing hearing difficulties but stated his intentions to continue recording and potentially resume touring if his health improves sufficiently. He also specifically thanked Angus Young and Cliff Williams for their support during his AC/DC tenure. ", "1973 - Stevie Wonder was seriously injured in a car accident. He permanently lost his sense of smell. He was in a coma for four days.", "Joel had already begun studio work on his next album when he was involved in a motorcycle accident in the spring of 1982. His left wrist was broken and his hand badly damaged. Following surgery, production of the album was temporarily shut down while Joel recovered. An additional obstacle for the singer was the breakdown of his marriage to Weber, an event partially blamed on the stress created by Weber's management of her husband's career. By the end of 1982, the couple divorced. When she left, Joel's wife took half of the singer's assets with her.", "In 1971, Hibbler performed \"When the Saints Go Marching In\" at the funeral of jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong.", "Performer: Michael Jackson was unable to dance and sing like he once could due to his illnesses", "Hirst gave up smoking and drinking in 2002, although the short-term result was that his wife Maia \"had to move out because I was so horrible.\" He had met Joe Strummer (former lead singer of The Clash) at Glastonbury in 1995, becoming good friends and going on annual family holidays with him. Just before Christmas 2002, Strummer died of a heart attack. This had a profound effect on Hirst, who said, \"It was the first time I felt mortal.\" He subsequently devoted a lot of time to founding a charity, Strummerville, to help young musicians.", "1973 - Stevie Wonder came close to losing his life, following a freak auto accident. Wonder, one of Motown’s most popular recording artists, was in a coma for 10 days. Miraculously, he recovered and was back in the recording studio in less than eight weeks.", "A virtuoso on the trumpet, Al Hirt was often \"overqualified\" for the Dixieland and pop music that he performed. He studied classical trumpet at the Cincinnati Conservatory (1940-1943) and was influenced by the playing of Harry James. He freelanced in swing bands (including both Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey, and Ray McKinley) before returning to New Orleans in the late '40s and becoming involved in the Dixieland movement. He teamed up with clarinetist Pete Fountain on an occasional basis from 1955 on, and became famous by the end of the decade. An outstanding technician with a wide range, along with a propensity for playing far too many notes, Hirt had some instrumental pop hits in the 1960s. He also recorded swing and country music, but mostly stuck to Dixieland in his live performances. He remained a household name throughout his career, although one often feels that he could have done so much more with his talent. Hirt's early Audiofidelity recordings (1958-1960) and collaborations with Fountain are the most rewarding of his long career; he died at his home in New Orleans on April 27, 1999. Biography by by Scott Yanow. All Music Guide", "Charles Hardin Holley was born on September 7, 1936 in Lubbock, Texas. He was the fourth and youngest child in his family and was nicknamed \"Buddy\" by his mother, who felt that his given name, Charles, was too big for her little boy. \"Holly,\" the altered form of his last name, would later result from a misspelling in his first recording contract.", "Alfred Matthew “Weird Al” Yankovic born (Downey, CA) American pop and rock parodist, singer, songwriter, accordionist, polka musician.", "March 21, 1956: Singer Carl Perkins was seriously injured in a car crash as he was en route to perform on the Perry Como TV show. His brother, Jay Perkins, was killed in the crash." ]

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[ "And what is worst, is that he or she can never provide a solution to the problem of suicide, the problem Albert Camus described as the “one truly serious philosophical problem”. This is because the atheist (or agnostic, which I regard as a synonym) has no higher purpose in life. To him, the world has no meaning except the meaning they impart to it themselves. Bertrand Russell, the agnostic, put it this way:", "Evidently an agnostic, Proust had this to say about atheism: \"The atheist forgets that what he is affirming is, precisely, a negation.\" (In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust)", "Evidently an agnostic, Proust had this to say about atheism: \"The atheist forgets that what he is affirming is, precisely, a negation.\" (In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust)", "He was an embittered atheist, the sort of atheist who does not so much disbelieve in God as personally dislike Him. ~George Orwell", "On atheism, Sagan commented in 1981: An atheist is someone who is certain that God does not exist, someone who has compelling evidence against the existence of God. I know of no such compelling evidence. Because God can be relegated to remote times and places and to ultimate causes, we would have to know a great deal more about the universe than we do now to be sure that no such God exists. To be certain of the existence of God and to be certain of the nonexistence of God seem to me to be the confident extremes in a subject so riddled with doubt and uncertainty as to inspire very little confidence indeed. ", "The ambiguity in his belief in religion mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives: Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell \"vaunted\" his unbelief while Eric Blair the individual retained \"a deeply ingrained religiosity\". Ingle later noted that Orwell did not accept the existence of an afterlife, believing in the finality of death while living and advocating a moral code based on Judeo-Christian beliefs. [93] [145] Orwell wrote in part V of his essay, Such, Such Were the Joys: \"Till about the age of fourteen I believed in God, and believed that the accounts given of him were true. But I was well aware that I did not love him.\" [146]", "A country priest who led an exemplary life, he died an atheist. He left behind a memoir which was circulated by Voltaire. This expressed his disgust with humanity and his inability to believe in God.", "If I were not an atheist, I would believe in a God who would choose to save people on the basis of the totality of their lives and not the pattern of their words. I think he would prefer an honest and righteous atheist to a TV preacher whose every word is God, God, God, and whose every deed is foul, foul, foul. ~Isaac Asimov", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, \"If I were not an atheist, I would believe in a God who would choose to save people on the basis of the totality of their lives and not the pattern of their words. I think he would prefer an honest and righteous atheist to a TV preacher whose every word is God, God, God, and whose every deed is foul, foul, foul.\" The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". ", "Spinoza was considered to be an atheist because he used the word \"God\" (Deus) to signify a concept that was different from that of traditional Judeo–Christian monotheism. \"Spinoza expressly denies personality and consciousness to God; he has neither intelligence, feeling, nor will; he does not act according to purpose, but everything follows necessarily from his nature, according to law....\" Thus, Spinoza's cool, indifferent God is the antithesis to the concept of an anthropomorphic, fatherly God who cares about humanity.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. He did, however, continue to identify himself as a nonobservant Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the bar mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\" ", "On the other hand, while he thought of God as 'luminously self-evident,' and while his sense of God's presence was through life, he tells us, never 'dimmed by even a passing shadow,' [ Note 14 ] he was conscious of a strong intellectual tendency to general scepticism, and this enabled him to enter into agnostic views of life in others, with a close understanding which was very rare and very helpful. 'I thank God,' he wrote to Dr. Pusey in 1845, 'that He has shielded me morally from what intellectually might easily come on me—general scepticism.' [ Note 15 ]", "One of the giants of not only English Atheism, but world Atheism, Joseph McCabe left a legacy of aggressive Atheist and antireligious literature that remains fresh and insightful today. His many works -- he wrote nearly 250 books -- could constitute a library of Atheism by themselves.", "Wells wrote in his book God the Invisible King that his idea of God did not draw upon the traditional religions of the world: \"This book sets out as forcibly and exactly as possible the religious belief of the writer. [Which] is a profound belief in a personal and intimate God\". [49] Later in the work he aligns himself with a \"renascent or modern religion ... neither atheist nor Buddhist nor Mohammedan nor Christian ... [that] he has found growing up in himself\". [50]", "History tells the story of the renowned atheist Voltaire, who was one of the most aggressive antagonists of Christianity. He wrote many things to undermine the church, and once said of Jesus Christ, “Curse the wretch. In 20 years, Christianity will be no more. My single hand will destroy the edifice it took 12 apostles to rear.” Needless to say, Voltaire was less than successful. And on his deathbed, a nurse who attended him was reported to have said, “For all the wealth in Europe, I would not see another atheist die.”", "Despite his categorical rejection of conventional religion, Brooke said that Einstein became angry when his views were appropriated by evangelists for atheism. He was offended by their lack of humility and once wrote. \"The eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility.\"", "In 1998, he was quoted in the New York Times Book Review as saying, \"Being an atheist is a matter not of moral choice, but of human obligation.\" ", "“If there were no God, there would be no atheists.” – Where All Roads Lead , 1922", "Dawkins is an outspoken atheist and a prominent critic of religion , and has been described as a militant atheist . [58] [59] He is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society , [60] a vice-president of the British Humanist Association (since 1996), [14] a Distinguished Supporter of the Humanist Society of Scotland , [61] a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism , [62] and a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry . [63] In 2003, he signed Humanism and Its Aspirations , published by the American Humanist Association . [64]", "This merits some clarification. Chesterton had gone through a state of agnosticism and even nihilism in his late teenage years, but in his twenties had discovered for himself a traditional Christian faith which caused him to look back on his nihilism – and anyone else’s, including Omar’s – as “pessimism…that may often be a poison.” His views on Omar were more fully set forth in his essay “Omar and the Sacred Vine”, published as chapter 7 of his book Heretics (1905). In it he wrote:", "Author of Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and other books. From an interview with Adams in American Atheist magazine : \"...I really do mean Atheist. I really do not believe that there is a god - in fact I am convinced that there is not a god (a subtle difference). I see not a shred of evidence to suggest that there is one. It's easier to say that I am a radical Atheist, just to signal that I really mean it, have thought about it a great deal, and that it's an opinion I hold seriously. It's funny how many people are genuinely surprised to hear a view expressed so strongly.\"", "In 2005 he wrote and read an essay for National Public Radio claiming that he was \"beyond atheism. Atheism is not believing in God ... I believe there is no God.\" His atheism, he has explained, has informed every aspect of his life and thoughts, and as such is as crucial to him as theistic beliefs are to the devout. Jillette encourages open discussion, debate, and proselytizing on the issue of God's existence, believing that the issue is too important for opinions about it to remain private. Jillette does not, however, dismiss all who do believe in God: A 2008 edition of his Penn Says podcast expresses his appreciation for a fan who brought him the gift of a pocket Gideon Bible after a performance because he realized that this individual sincerely cared enough about him to try to help him. ", "And herein lays the greatest problem. The atheist or agnostic, who has no predetermined purpose in life, who has to rely on his or her own judgements and ability to devise a meaning for their life, who has not found a deeper meaning of his or her own life by the time of a great tragedy, is at the highest risk of suicide. There is no doubt about it.", "Accordingly, II Duce seeks to create the impression that he is a devout Catholic, though since boyhood he has not been a churchgoer. Privately he scorns the rites and dogmas of the Church. An avowed atheist in his youth, he had once written a pamphlet titled God Does Not Exist!", "\"I have something to say to the religionist who feels atheists never say anything positive: You are an intelligent human being. Your life is valuable for its own sake. You are not second-class in the universe, deriving meaning and purpose from some other mind. You are not inherently evil � you are inherently human, possessing the positive rational potential to help make this a world of morality, peace and joy. Trust yourself\"", "Variant transcription from \"Death of a Genius\" in Life Magazine: \"I cannot accept any concept of God based on the fear of life or the fear of death, or blind faith. I cannot prove to you that there is no personal God, but if I were to speak of him I would be a liar.\"", "• Writes books, “The Ethics” banned by Jews and Catholics because he deductively proves God and reality are one AKA God is everything", "recalls the “colorless, all-color of atheism,” a nothingness that lies behind all nature. He also describes the", "Even to atheists he is the supremely good man, the exemplar and moral authority with whom no one may disagree.", "From the age of forty he was, to use his own words, a complete disbeliever in Christianity. He professed himself an Agnostic, regarding the problem of the universe as beyond our solution, \"For myself,\" he wrote, \"I do not believe in any revelation. As for a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting vague probabilities.\"", "From the age of forty he was, to use his own words, a complete disbeliever in Christianity. He professed himself an Agnostic, regarding the problem of the universe as beyond our solution, \"For myself,\" he wrote, \"I do not believe in any revelation. As for a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting vague probabilities.\"", "Lest we become misologists, he replied, no worse thing can happen to a man than this. For as there are misanthropists or haters of men, there are also misologists or haters of ideas, and both spring from the same cause, which is ignorance of the world. Misanthropy arises out of the too great confidence of inexperience;—you trust a man and think him altogether true and sound and faithful, and then in a little while he turns out to be false and knavish; and then another and another, and when this has happened several times to a man, especially when it happens among those whom he deems to be his own most trusted and familiar friends, and he has often quarreled with them, he at last hates all men, and believes that no one has any good in him at all. You must have observed this trait of character?" ]

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[ "Ansett Australia also known as Ansett-ANA and Ansett was a major Australian airline group, based in Melbourne. The airline flew domestically within Australia and from the 1990s to destinations in Asia. The airline was placed into administration in 2001 after suffering financial collapse, and subsequent organised liquidation in 2002, subject to deed of company arrangement. Ansett became an icon and greatly contributed to the advancement of aviation within Australia during its 66-year life.", "Ansett expanded into New Zealand in 1987 through its subsidiary Ansett New Zealand after the Government of New Zealand opened its skies to the airline. After the Government of Australia reneged on an agreement to reciprocate, Air New Zealand tried to acquire a share of Qantas when it was floated in 1995, but was not allowed. Instead it bought a 50% stake in Ansett Australia for A$540 million in 1996, though managerial control remained in the hands of News Corporation. Ansett Australia then had to divest itself of Ansett New Zealand to avoid creating a monopoly. ", "Townsville Airport experienced a progressive increase in passenger numbers and aircraft movements after World War II, with services operated by Qantas, Trans Australia Airlines (TAA), Australian National Airways (ANA) and Ansett Australia (Ansett) to Brisbane. Types operated were the Australian regional airliners such as the DC-3/4, Convair 240, DC-6, Viscounts, and F-27s, as well smaller charter aircraft such as Ansons. It wasn't until the mid-1960s that airport growth accelerated. TAA replaced their weekly DC-3 service to Port Moresby and Honiara with more frequent F-27 services, while Ansett operated similarly from Cairns. During that period TAA and Ansett – ANA gradually increased their jet services starting with DC-9s and then Boeing 727s. Following that period of rapid growth, Townsville was developed as a regional hub for both airlines during the 1970s.", "Ansett had an extensive network throughout Australia and provided Air New Zealand customers with a greatly enhanced offering.", "In November 2001, Ansett creditors voted to allow the Tesna consortium, led by Melbourne businessmen Solomon Lew and Lindsay Fox, to purchase Ansett's mainline assets. The plan involved creating a whole \"new\" Ansett out of the ashes of the old (with the \"Australia\" dropped from the name as per Ansett Mark II), but the trademark font and \"Star Mark\" logo re-instated. It would be a full-service, two-class single-fleet-type domestic airline. It included very reduced staff numbers and an all new Airbus A320 fleet. The new Ansett would operate out of the old Ansett terminals, and temporarily lease the former Ansett's A320 fleet until younger replacements arrived. Loyalty products such as the Golden Wing Club and Frequent Flyer program would be relaunched.", "*Ansett Worldwide Aviation Services, an aircraft leasing organisation which used to be a subsidiary of Ansett Australia", "Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) received its first Viscount in 1954, and the aircraft quickly proved profitable, leading to additional orders. [41] The Viscount proved to be an invaluable aircraft for TAA, aviation author John Gunn stating that \"TAA had achieved dominance on Australia's trunk routes with its turboprop Viscounts\". [42] TAA procured over a dozen Viscounts, and purchased later turboprop aircraft such as the Fokker F27 Friendship ; it later transitioned to jet aircraft as passenger demand outgrew the capacity of the Viscounts. [42] In order to compete with its rival TAA, another Australian airline, Ansett-ANA also procured its own small Viscount fleet; [43] the Viscount allowed Ansett to set out a faster and superior service than the larger TAA for the first time. [44]", "Since 1992, a key element of Australia's international aviation policy has been 'multiple designation'. This allows more than one Australian carrier to operate international air services. So far, Ansett has been the only passenger carrier to have taken advantage of this liberalisation. Although there have been proposals for other new Australian flag international airlines, these have never materialised.", "Ansett ran a scheduled terminal transfer service at Sydney Airport, which offered seamless connection from its Domestic terminal to the International terminal for Ansett Australia services connecting to Ansett International. An Ansett bus operated the shuttle service which departed from a transfer lounge located between its two domestic concourses. The shuttle would route across the airside tarmac and runways and arrive near customs at Terminal 1.", "The upheavals in the trunk airline sector have carried over to the regional airline sector. This is the part of the domestic airline industry which services centres in rural and remote Australia. At the time of the Ansett group's collapse, most regional operators had equity or close operational relationships with either Qantas or Ansett.", "Following the takeover of ANA, Reg Ansett lobbied the government to block TAA's purchase of Sud Aviation Caravelle jet aircraft. He was concerned about his airline's ability to finance equivalent jet aircraft, and the major engineering leap required to go from an all-piston fleet direct to pure jet aircraft, TAA had been operating prop-jet Vickers Viscounts since 1954, and so had expertise in jet technology. Ansett was successful in convincing the government to authorize the importation of more Viscounts and the new Lockheed L-188 Electra. This action delayed the introduction of pure jet aircraft to Australian skies until 1964, when the Boeing 727–100 began flying.", "*On 30 November 1961, Ansett-ANA Flight 325, a Vickers Viscount, crashed into Botany Bay shortly after take-off from Kingsford-Smith Airport, Sydney, New South Wales. The starboard wing failed in a thunderstorm. All 15 people on board were killed.", "Ansett Aircraft Spares and Services is a company that serves the aviation community by selling aircraft spares as well as maintenance work for airplanes such as Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, British Aerospace, Douglas aircraft and Fokker types, with offices in Sylmar, California, Surrey, the United Kingdom and Melbourne. Ansett Aircraft Spares and Services also has a logistics division. ", "With the newer aircraft gone, most of the older Boeing 767–200 fleet were moved from the Melbourne terminal gates as Virgin Blue moved into the former Ansett Terminal, and were placed into long term storage at the Ansett Engineering Base until late 2004, when most were sold off to Aeroturbine and flown to the United States to be broken up into spare parts. Many of the British Aerospace 146 aircraft were also stored but broken up at Melbourne. As of 2008 the remains of one BAe 146 sit derelict at Brisbane Airport, and another BAe 146 remains at Perth Airport, although neither of them are still owned by Ansett or expected to fly again. A lone Boeing 767–200 survived the scrappers cull, was sold and continues to fly in the United States as a charter aircraft.", "* On 18 June 1950 a Douglas DC-3 of Ansett Airways taxiing for take-off from Sydney's now non-existent runway 22 for a night-time passenger flight to Brisbane, hit and partially derailed a coal train travelling on the railway line that crossed the runway. Only the co-pilot was injured. ", "The Ansett collapse has decreased competition in many parts of the regional airline industry (of which the Ansett group owned a large portion). The Qantas-owned regional airline, QantasLink, dominates many routes and is the sole airline on some routes. Most of the former Ansett group regional airlines are not linked with an international alliance network. Nonetheless, Virgin Blue, Regional Expressformed by the amalgamation of former Ansett group airlines, Kendell and Hazeltonand other regional airlines such as Alliance Airlines in Queensland, compete to varying degrees with Qantas services. Because regional airlines operate mainly intra-state services, the states have sole responsibility for their economic regulation; most states have liberalised or deregulated operations.", "* On 30 November 1961, Ansett-ANA Flight 325, a Vickers Viscount, crashed into Botany Bay shortly after take-off. The starboard (right) wing failed after the aircraft flew into a thunderstorm. All 15 people on board were killed.", "Qantas Domestic is now the only provider of nationwide, 'full-service' scheduled air services. Qantas has expanded its fleet rapidly since the Ansett group collapsed, when Qantas's domestic market share was 55 per cent; it now has around 70 per cent of the travel market on the domestic trunk route network. Qantas's extensive domestic and international route network can be seen by clicking here to view an interactive electronic route map.", "Ansett also offered on-board News and movies, entitled (Ansett Sky Show). It consisted of a twice daily 30 minute news service (AM and PM), which was recorded by Channel 7 studios in Sydney entitled Seven Ansett News, which was then transmitted by satellite to all Ansett capital city, and some regional airport locations. The news service was then dubbed to video cassettes, and was then distributed onto Ansett aircraft first thing in the morning and exchanged halfway during the operational day for the second afternoon/evening broadcast. For the domestic fleet, movies and television shows were recorded to tape and distributed to each aircraft once a month.", "An unusual feature of Ansett's operations was the flying boat service from Rose Bay in Sydney to Lord Howe Island. This was operated by Ansett Flying Boat Services using Short Sandringham four-engined aircraft. The service ceased in 1974 when the Lord Howe Island Airport was completed.", "Ansett offered a limousine service, for those wishing to hire for journeys to and from the airport to the CBD in Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. It also offered airport-to-suburb service in Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.", "Only the Airbus A320 was utilised from Ansett's original fleet during the brief re-launch of operations as \"Ansett Mark II\" from October 2001 to March 2002. The Boeing 737, Boeing 767, and Boeing 747 fleet was grounded from September 2001 onwards as were the BAe 146 fleet, with the exception of a one-off revenue flight from Cairns to Brisbane in November 2001, operating off the back end of a charter flight for the government. Two other Ansett BAe 146 aircraft were chartered by the federal government in late 2001 during the federal election campaign.", "Additionally, airlines in Australia are not liable for events such as natural disasters. [ 20 ] Many airlines do reimburse passengers for the cancelled or delayed flights but some, however, do not. [ 21 ] ", "Sydney is where most International tourists fly into , especially from America. Most other cities require a stop-off enroute. Other international airports include Melbourne and Brisbane, followed by Perth, Adelaide, Hobart, Darwin and Cairns.", "In April 2008, it announced that it was undergoing a major expansion and will be getting simulators for the current-generation Boeing 737, Fokker 100, Beechcraft King Air and Embraer EMB-120 Brasília, as well as a second Airbus A320 simulator due an extension to centre's existing building.[http://globalaviationexpress.blogspot.com/2008/04/ansett-flight-simulator-centre-adding.html Global Aviation Express: Ansett Flight Simulator Centre: Adding Five More Simulators]", "Ansett’s 16,000 staff were demoralised and fearful of the future. The cost-cutting is thought to have caused defective book-keeping in the maintenance records department, which led to the grounding of Ansett’s Boeing 767 fleet in April 2001, barely a day before the busy Easter holidays.", "With Ansett now grounded again, the administrators began selling off Ansett's assets. This included its regional subsidiary airlines, which still continued to trade despite Ansett being grounded. A creditors meeting post March 2002 voted in favour of an organised wind-up of the operation, under a deed of company arrangement, as opposed to an immediate liquidation. It was viewed that a deed of arrangement would give creditors a greater return than liquidation would provide.", "The agreement with Ansett's administrators, although well-advanced, collapsed in late February 2002. Without any prior warning, the administrators announced on 27 February that Fox and Lew had withdrawn their bid, citing \"Inability to complete the transaction on legal advice\". A subsequent press conference with Fox and Lew the same day announced that they had received no support from the government for their bid, thus withdrawing their proposal.", "The airline is also known by its quirky nickname The Flying Kangaroo, a reference to its logo, which until the 1980s actually was a winged kangaroo. It is headquartered in Sydney.", "Domestic air services to Melbourne are operated by Qantas, Virgin Blue, Rex, Jetstar Airways, Skywest, and Tiger Airways. The domestic destinations include Perth, Gold Coast, Adelaide, Sydney, Hobart ,Brisbane, Launceston, Townsville, Canberra,Maroochydore, Mount Gambier, Mildura, New Castle, Kalgoorlie, Albury, Mackay, Devonport, Burnie, Cairns, Kings Island, and Wagga Wagga.", "What are you memories of Ansett? Do you remember them as the bad old days when flying was much more expensive, or something more benign? Were you one of many who caught the bus or train instead of the plane?", "It is QANTAS. They have been in operation since approximately mid-1930s and have had 0 accidents in their entire history." ]

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[ "The College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Empire State College administrative offices are located in Saratoga Springs, New York.", "Founded in 1971, SUNY Empire State College is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the the suburban setting of the medium-sized town of Saratoga Springs (population range of 10,000-49,999 inhabitants), New York. Officially accredited/recognized by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, SUNY Empire State College (ESC) is a large (enrollment range: 15,000-19,999 students) coeducational higher education institution. SUNY Empire State College (ESC) offers courses and programs leading to officialy recognized higher education degrees such as associate degrees, bachelor degrees, master degrees in several areas of study. This 45 years old HE institution has a selective admission policy based on students' past academic record and grades. The admission rate range is 60-70% making this US higher education organization a somewhat selective institution. International students are welcome to apply for enrollment. ESC also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, financial aids and/or scholarships, online courses and distance learning opportunities, as well as administrative services.", "Ithaca is a major educational center in Central New York. In 2011 there were about 21,000 students enrolled at Cornell and about 6,400 at Ithaca College. Tompkins Cortland Community College is located in the neighboring Town of Dryden, and has an extension center in downtown Ithaca. Empire State College offers non-traditional college courses to adults in downtown Ithaca.", "The Empire State Building (ESB), a national historic landmark, stands at 350 Fifth Avenue, between 33rd and 34th Streets, in midtown Manhattan , New York City. The 102-story, contemporary Art Deco-style building is counted among the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers.", "Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college’s first president, Dr. Samuel Johnson . [24] Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college’s first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church , located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan. [25] The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King’s College by royal charter of King George II , making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States. [7]", "The Dutch West India Company established the first settlement at Fort Orange near present day Albany in 1624 and another in New Amsterdam on the site of present day Manhanttan a year later. After the English took over in the 1660s, the colony was renamed New York, after the Duke of York. One of the original 13 states to join the Union (it entered in 1788), New York is known as the \"Empire State.\" The state includes everything from skyscrapers in Manhattan to rivers, mountains, and lakes in upstate New York. Today, New York has the third largest population (after California and Texas), and remains the financial center of the country. The state flower is the rose, and the capital is Albany. ...Read more here: New York - The Empire State", "Located in the heart of the 34th Street corridor, the Empire State Building is only a short walk to Pennsylvania Station, Grand Central Terminal, The Port Authority Bus Terminal and PATH, along with 18 different subway lines, Crosstown and Fifth Avenue buses. Our building and neighborhood offer every amenity including full office services, first-class shopping, dining and lodging.", "Notable large private universities include the Columbia University in Upper Manhattan and Cornell University in Ithaca, both Ivy League institutions, as well as New York University in Lower Manhattan, and Fordham University in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Westchester County. Smaller notable private institutions of higher education include Rockefeller University, New York Institute of Technology, Yeshiva University, and Hofstra University. There are also a multitude of postgraduate-level schools in New York State, including Medical, Law, and Engineering schools. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army, is located just south of Newburgh, on the west bank of the Hudson River.", "Anchored by Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York vies with London as the financial capital of the world and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. The original Manhattan Chinatown attracts throngs of tourists to its bustling sidewalks and retail establishments. World-class schools and universities such as Columbia University and New York University also reside in New York City.", "Cornell University, coeducational institution of higher education in Ithaca , New York, U.S. , one of the Ivy League schools. Cornell is situated on a 745-acre (301-hectare) campus occupying hills that command a wide view of Cayuga Lake (one of the Finger Lakes ) and the surrounding farm, conservation, and recreation land. Founded as the land-grant university of New York state under the Morrill Act of 1862, it was also privately endowed by Ezra Cornell , a founder of the Western Union Telegraph Company . Cornell established the school’s financial foundations, and diplomat and scholar Andrew Dickson White established its form. A charter was granted in 1865, and the university opened in 1868 with White as its first president. Nonsectarian from the beginning, it offered a much broader curriculum than was common for the day and set out to embrace any investigation and instruction deemed useful. Cornell was the first American university to be divided into colleges offering different degrees, and it was among the first Eastern universities to admit women (1870).", "Apart from New York City (see separate articles for educational and cultural institutions in New York City and its boroughs), institutions of higher education in the state include Alfred Univ., Bard College, Colgate Univ., Cornell, Hobart College, Iona Univ., Long Island Univ., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Sarah Lawrence College, Skidmore College, Syracuse Univ., the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, the U.S. Military Academy, Univ. of Rochester, Vassar College, and Wells College. The State Univ. of New York has major campuses at Stony Brook, Albany, Binghamton, and Buffalo.", "Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system also serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College.", "Cornell University is a private land-grant university located in Ithaca, New York. It is the most recently founded of all the Ivy League schools dating to its founding in 1865. Founded by benefactors Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university today offers renown programs in liberal arts, engineering, law, and medicine.", "Take your pick. SUNY Empire offers more than 500 online courses, 35 learning centers across New York state, and collaborative three-day residencies in Albany and Saratoga Springs.", "Greenwich Village is home to New York University, which owns large sections of the area and most of the buildings around Washington Square Park. To the north is the campus of The New School, which is housed in several buildings that are considered historical landmarks because of their innovative architecture. New School's Sheila Johnson Design Center also doubles as a public art gallery. Cooper Union is located in the East Village, and has been located there since it was established in 1859. ", "Nassau and Suffolk counties are similarly served by community colleges, as well as several colleges and universities within the SUNY system, notably Stony Brook (for its health sciences research and medical center). Private institutions include the New York Institute of Technology, Hofstra University and Adelphi University (both located in the Town of Hempstead), as well as Long Island University (with its C.W. Post campus, located on a former Gold Coast estate in Brookville, and a satellite campus in downtown Brooklyn). Long Island also contains the Webb Institute, a small naval architecture college in Glen Cove. In addition, the island is home to the United States Merchant Marine Academy, a Federal Service Academy located in Kings Point, on the North Shore.", "The city's public school system, managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest in the United States. About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools. [177] Charter schools , which are partly publicly funded, include Harlem Success Academy and Girls Prep . There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. [178] Though it is not often thought of as a college town , there are about 594,000 university students in New York City, the highest number of any city in the United States. [179] In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. [180]", "Some of New York City's renowned public secondary schools, often considered the best in the nation, include: Hunter College High School, Stuyvesant High School, The Bronx High School of Science, Brooklyn Technical High School, Bard High School Early College, Townsend Harris High School, and LaGuardia High School. The city is home to the largest Roman Catholic high school in the U.S., St. Francis Preparatory School in Fresh Meadows, Queens, and the only official Italian-American school in the country, La Scuola d'Italia on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.", "Hofstra University is a private institution of higher learning located in Hempstead, Long Island, New York (USA) founded in 1935 on the basis of the estate of wealthy lumber magnate William Hofstra and widow Kate Williams Hofstra. The school began as a college of New York University and became an independent school, Hofstra College, several years later. It became Hofstra University in 1963.", "The United States Military Academy � also known as West Point � is an academic training institute for the grooming of cadets for the United States armed forces, and is the oldest continuously occupied military post in the country. It is located on 16,000 acres overlooking the Hudson River, about 50 miles north of New York City .", "The State University of New York at Purchase, also known as Purchase College and SUNY Purchase, is a public liberal, visual, and performing arts college in Purchase, New York, United States, a part of the State University of New York system. It was founded in 1967 and was designed as a school that would combine conservatory training in the visual and performing arts with liberal arts and sciences programs. It has strong conservatory programs in Theater Arts & Film, Music, and Dance, and its School of Art + Design is well-respected. It has an enrollment of approximately 4,000 students, and is one of the Princeton Review's top 361 American Universities.", "Marist College is a private liberal arts college of 180 acres (72 ha), located on the east bank of the Hudson River near Poughkeepsie, New York, on US 9. The site was established in 1905, and chartered in 1946.", "Eisenhower College was a small, liberal arts college chartered in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1965, with classes beginning in 1968. Financial problems forced the school to fall under the management of the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1979. Its last class graduated in 1983.", "Empire Service - the Train between New York City and Albany - Some to Buffalo and Niagara Falls | Amtrak", "Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.", "*Queensborough Community College, originally part of the State University of New York, is in Bayside and is now part of CUNY. It prepares students to attend senior colleges mainly in the CUNY system.", "1931 The $41 million Empire State Building opens on May 1, with Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt and former Gov. Alfred E. Smith, president of the Empire State Company, addressing more than 2,000 guests.", "Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation Americans.", "Education: Staten Island colleges include, CUNY - the College of Staten Island, Wagner College and St. John's University has a Staten Island campus.", "Education: Queens has a variety of higher educational insitutions such as, St. John's University, Queens College in the CUNY system, LaGuardia Community College in the CUNY system, and the Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology, among others.", "Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology is a private, cutting edge, degree granting institution located across the Grand Central Parkway from LaGuardia Airport. Its presence underscores the importance of aviation to the Queens economy.", "Queens College is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 different countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in Flushing. Queens College is also the host of CUNY's law school. The Queens College Campus is also the home of Townsend Harris High School." ]

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[ "Umkhonto we Sizwe or MK, translated \"The Spear of the Nation\", was the military wing of the ANC. Partly in response to the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, individual members of the ANC found it necessary to consider violence to combat what passive protest had failed to quell. MK commenced the military struggle against apartheid with acts of sabotage aimed at the installations of the state, and in the early stages was reluctant to target civilian targets. ", "Umkhonto we Sizwe, Spear of the Nation, was arguably the last of the great liberation armies of the twentieth century—but it never got to “march triumphant into Pretoria.” MK—as it was known—was the armed wing of the African National Congress, South Africa’s liberation movement, that challenged the South African apartheid government. A small group of revolutionaries committed to the seizure of power, MK discovered its principal members engaged in negotiated settlement with the enemy and was disbanded soon after.", "Nelson Mandela set up the African National Congress' armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), in 1961 when he lost hope that passive and non-violent resistance to the apartheid government would bear fruit.", "December 16, Umkhonto we Sizwe (The Spear of the Nation - MK) is launched. A series of explosions takes place in Durban, Johannesburg, and Port Elizabeth. The manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe declared it is ‘a new independent body ---- it includes in its ranks South Africans of all races’. Although MK is formed as an organisation affiliated to, but separate from the ANC, it is widely contended that the South African Communist Party influenced its formation", "\"The statement said that the NCL was not aligned with [\"the Assegai of the Nation\" - inaudible] - I presume My Lord, that it is the Spear of the Nation, which is the translation of Umkhonto we Sizwe.", "Al-Qaeda ( or; ',, translation: \"The Base\", \"The Foundation\" or \"The Fundament\" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist global organization founded in 1988. by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. It operates as a network made up of Islamic extremist, Salafist jihadists. It has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, the United States, Russia, India, and various other countries (see below).", "international alliance of Sunni Islamic militant organizations founded in 1988[4] by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (later replaced by Osama Bin Laden) and other veteran \\\"Afghan Arabs\\\" after the Soviet War in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian and military targets in various countries, the most notable being the September 11, 2001 attacks. These actions were followed by the US government launching a military and intelligence campaign against al-Qaeda called the War on Terror", "Notable groups include Al-Qaeda, Animal Liberation Front, Army of God, Black Liberation Army, The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord, Earth Liberation Front, Irish Republican Army, Kurdistan Workers' Party, Lashkar e Toiba, May 19th Communist Organization, The Order, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Symbionese Liberation Army, Taliban, United Freedom Front and Weather Underground..", "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil language: தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள், Tamiḻīḻa viṭutalaip pulikaḷ, commonly known as the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers), was a separatist militant organisation that was based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran , it waged a violent secessionist and nationalist campaign to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka for Tamil people. [5] This campaign evolved into the Sri Lankan Civil War , which ran from 1983 until 2009, when the LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan Military . [6] [7]", "** Reputed to have been a wing of, or possibly associated with, or possibly a breakaway group from, the Khalistan Liberation Force.", "The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was an Irish nationalist movement founded in December 1969 when several militants including Seán Mac Stíofáin broke off from the Official IRA and formed a new organization.[123] Led by Mac Stíofáin in the early 1970s and by a group around Gerry Adams since the late 1970s, the Provisional IRA sought to create an all-island Irish state. Between 1969 and 1997, during a period known as the Troubles, the group conducted an armed campaign, including bombings, gun attacks, assassinations and even a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street.[124] On July 21, 1972, in an attack later known as Bloody Friday, the group set off twenty-two bombs, killing nine and injuring 130. On July 28, 2005, the Provisional IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed campaign.[125][126] The IRA is believed to have been a major exporter of arms to and provided military training to groups such as the FARC in Colombia[127] and the PLO.[128] In the case of the latter there has been a long held solidarity movement, which is evident by the many murals around Belfast.[129]", "No, it’s not al Qaeda or Hezbollah or even HAMAS. The group is called the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) or the Tamil Tigers for short.", "Another Tuareg-dominated group, the Islamist Ansar Dine (Defenders of Faith), also fought against the government. However, unlike the MNLA it does not seek independence but rather the impositions of sharia across united Mali. [23] The movement's leader Iyad Ag Ghaly , who was part of the early 1990s rebellion , is believed to be linked to an offshoot of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) that is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama. [45]", "The al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front, being the biggest jihadist group in Syria, is often considered to be the most aggressive and violent part of the opposition. Being responsible for over 50 suicide bombings, including several deadly explosions in Damascus in 2011 and 2012, it is recognized as a terrorist organization by Syrian government and was designated as such by United States in December 2012. It has been supported by the Turkish government for years, according to US intelligence. In April 2013, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq released an audio statement announcing that al-Nusra Front is its branch in Syria. The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Golani, said that the group would not merge with the Islamic State of Iraq but would still maintain allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda. The estimated manpower of al-Nusra Front is approximately 6,000–10,000 people, including many foreign fighters. ", "Alternatively spelled al-Qaida and sometimes al-Qa'ida, is an Islamist group founded sometime between August 1988 and late 1989. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless arm and a fundamentalist Sunni movement calling for global jihad (holy war).", "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), more commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, was a political and military group that had been trying to fight for an independent homeland in Sri Lanka since the 1970s.", "The United Federated Forces of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) was an American self-styled left-wing revolutionary group active between 1973 and 1975 that considered itself a vanguardarmy. The group committed bank robberies, two murders, and other acts of violence.", "The group's creation of Sea Tigers, using small speedboats to attack Sri Lankan Navy vessels, is believed to have inspired the al-Qaeda attack on the American destroyer USS Cole off the coast of Aden in 2000. The LTTE is also regarded as one of the world's most successful illegal fundraising organisations.", "During this period, a large number of radical political groups emerged in Turkey. \"The largest among them were the People's Liberation Army of Turkey [a far-left underground armed group], Milli Gorus [an Islamist movement], and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) [a radical right nationalist party] led by Alparslanom Tyurkesh. Between the late 1960s and early 1970s, these and other smaller parties used assassinations, kidnappings and terrorism to achieve their political goals.\"", "Founded in 1976, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, (also called \"LTTE\" or Tamil Tigers) was a militant Tamil nationalist political and paramilitary organization based in northern Sri Lanka.[148] From its founding by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a secessionist resistance campaign that sought to create an independent Tamil state in the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka.[149] The conflict originated in measures the majority Sinhalese took that were perceived as attempts to marginalize the Tamil minority.[150] The resistance campaign evolved into the Sri Lankan Civil War, one of the longest-running armed conflicts in Asia.[151] The group carried out many bombings, including an April 21, 1987, car bomb attack at a Colombo bus terminal that killed 110 people.[152] In 2009 the Sri Lankan military launched a major military offensive against the secessionist movement and claimed that it had effectively destroyed the LTTE.", "Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Arme) (GIA).  Having initiated terrorist activities in 1992 following Algiers’ refusal to accept a democratically elected Islamist government, the GIA has conducted multiple mass killings of civilians and assassinations of Algerian leaders.  While present in areas such as Yemen, the GIA reportedly does not target the United States directly.  However, it is possible that GIA splinter movements or personnel may become involved in anti-United States action. ", "The Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) was an American self-styled left-wing revolutionary group active between 1973 and 1975 that considered itself a vanguard army.", "They had a conventional army complete with artillery batteries, a large navy and even a nascent air force, funded by an estimated $200 million to $300 million a year they made from smuggling, fraud and appeals to Tamil expatriates. They also carried out hundreds of suicide attacks — including the 1991 assassination of former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi — and were listed as a terror group by the U.S., European Union and India.", "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was one of the many groups that came into existence to fight for Tamil rights. ", "The group has perpetrated various attacks and bombings in Nigeria. In 2013, the State Department designated the group a terrorist organization.", "The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( Tamiḻīḻa viṭutalaip pulikaḷ, Dhemala īlām vimukthi koti, commonly known as the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers) was a militant organisation that was based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a secessionist nationalist insurgency to create an independent state of Tamil Eelam in the north and east of Sri Lanka for Tamil people. This campaign led to the Sri Lankan Civil War, which ran from 1983 until 2009, when the LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan military during the presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa. ", "For over 25 years, the LTTE waged a violent secessionist campaign in Sri Lanka to create an independent state for the Tamil people. Founded in 1976, the LTTE rocketed to prominence in 1983 after they ambushed a patrol of the Sri Lanka Army outside Jaffna, resulting in the deaths of 13 soldiers. This ambush, along with the subsequent rioting which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Tamil civilians, is generally considered the start of the Sri Lankan Civil War. After years of fighting, including the unsuccessful intervention of the Indian Army (IPKF), the conflict was halted after international mediation in 2001. By then, the Tamil Tigers controlled large swathes of land in the north and east of the country, running virtually a mini-state with Prabhakaran serving as its unquestioned leader. Peace talks eventually broke down, and the Sri Lanka Army launched a military campaign to defeat the Tamil Tigers in 2006.", "EOKA was a nationalist organisation with the ultimate goal of \"The liberation of Cyprus from the British yoke,\" claiming to be \"anti-colonialist\". Although not stated in its initial declaration of existence, which was printed and distributed on 1 April 1955, EOKA also had a target of achieving enosis (union of Cyprus with Greece). Despite this ideology being reflected throughout the armed campaign in many of its members, and chiefly its military leader George Grivas, it was not of universal acceptance. The then-head of the political arm of EOKA, Makarios, took a more compromising approach, especially during the later stages of the struggle.", "In 2001-OCT, Laskar Jihad \"holy warriors\" arrived in Poso. Between NOV-27 and 29, they had seized five villages and killed five Christians. More than 8,000 Christians were displaced from their homes.", "Active since the late 70s. Close partner of Osama's organisation. Primary goals are to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state and attack US and Israeli interests in Egypt and abroad.", "In 1930, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam arrived in Palestine from Syria and organised and established the Black Hand, an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organisation. He recruited and arranged military training for peasants and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. The cells were equipped with bombs and firearms, which they used to kill Zionist settlers in the area, as well as engaging in a campaign of vandalism of the settlers-planted trees and British constructed rail-lines. In November 1935, two of his men engaged in a firefight with a Palestine police patrol hunting fruit thieves and a policeman was killed. Following the incident, British police launched a manhunt and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave near Ya'bad. In the ensuing battle, al-Qassam was killed.", "A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to violent interstate conflicts " ]

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[ "1998: Twenty skiers were killed when a U.S. military plane on a training mission hit cable car lines at the Cermis ski resort in northeast Italy. The skiers had been traveling up the mountain in a cable car which plunged 650 feet when the cable line was severed by the plane. It was the second worst cable car accident on record. No one on the ground or in the plane were hurt in the incident.", "*A USMC EA-6B Prowler, BuNo 163045, from VMAQ-2 caused the Cavalese cable car disaster on 3 February 1998, accidentally cutting the cables of a cableway in Italy during a low level flight in mountainous terrain, killing 20 people.", "* February 3 – Cavalese cable car disaster: a United States military pilot causes the deaths of 20 people near Trento, Italy, when his low-flying plane severs the cable of a cable-car.", "1998: A U.S. Navy CH-46 helicopter crashed in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Sicily. Two of the crew members were rescued shortly after the crash; two others were not found.", "* May 5 – Alitalia Flight 112, a Douglas DC-8 en route from Leonardo da Vinci Airport to Palermo International Airport, Italy, crashes into Mount Longa some 5 km south-west of Palermo, killing all 115 passengers and crew on board; it remains the deadliest single-aircraft disaster in Italy.", "In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks that claimed 3,000 American lives in New York and Washington, US National Security Adviser Condoleeza Rice called a hurried Press conference. She declared: \"I don't think anybody could have predicted that these people would take an airplane and slam it into the World Trade Centre, take another one and slam it into the Pentagon, that they would try to use an airplane as a missile.\" This alleged unpredictability of the attacks seems somewhat odd, given that Rice herself had been the top National Security official with Bush at the July 2001 G-8 summit in Genoa, Italy, where US officials were warned that Islamic terrorists might attempt to crash an airliner into the summit premises in Genoa. So seriously had Italian officials taken the threat that they closed the airspace over Genoa and positioned anti-aircraft guns at the city's airport. Perhaps the Americans, unlike the Italians, had felt so sure of themselves, so cloistered from any sense of possible retribution for their foreign military exploits, that they really thought they were immune to attack at home. Or perhaps there was a more sinister explanation: that available intelligence warning of the attacks had simply been ignored. Whatever the truth of the matter, it is certainly the case that the September 11 attacks in Washington and New York were swiftly attributed by US officials to a shadowy network called al-Qaeda led by Osama bin-Laden. The earlier role of the 157", "December 12 - The Piazza Fontana bombing in Italy (Strage di Piazza Fontana) takes place. A U.S. Navy officer and C.I.A. agent called David Carrett is later investigated for possible involvement.", "The nuclear “NATO mission” that the 6th Stormo wing at Ghedi Torre Air Base serves means that Italian Tornado aircraft are equipped and Italian Tornado pilots are trained in peacetime to deliver U.S. nuclear weapons in wartime. This arrangement dates back to before the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), but it is increasingly controversial because Italy as a signatory to the NPT has pledged “not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons…or of control over such weapons…directly, or indirectly.”", "The FBI also coordinated an aerial search, using fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters from the Oregon Army National Guard, along the entire flight path (known as Victor 23 in standard aviation terminology[49] but “Vector 23” in most Cooper literature[1][3][50]) from Seattle to Reno. While numerous broken treetops and several pieces of plastic and other objects that, from the air, resembled parachute canopies were sighted and investigated, nothing relevant to the hijacking was found.[51]", "Italy initially sent 411 troops, based on one infantry company from the 2nd Alpini Regiment tasked to protect the ISAF HQ, one engineer company, one NBC platoon, one logistic unit, as well as liaison and staff elements integrated into the operation chain of command. Italian forces also command a multinational engineer task force and have deployed a platoon of Italian military police. Three AB 212 helicopters were also deployed to Kabul and four Panavia Tornado aircraft.", "In March 2011, IX(B) squadron were the first RAF Tornado squadron to participate in Operation Ellamy. Aircrews from the squadron performed the second longest strike sorties in the history of the RAF, launching Storm Shadow strikes from the squadron's home base of RAF Marham and hitting targets deep inside Libya. The squadron then deployed forward to continue operations from Gioia del Colle in Southern Italy. After a brief respite from the action where IX(B) squadron were replaced by air and ground crews of II(AC) squadron, IX(B) Squadron was chosen to return to Gioia del Colle. During this period, aircrew of IX(B) Squadron were inside Libyan airspace on 20 October 2011 when the conflict came to an end with the capture of Colonel Gaddafi by NTC fighters. The squadron returned home on 1 November 2011 after participating in one of the most successful NATO operations ever conducted. (Operation Unified Protector) ", "Photo released by the Italian Guardia Forestale (Forestry Police Force) showing an aerial view of the destruction in the city of L'Aquila, central Italy, Monday, April 6, 2009. A powerful earthquake in mountainous central Italy knocked down whole blocks of buildings early Monday as residents slept, killing more than 90 people in the country's deadliest quake in nearly three decades, officials said. Tens of thousands were homeless and 1,500 were injured. AP / Guardia Forestale / handout", "On the morning of September 11, 2001, United Airlines Flight 175 was hijacked and flown directly over the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge en route to the World Trade Center. Metropolitan Transportation Authority officials had earlier expressed concern about the plane's proximity to the bridge and later closed the bridge's upper deck after the plane struck the South Tower. When details of the attack on The Pentagon emerged, the MTA shut down the Verrazano-Narrows bridge, along with most other traffic throughout the city. After the collapse of the North Tower, the MTA opened both an eastbound and westbound lane of the bridge to allow traffic to flow briefly before closing it again at 1:00 p.m. that day. It remained closed until the following morning at 9:00 a.m", "1985: The Achille Lauro, an Italian cruise liner with over 400 passengers on board, was seized by Palestinian terrorists. They surrendered two days later, but not before killing an elderly physically handicapped US passenger (on 11 October). Intercepted by military aircraft, the ship was diverted to Italy who, despite protests, allowed the terrorists to fly to Yugoslavia and to eventual freedom in the Middle East.", "Besides civilian operations, the airport is also used extensively by the Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force) and is a base for, amongst others, the C-130 Hercules and C-27J Spartan transport aircraft. The airport is home to 46ª Brigata Aerea Silvio Angelucci (46th Air Brigade). During the end of World War II the airport was used as a base for the 15th Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces.", "On June 9, 1997, Air Malta Flight 830 was hijacked by two men. After landing in Cologne, the hijackers demanded the release of Ağca, who at the time was serving a life sentence in Italy for trying to assassinate Pope John Paul II in 1981. Ağca was not released and the hijackers surrendered.", "Cars are covered with debris and rubble following a strong earthquake, in the village of Onna, central Italy, Monday, April 6, 2009. A powerful earthquake in mountainous central Italy knocked down whole blocks of buildings early Monday as residents slept, killing at least 50 people and trapping many more, officials said. The earthquake's epicenter was about 70 miles (110 kilometers) northeast of Rome near the medieval city of L'Aquila. It struck at 3:32 a.m. local time (0132 GMT, EDT Sunday) in a quake-prone region that has had at least nine smaller jolts since the beginning of April. AP / Sandro Perozzi", "Rescuers at work following a strong earthquake, in the village of Onna, central Italy, Monday, April 6, 2009. A powerful earthquake in mountainous central Italy knocked down whole blocks of buildings early Monday as residents slept, killing at least 50 people and trapping many more, officials said. The earthquake's epicenter was about 70 miles (110 kilometers) northeast of Rome near the medieval city of L'Aquila. It struck at 3:32 a.m. local time (0132 GMT, EDT Sunday) in a quake-prone region that has had at least nine smaller jolts since the beginning of April. AP / Sandro Perozzi", "*On 2 February 2013, Alitalia Flight 1670, en route from Pisa International Airport to Rome, overran the runway during landing. Sixteen occupants were injured, two of them seriously. ", "This was a legitimate military target. The Serb claims of an attack involving cluster bombs against a non-military target are both false. NATO identified Korisa as a military camp and command post. Military equipment including an armored personnel carrier and more than ten pieces of artillery were observed at this location. The aircraftobserved dug-in military positions at the target before executing the attack. NATO cannot confirm the casualty figures given by the Serbian authorities, nor the reasons why civilians were at this location at the time of the attack. 64", "On the morning of September 11, 2001, al Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners in a strategically planned attack against the United States. These terrorists intentionally flew two jet airliners into the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in New York City and a third aircraft into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. A fourth aircraft, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into an open field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, killing all passengers, crew members , and terrorists on board. The four aircraft strikes killed nearly 3,000 people, the deadliest attack on American soil by a foreign entity. This is the Flight 93 Story.", "The real United Airlines Flight 93 was a Boeing 757-222 flight that regularly flew from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco International Airport in San Francisco, California. On September 11, 2001, the aircraft on that flight was one of the four planes hijacked as part of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, possibly intended to crash into and destroy the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. It was the only plane of all four hijacked that did not reach its intended target; instead, it crashed in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, near Shanksville, about 150 miles (ca 240 km) northwest of Washington.", "1996: A bomb threat forced a Viasa DC-10 jet bound for Rome to return to the Simon Bolivar International Airport at Caracus, Venezuela. No bomb was found, so the flight continued on to Rome the next day.", "In the period from June to August 1944, the Allies advanced beyond Rome, taking Florence and closing up on the Gothic Line. This last major defensive line ran from the coast some 30 mi north of Pisa, along the jagged Apennine Mountains chain between Florence and Bologna to the Adriatic coast, just south of Rimini. In order to shorten the Allied lines of communication for the advance into Northern Italy, the Polish II Corps advanced towards the port of Ancona and, after a month-long battle, succeeded in capturing it on 18 July.", "June 14, Beirut, Lebanon: TWA Flight 847 en route from Athens to Rome hijacked to Beirut by Hezbollah terrorists and held for 17 days. A U.S. Navy diver executed.", "1985 - US fighter jets force Egyptian plane carrying hijackers of Italian ship Achille Lauro to land in Italy, gunmen are placed in custody", "*On 13 February 1955, the pilots of a SABENA flight from Brussels to Rome lost orientation when approaching Ciampino Airport, resulting in the Douglas DC-6 registered OO-SDB crashing into the slope of Monte Terminillo at 18:53 local time, killing the 21 passengers and eight crew on board. ", "2003, a number of flights from Europe to the United States were canceled precisely because of reported attempts by al-Qaeda to hijack the planes during the traditionally busy holiday season.48 Efficient Use of Loose Networks", "skyhook - helicopter carrying a reel of steel cable that can be used to lift and transport heavy objects", "USS MOUNT WHITNEY, In Port, Mar 29, 2011 — A U.S. Navy P-3C Maritime Patrol aircraft, a U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt attack aircraft and guided-missile destroyer USS Barry (DDG-52) engaged Libyan Coast Guard vessel Vittoria and two smaller crafts after confirmed reports that Vittoria and accompanying craft were firing indiscriminately at merchant vessels in the port of Misratah, Libya, during the evening March 28, 2011.", "On July 21, 2007, a broken cable forced the south tram to be shut down, leaving only the north tram in service until repairs were completed in March 2008. Around 200 tourists were stuck inside the arch for up to three hours because the severed cable contacted a high-voltage rail, causing a fuse to blow. The north tram was temporarily affected by the power outage as well, but some passengers were able to exit the arch through the emergency stairs and elevator. It was about two hours until all the tram riders safely descended, while those in the observation area at the time of the outage had to wait an additional hour before being able to travel back down. An arch official said the visitors, most of whom stayed calm during the ordeal, were not in any danger; they were later given refunds. The incident occurred while visitors in the arch were watching a fireworks display, and no one was seriously injured in the event. However, two people received medical treatment; one person needed oxygen and the other was diabetic. Almost immediately after the tram returned to service, however, it was closed again for new repairs after an electrical switch broke. The incident, which occurred on March 14, 2008, was billed as a \"bad coincidence.\" ", "1996: It wasn't Friday the 13th, but this 13th in 1996 was a banner day for airplane mishaps. A banner-towing plane operated by Paramount Air Service snagged a parasailer near the shore at Cape May, New Jersey, and took him for a 200-foot ride before he hit the water and was able to tear away from the plane's banner." ]

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[ "Luciano Pavarotti Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (12 October 1935 – 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor, who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. He was one of \"The Three Tenors\" and became well-known for his televised concerts and media appearances. Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others.", "Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (; 12 October 1935 - 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, gaining worldwide fame for the brilliance and beauty of his tone—especially into the upper register—and eventually established himself as one of the finest tenors of the 20th century. ", "Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [luˈtʃano pavaˈrɔtti]; 12 October 1935 – 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, gaining worldwide fame for the brilliance and beauty of his tone—especially into the upper register—and eventually established himself as one of the finest tenors of the 20th century.", "Luciano Pavarotti is possibly the most operatic tenor (the highest male singing voice) since Enrico Caruso (1873–1921). He is noted for combining accuracy of pitch and quality of sound production with a natural musicality.", "Luciano Pavarotti was the best-selling classical singer and humanitarian known for his most original and popular performances with the 'Three Tenors' and 'Pavarotti & Friends'. Pavarotti was blessed with a voice of a rare range, beauty and clarity, which was best during the 60s, 70s and 80s. In 1966 he became the first opera tenor to hit all nine \"high C's\" with his full voice in the aria 'Quel destin' in 'La Fille du Regiment' (aka.. The Daughter of the Regiment) by Gaetano Donizetti. He repeated this feat in his legendary 1972 Met performance and was nicknamed \"King of the High C's\" in rave reviews. Pavarotti's popularity was arguably bigger than that of any other living tenor in the world. His 1993 live performance in the New York's Central Park was attended by 500,000 fans while millions watched it on television. During the 1990s and 2000s Pavarotti was still showing his ability to deliver his clear ringing tone in the higher register, albeit in fewer performances.", "Meatloaf (Marvin Lee Aday) has wowed audiences playing the role of Eddie (ex-delivery boy) and singing the extremely popular \"Hot Patootie\". Since then he has become a rock and roll superstar with his mega-million selling albums \"Bat Out of Hell\" and \"Bat Out of Hell II: Back Into Hell\". He won a Grammy for the latter. He played Eddie/Dr. Scott in the Los Angeles and Broadway productions of THE ROCKY HORROR SHOW. His Broadway credits include HAIR, RAINBOW, and ROCAKABYE HAMLET. He has appeared in many films including AMERICATHON, LEAP OF FAITH, MOTORAMA, OUT OF BOUNDS, THE SQUEEZE, WAYNE'S WORLD, title role in ROADIE.", "Luciano Pavarotti , the Italian singer whose ringing, pristine sound set a standard for operatic tenors of the postwar era, died Thursday at his home near Modena, in northern Italy. He was 71.", "Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday on 27 September 1947), known primarily by his stage name Meat Loaf, is an American rock singer and actor, who became famous with the hit album Bat out of Hell (1977) with songs written by lyricist-composer Jim Steinman.", "Arguably the most famous opera singer of the past century, Luciano Pavarotti was born in Modena. Pavarotti became widely famous after teaming with Plácido Domingo and José Carreras in The Three Tenors, a trio regarded as having given and facilitated the spread of opera music to the popular masses. After abandoning his dream of becoming a football goalkeeper, Pavarotti made the life-changing decision to go into vocal training. He was influenced by both the natural affinity he felt for opera and the fact that his father was a keen amateur singer.", "Meatloaf - Rock star famous for both his drama-epic songs, such as Bat out of Hell and his appearance in The Rocky Horror Picture Show.", "One of the biggest news stories in recent years was the death on Sept. 6, 2007, at age 71, of Luciano Pavarotti , the Italian singer whose ringing, pristine sound set a standard for operatic tenors of the post-World War II era.", "Luciano Pavarotti was born on the outskirts of Modena in north-central Italy on October 12, 1935. He speaks fondly of his childhood, but the family had little money. Pavarotti, his parents, and his sister were crowded into a two-room apartment. His father was a baker, and his mother worked in a cigar factory. In 1943, because of World War II (1939–45; when France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union fought against Germany, Japan, and Italy) the family had to leave the city. For the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighboring countryside.", "Hailing from a family of gospel singers, Meat Loaf began singing as a child in his church choir in Texas. He left his hometown for Los Angeles in 1967 and founded the group Meat Loaf Soul/Popcorn Blizzard, which gained some fame as the opening act for bands such as Van Morrison's Them, The Who, The Stooges, and Ted Nugent. After releasing a single called “Once Upon a Time” with his group, Meat Loaf broke into acting with a lead role in the Los Angeles production of the musical “Hair.” After the performance, he was signed to Motown Records. Paired with Stoney Murphy, he released the album “Stoney & Meatloaf” in September 1971. The single “What You See Is What You Get” peaked at number 36 on the R&B charts and number 71 on Billboard Hot 100 chart. Meat Loaf and his partner embarked on tours to support their album, but Meat Loaf decided to leave Motown shortly after his and Stoney's vocals were replaced by other new artists on the song “Who Is the Leader of the People?”", "As one of the Three Tenors , Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts and media appearances. From the beginning of his professional career as a tenor in 1961 in Italy to his final performance of \"Nessun dorma\" at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , [3] Pavarotti was at his best in bel canto operas, pre- Aida Verdi roles, and Puccini works such as La bohème , Tosca , and Madama Butterfly . Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross , amongst others. He died from pancreatic cancer on 6 September 2007.", "After playing the role of Travis Redfish in the movie Roadie, Meat Loaf's singing voice returned, and he started to work on his new album in 1980. Steinman had written five new songs which, in addition to the track \"More Than You Deserve\" (sung by Meat Loaf in the stage musical of the same name) and a reworked monologue, formed the album Dead Ringer, which was produced by Meat Loaf and Stephan Galfas, with backing tracks produced by Todd Rundgren, Jimmy Iovine, and Jim Steinman. (In 1976, Meat Loaf appeared on the track \"Keeper Keep Us\", from the Intergalactic Touring Band's self-titled album, produced by Galfas.) The song \"Dead Ringer for Love\" was the pinnacle of the album, and launched Meat Loaf to even greater success after it reached No. 5 in the United Kingdom and stayed in the charts for a surprising 19 weeks. Cher provided the lead female vocals in the song.", "Meat Loaf sold out over 160 concerts during his 2005 tour, \"Hair of the Dog\". On November 17, 2003, during a performance at London's Wembley Arena, on his Couldn't Have Said It Better tour, he collapsed of what was later diagnosed as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The following week, he underwent a surgical procedure intended to correct the problem. As a result, Meat Loaf's insurance agency did not allow him to perform for any longer than one hour and 45 minutes.", "Michael Lee Aday (stage name of Meat Loaf) was born as Marvin Lee Aday on 27th September 1947 in Texas. He is a rock musician and actor, noted for the Bat out of Hell album trilogy. ", "Throughout the 1980s Pavarotti strengthened his status as one of the opera world's leading figures. Televised performances of Pavarotti in many of his greatest and favorite roles helped him broaden his appeal. He was able to reach millions of viewers each time one of his opera performances or solo concerts was seen. He also began to show increasing flexibility as a recording artist. He recorded classical operas and Italian folk songs. He also recorded contemporary popular songs with composer and conductor Henry Mancini (1924–1994). He became the world's third-highest top-selling musician, right behind Madonna (1958–) and Elton John (1947–).", "in 2003 - Meat Loaf underwent heart surgery in a London hospital after being diagnosed with a condition that causes an irregular heartbeat. The 52-year-old singer had collapsed on November 17th as he performed at London's Wembley Arena.", "Luciano Pavarotti is performing the role of Calaf in Puccini’s Opera, Turandot, at the San Francisco Opera House in 1977.  Photo by Ron Scherl/Redferns/GettyImages", "In 1979, he was profiled in a cover story in the weekly magazine Time . [12] That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera after an absence of fourteen years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting, Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il trovatore . In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center .", "1964, Born on this day Patti Russo, American singer/songwriter/actress. Best known as the female lead vocalist with Meat Loaf.", "Known for the magical clarity of his voice and the ability to hit high Cs effortlessly, the late Pavarotti made his entry into the world of opera when he won a competition in 1961. Later he went on to perform across Europe before crossing the Atlantic in 1965 for a production of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor in Miami which co-starred famed soprano Joan Sutherland in the eponymous role.", "While undertaking an international \"farewell tour\", Pavarotti was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. The tenor fought back against the implications of this diagnosis, undergoing major abdominal surgery and making plans for the resumption and conclusion of his singing commitments, [29] but he died at his home in Modena on 6 September 2007. Within hours of his death, his manager, Terri Robson, noted in an e-mail statement, \"The Maestro fought a long, tough battle against the pancreatic cancer which eventually took his life. In fitting with the approach that characterized his life and work, he remained positive until finally succumbing to the last stages of his illness\". [30] [31] [32]", "Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (Italian: [ˈdʒaːkomo putˈtʃiːni]; 22 December 1858 – 29 November 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas are among the important operas played as standards.", "10. ALBANESE. Role portrait photograph of the soprano as Suzel in Mascagni's L'Amico Fritz. Signed in full. Half-length portrait. [Teatro alla Scala]. Milan. Ca. 257 x 204 mm. Lightly bumped at lower right corner. (23759) $35", "Puccini was my first exposure to opera with a Lyric production of La Boheme back in the 1970’s. His sense of theatre and drama are incomparable. He composed the lush and sweeping tragedies Tosca ( recently produced at Lyric ★★★½) and Madama Butterfly. His works infuse humor, irony, and a wonderful sexiness to his characters for which I am grateful. He consistently wrote wonderful roles for women in particular. In “Fanciulla”, the role of Minnie is the only major female among at least forty men on the stage. It’s a powerhouse role to be undertaken by only the best and that is Deborah Voight.", "*Bread, Love and Dreams (Pane, amore e fantasia), starring Vittorio De Sica and Gina Lollobrigida - (Italy)", "Gustav Kobbé, the original author of a The Complete Opera Book standard reference work on opera, wrote in the 1919 edition: \"Puccini is considered the most important figure in operatic Italy today, the successor of Verdi, if there is any.\" Other contemporaries shared this view. Italian opera composers of the generation with whom Puccini was compared included Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919), Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), Francesco Cilea (1866–1950), Baron Pierantonio Tasca (1858–1934), Gaetano Coronaro (1852–1908), and Alberto Franchetti (1860-1942). Only three composers, and three works, by Italian contemporaries of Puccini appear on the Operabase list of most-performed works: Cavalleria rusticana by Mascagni, Pagliacci by Ruggero Leoncavallo, and Andrea Chénier by Umberto Giordano. Kobbé contrasted Puccini's ability to achieve \"sustained\" success with the failure of Mascagni and Leoncavallo to produce more than merely \"one sensationally successful short opera.\" By the time of Puccini's death in 1924, he had earned $4 million from his works.", "Gustav Kobbé, the original author of The Complete Opera Book, a standard reference work on opera, wrote in the 1919 edition: \"Puccini is considered the most important figure in operatic Italy today, the successor of Verdi, if there is any.\" Other contemporaries shared this view. Italian opera composers of the generation with whom Puccini was compared included Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919), Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), Francesco Cilea (1866–1950), Baron Pierantonio Tasca (1858–1934), Gaetano Coronaro (1852–1908), and Alberto Franchetti (1860–1942). Only three composers, and three works, by Italian contemporaries of Puccini appear on the Operabase list of most-performed works: Cavalleria rusticana by Mascagni, Pagliacci by Ruggero Leoncavallo, and Andrea Chénier by Umberto Giordano. Kobbé contrasted Puccini's ability to achieve \"sustained\" success with the failure of Mascagni and Leoncavallo to produce more than merely \"one sensationally successful short opera.\" By the time of Puccini's death in 1924, he had earned $4 million from his works. ", "* Franco Zeffirelli directed La Traviata in 1983, with Teresa Stratas as Violetta, Plácido Domingo as Alfredo, and Cornell MacNeil as Giorgio Germont. ", "One of the leading operatic singers of the 20th century, Swedish tenor Jussi Björling sings the famous tenor aria Vesti La Giubba from the 1892 opera “Pagliacci” (Clowns) by Ruggero Leoncavallo. Year: 1951." ]

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[ "Casals died in 1973 in San Juan, Puerto Rico , at the age of 96 and was buried at the Puerto Rico National Cemetery. He did not live to see the end of the Franco dictatorial regime, but he was posthumously honoured by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I which, in 1976, issued a commemorative postage stamp to Pau Casals in honour of the centenary of his birth. [17] In 1979 his remains were laid to rest in his hometown of El Vendrell, Catalonia. In 1989, Casals was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . [18]", "Casals died in 1973 in San Juan, Puerto Rico , at the age of 96 and was buried at the Puerto Rico National Cemetery. He did not live to see the end of the Franco dictatorial regime, but he was posthumously honoured by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I which, in 1976, issued a commemorative postage stamp to Pau Casals in honour of the centenary of his birth. [14] In 1979 his remains were laid to rest in his hometown of El Vendrell, Catalonia.", "Casals died in 1973 in San Juan, Puerto Rico , at the age of 96 and was buried at the Puerto Rico National Cemetery. He did not live to see the end of the Franco dictatorial regime, but he was posthumously honoured by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I which, in 1976, issued a commemorative postage stamp to Pau Casals in honour of the centenary of his birth. [15] In 1979 his remains were laid to rest in his hometown of El Vendrell, Catalonia.", "Casals died in 1973 at Auxilio Mutuo Hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico, at the age of 96, from complications of a heart attack he had three weeks earlier. He was buried at the Puerto Rico National Cemetery. He did not live to see the end of the Franco dictatorial regime, which occurred two years later, but he was posthumously honoured by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I which in 1976 issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting Casals, in honour of the centenary of his birth. In 1979 his remains were interred in his hometown of El Vendrell, Catalonia. In 1989, Casals was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.", "matt Summer Academy, where he had taught master classes since 1952. In addition to his exceptional career as a musician, Pau Casals always maintained a tireless dedication to the defence of peace and freedom. Numerous benefit concerts and his involvement in the United Nations’ humanitarian activities characterised him as a man of peace. Casals passed away in 1973 at the age of ninety-six, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His remains rest in the cemetery of his hometown, El Vendrell, Catalonia. Casals’ personal collection is housed in the National Archive of Catalonia. The collection contains one of his most symbolic appearances, his speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations, on October 24th 1971, on the oc-", "Pau Casals i Defilló (; December 29, 1876 - October 22, 1973), better known in some countries as Pablo Casals, was a Spanish cellist and conductor from Catalonia. He is generally regarded as the pre-eminent cellist of the first half of the 20th century, and one of the greatest cellists of all time. He made many recordings throughout his career, of solo, chamber, and orchestral music, also as conductor, but he is perhaps best remembered for the recordings of the Bach Cello Suites he made from 1936 to 1939.", "Pablo Casals was also a composer; perhaps his most effective work is La sardana, for an ensemble of cellos, which he composed in 1926. His oratorio El pessebre (The Manger) was performed for the first time in Acapulco, Mexico, on December 17, 1960. One of his last compositions was the Himno a las Naciones Unidas (Hymn of the United Nations); he conducted its ftrst performance in a special concert at the United Nations on October 24, 1971, 2 months before his 95th birthday. On August 3, 1957, at the age of 80, Casals married his young pupil Marta Montañez; following his death, she married the pianist Eugene Istomin , on February 15, 1975. Casals did not live to see the liberation of Spain from the Franco dictatorship, but he was posthumously honored by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I, which issued in 1976 a commemorative postage stamp in honor of his 100th birthday.", "Pablo Casals was also a composer; perhaps his most effective work is La sardana, for an ensemble of cellos, which he composed in 1926. His oratorio El pessebre (The Manger) was performed for the first time in Acapulco, Mexico, on December 17, 1960. One of his last compositions was the Himno a las Naciones Unidas (Hymn of the United Nations); he conducted its first performance in a special concert at the United Nations on October 24, 1971, two months before his 95th birthday. On August 3, 1957, at the age of 80, Casals married his young pupil Marta Montañez; following his death, she married the pianist Eugene Istomin, on February 15, 1975. Casals did not live to see the liberation of Spain from the Franco dictatorship, but he was posthumously honored by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I, which issued in 1976 a commemorative postage stamp in honor of his 100th birthday.", "Casals was an ardent supporter of the Spanish Republican government , and after its defeat vowed not to return to Spain until democracy was restored. Casals performed at the Gran Teatro del Liceo on October 19, 1938, possibly his last performance in Spain before his exile. [7]", "After Pablo's father died, his mother, Dona Pilar, lived for a time in Bonastre, then in an apartment in Barcelona. But she was homesick for Puerto Rico, and nostalgic for earlier, happier years, and she asked Pablo to find a place for her, and for him, to live near the sea. Casals bought a piece of land at the farthest end of the empty beach in San Salvador (and later bought more, until he eventually owned fourteen acres there on the beach). Casal's mother began to design his home in San Salvador which would become an extremely important place in his life, and to which he would later devote much time and money.", "Casals was an ardent supporter of the Spanish Republican government, and after its defeat vowed not to return to Spain until democracy was restored. Casals performed at the Gran Teatre del Liceu on October 19, 1938, possibly his last performance in Catalonia before his exile.", "The great Spanish cellist (and conductor), Pablo Casals (actually, Pau Carlos Salvador Defilló), legend has it, supported by Casals himself, that he was conceived when Johannes Brahms began his B-flat Major Quartet, of which Casals owned the original manuscript, and that he was born when J. Brahms completed its composition. This legend is rendered moot by the fact that the quartet in question was completed and performed before Casals was even born. But even the ascertainable facts of the life of Casals make it a glorious tale. His father, the parish organist and choirmaster in Vendrell, gave Casals instruction in piano, violin, and organ. When Casals was 11, he first heard the cello performed by a group of traveling musicians, and decided to study the instrument. In 1888 his mother took him to Barcelona, where he enrolled in the Escuela Municipal de Música. There he studied cello with José García, theory with José Rodoreda, and piano with Joaquín Malats and Francisco Costa Llobera. His progress as a cellist was nothing short of prodigious, and he was able to give a solo recital in Barcelona at the age of 14, on February 23, 1891; he graduated with honors in 1893.", "Casals often wrote letters and organized concerts on behalf of the oppressed, and he refused to perform in countries, such as the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy, whose governments mistreated their citizens. After the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), when General Francisco Franco took power, Casals announced he would never return to Spain while Franco was in charge. He settled in Prades, France, and gave occasional concerts until 1946, when, to take a stand against tyrants such as Franco, Casals vowed never to perform again.", "The Pablo Casals Museum is the Spanish master's legacy to the people of Puerto Rico. The museum collection includes manuscripts, memorabilia, photographs and a library of videotapes of Festival Casals concerts. Casals moved to Puerto Rico with his wife in the 1950s. He became the conductor of the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra and the president of the Conservatory of Music in Puerto Rico. The museum is open Tuesdays through Saturdays, 9:30am to 5:30pm. Admissions US$1 adults, US$0.50 children, 1-787-723-9185.", "In Puerto Rico, the Casals Festival is still celebrated annually. There is also a museum dedicated to the life of Casals located in Old San Juan. On October 3, 2009, Sala Sinfonica Pablo Casals, a symphony hall named in Casals' honor, opened in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The $34 million building, designed by Rodolfo Fernandez, is the latest addition to the Centro de Bellas Artes complex. It is the new home of the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra.", "In Puerto Rico , the Casals Festival is still celebrated annually. There is also a museum dedicated to the life of Casals located in Old San Juan . On October 3, 2009, Sala Sinfonica Pablo Casals, a symphony hall named in Casals' honor, opened in San Juan, Puerto Rico . The $34 million building, designed by Rodolfo Fernandez, is the latest addition to the Centro de Bellas Artes complex. It is the new home of the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra .", "Casals was an ardent supporter of the Spanish Republican government, and after its defeat vowed not to return to Spain until democracy was restored. Casals performed at the Gran Teatre del Liceu on October 19, 1938, possibly his last performance in Catalonia during his exile.", "Casals was also a composer. Perhaps his most effective work is La Sardana , for an ensemble of cellos, which he composed in 1926. His oratorio El Pessebre was performed for the first time in Acapulco , Mexico, on December 17, 1960. He also presented it to the United Nations during their anniversary in 1963. He was initiated as an honorary member of the Epsilon Iota Chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at The Florida State University in 1963. [13] He was later awarded the fraternity's Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1973.", "He settled in the French village of Prada de Conflent, on the Spanish frontier; between 1939 and 1942 he made sporadic appearances as a cellist in the unoccupied zone of southern France and in Switzerland. So fierce was his opposition to the dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco in Spain that he refused to appear in countries that recognized the authoritarian Spanish government. He made a notable exception when he took part in a concert of chamber music in the White House on November 13, 1961, at the invitation of President John F. Kennedy, whom he admired. On December 6, 1963, Casals was awarded the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "Casals was also a composer. Perhaps his most effective work is La Sardana, for an ensemble of cellos, which he composed in 1926. His oratorio El Pessebre was performed for the first time in Acapulco, Mexico, on December 17, 1960. He also presented it to the United Nations during their anniversary in 1963. He was initiated as an honorary member of the Epsilon Iota Chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at Florida State University in 1963. He was later awarded the fraternity's Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1973.", "On the morning of 23 January 1989, while his favorite record of Tristan and Isolde played, Dalí died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84. He is buried in the crypt below the stage of his Theatre and Museum in Figueres. The location is across the street from the church of Sant Pere, where he had his baptism, first communion, and funeral, and is only three blocks from the house where he was born. ", "Casals first traveled to Puerto Rico in 1955, inaugurating the annual Casals Festival the next year. In 1955 Casals married as his second wife long-time associate Francesca Vidal de Capdevila, who died that same year. On April 3, 1957 (or August 3), at 80, Casals married 20-year-old Marta Montañez y Martinez. They made their permanent residence in the town of Ceiba, and lived in a house called \"El Pesebre\" (The Manger). He made an impact in the Puerto Rican music scene, by founding the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra in 1958, and the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico in 1959.", "In 1899, Casals played at The Crystal Palace in London , and later for Queen Victoria at Osborne House, her summer residence, accompanied by Ernest Walker. On November 12 and December 17, 1899, he appeared as a soloist at Lamoureux Concerts in Paris, to great public and critical acclaim. He toured Spain and the Netherlands with the pianist Harold Bauer in 1900-1901; in 1901-1902 he made his first tour of the United States ; and in 1903 toured South America .", "On January 15, 1904, Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt . On March 9 of that year he made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss 's Don Quixote under the baton of the composer. In 1906 he became associated with the talented young Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia , [6] who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912.", "In 1899, Casals played at The Crystal Palace in London, and later for Queen Victoria at Osborne House , her summer residence, accompanied by Ernest Walker . On November 12, and December 17, 1899, he appeared as a soloist at Lamoureux Concerts in Paris, to great public and critical acclaim. He toured Spain and the Netherlands with the pianist Harold Bauer in 1900–1901; in 1901–1902 he made his first tour of the United States; and in 1903 toured South America.", "In 1936, the Spanish Civil War began and Casals was exiled from Spain following the defeat of the Spainsh Republican government. He vowed not to return to Spain until democracy was restored.", "Casals' virtues as a composer are less unimpeachable; very little of his music was published during his life. Works such as his Hymn to the United Nations (1971), on text by W.H. Auden, and, of course, El pessebre (composed 1943-1960) did receive numerous performances, but his works received little more than cursory notice by the musical establishment. However, the steadfast devotion which so defined his performing persona is evident in such works as the Rev�rie for cello and piano (1896), or the much later Sonata for violin and piano, which he worked on sporadically from about 1945 to 1972. Read less", "In 1888 his mother, Pilar Defilló de Casals, who was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico of Catalonian ancestry, took him to Barcelona , where he enrolled in the Escola Municipal de Música. There he studied cello, theory, and piano. He made prodigious progress as a cellist; on February 23, 1891 he gave a solo recital in Barcelona at the age of fourteen. He graduated from the Escola with honours two years later.", "On January 15, 1904, Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt . On March 9 of that year he made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss 's Don Quixote under the baton of the composer. In 1906 he became associated with the talented young Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912.", "On January 15, 1904, Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt. On March 9, of that year he made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss's Don Quixote under the baton of the composer. In 1906 he became associated with the talented young Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912.", "On January 15, 1904, Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt. On March 9, of that year he made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss's Don Quixote under the baton of the composer. In 1906 he became associated with the talented young Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912.", "On January 15, 1904, Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt. On March 9 of that year he made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss's Don Quixote under the baton of the composer. In 1906 he became associated with the talented young Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912." ]

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[ "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (population 50,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (population 5,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Supervisors and other personal care and service workers except personal appearance, transportation, and child care workers (population 5,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Other health diagnosing and treating practitioners and technical occupations (population 50,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers (population 5,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: Paper and paper products merchant wholesalers (population 50,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: Groceries and related products merchant wholesalers (population 5,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Other sales and related workers including supervisors (population 50,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers (population 50,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: Lumber and other construction materials merchant wholesalers (population 5,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Motor vehicle operators except bus and truck drivers (population 50,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers (population 5,000+)", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: Department and other general merchandise stores (population 50,000+)", "NW: I work with mainly women, but have a few male clients. Of the women, about 80% are professional and 20% are mothers.", "I had worked in marketing cosmetics, first with Estée Lauder and then Dior. People might think tailoring is a dwindling industry but my background meant I could see it’s very contemporary. Nowadays people either buy instantly online or want a specialist product made by the very best people. Coming in as a woman also meant I could ask questions that maybe a man would be embarrassed to ask, whether that was something about accounts or basic working methods. I’ve found men less easy to sell to than women – they question things more. It’s a personal experience and customers range from the extremely wealthy to those who’ve saved up £100 a month for years. We had a taxi driver in recently who wanted a nice suit for his friends’ funerals, and his own.", "Grant Thornton remains the largest auditor for AIM-listed companies, according to the latest Morningstar quarterly professional services rankings guide. BDO is the second largest firm and gained 24 AIM clients in the last quarter, giving it 144. The fastest-growing firm is Crowe Clark Whitehill, now the ninth largest AIM auditor after expanding client numbers for six successive quarters. In the all-market analysis, KPMG remains the largest firm, with PwC five clients behind after winning seven new mandates in the last quarter.", "Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, commonly referred to as Deloitte, is the largest professional services network in the world by revenue and by the number of professionals. Deloitte provides audit, tax, consulting, enterprise risk and financial advisory services with more than 200,000 professionals in over 150 countries. Deloitte is one of the \"Big Four\" professional services firms along with PwC, EY, and KPMG. Its global headquarters are located in the United States.", "PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) is a professional services firm based in London and operating worldwide. It is the world's second largest professional services firm (after Deloitte) and one of the so-called Big Four global professional services firms.", "Becky Lewis has been working at Art + Commerce, one of the most powerful and prestigious image making representative agencies in the world, for over 23 years. As Grant Scott discovered when speaking with her, there are few people as well informed in the industry to stake a case for the agent and explain how … Continue reading →", "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of females in industries: Furniture and home furnishing merchant wholesalers (population 5,000+)", "-Female reporter is the most successful despite it being the twenties and her having to compete with hundreds of obnoxious men", "I'm probably the most senior money manager in our business. I've headed up the equity dealing desk and they are all guys who talk to you... You have big blokes ringing up and they think, 'Oh it's a girl. I'll negotiate really hard with her and I'll win'. But because they underestimated you, you do a better deal than they do. (Female senior manager)", "______ Simon Duffy ______ Simon Duffy ______ Client ______ Steve Rusk ______ Ashley M. ______ Monica Lima ______ Zoe Torell ______ Sha Lalapet ______ Hyundai", "Among the professionals, the youngest women were college graduates and probably at least twenty-two. Professional men-unlike the younger men who had only completed high school-were perfectly at ease in their favorite singles places well into their thirties. Still, 30 percent of the single men with a postgraduate education said that as they approached thirty, they began to feel they no longer fit into their singles scene.", "Customers have included Fred Astaire, Gary Cooper, Marlene Dietrich, Cecil Beaton, Laurence Olivier, Noel Coward, Ralph Fiennes, Manolo Blahnik and Prince Charles. In 2004, Tom Ford became a customer of the firm, commissioning suits that would later appear in a 10 page ‘W’ magazine photo shoot.", "Pew Research Center concluded that 73% of U.S. adults who are online use social networking websites with Facebook being the most dominant, accounting for 71% of adults in 2013 compared with 67% in 2012. However, brand marketers must expand their reach beyond Facebook, since 42% of adults now use multiple social networking sites on a weekly basis.", "Tom Hagen : I have a special practice. I handle one client. Now you have my number, I'll wait for your call. By the way, I admire your pictures very much.", "A 2011 class action lawsuit alleged Match.com failed to remove inactive profiles, did not accurately disclose the number of active members, and does not police its site for fake profiles; the inclusion of expired and spam profiles as valid served to both artificially inflate the total number of profiles and camouflage a skewed gender ratio in which active users were disproportionately single males. The suit claimed up to 60 percent were inactive profiles, fake or fraudulent users. Some of the spam profiles were alleged to be using images of porn actresses, models, or people from other dating sites. Former employees alleged Match routinely and intentionally over-represented the number of active members on the website and a huge percentage were not real members but 'filler profiles'. ", "Top 101 cities with the largest positive percentage difference between never married males and females (15+ years) (with at least 1,000 males never married)", "In the West, the image of the married father as the primary wage-earner is changing. The social context of fatherhood plays an important part in the well-being of men and all their children. In the United States 16% of single parents were men as of 2013. ", "Plastic surgery is another method, and is especially popular in Asia for \"Westernizing\" facial features. Two of the most popular treatments are rhinoplasty (nose lifts), and blepharoplasty (eyelid lifts), which are done to make these features look more Caucasian. ", "An unprecedented communication strategy was the \"online call tool\". Over one million calls were made from residential, personal laptops and desktops." ]

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[ "Santander Airport is an international airport near Santander, Spain and the only airport in Cantabria. In 2012 the airport handled 1,117,617 passengers and 17,070 flights, far more than in 1995 when it handled only 180,000 passengers. Since then, the traffic has declined following the trend in Spanish airports and the decrease in operations by some of the companies. ", "Santander Airport is in the North of Spain and is the only airport in the Cantabria Region. Great for travelling to Bilbao, Gijon, Oviedo, Burgos etc. Should you decide to travel around this wonderful region of Spain, well know for its gastronomy, Im sure you will not be disappointed. Santander is located on the northern coast of Spain between beautiful Asturias and the Basque Country which overlooks the Cantabrian Sea. This part of Spain is beautiful and there is so many historical sites that you must go and see along with wonderful beaches too. So a great place for a weekend away or main holiday.", "Santander Airport, otherwise known as Seve Ballesteros Airport, is located 5Km South of Santander on the Costa verde, in the Cantabria region, northern Spain.", "The Spanish city and port of Santander is the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria on the north coast of Spain and lies to the east of Gijon and to the west of Bilbao. Popular tourist attractions in the city include the Cathedral of Santander, the lower temple (the \"cripta del Cristo\") was built in the 12th century on earlier Roman buildings. Its architectural style is a transition from Romanesque to Gothic. The upper church was built between the 13th and 14 the centuries.", "Santander, founded by the Romans is a port city and seaside resort located on the Cantabrian coast in the North of Spain. It offers delightful beaches, an elegant casino and some of the best seafood in Spain. During your stay you will learn the secrets of cleaning and processing anchovies. In addition you will visit the vineyards of the Ribera del Duero district. An added feature is your iconic hotel, a national treasure since the early part of the 20th Century.", "The port city of Santander is the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain. Located east of Gijón and west of Bilbao, the city has a population of 178,465 (2013).", "Plymouth and Santander both have easy access to motorway networks for a fast journey to and from the ports. Plymouth is easily reached from Wales and the South West. Santander is a tourist destination in its own right and is also ideally positioned to travel to holiday destinations throughout Spain and southern France.", "There are excellent road links to both Portsmouth and Santander with easy access to the motorway for a convenient fast route to and from the ports. Historic Santander is an elegant tourist destination in its own right with three sandy beaches and plenty of restaurants and sights to see. It is also ideally positioned as a gateway into Spain or southern France.", "Eastern Asturias is also easily accessible from Santander Airport. Recent improvements introduced in the road network permit flying into Santander and later driving into Asturias, which can be entered in less than an hour's drive. The Irish airline Ryanair operates flights to Santander Airport from Frankfurt Hahn, Liverpool, Dublin, Edinburgh, London Stansted and Rome Ciampino.", "Considered symbolic of a culture of wasteful spending that further crippled Spain’s economy when the recession hit, Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport, with its single 8,858 ft runway, has even sponsored several local sports teams to the tune of 26 million euros, despite never operating a commercial service. Some reports suggest that the runway needs modification before it can be used, while others claim it could be bulldozed. Ironically, an art installation at the airport entrance stands in honour of local politician Carlos Fabra, the driving force behind the project who has since been investigated for corruption.", "Each of the nine islands has an airfield, although the majority are airfields rather than airports. The commercial terminals in Ponta Delgada, Horta, Vila do Porto and Santa Cruz das Flores are operated by ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal, a public entity that oversees the operations of airports across Portugal. The remaining, except for Lajes Field, are operated by the Regional Government. Lajes is a military airbase, as well as a commercial airport, and is operated by the Portuguese Armed Forces in conjunction with the United States.", "Seville (; ,) is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville, Spain. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, after the Roman name of the city, Hispalis. Seville has a municipal population of about 703,000 , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million, making it the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union. Its Old Town, the third largest in Europe with an area of 4 km², contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Alcázar palace complex, the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies. The Seville harbour, located about 80 km from the Atlantic Ocean, is the only river port in Spain. Seville is also the hottest major metropolitan area in Europe, with summer average high temperatures of above 35 °C.", "The largest airport is the Gran Canaria airport. It is also the 5th largest airport in Spain. The biggest port is in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It is an important port for commerce with Europe, Africa and the Americas. It is the 4th biggest commercial port in Spain with more than 1,400,000 TEU's. The largest commercial companies of the world, including MSC and Maersk, operate here. In this port there is an international post of the Red Cross, one of only four points like this all around the world. Tenerife has two airports, Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport. ", "Spain has several abandoned international airports, this one an even bigger white elephant than Ciudad Real Central. Located in the municipality of Vilanova d’Alcolea near Valencia, it’s something of a stretch to describe Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport as “international” due to its lack of regional action, let alone further afield. Despite the fact that the 150 million euro airport was declared “open” in March 2011, it received no government approval to operate and no airlines are registered to land there. Commercial flights were due to begin, perhaps appropriately, on April Fool’s Day 2012, but as of January 2014 Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport has yet to host one.", "Iberia is the flag carrier airline of Spain. It operates an international network of passenger and cargo services from its main bases of Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD), Spain's largest and busiest airport located near Madrid , and El Prat Airport (BCN), Barcelona .", "Continental Portugal's 89015 km2 territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.", "Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by three international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon , Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon 's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon , in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon , Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.", "Sabadell Airport is a local private jet airport located in Catalunya, Spain suitable for a variety of private jets and its International Air Transport Association code is QSA.", "The largest and busiest airport in Spain, Madrid Barajas International Airport's passenger growth of ten pecent a year triggered the Spanish airport authority AENA to approve a €2.91bn expansion project.", "The airport is the subject of a political discussion over management and control between the Generalitat of Catalonia and the Spanish Government, which has involved AENA (airport manager) and various airlines, Iberia and Spanair mainly. Part of the controversy is about the benefits that the airport generates, which are used in maintenance and investments in other airports in the network of AENA and government investments in other economic areas. ", "Inverness Airport is located 15 km east of the city and has scheduled flights to airports across the UK including London, Manchester, Belfast and the islands to the north and west of Scotland. Flybe operate flights to Belfast, Birmingham, Manchester and Dublin. Loganair, Flybe's franchise partner, operate Saab 340 aircraft to Benbecula, Kirkwall, Stornoway and Sumburgh. EasyJet operate Airbus aircraft to London Gatwick three times per day, Luton twice a day and Bristol.", "Santander Airport's main air traffic is made up mostly of scheduled domestic and international flights. In 2015 the airport handled 875.920 passengers with 10.795 flight operations.", "The busiest airports are Madrid , Barcelona , Palma de Mallorca and Malaga , followed by Seville , Valencia , Bilbao , Alicante , Santiago de Compostela , Vigo , Gran Canaria and the 2 airports in Tenerife . All are listed on the official airport governing body website: [4]", "Airports in Catalonia are owned and operated by Aena (a Spanish Government entity) except two airports in Lleida which are operated by Aeroports de Catalunya (an entity belonging to the Government of Catalonia). * Barcelona El Prat Airport (BCN, Aena) * Girona-Costa Brava Airport (GRO, Aena) * Reus Airport (REU, Aena) * Lleida-Alguaire Airport (ILD, Aeroports de Catalunya) * Sabadell Airport (QSA, Aena) * La Seu d'Urgell Airport (LEU, Aeroports de Catalunya)", "Main article: Madrid-Barajas Airport Madrid is served by Barajas Airport. Barajas is the main hub of Iberia Airlines. It consequently serves as the main gateway to the Iberian peninsula from Europe, America and the rest of the world. Current passenger volumes range upwards of 49.8 million passengers per year, making it the country's largest and busiest airport, and in 2009 it was the world's 11th busiest airport and Europe's fourth busiest airport. Given annual increases close to 10%, a new fourth terminal has been constructed. It has significantly reduced delays and doubled the capacity of the airport to more than 70 million passengers per year. Two additional runways have also been constructed, making Barajas a fully operational four-runway airport.", "If you crave the sand, waves, and ocean air after your time in the Picos de Europa, then the Gran Hotel Sardinero has the ideal location for your stay in Santander. It right on the beach, but also within striking distance of the Magdalena Palace. While there, you'll find company amongst the locals enjoying is great terrace bar looking out upon the water.", "On 3 August 1970, Pan American World Airways inaugurated regular service between Barcelona, Lisbon and New York, operated by a Boeing 747. On 4 November of the same year, Iberia began the \"Air-shuttle\" service between Barcelona and Madrid–Barajas. A few years later, in 1976, a terminal was built specifically for Iberia's air-shuttle service and a terminal exclusively for cargo, an annexed mail service and an aircraft ramp for air cargo. In 1977, the airport handled over 5 million passengers annually. ", "The main airport of the region is Bilbao and is serviced by a wide variety of European airlines.  The smaller airport just outside the city of Vitoira-Gasteiz has a few main airlines that fly into it, mainly Ryanair and Iberia airways.", "Tenerife Sur Airport is close to the TF1 motorway, which links Santa Cruz with the south of the island. It has its own dedicated exit from the motorway.", "* June 12 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 46, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9, crashes short of the runway at Libertador General Jose de San Martin Airport, killing all 22 on board.", "There are numerous bars, fast-food outlets, cafés, snack bars and restaurants at Santiago Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.", "There are scheduled flights from Stornoway, Benbecula and Barra airports both inter-island and to the mainland. Barra's airport is the only one in the world to have scheduled flights landing on a beach. At high water the runways are under the sea so flight times vary with the tide. " ]

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[ "Nigel Ernest James Mansell, CBE (born 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire, England) is a British racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship ( 1992 ) and the CART Indy Car World Series ( 1993 ). Mansell was the reigning F1 champion when he moved over to CART, being the first person to win the CART title in his debut season, making him the only person to hold both titles simultaneously.", "Nigel Mansell is the 1992 Formula One world champion. He is one of the ten British Formula One champions but the only one who was at the same time Formula One and Indy champion. A year after winning the Formula One title, he debuted in the CART Indy Car World Series and took another big title, becoming the first debutant Indy champion and the only driver who simultaneously held both titles.", "Nigel Mansell (UK) made history by becoming the first rookie to win the IndyCar championship, in 1993. Mansell was also the 1992 Formula One World Driving Champion, making him the first driver ever to win both titles in consecutive seasons.", "Most race fans know that I was F1 world champion in 1992 and IndyCar champion in 1993, but there’s so much more to tell you about my career. This is why we started The Mansell Collection on the Island of Jersey.", "With three races left, 1992 champion Nigel Mansell returned from CART (where the season had concluded) to replace Coulthard for the remainder of the season. Mansell would get approximately £900,000 per race, while Hill was paid £300,000 for the entire season, though Hill remained as lead driver. ", "The 1993 PPG Indy Car World Series season was the 15th national championship season of American open wheel racing sanctioned by CART (d.b.a \"IndyCar\"). The season consisted of 16 races. Nigel Mansell was the national champion as well as the Rookie of the Year. The 1993 Indianapolis 500 was sanctioned by USAC, but counted towards the CART points championship. Emerson Fittipaldi won the Indy 500, his second career victory in that event.", "British driver Nigel Mansell, the 1992 F1 Driver's Champion, switched to CART in 1993 and beat Fittipaldi for the championship. Former F1 driver Alex Zanardi, who was much less accomplished than Mansell or Fittipaldi in F1, dominated the 1997 and 1998 seasons. His teammate Jimmy Vasser, who won the 1996 championship, was the last American series champion.", "Nigel Mansell has won 31 grand prix, placing him seventh in the overall race winners' list and making him, by that measure, the second most successful British driver after Lewis Hamilton. He also holds the record for the most races completed in his career before finally winning a world championship. Mansell made his debut in 1980 and came close to winning the title in both 1986 and 1987. He eventually achieved the success in 1992 in some style, securing the title in August, the earliest that it had ever been decided. Mansell left to join CART in 1993, winning the championship in his debut season and making him the only person to hold both the CART and F1 titles at the same time. He briefly returned to Formula One for the end of the 1994 season and the start of 1995.", "Among these were Ayrton Senna and Nigel Mansell, both of whom scored their first victories in 1985. Lotus team manager Peter Warr had replaced Mansell with Senna going into the season, a decision which seemed justified when Senna took a superb win in the wet at Estoril in Round 2. Despite only scoring a mere 7 championship points up until Round 13 in Belgium, Mansell fought back with Williams, and chalked up two victories near the season's end, including his famous breakthrough win in the European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch. In winning at Brands Hatch, Mansell made Peter Warr eat his words as the Lotus boss had declared that Mansell would \"never win a Grand Prix as long as I have a hole in my arse\" after he crashed his Lotus 95T out of the lead in the wet 1984 Monaco Grand Prix. Mansell, now knowing that he had not only the ability but also the car he needed in order to win races, would go on to mount a serious title challenge in 1986.", "He came especially close to winning in 1986, going into the final race with a six-point lead over Alain Prost. Mansell qualified on pole and was running third, with eight laps remaining, when his tyre exploded. Prost won the race and the championship.", "1992 would be Mansell's finest season. He started the year with five straight victories (a record not equalled until Michael Schumacher in 2004 ). At the sixth round of the season in Monaco , he took pole and dominated much of the race. However, with seven laps remaining, Mansell suffered a loose wheel nut and was forced into the pits, emerging behind Ayrton Senna's McLaren -Honda. Mansell, on fresh tyres, set a lap record almost two seconds quicker than Senna's and closed from 5.2 to 1.9 seconds in only two laps. The pair duelled around Monaco for the final four laps but Mansell could find no way past, finishing just 0.2 seconds behind the Brazilian. [20] [21] Mansell became the most successful British driver of all time when he won the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, as he surpassed Jackie Stewart 's record of 27 wins with his 28th. Mansell was crowned Formula One World Champion early in the season at the Hungarian Grand Prix , the eleventh round of that season, where his second place finish clinched the Drivers' Championship, securing the title in the least number of Grands Prix since the 16-race season format started. Mansell also set the then-record for the most number of wins in one season (9); both records stood until broken by Schumacher in 2002 . He managed 14 pole positions that year, a record only broken by Sebastian Vettel in 2011 in the Brazilian Grand Prix on 26 November.", "In 1985 , Frank Williams signed Mansell and throughout his Williams career Nigel proudly drove the famous \"Red 5\" Car. On 6th of October 1985, Nigel won his first F1 Grand Prix, the European GP at Brands Hatch . His maiden win came after 72 attempts in the cockpit of an F1 car. Nigel then won a second successive F1 GP at the South African GP in Kyalami . In the 1986 season he won five GPs and lost the World Championship when his tyre burst with only 19 laps left on the last GP of the season . Mansell finished runner up in the Championship to Alain Prost in his McLaren - TAG . Six more wins followed in 1987 including an emotional victory in the British GP at Silverstone and then in 1988 he only managed to finish two of the 14 GPs he appeared in.", "Mansell's F1 career spanned over 15 seasons; he registered 187 Grand Prix races and scored 31 wins and 59 podiums. He was seventh overall in the Formula One race winners list. He drove for four big F1 teams – Lotus, Williams, Ferrari and McLaren. Before the 1992 title, he was second placed three times (1986, 1987 and 1991).", "Monza, September 1986: The 1986 season, his second with Williams, was Nigel Mansell’s most successful to date, with five race victories. Here at the Italian Grand Prix he finished second. © Sutton Images", "Mansell consequently left to join the Newman/Haas Champ Car team in 1993. He took over the seat of Michael Andretti, who coincidentally had left CART to race in Formula One for McLaren. At the season opener at Surfers Paradise, Australia, he became the first \"rookie\" to take pole position and win his first race. A few weeks later however, he suffered a substantial crash at the Phoenix International Raceway, severely injuring his back. At the '93 Indianapolis 500, Mansell would lead the race only to finish third after losing the lead to Emerson Fittipaldi and Arie Luyendyk after a poor re-start. Mansell would go on to score five wins for the 1993 CART season, which, with more high-placed finishes, was good enough to earn him the championship. This enabled Mansell to become the only driver in history to hold both the Formula One and CART championships at the same time.", "The Williams-Honda team was increasingly competitive during 1985 and they began the following season as championship favourites. However, Mansell and new team-mate Piquet traded wins while Prost remained in the championship fight throughout the season thanks to three victories and consistent podium finishes. The three rivals all maintained a mathematical chance of the title when the circus assembled in Adelaide for the final round. When Mansell suffered a spectacular tyre failure on the Dequetteville Straight and Piquet pitted as a precaution, Prost swept through to victory and the World Championship once more. In doing so, the Frenchman became the first driver to retain the title since Jack Brabham in 1960.", "John Surtees, 1964 F1 World Champion, Jody Scheckter, 1979 F1 World Champion, Mario Andretti, 1978 F1 World Champion, Sir Jackie Stewart, 1969, 1971, 1973 F1 World Champion, Damon Hill, 1996 F1 World Champion, Nigel Mansell, 1992 F1 World Champion", "The following year, the Renault-powered Williams FW14B was the dominant car and Mansell scored nine victories and three 2nd places. He won the championship with an enormous gap ahead of team-mate Riccardo Patrese (108-56) and Williams also took the manufacturer's title. Mansell set the record for the highest number of wins in one season, which was broken in 2002 by Michael Schumacher . He also managed to get 14 pole positions that year, a record only broken by Sebastian Vettel in 2011.", "With his car now fully sorted, Mansell dominated the 1992 World Championship. In contrast, Senna was restricted to three victories and fourth overall. That was Honda’s final season as McLaren’s engine partner (until 2015) and the team were forced to use underpowered Ford V8s instead. Prost returned from a year away to lead the Williams-Renault line-up, Mansell having defected to the Champ Car World Series. With old enmities renewed, Senna won in Brazil and, famously, at Donington Park to take an early championship lead. That victory in the European GP included passing five cars in the opening lap alone and remains one of the greatest wet weather drives of all-time. He won the Monaco GP (for a sixth time) and the final two races of the year but could only finish as runner-up behind Prost’s technically superior Williams-Renault.", "Mansell became very close to Lotus boss Colin Chapman and was devastated by his sudden death in 1982. He stayed with the team for two more years, then moved to Williams in 1985. Near the end of that season, having no victories to show for 71 Grand Prix starts, Mansell suddenly blossomed into a prolific winner, starting with the 1985 European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch, where he wept on the podium. In a span of 18 months he won 11 races, yet lost out on two World Championships he was poised to win. In 1986 a burst tyre in Adelaide destroyed his season at the last possible moment.", "Q7. Motor Racing – What forced Nigel Mansell out of the 1986 Australian Grand Prix thus robbing him of the Formula 1 World title?", "Andreas Nikolaus \"Niki\" Lauda (born 22 February 1949) is an Austrian former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. More recently an aviation entrepreneur, he has founded and run two airlines (Lauda Air and Niki). He is also Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador. He was also a consultant for Scuderia Ferrari and team manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years. He is currently working as a pundit for German TV during Grand Prix weekends and acts as non-executive chairman of the Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team.", "With 15 pole positions and 10 wins – six of which one-twos – in 16 races, Williams-Renault won the F1 Constructors’ World Champion title and Nigel Mansell the Driver’s title that year. Renault engines would claim the championship for the next six years.", "* In motor racing, triple Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna is fatally injured in a crash at San Marino in 1994. Michael Schumacher enters into the sport – winning his first two championships in 1994 and 1995. Dale Earnhardt wins the 1998 Daytona 500 and the NASCAR Winston Cup championship in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. Indy Car racing delves into an organizational \"Split\".", "The biggest story going into the season involved Newman/Haas Racing. Nigel Mansell, the reigning Formula One World Champion switched from Formula One to the CART IndyCar Series. Mansell joined Newman/Haas Racing as teammate to Mario Andretti, taking the seat formerly held by Michael Andretti, who departed for one year to McLaren. Mansell came to the American open wheel series with considerable fanfare and huge media attention. He won the season-opener at Surfers Paradise, the first CART \"rookie\" to win his first start. At Phoenix, Mansell crashed during practice and was forced to sit out the race due to a back injury. At Indianapolis, he was leading the race with 16 laps to go when he was passed on a restart by Emerson Fittipaldi and Arie Luyendyk, and wound up third. He still won the Indy 500 Rookie of the Year award. Despite having missed the race at Phoenix, Mansell won five races (four of which were on ovals) en route to the CART championship.", "July came, of course with it the Grand Prix. The almost unbelievably popular victory was Nigel Mansell’s 18th Grand Prix win, making him the most successful English driver ever. Only two other drivers completed the full race distance; Gerhard Berger for McLaren and Prost for Ferrari.", "No one has ever achieved the feat of being Formula One World Champion AND IndyCar Champion at the same time, except one man - Nigel Mansell. And here’s how he did it.", "During the 1960s and 1970s, a handful of drivers raced at the Indianapolis 500 while maintaining a full-time schedule in Formula One. This would require them to travel between Indianapolis and Europe during the month of May, usually between Indy and the Monaco Grand Prix at Monte Carlo, two of the three components of the Triple Crown of Motorsport. This became impossible after Indy moved its race to Sunday.", "Mansell achieved second place at the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps, and followed this with his first victory in 72 starts at the European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch in England. He achieved a second straight victory at the South African Grand Prix in Kyalami. These triumphs helped turn Mansell into a Formula One star.", "Mansell achieved second place at the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps , and followed this with his first victory in 72 starts at the European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch in England. He achieved a second straight victory at the South African Grand Prix in Kyalami . These triumphs helped turn Mansell into a Formula One star.", "82. As of 24th October 2015, Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Formula 1 Grand Prix wins with 91. Who lies second in the all-time list with 51 wins?", "Last yearâs Fastest Rookie award recipient was Gabby Chaves, who captured top honors with a four-lap average speed of 222.916 mph. Other drivers to have their names on the Fastest Rookie of the Year trophy, on permanent display in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum, include defending Indy 500 champion Juan Pablo Montoya, and Indy winners Rick Mears, Eddie Cheever Jr., Jacques Villeneuve, Scott Dixon and Tony Kanaan. Also among award recipients are Tony Stewart, Chip Ganassi, Michael Andretti, Marco Andretti, Carlos Munoz, Danica Patrick, JR Hildebrand, and Josef Newgarden." ]

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[ "Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States (1913–21) under Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana. In office, he proposed a controversial and progressive state constitution and pressed for other progressive era reforms. The Republican minority used the state courts to block the attempt to change the constitution.", "Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States (1913–1921) under Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Indiana Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th Governor of Indiana. In office, he proposed a controversial and progressive state constitution and pressed for other progressive era reforms. The Republican minority used the state courts to block the attempt to change the constitution.", "Thomas R. Marshall, (born March 14, 1854, North Manchester, Ind., U.S.—died June 1, 1925, Washington, D.C.), 28th vice president of the United States (1913–21) in the Democratic administration of President Woodrow Wilson . He was the first vice president in almost a century to serve two terms in office. A popular public official, he was heard to make the oft-quoted remark: “What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar.”", "\"Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea and the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again.\" – Thomas R. Marshall (vice president under Woodrow Wilson)", "MARSHALL, Thomas Riley, a Vice President of the United States; born in North Manchester, Wabash County, Ind., March 14, 1854; attended the common schools and graduated from Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind., in 1873; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1875 and commenced practice in Columbia City, Ind.; Governor of Indiana 1909-1913; elected, as a Democrat, Vice President of the United States on the ticket with Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and inaugurated on March 4, 1913; reelected in 1916 and served until March 3, 1921; resumed the practice of law and literary work in Indianapolis, Ind.; member of the Federal Coal Commission 1922-1923; died in Washington, D.C., June 1, 1925; interment in Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Ind.", "The situation that arose after the incapacity of President Wilson, for which Marshall's vice-presidency is most remembered, revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession. The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for Europe, which influenced him to allow Marshall to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence. Wilson's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by Marshall made it a major issue. The constitutional flaws in the process of presidential succession had been known since the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841, but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem. Nearly fifty years later, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, allowing the vice president to assume the presidency any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the duties of the office.", "* From the end of Daniel Tompkins's second term in 1825, no vice president served two complete terms until Thomas Marshall took office in 1913, a gap of 88 years.", "Four years later, the Wilson/Marshall ticket narrowly defeated Republican challenger Charles Evans Hughes, who had Hoosier Charles Warren Fairbanks – Theodore Roosevelt’s vice president – as his running mate. When Wilson suffered a stroke in 1919 during his campaign on behalf of the Treaty of Versailles and was incapacitated, Marshall refused to take power, at one time remarking to his wife, Lois: “I could throw this country into civil war, but I won’t.”", "Marshall’s personal influence on legislation was a powerful aid to the Wilson administration, although some opponents viewed him as a dangerous radical. He advocated strict neutrality prior to World War I —a stand he later regretted—supported American membership in the League of Nations , and opposed woman suffrage . When Wilson suffered a stroke that partially paralyzed him in 1919, Marshall steadfastly refused to assume the powers of the presidency without written requests from first lady Edith Wilson and the president’s doctor and a congressional resolution, fearing that he would be accused of “longing for [Wilson’s] place.” While Wilson was incapacitated, Marshall presided over cabinet meetings but made no major decisions. Although he was discussed as a potential presidential candidate in both 1920 and 1924, Marshall never actively sought the nomination. His homespun philosophy and humour are recorded in Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall, Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (1925).", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 — June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989 . He was the sixteenth from the Republican Party, serving between Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush . Reagan is well-known for moving the country to the right politically, socially, and economically, accidentally causing the biggest World War III scare since 1962 (in the 1983 Able Archer Crisis), and his successful diplomatic initiative to negotiate a peaceful end to the Cold War by working together with Mikhail Gorbachev . He also was the last President to be in office during a war in which the United States officially declared itself to be neutral: namely the Falklands Conflict between the United Kingdom and Argentina.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 , 1924 ) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89). A Republican , he previously served as a congressman , an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence . He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II . He is married to Barbara Bush , and is the father of George W. Bush .", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr., (born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14 , 1913 ) was the 38th (1974–1977) President of the United States . Ford also served as the 40th (1973–1974) Vice President . He was the first person appointed to the Vice-Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment , and upon succession to the presidency became the first (and to date, only) president in U.S. history to fill that office without having been elected either President or Vice-President. He is also the longest-lived United States president ever, having surpassed Ronald Reagan 's record on November 12, 2006.", "Joseph Robinette \"Joe\" Biden Jr. (; born November 20, 1942) is the 47th and current Vice President of the United States, having been jointly elected twice with President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party, Biden represented Delaware as a United States Senator from 1973 until becoming Vice President in 2009.", "James Buchanan, Jr. (; April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States (1857–61), serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, then served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was named Secretary of State under President James K. Polk, and was the last former Secretary of State to serve as President of the United States. After Buchanan turned down an offer to sit on the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Ambassador to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the Ostend Manifesto.", "Bill Clinton is an American politician from Arkansas who served as the 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001). He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby-boomer generation President. ", "George Herbert Walker Bush (Republican) was the 41st President of the United States from 1989-1993. His Vice Preside was Dan Quale. George H. W. Bush is the father of the 43rd President George W. Bush.", "Nelson Rockefeller, a member of the Republican Party , took office as the 41st Vice President of the United States on December 19, 1974 at age 66. Rockefeller served as VP to President Gerald Ford for 2 years through January 20, 1977. He was born in Bar Harbor, Maine and received an education from Dartmouth College.", "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 - July 6, 1835) was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.", "1989: George Bush was inaugurated as the 41st president of the United States and Dan Quayle became the 44th vice president. ", "The 2000 Republican presidential nominee, George W. Bush , announced he had chosen his vice presidential running mate on July 25, 2000. He was Dick Cheney, who had served as White House chief of staff to President Gerald Ford , congressman and Secretary of Defense. Bush made the announcement about one week before that year's Republican National Convention, held in late July and early August of 2000.", "10. John Tyler: Graduated College of William and Mary (1807). Vice President under Harrison. First vice president to assume office after the death of a president. He was a Whig, but the Whig party disowned him after he vetoed banking bills supported by the Whigs. In January 1843, the Whigs introduced impeachment resolutions in the House, but the measures were defeated. Tyler served as president without being a member of any political party. He was a grand-uncle of Harry S Truman.", "Texas's other native vice president was John Nance Garner (1868–1967), former speaker of the US House of Representatives. George Bush (b.Massachusetts, 1924), who founded his own oil development company and has served in numerous federal posts, was elected vice president in 1980 on the Republican ticket and reelected in 1984, then elected to the presidency in 1988. Tom C. Clark (1899–1977) served as an associate justice on the US Supreme Court from 1949 to 1967; he stepped down when his son Ramsey (b.1927) was appointed US attorney general, a post the elder Clark had also held.", "Albert Arnold Gore, Jr., commonly known as Al Gore (born March 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician , teacher , businessman and environmentalist who was the 45th Vice President of the United States in the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. Previously, he had served in United States House of Representatives (1977-85) and United States Senate (1985-93) for Tennessee .", "Image:Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|Former Vice President Al Gore from Tennessee", "Dan Quayle is widely considered to have been one of the most active Vice Presidents in history. In his constitutional role as Vice President, Dan Quayle served as president of the United States Senate. On February 9, 1989, President Bush named Dan Quayle head of the Council of Competitiveness, which worked to ensure US international competitiveness in the 21st century. He made official visits to 47 countries, was chairman of the National Space Council, and served as President Bush's point man on Capitol Hill. As a leader in causes from legal system reform to deregulation to the renewal of basic American values, Dan Quayle developed a large national following and became one of the most admired Americans of his time.", "As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council. He secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992, but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate, Al Gore, defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket.", "Philadelphia has hosted various national conventions, including in 1848 (Whig), 1856 (Republican), 1872 (Republican), 1900 (Republican), 1936 (Democratic), 1940 (Republican), 1948 (Republican), 1948 (Progressive), and 2000 (Republican). Philadelphia will host the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Philadelphia has been home to one Vice President, George M. Dallas, and one Civil War general who won his party's nomination for president but lost in the general election: George B. McClellan.", "* George C. Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, General of the U.S. Army, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, the third Secretary of Defense, and the author of the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He was a distant relative of the chief justice.", "Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (two terms) Toured the Northern States at the beginning of his Presidency as a goodwill outreach. He toured other parts of the country in 1818 and 1819.", "Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice.", "THE WHITE HOUSE Office of the Vice President 12/1/00 \"�.. Tipper and I are saddened by the unexpected passing of Bob Damus, General Counsel for the Office of Management and Budget. Bob was a superior attorney and scholar. His sound judgment, extraordinary intellect and wise counsel will be missed by all who had the good fortune to have known or worked with him. As a career civil servant, Bob embodied the best of our nation's spirit. Bob served three administrations with integrity and a commitment to excellence. His dedication and hard work during twenty years of government service twice earned him the highest honor a career civil servant in the Senior Executive Service can receive, the Presidential Rank Award as a Distinguished Executive. �..Tipper and I offer our prayers to Bob's wife, Pam, and his children, David and Elizabeth. �..\"", "There was real competition for the office of vice president. Fifteen names were put forward in an informal ballot. The leading candidate was William L. Dayton, a former senator from New Jersey." ]

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[ "Of the first 25 Ryder Cup matches between 1927 and 1983, the United States lost only three times. Ireland were added to the Great Britain team in 1973, with the rest of Europe joining in 1979. Since 1985, the US have won on only four occasions.", "Great Britain won only three of the 22 Ryder Cups between 1927 and 1977. Defeat that year at Lytham St Anne's made it 20 years without a win, prompting the decision to widen the selection criteria. The idea of including Europe was proposed by American Jack Nicklaus. The inclusion of continental golfers like Seve Ballesteros and Bernhard Langer improved the level of competition and interest, but Europe still had to wait until 1985 to beat the US for the first time since 1957.", "The rift was accompanied by the introduction of the Ryder Cup matches in 1927. Initially the Europeans were represented by golfers from Britain and Ireland. The Americans with their wealth of talent won every event between 1935 and 1985 with the exception of 1957. Only since 1979, have players outside the British Isles been allowed to play for the European Ryder Cup team and the competition become truly competitive.", "The Ryder Cup started back in 1927, when an English millionaire seed merchant named Sam Ryder thought it would be sporting for the home-side professionals to take on the American pros in biennial team matches. Talk about bad ideas. Great Britain split the first four matches, then won only one of the next 21in 1957. Great Britain added the rest of Europe to its side in 1979, but things didn't change. The Yanks won that year and again in 1981 and '83, making the score 21-3-1 as the teams convened for the '85 match last week at The Belfry, the home of the British PGA in Sutton Coldfield, outside of Birmingham.", "This first official match was held in Worcester, Massachusetts , at the Worcester Country Club , in 1927. Ryder, who donated a gold cup and had agreed to pay £5 to each member of the winning team, attached his name to the new competition. Since 1927, it has been held on a two-year cycle, apart from 1939 to 1945, when it was cancelled due to World War II .", "With the outbreak of World War II, The Ryder Cup Matches were suspended from 1939-45, and the US retained the trophy from its 1937 victory. However, the United States continued the spirit of The Matches by selecting a ten-member team that participated in \"challenge\" matches to raise funds for the American Red Cross, various service organizations and other war-related efforts. With The 1939 Ryder Cup Matches cancelled, challenge competitions were arranged from 1940- 43, with two at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield, Michigan, in 1940 and 1942: at Detroit Golf Club, in 1941: and at Plum Hollow Country Club in 1943. The Ryder Cup Team, which had various members during that period, won four of the five challenge matches.", "The first biennial golfing match between the USA and Great Britain and Ireland was held in 1927; since 1979 the Americans have played against all Europe. Home advantage alternates, with the 2001 match postponed a year due to 9/11. The competition was founded by Samuel Ryder, an English seed merchant, who donated its 43cm, solid gold trophy. The cup is topped by a figure of Abe Mitchell, whom Ryder employed as coach on an annual salary of £1,000 (R12,700 in today’s money). Mitchell missed the first Ryder Cup due to appendicitis, but took part in 1929, 1931 and 1933.", "The United States team won the competition by 14½ to 13½ points, winning back the Cup on the 18th hole of the final match. Bernhard Langer missed a six-foot (1.8 m) par putt which would have won his match and clinched a 14-all tie and retained the Ryder Cup for Europe. It was the first win for the U.S. since 1983, after consecutive losses to Europe in 1985 and 1987 and a tie in 1989. Due to the fierce competition, gamesmanship and general over exuberance of the U.S. Team and their fans, these Ryder Cup Matches became known as the \"War on the Shore.\"", "The first biennial golfing match between the USA and Great Britain and Ireland was held in 1927; since 1979 the Americans have played against all Europe. Home advantage alternates each time, with the 2001 match postponed a year due to 9/11. The competition was founded by Samuel Ryder, an English seed merchant, who donated its 43cm, solid gold trophy. The cup is topped by a figure of Abe Mitchell, whom Ryder employed as coach on an annual salary of £1,000. Mitchell missed the first Ryder Cup due to appendicitis, but took part in 1929, 1931 and 1933.", "*Ryder Cup: 1937 (winners), 1947 (winners), 1949 (winners), 1951 (winners, playing captain), 1953 (winners), 1955 (winners), 1959 (winners, playing captain), 1969 (tied, non-playing captain)", "Lyle also was a major player in the revitalization of the Ryder Cup . When Team Europe won in 1985, it was their first victory since 1957. When they won again in 1987, it was the first-ever European Ryder Cup win on U.S. soil.", "*Ryder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1969 (winners), 1971 (winners), 1973 (winners), 1975 (winners), 1979 (winners, non-playing captain)", "There was one notable exception in the mercurial George Duncan. Born near Aberdeen, George served his time as a carpenter before rejecting his trade and the offer of professional football with Aberdeen FC to become the professional at Stonehaven, before moving to the lucrative South and acclaim. He won the first post-war Open at Deal in 1920 when Sandy Herd at the age of 51 was runner-up. Duncan also played in the Ryder Cups of '27 and '29, captaining the side in 1931. Scottish golfers were sorely tried by the wave of first generation Americans that returned to assault the Championships after the War. These players transformed the game, bringing a flair and lifestyle that induced some disquiet in the home based players.", "There is some debate over who suggested the idea for the Ryder Cup. James Harnett, a journalist with Golf Illustrated magazine, appears to have proposed a similar idea to the USPGA on December 15, 1920 and, having failed to attract support, the idea was refloated by Sylvanus P. \"SP\" Jermain, president of the Inverness Club, the next year. Historical records indicate that the first unofficial Ryder Cup-style matches were played in 1921 at Gleneagles Golf Course, Perthshire. The American team was chosen by James Harnett. Great Britain made Ryder Cup history by beating the American golf team 9-3, the second match in 1926 was won 13½–1½ by Britain. Present at the 1926 match, held on the East Course at Wentworth Club, Virginia Water, Surrey, was Samuel Ryder, a seed merchant who traded from St Albans, Hertfordshire. Having watched the play, Ryder thought it would be a good idea to make the match official and thus the Ryder Cup was founded, with Ryder donating the trophy.", "Walter Hagen captained the 1939, '40 and '41 Ryder Cup Teams, while Craig Wood captained the Team in 1942 and 1943. There was no competition in 1939, though The Matches were set for Ponte Vedra Country Club in Florida in November of that year. The 1939 US selections were repeated in 1940 in a challenge match at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township, Michigan, against Gene Sarazen's Challengers. Sarazen, who was left off The Ryder Cup Team, challenged Hagen by assembling a team that included Ben Hogan, Jimmy Demaret and Craig Wood.", "The first competition between US and British golfers dates back to 1921, when a team of 12 Americans sailed to Britain to compete in The Open. Prior to the tournament an international match was arranged at Gleneagles, won by Great Britain. Five years later in 1926 there was a similar event at Wentworth, again won by GB, which was watched by golf enthusiast Samuel Ryder. Afterwards he drew up plans for a regular competition and the first official Ryder Cup showdown took place the following year in Worcester, Massachusetts.", "The Ryder Cup was commissioned for £250. The trophy stands 17 inches high, is nine inches from handle to handle and weighs four pounds. The golfing figure depicted on the top of the trophy reflects the image of Abe Mitchell, a former gardener himself and a friend and instructor of Samuel Ryder. A bout of appendicitis prevented Mitchell from competing in the inaugural Matches in 1927. But he returned to compete for Great Britain in 1929, ’31 and ’33.", "The year was 1926, the clubhouse was Wentworth and the day’s golf was an unofficial match between the professionals of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. After the match, Samuel Ryder, a prosperous seed merchant from St Albans and avid follower of the game, casually remarked: “We must do this again.” This was seized upon by, among others, George Duncan, a leading professional of the day, and when Ryder was prevailed upon to present a trophy, so the Ryder Cup was born.", "Harry Vardon competed in the first Ryder Cup. The 1926 event was not recognized as official because the Americans needed to use fill-ins from other countries. Credit The American Golfer/PGA of America", "1935 - 5th Ryder Cup: US wins, 9-3 at Ridgewood Country Club (Ridgewood, New Jersey, US)", "Watson played on four Ryder Cup teams and captained the American side to victory in the 1993 Ryder Cup at The Belfry in England. More than twenty years later, Watson again captained the U.S. Team in the 2014 Ryder Cup in Scotland, this time in a loss. ", "The '91 Ryder Cup was played only months after the Gulf War had concluded. Patriotism had been running high and unchecked on the American side, and the Europeans were fueled by a relatively new continental pride. Kiawah came after European victories in 1985 and 1987 and a draw in 1989, which meant six years of Europe holding the cup after decades of American domination. Both teams were thick with brilliant, strong-ego players, eight of whom have already made the World Golf Hall of Fame. Further separating the teams was the fact that golf wasn't quite the global tour it is today, with few Europeans playing the PGA Tour full time. Finally there was the setting, a barren, exposed and unforgiving Pete Dye course that stretched players' physical and emotional constitutions to the limit.", "Begun in 1927, The Ryder Cup is among the last great professional sporting events where winning, and not prize money, is its own reward. The United States owns a 25-11-2 advantage in the biennial competition.", "There were two unofficial matches between professionals from Great Britain and the United States before the birth of The Ryder Cup in 1927, both won by the British.", "Following the 1999 Ryder Cup, many members of the U.S. team apologized for their behavior, and there were numerous attempts by both teams to calm the increasing nationalism of the event. These efforts appear to have been largely successful, with subsequent Cups being played in the \"spirit of the game\".", "What became the Ryder Cup had been in the works for several years. Ryder and his brother, James, began staging challenge matches for British professionals at his golf club, Verulam Golf Club , just north of London, from 1923 to 1925.", "until the penultimate singles match, when the home side’s normally dependable Bernard Hunt missed a tiddler on the 18th green to halve his game with Dave Douglas. Earlier, the 22-year-old Peter Alliss took a gut-wrenching six at the final hole to lose one down to Jim Turnesa. \"I made an awful bodge of it, and that was that” was his succinct comment at the time. For the record, Alliss went on to play in 11 further Ryder Cups, winning five singles matches, although losing 15 matches in total. It should also be remembered that the American team was without arguably the greatest golfer of all time, Ben Hogan, who was enjoying his greatest year, having won all three majors he played in. The peerless ‘Hawk’ took the liberty of limiting his schedule to 72-hole medal events, which prevented him from taking part in the Ryder Cup, as it required 36hole matches during this period. Following the matches, US playing captain Lloyd Mangrum – pictured here escaping from what could loosely be described as a bunker on the 15th hole – said he would ‘never, never captain an American team again, because of the 9,000 deaths I suffered in the last hour’. He was as good as his word – and the Ryder Cup too has never returned to Wentworth, the club where it all began.", "Muirfield in East Lothian becomes the first Scottish course to host The Ryder Cup. The Great Britain team becomes Great Britain & Ireland for the first time, but the Americans win the 20th Ryder Cup.", "A version of this article appears in print on September 25, 2012, on Page B12 of the New York edition with the headline: Tracing Ryder Cup Roots Back to Original Seed. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "The British team was: Ted Ray (Captain), Aubrey Boomer, Archie Compston, George Duncan, George Gadd, Arthur Havers, Herbert Jolly, Abe Mitchell, Fred Robson and Ernest Whitcombe. The American team was: Walter Hagen (Captain), Tommy Armour, Jim Barnes, Emmet French, Joe Kirkwood, Fred McLeod, Bill Mehlhorn, Joe Stein, Cyril Walker and Al Watrous. While all ten of the British players subsequently played in the Ryder Cup only three of the Americans did (Hagen, Mehlhorn and Watrous). Armour, Barnes, Kirkwood, McLeod and Walker were excluded by the policy of requiring players to be born in the USA while French and Stein were never selected.", "The inaugural Ryder Cup takes place at Worcester Country Club in Massachusetts. The course was designed by Donald Ross, the legendary course architect from Dornoch. The Americans, captained by ‘golf’s first superstar’ Walter Hagen, win the match.", "The 33rd Ryder Cup at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts is won by the Americans in controversial circumstances. Former Open champion Paul Lawrie features in the European team, playing in five matches with a 3-1-1 record. The course was largely the work of Willie Campbell of Musselburgh." ]

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[ "15 May 1930: Ellen Church (1904–1965) became the first airline stewardess, now more commonly titled Flight Attendant, on a Boeing Air Transport flight from Oakland to Chicago. A registered nurse and licensed pilot, Miss Church had approached Steve Sampson at Boeing Air Transport (later, United Air Lines) to inquire about being hired as a pilot.", "Ellen Church (1904-1965) of Cresco, Iowa, became the nation's first stewardess. While working as a registered nurse in San Francisco, Church was also learning to fly. The desire to combine her two loves led her to meet with Steve Stimpson, traffic manager for Boeing Air Transport (predecessor to United Air Lines). Stimpson thought it would be a good idea to have a nurse on board for emergencies.", "Church did not become discouraged by being rejected, and immediately proposed her idea of starting to place nurses on planes to ease the public�s fear of flying. Stephen Stimpson agreed to this and decided to give �sky girls� a three month trial run. On May 15, 1930, Ellen Church and seven other registered nurses boarded the first flight ever to have flight attendants. The plane traveled from San Francisco to Chicago in 20 hours, stopping in 13 airports to collect more passengers and re-fuel. The sky girls were a hit. Within the next few years almost every airline followed BAT�s lead and introduced their passengers to flight attendants. Although it may seem to have been glamorous being able to travel all the time, it was not an easy job at all. It required dedication and attention to detail to make sure that their passengers were as comfortable and safe as possible. They not only assisted passengers, but they also hauled luggage on board, screwed down loose seats, fueled the planes, and helped pilots to push planes into hangers.", "Katharine Jefferts Schori was elected in 2006 as the first female Presiding Bishop in the history of the Episcopal Church and also the first female primate in the Anglican Communion. [1]", "As Protestant Christians who accept the Bible as their only rule of faith and practice, Seventh-day Adventists on both sides of the issue employ the same Bible texts and arguments used by other Protestants (e.g. 1 Tim. 2:12 and Gal. 3:28), but the fact that the most prominent and authoritative co-founder of the church— Ellen White —was a woman, also affects the discussion. Proponents of ordaining women point out that Adventists believe that Ellen White was chosen by God as a leader, preacher and teacher; that she remains the highest authority, outside the Bible, in the Seventh-day Adventist Church today; that she was regularly issued ordination credentials, which she carried without objection; and that she supported the ordination of women to at least some ministry roles. Opponents argue that because she was a prophet her example does not count, and that although she said she was ordained by God, she was never ordained in the ordinary way, by church leaders. [123]", "5. Edna St. Vincent Millay – A poet and playwright, Millay was the first woman to ever receive a Pulitzer Prize (for her poetic work, The Harp-Weaver, and Other Poems), in 1923. But she was equally cutting-edge with her unorthodox lifestyle, which included an open marriage and lesbian lovers. She played an integral part in the cultural scene in Greenwich Village in New York after World War I and came to represent the freedom of women in the Jazz Age.", "* Amelia Earhart – aviation pioneer and author, the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross ", "Founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879, the Christian Science Church was the first religious denomination to be established by an American woman.  Since then, branches of The Mother Church, in Boston, Massachusetts have spread around the globe to over 75 countries.  Mrs. Eddy has been recognized as one of 75 \"Women Whose Words Have Changed the World\" by the Women's National Book Association.  She established the Church of Christ, Scientist, to make this Science available to all mankind, which restores primitive Christianity's vital element of healing.", "1879 Mary Baker Eddy --- 1st and only American woman to found a lasting American-based religion- The Church of Christ (Scientist).", "1966-Alive - Libby Lane - Suffragan Bishop of Stockport. First female bishop in Church of England. \"Passion for social action.\"", "2013: On October 27th, 2013, Sandra Roberts became the first woman to lead a Seventh-day Adventist conference when she was elected as president of the Southeastern California Conference. [122] However, the worldwide Seventh-day Adventist church did not recognize this because presidents of conferences must be ordained pastors and the worldwide church did not recognize the ordination of women. [122]", "*Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female physician in the United States, lost an eye from purulent ophthalmia contracted from an infant with an eye infection, while working in Paris at La Maternité (1849), and after loss of the eye could no longer be a surgeon.", "Ellen was raised as a Christian Scientist until the age of thirteen when her parents divorced. When Ellen's mother remarried, they converted to his beliefs.", "Over the last century an increasing number of denominations have begun ordaining women. The Church of England appointed female lay readers during the First World War. Later the United Church of Canada in 1936 and the American United Methodist Church in 1956 also began to ordain women. [123] [124]", "Mother Marian Rebecca Hughes of Oxford became the first woman to take the religious vows in the Church of England since the Reformation.", "In 1780 Mother Ann was imprisoned for treason because of her pacifist doctrines and her refusal to sign an oath of allegiance . She was soon released and in 1781–83 toured New England. According to witnesses, she performed a number of miracles, including healing the sick by touch. After her death in 1784, her followers organized the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, which was also known as the Millennial Church and, most commonly, as the Shakers, and which by 1826 had grown to encompass 18 Shaker villages in 8 states. The Shakers gradually disappeared as an active religious sect.", "The first church building was erected in 1886 in Oconto, Wisconsin, by local women who believed Christian Science had helped them. For a down payment of $2,000 and a mortgage of $8,763, the church purchased land in Falmouth Street, Boston, for the erection of a building. Eddy asked Augusta Stetson, a prominent Scientist, to establish a church in New York. By the end of 1886 Christian Science teaching institutes had sprung up around the United States. ", "*1844, December Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, has her first vision", "In social terms, the Christian Science movement has increasingly been perceived as an antecedent of the development of feminism in the religious world. While not a “feminist,” Eddy was clearly “liberated,” assigned strong females to key leadership positions, and taught that the spiritual equality of men and women must have political and social effects. She remains an extremely controversial figure, but scholars since the 1960s have successfully challenged the negative perceptions of early critics and biographers.", "~1925 � Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first female governor in the United States.", "1815: The first petition for the African Methodist Episcopal Church General Conference to license women to preach is defeated. [199]", "During the seventeenth century, French Jesuit missionaries converted many of the Iroquois to Catholicism. Kateri Tekakwitha, who was baptized in 1635, became the first Native American nun. She was extraordinarily devout; since her death many visions and miraculous cures have been attributed to her intervention. She was beatified by the Catholic Church in 1980 and is a candidate for canonization to sainthood. The \"Blessed Kateri\" is revered at the feasts and celebrations of many Native American nations, particularly those who have incorporated Catholicism into their spiritual belief systems.", "Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902) : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) was an important women�s rights leader in the 19th century, who, along with Susan B. Anthony, convened the first women�s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. However, it was her controversial biblical commentary, known as The Woman�s Bible (1895), that led many in the movement to disaffiliate with her. Nonetheless, The Woman�s Bible helped pioneer feminist theology . For more information on Elizabeth Cady Stanton, click here .", "Ellen G. White was the most prolific female writer of all time! She wrote information on numerous subjects that were centuries ahead of her time. One of her most famous works that baffle modern scientist is the book, \"Counsels on Diet and Foods\". She also wrote a prophetic classic entitled, \"The Great Controversy\".", "Mary Baker Eddy’s repeated attempts to get established churches to accept her concepts of healing met only with rejection.  Finally, in 1879, frustrated and disappointed, she formed her own church in Boston, Massachusetts:  the Church of Christ, Scientist.", "According to Wikipedia: \"Mary Baker Eddy (born Mary Morse Baker July 16, 1821 – December 3, 1910) was the founder of the Christian Science movement. Deeply religious, she advocated Christian Science as a spiritual practical solution to health and moral issues. She wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, founded The First Church of Christ, Scientist of Boston in 1879, and several periodicals including The Christian Science Monitor. She took the name Mary Baker Glover from her first marriage and was also known as Mary Baker Glover Eddy or Mary Baker G. Eddy from her third marriage. She did much spiritual teaching, lecturing, and instantaneous healing. Her influence continues to grow through her writings.\"", "The Church of Christ, Scientist, often known as The Christian Science Church, is a Protestant Christian denomination, founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. The Bible and Mrs. Eddy's book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures are together the church's key doctrinal sources. ( wikipedia )", "The Ellen Jamesians were a group of women in the John Irving novel The World According to Garp. Out of empathy for an 11-year-old girl named Ellen James, whose rapist cut her tongue after attacking her so that she could not identify him, they have had their tongues surgically removed and communicate by writing on small slips of paper.", "First Medical Missionary to India of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America.", "Born in New York circa 1797, Sojourner Truth was the self-given name, from 1843 onward, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women’s rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. Her best-known speech on racial inequalities, “Ain’t I a Woman?” was delivered extemporaneously in 1851 at the Ohio Women’s Rights Convention.", "The back story: Mary Baker Eddy was an author, teacher and religious leader, noted as the founder of the Christian Science movement, the Church of Christ, Scientist, and The Christian Science Monitor newspaper.", "Emma Willard was a champion of women's education. After working in various schools for women, she opened the first school for the higher education of women—the Troy Female Seminary." ]

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[ "Avensa (Aerovías Venezolanas Sociedad Anonima) was a Venezuelan airline headquartered in Caracas. It is in the process of financial restructuring, after it went into bankruptcy due to poor management in 2002. It operated from its hub at Simon Bolivar International Airport in Maiquetía.", "Technically Avensa still exists, with a single Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia aircraft keeping the name alive. But for all intents and purposes the company is defunct. Around Venezuela's airports, Avensa relics can be seen everywhere: old check-in signs, rusted luggage carts, derelict airplane stairways, the name still visible through cracked blue paint around Venezuela’s airports. ", "Two national airlines, Avensa and Linea Aeropostal Venezolana (LAV), serve the principal cities of the country and many outlying areas not accessible by road. Both airlines have jet service between Caracas and the main cities of Venezuela.", "*On 22 December 1974, Avensa Flight 358 Douglas DC-9-14 crashed in Maturín, Venezuela, shortly after take off due to a double engine failure. 77 passengers and crew were killed. ", "KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) is the national air carrier of the Netherlands, its name is literally translated as Royal Aviation Company but more usually as Royal Dutch Airlines. Founded on 7 October 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name.", "Among the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America were Bolivia with Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, Cuba with Cubana de Aviación, Colombia with Avianca, Argentina with Aerolineas Argentinas, Chile with LAN Chile (today LAN Airlines), Brazil with Varig, Dominican Republic with Dominicana de Aviación, Mexico with Mexicana de Aviación, Trinidad and Tobago with BWIA West Indies Airways (today Caribbean Airlines), Venezuela with Aeropostal, and TACA based in El Salvador and representing several airlines of Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua). All the previous airlines started regular operations well before World War II.", "KLM is the national airline of the Netherlands and is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. It operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations worldwide. In May 2004 Air France merged with KLM creating Air France-KLM, a European airline holding company incorporated under French law. Both Air France and KLM continue to fly under their distinct brand names. KLM's main hub is at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS) located 9 km (5.6 mi) southwest of Amsterdam .", "Aerolineas Argentinas is the flag carrier of Argentina and the largest airline in the country.It operates a regional flight network within South America and offers flights to cities in Mexico ( Mexico City ), the United States ( Miami ), Europe ( Barcelona , Madrid and Rome ) and to Auckland in New Zealand and Sydney , Australia . Its main hubs are at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE), located 22 km (14 mi) south-southwest of Buenos Aires , Argentina's capital.", "Lima, an important air hub of South America, has a large, fairly modern airport, served by American Airlines, Delta Airlines, United Airlines and Continental Airlines. Other international airlines serving Lima include Air France, Lan-Chile, Viasa (Venezuela), Avianca (Colombia), Varig (Brazil), Aero Peru, Iberia (Spain), LAB (Bolivia), Lufthansa ( Germany ), Alitalia (Italy), and others.", "ANA's earliest ancestor was Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company (日本ヘリコプター輸送, Nippon Herikoputā Yusō ? ) (also known as Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952. [8] Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANA's International Air Transport Association (IATA) airline code , NH. [9]", "Avianca S.A. (acronym in Spanish for \"\", Airways of the American Continent) has been the national airline and flag carrier of Colombia since 5 December 1919, when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA. It is headquartered in Bogotá, D.C. with its main hub at El Dorado International Airport. Avianca also comprises a group of seven Latin American airlines, whose operations are combined to function as one airline using a code sharing system. Avianca is the largest airline in Colombia and second largest in Latin America. Avianca together with its subsidiaries has the most extensive network of destinations in Latin America. It is wholly owned by Synergy Group S.A., a South American holding company established by Germán Efromovich and specializing in air transport. It is listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange.", "Air France (; formally Société Air France, S.A.), stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France, (north of Paris). It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a founding member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. As of 2013 Air France serves 36 destinations in France and operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to 168 destinations in 93 countries (including overseas departments and territories of France) and also carried 46,803,000 passengers in 2015. The airline's global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport, with Orly Airport, Lyon–Saint Exupéry Airport, Marseille Provence Airport, Toulouse Blagnac Airport, and Nice Côte d'Azur Airport serving as secondary hubs. Air France's corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. ", "Founded in 1927, IBERIA (Líneas Aéreas de España) is still operating and the flag carrier and the largest airline of Spain. After WWI, in 1946, IBERIA was the first airline to fly between Europe and South America, using a Douglas DC-4.", "From North America: Until very recently, it was virtually inconceivable to reach South America from anywhere other than Miami . Today, however, rapidly developing hubs at Atlanta , Dallas / Fort Worth , Fort Lauderdale , Houston , Mexico City , New York , Newark , Orlando , Toronto , and Washington -Dulles offer viable alternatives. Indeed, airlines such as Air Canada, United and Delta Airlines have successfully begun to challenge the virtual monopoly once enjoyed by American Airlines to several key markets. American discount carriers such as Spirit Airlines and JetBlue (Azul in Brazil) have recently fought hard for and won several route authorities to serve the likes of Colombia , Brazil and Peru , bringing low fares to these markets for the first time. Recently, US Airways started a daily non-stop service from Charlotte to Rio de Janeiro . Given the US airlines' cutbacks in service, frequency, and cities served over the years, consider high quality Latin American carriers such as Avianca (to Colombia with daily non-stop flights to Bogotá, Medellín , Cali and Cartagena), Copa Airlines (Panama's national airline to hits hub in Panamá City), LAN Airlines (Chilean carrier serving Chile direct and via several other countries), or TAM (to Brazil, including some non-stop flights to other Brazilian cities besides São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , like Belo Horizonte , Brasilia and Manaus ).", "The TACA Group includes TACA ( El Salvador ), Aeroperlas ( Panama ), Aviateca ( Guatemala ), Sansa ( Costa Rica ), La Costeña ( Nicaragua ) and Islena Airlines ( Honduras ). The group later established a subsidiary in Peru (TACA Perú) and merged with Colombia ’s Avianca . TACA and Avianca continue to operate as separate companies.", "Fares on these and other national carriers (like Aerolineas Argentinas and Avianca) can be low if you book far enough in advance, but last minute fares are shockingly expensive. When I was in Brazil in early 2011, for example, a two-hour flight from the border city of Foz do Iguaçu to São Paulo ran R$789.50 — and that was on GOL, Brazil’s self-proclaimed low-fare airline .", "Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. - is Colombia's largest airline and the country's flag carrier. One of the world's oldest airlines operates a large network of passenger and cargo services within the country and to destinations in North, Central, and South America and to the Caribbean and to Spain. Avianca's main hub is at the El Dorado International Airport (BOG). Colombia's primary domestic and international airport is located near Bogotá, D.C. , Colombia's capital.", "Pan-regional flag carriers are not a new concept. In areas where numerous small states lack the population and financial wherewithal to bankroll a flying vanity project, clubbing together makes good sense. So it is in Central America, where Colombia’s Avianca acts as the de facto flag carrier for five other states: El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. SAS Scandinavian Airlines unites the nationalised air transport interests of Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Latvia’s Air Baltic is trying to convince Lithuania and Estonia that a similar model would work for them. Such synergistic arrangements should boost economies of scale while also weeding out cannibalistic competition between member states.", "The Brazilian airline scene completely changed at least twice over the last 10 years or so. The largest carriers are now TAM [14] and Gol [15] , which share more than 80% of the domestic market between them. The traditional Varig is now just another brand of Gol. Others include WebJet [16] , Avianca [17] , and Azul [18] . TRIP [19] has short-haul flights to smaller airports throughout the country, and Pantanal [20] and Puma [21] are growing in the same segment. Portuguese TAP [22] has a few domestic code shares with TAM. There are also a number of regional companies, such as NHT [23] ( Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina ). Price differences, at least if a ticket is purchased on the internet well in advance, are so small that it´s rather meaningless to call any of these \"low cost\", although WebJet and Azul have lately been a notch cheaper for domestic flights.", "* Venezuela: Mainland Venezuela is in South America, but Isla Aves are geographically North American. Isla Aves is one of the federal dependencies of Venezuela under the administration of the Ministry of Popular Power for Interior, Justice and Peace.", "August 9, 1995 - Aviateca Flight 901, a 737-200 (registration N125GU) crashed on approach to the El Salvador International Airport in San Salvador, El Salvador. 58 of 65 occupants were killed.[196]", "Viasa was the only Latin American airline that flew jet aircraft since its creation, starting with services to the Azores, Lisbon, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Milan, Amsterdam and London in April 1961, and, after the delivery of its two Convair 880-22M planes, to New York, the Dominican Republic, Panama, New Orleans, Maracaibo, Aruba, Curaçao, Miami, Houston, Bogotá and Lima.", "The Jose Maria Cordova Airport receives international flights from important carriers such as American Airlines, Copa Airlines, JetBlue and Lan Airlines, which makes the city accessible from the many regions of America. Avianca, the flag air-carrier of Colombia, has also an important activity at this airport.", "Las Mercedes served for a very long time as a hub for Nicaragua's flag carriers Lanica (until 1978), Aeronica from 1979 to the 80's and NICA afterwards. When NICA became a member of Grupo TACA during the 1990s, the number of important connections to the rest of Latin America from which ACS grew considerably.", "US Airways was a major American airline that ceased to exist on October 17, 2015, after merging with American Airlines. It operated an extensive international and domestic network, with 193 destinations in 24 countries in North America, South America, Europe and the Middle East. The airline was an affiliate member of Oneworld and utilized a fleet of 343 mainline jet aircraft, as well as 278 regional jet and turbo-prop aircraft operated by contract and subsidiary airlines under the name US Airways Express via code sharing agreements. US Airways was formerly known as USAir.", "Venezolana Internacional de Aviación Sociedad Anónima (), or VIASA for short, was the Venezuelan flag carrier between 1960 and 1997. It was headquartered in the Torre Viasa in Caracas. Launched in 1960, it was nationalised in 1975 due to financial problems, and re-privatised in 1991, with the major stake going to Iberia. The company ceased operations in , and went into liquidation.", "Airlines: Aerolínea de Antioquia -ADA- [28] , Satena [29] , EasyFly [30] . Also charter flights from Searca [31] . The airline LAN [32] operated at this airport until February 2015.", "Avianca as stated above is celebrating 89 years, however 89 years ago there was no airline called Avianca, that name came later.", "Miami International Airport became a hub after American Airlines bought Central and South American routes (\"El Interamericano\") from Eastern Air Lines in 1990 (inherited from Braniff International Airways but originated by Pan American-Grace Airways which was known as Panagra). Through the 1990s, American Airlines expanded its network in Latin America to become the dominant U.S. carrier in the region.", "In 2009, it was announced that Avianca would merge with TACA. This created AviancaTaca Holdings, which instantly became one of the region's largest airlines, with 129 aircraft and flights to more than 100 destinations.", "Recife : Direct flights to Lisbon by TAP, Madrid by Iberia, Atlanta by Delta, Miami by American Airlines and Frankfurt by Condor.", "Las líneas aéreas, tengo entendido que tienen que usar el mismo en todo el mundo, es decir, no pueden decir \"golfo\" sino \"golf\" ya que así les obliga el organismo internacional de aviación (del que ahora mismo no me sale el nombre)" ]

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[ "Operation Junction City was an 82-day military operation conducted by United States and Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam) forces begun on February 22, 1967 lasting until May 14, 1967. It was the largest U.S. airborne operation since Operation Market Garden during World War II, the only major airborne operation of the Vietnam War, and one of the largest U.S. operations of the Southeast Asian conflict.", "In February 1967 Operation Junction City was launched, it would be the largest operation the Coalition Force would assemble. During this operation, 845 members of the 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry (Airborne), the 319th Artillery (Airborne), and elements of H&H company of the 173rd Airborne Brigade made the only combat jump in Vietnam.", "In 1967, Westmoreland made his big push to win the war. With South Vietnam's forces assigned primarily to occupation, pacification, and security duties, massive U.S. combat sweeps moved to locate and destroy the enemy. In January, Operation Cedar Falls was a 30,000‐man assault on the Iron Triangle, an enemy base area forty miles north of Saigon. From February through April, Operation Junction City was an even larger attack on nearby War Zone C. There was major fighting in the Central Highlands, climaxing in the battle of Dak To in November 1967. U.S. forces killed many enemy soldiers and destroyed large amounts of supplies. MACV declared vast areas to be “free‐fire zones,” which meant that U.S. and ARVN artillery and tactical aircraft, as well as B‐52 “carpet bombing,” could target anyone or anything in the area. In Operation RANCH HAND, the USAF sprayed the defoliant Agent Orange to deprive the guerrillas of cover and food supplies. Controversy about the use of Agent Orange erupted in 1969 when reports appeared that the chemical caused serious damage to humans as well as to plants.", "Feb. 22, 1967:  The U.S. Army’s 173rd Airborne Brigade conducts the first and only mass parachute jump of the Vietnam War. The jump is but one element of the much broader airborne (primarily heliborne assault) and infantry “search and destroy” operation, Junction City. The operation will continue through May.", "In early 1965, the United States began air raids on North Vietnam and on Communist-controlled areas in the South; by 1966 there were 190,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam. North Vietnam, meanwhile, was receiving armaments and technical assistance from the Soviet Union and other Communist countries. Despite massive U.S. military aid, heavy bombing, the growing U.S. troop commitment (which reached nearly 550,000 in 1969), and some political stability in South Vietnam after the election (1967) of Nguyen Van Thieu as president, the United States and South Vietnam were unable to defeat the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces. Optimistic U.S. military reports were discredited in Feb., 1968, by the costly and devastating Tet offensive of the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong, involving attacks on more than 100 towns and cities and a month-long battle for Hue in South Vietnam.", "The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. ", "1966 – In the largest raids since air attacks on North Vietnam began in February 1965, U.S. planes destroy five bridges, 17 railroad cars, and 20 buildings in the Thanh Hoa and Vinh areas (100 and 200 miles south of Hanoi, respectively). Others planes hit Highway 12 in four places north of the Mugia Pass and inflicted heavy damage on the Yen Bay arsenal and munitions storage area, which was located 75 miles northeast of Hanoi. A U.S. spokesman attributed the unprecedented number of planes taking part in the raids to an improvement in weather conditions.", "7 Feb 65 - \"In the early hours of February 7th, 1965, the VC upped the ante when they launched a guerilla assault against the military barracks at Pleiku where US military advisors were housed. The attack left 8 Americans dead, and President Johnson reacted as though the VC had delivered a personal insult.\" Johnson ordered a retaliatory air-strike against North Vietnam the next day.   Operation \"Rolling Thunder\" began in mid-February and lasted 3 years", "By the end of 1967, Hanoi’s communist leadership was growing impatient as well, and sought to strike a decisive blow aimed at forcing the better-supplied United States to give up hopes of success. On January 31, 1968, some 70,000 DRV forces under General Vo Nguyen Giap launched the Tet offensive (named for the lunar new year), a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam. Though taken by surprise, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces managed to strike back quickly, and the communists were unable to hold any of the targets for more than a day or two. Reports of the attacks stunned the U.S. public, however, especially after news broke that Westmoreland had requested an additional 200,000 troops. With his approval ratings dropping in an election year, Johnson called a halt to bombing in much of North Vietnam in March (though bombings continued in the south) and promised to dedicate the rest of his term to seeking peace rather than reelection.", "1967 – Vietnam War: U.S. Air Force F-4 Phantom jets down seven communist MiG-21s over North Vietnam.", "The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. The Viet Cong, a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist-controlled common front, largely fought a guerilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The Vietnam People's Army (North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units into battle.", "1968: In relief of Khe Sanh during the Vietnam War, U.S. B-52′s carry out the most concentrated bombing raid in military history.", "From a military perspective, the Tet Offensive was an unmitigated failure for the communists. Hanoi’s plan to pin down the Americans at Khe Sanh and create “another Dien Bien Phu ” was thwarted by superior US firepower. The radio station in Saigon was captured as planned and held for six hours, however the insurgents were unable to broadcast their tapes. The South Vietnamese people did not rise up in rebellion against their own government, ARVN soldiers did not mutiny and the Saigon government did not collapse. Almost one quarter of the 80,000 NVA and Viet Cong deployed in January and February 1968 were killed. Hanoi’s battle plan had greatly underestimated the enemy, while asking too much of its own forces across too much of the country.", "1967 – Outnumbered South Vietnamese troops repel an attack by two battalions of the 141st North Vietnamese Regiment on a military camp five miles east of An Loc, 60 miles north of Saigon. Communist forces captured a third of the base camp before they were thrown back with the assistance of U.S. and South Vietnamese air and artillery strikes. Farther to the north, U.S. forces suffered heavy casualties in two separate battles in the Central Highlands. In the first action, about 400 men of the 173rd Airborne Brigade came under heavy fire from North Vietnamese machine guns and mortars during a sweep of the Dak To area near Kontum. Twenty-six Americans were killed and 49 were wounded. In the second area clash, 35 soldiers of the U.S. 4th Infantry Division were killed and 31 were wounded in fighting.", "In February 1967, Sergeant Carlos Hathcock found himself in Binh Dinh Province near Phu Cat, South Vietnam. He was placed upon a hill known as Duc Pho along with his spotter, Staff Sergeant Charles Roberts. From their position they held a critical vantage point over of the entire area, including a strategic supply route known as Highway 1. The Viet Cong were highly active in the region, particularly in the mountainous jungle area that lay to the west. Throughout the later part of February, Hathcock and Roberts eliminated numerous VC around Duc Pho. Little did they know that they would be confronted with one of the most difficult decisions made by troops on the battlefield. ", "By November 1964 the name of the game was no longer whether to expand the war à la Rostow, but how to do so. By this time the plot had thickened in many respects. National Intelligence Estimates were telling McNamara and his colleagues that the South was in perilous shape: the outlook there one of \"increasing defeatism, paralysis of leadership, friction with Americans, exploration of possible lines of political accommodation with the other side, and a general petering out of the war effort.\" (21) North Vietnamese gunboats had attacked US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin in early August (at least once, for certain), and Lyndon Johnson had received a blank check resolution from Congress to more or less prosecute the war as he wished. Then, on 1 November, the eve of our presidential election, Viet Cong guerrillas carried out their most successful raid of the war to that time: at Binh Hoa airfield (near Saigon) they destroyed or damaged more than a dozen aircraft and killed or wounded more than a hundred US and South Vietnamese troops. The JCS and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater called for immediate airstrikes against the DRV.", "General Westmoreland's public reassurances that \"the light at the end of the tunnel\" was near were countered when, on January 30, 1968, PAVN and NLF forces broke the truce that accompanied the Tết holiday and mounted their largest offensive thus far, in hopes of sparking a general uprising among the South Vietnamese. These forces, ranging in size from small groups to entire regiments, attacked nearly every city and major military installation in South Vietnam. The Americans and South Vietnamese, initially surprised by the scope and scale of the offensive, quickly responded and inflicted severe casualties on their enemies. The NLF was essentially eliminated as a fighting force and the places of the dead within its ranks were increasingly filled by North Vietnamese.", "On January 31st, in the middle of the phoney ceasefire, Viet Cong and NVA units began their attack. Approximately 80,000 North Vietnamese launched offensives in 36 provincial capital cities and other major towns. They also attacked dozens of US and ARVN bases, barracks and supply dumps. Every enemy airstrip came under fire from mortars or grenades, and many of them were rendered temporarily useless. In Saigon the Viet Cong targeted key installations: military headquarters, troop barracks, police stations and newspaper buildings. One team blew their way into the heavily fortified US embassy compound, killing five people before being captured. The Viet Cong also operated in the suburbs of Saigon and other cities. Small teams located the homes of South Vietnamese officials and ARVN officers and carried out summary executions. In many cases family members were killed alongside political targets. These killings gave rise to one of the most famous images of the war: the execution of Viet Cong officer, Nguyen Van Lem, by Saigon police chief Nguyen Ngoc Loan . According to Loan and his men, the condemned man was in charge of a terrorist squad responsible for murdering the families of local policemen.", "1967 – Vietnam War: Viet Cong ambushed a truck convoy damaging 82 of the 121 trucks.", "During February and March, U.S. intelligence reported heavy North Vietnamese Army infiltration from Laos and across the demilitarized zone into Quang Tri Province. Only the South Vietnamese 1st Division and a single U.S. marine battalion were deployed to the province. However, to defend against this threatened invasion the bulk of the U.S. 3d Marine Division and the first U.S. Army combat units, the 173d Airborne Brigade, were moved into the northern provinces. On April 12, U.S. B-52s based on Guam bombed infiltration routes near the Laos border in the first use of these weapons against NVA. Throughout this phase of the campaign, the enemy continued to take refuge in Laos, Cambodia, and North Vietnam. Driving the enemy back removed the threat of harassment of the populace by North Vietnamese regular forces and curbed local guerrilla activity.", "1965 – Vietnam War: four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are the targets of antiaircraft missiles in the first such attack against American aircraft in the war. One is shot down and the other three sustain damage.", "* February 17 – The People's Republic of China invades northern Vietnam, launching the Sino-Vietnamese War.", "in 1967, how much was publicly known about the war in vietnam? This was during the Johnson administration - I know that during the nixon admin, some simply bizarre things took place that any rational person would consider a good reason to reconsider willingness to be sent (I read about one where mcnamara told the whole world where we were going to bomb in advance, and there were shootdowns as a result).", "October 5, 1967 - Hanoi accuses the U.S. of hitting a school in North Vietnam with anti-personnel bombs.", "Battery A was airlifted to Da Nang, Vietnam, and became fully operational on 9 February. Over the next week, the Air Force continually airlifted 1st LAAM Battalion Marines and equipment from Kadena Airfield, Okinawa, to Da Nang. The battalion was increased on 18 February with the arrival of B Battery, and began establishing defensive positions around the airfield in Da Nang. A Battery was on Monkey Mountain, B Battery on Hill 327 and C Battery arrived in June from Okinawa. As the Marine presence grew in Vietnam, 2nd LAAM Battalion also joined the fight. 2nd LAAM Battalion was tasked with providing air defense for the airfield at Chu Lai. On 8 March 1965, the United States Marine Corps became the first of the Armed Services to deploy large ground combat units to South Vietnam. 1st LAAM Battalion had already been deployed for four weeks by the time Marine ground combat troops arrived. More than 38,000 Marines made up the III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) by the end of 1965 under the command of Major General Lewis W. Walt. Before the war ended, the Marine Corps deployed approximately 391,000 Marines to Vietnam. The LAAM Battalions sent to Vietnam continued the tradition of excellence set by the Defense Battalions two decades earlier and wrote the next chapter of the Marine air defender’s success on the battlefield.", "The enemy made several efforts to take the offensive at Dak Seang, which was attacked on 1 April 1970 and remained under siege throughout the month, and at Quang Duc in the By Prong-Duc Lap area which ended on 28 December. Only Vietnamese forces were engaged in both of these operations, the Quang Duc campaign involving some 12,000 ARVN troops. South Vietnamese forces again took the offensive on 14 April in a bold 3-day operation in the Angel's Wing area along the Cambodian border. The Vietnamese Army completed this mission in an aggressive professional manner without U.S. support-further evidence of their growing proficiency.", "January 21, 1968 - 20,000 NVA troops under the command of Gen. Giap attack the American air base at Khe Sanh. A 77 day siege begins as 5000 U.S. Marines in the isolated outpost are encircled. The siege attracts enormous media attention back in America, with many comparisons made to the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu in which the French were surrounded then defeated.", "\"From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964...Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\" [129] The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different; 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. [152] By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong. [153]", "The My Lai massacre is probably one of the most infamous events of the Vietnam War . The My Lai massacre took place on March 16th 1968 .", "\"From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964…Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different; 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong. ", "Image caption North Vietnamese troops and their South Vietnamese opponents fought on Laotian territory as the conflict spilled over in the 1960s", "April 9, 1975 - NVA close in on Xuan Loc, 38 miles from Saigon. 40,000 NVA attack the city and for the first time encounter stiff resistance from South Vietnamese troops." ]

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[ "Michael Keaton is an American actor. He is currently a visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon University. Keaton first rose to fame for his comedic film roles in Night Shift (1982), Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Beetlejuice (1988), and he earned further acclaim for his dramatic portrayal of Bruce Wayne / Batman in Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). Since then, he has appeared in a variety of films ranging from dramas and romantic comedies to thriller and action films; such as Clean and Sober (1988), The Dream Team (1989), Pacific Heights (1990), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), My Life (1993), The Paper (1994), Multiplicity (1996), Jackie Brown (1997), The Other Guys (2010), Need for Speed (2014), RoboCop (2014) and Spotlight (2015), and he also provided voices for characters in the animated films Cars (2006), Toy Story 3 (2010) and Minions (2015).", "Michael John Douglas (born September 5, 1951), known professionally as Michael Keaton, is an American actor, comedian, producer, and director. Keaton first rose to fame for his comedic film roles in Night Shift (1982), Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Beetlejuice (1988), and he earned further acclaim for his dramatic portrayal of Bruce Wayne / Batman in Tim Burton's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). Since then, he has appeared in a variety of films ranging from dramas and romantic comedies to thriller and action films; such as Clean and Sober (1988), The Dream Team (1989), Pacific Heights (1990), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), My Life (1993), The Paper (1994), Multiplicity (1996), Jackie Brown (1997), The Other Guys (2010), Need for Speed (2014), RoboCop (2014), Birdman (2014) and Spotlight (2015), and he also provided voices for characters in the animated films Cars (2006), Toy Story 3 (2010) and Minions (2015).", "Michael Keaton was born on September 5, 1951 in McKees Rocks, Penn. He attended Kent State, but dropped out to pursue acting. After some false starts in television, Keaton had his first hit with Mr. Mom. He later worked with directors Tim Burton (Beetlejuice, Batman), Kenneth Branagh and Quentin Tarantino , and in the new millennium won great acclaim for his Oscar-nominated lead role in the drama Birdman, for which he's also won a Golden Globe. Keaton was married to Caroline McWilliams from 1982-1990. The couple has one son together.", "Following this realization, Keaton duly moved out to Los Angeles, where he joined the L.A. Branch of Second City and began auditioning. When he started getting work he changed his last name to avoid being confused with the better-known actor of the same name, taking the name \"Keaton\" after seeing a newspaper article about Diane Keaton . He began acting on and writing for a number of television series, and he got his first big break co-starring with old friend Jim Belushi on the sitcom Working Stiffs (1979). Three years later, he made an auspicious film debut as the relentlessly cheerful owner of a morgue/brothel in Night Shift. The raves he won for his performance carried over to his work the following year in Mr. Mom, and it appeared as though Keaton was on a winning streak. Unfortunately, a series of such mediocre films as Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Gung Ho (1985) followed, and by the time Tim Burton cast him as the titular Beetlejuice in 1988, Keaton's career seemed to have betrayed its early promise.", "Keaton's first film appearance was in \"Lovers and Other Stranger\" in 1970. Her many early TV credits include appearances on \"Mannix,\" \"The F.B.I.,\" \"Night Gallery\" and \"Love, American Style.\"", "In 2006, Keaton voiced one of the characters in the popular animated film Cars. The next year, he returned to television with a role in The Company, a movie about the CIA. Keaton stepped behind the camera in 2008, when he made his directorial debut on the small-budget independent drama The Merry Gentleman. He also starred in the project along with Bobby Cannavale and Kelly Macdonald . In the film, Keaton played a depressed hitman who falls for a woman trying to recover from an abusive relationship. \"If I've done it right [the audience will] enjoy spending time with these people, and they'll want to see how the relationships play out,\" Keaton explained to the Guardian newspaper.", "Keaton, known as “the Great Stone Face” for his improbable acrobatic stunts and his stoic demeanor under even the most chaotic of comic circumstances, was trained in vaudeville and made the move to silent films in 1917. He had a long career as a slapstick comedian and director, lasting into the 1960s. Although many people think of Buster Keaton only as a comedian, film historians, critics, and directors regard him as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. His best known films, The General (1926) and Sherlock Jr. (1924) have a place in the National Film Registry. Actors and comedians as diverse as Gene Kelly, Dick Van Dyke, and Jackie Chan say that he influenced their work. Clowns in all the major circuses study Keaton’s films.", "Michael Keaton's crossover to the mainstream came in 1988 when he was cast in Tim Burton's Beetlejuice, which also starred Winona Ryder, Alec Baldwin and Geena Davis. Moving away from comedy, he also gave an acclaimed performance as a drug-addict businessman in Clean and Sober.", "Keaton continued to act throughout the early 2000s, and starred in Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005) alongside Lindsay Lohan. the actor took on another vehicle-oriented role when he agreed to voice the character of Chris Hicks in Pixar's Cars (2006). In 2010, Keaton voiced the Ken doll in Toy Story 3. Keaton enjoyed an unexpected career renaissance in 2014 playing the lead in Birdman, an older actor trying to stage a comeback by putting on a Broadway production. His work in the film was widely praised, and he earned his first Academy Award nomination when he was given a nod in the Best Actor category.", "Since 2000, Keaton has appeared in several productions with mixed success including Live From Baghdad (2002), White Noise (2005), First Daughter (2004), and Herbie: Fully Loaded with Lindsay Lohan (2005). While he continues to receive good notices from the critics (particularly for Jackie Brown). With the exception of Cars, in which he played the part of Chick Hicks, he has not been able to approach the box-office success of the Batman series.", "Joseph Frank \"Buster\" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, director, producer, writer, and stunt performer. He was best known for his silent films , in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic , deadpan expression, earning him the nickname \"The Great Stone Face\". [3] Keaton was recognised as the seventh-greatest film director by Entertainment Weekly . [5] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Keaton the twenty-first greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema. [7] Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton's \"extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, [when] he worked without interruption on a series of films that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies\". [3] His career declined afterward with a dispiriting loss of his artistic independence when he was hired by MGM , which resulted in a crippling alcoholism that ruined his family life. He recovered in the 1940s, remarried, and revived his career to a degree as an honoured comic performer for the rest of his life, earning an Academy Honorary Award in 1959.", "Acting Career: Michael Keaton's first TV appearance came in 1975, on the Pittsburgh-based Mister Rogers' Neighbourhood. He also worked as an assistant on the show. He also befriended Spike Jonze early on in his career, when he appeared in a Jonze-directed advert for Architect Jeans.", "Keaton continued to work steadily post-\"Batman,\" but failed to recapture critical and box-office success until last year's \"Birdman,\" for which he earned an Oscar nomination. Keaton also appeared in \"Jackie Brown, \"Out of Sight,\" \"Live from Baghdad\" and \"The Other Guys,\" and lent his voice to characters in \"Cars\" and \"Toy Story 3.\"", "Keaton's last commercial film appearance was in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966) which was filmed in Spain in September–November 1965. He amazed the cast and crew by doing a large number of of his own stunts, although Thames Television said his increasingly ill health did force the use of a stunt double for a few scenes. His final appearance on film was a 1965 safety film produced in Toronto, Canada by the Construction Safety Associations of Ontario in collaboration with Perini, Ltd.(now Tutor Perini Corporation), \"The Scribe.\" Keaton, plays a lowly janitor at a newspaper. He intercepts a request from the editor to visit a construction site adjacent to the newspaper headquarters to investigate possible safety violations. Keaton died shortly after completing the film. . [5]", "Michael John Keaton (b. 1951), born Michael John Douglas, American multiple award winning actor known for his leading roles in Beetlejuice, Batman and Batman Returns and many more", "Michael Keaton is an old Pixar hand, having played Chick Hicks in “Cars” and reprising the role in next year’s “Cars 2.” In the meantime, he plays everyone’s favorite plastic heartthrob, Ken.", "Diane Keaton (born Diane Hall on January 5, 1946) is an Academy Award-winning American film actress, director and producer. Keaton began her career on stage, and made her screen debut in 1970. Her first major film role was as Kay Adams in The Godfather (1972), but the films that shaped her early career were those with director and co-star Woody Allen, beginning with Play It Again, Sam (1972). Her next two films for Allen, Sleeper (1973) and Love and Death (1975), established her as a comic actress. Her fourth, Annie Hall (1977), won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Keaton has claimed that she is \"tailor-made for comedy\". Keaton took on different kinds of roles to avoid becoming typecast as her Annie Hall persona. She became an accomplished dramatic actress, starting in Looking fo...", "A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starring Donald O'Connor as Keaton was released. [33] The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon , who additionally directed the film, was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained a large number of factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. [7] A 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill , won two Emmy Awards . [55]", "In this scene Buster is caught reading on the job by the theater manager. With his eyes, the turn of the head, and protests of explanation by mouth movements, the comedian shows his motivation to get out of this predicament. Within ten minutes of the first reel of Sherlock, Jr. Keaton displays a variety of emotions. With hesitating arm and hand movements he shyly attempts to hold the hand of his girlfriend and present her with an engagement ring. Keaton does not smile but his eyes show his love for the young woman. When the small-town youth he portrays becomes an amateur detective, his full body comes into play as he pursues the villain of the drama. As if bent forward against a strong wind, he tails the suspect with great determination.", "This certainly showed in his portrayal of Bats (\"Wanna get nuts?!\"), which remains loved by critics and fans alike. Variety magazine gushed, “Michael Keaton captures the haunted intensity of the character, and seems particularly lonely and obsessive without Robin around to share his exploits.”", "In 1998, Keaton starred in Desperate Measures, with Marcia Gay Harden and Andy Garcia. He followed this with a lightweight Christmas release, Jack Frost.", "\"And So It Goes\" marks the first time that Keaton, 68, has worked with Douglas and Reiner, although she auditioned for a long-forgotten 1971 youth drama, \"Summertree,\" that starred Douglas, with Reiner as his best friend. She didn't get the gig.", "At the age of three, Keaton began performing with his parents in The Three Keatons. He first appeared on stage in 1899 in Wilmington, Delaware . The act was mainly a comedy sketch. Myra played the saxophone to one side, while Joe and Buster performed on center stage. The young Keaton would goad his father by disobeying him, and the elder Keaton would respond by throwing him against the scenery, into the orchestra pit, or even into the audience. A suitcase handle was sewn into Keaton's clothing to aid with the constant tossing. The act evolved as Keaton learned to take trick falls safely; he was rarely injured or bruised on stage. This knockabout style of comedy led to accusations of child abuse , and occasionally, arrest. However, Buster Keaton was always able to show the authorities that he had no bruises or broken bones. He was eventually billed as \"The Little Boy Who Can't Be Damaged,\" with the overall act being advertised as \"'The Roughest Act That Was Ever in the History of the Stage.\" [10] Decades later, Keaton said that he was never hurt by his father and that the falls and physical comedy were a matter of proper technical execution. In 1914, Keaton told the Detroit News :", ", even though the blacklist was ended within a year, he only had small parts in two movies during the rest of the decade, and in 1924 started directing under the pseudonym of William Goodrich. He finally returned to acting in 1931... only to die at a party two years later . Buster Keaton always supported his friend and regarded him as a major influence on his films.", "A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starring Donald O'Connor as Keaton was released. The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon, who also directed the film, was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. A 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill, won two Emmy Awards. ", "Dogberry (third from right) and Don Pedro (second from right), as portrayed by Michael Keaton and …", "2. Tom Dardis. Keaton: The Man Who Wouldn’t Lie Down. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1979. 8.", "Really enjoyed watching Michael Keaton in The world of movies & theater. And Lindsay Duncan is in it. What's not to love?", "Keaton has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: 6619 Hollywood Boulevard (for motion pictures); and 6321 Hollywood Boulevard (for television).", "Keaton has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame : 6619 Hollywood Boulevard (for motion pictures); and 6321 Hollywood Boulevard (for television).", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif.", "On February 1, 1966, Keaton died in his sleep from complications of lung cancer at his home in Woodland Hills, California. He is buried at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. " ]

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[ "Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an American actress and model. She has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action movies. Following early roles in films such as Dangerous Liaisons (1988), she rose to international prominence in 1994 following her role in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award. She starred in several more films throughout the 1990s such as The Truth About Cats & Dogs, Batman & Robin, Gattaca and Les Misérables.", "Thurman was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Her forename Uma, Sanskrit उमा, meaning \"splendour, light\", is a name of Parvati,[http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/uma-thurman Uma Thurman profile: news, photos, style, videos and more – HELLO! Online] the Hindu goddess of love and fertility. Her father, Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman, is a professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies; an academic and writer, he lived as an ordained Buddhist monk for three years. Her mother, Nena von Schlebrügge, was German nobility and a high-fashion model, discovered in Stockholm, who moved to New York at the age of 17 to join the Ford Modelling Agency. Thurman's mother was born in Mexico City, Mexico, of Swedish, German and Danish descent, while Thurman's father was born in New York, and has English, Scottish and Irish ancestry. Thurman received a Buddhist upbringing, and spent altogether around two years in the Indo-Himalayan town of Almora. She now considers herself to be an agnostic.", "Uma Thurman (pronounced /ˈuːmə ˈθɜrmən/; born April 29, 1970), is an American actress. She performs predominantly in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action thrillers. She is best known for her work under the direction of Quentin Tarantino. Her most popular films include Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Pulp Fiction (1994), Gattaca (1997) and Kill Bill (2003–04).", "Her father, Robert Thurman (Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman), is a professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Columbia University School of Religion. He was the first westerner to become a Tibetan Buddhist monk. Uma was named for a Hindu goddess. Robert's family has been in the United States for many generations, and he has English, Scots-Irish (Northern Irish), Scottish, and German ancestry.", "Uma Thurman has stayed mum on the name of her new daughter since giving birth on July 15, 2012⦠and it may be because the tot's moniker is quite a mouthful. \"I would like to announce Uma and Arki's daughter's name for the first time officially: Rosalind Arusha Arkadina Altalune Florence Thurman-Busson, better known to family and friends as Luna,\" Thurman's rep revealed to People magazine. \"Each name has a special reason and meaning to her mother and father.\" âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Jason Kempin/Getty Images)", "Uma's mother, Nena Thurman , who was born as Birgitte Caroline von Schlebrügge in Mexico City, Mexico, is a model-turned-psychotherapist, who was a young teenager when she was discovered in Stockholm by photographer Norman Parkinson . Uma's maternal grandfather, Friedrich Karl Johannes von Schlebrügge, was a Prussian nobleman. Uma's maternal grandmother, Brigit Holmquist, was born in Sweden, to a father of Swedish descent and a mother of German and Danish ancestry. Brigit's father was a famous local industrialist, and Brigit was herself a famous beauty. A nude statue, called 'Famntaget' (The Embrace), of Brigit, stands in the port town of Trelleborg. Uma's maternal grandparents moved to Mexico, where Nena was born. Artist Salvador Dalí introduced Nena to her first husband, Timothy Leary .", "According to Uma Thurman, the character was created collaboratively during the filming of Pulp Fiction, with Thurman providing the character's first name and Tarantino her last name. After the release of Kill Bill: Volume 2, Tarantino commented that he “love[s] the Bride” and that he “killed [him]self to put her in a good place” at the end of the two-part film. ", "Became a father for the 1st time at age 27 when his wife Uma Thurman gave birth to their daughter Maya Ray Hawke, aka Maya Thurman-Hawke , on July 8, 1998.", "Character in Kill Bill , played by Uma Thurman . She was a member of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad , her codename is Black Mamba.", "She has three bothers - Ganden Thurman, Dechen Thurman and Mipam Thurman, along with a half-sister Taya.", "Uma Thurman (with her first nomination) as the pretty gangster wife Mia Wallace (co-star John Travolta's over-dosing date) in", "Thurman continued to be offered good roles in Hollywood pictures into the early '90s, the least commercially successful but probably best-known of which was her smoldering, astonishingly-adult performance as June, Henry Miller 's wife, in Henry & June , the first movie to actually receive the dreaded NC-17 rating in the USA. After a celebrated start, Thurman's career stalled in the early '90s with movies such as the mediocre Mad Dog and Glory . Worse, her first starring role was in Even Cowgirls Get the Blues , which had endured a tortured journey from cult-favorite book to big-budget movie, and was a critical and financial debacle. Fortunately, Uma bounced back with a brilliant performance as Mia Wallace, that most unorthodox of all gangster's molls, in Tarantino's lauded, hugely successful Pulp Fiction , a role for which Thurman received an Academy Award nomination.", "The Actress: Uma Thurman began creating her Kill Bill character with Quentin Tarantino on the set of Pulp Fiction, so this decision never even got as far as a casting director - despite the wasted potential (Batman and Robin, The Avengers) in the interim years.", "Uma Thurman was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Oscar and a Golden Globe for playing Mia. Tarantino directed her to Golden Globe nominations for both Kill Bill movies too.", "Thurman had been briefly married to Gary Oldman , from 1990 to 1992. In 1998, she married Ethan Hawke , her co-star in the offbeat futuristic thriller Gattaca . The couple had two children, Levon and Maya. Hawke and Thurman filed for divorce in 2004.", "The actress’ unusual middle name—and the one she’s used since she started acting at age 14—is actually her mother’s maiden name .", "Played a psychoanalyst who discovers that her client (Uma Thurman) is dating her son in \"Prime\"", "Busson would have been Thurman's third husband. The Nymphomaniac star was married to Gary Oldman from 1990 until 1992 and has two children with ex-husband  Ethan Hawke , whom she was married to from 1998 until 2005.", "Gary Fiorentino, Donya Marlette Fiorentino, Gary Oldman, Robert A Thurman, Sr, Dechen Karl Thurman, Mipam K Thurman", "(Photo : Ron Galella/WireImage) Uma Thurman and Gary Oldman at the Loews 19th Street East Theater in New York City, New York (Photo by )", "Since then, Thurman has had periods of flirting with roles in arty independents such as A Month by the Lake , and supporting roles in which she has lent some glamorous presence to a mixed batch of movies, such as Beautiful Girls and The Truth About Cats & Dogs . Thurman returned to smaller films after playing the villainess Poison Ivy in the reviled Joel Schumacher effort Batman & Robin and Emma Peel in a remake of The Avengers . She worked with Woody Allen and Sean Penn on Sweet and Lowdown , and starred in Richard Linklater 's drama Tape opposite Hawke. Thurman also won a Golden Globe award for her turn in the made-for-television film Hysterical Blindness , directed by Mira Nair .", "After a role in Woody Allen's Sweet and Lowdown in 1999, Uma Thurman returned to her former modeling days as a spokesperson for Lancôme. One of Empire magazine's 100 Sexiest Stars in film history, she has modeled for Louis Vuitton as well.", "Uma Thurman was a world away from Mia Wallace in a flowing yellow gown.AFP / Getty Images", "This would have been the third marriage for Thurman. She married actor Gary Oldman in 1990 and they divorced two years later. She then married actor Ethan Hawke in 1998 and the marriage produced two children—daughter Maya Ray and son Levon. The couple divorced in 2005 after a two-year separation.", "It would be Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill which relaunched her career. She played assassin Beatrix Kiddo, out for revenge against her former lover. Tarantino wrote the part specifically for her. He cited Thurman as his muse while writing the film, and gave her joint credit for the character, whom the two conceived on the set of Pulp Fiction from the sole image of a bride covered in blood. Production was delayed for several months after Thurman became pregnant and Tarantino refused to recast the part. The film took nine months to shoot, and was filmed in five different countries. The role was also her most demanding, and she spent three months training in martial arts, swordsmanship, and Japanese. It was originally set to be released as one film. However, due to its over 4-hour running time, it was ultimately released in two parts and subsequently became a cult film and scored highly with critics. Thurman was nominated for a Golden Globe for both entries, plus three MTV Movie Awards for Best Female Performance and two for Best Fight. Rolling Stone likened her to \"an avenging angel out of a 1940s Hollywood melodrama\". ", "Thurman, 35 and Hawke, 34, married in 1998, after meeting on the set of the sci-fi drama Gattaca, and have two children: daughter Maya, 7, and son Levon, 3. The couple remained together for five years and were estranged for two. (Thurman was previously married to actor Gary Oldman from 1990-92.)", "Now: Thurman reunited with Tarantino as the star of his 'Kill Bill' films, and the director has teased a possible third film for some time now (though you might not want to keep holding your breath for that one). Thurman also reunited with Travolta for the 2005 film 'Be Cool,' and has appeared in the recent films 'Ceremony,' 'Bel Ami,' 'Playing for Keeps,' and 'Movie 43.' She had a recurring role on the NBC musical series 'Smash,' and can be seen next in Lars Von Trier's controversial sex drama 'Nymphomaniac,' which hits VOD in the US this March.", "Uma Thurman stunned on the red carpet in NYC on Monday, Feb. 9, modeling slicked-back hair and an almost unrecognizable face .", "She would win a Golden Globe award for her acting in HBO cable movie Hysterical Blindness; she was also one of the executive producers. Thurman played a New Jersey woman in the 1980s searching for romance. The San Francisco Chronicle review said, \"Thurman so commits herself to the role, eyes blazing and body akimbo, that you start to believe that such a creature could exist—an exquisite-looking woman so spastic and needy that she repulses regular Joes. Thurman has bent the role to her will.\" ", "Thurman framed her pretty face with emerald chandelier earrings at the Opening Ceremony of the Cannes Film Festival in France. On her famous facade, the actress has said, \"It's the same with all actresses. Whether it's their beautiful long, wavy hair or their extraordinary lips or their sparkling green eyes or warm laugh, they're pegged to some physical attribute.\"", "Before launching her movie career, Thurman modeled for Glamour and British Vogue. Through the years, the star has also modeled for Christian Dior, Louis Vuitton, and Givenchy.", "Becoming extremely good friends with Altman during the movie shoot, Sally went on to film a couple more of the famed director's more winning and prestigious films of the 1970s, beginning with her wildly crazed \"angelic\" role in Brewster McCloud , and finishing up brilliantly as a man-hungry real estate agent in his Welcome to L.A. , directed by Alan Rudolph . Sally later regretted not taking the Karen Black singing showcase role in one of Altman's best-embraced films, Nashville , when originally offered." ]

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[ "She was the largest ocean liner in the world for two periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the brief tenure of the slightly larger Titanic (which had the same dimensions but higher gross tonnage due to revised interior configurations), and then outsized by the SS Imperator. Olympic also retained the title of the largest British-built liner until the RMS Queen Mary was launched in 1934, interrupted only by the short careers of her slightly larger sister ships.[2][3]", "1934: At John Brown�s Yard, Clydebank, Scotland, Queen Mary launched the Cunard-White Star liner Queen Mary. It was the biggest and most powerful ship at that time.", "1934: At John Browns Yard, Clydebank, Scotland, Queen Mary launched the Cunard-White Star liner Queen Mary. It was the biggest and most powerful ship at that time.", "In 1934 the new liner was launched by Queen Mary as RMS Queen Mary. On her way down the slipway , Queen Mary was slowed by eighteen drag chains, which checked the liner’s progress into the Clyde, a portion of which had been widened to accommodate the launch. [12]", "New Cunard liner, the Queen Mary, slides down the slipway during her launch at the John Brown Shipyard, Clydebank, Scotland, Sept. 26, 1934. The liner was launched by Her Majesty Queen Mary and was previously known just as Cunarder 534. (AP Photo/Sid Beadel)", "The construction of yard number '534' started at John Brown's yard in December 1930. She was planned as one of the largest and most luxurious ocean liners to compete against the German lines and the White Star Line, with their planned Oceanic of 60,000 grt. However 534's completion was delayed for two and a half years due to the depression. Government aid, on the condition of that a merger between Cunard and the White Star Line took place, was granted and work was able to restart. The new superliner was launched in September 1934; by her namesake H M Queen Mary. The Queen Mary sailed on her maiden voyage on 27 May 1936.", "One condition of the loan was that Cunard would merge with the White Star Line, which was Cunard’s chief British rival at the time and which had already been forced by the depression to cancel construction of its Oceanic. Both lines agreed and the merger was completed on 10 May 1934. Work on Queen Mary resumed immediately and she was launched on 26 September 1934. Completion ultimately took 3 1⁄2 years and cost 3.5 million pounds sterling . [6] Much of the ship’s interior was designed and constructed by the Bromsgrove Guild . [7]", "She was the largest ocean liner in the world for two periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the brief tenure of the slightly larger (which had the same dimensions but higher gross tonnage owing to revised interior configurations), and then outsized by . Olympic also retained the title of the largest British-built liner until the was launched in 1934, interrupted only by the short careers of her slightly larger sister ships. ", "At the time of construction in the mid-1930s by John Brown and Company in Clydebank, Scotland, she was known as Hull 552, but she was later named in honour of Queen Elizabeth, Queen Consort at the time of her launch on 27 September 1938, and in 1952 became the Queen Mother. Queen Elizabeth was a slightly larger ship with an improved design over her running mate, Queen Mary, making her the largest passenger liner ever built at that time, which was a record that would not be exceeded for fifty-six years.", "When she sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton England on May 27, 1936 the Queen Mary measured 80,774 gross tonnes. Her rival, Normandie, which originally grossed 79,280 tonnes had been modified the preceding winter to increase her size to 83,243 gross tonnes, and therefore kept the title of the largest ocean liner.", "The Queen Mary was Britain's great hope. The shipyard workers in Clydebank created a behemoth - it had the biggest hull in the world, and 12 decks housing 2,139 passengers and 1,101 crew. As it slid into the Clyde in 1934, radio announcer George Blake said Cunard's grandest ship resembled a \"great white cliff, terrific and overwhelming\". Using today's standard unit of measurement - Wembley Stadium - it was taller than the new Wembley's roof and three times the length of its pitch.", "In March 1913, Olympic returned to service and briefly regained the title of largest ocean liner in the world, until the German liner SS Imperator entered passenger service in June 1913. Following her refit, Olympic was marketed as the \"new\" Olympic and her improved safety features were featured prominently in advertisements. [46] [2]", "Following the merger, the BRITANNIC was transferred to a London - New York service, and she became the largest liner ever to sail up the Thames. The BRITANNIC left London for the first time on 19th April 1935 and remained on this route until the outbreak of war.", "1938, September 27 – Liner Queen Elizabeth, then the largest passenger ship ever built, launched at John Brown’s shipyard, Clydebank.", "The RMSQueen Mary 2 (QM2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner Queen Mary, which was in turn named after Mary of Teck, the Queen Consort of George V. At the time of her construction in 2003 by the Chantiers de l'Atlantique, the QM2 was the longest, widest and tallest passenger ship ever built, and at a gross tonnage(GT)of148,528tons, was also the largest. She lost the gross tonnage distinction to Royal Caribbean International's 154,407GT Freedom of the Seas in April 2006, but QM2 remains the largest ocean liner (as opposed to cruise ship) ever built, and her width, length, and waterline breadth are unsurpassed by any other passenger ship. Also, the QM2 displaces approximately 76,000 tons; the Royal Caribbean Freedom ships displace about 64,000 tons.", "The Queen Elizabeth, named after the wife of King George VI, was launched on September 27, 1938; at the time, it was the largest passenger steamship ever constructed. When World War II began, the Queen Elizabeth was sent to New York to protect it from German bombs. There, it was docked next to the Normandie and the Queen Mary, the other two largest passenger ships of the time.", "The passenger liner Berengaria, originally named Imperator, was built in Germany in 1913 for the Hamburg-Amerika Line. Intended as a rival to Britain’s Olympic, Titanic, Lusitania and Mauretania, she was then the largest ship in the world.", "The second MAURETANIA was built as a kind of active reserve ship to augment the London sailings of the BRITTANIC and GEORGIC and to relieve the two 'Queens'  when they were withdrawn for their annual overhauls.  She was laid down on May 24, 1937,  barely three years after the demise of her famous predecessor,  the MAURETANIA of 1907.   Cammel Laird launched the 'new' liner on July 28th, 1938.   A year later she began her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York.   After returning to England,  she sailed from Southampton to London where she became the largest liner ever to have berthed in the King George V Dock.   Until the launching of the WINDSOR CASTLE  in 1959 the MAURETANIA was the biggest liner built on the Mersey.", "Both the RMS (QE2) (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship (QM2), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service, but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built; however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of the Seas in October 2009.", "History Moments. The Cunard Line began plans for a pair of new super liners to replace the Mauretania, Aquitania and Berengaria on their North Atlantic route back in 1926. The first keel plate was not laid until 1930. Work began on the new Southampton dry dock in June of 1931, only to be halted that December because of the Depression and an inability to secure further bank loans. By then the hull plating was 80% complete; the ship stood nine stories tall. In April of 1934, 28 months later, construction resumed and continued through 1936, when King Edward VIII made an inspection tour of the ship.", "In 1933 White Star and Cunard were both in serious financial difficulties because of the Great Depression, falling passenger numbers and the advanced age of their fleets. Work was halted on Cunard's new giant, Hull 534 (later the Queen Mary) in 1931 to save money. In 1933 the British government agreed to provide assistance to the two competitors on the condition that they merge their North Atlantic operations. The agreement was completed on 30 December 1933.", "27th May 1936: Crowds wave goodbye to the Cunard White Star liner 'Queen Mary' as she leaves Southampton, England, on her maiden voyage to New York. (Photo by W. G. Phillips/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)", "Easily the most famous ship in history, this luxury liner was designed to showcase mankind’s technological brilliance but instead only illustrated his hubris. The largest and fastest passenger ship of its time, the British White Star liner left England on April 10, 1912 on its maiden voyage to New York, only to strike an iceberg five days later and sink.", "Despite the dramatic reduction in North Atlantic passengers caused by the shipping depression beginning in 1929, the Germans, Italians and the French commissioned new \"ships of state\" prestige liners. The German Bremen took the Blue Riband at in 1933, the Italian Rex recorded on a westbound voyage the same year, and the French Normandie crossed the Atlantic in just under four days at in 1937. In 1930 Cunard ordered an 80,000 ton liner that was to be the first of two record-breakers fast enough to fit into a two-ship weekly Southampton-New York service. Work on hull 534 was halted in 1931 because of the economic conditions.", "RMS Mauretania was an ocean liner designed by Leonard Peskett and built by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson for the British Cunard Line, and launched on the afternoon of 20 September 1906. She was the world's largest ship until the completion of in 1911 as well as the fastest until 's maiden voyage in 1929. Mauretania became a favourite among her passengers. After capturing the Eastbound Blue Riband on her maiden return voyage in December 1907, she claimed the Westbound Blue Riband for the fastest transatlantic crossing during her 1909 season. Mauretania would hold both speed records for twenty years.Maxtone-Graham 1972, pp. 41–43.", "In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, millions of people emigrated from Europe to Canada and the United States. White Star was among the first shipping lines to have passenger ships with inexpensive accommodation for third-class passengers, in addition to places for higher paying first- and second-class. The Oceanic-class liners of 1870–1872 carried up to 1,000 third-class passengers, as did the vast majority of White Star's ships thereafter. The White Star Line's \"Big Four\", a quartet of revolutionary liners which had large passenger and freight capacities, had the largest carrying capacity for third-class passengers: Celtic of 1901, with capacity for 2,352 third-class passengers; Cedric of 1903 and Baltic of 1904 each had a third-class carrying capacity of 2,000; the fourth ship, Adriatic of 1907, had a third-class carrying capacity of 1,900.", "Built: 1926 by Harland & Wolff, Belfast - When she was launched she was the largest motor ship in the world and also the first Royal Mail passenger ship which had a cruiser stern, her forward funnel was a dummy. She made her maiden voyage on the South American service with Commodore E.W.E. Morrison in command, at the time it was reported that not only was the ship slow but that she suffered from severe vibration as well. Due to the aforementioned irresolvable problems she was re-engined with two Parsons Single Reduction Geared Turbines, her bow was reshaped and she was fitted with new propellers. This increased her horsepower to 20, 000 SHP and for aesthetic purposes as well as soot the height of her funnels was increased. She was Royal Mail's representative at the Silver Jubilee Spithead Review in 1935 for George V and Queen Mary.", "Launched in 1938, was the largest passenger steamship ever built. Launched in 1969, (QE2) was the last passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a scheduled liner voyage before she was converted to diesels in 1986. The last major passenger ship built with steam engines was the Fairsky, launched in 1984, later Atlantic Star, reportedly sold to Turkish shipbreakers in 2013.", "Launched in 1906, the \"Maury\" was the largest and fastest ship in the world at the time. She held the speed record for transatlantic crossing from 1907 to 1929. Designed to suit Edwardian tastes, she was handsomely bedecked in wood, marble, fine furnishings and tapestries. She featured a multi-level dining hall for first-class passengers, a caf� on the boat deck, and elevators. She could cross the Atlantic in 4.5 days.", "The Lusitania, was at 32,000 tons, the largest passenger vessel on transatlantic service, left New York harbour for Liverpool on 1st May, 1915. It was 750ft long, weighed 32,500 tons and was capable of 26 knots. On this journey the ship carried 1,257 passengers and 650 crew.", "and Wear for the British Cunard Line, and launched on 20 September 1906. At the time, she was the largest and fastest ship in the world.", "Built in 1933 at a cost of �62,000 at William Dennys in Dumbarton. It provided excursions on the Clyde for 1500 passengers. The ship was bought to London in the 1980s as a pub/restaurant with spaces for hire and was refurbished in 1997." ]

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[ "On April 9, 1959, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) introduces America’s first astronauts to the press. The seven men, all military test pilots, were carefully selected from a group of 32 candidates to take part in Project Mercury, America’s first manned space program. Known as the Mercury Seven, they are also referred to as the Original Seven and Astronaut Group 1. This was the only astronaut group with members that flew on all classes of NASA manned orbital spacecraft of the 20th century; Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle. These seven original American astronauts were Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, Gordon Cooper, and Deke Slayton.", "On April 9, 1959, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) introduces America’s first astronauts to the press: Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper Jr., John H. Glenn Jr., Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Walter Schirra Jr., Alan Shepard Jr., and Donald Slayton. The seven men, all military test pilots, were carefully selected from a group of 32 candidates to take part in Project Mercury, America’s first manned space program. NASA planned to begin manned orbital flights in 1961.", "On April 9, 1959, during President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration, seven men were selected to become Project Mercury astronauts: Scott Carpenter, Leroy Gordon Cooper, John Glenn Jr., Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Walter Schirra Jr., Alan Shepard Jr., and Donald “Deke” Slayton. The goals of the Project Mercury program were specific: to orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth; to investigate man's ability to function in space; and to recover astronaut and spacecraft safely.", "Glenn and six other military fliers were selected in 1959 to become the first American astronauts as part of Project Mercury. NASA put the \"Mercury 7\" through a grueling series of medical and psychological tests. Glenn is seen here being outfitted with a biosensor during astronaut training activities at Cape Canaveral, Fla., in 1961. (NASA) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "In April 1959, Glenn was selected as a Project Mercury astronaut. He became part of the Mercury Seven group, the first astronauts selected by NASA. Glenn served as backup astronaut to the first two Americans in space, Alan Shepard and Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom. [ Project Mercury: Photos of NASA's 1st Manned Spaceflights ]", "Alan B. Shepard Jr., Mission Commander, was born on November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire. He received a B.S. from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1944. He was chosen with the first group of astronauts in 1959 and became America's first man in space as the pilot of the Mercury 3 mission, Freedom 7. He was back-up pilot for Mercury 9 and then was grounded due to an inner ear ailment until May 7, 1969. He was commander of the Apollo 14 mission and the fifth man to walk on the Moon. In June 1971 he resumed duties as Chief of the Astronaut Office, the position he had held while grounded. He retired from NASA and the Navy August 1, 1974.", "* 1959: Aerospace engineer John Hodge (born 1929) migrated to become part of NASA's Space Task Group, which was responsible for America's manned space programme, Project Mercury.", "The first Americans to venture into space were drawn from a group of 110 military pilots chosen for their flight test experience and because they met certain physical requirements. Seven of those 110 became astronauts in April 1959. Six of the seven flew Mercury missions (Deke Slayton was removed from flight status due to a heart condition). Beginning with Alan Shepard's Freedom 7 flight, the astronauts named their own spacecraft, and all added 7 to the name to acknowledge the teamwork of their fellow astronauts.", "In April 1959, seven military-jet test pilots were introduced to the public as America's first astronauts. They were: Lt. M. Scott Carpenter, USN; Capt. L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., USAF; Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., USMC; Cap. Virgil I. Grissom, USAF; Lt. Cdr. Walter M. Schirra, Jr., USN; Lt. Cdr. Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN; and Capt. Donald K. Slayton, USAF. Six of the original seven would make a Mercury flight. Slayton was grounded for medical reasons but remained a director of NASA's astronaut office. He returned to flight status in 1975 as Docking Module Pilot on the Apollo-Soyuz flight.", "Was chosen with the first group of astronauts in 1959. Was pilot of Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7) (first American in space), and was backup pilot for Mercury-Atlas 9. Was subsequently grounded due to an inner ear ailment until May 7, 1969 (during which time he served as chief of the Astronaut Office). Commanded Apollo 14 (fifth man to walk on the Moon), and in June 1971 resumed duties as chief of the Astronaut Office. Retired from NASA and the Navy on August 1, 1974, with the rank of Rear Admiral, to join the Marathon Construction Company of Houston, Texas, as partner and chairman. Later, President, Seven/Fourteen Enterprises, Houston.", "In 1957, the launch of the Russian Sputnik satellite alarms the United States government. Politicians such as Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and military leaders demand that NASA help America defeat the Russians in the new Space Race. The search for the first Americans in space excludes Yeager because he lacks a college degree. Grueling physical and mental tests select the Mercury Seven astronauts, including John Glenn of the United States Marine Corps, Alan Shepard, Walter Schirra and Scott Carpenter of the United States Navy, as well as Cooper, Grissom and Slayton; they immediately become national heroes. Although many early NASA rockets explode during launch, the ambitious astronauts all hope to be the first in space as part of Project Mercury. Although engineers see the men as passengers, the pilots insist that the Mercury spacecraft have a window, a hatch with explosive bolts, and pitch-yaw-roll controls. However, Russia beats them on April 12, 1961 with the launch of Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Gagarin into space. The seven astronauts immediately decide to start the Mercury program.", "In 1959, the Soviet space program took another step forward with the launch of Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon. In April 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth, traveling in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1. For the U.S. effort to send a man into space, dubbed Project Mercury, NASA engineers designed a smaller, cone-shaped capsule far lighter than Vostok; they tested the craft with chimpanzees, and held a final test flight in March 1961 before the Soviets were able to pull ahead with Gagarin’s launch. On May 5, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space (though not in orbit).", "It was further stipulated that candidates should be between 25 and 40 years old, no taller than 5 ft, and hold a college degree in science or engineering. The college degree requirement excluded the USAF's X-1 pilot, then-Lt Col (later Brig Gen) Chuck Yeager, the first person to exceed the speed of sound. He later became a critic of the project, ridiculing especially the use of monkeys as test subjects. USAF Capt (later Col) Joseph Kittinger, a USAF fighter pilot and stratosphere balloonist, met all the requirements but preferred to stay in his contemporary project. Other potential candidates declined because they did not believe that manned spaceflight had a future beyond Project Mercury. From the original 508, 110 candidates were selected for an interview, and from the interviews, 32 were selected for further physical and mental testing. Their health, vision, and hearing were examined, together with their tolerance to noise, vibrations, g-forces, personal isolation, and heat. In a special chamber, they were tested to see if they could perform their tasks under confusing conditions. The candidates had to answer more than 500 questions about themselves and describe what they saw in different images. Navy LT (later CAPT) Jim Lovell, a NAP who was later an astronaut in the Gemini and Apollo programs, did not pass the physical tests. After these tests it was intended to narrow the group down to six astronauts, but in the end it was decided to keep seven.", "The first national manned space flight project, later named Project Mercury , was born on Oct. 7, 1958. The program spanned nearly five years, with six manned missions making history between May 1961 and May 1963. In that short time, NASA achieved its goals for the project:", "Eisenhower wanted to limit the new agency’s ambitions; he did not want to create another large bureaucracy competing for a share of government funds. He agreed to transfer Department of Defense facilities and capabilities needed to carry out NASA’s missions. Most notable were the Army’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the German rocket team, led by Wernher von Braun and based at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. He also gave NASA the assignment of carrying out what became Project Mercury, a research effort aiming at learning whether it was possible to send a human into orbit. It was Eisenhower who dictated that the first group of astronauts come from the ranks of military pilots, the group he felt best prepared to take on the rigors of spaceflight. But he refused various proposals to enter into a “space race” with the Soviet Union, stressing that while NASA could give priority to specific space efforts the United States could carry out before the Soviet Union, the primary justification for such efforts had to be their intrinsic military, scientific or technological value. When Eisenhower learned in the last months of his presidency that NASA was thinking about sending people to the moon as part of its long-range plan, he was strong in his view that such a use of public resources could not be justified. As Eisenhower left office in January 1961, NASA did not have a clear view of its future.", "The Eisenhower administration also ushered in the age of modern space exploration. In 1958 Congress formed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to oversee a civilian space program. NASA�s birth reflected the Cold War competition between the United States and the USSR for supremacy in space. The Soviets launched Sputnik 1 (an artificial satellite) in October 1957. The United States followed with Explorer 1 in January 1958. In 1961 the Soviets hurled the first astronaut, Yuri Gagarin, into orbit. The same year, Alan Shepard, one of seven American astronauts trained in Project Mercury, went into space on a suborbital flight. In 1962 John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth.", "On April 9, 1959, NASA formally introduced to the world the seven test pilots who would, it was hoped, carry the U.S. banner to the heavens. Selected were: Lieutenant Commanders Malcolm Scott Carpenter, Walter Marty Schirra, and Alan B. Shepard of the Navy; Air Force captains Leroy Gordon Cooper, Virgil I. ‘Gus’ Grissom, and Donald ‘Deke’ Slayton; and Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn of the Marine Corps.", "* April 9 – NASA announces its selection of the \"Mercury Seven\", seven military pilots to become the first U.S. astronauts.", "Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. \"Rusty\" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.", "In the late 1950s, America’s project to put humans in space, Mercury, was developed in Langley research labs and tunnels, and managed at the center by the agency’s space task group. This group later expanded and moved on to become the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center) in Houston. Prior to the move, the original seven Mercury astronauts trained and lived at Langley.", "On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to travel into space. The 37-year-old piloted a 15-minute suborbital flight as part of NASA's Project Mercury.", "On November 3, 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik II,which carrieda dog named Laika. In December, America attempted to launch a satellite of its own, called Vanguard, but it exploded shortly after takeoff. On January 31, 1958, things went better with Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite to successfully orbit the earth. In July of that year, Congress passed legislation officially establishing NASA from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and other government agencies, and confirming the country�s commitment to winning the space race. In May 1961, President John F. Kennedy declared that America should put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. On July 20, 1969, NASA�s Apollo 11 mission achieved that goal and made history when astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon, saying �That�s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.�", "On April 9, 1959, NASA introduced the country to its first astronauts. They were, front row, left to right: Walter H. Schirra, Jr., Donald K. Slayton, John H. Glenn, Jr., and M. Scott Carpenter. Back row: Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Virgil I. 'Gus' Grissom, and L. Gordon Cooper.", "Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. (1930-), better known as “Buzz,” was part of the Apollo 11 mission that first put a man on the moon. The son of a U.S. Air Force colonel, Aldrin became a top student at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point before a decorated stint as a fighter pilot during the Korean War. He was among the first NASA astronauts tapped for the nascent space program, and his historic Apollo 11 mission with Neil Armstrong in 1969 was televised to an estimated 600 million viewers. Aldrin later returned to the Air Force in a managerial role and developed spacecraft systems, writing an autobiography and publishing several additional books.", "Focused by the commitment to a moon landing, in January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini , a two-crew-member spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, Extra-vehicular Activity for extended periods, and accomplishing useful work rather than just \"walking in space.\" Although Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight. Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions:", "Human spaceflight capability was first developed during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR), which developed the first intercontinental ballistic missile rockets to deliver nuclear weapons. These rockets were large enough to be adapted to carry the first artificial satellites into low Earth orbit. After the first satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958, the US worked on Project Mercury to launch men singly into orbit, while the USSR secretly pursued the Vostok program to accomplish the same thing. The USSR launched the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit in Vostok 1 on a Vostok 3KA rocket, on April 12, 1961. The US launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard on a suborbital flight aboard Freedom 7 on a Mercury-Redstone rocket, on May 5, 1961. The first American in orbit was John Glenn aboard Friendship 7, launched February 20, 1962 on a Mercury-Atlas rocket. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok capsules, including the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963. The US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flight and four in orbit through 1963.", "On January 16, 1978, NASA selected its first group of new astronauts since 1969. This new class of 35 astronaut candidates was named Astronaut Group 8, but colloquially referred to as the “TFNG: 35 New Guys” 1 While there were 35 members of the class, for the first time they couldn’t all be referred to as “guys”. Astronaut Group 8 would produce many firsts in the way of diversity: the first African-American in space, the first Asian-American in space, and the first Jewish-American, among others. Today we highlight the six women of Astronaut Group 8: Shannon W. Lucid, Margaret Rhea Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnik, Anna L. Fisher and Sally K. Ride. These would become America’s first female space explorers.", "1961: The US put astronaut Alan B Shepard in space for a sub-orbital flight and President J F Kennedy promised that the US would be the first to get a man on the moon.", "Freedom 7, America's first space capsule, was placed on display at the visitor center as the centerpiece of the \"Grads in Space\" exhibit on 23 September 1998. The late Rear Admiral Alan Shepard, class of 1945, had flown Freedom 7 into space on 5 May 1961. His historic flight marked America's first step in the space race.", "In 1958, Armstrong had been selected for the U.S. Air Force's Man In Space Soonest program. In November 1960, he was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a military space plane under development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force, and on March 15, 1962, he was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot-engineers who would fly the space plane when it got off the design board. ", "The 1969 landing met an audacious deadline that President John F. Kennedy had set in May 1961, shortly after Alan Shepard became the first American in space with a 15-minute suborbital flight. Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin had orbited the Earth and beaten the U.S. into space the previous month.", "1979 – President Jimmy Carter awards the Congressional Space Medal of Honor to former naval aviators Neil Armstrong, CAPT Charles Conrad, Jr., USN (Ret.), COL John Glenn, USMC (Ret.), and RADM Alan Shepard, Jr., USN (Ret.)" ]

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[ "Anjelica Huston was born on July 8, 1951 in Santa Monica, California, to prima ballerina Enrica \"Ricki\" (Soma) and director and actor John Huston . Her mother, who was from New York, was of Italian descent, and her father had English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Huston spent most of her childhood overseas, in Ireland and England, and in 1969 first dipped her toe into the acting profession, taking a few small roles in her father's movies. However, in that year her mother died in a car accident, at 39, and Huston relocated to the United States, where the tall, exotically beautiful young woman modeled for several years.", "Anjelica Huston was born on July 8, 1951 in Santa Monica, California, to prima ballerina Enrica \"Ricki\" (Soma) and director and actor John Huston . Her mother, who was from New York, was of Italian descent, and her father had English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Huston spent most of her childhood overseas, in Ireland and England, and in ... See full bio »", "Daughter Anjelica Huston was born while he was shooting The African Queen (1951) in Africa. He received the news of her birth by telegram.", "Huston thereafter worked prolifically, including notable roles in Francis Ford Coppola 's - Gardens of Stone (1987), Barry Sonnenfeld 's film versions of the Charles Addams cartoons The Addams Family (1991) and Addams Family Values (1993), in which she portrayed Addams matriarch Morticia, Wes Anderson 's The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) and The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004). Probably her finest performance on-screen, however, was as Lilly, the veteran, iron-willed con artist in Stephen Frears ' The Grifters (1990), for which she received another Oscar nomination, this time for Best Actress. A sentimental favorite is her performance as the lead in her father's final film, an adaptation of James Joyce 's The Dead (1987) -- with her many years of residence in Ireland, Huston's Irish accent in the film is authentic.", "John Marcellus Huston (August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor. He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics: The Maltese Falcon (1941), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), Key Largo (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), Moulin Rouge (1952), The Misfits (1961), and The Man Who Would Be King (1975). During his 46-year career, Huston received 15 Oscar nominations, won twice, and directed both his father, Walter Huston, and daughter, Anjelica Huston, to Oscar wins in different films.", "Anjelica Huston: The Lady And Her Legacy by Martha Harris (�9.50)Publisher: Robson — 1992Binding: Hardback in a Dust Wrapper. First Edition. [ISBN: 9780860518198]Condition: Very Good � in Good+ Dust Wrapper. Gently bruised at the spine ends and corners with commensurate ruffling to the dustwrapper with small nicks at the corners and spine ends. Text complete, clean and tight.Description: Illustrated with B&W photographs.Notes: Size: 8�\" x 5�\". Blue boards with Silver titling to the Spine. 168 pages. Tags: acting actors actresses and anjelica john arts autobiography biography cinema dual enrica entertainment films huston individual jack motion music nicholson oscars performers performing pictures soma states talent television theatre theatrical twice united video winning", "Is one of 15 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of California. The others are Fay Bainter , Gloria Grahame , Jo Van Fleet , Liza Minnelli , Tatum O'Neal , Diane Keaton , Sally Field , Anjelica Huston , Cher , Jodie Foster , Helen Hunt , Angelina Jolie , Marcia Gay Harden and Brie Larson .", "There are three generations of Oscar winners in the Huston family: John, his father Walter Huston and his daughter Anjelica Huston . They are the first family to do so, the second family were the Coppolas-- Francis Ford Coppola , Sofia Coppola , Nicolas Cage and Carmine Coppola .", "Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress and producer. Zellweger first gained widespread attention for her role in the film Jerry Maguire (1996), and subsequently received two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her roles as Bridget Jones in the comedy Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) and as Roxie Hart in the musical Chicago (2002), and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Cold Mountain (2003).", "Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She became a Hollywood star after headlining the romantic comedy Pretty Woman (1990), which grossed $464 million worldwide. She has won three Golden Globe Awards (out of eight nominations), and has been nominated for four Academy Awards for her film acting, winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Erin Brockovich (2000).", "After several films that were not well received, Huston returned to critical acclaim with Fat City. Based on Leonard Gardner's 1969 novel of the same name, it was about an aging, washed-up alcoholic boxer in Stockton, California trying to get his name back on the map, while having a new relationship with a world weary alcoholic, and an amateur boxer trying to find success in boxing. The film was nominated for several awards upon its release. It starred Stacy Keach, a young Jeff Bridges, and Susan Tyrrell, in which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Roger Ebert stated Fat City as one of Huston's best films, giving it four out of four stars, his highest rating. ", "Anjelica Huston arrives at the world gala film premiere for \"These Foolish Things,\" at the Odeon Kensington on March 8, 2006 in London.", "Anjelica Huston 's family tree is lined with Oscar gold—her grandfather, Walter , the character actor, and her father John , screenwriter and director, won Oscars for the classic The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948). John, a free spirit marked as much by his absence as his presence in his daughter’s life, directed her in the 1969 flop A Walk with Love and Death, a confidence-crushing disaster for Anjelica. After finding her own success as a model and in other acting parts, Anjelica decided to try again with her father, with Prizzi’s Honor (1985)—another classic, and an Oscar win for her, making Anjelica the only recipient with a winning parent and grandparent. She recalled her subsequent film with her dad, his final credit The Dead (1987), as her happiest time with him.", "Anjelica Huston arrives at the 58th annual Academy Awards ceremony with her \"Prizzi's Honor\" co-star Jack Nicholson, March 24, 1986 in Los Angeles.", "Is one of 22 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of New York. The others are Alice Brady , Teresa Wright , Anne Revere , Celeste Holm , Claire Trevor , Judy Holliday , Shirley Booth , Susan Hayward , Patty Duke , Anne Bancroft , Jane Fonda , Lee Grant , Beatrice Straight , Whoopi Goldberg , Mercedes Ruehl , Marisa Tomei , Mira Sorvino , Susan Sarandon , Jennifer Connelly , Melissa Leo and Anne Hathaway .", "American third generation actress, granddaughter of actor Walter Huston, daughter of writer-director John Huston. She won the best supporting actress Oscar for \"Prizzi's Honor\" in 1985 and a National Society of Film Critics Award in 1990 for \"Enemies, A Love Story.\"", "The director's impressive oeuvre includes The African Queen (1951), The Misfits (1961) and Prizzi's Honor (1985), in which he directed daughter Anjelica to a Best Supporting Actress Oscar. Huston passed away Aug. 28, 1987.", "At 16, she was an extra in the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale. Her first real acting on film was in her father's forgettable A Walk with Love and Death, in 1969. And her first appearance in a typical-Anjelica-Huston role was as \"the woman of dark visage\" in 1976's Swashbuckler. The essential Huston includes the aforementioned Bastard, Prizzi's Honor, Crimes and Misdemeanors, The Grifters, Addams Family Values, Ever After, and The Dead (her father's last film).", "Anjelica Huston is photographed backstage during the 11th annual Costume Designers Guild Awards, at the Four Seasons Beverly Wilshire Hotel, February 17, 2009 in Beverly Hills.", "Huston's son John initially became a screenwriter, before becoming an Academy Award-winning director and acclaimed actor. All of Huston's grandchildren have become actors, as well as his great-grandson. Granddaughter Anjelica sang his famous \"September Song\" on the May 7, 2012 episode of the NBC TV series Smash.", "Deciding to focus more on movies, in the early 1980s she studied acting. Her first notable role was in Bob Rafelson's remake of The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981). Later, her father cast her as Maerose, daughter of a Mafia don whose love is scorned by a hit man (Jack Nicholson) in the film adaptation of Richard Condon's Mafia-satire novel Prizzi's Honor (1985). Huston won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance, making her the first person in Academy Award history to win an Oscar when a parent and a grandparent had also won one.", "At the age of four, Anjelica Huston met Peck dressed as Ahab when she visited the set of her father's film. Decades later, she and Peck would meet again and become close friends with each other until the latter's death. ", "He also has the unique distinction of directing both his father Walter and his daughter Anjelica in Oscar-winning performances (in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and Prizzi's Honor, respectively), making the Hustons the first family to have three generations of Academy Award winners.", "Anjelica Huston starred in the comic fantasy, \"The Witches\" (1990), based on the children's book by Roald Dahl, author of \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.\"", "Debbie Reynolds was born Mary Frances Reynolds in El Paso, Texas on April 1, 1932. She is an Oscar-nominated American actress, dancer and singer.", "Huston received the first of six Emmy Award nominations for her performance. She has also been nominated for \"Buffalo Girls,\" \"Bastard Out of Carolina,\" \"The Mists of Avalon,\" \"Iron Jawed Angels,\" and \"Medium.\"", "Huston has an older brother, Tony, a younger maternal half-sister named Allegra, whom she called \"Legs\", a younger paternal half-brother, actor Danny Huston, and an adopted older brother, Pablo. She is the aunt of Boardwalk Empire actor Jack Huston. ", "WHEN THEY WERE TEENS $800: She was the teen star of the 1969 film “A Walk with Love and Death”, directed by her dad, John Huston", "Kaley Christine Cuoco was born in Camarillo, California, to Layne Ann (Wingate) and Gary Carmine Cuoco, a realtor. She is of Italian (father) and German and English (mother) descent. A model and commercial actress from the age of 6, Cuoco's first major role was in the TV movie Quicksand: No Escape with Donald Sutherland and Tim Matheson . Her other television credits include guest-starring on the series Ellen (where she played \"little Ellen\" to the Ellen DeGeneres character), Northern Exposure , Don't Forget Your Toothbrush and My So-Called Life . In addition, she played a leading role in the miniseries, Mr. Murder . Cuoco has appeared in the feature films Lucky 13 , Picture Perfect and Virtuosity . On stage, she has performed in Los Angeles-area productions of \"Annie\" and \"Fiddler on the Roof\". When she's not acting, Cuoco is an avid tennis player, who consistently ranks well in Southern California Tennis Association standings as a member of a regional amateur division team. In addition, she enjoys spending time with friends, going to the mall, and hip-hop dancing. Cuoco was home-schooled, and lives in Ventura County, California with her family.", "In 1977 she received the AFI's Lifetime Achievement Award and in 1979 she won a Best Actress Emmy for Strangers: The Story of a Mother and Daughter (1979). In 1977-78 she moved from Connecticut to Los Angeles and filmed a pilot for the series Hotel (1983), which she called Brothel. She refused to do the TV series and suffered a stroke during this time.", "Academy Award® nominee Leonardo DiCaprio (“Inception,” “Blood Diamond”) stars in the title role. “J. Edgar” also stars Academy Award® nominee Naomi Watts (“21 Grams”) as Helen Gandy, Hoover’s longtime secretary; Armie Hammer (“The Social Network”) as Hoover’s protégé Clyde Tolson; Josh Lucas (“The Lincoln Lawyer”) as the legendary aviator Charles Lindbergh, whose son’s kidnapping changes the public profile of the F.B.I.; and Oscar® winner Judi Dench (“Shakespeare in Love”) as Hoover’s over-protective mother, Anne Marie Hoover.", "After her husband dies at the water reservoir, Jake gets deeply involved in the case. He has a romance with the real Evelyn Mulwray (Faye Dunaway) and finds out she is the daughter of Noah Cross (John Huston), one of the most powerful men in Los Angeles, who has interests in the lands near the reservoir. Chinatown won the Academy Award of Best Original Screenplay in 1975." ]

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[ "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature .", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and  understated  style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the  Nobel Prize in Literature  in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of  American literature .", "Ernest Miller Hemingway ( July 21 , 1899  – July 2 , 1961 ) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature .", "Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (; November 11, 1922 - April 11, 2007) was an American author. In a career spanning over 50 years, Vonnegut published fourteen novels, three short story collections, five plays, and five works of non-fiction. He is most famous for his darkly satirical, best-selling novel Slaughterhouse-Five (1969).", "Truman Capote (1924 - 1984) was an American author, many of whose short stories, novels, plays and non-fiction are recognized literary classics. He was born in Louisiana and his early works, including The Glass Harp, are about the South. He then moved to New York, where he wrote scripts for plays and films plus further novels including his 1958 novella Breakfast at Tiffany's. In the early 1960s, Capote's career flagged until In Cold Blood (1965), his journalistic work about the murder of a Kansas farm family in their home, made Capote a celebrity.", "Franklin Patrick Herbert, Jr. (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American science fiction author. He is best known for the novel Dune and its five sequels. The Dune saga, set in the distant future and taking place over millennia, deals with themes such as human survival and evolution, ecology, and the intersection of religion, politics and power. Dune itself is the \"best-selling science fiction novel of all time,\" and the series is widely considered to be among the classics in the genre.", "William Sydney Porter (b.North Carolina, 1862–1910) apparently embezzled funds from an Austin bank, escaped to Honduras , but returned to serve a three-year jail term—during which time he began writing short stories, later published under the pen name O. Henry. Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) also won fame as a short-story writer. Fred Gipson (1908–73) wrote Hound Dog Man and Old Yeller, praised by critics as a remarkable evocation of a frontier boy's viewpoint. Two novels by Larry McMurtry (b.1936), Horsemen, Pass By (film title, Hud ) and The Last Picture Show, became significant motion pictures. Robert Rauschenberg (b.1925) is a leading contemporary painter. Elisabet Ney (b.Germany, 1833–1907), a sculptor, came to Texas with a European reputation and became the state's first determined feminist; she wore pants in public, and seldom passed up an opportunity to transgress Texans' Victorian mores. E. Donnall Thomas, 1990 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in medicine, was born 15 March 1920 in Mart, Texas.", "One of the most influential American writers and novelists of the 20th century, Kurt Vonnegut is best known for writing Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), Cat’s Cradle (1963), and Breakfast of Champions (1973). His works are a blend of science, satire and black comedy. Vonnegut was also famous for his humanist beliefs and was the honorary president of the American Humanist Association.", "Description: Robert Ludlum (1927 – 2001) – bestselling American author of thriller novels, including the Bourne trilogy", "Many works of fiction and literature are set in Memphis. These include The Reivers by William Faulkner (1962), September, September by Shelby Foote (1977); Peter Taylor's The Old Forest and Other Stories (1985), and his the Pulitzer Prize-winning A Summons to Memphis (1986); The Firm (1991) and The Client (1993), both by John Grisham; Memphis Afternoons: a Memoir by James Conaway (1993), Plague of Dreamers by Steve Stern (1997); Cassina Gambrel Was Missing by William Watkins (1999); The Guardian by Beecher Smith (1999), \"We are Billion-Year-Old Carbon\" by Corey Mesler (2005), The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris, and The Architect by James Williamson (2007).", "Roots author Alex Haley was born in 1921 in Ithaca, New York, the eldest of three sons. His father was a college professor; his mother a schoolteacher. Haley grew up in the small town of Henning, Tennessee, where his early memories reportedly included stories from elderly relatives about an African ancestor who refused to respond to the slave name “Toby.” The tales of his childhood eventually inspired the search for his past that led to the writing of Roots. Although Haley's reputation in the literary world rests primarily upon this much-acclaimed historical novel, he is also remembered for writing Malcolm X's “as told to” autobiography in 1965. Haley wrote many articles for popular magazines, appeared on countless television shows, and lectured throughout the country until his death in 1992.", "1967 – Alex Haley, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Roots, pays an emotional visit to the Annapolis City Dock to stand where his ancestor, Kunta Kinte, arrived 200 years earlier on board an African slave ship. A statue of Haley now marks the site.", "Native Son, Richard Wright. According to Schmoop, “Published in 1940, Richard Wright’s Native Son was an instant success, even though it met with some controversy and chagrin among middle and upper middle class black Americans, who wished he had published a novel celebrating black people’s ability to transcend oppression. On the other hand, as a contemporaneous Time magazine article noted, Wright had written an even more difficult novel – one about a black man justly accused of murder whose actions were nevertheless shaped by American cultural, social, and economic forces that he couldn’t control. The sales of Native Son made Wright a wealthy writer and one of the most acclaimed black writers of all time. He is often called the \"father\" of black American literature.”", "In 1936 Jackson, Miss.-born Eudora Welty (1909-2001) pub. her debut short story Death of a Traveling Salesman in Manuscript mag. In 1941 she pub. the story The Worn Path . In 1942 she pub. The Robber Bridegroom . In 1946 she pub. Delta Wedding . In 1949 she pub. The Golden Apples . In 1954 she pub. The Ponder Heart . In 1970 she pub. Losing Battles ; three generations of Granny Vaughn's descendants gather at her Miss. home to celebrate her 90th birthday, and swap stories. In 1972 she pub. the autobio. novel The Optimist's Daughter , which wins a Pulitzer Prize.", "Flight and denial were also common themes. In Catherine Bush’s The Rules of Engagement, a young woman flees into exile to avoid discovering the outcome of a duel fought over her. In Burridge Unbound by Alan Cumyn, a survivor of terrorism returns to the place of his incarceration, and Fred Stenson’s The Trade encompasses a host of fugitives—from the law, civilization, or themselves—forced to face the cold realities of the northern fur trade. Anita Rau Badami dealt with several levels of denial in The Hero’s Walk, in which an old man, suddenly responsible for his young granddaughter, must face a future foreign to him, his family, and his caste. Mercy Among the Children by David Adams Richards presented the consequences of a pact with God as not entirely unlike those arising from a pact with the devil.", "Among Mississippi’s “second generation” of writers are Elizabeth Spencer, Walker Percy , Willie Morris , Margaret Walker (Alexander) , and Ellen Douglas. Literary luminaries of the later 20th and early 21st centuries include novelists Barry Hannah , Larry Brown , John Grisham , and Richard Ford . Clifton Taulbert is known for his poignant memoirs of life in the racially charged atmosphere of mid-20th century Mississippi, and playwright Beth Henley has won acclaim for her works set in towns of the South.", "African American writer who wrote a novel about a an trying to survive in a racist world ", "Between 1984 and 2003, Clancy wrote 13 novels with Ryan and/or Clark. One of them, Rainbow Six (1998) was published to coincide with the release of his highly successful video game of the same name. He had previously published SSN: Strategies for Submarine Warfare (1996), a non-Ryan book, to similarly launch another game. In 2003 the series appeared to end with The Teeth of the Tiger, which introduced Jack Ryan Jr and two of his cousins as protagonists. But those stories resumed in 2010 with four more novels, all written by collaborators; the last, Threat Vector (2012), written with Mark Greavy, opened at No 1 on the bestseller lists. A fifth, Command Authority, also written by Greavy, is due out in December.", "Richard [Nathaniel] Wright, (1908; d.1960), Mississippi-born African American novelist. Native Son (1940) and Black Boy (1945). September 4", "(1915- ) American novelist, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize (1952) for \"The Caine Mutiny\" (1951); more recent novels include \"The Winds Of War\" (1971) and \"War And Remembrance\" (1978).", "Chesapeake is a novel by James A. Michener, published by Random House in 1978. The story deals with several families living in the Chesapeake Bay area, from 1583 to 1978.", "* In the spring of 1977, Alex Haley (who received a special Pulitzer Prize that year for Roots: The Saga of an American Family) was charged with plagiarism in separate lawsuits by Harold Courlander and Margaret Walker Alexander. Courlander, an anthropologist, charged that Roots was copied largely from his novel The African (1967). Walker claimed that Haley had plagiarized from her Civil War-era novel, Jubilee (1966). Legal proceedings in each case were concluded late in 1978. Courlander's suit was settled out of court for $650,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) and an acknowledgment from Haley that certain passages within Roots were copied from The African. Walker's case was dismissed by the court, which, in comparing the content of Roots with that of Jubilee, found that \"no actionable similarities exist between the works.\" ", "Portis returned to Arkansas and began writing fiction full-time. In his first novel, Norwood (1966), he showed his preference for travel narratives with deadpan dialogue, combined with amusing observations on American culture. Set sometime from 1959 through 1961, the novel revolves around Norwood Pratt, a young, naïve ex-Marine living in Ralph, Texas. He is persuaded by con-man Grady Fring (the first of several such characters created by Portis) to transport a pair of automobiles to New York City. Norwood encounters a variety of people on the way to New York and back, including ex-circus midget Edmund Ratner (\"the world’s smallest perfect fat man\"), Joann (\"the college educated chicken\"), and Rita Lee, a girl Norwood woos and wins on the bus ride back to the South. Norwood was adapted as a movie in 1970, starring Glen Campbell as the title character, with Kim Darby and the football star Joe Namath. ", "The first edition of this thriller from Tim Willocks. His 1991 novel Bad City Blues was adapted for the screen in 1999 in a movie starring Dennis Hopper.", "Ferguson's novel Between the Bridge and the River was published on 10 April 2006. He appeared at the Los Angeles Festival of Books, as well as other author literary events. \"This book could scare them\", he said. \"The sex, the violence, the dream sequences and the iconoclasm. I think a lot of people are uncomfortable with that. I understand that. It was very uncomfortable to write some of it.\" The novel is dedicated to his elder son, Milo, and to his grandfather, Adam. He revealed in an interview that he is writing a sequel to the book, to be titled The Sphynx of the Mississippi. He also stated in a 2006 interview with David Letterman that he intends the book to be the first in a trilogy. ", "Michener's novels include Tales of the South Pacific for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948, Hawaii, The Drifters, Centennial, The Source, The Fires of Spring, Chesapeake, Caribbean, Caravans, Alaska, Texas and Poland. His non-fiction works include Iberia, about his travels in Spain and Portugal; his memoir titled The World Is My Home, and Sports in America. Return to Paradise combines fictional short stories with Michener's factual descriptions of the Pacific areas where they take place.", "His wartime experiences inspired some of his most famous works, the so-called war trilogy. He witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to his first published novel, From Here to Eternity (1951). The Thin Red Line (1962) reflected his combat experiences on Guadalcanal and Whistle (posthumous, 1978) was based on his hospital stay in Memphis, Tennessee, recovering from surgery on an ankle he had reinjured on the island. ", "Member of the Harlem Renaissance, wrote important short stories \"Sahdji\" and \"Smoke, Lilies, and Jade\" (1926), the first African-American gay short story. Founded a salon for black writers called the Dark Tower.", "* The Daughter of Time (1951) (voted greatest mystery novel of all time by the Crime Writers' Association in 1990)", "51. The final novel of which author, who died in March this year, was published in August?", "The third volume of The Border Trilogy was published in 1998; Cities of the Plain unites John Grady Cole, the main character of All the Pretty Horses, with The Crossing‘s Billy Parham, and centers on Cole’s doomed relationship with a Mexican prostitute. Not as well-received by critics as the first two books in the Border Trilogy, Cities of the Plain is nonetheless notable for its epilogue, which reaches back to Suttree in its imagery and simultaneously casts the entire Border Trilogy in a new and fascinating light, unifying the previous two volumes of the trilogy.", "His books were both critical and popular successes. \"The Crow Road\" — which opens with the memorable line \"It was the day my grandmother exploded\" — was adapted for television in 1996." ]

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[ "He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse.[9] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films.[10] He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Hong Kong and the US.[11] He died in Kowloon Tong on July 20, 1973 at the age of 32.[12]", "He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei 's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest 's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers ' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse . [9] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese , as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films. [10] He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Hong Kong and the US. [11] He died in Kowloon Tong on July 20, 1973 at the age of 32. [12]", "Lee appeared at the 1967 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed various demonstrations, including the famous \"unstoppable punch\" against USKA world Karate champion Vic Moore.[35] Lee allegedly told Moore that he was going to throw a straight punch to the face, and all he had to do was to try to block it. Lee took several steps back and asked if Moore was ready. When Moore nodded in affirmation, Lee glided towards him until he was within striking range. He then threw a straight punch directly at Moore's face, and stopped before impact. In eight attempts, Moore failed to block any of the punches.[39][40] However, Moore and grandmaster Steve Mohammed claim that Lee had first told Moore that he was going to throw a straight punch to the body, which Moore blocked. Lee attempted another punch, and Moore blocked it as well. The third punch, which Lee threw to Moore's face, did not come nearly within striking distance. Moore claims that Lee never successfully struck Moore but Moore was able to strike Lee after trying on his own; Moore further claims that Bruce Lee said he was the fastest American he's ever seen and that Lee's media crew repeatedly played the one punch towards Moore's face that did not come within striking range, allegedly in an attempt to preserve Lee's superstar image.[41]", "He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse. Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films. He trained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences from various sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). ", "Bruce was also trained in Western boxing and won the 1958 Boxing Championship match against 3-time champion Gary Elms by knockout in the 3rd round. Before arriving to the finals against Elms, Lee had knocked out 3 straight boxers in the first round. In addition, Bruce learned western fencing techniques from his brother Peter Lee, who was a champion fencer at the time. This multi-faceted exposure to different fighting arts would later play an influence in the creation of the eclectic martial art Jeet Kune Do.", "John Lowe (born 21 July 1945) is a former World No. 1 English professional darts player who was one of the most skilled and best known darts players during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the United Kingdom. Lowe is one of only six players to have won the World Championship three times, having done so in 1979, 1987 and 1993. He is the first player to have won the World Championship in three separate decades. Lowe's titles and achievements span a career of almost forty years, but he is also well known for being the first player to achieve a televised nine-dart finish (in 1984).", "Joseph William “Smokin Joe” Frazier was proclaimed the “undisputed World Heavyweight Champion” in boxing in 1970. In the 1964 Tokyo summer Olympics, Frazier won the gold medal in the heavyweight division. As a professional, Smokin Joe had 32 wins and 4 losses, twice each to Ali and Foreman.", "Ray Reardon, (born 8 October 1932) is a Welsh retired snooker player who dominated the sport in the 1970s, winning six World Championships, and is remembered as one of the best players of the 20th Century. Despite being a genial figure, his dark widow's peak and sharp-toothed grin earned him the nickname \"Dracula\".", "The 1970s were dominated by the innovative skater Toller Cranston , who was Canadian champion from 1971 to 1976. He won the free-skating segment of the World Championship four times and was awarded the bronze medal in the 1976 Olympics. In the early 1970s, after overcoming stress fractures in both legs, Karen Magnussen placed second in the 1972 Olympics and won the 1973 world title. Vern Taylor added to the list of jumping firsts by Canadians when he became the first person to successfully land a triple axel jump in competition, at the 1978 World Championships in Ottawa, ON (a triple axel jump consists of three and a half revolutions in the air from a forward skate edge).", "Karl Gotch was a catch wrestler and a student of Billy Riley's Snake Pit in Whelley, Wigan. In the film Catch: the hold not taken, some of those who trained with Gotch in Wigan talk of his fascination with the traditional Lancashire style of wrestling and how he was inspired to stay and train at Billy Riley's after experiencing its effects first hand during a professional show in Manchester, England. After leaving Wigan, he later went on to teach catch wrestling to Japanese professional wrestlers in the 1970s to students including Antonio Inoki, Tatsumi Fujinami, Hiro Matsuda, Osamu Kido, Satoru Sayama (Tiger Mask) and Yoshiaki Fujiwara. Starting from 1976, one of these professional wrestlers, Inoki, hosted a series of mixed martial arts bouts against the champions of other disciplines. This resulted in popularity of the clash-of-styles bouts in Japan. His matches showcased catch wrestling moves like the sleeper hold, cross arm breaker, seated armbar, Indian deathlock and keylock.", "Karl Gotch's students formed the original Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan) in 1984 which gave rise to shoot-style matches. The UWF movement was led by catch wrestlers and gave rise to the mixed martial arts boom in Japan. Wigan stand-out Billy Robinson soon thereafter began training MMA legend Kazushi Sakuraba. Catch wrestling forms the base of Japan's martial art of shoot wrestling. Japanese professional wrestling and a majority of the Japanese fighters from Pancrase, Shooto and the now defunct RINGS bear links to catch wrestling.", "West German JUDO heavyweight category at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. At the 1972 Olympics he captured a silver medal, losing the world champion Wilhelm Ruska. Glahn has been European JUDO Champion in 1963, 1968, and 1970, and has won silver medals at 1967 and 1969 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS. Glahn is noted for his devastating tai-otoshi and superiror matwork.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., 17 January 1942 - 3 June 2016 ) was an American boxer who was the Heavyweight Champion of the World three times between 1964 and 1979.", "Joe Davis continued to dominate the era, winning every World Championship until his retirement in 1946. Between 1952 and 1957, a dispute had arisen among the games' governing body, the Control Council, and the Billiards Association. As a result, only two people participated in the official World Championship, although an unofficial one was organized. At the time, the winner of the unofficial tournament was generally considered the best player in the world. During this time frame Horace Lindrum won the official World Championship. Due to a decline in popularity, there were no world championships between 1958 and 1963.", "Archery returned to the Games for the first time since 1920, with events for both men and women. Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut and weightlifter Vasily Alekseyev made their Olympic debuts in 1972. Teófilo Stevenson of Cuba won the first of his three boxing gold medals in the heavyweight division.", "Lennox Claudius Lewis, CM, CBE (born September 2, 1965) is a retired boxer and the most recent undisputed world heavyweight champion. He holds dual British and Canadian citizenship. As an amateur he won gold representing Canada at the 1988 Olympic Games after defeating future heavyweight champion Riddick Bowe in the final.", "The Rumble in the Jungle was a historic boxing event that took place on 30 October 1974, in the Mai 20 Stadium in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo). It pitted then world Heavyweight champion George Foreman against former world champion and challenger Muhammad Ali.", "Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, Chinese: 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, filmmaker, and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time, and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.", "Ali returned to action and lost a thrilling match against Joe Frazier in 1971. He rebounded with multiple victors in 1972 and eventually regained his title on October 30, 1974 when he beat George Foreman in the “Rumble In The Jungle.” That fight is considered one of the greatest sports events in the history of athletics. He retired in 1981 after losing to to up-and-coming fighter Trevor Berbick.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer and Olympic and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.", "For the second consecutive Olympics, the winner would come from the light-heavyweight division. The American Norvel Lee won the crown. He began his career in 1947 with the military and lost out in a 1948 Olympic trial to Jay Lambert. He would win the first two AAU titles of the 1950s and the Olympic Games would be his crowning glory. He was often mistaken for Joe Louis due to his skill and stature. At the ‘52 Olympic Games he would defeat Claude Arnaiz, Tadeusz Grzelak, Harri Siljander and Antonio Pacenza in the final.", "1901: Snooker legend Joe Davis was born. He went on to win 15 world titles, starting with the inaugural competition in 1927, up to his retirement from the championship in 1946. He also won the world professional billiards title four times. He died in 1978.", "Lee is second only to Sir Nick Faldo in the list of England’s most prolific champions. He won the European Tour Order of Merit in 2000 and the inaugural Dubai World Championship and renamed Race to Dubai in 2009. He received an OBE for his service to the sport in 2012.", "Reardon is a legend of the game, a six-time world champion who dominated the '70s as comprehensively as Steve Davis and Stephen Hendry ruled the following two decades.", "South Africa's George Hunter defeated Great Britain's Don Scott in a light heavyweight Gold Medal Match at the 1948 Olympics. Credit: IOC", "Bobby Fischer ended the Russian domination of the World Championship. He defeated Boris Spassky in 1972 in Reykjavik, Iceland by a score of 12 to 8 and becoming the first American to win the title. He was born in Chicago, Illinois on March 9, 1943.", "July 30: Danno O�Mahoney beats Ed Don George in Boston to become the undisputed World champion.", "Ali then beat Foreman to reclaim the championship. He defended it in the third Frazier fight on Oct. 1, 1975, in an encounter in the Philippines known as \"The Thrilla in Manila\" -- one of the most famous sporting events of the 20th century.", "He is the only player to have won singles titles on five different continents in the same year, 1977. The continents were Europe, South America, North America, Africa and Asia.", "�Tournament wins World Championship - 1927�1940, 1946 News of the World Championship - 1950, 1953, 1956", "The World Championship was created by Joe Davis and was held at various venues, with the final taking place at Camkins Hall, Birmingham. Davis won all the World Championships up to 1946; a record of 15 times that still stands today.", "From the post by M.Carlo above, it seems there was an individual champion in 1972 as well. M.Carlo, can I ask you what your source is for that title?" ]

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[ "Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first democratically elected president in June 2012, succeeding Hosni Mubarak. He served in that position until July 2013, when he was ousted by Egypt's armed forces.", "Born in Sharqiya on the Nile River delta, in Northern Egypt, on August 20, 1951, Mohamed Morsi became a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1977. Morsi served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005, and was elected as president of Egypt in June 2012, succeeding former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. On July 3, 2013, Morsi was officially ousted as president by Egypt's armed forces.", "No one had greater influence on Egypt during the 1950s and 1960s than Gamal Abdel Nasser (Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir, 1918–70), the moving spirit of the army's revolt against the monarchy in 1952. As prime minister (1954–56) and president (1956–70), Nasser set Egypt on its socialist course and attempted to unify the Arab world through confederation. His successor as president, Anwar al-Sadat (as-Sadat, 1918–81), continued Nasser's policies but with important modifications, especially in relation to Israel; with Menachem Begin he shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 and negotiated the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty of 1979. Upon Sadat's assassination in 1981, Muhammad Hosni (Husni) Mubarak (b.1928), who had been air force chief of staff (1969–72) and vice-president (1975–81), became president of Egypt. Mohamed ElBaradei (b.1942) is the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.", "Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's first democratically elected president. He succeeded Hosni Mubarak, who left the office of the President of Egypt vacant after being forced to resign on 11 February 2011. ", "At first, Sadat was succeeded by Sufi Abu Taleb as Acting President of Egypt for eight days until 14 October 1981, when Sadat's Vice President, Hosni Mubarak, became the new Egyptian President for nearly 30 years until resigning as a result of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.", "On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared, with محمد نجيب (General Muhammad Naguib) as the first President of the Republic - who was followed by جمال عبد الناصر (Abdel Nasser), أنور السادات (Sadat), صوفى أبو طالب (Sufi Abu Taleb), حسنى مبارك (Hosni Mubarak).", "President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his polices of cooperation with the West. Overthrown in 2011.", "Egypt had quite few presidents. The 1st one announced in 1956 and the last one elected in 2014: from Gamal abdel Nasser to Hosniy Mubarak, Muslim brotherhood member Mohammed Morci and finally ex general al-Sisi.", "President Anwar el-Sadat (in office September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981 )--Sadat became president upon the death of his predecessor, Gamel Nasser. Sadat waged war against Israel in 1973, and made peace with Israel in 1979. In October, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by Muslim militants who were unhappy with his peace treaty with Israel. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Hosni Mubarak.", "Anwar el-Sadat became president after Nasser died in 1970. After the fourth war against Israel in 1973, Sadat moved to make peace and to recover the Sinai. Under Sadat, too, many of the social reforms of the Nasser period were frozen or reversed. Sadat was assassinated in 1981 and was succeeded by his vice president, Hosni Mubarak, who was elected for a fourth six-year term in September 1999. To date, all four of Egypt's presidents have been military men.", "Vice President Hosni Mubarak succeeded Sadat as president. Mubarak promised to stress continuity in foreign policy and betterment of economic conditions in Egypt. One of his first acts was to release the politicians whom Sadat had jailed. While maintaining Egypt's close ties with the United States, Mubarak also pursued closer ties with other Arab countries and kept his distance from Israel. By 1987 most Arab states had restored their diplomatic ties with Egypt. Egypt was readmitted to the Arab League in 1989 and the league's headquarters was moved back to Cairo.", "Widespread Middle East unrest in 2011 loosed grievances against the 30-year autocratic rule of President Hosni Mubarak , who was ousted following a dramatic period of protest that became a watershed moment in the Arab Spring. This upheaval paved the way for the country’s first free parliamentary elections, in which the Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Morsi was elected president. Subsequent protests against Morsi’s authoritarianism led to a 2013 military coup d’etat and the election of former general Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as president in 2014.", "* October 14 – Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt, one week after Anwar Sadat was assassinated.", "1981: Hosni Mubarak became acting president of Egypt after the assassination of Anwar Sadat the day before.", "Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (,, '; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.", "In 1981, Hosni Mubarak became acting-president of Egypt following the assassination of Anwar Sadat on October 6.", "1981. Sadat is assassinated by Islamic extremists. He is succeeded by President Hosni Mubarak, who introduces new economic policies emphasizing the free market. The first parliamentary elections take place, and the government launches a program of economic reform.", "In contrast to many developing countries, Egypt has a high degree of social and national integration. Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954–1970), Anwar al-Sadat (1970–1981), and Husni Mubarak (1981–) have all spoken proudly about Egypt's national unity, by which they mean the peaceful coexistence between the country's Muslims and Copts. This unity has been tested when Muslim extremists attacked, robbed, and occasionally murdered Copts. The Copts also began to fear growing pressure to apply Islamic law in Egypt, which could weaken their position relative to the Muslim majority.", "Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak came to power in the aftermath of Sadat's assassinations. Unlike Sadat, Mubarak halted the financial liberation and free-market mode and reinstated strict government monitoring of the economy on one hand and allowed more political freedoms on the other.", "Anwar Al Sadat, officially Muhammad Anwar Al Sadat, Arabic: محمد أنورالسادات Muhammad 'Anwar as-Sādāt (December 25, 1918 - October 6, 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from October 15, 1970 until his assassination. He is considered to be one of the most important and influential Egyptian and Arab figures in modern history. Early life Sadat was born on December 25, 1918 in Mit Abu al-Kum, al-Minufiyah, Egypt to a poor family, one of 13 brothers and sisters. His father was Egyptian, his mother was a black woman from Sudan. He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938 and was appointed in the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was pos...", "President Gamal Abdel Nasser submitted his resignation after the overwhelming Egyptian defeat in 1967 war with Israel, before returning to office after mass demonstrations by the Egyptian public. President Mubarak also resigned on 11 February 2011 after eighteen days of protest against his regime.", "Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) was Egypt's president from 1970 until his assassination. He launched a surprise attack on Israel in 1973, then became the first Arab leader to sign a peace treaty with Israel. He shifted from Soviet to American patronage and relaxed Egypt's internal economic and political system.", "Hosni Mubarak came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate. ", "Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. In his eleven years as president he changed Egypt’s direction, departing from some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by re-instituting the multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. [WIKIPEDIA]", "* Egyptian president Anwar Sadat was assassinated at a military parade in Cairo on October 6, 1981.", "* 10 February: During the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Hosni Mubarak announced that he would not be stepping down from his position as President of Egypt. Crowds gathered in Cairo's Tahrir Square and waved their shoes in protest. ", "Hosni Mubarak -- seen here while on trial in May 2014 -- was taken into custody shortly after his ouster as Egypt's president.", "President Hosny Mubarak was born in Al-Menoufiyah governorate, located in the heart of Egypt, in the Delta area. Upon his completion of high school, Mr. Mubarak joined the Egyptian Military Academy, where he received his Bachelor Degree in Military Sciences.", "Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak described Mahfouz yesterday as \"a cultural light who brought Arab literature to the world. He expressed the values of enlightenment and tolerance that reject extremism.\"", "CAIRO — Former Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak said Wednesday that he did not order the killing of protesters during the recent uprising that ousted him, speaking at the start of an epic trial that could further rock Egypt’s turbulent transition to democracy.", "Jul. 6: A lower court in Cairo adjourned the retrial of former president Mubarak until August 17, after the end of Ramadan. Mubarak allegedly contributed to the deaths of 800 protesters during the 2011 uprising that removed him from office. [Reuters, 7/6]", "The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt () is the head of state of Egypt. Under the various iterations of the Constitution of Egypt, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government." ]

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[ "John Lewis was born in La Grange, Illinois, and raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and began learning classical music and piano at the age of seven. His family was musical and had a family band that allowed him to play frequently and he also played in a Boy Scout music group.Lyons, p. 77. Even though he learned piano by playing the classics, he was exposed to jazz from an early age because his aunt loved to dance and he would listen to the music she played. He attended the University of New Mexico, where he led a small dance band that he formedGiddins, p. 378. and double majored in Anthropology and Music. Eventually, he decided not to pursue Anthropology because he was advised that careers from degrees in Anthropology did not pay well. In 1942, Lewis entered the army and played piano alongside Kenny Clarke, who influenced him to move to New York once their service was over.Lyons, p. 76. Lewis moved to New York in 1945 to pursue his musical studies at the Manhattan School of Music and eventually graduated with a master's degree in music in 1953. Although his move to New York turned his musical attention more towards jazz, he still frequently played and listened to classical works and composers such as Chopin, Bach and Beethoven.", "Lewis would often kick the piano bench aside and play standing, rake his hands up and down the keyboard for dramatic accent, sit on the keyboard and even stand on top of the instrument. His first TV appearance, in which he demonstrated some of these moves, was on The Steve Allen Show on July 28, 1957, where he played the song \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On\". It is widely believed that he once set fire to a piano at the end of a live performance, in protest at being billed below Chuck Berry.[citation needed] but he is quoted in an online article in Esquire Magazine as saying \"I never set fire to a piano. I'd like to have got away with it, though. I pushed a couple of them in the river. They wasn't any good.\"", "More recently, Lewis was plagued by serious health problems and battles with the IRS. He was treated at the Betty Ford Clinic for addiction to painkillers. In 1989, Lewis came to widespread public attention for perhaps the last time thanks to the biographical film Great Balls of Fire, starring Dennis Quaid as the Killer. Lewis was among the first 10 inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. In 1995 he released Young Blood. He gigs sporadically still; in 1999 he performed in Baltimore at the Smithsonian Institution's bash celebrating the 300th anniversary of the piano. In 2006 he released Last Man Standing, a new studio album, and A Half Century of Hits, a career-summary box set. Lewis performed a medley of \"Great Balls of Fire\" and \"Good Golly Miss Molly\" with Little Richard and John Fogerty at the 2008 Grammy Awards. The following year — a full six decades after his first public performance at that Ford dealership — he opened the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th Anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden with \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\"", "In November 1956, Lewis traveled to Memphis, Tennessee, to audition for Sun Records. Label owner Sam Phillips was in Florida, but producer and engineer Jack Clement recorded Lewis's rendition of Ray Price's \"Crazy Arms\" and his own composition \"End of the Road\". In December 1956, Lewis began recording prolifically, as a solo artist and as a session musician for other Sun artists, including Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. His distinctive piano playing can be heard on many tracks recorded at Sun in late 1956 and early 1957, including Carl Perkins's \"Matchbox\", \"Your True Love\", \" and \"Put Your Cat Clothes On\" and Billy Lee Riley's \"Flyin' Saucers Rock'n'Roll\". Formerly, rockabilly had rarely featured piano, but it proved an influential addition, and rockabilly artists on other labels also started working with pianists.", "Lewis traveled to Memphis, Tennessee in November 1956, to audition for Sun Records. Label owner Sam Phillips was in Florida, but producer and engineer Jack Clement recorded Lewis's rendition of Ray Price's \"Crazy Arms\" and his own composition \"End of The Road\". During December 1956, Lewis began recording prolifically, as a solo artist and as a session musician for such Sun artists as Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. His distinctive piano can be heard on many tracks recorded at Sun during late 1956 and early 1957, including Carl Perkins' \"Matchbox\", \"Your True Love\", \"You Can Do No Wrong\", and \"Put Your Cat Clothes On\", and Billy Lee Riley's \"Flyin' Saucers Rock'n'Roll\". Formerly, rockabilly had rarely featured piano, but it proved an influential addition and rockabilly artists on other labels also started working with pianists.", "In 1933, jazz promoter/producer and record collector John Hammond (heir to the Hammond organ fortune) obtained a beat-up copy of Lewis's recording. He was so impressed with it that he embarked on a two-year search for the pianist. Hammond found Lewis in 1935, through Albert Ammons. Ammons was playing in Chicago's Club De Lisa, and he was the first person Hammond met who had ever heard of Lewis. Hammond found Lewis washing cars in a Chicago garage. After a few days practice Lewis got \"Honkey Tonk Train Blues\" back up to speed, and Hammond arranged a recording session to rerecorded it. The following year Hammond recorded Lewis's other classic, \"Yancey Special\" and booked him in a concert in New York. Following the concert Lewis performed at Nick's in Greenwich Village for six weeks, then returned to Chicago and applied for relief as an unemployed car washer.", "John Aaron Lewis (May 3, 1920 – March 29, 2001) was an American jazz pianist, composer and arranger, best known as the founder and musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet.", " Blues performers such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York-born Taj Mahal . John Lee Hooker blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album Endless Boogie. B. B. King 's virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \"King of the Blues\". In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \"Blue\" Bland , like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians ( Eric Clapton , Booker T & the MGs )and had a major influence on those styles of music.", "Lewis was also heavily influenced by European classical music. Many of his compositions for the MJQ and his own personal compositions incorporated various classically European techniques such as fugue and counterpoint, and the instrumentation he chose for his pieces, sometimes including a string orchestra. ", "In the 2000s, Robbie J. de Klerk, the vocalist of the Dutch melodic doom/death metal band Another Messiah also played the oboe in most songs. In America, the band Hoboe defines itself as a rock band showcasing amplified oboe since 2000, fronted by oboist Zen Ben. Indie singer-songwriter and composer Sufjan Stevens, having studied the instrument in school, often includes the instrument in his arrangements and compositions, most frequently in his geographic tone-poems Illinois, Michigan, and his orchestral suite The BQE. ", "And Jones continued to play music. \"He was extremely versatile,\" Johns said. After the guitar and harmonica, he learned clarinet, and eventually mastered all the reed instruments. In addition, Johns said, \"he played recorder, soprano sax — he played that one 'Baby, You're a Rich Man' — keyboard, and all string instruments, including the harp.\" Jones also played sitar in 1967, and for Beggar's Banquet, in fall of 1968, he played a countrified steel guitar and piano.", "Piano (or formally Pianoforte) is a large musical instrument with metal strings struck by hammers operated by a keyboard. It was played by jazz great Jelly Roll Morton. It was also played by Chico in the Marx Brothers movies.", "Characterized by a slower vibrato than his predecessors, Milt Jackson's ability to swing and to create vocal-like inflections made his an instantly recognizable sound on the vibes. Another jazz musician whose earliest experience was in the church, he sang gospel duets with his brother and played the guitar. At age 11, he began playing the piano, moving to the xylophone and the vibes in his early teens. After studying music at Michigan State University, his musical career actually began with a touring gospel ensemble in the early 1940s. Upon hearing him in Detroit, Dizzy Gillespie arranged for Jackson, known by the nickname \"Bags,\" to come to New York in 1945 to join his band. After leaving Gillespie's pioneering bebop big band in 1948, he went on to play with Howard McGhee, Thelonious Monk, Tadd Dameron, and Charlie Parker, applying the bebop sound to the vibes.", "In 1911, Lloyd Loar began an official relationship with The Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co. of Kalamazoo, Michigan as a performing artist, a participant in many Gibson traveling “Gibsonians” bands, an advisor, and a music composer. By 1913, Gibson was publishing some musical arrangements that Loar had prepared for the company. Loar had ideas to improve Gibson’s mandolin construction, and it wasn’t long before Loar presented himself as a candidate for employment to Lewis Williams, one of Gibson’s original investors and stockholders.", "Archtop Guitars are steel-string instruments featuring a violin-inspired f-hole design in which the top (and often the back) of the instrument are carved in a curved rather than a flat shape. Lloyd Loar of the Gibson Guitar Corporation invented this variation of guitar after designing a style of mandolin of the same type. The typical archtop is a hollow-body guitar whose form is much like that of a mandolin or violin family instrument and may be acoustic or electric. Archtop guitars were immediately adopted upon their release by both jazz and country musicians and have remained particularly popular in jazz music, usually using thicker strings (higher gauged round wound and flat wound) than acoustic guitars. Archtops are often louder than a typical dreadnought acoustic guitar. The electric hollow body archtop guitar has a distinct sound among electric guitars and is consequently appropriate for many styles of rock and roll. Many electric archtop guitars intended for use in rock and roll even have a Tremolo Arm.", "The clavichord has also gained attention in other genres of music, in the form of the Clavinet, which is essentially an electric clavichord that uses a magnetic pickup to produce a signal for amplification. Stevie Wonder uses a Clavinet in many of his songs, such as \"Superstition\" and \"Higher Ground\". A Clavinet played through an instrument amplifier with guitar effect pedals is often associated with funky, disco-infused 1970s rock.", "In contrast to the Mulligan quartet, the MJQ was an African American, East Coast, and long-lasting band. Started by John Lewis, it was a cooperative band with each member having extra-musical duties. Lewis, who was in charge of the music, had a lifelong interest in polyphony and the conviction that Bach and blues were compatible.", "in 1964 - Meade \"Lux\" Lewis dies at age 58. American pianist and composer noted for his work in the Boogie Woogie style. His best known work, \"Honky Tonk Train Blues\" has been recorded in various contexts, often ii big band arrangements. He became the leading boogie-woogie pianists of the day, his trio performed extended engagements at Caf� Society, toured regularly, and inspired the formation of Blue Note Records in 1939. Their success led to a decade long boogie woogie craze with big band swing treatments by Tommy Dorsey, Will Bradley and others, as well as influencing numerous country boogie and early rock 'n' roll songs (Car accident)", "Joe “King” Oliver. Cornet player and bandleader; pioneered the use of mutes (placing something like a hat over the end of the trumpet to muffle the sound a bit); mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong.", "I have seen claims that the steel pan (commonly called steel drum) was the only acoustic instrument developed in the 20th century. Is this true? There are related instruments (the Hang or hand pan) but I'm interested in the history of unique musical instruments that are more than experimental musical instruments. I'm trying to find sources to support or refute these claims, but I cannot seem to find anything definitive.", "The Chapman Stick (the Stick) is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. A member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick usually has ten or twelve individually tuned strings and has been used on music recordings to play bass lines, melody lines, chords or textures. Designed as a fully polyphonic chordal instrument, it can also cover several of these musical parts simultaneously.", "Meanwhile, Mr. Goodman carried on a dalliance with classical music. In 1935 John Hammond, who, despite his devotion to jazz, expressed himself musically by playing viola in classical string quartets, enticed Mr. Goodman to join his quartet in playing the Mozart Clarinet Quintet. It was an intoxicating whiff for the clarinetist.", "Born and raised on the Southwest Side of Chicago, John spent his summers during college on the Southwest coast of Ireland in his father’s village of Doolin, Co. Clare. Like Chicago, Doolin became a major musical crossroads for John and countless other local and international musicians to meet and exchange music. Gigging every night in the pubs of Doolin and Lisdoonvarna soon led to performances in Galway, Cork, Dublin, Belfast, Paris, Britanny, Zurich, and New York City (bio http://www.johnwilliamsmusic.com/bio.htm).", "Though Jay W. Brown would travel with him as a bassist on the road, Jerry's solid left hand made a bass superfluous in the studio. With Roland Janes and J.M. Van Eaton, Jerry Lee Lewis had the core of his studio band that would bring him to the turn of the new decade.", "The English guitar used a repetitive open-C tuning (with distinct open-notes C-E-G-C-E-G) that approximated a major-thirds tuning. The C-G-C-G-C-E tuning was used by William Ackerman for his “Townsend Shuffle” and by John Fahey for his tribute to Mississippi John Hurt. ", "In 1903 W.C. Handy was sitting in a railroad station in Tutwiler, Mississippi. As he waited for a train, a \"lean, ragged, and loose-jointed black with toes poking out of his shoes\" played a guitar outside on the street, using a knife blade to fret the strings. He heard:", "John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, born near Clarksdale, Mississippi.", "All three principal types of resonator guitars were invented by the Slovak-American John Dopyera (1893–1988) for the National and Dobro (Dopyera Brothers) companies. Similar to the flat top guitar in appearance, but with a body that may be made of brass, nickel-silver, or steel as well as wood, the sound of the resonator guitar is produced by one or more aluminum resonator cones mounted in the middle of the top. The physical principle of the guitar is therefore similar to the loudspeaker. The original purpose of the resonator was to produce a very loud sound; this purpose has been largely superseded by electrical amplification, but the resonator guitar is still played because of its distinctive tone. Resonator guitars may have either one or three resonator cones. The method of transmitting sound resonance to the cone is either a \"biscuit\" bridge, made of a small piece of hardwood at the vertex of the cone (Nationals), or a \"spider\" bridge, made of metal and mounted around the rim of the (inverted) cone (Dobros). Three-cone resonators always use a specialized metal bridge. The type of resonator guitar with a neck with a square cross-section—called \"square neck\" or \"Hawaiian\"—is usually played face up, on the lap of the seated player, and often with a metal or glass slide. The round neck resonator guitars are normally played in the same fashion as other guitars, although slides are also often used, especially in blues.", "Scott Hayden was another young Missouri-based musician who learned ragtime from Scott Joplin. Together the two men wrote the \"Sun Flower Slow Drag\" and three other popular rags. In his short life Hayden did not complete any of his own composition - \"Pear Blossoms\" was unfinished when he died in 1915.", "At some point in the mid-1880s, Joplin moved to St. Louis, where he earned his livelihood primarily as a pianist, both as a soloist in saloons and other nightspots as well as with a band. The ensemble work gave Joplin an opportunity to develop the skills in arranging that would later reach their pinnacle in orchestrations for his two operas. Joplin made his home in St. Louis for almost a decade, but he traveled widely during these years. His visit to the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago, a massive fair that attracted some of the finest musicians of the day, may have been especially influential. Although ragtime music had not yet been published, it was apparently widely played at the Exposition, albeit most often at the outskirts of the fairgrounds, where black musicians performed--meanwhile the choicer, more centrally located venues were reserved for white entertainers. At some point in the mid-1890s, Joplin settled down in Sedalia, where he eventually began studying harmony and composition at the nearby George R. Smith College for Negroes.", "Along the banks of the Mississippi around Memphis, Tennessee to St. Louis, Missouri, another band style developed incorporating the blues. The most famous composer and bandleader of the style was the \"Father of the Blues,\" W.C. Handy. While in some ways similar to the New Orleans style (Bolden's influence may have spread upriver), it lacked the freewheeling improvisation found further south. Handy, indeed, for many years denounced jazz as needlessly chaotic, and, in his style, improvisation was limited to short fills between phrases and was considered inappropriate for the main melody.", "Though he may not have lived up to his billing as the Father of the Blues, Handy was the first important musician to popularize the form. Steeped in classical music traditions and a veteran of decades of leading bands in the South, he nevertheless recognized the appeal of rural blues and nascent jazz music and began to compose in these idioms relatively late in life. His best-known songs, particularly \"The St. Louis Blues\" but also \"The Memphis Blues\" and \"The Beale Street Blues,\" touched off the first boom in blues music in the 1920s." ]

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[ "Miller Reese Hutchison (1876–1944) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. He developed some of the first portable electric devices, such as a vehicle horn and a hearing aid.", "15/11/1901. The first hearing aid, the Acousticon, was patented by Miller Reese Hutchinson of New York.", "The Industrial Revolution allowed for the mass production of hearing aids and created a new middle class that could afford the technology. In the 1800s, several companies, including George P. Pilling and Sons of Philadelphia , and Kirchner and Wilhelm of Stuttgart, Germany, produced their own versions of hearing aids. In 1898, the Dictograph Company introduced the first commercial carbon-type hearing aid. A year later, Miller Reese Hutchison, of the Akouphone company in Alabama, patented the first practical electrical hearing aid, which used a carbon transmitter and battery. It was so large that it had to sit on a table, and it sold for $400.", "Miller Reese of New York, patented the first hearing-aid.Unlike the hearing aids that we know today - this original was not portable. Electrical hearing aids were invented in 1901 by Miller R.Hutchinson.", "The first half of the 20th century saw the gradual development of the mechanical calculator mechanism.", "~1952 - The first transistorized hearing aid was offered for sale by Sonotone Corporation. It went on sale in Elmsford, New York.", "A1.2 From the beginning The general depiction of people with disabilities as objects of health, welfare and charity programmes, often resulting in their segregation and exclusion from mainstream activities, including employment, began to be seriously questioned in the early part of the twentieth century. A growing realization that persons with", "Public assistance health spending requires some elaboration before trends are discussed. It fell into three main categories, mental hospitals, the infirmary component of PAIs, and the medical aspect of domiciliary care. The latter has been omitted because in addition to remuneration of medical officers, drugs, and medicines, it included payments to sick people that were not disaggregated within the total \"outdoor relief\" budget. Mental hospital costs were substantial, accounting for around 45 percent of the graph's \"public assistance\" series, and clearly do merit inclusion. Mental hospital finances were shared between PACs and health committees, with the rate fund accounts (the portion visible in the LGFS) covering building expenses such as loan charges and material upkeep, and the PAC paying running costs, principally medical and nursing salaries and wages, clothing, drugs, fuel, and provisions. The other aspect, the infirmary element of the PAIs, is less straightforward because these [End Page 398] institutions combined health and social care functions. Descended from the Victorian poor law workhouses, by the early twentieth century, they typically accommodated a mix of the \"able-bodied\" poor (vagrants, older people), the \"infirm\" (physically weak), mental patients, and the non-able-bodied poor (predominantly older sick people). Why do these deserve consideration as \"municipal medicine\"?", "The 1920 Blind Persons Act provided assistance for unemployed blind people and blind persons who were in low paid employment, while the Agriculture Act of 1920 provided allotment tenants with the right to compensation for disturbance. Rent controls were continued after the war, and an “out-of-work donation” was introduced for ex-servicemen and civilians. The 1920 National Health Insurance Act increased insurance benefits, and eligibility for pensions was extended to more people. The means limit for pensions was raised by about two-thirds, aliens and their wives were allowed to receive pensions after living in Britain for ten years, and the imprisonment and “failure to work” disqualifications for receiving pensions were abolished.Pensions were introduced for blind persons aged fifty and above.", "The most important program of 1935, and perhaps the New Deal as a whole, was the Social Security Act, which established a system of universal retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for poor families and the handicapped.[39] It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund; he said, \"We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal, moral, and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits. With those taxes in there, no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program.\" One of the last New Deal agencies was the United States Housing Authority, created in 1937 with some Republican support to abolish slums.", "A major programme of social reform was introduced under Lloyd George in the last months of the war, and in the post-war years. The Workmen's Compensation (Silicosis) Act of 1918 (which was introduced a year later) allowed for compensation to be paid to men \"who could prove they had worked in rock which contained no less than 80% silica.\" The Education Act 1918 raised the school leaving age to 14, increased the powers and duties of the Board of Education (together with the money it could provide to Local Education Authorities), and introduced a system of day-continuation schools which youths between the ages of 14 and 16 \"could be compelled to attend for at least one day a week\". The 1920 Blind Persons Act provided assistance for unemployed blind people and blind persons who were in low paid employment. ", "In 1918, the concept of a four-wheel brake system using hydraulics was first proposed by Malcolm Loughead. The system used fluids to transfer force to the brake shoe when a pedal was pressed. This braking system was adopted in nearly every vehicle by the late 1920's.", "Although old-age pensions had already been introduced by Asquith as Chancellor, Lloyd George was largely responsible for the introduction of state financial support for the sick and infirm (known colloquially as \"going on the Lloyd George\" for decades afterwards)—legislation referred to as the Liberal Reforms. Lloyd George also succeeded in putting through Parliament his National Insurance Act 1911, making provision for sickness and invalidism, and a system of unemployment insurance. He was helped in his endeavours by forty or so backbenchers who regularly pushed for new social measures, often voted with Labour MPs. These social reforms in Britain were the beginnings of a welfare state and fulfilled the aim of dampening down the demands of the growing working class for rather more radical solutions to their impoverishment. ", "The act that Roosevelt signed included programs such as Old Age Assistance (Title I), Old Age Insurance (Title II), Unemployment Insurance (Title III), Aid to Dependent Children (Title IV), Grants for Maternal and Child Welfare (Title V) and Aid to the Blind (Title X). Taken together, these programs represented a significant commitment to developing a welfare state in the United States. Subsequent amendments to the original act added many benefits, including survivor benefits if a covered worker died prematurely, disability coverage and medical benefits.", "After the War, while Hoover was on leave from Duke, he worked with Hoffman to develop what eventually became known as the Marshall Plan. The group�s later work laid the groundwork for regional government in the United States.", "Although efforts to win significant improvements in working conditions were rarely successful, there were still areas where there was room for mutually beneficial change. One such area involved the provision of disability insurance for workers injured on the job. Traditionally, injured workers had turned to the courts to adjudicate liability for industrial accidents. Legal proceedings were costly and their outcome unpredictable. By the early 1910s it became clear to all sides that a system of disability insurance was preferable to reliance on the courts. Resolution of this problem, however, required the intervention of state legislatures to establish mandatory state workers compensation insurance schemes and remove the issue from the courts. Once introduced workers compensation schemes spread quickly: nine states passed legislation in 1911; 13 more had joined the bandwagon by 1913, and by 1920 44 states had such legislation (Fishback 2001).", "Throughout the 20th Century industrial safety and health in Britain benefited greatly from the efforts of the more enlightened firms, their trade associations and willing individuals. New voluntary bodies emerged, dedicated to improving safety. A noteworthy example is the movement which began life in 1917 as the British Industrial “Safety First” Association. Formed by private manufacturing companies in London, Sheffield and Birmingham, in 1924 the Association amalgamated with the London Safety Council and Safety First movements covering road and domestic accidents. The name was changed to the National Safety First Association, which in 1941 became the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). The charity’s invaluable work in safety training and campaigning for improvements continues to this day.", "Financial assistance to families with children was first introduced by the Fisher Government in October 1912. It took the form of a Mate rnity Allowance of five pounds (over two weeks wages for an unskilled worker) paid without a means test to both married and unmarried mothers. The measure was presented as an anti-poverty measure paid as a universal payment to avoid the stigma of charity. A similar payment had been introduced in 1911 in the UK, but it had been less generous and insurance based. The allowance received considerable public support and was claimed automatically in practically all cases of confinement by the late 1920s. It survived the cost cutting by Government during the Depression but was paid at a lower rate and subject to a means test from 1931 until 1943. The allowance was eventually abolished in 1978 by which time other child payments were considered to have made it unnecessary.", "Government programs such as compulsory sickness insurance dated from 1883 in Germany and 1911 in Britain. Between 1914 and 1920, eight state commissions, two national conferences, and several state legislatures attended to the issue in the United States (see Armstrong, 1932, Beito 2000, Hoffman 2001). Despite these initiatives, no American or Canadian government — national, state, or provincial — adopted compulsory sickness insurance until the 1940s (Osborn, 1958, chapter 4; Ilse, 1953, chapter 8).", "On 1st January 1938, the ARP act came into force, compelling all local authorities to set up ARP schemes. It required wardens, first aid, emergency ambulance, gas decontamination, rescue, repair and demolition services as well as first aid posts, gas cleansing stations and casualty clearing stations. The Auxiliary Fire Service was also set up. The Act also provided for funding, 65-70% of the bill would be footed by central government grants, if the local authority submitted plans, which were approved.", "The decline in the birth rate and emigration recorded between 1891 and 1901 raised concerns that British industry would fall behind its competitors. The health of the poorer classes had not significantly improved over the latter half of the 19th century and more detailed information was urgently needed to enable the government to intervene on welfare and protect its interests. The 1911 census provided the information required, leading eventually to the creation of the modern welfare state. Sir Bernard Mallet introduced the use of tabulation machines, already employed in the US, to enable and process more complicated census information.", "The first technique for accessing the dural space was described by the London physician Walter Essex Wynter. In 1889 he developed a crude cut down with cannulation in four patients with tuberculous meningitis. The main purpose was the treatment of raised intracranial pressure rather than for diagnosis. The technique for needle lumbar puncture was then introduced by the German physician Heinrich Quincke, who credits Wynter with the earlier discovery; he first reported his experiences at an internal medicine conference in Wiesbaden, Germany, in 1891. He subsequently published a book on the subject. ", "In the meantime, Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958) had been awarded the Nobel Prize on December 10, 1939, for his development in 1932 of the cyclotron, the superb atom-smashing machine which he had, in the succeeding years, developed into a mighty tool for atomic fission work. This event served as a sharp reminder that others, too, had cyclotrons with which to carry out atomic fission experiments on a large scale. Early in 1940 Sachs and Einstein were dissatisfied with the snail-like progress of the uranium research. In April of that year Sachs was again at the White House pleading with Roosevelt for more haste and more money.", "As the last of its sweeping New Deal reforms, Roosevelt�s administration created the G.I. Bill�officially the Servicemen�s Readjustment Act of 1944�hoping to avoid a relapse into the Great Depression after the war ended. FDR particularly wanted to prevent a repeat of the Bonus March of 1932, when 20,000 unemployed veterans and their families flocked in protest to Washington. The American Legion, a veteran�s organization, successfully fought for many of the provisions included in the bill, which gave returning servicemen access to unemployment compensation, low-interest home and business loans, and�most importantly�funding for education.", "The New Deal created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to provide federal subsidies to farmers and created countless new jobs through the formation of the Civil Conservation Corps (CCC), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Public Works Administration (PWA), and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was also established to provide relief on the state level, while the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was passed to bail out the nation’s failing factories.", "Systems of health insurance usually consisted of private schemes such as Friendly societies or Welfare societies. Under the National Insurance Act 1911, introduced by David Lloyd George, a small amount was deducted from weekly wages, to which was added contributions from the employer and the government. In return for the record of contributions, the workman was entitled to medical care (as well as retirement and unemployment benefits) though not necessarily to the drugs prescribed. To obtain medical care, he registered with a doctor. Each doctor in General Practice who participated in the scheme thus had a 'panel' of those who have made an insurance under the system, and was paid a capitation grant out of the fund calculated upon the number. Lloyd George's name survives in the \"Lloyd George envelopes\" in which most primary care records in England are stored, although today most working records in primary care are at least partially computerised. This imperfect scheme only covered workers who paid their National Insurance Contributions and was known as 'Lloyd George's Ambulance Wagon'. Most women and children were not covered.", "To speed recovery of the housing industry, President Roosevelt created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934. Small loans were provided to home-owners, both for home-improvement projects and for building new homes. In 1937 Congress created the United States Housing Authority, an agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost housing construction. Although construction was slowed by real estate promoters, builders, landlords, and anti-New Dealers, progress was made at reducing the size and scope of the slums of America. The FHA was an extremely popular program.", "The first international instrument containing provisions relating to the vocational rehabilitation of workers with a disability was adopted by the ILC in 1925, just a few years after the establishment of the ILO. The Workmen’s Compensation (Minimum Scale) Recommendation, 1925 (No.22) set out principles which should be taken into account in determining compensation payment for industrial accidents. It also recommended that “the vocational re-education of injured workmen should be provided by such means as the national laws or regulations deem most suitable”, and urged governments to promote institutions which would provide such “re-education”. Interest in vocational rehabilitation and employment opportunities for persons with disabilities re-surfaced during the Second World War, largely because of the number of people disabled during the war and the need to find trained workers to fill jobs left vacant by mobilized workers. In May 1944, the ILC adopted a comprehensive Recommendation (No. 71) dealing with the organization of full employment in the period of transition from war to peace and thereafter, which emphasized the central role of employment services, including labour market information, vocational guidance and vocational training. One of the groups specifically covered by the Recommendation was disabled workers who, “whatever the origin of their disability, should be provided with full opportunities for rehabilitation, specialized vocational guidance, training and retraining, and employment on useful work”. Paragraphs 39 to 44 of the Recommendation provide early examples of a number of concepts such as mainstreaming, equality of opportunity and affirmative action. 16", "In October of 1929, the stock market crashed, signaling the beginning of what would be a decade of economic depression. The economy failed to recover until the United States entered World War II in 1941. Along with many other aspects of life, fitness levels declined during the Depression. The gains that physical education programs made through the passage of legislation following the WW I were short-lived. Funding for these programs became limited and eventually was exhausted as emphasis in the poor economy was forced to shift elsewhere (15,20).", "1913 Wilbur J. Cohen, American pioneer of social security, worked on the New Deal, born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin", "There are slightly conflicting claims on the origins of section 7(a). The specific language seems to have been suggested by W. Jett Lauck, the only labor-oriented member of the Wagner group that had primarily responsibility for drafting the administration's legislative proposal. An economist who was an advisor to John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers, Lauck had served as the secretary for the National War Labor Board during World War I, so he was familiar with the tradition of accepting government involvement in collective bargaining in times of social upheaval (Vittoz 1987, p. 87). There is also some evidence that at least a handful of business executives and economists from the policy-planning network supported the idea, apparently because they believed unions could play a positive role in stabilizing such highly competitive and wage-cutting industries as coal mining and garment making (e.g., Gordon 1994 Chapter 3; Vittoz 1987, Chapters 2 and 3). However, as subsequent resistance to union involvement in the code authorities demonstrates, most of the corporate leaders who at first seemed willing to accept some degree of union involvement became highly opposed to unions. It is also clear that the most important labor leaders of the 1930s, Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers, and William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, spoke directly with several of the people involved in drafting the bill.", "This article provides a critical discussion of recent work on local government health care and health services in interwar England. A literature review examines case study approaches and comparative quantitative surveys, highlighting conventional and revisionist interpretations. Noting the differing selection criteria evident in some works, it argues that studies based upon a limited number of personal health services provide an insufficient basis for assessing local health activity and policy. There follows a regional study demonstrating various discrepancies between health financing data in local sources and those in nationally collated returns. These in turn give rise to various problems of assessment and interpretation in works relying on the latter, particularly with respect to services for schoolchildren and long-stay patients. The case study points to the importance of integrating poor law medical services in evaluations, and of learning more about the role of government subsidy in supporting expanding services." ]

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[ "Even years later, when Schulz was read and admired by millions the world over, he would say, \"My whole life has been one of rejection.\"", "\"A moment came in early 1953 when I felt as if my life was over. It was the result of having gone back to high school for an alumni show my best buddy and I hosted. In the last year of high school I deliberately invented a persona: I started referring to myself as \"Hef\" after Betty Conklin, a girl I had a crush on, rejected me. I changed my entire wardrobe. I started wearing yellow cords and saddle shoes--cooler clothes. I began using cooler expressions and actually started writing a cartoon autobiography of my life. I was living in a microcosm of what came later with Playboy. When I started doing that comic strip, I was creating a world of my own in which I was center stage. I was very popular.", "In an interview with USA Today published on June 3, 2005, Tyson said, \"My whole life has been a waste, I've been a failure.\" He continued: \"I just want to escape. I'm really embarrassed with myself and my life. I want to be a missionary. I think I could do that while keeping my dignity without letting people know they chased me out of the country. I want to get this part of my life over as soon as possible. In this country nothing good is going to come of me. People put me so high; I wanted to tear that image down.\"", "After it was rejected by Esquire magazine in 1955, Hefner agreed to publish in Playboy the Charles Beaumont science fiction short story \"The Crooked Man\", about straight men being persecuted in a world where homosexuality was the norm. After receiving angry letters to the magazine, Hefner wrote a response to criticism where he said, \"If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a homosexual society then the reverse was wrong, too.\" In 1961, Hefner watched Dick Gregory perform at the Herman Roberts Show Bar in Chicago. Based on that performance, Hefner hired Gregory to work at the Chicago Playboy Club; Gregory attributes the subsequent launch of his career to that night.", "[on young female comics]: They all come up to me and say, \"Without you, I couldn't be here, the barriers you broke down.\" I say, \"Get the f*** away from me. I still could take every one of you with one hand behind my back. Outta here. Talk like that at my funeral, but not till then\".", "\"Abstract art: a product of the untalented sold by the unprincipled to the utterly bewildered.\"\"Anyone who can walk to the welfare office can walk to work.\"\"Like all New York hotel lady cashiers she had red hair and had been disappointed in her first husband.\"\"My work is being destroyed almost as soon as it is printed. One day it is being read; the next day someone's wrapping fish in it.\"\"Success is following the pattern of life one enjoys most.\"\"The public is like a piano. You just have to know what keys to poke.\"\"The secret of how to live without resentment or embarrassment in a world in which I was different from everyone else. was to be indifferent to that difference.\"\"There are certain books in the world which every searcher for truth must know: the Bible, the Critique of Pure Reason, the Origin of Species, and Karl Marx's Capital.\"\"Today's younger generation is no worse than my own. We were just as ignorant and repulsive as they are, but nobody listened to us.\"\"Young people should be helped, sheltered, ignored, and clubbed of necessary.\"", "\"... He told me 25 years ago that he would feel real trapped if he didn't know that he could commit suicide at any moment. I don't know if that is brave or stupid or what, but it was inevitable. I think that the truth of what rings through all his writing is that he meant what he said. If that is entertainment to you, well, that's OK. If you think that it enlightened you, well, that's even better. If you wonder if he's gone to Heaven or Hell, rest assured he will check out them both, find out which one Richard Milhous Nixon went to — and go there. He could never stand being bored. But there must be Football too — and Peacocks ...\"", "Siegel identifies a moment in the Buckley interview where Groucho goes on the attack by pointing out that the host blushes “like a young girl”. Groucho’s comedy, Siegel insists, is actually radical, nihilistic truth-telling that masks the great comedian’s insecurity; its origins lie in his childhood, with his domineering mother and weak father, and his thwarted intellectual ambitions. A quiet middle child born as Julius Marx to European Jewish emigrants, who lived on the upper east side of Manhattan, Groucho wanted to be a doctor, but instead had to leave school young to join his brothers in show business.", "Posted this once before but can't see it on the thread. Met him at Book Expo in NYC before his illness and he was the petulant, surly, churlish, ornery Gore that made him infamous.", "His reaction to his monumental success as an author has been described by friends as ''humble.'' He remained haunted by his years of poverty. He told Ms. James: ''They have a deeper impact on someone like me than people realize. It makes you more dour, more tightly ingrained. It inhibits you. . . . I live as if I had stayed on my job and retired on a small pension and some savings and security.''", "Quote: “...there is an idea of a Patrick Bateman, some kind of abstraction, but there is no real me, only an entity, something illusory, and though I can hide my cold gaze and you can shake my hand and feel flesh gripping yours and maybe you can even sense our lifestyles are probably comparable: I simply am not there ... Is evil something you are? Or is it something you do? My pain is constant and sharp and I do not hope for a better world for anyone. In fact, I want my pain to be inflicted on others. I want no one to escape.”", "\"It was at that moment I had an epiphany, and I went home and started crying,\" he says in the AFI interview, fighting back tears as he recounts his realization. \"Talking to my wife, I said, 'I have to make this picture,' and she said, 'Why?' And I said, 'Because I think I am an interesting woman when I look at myself on screen. And I know that if I met myself at a party, I would never talk to that character because she doesn't fulfill physically the demands that we're brought up to think women have to have in order to ask them out.'\"", "She says now: �The public�s view of me from the newspapers was a party going socialite, out every night, and I�m the last person in the world who would ever choose to lead a life like that. I hate it. In fact, the false image that the world saw of me when I was married to Andrew actually worked against me as an artist after we divorced. Its beets a long, hard struggle to bring my true identity back up to the surface again.  �In that relationship I was always part of somebody else. I�m not saying it was a negative time, but my personality - me - got lost. I became part of a big machine and I hart to go with it. There was nothing else I could do. ", "\"Yes. Norman Mailer and I used to have this argument all the time. He said neurosis is absolutely necessary to being a good writer. And I said, no: I think you're more talented if you know who you are.\" She thinks for a moment. \"But I can't say that knowing who you are makes you less neurotic.\" The thing she would never do, she says, is \"invade my own vulnerable privacy. It's kind of a rip-off when you go to work and the director wants you to cry. I've had a don't-step-across-that-border thing about me. That's why I'm the sane one. I've never experienced these Hollywood stories.\" (She was never in rehab. When MacLaine was knocking around in the 1960s with all those big drinkers and drug-takers, she would excuse herself from the room. \"I'd say, I'll see you when you get done. That could be my dad's influence. His disciplinarian mentality.\")", "“Oh you men who think or say that I am hateful, stubborn, or misanthropic, how greatly do you wrong me.”  It continues, “Though born with an ardent, active temperament, and susceptible to the diversions offered by society, I was made early to withdraw myself, to live my life alone.  My misfortune is doubly painful to me because I am bound to be misunderstood. I can have no relaxation with my fellow men, no refined conversations, no exchanges of ideas. I must live almost alone, like one who has been banished; I can mix with society only as much as true necessity demands.” In regard to contemplating suicide, the letter goes on, “It was only my art that stopped me. It seemed to me impossible to leave the world until I had brought forth all that I felt was within me.” Toward the end, the letter explains, “With joy, I rush to meet death.  If it comes before I have had the chance to develop all my artistic capacities, it will still be coming too soon, despite my harsh fate, and I should probably wish it later. Yet even so, I should be happy, for would it not free me from a state of endless suffering?”", "[about his schizophrenic mother's influence on his childhood] Yes, yes, that had a lot to do with it. I got nothing from her. I got slapped around is what I got. But I liked to be with women. I never did it with dogs or elephants or men. Only with women.", "Ted Hughes has been the target of feminist hate, relating particularly to his relationship with Sylvia Plath and blaming him for her suicide. Subsequently, more balanced and sympathetic biographies have been published.", "Quote: \" The Next Best Thing cut my career dead. It was finished from there on. It was one thing being a gay success; it's totally another thing being a gay failure.\" Rupert Everett analyses his flop Madonna movie.", "Spike Milligan commented in 1989: \"Very difficult man to get on with. He used to drink excessively. You felt sorry for him. He ended up on his own. I thought, he's got rid of everybody else, he's going to get rid of himself. And he did.\" [10]", "When he arrives, looking far from svelte but still substantially slimmer than he has for some years, I remind him of our first encounter, a decade or so ago at a comedy club in Nottingham. I was there to write a feature about Peter Kay, who wasn't yet the comedy superstar he would become, and was headlining that night as Vegas had the night before. Vegas stayed on for 24 hours, less to watch his chum Kay than to pursue a relationship with a girl to whom he'd taken a fancy. I tell him now that I didn't rate his chances, partly on account of him being almost paralytic with drink, and partly due to a vast, unruly beard that might have had sparrows nesting in it. His brown eyes crinkle with mirth at the recollection. \"That wasn't a good look for me, was it? I remember being in America with that beard and a cast on my leg, doing publicity shots. People must have thought I was publicising a veterans' hospital.\"", "All his life he remained a little starstruck. Among his almost infinite fund of stories, one favourite was about introducing Judy Garland at a variety club dinner, and telling the Hollywood superstar, ‘I’ve been in love with you for many years … though I have to admit I haven’t always been faithful.’", "[from his eulogy for Judy Garland ] I traveled in her orbit only for a little while but it was an exciting while, and one during which it seemed that the joys in her life outbalanced the miseries. The little girl whom I knew, who had a little curl in the middle of her forehead, when she was good she was not only very, very good, she was the most sympathetic, the funniest, the sharpest and the most stimulating woman I ever knew. She was a lady who gave so much and richly, both to her vast audience who she entertained and to the friends around her whom she loved, that there was no currency in which to repay her. And she needed to be repaid, she needed devotion and love beyond the resources of any of us.", "“He has been through a lot and is questioning the value of his life as it has taken shape,” Wadsworth observes. “So we are asking what he is really doing or thinking when he writes these identical love letters to two affluent women in town; what is he hoping for? It seems to me that he hopes fervently for some restoration of honor lost, for some restoration of dignity, for a chance to be seen as a viable man once again, and not just a fat pub-crawler.”", "Spike Milligan commented in 1989: \"Very difficult man to get on with. He used to drink excessively. You felt sorry for him. He ended up on his own. I thought, he's got rid of everybody else, he's going to get rid of himself and he did.\" ", "[on the film Great Balls of Fire! (1989)]: \"I never acted like that in my life. That movie was bad news.\"", "Best Line: \"These are my only friends: grown up nerds like Gore Vidal, and he's kissed more boys than I ever will.\"", "What Margaret did know is that she didn't love being a kid. Racing toward adulthood to escape bullying, she began writing jokes for stand up at 14 and professionally performing at age 16. Getting picked on, and feeling disenfranchised, is a subject that's very near to Margaret's heart. She has become a sort of \"Patron Saint\" for Outsiders, speaking for them when they are not able to speak for themselves.", "I ask about his gay childhood in Ireland. “There was no real crisis. I was lucky in that I had a group of friends and they all knew I was gay, so there was no problem with that. I mixed with an arty crowd. In Ireland I had the notion that as long as you could buy a round you were all right.” Was he bullied at school? “No. Nobody knew.” After school he lived with a girl for three years. “I’m not sure if any of us have an exclusivity in sexual preference. She’s my best friend, still. I still love her, very deeply. She’s happy with another partner now, but just because you stop living with somebody, doesn’t mean you stop loving them.”", "[on specializing in serious roles in his early years]: Actually, I always wanted to do comedy, but I never made the effort because I was a coward. I didn't have the courage. I was a closet comedian. I was too self-conscious and lacking in confidence.", "[on a period where his career faltered] I felt I wasn't able to live up to what I am supposed to be. I lost interest. That was the problem. The edge comes with the desire. I'm like a knife. You're either a butcher knife or a butter knife. It takes longer to cut off your dick with a butter knife. That's what I was. I don't know where that metaphor came from, but I'm sticking with it.", "He doesn’t suffer so much, these days, he says, from the self-loathing that used to afflict him. (He has spoken out about his depressive episodes and suicide attempts.) “It’s not something I think about every day and my life’s in a different place.” You’re happier? “I’d say so, definitely, yeah. It comes from overthinking everything sometimes – having an overactive mind, and your mind racing when you should be sleeping or whatever.", "Best Line: ( From currently available material ) \"She sent you after me knowing you’re not ready; knowing you would likely die… Mommy was very bad.\"" ]

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[ "John Singer Sargent (; January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American artist, considered the \"leading portrait painter of his generation\" for his evocations of Edwardian era luxury. During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings. His oeuvre documents worldwide travel, from Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida.", "John Singer Sargent was a breathtaking American portrait painter whose career spanned the late 19th to early 20th centuries", "John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was the most successful portrait painter of his era, as well as a gifted landscape painter and watercolorist. Sargent was born in Florence, Italy to American parents.", "The artist John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) defied labels. A man who lived more than half his life in England, but always considered himself American, he was the go-to portrait painter of his day, but eventually lost interest in the grand paintings that made his name, preferring informal renderings of people he liked.", "The largest portrait artist organization in the world, ASPA was founded in 1987, is headquartered in Montgomery, Alabama, and dedicated \"to furthering the fine art of portraiture and supporting the individual artist\". It is patron supported in 50 states and 34 nations, is non-profit, and is led by an advisory board who oversee a year-long program of events. \"The Portrait Signature\" is the international journal of the Society. Each year the Society awards the John Singer Sargent Medal to artists judged to be outstanding portrait painters. Recipients include Andrew Wyeth and Jamie Wyeth. American painters who hold or have held membership in the American Society of Portrait Painters include Charles Dana Gibson, James Earle Fraser, Leopold Seyffert, Everett Kinstler, Richard Schmid, Daniel Greene, M. Stephen Doherty, James Shannon, Albino Hinojosa, Jack Faragasso, Burt Silverman and Richard Whitney. Sources: American Society of Portrait Painters; AskART database.", "The painter John Singer Sargent had a studio here from 1895, where he worked for the next twenty years rather than in his house on Tite Street. Here he worked on the murals for the Boston Public Library.", "His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris prior to moving to London. Sargent enjoyed international acclaim as a portrait painter, although not without controversy and some critical reservation; an early submission to the Paris Salon, his \"Portrait of Madame X\", was intended to consolidate his position as a society painter, but it resulted in scandal instead. From the beginning his work was characterized by remarkable technical facility, particularly in his ability to draw with a brush, which in later years inspired admiration as well as criticism for a supposed superficiality. His commissioned works were consistent with the grand manner of portraiture, while his informal studies and landscape paintings displayed a familiarity with Impressionism. In later life Sargent expressed ambivalence about the restrictions of formal portrait work, and devoted much of his energy to mural painting and working en plein air. He lived most of his life in Europe. Art historians generally ignored the society artists such as Sargent until the late 20th century. ", "Rose V.S. Berry, “John Singer Sargent: Some of His American Work,” Art and Archaeology, 18 (September 924), p. 100, ill. p. 99.", "Sargent's early enthusiasm was for landscapes, not portraiture, as evidenced by his voluminous sketches full of mountains, seascapes, and buildings. Carolus-Duran's expertise in portraiture finally influenced Sargent in that direction. Commissions for history paintings were still considered more prestigious, but were much harder to get. Portrait painting, on the other hand, was the best way of promoting an art career, getting exhibited in the Salon, and gaining commissions to earn a livelihood.", "As autumn came and the flowers died, he was forced to replace the blossoms with artificial flowers. The picture was both acclaimed and decried at the 1887 Royal Academy exhibition. The title comes from the song The Wreath, by the eighteenth-century composer of operas Joseph Mazzinghi, which was popular in the 1880s. Sargent and his circle frequently sang around the piano at Broadway. The refrain of the song asks the question ‘Have you seen my Flora pass this way?’ to which the answer is ‘Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose’.", "In 1918, the artist John Singer Sargent, then over 60 years of age, went to France and did several paintings of life in the back areas and one of them became famous, it was titled \"GASSED\". One day on the Doullens‑Arras road, he came across a Casualty Clearing Station (C.C.S.), which was busily treating victims of mustard‑gas.", "After such a long period of critical disfavor, Sargent's reputation has increased steadily since the 1950s. In the 1960s, a revival of Victorian art and new scholarship directed at Sargent strengthened his reputation. Sargent has been the subject of large-scale exhibitions in major museums, including a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1986, and a 1999 \"blockbuster\" traveling show that exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the National Gallery of Art Washington, and the National Gallery, London.", "117 John Singer Sargent Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882 Sargent painted this portrait of the daughters of Boit while both the artist and the sitters were in Paris in 1882. Although this was still an early point in Sargent’s career, the dramatic use of space and the deep colour tones, reminiscent of Velázquez and Hals, were to become trademarks of Sargent’s society portraiture during the succeeding decades.", "File:John Singer Sargent - Simplon Pass- The Tease - Google Art Project.jpg|Simplon Pass- The Tease, 1911, transparent watercolor, opaque watercolor and wax over graphite pencil on paper", "In 1874, on the first attempt, Sargent passed the rigorous exam required to gain admission to the École des Beaux-Arts, the premier art school in France. He took drawing classes, which included anatomy and perspective, and gained a silver prize. He also spent much time in self-study, drawing in museums and painting in a studio he shared with James Carroll Beckwith. He became both a valuable friend and Sargent's primary connection with the American artists abroad. Sargent also took some lessons from Léon Bonnat.", "File:John Singer Sargent - Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose - Google Art Project.jpg|Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, 1885–86, the Tate, London", "Many American artists were intrigued by Whistler's \"modern\" style, and imitated his approach to color and composition. John Singer Sargent's The Spanish Dance invites comparison to Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket . The color scheme is black and gray, and fireworks are suggested against a black sky. In Portrait of the Artist's Mother , Henry Ossawa Tanner was clearly influenced by Whistler's Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Artist's Mother , posing his mother sitting in a chair, facing left, with dark draperies in the background and a simple color palette. Many other artists, such as Albert Herter, adopted this sideways posing of portrait subjects, as well as Whistler's use of white-on-white, both evident in Herter's Portrait of Bessie .", "Singer's extraordinary paintings and sketches were featured in a recent exhibition at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, \"John Singer Sargent: Portraits of Artists and Friends.\"", "File:John Singer Sargent - Le verre de porto (A Dinner Table at Night) - Google Art Project.jpg|A Dinner Table at Night, 1884, De Young Museum, San Francisco, CA", "Furth, Leslie Furth (2003). ‘A Domestic Episode: John Singer Sargent and Robert Louis Stevenson’. In ‘Imaging Transgression: Subversions of the Victorian Norm in the Work of Thomas Satterwhite Noble, John Singer Sargent and John White Alexander’. PhD diss., Boston University, 2003.", "After leaving Carolus-Duran's atelier, Sargent visited Spain. There he studied the paintings of Velázquez with a passion, absorbing the master's technique, and in his travels gathered ideas for future works. He was entranced with Spanish music and dance. The trip also re-awakened his own talent for music (which was nearly equal to his artistic talent), and which found visual expression in his early masterpiece El Jaleo (1882). Music would continue to play a major part in his social life as well, as he was a skillful accompanist of both amateur and professional musicians. Sargent became a strong advocate for modern composers, especially Gabriel Fauré. Trips to Italy provided sketches and ideas for several Venetian street scenes genre paintings, which effectively captured gestures and postures he would find useful in later portraiture. ", "John Singer Sargent’s Portrait of Mrs. Daniel Sargent Curtis, an 1882 oil painting on canvas, is presented to KU’s Spencer Museum of Art as part of the Samuel H. Kress Study Collection.", "... that the painting El Jaleo by John Singer Sargent is installed in a room constructed especially for it at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston?", "Firth, Leslie (2004). ‘John Singer Sargent and Robert Louis Stevenson’. Magazine Antiques Nov. 2004 : ***.", "Then, in 1908, his friend, the Boston artist Edward Darley Boit — whose family was the subject of Sargent’s renowned 1882 painting “The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit” — wrote to him. Boit proposed a joint exhibition at the Knoedler & Company gallery in New York. Sargent eventually agreed, probably to help his old friend’s career.", "John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects ranging from geology to architecture, myth to ornithology, literature to education, and botany to political economy. His writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters and even a fairy tale. The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation. [114]", "John Constable (1776-1837). English painter, ranked with Turner as one of the greatest British landscape artists.", "Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA (; 8 June 1829 – 13 August 1896) was an English painter and illustrator who was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. ", "William Hogarth (1697–1764), A Rake’s Progress: Surrounded by Artists and Professors (1732-5), oil on canvas, 62.5 × 75 cm, Sir John Soane’s Museum, London. Wikimedia Commons.", "Fast forward over 200 years, when the great Russian composer Igor Stravinsky found himself strongly attracted to the narrative power of these paintings. Looking for a storyline to set for a “neo-classical” opera, Stravinsky assembled an operatic “Dream Team”: W.H. Auden and Chester Kallman wrote the libretto based on the Hogarth Engravings—but with a Faustian spin—for the premiere in 1951. Closer to home, John Crosby programmed the work in the inaugural year of the Santa Fe Opera in 1957, even persuading Stravinsky to visit Santa Fe a number of times. For the Glyndebourne production in 1975, the British artist David Hockney created an influential opera production which incorporated grotesque figures and large scale hatchings inspired by the engravings.", "John Constable was born in East Bergholt, Suffolk, on June 11, 1776, the son of a well-to-do mill owner. The lush, well-watered Suffolk landscape with its rolling clouds and generally flat, but in parts undulating, terrain made a deep impression on his imagination, and no painter has referred more frequently to the scenes of his childhood as a recurrent source of inspiration. \"Those scenes,\" he later wrote to a friend, \"made me a painter,\" and again, \"The sound of water escaping from mill-dams, etc., willows, old rotten planks, slimy posts and brickwork, I love such things.\"", "The Boyhood of Raleigh is a painting by John Everett Millais, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871. It came to epitomise the culture of heroic imperialism in late Victorian Britain and in British popular culture up to the mid-twentieth century ." ]

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[ "If visiting Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) is a must, then be sure to check out our detailed location mapping to find the best hotel closest to Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), El Salvador.", "When you search for hotels near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) with Hotels.com, you need to first check our online map and see the distance you will be from Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), El Salvador.", "Make the most out of your family vacation when you book your accommodation with Hotels.com – book your hotel near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), San Salvador after reviewing the facilities and amenities listed for each hotel.", "As well as our Hotels.com guest reviews, we also display reviews from Expedia for Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels and the TripAdvisor Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels review score on each of our San Salvador hotel information pages.", "One of the new features on Hotels.com guest reviews is that also show reviews from Expedia for Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels and the TripAdvisor Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotels reviews so you can make sure that you checking with a reliable source. See the review scores on our San Salvador hotel information pages.", "This hot and high airport is served by 30 domestic and international passenger airlines and 17 cargo carriers. As the main hub for Mexico's largest airline Aerom�xico (with Aerom�xico Connect ), the airport has become a SkyTeam hub. It is also a hub for Aeromar , Interjet , Volaris and a focus city for VivaAerobus . On a typical day, more than 100,000 passengers [4] pass through the airport to and from more than 100 destinations on three continents. In 2015, the airport handled 38,433,078 passengers, a 12.2% increase compared to 2014. [7] For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2016 the airport handled 39,563,710 passengers.", "When you've made your booking for your hotel near Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL), in our confirmation email we'll also send you information on all nearby attractions as well as directions on how to get to your chosen hotel and the weather forecast, helping you to plan your trip.", "The best hotel deals are here: We have Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel deals, Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) last minute deals and offers to get you the cheapest Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel with our lowest price guarantee.", "Mexico City International Airport (Spanish; Castilian: link=yes|Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México, AICM); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez (English: ''Benito Juárez International Airport'') is a commercial airport that serves Greater Mexico City . It is Mexico's busiest and Latin America's second busiest airport by passenger traffic; and it is both Mexico's and Latin America's busiest airport by aircraft movements. The airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. [2] The airport is owned by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México and operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares , the government-owned corporation , which also operates 22 other airports throughout Mexico. [3] In recent years Toluca Airport has become an alternate airport. [4]", "The expanded airport could serve three aircraft at once and by 1975 LANICA, the National Airline of Nicaragua, as well as many well known carriers Pan Am, KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines), Taca Airlines, Sahsa, Avianca, Iberia, SAM, TAN, Varig, and smaller local carriers, flew into Las Mercedes. When the Sandinistas took power, the airport was named after Augusto César Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary and guerrilla leader, after whom the Sandinista movement is named. The Sandinistas however did not maintain the airport, and it began to deteriorate until it was expanded and remodeled in 1996, when, among other things, two new boarding bridges were installed. The airport was renamed \"Managua International Airport\" in 2001 by then President Arnoldo Alemán and renamed again in 2007 to its current name by President Daniel Ortega In mid 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed the airport in honor of Sandino. Nicaraguan artist Róger Pérez de la Rocha has created many two large portraits of Augusto César Sandino, and Rubén Darío which they lay at the airports lobby. ", "The airport is the busiest in Mexico and Latin America by aircraft movements with 24% more operations than Bogotá-El Dorado and 44.65% more than São Paulo-Guarulhos. It is the 15th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft departures. For the 12-month period ending April 30, 2016, the airport handled 433,019 aircraft operations, an average of 1,183 operations per day.", "We have Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel deals, even Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) last minute deals and offers to get you the cheap est Cuscatlan International Airport (SAL) hotel with our lowest price gaurantee.", "Air transport serves mostly the cities at both extremes of the country and some towns of difficult access, such as El Salvador and Coihayque. The main airline is Línea Aérea Nacional de Chile (LAN; National Airline of Chile). A tourist service is maintained by LAN between Santiago and Easter Island, in the Pacific, with the flight continuing to Papeete, Tahiti. All major South American lines, plus others from the United States and Europe, handle the flow of international passengers to the Arturo Merino Benítez airport near Santiago. Chacalluta, northeast of Arica, is another major airport.", "The airport has suffered from a lack of capacity due to restrictions on expansion, since it is located in a densely populated area. In 2014, Mexican authorities established and declared a maximum capacity of 61 operations per hour with a total of 16 rush hours (7:00 22:59). [29] Another issue with the airport is the limitation that its two runways provide, since they are used at 97.3% of their maximum capacity, leaving a very short room for new operations into the airport. Only government, military, commercial, and specially authorized aircraft are allowed to land at the airport. Private aircraft must use alternate airports, such as Lic. Adolfo L�pez Mateos International Airport in Toluca , General Mariano Matamoros Airport in Cuernavaca , or Hermanos Serd�n International Airport in Puebla . [30]", "The construction of a new Mexico City international airport was announced by Mexican president Enrique Pe�a Nieto on September 2, 2014, [32] who said that it would be emblem�tico, or a national symbol. The new airport will replace the current Mexico City International Airport, which is at capacity. It is to have one large terminal of 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) and six runways: two that are each 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi; 15,000 ft) long and four that are each 4 kilometres (2.5 mi; 13,000 ft) long. The architects are Sir Norman Foster and Fernando Romero , son-in-law of billionaire Carlos Slim and architect of the Soumaya Museum . [33] [34]", "On 16 January 2014, El Salvador President Mauricio Funes announced in San Salvador 's Presidential House the renaming of El Salvador International Airport to Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero. The Comalapa name will remain until the phase or renaming is complete which is expected to be completed before his presidential term ends. The Legislature of El Salvador approved the name change on 19 March 2014 without the vote of ARENA and PDC, to Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero International Airport. El Salvador's former President Mauricio Funes on 24 March 2014 unveiled a ceremonial plaque with the renaming of the airport as Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero International Airport.", "This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior.", "[March 16, 1986] I know every American parent concerned about the drug problem will be outraged to learn that top Nicaraguan government officials are deeply involved in drug trafficking. This picture, secretly taken at a military airfield outside Managua, shows Federico Vaughan, a top aide to one of the nine commandantes who rule Nicaragua, loading an aircraft with illegal narcotics bound for the United States.", "The Augusto C. Sandino (Managua) is the only airport with scheduled flights in Nicaragua. However Augusto C. Sandino (Managua) one of the smaller airports in the country.", "Getting to and around San Salvador is simple. Central America 's largest airport, El Salvador International Airport or \"Comalapa\", is located right outside of San Salvador. The Pan American highway runs right through the city, connecting it directly to Managua, Nicaragua , and San Jose , Costa Rica in the south, and to the north from Guatemala City all the way through North America. For traveling overland between Central America countries, international bus lines Ticabus and Nicabus have terminals in San Salvador.", "Quality Hotel Real Airport El Salvador, Km 40.5 Carretera al Aeropuerto Internacional El Salvador, ☎ +503 2366 0000 (fax: +503 2366 0000), [30] . Quality Hotel Real Aeropuerto El Salvador is located 5 minutes from International Airport Camalapa, offers varied and modern rooms plus a bar, swimming pool, conference room and a restaurant serving American breakfast every morning completely free and offers regional cuisine and international lunch and dinner. Prices range between $70 - $110.   edit", "Visitors traveling by plane arrive at El Salvador International Airport in Comalapa, located forty-five minutes outside of the capital's city limits. The airport code is SAL.", "The city is serviced by Juan Santamaría International Airport, 23 km west of downtown, in the city of Alajuela, which is one of the busiest airports in Central America. In 2010, Juan Santamaría International Airport received 4.3 million passengers, most of them from international flights. In 2011, the airport was named the 3rd Best Airport in Latin America - Caribbean from the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International ", "The airport, known as Aeropuerto Sandino or MGA to locals, serves as the primary hub for connections at both domestic and international levels. TACA Regional member La Costeña operates flights to local destinations like Bluefields, the Corn Islands and San Carlos among others. The airport is located near the northern highway and is about 11 km east of the city's downtown. Hotels, restaurants, and commercial centers are all accessible by car, taxi, or bus. Out of the country's one hundred and forty airports, it is the only one with the appropriate infrastructure and capacity to handle international flights.", "Secondly, and in common with so many other new airport undertakings around the world, there are environmental issues to contend with, despite the insistence it will be the world’s ‘most sustainable airport’. In Apr-2014 the National Water Commission (Conagua) expressed opposition to the prospect of expanding Juarez International Airport on federal lands east of the facility over Lake Texcoco, due to the risk of “catastrophic flooding” which could “jeopardise the safety of airport users” as the region is constitutionally designated as a flood zone. It was this issue specifically that prompted the suggestion of Tizayuca, in neighbouring Hidalgo State, as an alternative and more suitable alternative for environmental reasons. The allocation of 10% of initial financing to hydraulic works recognises the potential impact of this environmental issue.", "The state contains three major airports. “El Tajín” in Tihuatlán serving Poza Rica and “Canticas” in Minatitlán provide national service. “Heriberto Jara Corona” in the city of Veracruz provides national and international service. There are also 31 smaller regional airfields in municipalities such as Acayucán, Cazones de Herrera, Córdoba, Cuitlahuac, Juán Rodríguez Clara, Ozuluama, Platón Sánchez, Playa Vicente, Soconusco, Tamalín, Tamiahua, Tecolutla, Temapache, Tempoal and Tierra Blanca.", "6. Blanco (PHX) – At Terminal 4 of Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport.  A local chain  whose great Mexican food is supplemented with a terrific tequila selection.", "\"Ju�rez Airport\" redirects here. For the airport in Ciudad Ju�rez, see Abraham Gonz�lez International Airport .", "Salamanca Airport, located in the military base of Matacán, is located about 14 km east of the city.", "Aerotucán ,  ☎ +52 952 503-34-11 , 109-51-68 (mobile)NOCC. Flies between Oaxaca City, Huatulco and Puerto Escondido in Oaxaca state. (updated Apr 2016)", "Mayair . Operates regional flights from Cancun to Cozumel and Merida and from Villahermosa to Veracruz and Merida in the smaller Cessna equipment. (updated Apr 2016)", "* On 12 August 1974, a Douglas C-47, registered HK-508, flew into Trujillo Mountain, killing all 27 people on board. The aircraft was on a domestic scheduled passenger flight from El Dorado Airport, Bogotá to La Florida Airport, Tumaco." ]

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[ "Pope John Paul I ((Latin): Ioannes Paulus PP. I, (Italian): Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani (17 October 1912 – September 28 1978), reigned as the 263rd Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from August 26 , 1978 until his death 33 days later. His sudden and mysterious death, the result of an apparent heart attack, has led to rumours of foul play that have periodically resurfaced. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Pope John Paul I's charismatic reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes . He was also the first Pope to be born in the 20th century and the last Pope to die in it.", "Pope John Paul I ( Latin : Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian : Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history , resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes . John Paul I was the first Pope born in the 20th century.", "Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes. John Paul I was the first Pope born in the 20th century.", "Pope John Paul I, born Albino Luciani, was the head of the Catholic Church from his election to the papacy on 26 August to his sudden death 33 days later. His 33-day reign is among the shortest in papal history.", "John proved to be a radical break with the two previous popes, and indeed with most of the popes of the 20th century. After a short but dramatic pontificate during which he convoked the Second Vatican Council, John XXIII was replaced by the widely expected Giovanni Batista Montini, who many believed would have been elected in 1958 had he been a cardinal then. Pope Paul VI (1963–1978) was a curialist like Pius XII, whom he had worked with in the curia during the 1930s and 1940s. Paul VI himself was briefly succeeded by non-curialist Pope John Paul I (1978), who in turn was succeeded by Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II (1978–2005). Wojtyła, the first non-Italian since 1523, spoke many languages and was originally from the Eastern Bloc, an important consideration given contemporary Cold War politics and the Church's repression there. After a relatively long reign, he was succeeded in 2005 by the German Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Cardinal Dean, Joseph Ratzinger, as Pope Benedict XVI. A more reserved and conservative pontiff than his predecessor, he reigned until his resignation in 2013, when he was succeeded by the simpler and less formal Argentinian Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires Jorge Bergoglio as Pope Francis.", "Elected at only 58 – on Oct. 16, 1978 – John Paul II was the youngest pope of the 20th century, and the first non-Italian pope since the 15th century. His charisma - people who met him described it as a \"luminescence\" - and common touch drew adoring crowds wherever he went.", "The year 1978 will long be remembered as the year of the three popes. The not unexpected death of Pope Paul VI on August 6th, 1978, was followed on August 26th by the election of the \"Smiling Pope,\" John Paul I. Reigning only 33 days, the length in years of Our Lord's earthly life, he died in his sleep of a heart attack on September 28th. Only a few weeks later on October 16th, 1978, the College of Cardinals elected Karol Cardinal Wojtyła, Archbishop of Krakow, Poland, as the first non-Italian Pope since Adrian VI (1522-1523). His pontificate has been one of the most remarkable in history. Both its length", "Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (8 May 1920 ‒ 2 April 2005) was pope of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005. In Catholicism, since his canonisation, he is referred to as Pope Saint John Paul II or Saint John Paul the Great, for example as a name for institutions. He was the second longest-serving pope in modern history after Pope Pius IX, who served for nearly 32 years from 1846 to 1878. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, who served from 1522 to 1523.", "Pius XII (Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 1876-1958) was pope from 1939 to 1958 and thus guided the Church through the very difficult years of World War II. A skillful diplomat, he opposed communism and while the Vatican was neutral during the war, condemned race-based killings and aided Italian Jews. But some sectors of the media and popular culture have accused him of silence and inaction in the face of the mass slaughter of Jews.", " Pope John XXIII, born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (11/25, 1881 – 6/3, 1963), was Pope from October 28, 1958 to June 3, 1963.  He called the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) but did not live to see it to completion.  He advocated for Hungarian Jews in WWII.  (This author thinks he was a crypto-Jew.)  In 1959, shortly after his elevation to the papacy, Pope John XXIII expunged the reference to \"perfidious Jews\" in the Good Friday prayer.", "Nine popes led the Catholic church during the 20th century. One of them died after serving for just 33 days. What was his name?", "Elected pope in October 1978, he took the name of his short-lived, immediate predecessor. Pope John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. In time, he made pastoral visits to 124 countries, including several with small Christian populations.", "Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname \"the Pilgrim Pope\". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI . He traveled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses on Bombay , India and Bogota , Colombia. Fifty years after the first apparition he visited Fatima in 1967. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. In 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines . [61] The assailant was subdued. [61]", "He was the second longest-serving pope in modern history after Pope Pius IX, who served for nearly 32 years from 1846 to 1878. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, who served from 1522 to 1523. John Paul II's cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. On 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed Venerable by his successor Pope Benedict XVI and was beatified on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints attributed one miracle to his intercession, the healing of a French nun from Parkinson's disease. A second miracle attributed to John Paul II's intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, and confirmed by Pope Francis two days later (two miracles must be attributed to a person's intercession to be declared a saint). John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014 (again Divine Mercy Sunday), together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul II's optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints' feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, but that of John Paul II (22 October) is celebrated on the anniversary of his papal inauguration. ", "On May 18, 1920, Karol Jozef Wojtyla is born in the Polish town of Wadowice, 35 miles southwest of Krakow.Wojtyla went on to become Pope John Paul II, history’s most well-traveled pope and the first non-Italian to hold the position since the 16th century. After high school, the future pope enrolled at Krakow’s Jagiellonian University, where he studied philosophy and literature and performed in a theater group. During World War II, Nazis occupied Krakow and closed the university, forcing Wojtyla to seek work in a quarry and, later, a chemical factory. By 1941, his mother, father, and only brother had all died, leaving him the sole surviving member of his family.", "The leader of the Roman Catholic Church has died after the shortest papal reign in history.", "Pope Saint John XXIII (; ) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,; 25 November 1881 - 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.", "Pope John XIII, who reigned from 1958-1963, is a hero to liberal Catholics for having convened Vatican II, which allowing Mass to be celebrated in local languages rather than Latin and encouraged greater dialogue with people of other faiths, particularly Jews.", "[ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa] ; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was the head of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 to his death in 2005. He was the second longest-serving pope in history and, as a Pole , the first non-Italian since Pope Adrian VI , who died in 1523.", "John Paul II, also known as Blessed John Paul, served as the Pope of the Catholic Church for more than two and half decades. Scroll down to acquaint yourself with the eventful life of this great man.", "5 The Popes In The Twentieth Century, Carlo Falconi, Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1965. p. 308.", "Pacelli was elected Pope on March 2, 1939 , and took the name Pius XII. As Pope, he had three official positions. He was head of his church and was in direct communication with bishops everywhere. He was chief of state of the Vatican, with his own diplomatic corps. He was also the Bishop of Rome. In theory, at least, his views could influence 400 million Catholics, including those in all the occupied eastern territories - the Poles, Baltics, Croatians, Slovaks and others. (2)", "Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, . He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the \"Good Pope\" and in Italian, \"il Papa buono\".", "October 28, 1958 - Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope, taking the title John XXIII. Best known for undertaking the 21st Ecumenical Council (Vatican II).", "John Paul II was elected on October 16th, 1978. He was the first non-Italian pope to be elected in four centuries.", "\"They were priests, bishops and popes of the 20th century,\" Francis said. \"They lived through the tragic events of that century, but they were not overwhelmed by them.\"", "Pope John reached the papacy from simple, peasant beginnings. Born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli in 1881, he was the son of an Italian tenant farmer. He was ordained a priest in 1904, and worked as a professor, part-time historian, biographer, and diplomat. For the first 54 years of his church career he was known as a good-natured conformist who obediently followed orders, and this reputation had more to do with his steady rise than did his intellectual abilities. As papal envoy to Turkey during World War II, he saved thousands of Jewish lives by helping arrange their escape to Palestine.", "This article is excerpted from \"The Catholic Martyrs of the Twentieth Century\" by Robert Royal, published by The Crossroad Publishing Company, Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. Photo Credit: Agence France Presse", "ROME, Feb. 11.--The Pope is again an independent sovereign ruler, as he was throughout the Middle Ages, though his temporal realm, established today, is the most microscopic independent State in the world, and probably the smallest in all history. � THE NEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday, February 12, 1929.", "^ \"Pope predicted 'short reign' in remarks just after election\" The Baltimore Sun 21 April 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2011 WebCitation archive", "He was the first pope to leave Italy since 1809 and the first pope to visit North America, Asia and Africa. He also pressed on with the ecumenical spirit unleashed by the Second Vatican Council and met with leaders of the Orthodox, Anglican and non-Catholic Christian churches. He was the fist pope to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and the first pope to address the United Nations General Assembly during his US visit in 1965.", "In World War II, he was appointed apostolic nuncio to France, and his efforts to save Jewish refugees and concentration-camp prisoners are well documented. In 1958, he was elected pope." ]

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[ "Eugene Curran Kelly (August 23, 1912 � February 2, 1996), better known as Gene Kelly, was an American dancer, actor, singer, director, producer, and choreographer. Kelly was a major exponent of 20th century filmed dance, known for his energetic and athletic dancing style, his good looks and the likeable characters that he played on screen. Although he is probably best known today for his performance in Singin' in the Rain, he dominated the Hollywood musical film from the mid 1940s until its demise in the late 1950s. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Kelly among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 15. Early life Gene was the third son of James Kelly, a phonograph salesman, and Harriet Curran, who were both children of Irish Roman Catholic immigrants. He was b...", "Gene Kelly, whose real name is Eugene Curran Kelly, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. on August 23, 1912, and died in 1996. He had danced in his childhood, became a dance instructor (after taking an Economics degree at the University of Pittsburg), and danced on Broadway. He had already choreographed \"Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe\" and the successful Broadway musical \"Best Foot Foward\" and had starred in Rodgers and Hart's \"Pal Joey\", before he was invited to Hollywood at the age of 30 by David O. Selznick. He played an egotistical dancer in \"For Me and My Gal\" in 1942 with Judy Garland.", "Eugene Curran Kelly (August 23, 1912 – February 2, 1996), better known as Gene Kelly, was an Academy Award-winning American dancer, actor, singer, director, producer, and choreographer.Kelly was a major exponent of 20th century filmed dance, known for his energetic and athletic dancing style, his good looks and the likeable characters that he played on screen. Although he is probably best known today for his performance in Singin’ in the Rain, he dominated the Hollywood musical film from the mid 1940s until its demise in the late 1950s. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Kelly among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 15.", "Dancer, film actor, singer, director and choreographer Gene Kelly died at the age of 83. He was noted for his energetic and athletic dancing style, in contrast to Fred Astaire. Kelly was best known as the dancing star of Singin' in the Rain (1952), but he had been in numerous other musicals in the 40s and 50s, including For Me and My Gal (1942) opposite Judy Garland, Anchors Aweigh (1945), Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949), On the Town (1949), and An American in Paris (1951) . In 1952 (at the ceremony honoring 1951's films), Kelly received an Honorary Academy Award \"in appreciation of his versatility as an actor, singer, director and dancer, and specifically for his brilliant achievements in the art of choreography on film.\"", "In 1950, the Hollywood producer Arthur Freed had the idea to make a film based on An American in Paris. As he would later do with Singin' in the Rain, he envisioned a set of existing songs by George and Ira Gershwin on wich a story could be created. As concieved by choreographer and star Gene Kelly, director Vincente Minnelli and book writer Alan J. Lerner, the story focused on an American GI, Jerry, a painter in Montmartre who, overflowing with joy of life, meets Lise, a young saleswoman. Lise, however, is loved by Henri, a singer of middle-of-the-road popular songs. The feelings (love, disappointment, enjoyment and the blues) culminate in a ballet where the couple reunites. This dance sequence became one of the most famous in the history of the Hollywood musical and the film went on to win six Oscars. Gene Kelly was given an honorary Oscar \"in appreciation for his extreme versatility as an actor, singer, director and dancer, and specifically for his brilliant achievements in the art of choreography on film\".", "One morning in 1943, the determined 32-year-old actor approached Bill and Joe with his unique idea. “Gotta way to make your little Jerry mouse into a star,” he said with a grin. Kelly declared, “I mean a bigger star alongside of me.” Bill and Joe were both taken aback by his comment until Bill chimed, “But he is already a star, Gene.” Kelly had pleaded with Quimby to let him them do the scene using Jerry. The executive, not wanting to undermine MGM’s dependably lucrative cartoon short series and commit a crew to work on such a technically challenging project, turned him down flat. Afterward, the", "Dancer, actor, and choreographer Gene Kelly died at his home in Beverly Hills, California. PHOTO: ASSOCIATED PRESS", "As Debbie Reynolds was not a trained dancer, Gene Kelly chose Charisse to partner with him in the celebrated \"Broadway Melody\" ballet finale from Singin' in the Rain (1952), and she co-starred with Kelly in 1954's Scottish-themed musical film Brigadoon. She again took the lead female role (alongside Kelly) in his MGM musical It's Always Fair Weather (1956). ", "Gene Kelly is probably the most accomplished dancer in show business today. Kelly himself would deny this heatedly however. He is convinced that any such distinction belongs to Fred Astaire.. He looked upon his chance to dance with Astaire in “The Zeigfeld  Follies” as the most extravagant compliment ever paid him.", "95 Donald O'Connor and Gene Kelly in the 'Moses Supposes' routine from Singin' in the Rain (1952), Kelly and Stanley Donen's affectionate spoof of the early days of talkies.", "It's Always Fair Weather(1955). Scripted by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, who also wrote the shows lyrics, scored by André Previn. Cast: Gene Kelly, Dan Dailey, Cyd Charisse, Michael Kidd, and Dolores Gray. The film was co-directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen .", "Gene Wilder was born Jerome Silberman on June 11, 1933.  Wilder is an Academy Award-nominated American actor who is best known for his role as Willy Wonka, his collaborations with Mel Brooks in Blazing Saddles, The Producers, and Young Frankenstein, and his four movies with Richard Pryor: Silver Streak; Stir Crazy; See No Evil, Hear No Evil; and Another You. Helen Hayes (October 10, 1900 – March 17, 1993) was a two-time Academy Award-winning American actress whose successful and award-winning career spanned almost 70 years. She eventually garnered the nickname \"First Lady of the American Theater\", and was one of the nine people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award.", "The song was included in the 1951 movie An American in Paris, where it was sung by Gene Kelly and Georges Guétary, as well as in the 1957 American musical film Funny Face, in which it was performed by Audrey Hepburn and Fred Astaire. Doris Day also sang it in Starlift (1951) and Dean Martin sang it during the opening credits of the 1964 film Kiss Me, Stupid.", "Take Me Out to the Ball Game is a 1949 Technicolor musical film starring Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra. The title and nominal theme is taken from... Read more", "Singin' in the Rain is a timeless musical about a cast moving from silent films to talkies. Gene Kelly starred in and co-directed the film.", "In 1949, Sinatra co-starred with Gene Kelly in the Technicolor musical Take Me Out to the Ball Game, a film set in 1908, in which Sinatra and Kelly play baseball players who are part-time vaudevillians. He teamed up with Kelly for a third time in On the Town, playing a sailor on leave in New York City. Today the film is rated very highly by critics, and in 2006 it ranked No. 19 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals. Both Double Dynamite (1951), an RKO Irving Cummings comedy produced by Howard Hughes, and Joseph Pevney's Meet Danny Wilson (1952) failed to make an impression. The New York World Telegram and Sun ran the headline \"Gone on Frankie in '42; Gone in '52\".", "[quote]Closing the movie is the \"billboard duet\" of this song by Miss Reynolds and Gene Kelly with a chorus.", "“I was Fred’s seat partner at the Ziegfeld Theatre that night,” Marge Champion remembered. “What I was most impressed with was when Gene Kelly was on the screen and did something, Fred muttered to himself – I don’t think that he even thought that I heard him – but he was talking about how wonderful Gene was and how free and easy he was. When he came on the screen, he said things like ‘Why don’t you wipe that smile off your face.’ He was putting himself down in the most astonishing way.”", "2004: Gene Anthony Ray (41) American actor, dancer, vocalist and choreographer, born in Harlem, New York. He was best known for his portrayal of the street smart dancer Leroy in the 1980 film Fame and the TV spin-off which aired from '82 until '87. In 1987 he played Billy Nolan in the musical adaptation of Carrie by Stephen King in the original opening in Stratford-Upon-Avon which closed after less than a month, he then transferred to Broadway and continued to play the role until the musical closed after only five public performances (Gene died of a stroke, sadly due to aids) b. May 24th 1962.", "Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen , starring Kelly, Donald O'Connor and Debbie Reynolds , and choreographed by Kelly and Donen. It offers a lighthearted depiction of Hollywood in the late '20s, with the three stars portraying performers caught up in the transition from silent films to \" talkies .\"", "Russ Tamblyn remarked, “I think Fred’s greatest contribution to musicals, to movies, and to dancers could be that he was heterosexual.” Richard Schickel, however, believes, “Gene Kelly was even more heterosexual.”…", "Gene Kelly's third and last musical with director Stanley Donen was the cynical and odd It's Always Fair Weather (1955) about three WWII soldier friends who reunited after ten years and discovered that they didn't have anything in common. The film was memorable for the scene in which Kelly and his co-stars danced down the street with trash-can lids on their feet.", "In early 1943 MGM announced Gene Kelly was to appear in the forthcoming production The Human Comedy (1943). He eventually did not appear in the film.", "RAINY DAY FUN $200: If you plan to rent a movie, we suggest this 1952 Gene Kelly musical", "A famous painter was hired to create the paintings that Gene Kelly displays on the streets of Paris. See more »", "In 1958, he directed Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical play Flower Drum Song. Early in 1960, Kelly, an ardent Francophile and fluent French speaker, was invited by A. M. Julien, the general administrator of the Paris Opéra and Opéra-Comique, to select his own material and create a modern ballet for the company, the first time an American had received such an assignment. The result was Pas de Dieux, based on Greek mythology, combined with the music of George Gershwin's Concerto in F. It was a major success, and led to his being honored with the Chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur by the French Government. Kelly continued to make some film appearances, such as Hornbeck in the 1960 Hollywood production of Inherit the Wind. However, most of his efforts were now concentrated on film production and directing. In 1962 he directed Jackie Gleason in Gigot in Paris, but the film was drastically re-cut by Seven Arts Productions and flopped. Another French effort, Jacques Demy's homage to the MGM musical, Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1967), in which Kelly appeared, was popular in France and nominated for Academy Awards for Best Music and Score of a Musical Picture (Original or Adaptation), but performed poorly elsewhere. He appeared as himself in George Cukor's Let's Make Love (1960).", "1962, Born on this day in 1962, Gene Anthony Ray, �Leroy� in TV�s �Fame�. Axed fro the show in 1984 after his mother was jailed for running a drug ring, danced with The Weather Girls in their video of �It's Raining Men.� He died on November 19th 2003.", "Former late-night talk show host Johnny Carson said that \"Here's That Rainy Day\" by Frank Sinatra was his favorite ballad. Carson and Bette Midler famously sang the song on the next-to-last show of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on May 21, 1992. Singer/songwriter Paul Williams also once sang the song on the show in full ape make up as part of promotion for his latest film Battle For the Planet of the Apes. After Carson's death in 2005, Doc Severinsen, Tommy Newsom, and Ed Shaughnessy performed the song along with Paul Shaffer and the CBS Orchestra on Late Show with David Letterman.", "11/19/03 - Gene Anthony Ray - Gene Anthony Ray, who starred as Leroy, a street-smart urban teenager, in the 1980 movie \"Fame\" and the later television series, died on Friday in Manhattan. He was 41.", "In Kelly's film debut, he was teamed with director Busby Berkeley, playing a song-and-dance man opposite co-star Judy Garland in MGM's For Me and My Gal (1942). He was successful in Columbia's Techni-colored Cover Girl (1944) opposite Rita Hayworth, particularly when he danced with his own reflection in \"Alter Ego.\" And then in MGM's Best Picture-nominated Anchors Aweigh (1945) in the post-war years, Kelly (with his sole Best Actor nomination in his career) performed a dance with a scene-stealing Jerry, the cartoon mouse from \"Tom and Jerry\" - and the film co-starred a young and thin Frank Sinatra who crooned Styne-Cahn tunes. As mentioned earlier, Kelly also performed a song-and-dance duet with Fred Astaire (their sole dance together) in The Ziegfeld Follies (1946). The Pirate (1948) featured Kelly's singing and acrobatic, graceful dancing opposite Judy Garland, accompanied with a Cole Porter score - its most famous dance sequence was \"Be a Clown.\"", "How do actors Gene Kelly and Donald O�Connor modify the style of their performances at different times in the film? At what points do they do this, and what effect does it have?", "Kelly wrote this for Space Jam, which was a kid's movie starring Michael Jordan in a world of cartoons (including Bugs Bunny). The song was much more popular than the movie and became an inspirational anthem often played at weddings and used in video tributes." ]

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[ "William Eugene Smith (December 30, 1918 – October 15, 1978), was an American photojournalist, renowned for the dedication he devoted to his projects and his uncompromising professional and ethical standards. Smith developed the photo essay into a sophisticated visual form. His most famous studies included brutally vivid World War II photographs, the clinic of Dr Schweitzer in French Equatorial Africa, the city of Pittsburgh, the dedication of an American country doctor and a nurse midwife, and the pollution which damaged the health of the residents of Minamata in Japan.", "    William Eugene Smith was born in Witchita, Kansas, in 1918.  He was raised Catholic by Nettie Smith, his mother, who was a photographer who had a darkroom at home.  William Eugene Smith wanted to fly, and ordered pictures of airplanes through the mail - his mother refused to pay, suggesting that he take her camera to the airfield and get his own pictures.  A photographer was born!  William Eugene Smith became a local Witchita, Kansas, news photographer at the age of 15. ", "William Eugene Smith was born on December 30, 1918, in Wichita, Kansas and was introduced to photography by his mother, who was an enthusiastic amateur. His childhood was “typical” until his father committed suicide during Smith’s senior year in high school. His camera quickly became an obsession, perhaps to help Smith cope with his tragic loss.", "The reason I wanted to do this paper on W. Eugene Smith is because he is probably the photographer who has influenced me and my work the most. While studying Smith’s life and philosophy about photography I realized that photography has an unseen power beyond  recording an event and freezing life. Photography has the power to destroy as well as build the photographer. Smith was so dedicated to his work that photography, in a way, destroyed his life. When Smith died in 1978, he died like many other creative people. He died alone and without much money.", "Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1794) \"The Vocation of the Scholar\", as translated by William Smith, in The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1889), Vol. I, Lecture IV, p. 188", "However, it was a dramatic photographic essay by W. Eugene Smith that brought world attention to Minamata disease. He and his Japanese wife lived in Minamata from 1971 to 1973. The most famous and striking photo of the essay, Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath , (1972) shows Ryoko Uemura, holding her severely deformed daughter, Tomoko, in a Japanese bath chamber. Tomoko was poisoned by methylmercury while still in the womb. The photo was very widely published. It was posed by Smith with the cooperation of Ryoko and Tomoko in order to dramatically illustrate the consequences of the disease. It has subsequently been withdrawn from circulation at the request of Tomoko's family, and therefore does not appear in recent anthologies of Smith's works. [34] Smith and his wife were extremely dedicated to the cause of the victims of Minamata disease, closely documenting their struggle for recognition and right to compensation. Smith was himself attacked and seriously injured by Chisso employees in an incident in Goi, Ichihara city, near Tokyo on January 7, 1972, in an attempt to stop the photographer from further revealing the issue to the world. [35] The 54 year-old Smith survived the attack, but his sight in one eye deteriorated and his health never fully recovered before his death in 1978.", "William Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas in December 1918. Smith graduated from Wichita North High School in 1936. He began his career by taking pictures for two local newspapers, The Wichita Eagle (morning circulation) and the Beacon (evening circulation). Smith eventually moved to New York City and began working for Newsweek. He became known there for his incessant perfectionism and thorny personality. Smith was fired from Newsweek for refusing to use medium format cameras, and joined Life Magazine in 1939 using a 35mm camera.", "One of the key figures of the intellectual movement known as the Scottish Enlightenment, he is known primarily as the author of two treatises: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter was one of the earliest attempts to systematically study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe, as well as a sustained attack on the doctrines of mercantilism. Smith's work helped to create the modern academic discipline of economics and provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade, capitalism, and libertarianism.", "    In the early 1970s, William Eugene Smith lived with Aileen Mioko Sprauge Smith, his wife, in Minamata, Japan.", "Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College in the University of Oxford, where he was one of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by his fellow Glaswegian John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith then returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790 at the age of 67.", "Originally published in the April 9, 1951, issue of LIFE magazine, W. Eugene Smith’s photo essay, “Spanish Village,” has been lauded for more than six decades as the most moving photographic portrait ever made of daily life in rural Spain during the rule of dictator Francisco Franco. But, as the years have passed, the most chilling image from the piece—the closed, hard faces of three members of Franco’s feared Guardia Civil—has been exalted... to a point where the essays’ other masterful, evocative pictures have been largely forgotten.", "Smith came out of an American world of magic. It may surprise many Americans to understand that magic was something that actually was quite commonplace in 19th-century America, but [it] simply is true. There were hundreds and hundreds of books about astrology published in America in the 19th century. There were still concerns about witches 120 years after the Salem witchcraft trial. There were efforts -- there were many Americans trying to find fortunes, of whom Smith was one, by digging up hills all over New England, or efforts to use divining rods.", "Noam Chomsky has argued [N 3] that several aspects of Smith's thought have been misrepresented and falsified by contemporary ideology, including Smith's reasons for supporting markets and Smith's views on corporations. Chomsky argues that Smith supported markets in the belief that they would lead to equality, and that Smith opposed wage labor and corporations. [121] Economic historians such as Jacob Viner regard Smith as a strong advocate of free markets and limited government (what Smith called \"natural liberty\") but not as a dogmatic supporter of laissez-faire. [122]", "At this point Smith was accompanied by William P. Kenny, New York contractor, and one of Smith's most ardent backers in the 1928 Presidential campaign. Smith’s conference with Naval Secretary Adams was attended by Assistant Secretaries Jahncke and Ingalls and the noted Rear Admiral William Adger Moffett (1869–1933) long-time Chief of the Navy Department’s Bureau of Aeronautics (“BuAer”). Moffett was a dirigible enthusiast, both in Naval operations and commercial aviation, and secured for the Navy the airships Los Angeles, Akron and Macon. (Moffett would perish just after MIdnight on April 4, 1933 when the Akron—an airship he had called “the safest dirigible ever built”—crashed in an electrical storm off the New Jersey coast.)", "On May 27th (that’s today!), 1831, mountain man, fur trapper, and explorer of the American West, Jedediah Smith, was killed when a hunting party of Commanche Indians attacked him. Smith was integral to opening exploration of the Wild West, and is best known for establishing the South Pass, an easy alternative for fur trappers to cross the Rocky Mountains. This pass eventually became the primary route of the Oregon Trail, and helped travelers heading into Oregon and California navigate safely through the mountains.", "\"The world just does not fit conveniently into the format of a 35mm camera.\" -W. Eugene Smith", "David Emile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.", "Smith was born Henry Joseph Bonaparte Bertholoff in Goshen, New York, on November 25, 1897. In his memoir Music on My Mind, Smith described his father, Frank Bertholoff, as \"a light-skinned playboy who loved his liquor, girls, and gambling\"; his mother, Ida, worked as a maid for a wealthy family. After Frank Bertholoff's death in 1901, Ida married New Jersey mechanic John Smith and moved to Newark. Willie Smith's complex ethnic ancestry included French, Spanish, African, and Native American Mohawk elements.", "Many reactions to the Boys’ Brigade (Boys’ Brigade) are at one end of a continuum or the other: fond memories of friendships, dignity and activities that stay life long; or blank disbelief at what appears to be militaristic, conservative, and badly out of date. Yet over the years I have met a number of committed and courageous people who have been in the Boys’ Brigade and used it to offer young people youth work in some of the most difficult areas of the country, In this piece I want to look at William A. Smith’s vision to see if it still works. I also want to explore William A. Smith’s significance for youth work and informal education more widely and to make connections to other work.", "Robert Holbrook Smith (August 8, 1879 – November 16, 1950), also known as Dr. Bob, was an American physician and surgeon who co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous with Bill Wilson, more commonly known as Bill W.", "Robert Holbrook Smith (August 8, 1879 � November 16, 1950), also known as Dr. Bob, was an American physician and surgeon who co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous with Bill Wilson, more commonly known as Bill W.", "William Penn Adair “Will” Rogers (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) was an American cowboy, vaudeville performer, humorist, social commentator and motion picture actor. He was one of the world’s best-known celebrities in the 1920s and 1930s.", "William James Mayo (June 29, 1861 – July 28, 1939) was a physician and surgeon in the United States and one of the seven founders of the Mayo Clinic.", "*Soapy Smith - Jefferson Randolph \"Soapy\" Smith II (November 2, 1860 – July 8, 1898) was an American confidence man and gangster who had a major hand in organized crime from 1879 to 1898. As a Round Rock youth, he witnessed the shooting of the outlaw Sam Bass. Smith himself was killed in the famed shootout on Juneau Wharf. He is counted among the more famous con men of the Old West. ", "Reuben S. Smith born April 1, 1854, in Jackson County, Florida,  (died in possibly 1904), becomes an attorney who taught school before entering politics and going to Washington, D.C. to serve as alternate delegate-at-large from Florida at the National Republican Convention, in 1876, held in Cincinnati, Ohio. Smith worked as a clerk in the United States Treasury department. He also worked as a Washington correspondent for several newspapers. He graduated from the law department of Howard University in 1883.", "* Eugene K. Jones – (M.A. 1908 Social Science) Member of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Black Cabinet, Executive Secretary of the National Urban League, Founder of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity", "William Alexander Smith was knighted in 1909 by King Edward VII for his services to Boys and died in 1914.", "Smith, C. Alphonso. 1916. \"The Strange Case of Sydney Porter And ‘O. Henry’ \" . In The World’s Work: A History of Our Time, ed. by Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page, vol 33, 54-64. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.", "Adam Smith made the argument that free labor was economically better than slave labor, and argued further that slavery in Europe ended during the Middle Ages, and then only after both the church and state were separate, independent and strong institutions, that it is nearly impossible to end slavery in a free, democratic and republican forms of governments since many of its legislators or political figures were slave owners, and would not punish themselves, and that slaves would be better able to gain their freedom when there was centralized government, or a central authority like a king or the church. Similar arguments appear later in the works of Auguste Comte, especially when it comes to Adam Smith's belief in the separation of powers or what Comte called the \"separation of the spiritual and the temporal\" during the Middle Ages and the end of slavery, and Smith's criticism of masters, past and present. As Smith stated in the Lectures on Jurisprudence, \"The great power of the clergy thus concurring with that of the king set the slaves at liberty. But it was absolutely necessary both that the authority of the king and of the clergy should be great. Where ever any one of these was wanting, slavery still continues..\"", "Eugene McCarthy (1916 - 2005) An American politician, poet, and long-time member of the U.S. Congress from Minnesota. Born in Watkins, MN (298)", "Reginald Bosworth Smith , in \"Mohammedanism and Christianity\" (7 March 1874), published in Mohammed and Mohammedanism (1889), p. 289", "A Wind Is Rising: The Correspondence of Agnes Boulton and Eugene O’Neill. Ed. William D. King. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2000" ]

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[ "In April 2010, Jazz Air purchased a 33 1/3% interest in the Latin American Regional Aviation Holding Corporation (LARAH). In turn, LARAH owns a 75% interest in Uruguayan flag carrier PLUNA, while the remaining 25% is owned by the Uruguayan government. PLUNA said on July 6, 2012, that it was “suspending all flights indefinitely” and announced that 720 of the 900 staff would be sent on unemployment pay until a new associate for the company is found or the airline is definitively sold. ", "The airline was established in September 1936 and started operations the following month, on . It was set up by Jorge and Alberto Márquez Vaesa, two brothers who had obtained the necessary financial and technical support through the ambassador of the United Kingdom to Uruguay at the time, Sir Eugen Millington-Drake. He writes in his memoirs that he suggested the airline be named using a memorable acronym, taking SABENA as an example. It was then decided on \"PLUNA\", an acronym for Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegación Aérea (). Millington-Drake knew De Havilland's representative in Buenos Aires at the time, which helped in the acquisition of the airline's first aircraft. The airline flew two five-seater de Havilland Dragonflys from Montevideo to Salto and Paysandú. The two planes were christened Churrinche and San Alberto, the latter in honor of the brothers' father. PLUNA flew 2,600 passengers in their first fiscal year, a huge success for that era. It also flew 20,000 pieces of mail and 70,000 newspapers.", "At , the airline had employees. At this time the fleet consisted of Boeing 737-200 Advanced and McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 to serve a network that included Asunción, Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Florianopolis, Madrid, Montevideo, Punta del Este, Rio de Janeiro, Rosario, Salvador, Santiago and São Paulo. By late , the airline's major shareholders were the Government of Uruguay (49%) and Varig (49%), and private investors held the balance. When Varig entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on , it sought a bidder for its 49% stake in PLUNA. For almost a year, it looked as if it might go to Venezuela's state-run Conviasa, but the deal officially fell through in .", "In late , PLUNA presented its new corporate image, developed by Australian design company Cato Partners. This new image is based on the interpretation of the name \"Uruguay\" as meaning \"river of the painted birds\" or \"river of the colorful birds\" (). The first of seven brand new CRJ900s that would be incorporated into the fleet during 2008 arrived in that year; these new aircraft permitted increasing frequencies to existing routes, as well as expanding services to new destinations. ", "Aeroflot, American, Air Berlin, Air France, Air Tahiti Nui, Air New Zealand, Alitalia, All Nippon Airways, Asiana, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, China Eastern, China Southern, El Al Israel Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, EVA Air, Fiji Airways , Ethiopian, Iberia Airlines, Japan Airlines, KLM Royal Dutch, Korean Air, LAN Airlines, LAN Peru, Lufthansa, Norwegian, Philippine Airlines, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Saudia, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Airlines, Thai Airways, Transaero Airlines, & Turkish Airlines", "Founded in 1919, KLM (KL) is the oldest airline in the world operating under its original name. The airline, which operates from a hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. Its subsidiaries include KLM Cityhopper (WA) and Transavia (HV). KLM flies to about 130 destinations in 69 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. A member of the SkyTeam alliance, the carrier also has codeshare agreements with 29 other airlines. KLM's fleet of 113 passenger aircraft includes both Boeing and Airbus planes. Each is typically configured with a Business Class cabin, Economy Comfort Class and Economy Class.", "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines was founded on 7 October, 1919 to serve the Netherlands and its colonies. KLM is today the oldest airline still operating under its original name.", "Iberia is the flag carrier airline of Spain. It operates an international network of passenger and cargo services from its main bases of Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD), Spain's largest and busiest airport located near Madrid , and El Prat Airport (BCN), Barcelona .", "LOT Polish Airlines is the flag carrier of Poland. LOT was established in 1929 and is based in Warsaw, making it one of the world's oldest airlines still in operation. Using a fleet of 55 aircraft, LOT operates a complex network to 60 destinations in Europe, North America, and Asia.", "ANA's earliest ancestor was Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company (日本ヘリコプター輸送, Nippon Herikoputā Yusō ? ) (also known as Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952. [8] Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANA's International Air Transport Association (IATA) airline code , NH. [9]", "DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the world's first airline. It was founded on November 16, 1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. Its headquarters were in Frankfurt. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1, 1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, Florida. The four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands' KLM (1919), Colombia's Avianca (1919), Australia's Qantas (1921), and the Czech Republic's Czech Airlines (1923).", "Air France was formed on 7 October 1933 from a merger of Air Orient, Air Union, Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne (CIDNA), and Société Générale de Transport Aérien (SGTA). During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlin's Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and international rival UTA – Union de Transports Aériens. It served as France's primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM.", "Pan American World Airways, known from its founding until 1950 as Pan American Airways and commonly known as Pan Am, was the principal and largest international air carrier in the United States from 1927 until its collapse on December 4, 1991. Founded in 1927 as a scheduled air mail and passenger service operating between Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba, the airline became a major company credited with many innovations that shaped the international airline industry, including the widespread use of jet aircraft, jumbo jets, and computerized reservation systems. It was also a founding member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the global airline industry association. Identified by its blue globe logo (\"The Blue Meatball\"), the use of the word \"Clipper\" in aircraft names and call signs, and the white pilot uniform caps, the airline was a cultural icon of the 20th century. In an era dominated by flag carriers that were wholly or majority government-owned, it was also the unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States. During most of the jet era, Pan Am's flagship terminal was the Worldport located at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.", "An overseas baseAugust 1968 saw the establishment of its first overseas base at Tegel Airport in what used to be West Berlin. The company had up to three BAC One-Elevens stationed there[16] until 1981 when these aircraft were replaced with one of its three newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 series widebodies, at the time the largest aircraft operated out of any Berlin airport.[17] Its Berlin operation was staffed by 90, mainly local workers. Throughout this period, it carried thousands of holidaymakers from the Western parts of the formerly divided German capital to resorts in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands.", "Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT S.A. (Polish pronunciation: lt [ˈlɔt], Flight), trading as LOT Polish Airlines, is the flag carrier of lt Poland. Based in Warsaw, LOT was established in 1929, making it one of the world's oldest airlines still in operation. Using a fleet of 55 aircraft, LOT operates a complex network to 60 destinations in Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia. Most of the destinations are served from its hub, Warsaw Chopin Airport.", "SABENA is short for Soci�t� autonyme belge d'exploitation de la navigation a�rienne, or Belgian company for exploiting aerial navigation. It began operations on May 23, 1923 as the Belgian national carrier. It was created by the Belgian government after its predecessor, SN�TA (Syndicat national pour l'�tude des transports a�riens), which was formed in 1919 as a sort of testbed to investigate commercial aviation in Belgium, ceased operations. SABENA Airlines' first paying flight was from Rotterdam to Strasbourg via Brussels on April 1, 1924 (an example of the hub-and-spoke system.) Regular flights to Amsterdam and Basle via Strasbourg were initiated by 1923 with further routes to London, Bremen and Copenhagen by 1924.", "I just did this routing in August 2007. We actually flew AA from EZE to MVD and Pluna return to AEP. We also flew AR from AEP to IGZ and back. Ok, overall, of course AA was better. Surprised at the price, really. We got it one way for $77 per person. Pluna was better than AR by FAR!!! Pluna does have older planes, but they are refurbed for the most part. Staff was really friendly, very gracious. Flight is really up and down with just a beverage service with nuts. For miles, Pluna only works with Varig Smiles, while AR works with Spanair.. Either way, AR was horrible. Just horrible. Both flights were really late (more than 1 hour each) and the planes were acting like they would fall apart at any moment.", "BoA is the other Bolivian flag carrier. It operates scheduled domestic routes and international services to São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) in Brazil and Buenos Aires in Argentina. The airline has its main hub at Jorge Wilstermann International Airport (CBB) near Cochabamba in central Bolivia.", "1948. April 26. A pioneering transatlantic route was started by Cuban airline Compa��a Cubana de Aviaci�n S.A.1995. between Havana and Madrid (via Bermuda, the Azores and Lisbon) using Douglas DC-4 Skymaster aircraft. The DC-4 was Cubana's first four-engine aircraft, and it required five cockpit crew members to operate (captain, first officer, flight engineer, navigator and radio operator). The DC-4 that started the transatlantic route had a pressurized cabin and was christened \"Estrella de Cuba\" (CU-T188 see photo below). A second DC-4 was christened \"Estrella de Oriente\" (CU-T397) and replaced the DC-3s on Cubana's Miami route. It was also used on the Bermuda route. By then the name of the airline had been changed to Compa��a Cubana de Aviaci�n S.A. A majority share in the airline was then held by Pan American Airways. ", "KLM Asia () is a wholly KLM-owned subsidiary registered in Taiwan. The airline was established in 1995 to operate flights to Taipei without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China. ", "Pan-regional flag carriers are not a new concept. In areas where numerous small states lack the population and financial wherewithal to bankroll a flying vanity project, clubbing together makes good sense. So it is in Central America, where Colombia’s Avianca acts as the de facto flag carrier for five other states: El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. SAS Scandinavian Airlines unites the nationalised air transport interests of Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Latvia’s Air Baltic is trying to convince Lithuania and Estonia that a similar model would work for them. Such synergistic arrangements should boost economies of scale while also weeding out cannibalistic competition between member states.", "In 1928 the airline changed its name to SNNA (Serviciul Naional de Navigaie Aerian, The National Air Navigation Service). In 1930, the company adopted the name LARES (Liniile Aeriene Rom�ne Exploatate de Stat, Romanian State-Operated Air Lines) while 1937 saw the merger of LARES with its competitor, SARTA (Societatea Anonim Rom�n de Transporturi Aeriene). [3]", "Thanks. However, I am having problems booking on the Pluna site (at least with a Mac trying both Safari and Firefox) and this carrier doesn't show on Expedie or Travelocity. Seems to be a faster/cheaper alternative to even the ferry between the two cities.", "O Flybe Group é um grupo de companhia aéreas com sede no Aeroporto de Exeter, Inglaterra. É a maior companhia aérea regional independente na Europa, operando 180 rotas em 65 aeroportos. Sua afiliação em Escandinávia é a Flybe Finland com 26 aeronaves e 35 destinos europeus e com sede no Aeroporto de Helsínquia-Vantaa. Durante o ano de 2013 o grupo transportou 7 milhões de passageiros.", "The airline was established on 1 January 1929 by the Polish government as a state-owned self-governing corporation taking over existing domestic lines Aero and Aerolot, and started operations on 2 January with services (additional to those previously operated by Aero and Aerolot) to Bydgoszcz and Katowice. The first aircraft used were Junkers F.13 and Fokker F.VII. Its first international service began on 2 August 1929 to Vienna. It was also at this point in time that LOT's well-renowned logo (designed by a visual artist from Warsaw, Tadeusz Gronowski, and still in use today) was picked as the winning entry of the Airline's logo design competition. Accepted into IATA in 1930, LOT opened an international route to Bucharest that year, followed by Berlin, Athens, Beirut, Helsinki, Rome and some others.", "August 1968 saw the establishment of its first overseas base at Tegel Airport in what was then West Berlin. The company had up to three BAC One-Elevens stationed there until 1981 when these aircraft were replaced with one of its three newly acquired Airbus A300 B4 series widebodies, at the time the largest aircraft operated out of any Berlin airport. Its Berlin operation was staffed by 90, mainly local workers. Throughout this period, it carried thousands of holidaymakers from the Western parts of the then divided German capital to resorts in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands.", "Flybe, pronounced /ˈflaɪˌbiː/, is a British low-cost regional airline based in Exeter, and the largest regional airline based in Europe. The airline launched in 1979 as Jersey European Airways following the merger of Intra Airways and Express Air Services. In 1983 the airline was sold to Walker Steel Group, which also owned Spacegrand Aviation, and the two airlines were merged under the Jersey European name in 1985. Jersey European was renamed British European in 2000 (shortened to \"BE\"), and received its current name in 2002. Flybe's parent company Flybe Group PLC is listed on the London Stock Exchange.", "KLM is based in Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport, from there they operate passenger and cargo flights to over ninety destinations worldwide. It is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name.", "All those attempts (SNETA & LARA) were concretized when, on 23 May 1923, SABENA (Soci�t� A�rienne Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation A�rienne) was born. The capital of the company was in the hands of both private interests and the state. The new airline expended quickly, each year new liaisons being created:", "During the immediate post-war period, the Dutch government expressed interest in gaining a majority stake in KLM, thus nationalizing it. Plesman wanted KLM to remain a private company under private control; he allowed the Dutch government to acquire a minority stake in the airline. In 1950, KLM carried 356,069 passengers. The expansion of the network continued in the 1950s with the addition of several destinations in western North America. KLM's fleet expanded with the addition of new versions of the Lockheed Constellation and Lockheed Electra, of which KLM was the first European airline to fly.", "KLM was widely known in Europe as a carrier of impeccable service. In July 1924, the airline began using the new Fokker F.7 aircraft, able to carry seven passengers in relatively comfortable conditions. KLM had a reputation for setting the standards of good service, both with the timeliness of their flights and with interior accommodations for passengers. Under the leadership of the charismatic and often authoritarian Plesman, for the first three decades of its operations, KLM maintained a forward-looking equipment policy, improving its fleet year by year with larger, faster, and more efficient aircraft. KLM also enjoyed an advantage over other European countries since the Dutch company Fokker produced some of the most popular passenger airplanes of the 1920s, such as the Fokker F.7a/3m and F.7b/3m.", "Cluj-Napoca International Airport is located in north-western Transylvania. It's the largest airport in Transylvania and an emerging regional hub." ]

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[ "A Passage to India is a 1984 drama film written and directed by David Lean. The screenplay is based on the 1924 novel of the same title by E. M. Forster and the 1960 play by Santha Rama Rau that was inspired by the novel.", "A Passage to India (1984, Columbia, dir. David Lean, novel by E. M. Forster, 163 min, PG) is an old-fashioned period piece big enough for an intermission. In colonial India, British settled, a young Indian doctor is accused of rape in the caves.", "*A Passage to India, directed by David Lean, starring Judy Davis, Victor Banerjee, Peggy Ashcroft, James Fox - (U.K.) - Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film", "Forster achieved his greatest success with A Passage to India (1924). The novel takes as its subject the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. Forster connects personal relationships with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested, the Indian Dr. Aziz, and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the Marabar Caves. Forster makes special mention of the author Ahmed Ali and his Twilight in Delhi in his Preface to its Everyman's Library Edition. A Passage to India was adapted as a film in 1984, directed by David Lean.", "Sir David Lean CBE (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor best remembered for big-screen epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984); for bringing Charles Dickens’s novels to the silver screen with films such as Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948); and for the renowned romantic drama Brief Encounter (1945).", "A Passage to India by David Lean |David Lean, Judy Davis, Victor Banerjee, Peggy Ashcroft | 43396162259 | Blu-ray | Barnes & Noble®", "For Lean’s final film, A Passage to India (1984), he chose to both direct and edit, and the two roles were given precisely equal status in the film’s credits.[7] Lean was nominated for Academy Awards in directing, editing, and writing for the film.", "E.M. Forster 's A Passage to India concerns the relations between the English and the native population of India during the colonial period in which Britain ruled India. The novel takes place primarily in Chandrapore, a city along the Ganges River notable only for the nearby Marabar caves. The main character of the novel is Dr. Aziz , a Moslem doctor in Chandrapore and widower. After he is summoned to the Civil Surgeon's home only to be promptly ignored, Aziz visits a local Islamic temple where he meets Mrs. Moore , an elderly British woman visiting her son, Mr. Heaslop, who is the City Magistrate. Although Aziz reprimands her for not taking her shoes off in the temple before realizing she has in fact observed this rule, the two soon find that they have much in common and he escorts her back to the club.", "The difference between India and the West, as Forster outlines it in this chapter, seems to be the difference between a humanistic (man-centered) world-view (in the West) and a more mystical cosmic view of things (in India), in which man and his works count for as little (or as much) as any other phenomena. Forster has said that he took the title of A Passage to India from Walt Whitman's poem, \"Passage to India,\" a poem in which the soul's passage to India is a mystical experience, a journey into contact with the cosmos. But if, then, the passage to India is such a mystical journey, Fielding's passage away from India is a voyage home to \"the human norm,\" the everyday rational spirit which confronts and controls ordinary facts and does not seek for any meaning beyond the normal order.", "E.M. Forster wrote A Passage to India in 1924, the last completed novel that he published during his lifetime. The novel differs from Forster's other major works in its overt political content, as opposed to the lighter tone and more subdued political subtext contained in works such as Howards End and A Room With a View. The novel deals with the political occupation of India by the British, a colonial domination that ended after the publication of Forster's text and still during his lifetime.", "Mr. Fielding, however, stands outside of the colonialist bureaucracy. He is primarily an educator whose interests are independent of the colonial political hierarchy. Fielding therefore can transgress social boundaries that the other characters must obey. He will serve as both the conduit between the English and the Indians in A Passage to India as well as the character who can offer the most realistic assessment of the colonial system within India, neither altogether condemning it as do the Indians nor wholeheartedly supporting it as the British bureaucracy do. The degree to which Fielding can move among the English and the Indians illustrates another one of Forster's themes in A Passage to India: the meaning and responsibilities of belonging to a race.' Fielding will demonstrate a fluid conception of race in which belonging to a particular culture does not necessitate supporting that race, yet the degree to which he can break from the English will be tested.", "The contract stipulated that Santha Rama Rau would write the screenplay. She had met with E. M. Forster; had successfully adapted A Passage to India as a play; and the author had charged her with preserving the spirit of the novel. However, Lean was determined to exercise input in the writing process. He met with Santha Rama Rau in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and over ten days they talked about the novel and discussed the script.", "In A Passage to India, Lionel Trilling remarks, \"the theme of separateness, of fences and barriers [is] everywhere dominant. The separation of race from race, sex from sex, culture from culture, even of man from himself, is what underlies every relationship.\" And, indeed, while Howards End is in some ways an easier book, A Passage to India is in many respects more striking. The gulfs between men are mercilessly revealed throughout, and what seems to be an enormous though temporary pessimism descends at the end; the universe, at this point, assents to separation, to the division of Fielding and Aziz and perhaps to the division of all men.", "Australian actress Judy Davis (with her first nomination) as the young Englishwoman Adela Quested in the film adaptation of Forster's novel about sexual repression and racial prejudice in early 20th century India, A Passage to India", "Stanley Kubrick (; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. Part of the New Hollywood film-making wave, Kubrick's films are considered by film historian Michel Ciment to be \"among the most important contributions to world cinema in the twentieth century\", and he is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history. His films, which are typically adaptations of novels or short stories, cover a wide range of genres, and are noted for their realism, dark humor, unique cinematography, extensive set designs, and evocative use of music.", "During 1912 and 1913 Forster journeyed to India, beginning a lifelong fascination with the subcontinent. A return journey to India in 1921 provided the inspiration for A Passage to India (1924), which was hailed as a masterpiece on publication. After writing five novels in succession, then ending a fourteen-year hiatus with A Passage to India, Forster retired as a novelist at age forty-five.", "During 1912 and 1913 Forster journeyed to India, beginning a lifelong fascination with the subcontinent. A return journey to India in 1921 provided the inspiration for A Passage to India (1924), which was hailed as a masterpiece on publication. After writing five novels in succession, then ending a fourteen-year hiatus with A Passage to India, Forster retired as a novelist at the age of forty-five.", "author: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View, Howard�s End, A Passage to India, Maurice; died June 7, 1970", "In 1912, Forster made the first of his two trips to India. His trip lasted six months and provided him the inspiration for writing A Passage to India. Orientalism inspired him in his adulthood the way Italian renaissance and Greek paganism inspired him as a youth. In India, he visited a Muslim friend whom he met in England as well as a friend from Cambridge. The Muslim friend was the inspiration for the character Dr. Aziz. During this visit, he also traveled to Bankipore in the Bengal region (the basis of Chandrapore that is featured in the book) and the nearby Barabar caves. It was in these six months that Forster wrote the first seven chapters of Passage that led up to the picnic outing at the Marabar caves.", "    British imperialism in India entailed a fundamentally racist set of beliefs about \"Orientals,\" a term which denoted anyone living east of western Europe, from North Africa to China. Orientals were considered passive, weak, illogical, and morally corrupt with a tendency toward despotism. A Passage to India turns this imperial ideology on its head through its scathing depiction of British colonial bureaucrats, its detailed and nuanced portrayal of Indian characters, and its invocation of India's rich history and culture. But it also shows how difficult the path to Indian independence would be through exploration of the tensions between the Hindu and Muslim characters in the novel.", "There have been three cinematic incarnations of Kipling's novel; once in 1916, a 5-reel Pathe version directed by Edward Jose; the 7-reel Paramount film directed in 1923 by George Melford; and most famously William Wellman's 1939 Hollywood version (left). This movie enjoyed no small success; Wellman was one of Hollywood's finest directors, and its most celebrated British-born star Ronald Colman took the role of Dick. Walter Huston, father of the great director John, was Torpenhow, Ida Lupino a much admired Bessie, and Muriel Angelus played Maisie.", "Like the film, Auden’s poem combines social documentary with lyric expression. The first 16 lines are heavily percussive in echo of the sound of a train, and so is Britten’s evocative score with its cellos playing a staccato passage sul ponticello (the hazy, wheezing effect produced when the notes are bowed very close to the bridge)— reminiscent of a passage in Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring. Stuart Legg, a member of the uncredited production team, utters the urgent opening lines: “This is the Night Mail crossing the border …” Then comes a lyric section spoken by Grierson himself, accompanied by an adagio passage in Britten’s score, where flutes herald the dawn and clouds seem to blossom for the phrase “All Scotland waits for her.” The poetry mirrors the film’s striking jump cuts, substantially influenced by Soviet cinematographers and directors, Sergei Eisenstein in particular.", "The book [A Passage to India] shows signs of fatigue and disillusionment; but it has chapters of clear and triumphant beauty, and above all it makes us wonder, what will he write next?", "The Hundred Foot Journey is a joint project from Steven Spielberg and Oprah Winfrey about two chef families — one from France, the other from India — who work to reconcile their differences, while the Indian son has to choose between his family and his dream of becoming a great Parisian chef. It received no Oscar nominations.", "* Journey to a War (London, New York, 1939; verse and prose, with Christopher Isherwood) (dedicated to E. M. Forster).", "V.S. Naipaul, Trinidadian-Indian Nobel Prize winner left his home in Trinidad to take up studies in England, later becoming a novelist expressing the overseas Indian experience in \"A House for Mr. Biswas\" and author of global travel narratives, including visits to his ancestral India in \"An Area of Darkess\" and the experience of black slaves in exile in \"The Middle Passage.\" In his Wriston lecture he called on the world's writers to be the voice of \"Universal Civilization\" in World Literature.", "He appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) and Gandhi (1982). John Gielgud and Trevor Howard also appeared in both films. See more »", "In the middle of this epic film there is a quiet, small scene that helps explain why “Gandhi” is such a remarkable experience. Mahatma Gandhi, at the height of his power and his fame, stands by the side of a lake with his wife of many years. Together, for the benefit of a visitor from the West, they reenact their marriage vows. They do it with solemnity, quiet warmth, and perhaps just a touch of shyness; they are simultaneously demonstrating an aspect of Indian culture and touching on something very personal to them both. At the end of the ceremony, Gandhi says, \"We were thirteen at the time.\" He shrugs. The marriage had been arranged. Gandhi and his wife had not been in love, had not been old enough for love, and yet love had grown between them. But that is not really the point of the scene. The point, I think, comes in the quiet smile with which Gandhi says the words. At that moment we believe that he is fully and truly human, and at that moment, a turning point in the film, Gandhi declares that it is not only a historical record but a breathing, living document. ", "He appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) and Gandhi (1982). John Gielgud and Trevor Howard also appeared in both films.", "This is a film which seeks to tell the life-story of Gandhi the Man and his incessant search for Truth.", "His feature film directorial debut was the all-star screen version of the hit musical Oh! What a Lovely War (1969), after which his acting appearances became sporadic as he concentrated more on directing and producing. He later directed two epic period films: Young Winston (1972), based on the early life of Winston Churchill, and A Bridge Too Far (1977), an all-star account of Operation Market Garden in World War II.", "Academy Award® nomination for his editing work on Weir’s Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, for which he also received a BAFTA and Eddie Award nomination. Smith reunited with Weir for the fact-based drama The Way Back. He had earlier served as editor and sound designer on Weir’s The Truman Show, Fearless and Green Card; an additional editor on Dead Poets Society; and an associate editor and sound designer on The Year of Living Dangerously, which began their collaboration." ]

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[ "Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003), born Eldred Gregory Peck, was an Oscar-winning American film actor. He was one of 20th Century Pictures most popular film stars, from the 1940s to the 1960s, and played important roles well into the 1990s.", "Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American film and stage actor. He was one of 20th Century Fox's most popular film stars, from the 1940s to the 1960s, and played important roles well into the 1990s. One of his most notable performances was as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film version of To Kill a Mockingbird, for which he won his Academy Award. President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts.", "Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor. One of the world's most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s, Peck continued to play major film roles until the late 1970s. His performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He had also been nominated for an Oscar for the same category for The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and Twelve O'Clock High (1949). Other notable films he appeared in include Spellbound (1945), The Paradine Case (1947), Roman Holiday (1953), Moby Dick (1956) (and its 1998 miniseries of the same name), The Big Country (1958), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Cape Fear (1962) (and its 1991 remake of the same name), How the West Was Won (1962), The Stalking Moon (1969), The Omen (1976), and The Boys from Brazil (1978).", "Peck was born in San Diego, California's seaside community of La Jolla, the son of Bernice Ayres, a Missouri-born convert to Catholicism, and Gregory Peck, a chemist/pharmacist of Armenian ancestry from his paternal grandfather Sam Peck and Irish-English maternal ancestry. Peck's second wife, Veronique Passani, was the one responsible for tracing Peck's ancestry and discovering his Armenian lineage. She urged him to learn of his partial Armenian heritage and to learn the Armenian language. He took Armenian classes in his middle age. Gregory's paternal grandmother, Catherine Ashe, was related to the Irish patriot Thomas Ashe, who took part in the Easter Rising less than three weeks after Peck's birth and died while on a hunger strike in 1917. Despite their strict Catholicism, Peck's parents divorced when he was five and he was raised by his grandmother.", "Gregory Peck was an American actor. His paternal grandmother was Irish. His other ancestry is English, some German, and distant Welsh. Many of his family lines have been in the United States since the 1600s. Gregory’s grandson is actor Ethan Peck .", "* Actor, Gregory Peck, was the father of actors, Cecilia and Tony Peck, and grandfather of Ethan Peck.", "Eldred Gregory Peck was born in 1916, and spent most of his early life in and around La Jolla, California. By the time he was six, his parents had divorced. His mother married a travelling salesman and was often away with her new husband, while his father, a local pharmacist, spent much of the time working the night-shift. For a number of years he lived with his maternal grandmother, but at the age of ten was sent to St. John’s Military Academy in Los Angeles. The four years he spent there were important in forming his sense of personal discipline. There he also began to acquire a sensitivity to the social importance of authority figures – a topic that remained important throughout his career. After the Academy, he returned to live with his father, and to attend public high school.", "Father of Jonathan “Jon” Gregory Peck ; <private> Peck; <private> Peck; <private> Voll (Peck) and <private> Peck", "23 February 1956: US actor Gregory Peck is flanked  by Grace Kelly (R), awarded Favourite Actress for \"Henrietta\" and Jean Simmons, named Best Actress in a Musical Comedy during the 10th Annual Golden Globe Awards in Hollywood", "With a career beginning in 1944, actor Gregory Peck has appeared in indelible dramatic roles for many major Hollywood directors and also become a role model for his lifelong humanitarian efforts. A crusader for social issues and an outspoken opponent of the blacklist, he won an Academy Award for his performance as Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) after four previous nominations and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1968. He also served as the Academy President from 1967 to 1970 and received such honors as the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award, and the AFI Life Achievement Award. With other major roles including Spellbound (1945), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Twelve O'Clock High (1949), Roman Holiday (1953), The Big Country (1958), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Cape Fear (1962), and The Omen (1978), he retains a place in history as an all-American role model.", "Gregory Peck shared Joel McCrea’s ability to project a basic American style of decency, although his brand of that quality was a little flintier and less self-effacing than McCrea’s.  His ultimate cinematic expression of that quality is probably as southern lawyer Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962).  It made him convincing in playing reforming outlaws ( Yellow Sky [1948], The Gunfighter [1950]), but less so in portraying bad guys ( Duel in the Sun , 1947).  He was a big star, both comfortable and convincing at the center of a large-budget production ( The Big Country [1958]).", "In October of 1943, Gregory Peck married Greta Kukkonen with whom he had three sons. Greta was awarded the Rose of Finland, equivalent to a Medal of Freedom. They were divorced on December 30, 1955 and maintained a very good relationship as parents.", "Actor Gregory Peck died at the age of 87 on June 12, 2003. He had won an Academy Award for Best Actor for To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and had received four other Best Actor nominations, for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), and Twelve O'clock High (1949).", "One of his most notable performances was as Atticus Finch in the 1963 film version of To Kill a Mockingbird, for which he won an Academy Award. President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts.[1] In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 12.", "Gregory Peck is entombed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels mausoleum in Los Angeles, California. His eulogy was read by Brock Peters, whose character, Tom Robinson, was defended by Peck's Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird.", "Based on the novel by Harper Lee, Gregory Peck stars as an attorney in a small southern town who is selected to defend a black man accused of raping a white woman. The story is told through the attorney’s young daughter, Scout.", "Gregory Peck actually deserves the credit for casting Mitchum as Max Cady and taking the more low-key role of attorney Sam Bowden. After buying the rights to the John D. MacDonald novel, The Executioners, Peck reassembled several previous collaborators who had served him well in the past, namely J. Lee Thompson, who had just helmed the enormously successful war adventure, The Guns of Navarone (1961), producer Sy Bartlett and screenwriter James Webb. Initially, Rod Steiger and Telly Savalas were considered for the part of Cady but once Mitchum became a possibility, Peck pushed for his commitment. At first Mitchum didn't want to do the film but finally relented after Peck and Thompson delivered a case of bourbon to his home. His reply, \"Ok, I've drunk your bourbon. I'm drunk. I'll do it.\"", "Circa 1962, actor Gregory Peck portrays attorney Atticus Finch, a small-town Southern lawyer who defends a black man accused of rape, in a scene from \"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" based on the novel by Harper Lee. (AP)", "In early 2003 Gregory Peck was offered the role of Grandpa Joe in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He said he'd seriously consider it. He was looking forward to playing Grandpa Joe, which he considered \"the greatest swan song of them all\", but he died before he could accept.", "Rules Lawyer : As in To Kill a Mockingbird , Gregory Peck plays one of these. He still manages to be the good guy.", "She was 17 when she met and became a close friend of Gregory Peck. She was an usherette at the time. They remained close until his death.", "David T. de Varona (heart surgeon & father of Donna de Varona) rowed at Cal-Berkeley with Gregory Peck", "Among his other films were Spellbound (1945), The Paradine Case (1947), The Gunfighter (1950), Moby Dick (1956), The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956), On the Beach (1959), which brought to life the terrors of global nuclear war, The Guns of Navarone (1961), and Roman Holiday (1953), with Audrey Hepburn in her Oscar-winning role. Peck and Hepburn were close friends until her death; Peck even introduced her to her first husband, Mel Ferrer. Peck once again teamed up with director William Wyler in the epic Western The Big Country (1958), which he co-produced. Peck won the Academy Award with his fifth nomination, playing Atticus Finch, a Depression-era lawyer and widowed father, in a film adaptation of the Harper Lee novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Released in 1962 during the height of the US civil rights movement in the South, this film and his role were Peck's favorites. In 2003, Peck's portrayal of Atticus Finch was named the greatest film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.", "Gregory Peck was considered briefly to play the lead before it was decided to make it a TV-movie. See more »", "President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck among Greatest Male Stars of Classic Hollywood cinema, ranking at No. 12. He was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1983. ", "In 1969, US President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. In 1971 the Screen Actors Guild presented Peck with the SAG Life Achievement Award. In 1989 the American Film Institute gave Peck the AFI Life Achievement Award. He received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema in 1996.", "One of 20th Century Fox's most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His notable performances include that of Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird, for which he won his Academy Award.", "Peck also received many Golden Globe awards. He won in 1947 for The Yearling, in 1963 for To Kill a Mockingbird, and in 1999 for the TV mini series Moby Dick. He was nominated in 1978 for The Boys from Brazil. He received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1969, and was given the Henrietta Award in 1951 and 1955 for World Film Favorite – Male.", "Peck also received many Golden Globe awards. He won in 1947 for The Yearling, in 1963 for To Kill a Mockingbird, and in 1999 for the TV miniseries Moby Dick. He was nominated in 1978 for The Boys from Brazil. He received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1969, and was given the Henrietta Award in 1951 and 1955 for World Film Favorite – Male.", "Was the second choice to play Prof. Henry Jones Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), had first choice Sean Connery declined the role. Star Harrison Ford cited Peck as one of his favorite actors and To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) as one of his favorite films.", "* Screenwriter-director, Sam Peckinpah, was the uncle of producer, David Peckinpah. (Their real names were David Edward Samuel Ernest Peckinpah Jr. and III, respectively.)", "One of his greatest heroes from childhood was President Abraham Lincoln . Peck was initially concerned about playing him in The Blue and the Gray (1982), since at 66 he was a decade older than Lincoln was when he was assassinated. Some 17 years later, when he was the director Rod Lurie 's first choice to play the role of a fictional U.S. President in The Contender (2000), he declined saying he was 'too damn old.'." ]

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[ "Robert Tyre Jones, Jr., better known as Bobby Jones, was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 17, 1902. By the time he was 6 years old, he had already won his first tournament and was thought of as a golf prodigy. By the time he was 20 years old, he had already won his three Southern Open titles and was well on his way to becoming the most famous golfer who ever lived. Most interesting about him was that he remained an amateur throughout his career, which lasted until he was 28 years old and he chose to retire from the game.", "Golfing legend Bobby Jones was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 17, 1903. He began playing golf as a young child, and won his first tournament when he was nine years old. In 1916, at age 14, he made it to the third round of the US National Amateur tournament. Golf was not just a passion with him but almost an obsession, and while he was attending the Georgia School of Technology--from which he graduated in 1922--he continued playing golf, and his astonishing skill at the game resulted in his becoming one of the most admired sports stars of the 1920s and widely credited with making golf one of the most popular sports in the country. He won the US Open in 1923--his first major tournament win--and again in 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1930. He took the US Amateur title in 1924, 1925, 1927 and 1928 and the British Open championship in 1926, 1927 and 1930. In 1930 he took the US Open and US Amateur titles and British Open and British Amateur titles, a feat that has never been duplicated. He won a total of 13 major championships. He was a member of the US Walker Cup teams in 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928 and 1930.", "Golfing legend Bobby Jones was born to Robert Purmedus Jones and Clara Thomas in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 17th, 1903. Bobby Jones was named after his grandfather, a popular businessman from Canton. In 1907, his father joined Atlanta Athletic Club, which also owned the East Lake Country Club, where the family spent each summer. It was at East Lake Country Club that Jones learned how to play golf, mainly by imitating the swing of the club’s professional Stewart Maiden.", "Robert Tyre \"Bobby\" Jones Jr. (March 17, 1902 – December 18, 1971) was an American amateur golfer, and a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament. The innovations that he introduced at the Masters have been copied by virtually every professional golf tournament in the world.", "Growing up in Gainesville, Ga., Tommy Aaron often dreamed of playing in the Masters. Amateur legend Bobby Jones, a Georgia native, had started Augusta National and the Masters after his playing career was over.", "Bobby Jones was born into a wealthy family in Atlanta in 1902. His father's membership at East Lake Country Club was to the advantage of young Bobby Jones who became an exceptional teenage golfer when he began modeling his technique after the club's designated professional. As Jones began to grow older he became frustrated with his limited golfing skills and chose to forfeit games and throw his club when defeat was eminent. In 1923 his reputation as a poor sport inexplicably changed into a reputation of maturity and dignity as well as skillfullness. His reign of golfing championship had begun and he proceeded to conquer thirteen championships. He is better known for his honesty, willingness to penalize himself, and his humility taking form in his refusal to accept monetary prizes for his wins. He was considered an admirable role model in homes of the 1920's era.", "Bobby Jones had the picture-perfect swing of every golfer’s dreams, despite never having taken a lesson. He modeled his swing after that of Stewart Maiden, a Scottish golfer who was the golf professional at the Atlanta Club. Jones would watch Maiden play, then run home and copy his swing to the best of his ability. It worked: Jones was said to have shot a 70 for 18 holes by the age of 12. At 14, he won his first of five U.S. Amateur Championships at the Merion Cricket Club in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, where, 14 years later, he would win the Grand Slam, his greatest triumph.", "Bobby Jones hated the Old Course on his first visit in 1919. On the short 11th, 172 yards, and one of the most celebrated par 3s in golf, Jones landed in the Hill Bunker and suffered a knockout. He picked up his ball and headed home for Georgia. He got over his anger and returned to win the British Open at the Old Course.", "Augusta National Golf Club, located in Augusta, Georgia, is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world. Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the site of the former Fruitland (later Fruitlands) Nursery, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and opened for play in January 1933. Since 1934, it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the number one ranked course in Golf Digest's 2009 list ... (展开) of America's 100 greatest courses and is currently the number ten ranked course on Golfweek Magazine's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States, in terms of course architecture. The golf club's exclusive membership policies have drawn criticism, particularly because there were no African-American members admitted until 1990, as well as a former policy requiring all caddies to be black, which was omitted from the club's bylaws in 1959. The club began granting membership to women in August 2012. Prior to the acceptance of female members, Augusta National defended its position by citing that in 2011, more than 15% of the non-tournament rounds were played by female players who were member guests or spouses of active members. In August 2012, it admitted its first two female members, Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore. The golf club has defended the membership policies, stressing that it is a private organization.", "Augusta National Golf Club, located in Augusta, Georgia, is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world. Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the site of the former Fruitland (later Fruitlands) Nursery, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and opened for play in January 1933. Since 1934, it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the number one ranked course in Golf Digest's 2009 list of America's 100 greatest courses and is currently the number ten ranked course on Golfweek Magazine 's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States, in terms of course architecture.", "Golf: At the age of 9, American golfer, Robert T. (Bobby) Jones (1902-1971), wins his first title, the Junior Championship of Atlanta.", "Robert Tyre \"Bobby\" Jones Jr. (March 17, 1902 – December 18, 1971) was an American amateur golfer, and a lawyer by profession. Jones was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete on a national and international level. During his peak as a golfer from 1923 to 1930, he dominated top-level amateur competition, and competed very successfully against the world's best professional golfers. Jones often beat stars such as Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen, the era's top pros. Jones earned his living mainly as a lawyer, and competed in golf only as an amateur, primarily on a part-time basis, and chose to retire from competition at age 28, though he earned significant money from golf after that, as an instructor and equipment designer.", "Jones battled health issues as a young boy, and golf was prescribed to strengthen him. Encouraged by his father, Jones loved golf from the start. He developed quickly into a child prodigy, who won his first children's tournament at the age of six, and made the third round of the U.S. Amateur Championship at 14. That same year, 1916, he won the Georgia State Amateur Championship for his first important title, at the Capital City Club, in Brookhaven, where he became an active member later in life.", "Jones appeared every spring at the Masters tournament, playing in the event until 1948, when he suffered a spinal injury. He had to give up the game of golf and was forced into a wheelchair. Jones continued to run his business interests from his Atlanta home. He took his last tour to the Masters in the year 1968. Ultimately succumbing to his sickness, Bobby Jones died in 1971, at the age 69. More than any golfer in history, Jones is a model of the complete golfer. Extremely gifted, he was also an intelligent man, and he merged all these forces to become not just a singular champion, but also a hero to many.", "At age 28, exhausted from the rigors of competitive golf, Bob Jones retired immediately after winning the Grand Slam in 1930. Jones wanted to spend time with his family and focus on his law practice and golf instruction videos. In 1933, Jones co-founded Augusta National Golf Club.", "No history of Hoylake would be complete without mention of the legendary Bobby Jones. In 1930 the club was privileged to host his winning of the Open Championship, a victory that would become the second leg of his remarkable Grand Slam - the winning in the same year of the Amateur and Open Championships of both Great Britain and the United States.", "Jones was not only a consummately skilled golfer but exemplified the principles of sportsmanship and fair play. Early in his amateur career, he was in the final playoff of the 1925 U.S. Open at the Worcester Country Club. During the match, his ball ended up in the rough just off the fairway, and as he was setting up to play his shot, his iron caused a slight movement of the ball. He immediately got angry with himself, turned to the marshals, and called a penalty on himself. The marshals discussed among themselves and questioned some of the gallery whether they had seen Jones's ball move. Their decision was that neither they nor anyone else had witnessed any incident, so the decision was left to Jones. Bobby Jones called the two-stroke penalty on himself, not knowing that he would lose the tournament by one stroke. When he was praised for his gesture, Jones replied, \"You may as well praise a man for not robbing a bank.\" The USGA's sportsmanship award is named the Bob Jones Award in his honor.", "Bobby Jones was often confused with the prolific golf course designer, Robert Trent Jones, with whom he worked from time to time. \"People always used to get them confused, so when they met, they decided each be called something different,\" Robert Trent Jones Jr. said. To help avoid confusion, the golfer was called \"Bobby,\" and the golf course designer was called \"Trent.\" ", "Founders Circle is a memorial located in front of the course's clubhouse, at the end of Magnolia Lane. Plaques at Founders Circle honor Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts.[ citation needed ]", "More than any player in history, Bobby Jones is the model of the complete golfer. Supremely gifted, Jones was also a man of vast intelligence and profound character, and he merged all three forces to become not only a singular champion, but a genuine hero. Wrote Herbert Warren Wind, “In the opinion of many people, of all the great athletes, Jones came the closest to being what we called a great man.”", "Cink was born in Huntsville, Alabama, and grew up in nearby Florence, where he attended Bradshaw High School. After completing high school in 1991, he graduated from Georgia Tech in Atlanta in 1995 with a degree in Management, where he played golf for the Yellow Jackets; he turned professional in 1995.", "1. BOBBY JONES – Won 13 of 20 majors entered; he was an amateur so we must count amateur titles which meant so much more years ago when pro golf didn’t pay much. He is officially credited with 7 majors, and he only played 7 years, quitting golf at age 28! He decided to win the grand slam in 1930, and he did! He also won 50% of all the tournaments he entered! All this while earning a law degree at Harvard!", "Founded in 2003, the Bobby Jones Golf Company designs, develops, and sells metal-woods, wedges and hybrid golf clubs. The company has an exclusive, worldwide license agreement with the family of Bobby Jones (known as Jonesheirs, Inc.) and Authentic Brands Group for the use of the Bobby Jones name for golf equipment and golf accessories. The craftsman is Jesse Ortiz.", "GOLF FLIP-BOOK 76. GOLF. JONES ([Robert Tyre] Bobby) Golf Shots by Bobby Jones: Driver and Mashie Shots. London: Flicker Productions, Inc.,1930. £95 24mo (75 x 54mm), [100]pp., illustrated throughout with flip-action pictures of Jones from photographs of him golfing (each direction, one with the driver and one with the Mashie), original staple-bound light green wrappers, staple rusted through. Rare Bobby Jones mini flip-book issued as part of a \"Flicker\" series. Donovan & Murdoch, 22610.", "Jones was the subject of the quasi-biographical 2004 feature film Bobby Jones: A Stroke of Genius in which he was portrayed by James Caviezel. The film was a major box office flop, grossing only $1.2 million the first weekend and $2.7 million overall, against a production cost of over $17 million. The film was also littered with historical inaccuracies. The Jones legend was also used to create a supporting character in The Legend of Bagger Vance in 2000, portrayed by Joel Gretsch, and the event where he called his own penalty is used for the main character, Rannulph Junuh.", "*In 1962, he was voted the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf.", "Woods is the only player to have won multiple professional majors in consecutive years, 2005 and 2006. Bobby Jones won multiple majors in consecutive years in 1926 and 1927, when the U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were both considered majors. [11]", "Robert Tyre Jones Jr. completes the Holy Grail of golf, winning the Open and Amateur championships of Britain and the USA in the same calendar year–a feat never achieved before or since. “Bobby Jones” was fanatical about his clubs. On his retirement from golf, which followed soon after completing the slam, he stated, “I was very proud of my clubs. There were some sixteen which I considered to be on the active list.” Five of those clubs were made by Tom Stewart and George Nicoll.", "Gary Player won the US Open golf tournament and became the fourth winner to earn all four top-pro golf titles. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American to achieve this feat.", "Which Bobby was the first golfer to win the 'Grand slam' in a single year in the 1960s?*Jones", "* Robert Trent Jones, Sr. (1906–2000), golf course architect; moved here from England where he married and raised two sons, both following in their father's footsteps ", "A Difficult Par: Robert Trent Jones Sr. and the Making of Modern Golf by James R. Hansen Biography, Nonfiction, Sports" ]

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[ "During the period 22 July 1958 to 5 August 1958, U.S.S. NAUTILUS, the world's first atomic powered ship, added to her list of historic achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged beneath the geographic North Pole. This voyage opens the possibility of a new commercial seaway, a Northwest Passage, between the major oceans of the world. Nuclear-powered cargo submarines may, in the future, use this route to the advantage of world trade.", "\"During the period 22 July 1958 to 5 August 1958, U.S.S. NAUTILUS, the world's first atomic-powered ship, added to her list of historic achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged beneath the geographic North Pole.\"", "At its launch in 1957 the icebreaker NS Lenin was both the world's first nuclear-powered surface ship and the first nuclear-powered civilian vessel. Lenin was put into ordinary operation in 1959. Lenin had two nuclear accidents, the first in 1965, and the second in 1967. The second accident resulted in one of the three OK-150 reactors being damaged beyond repair. All three reactors were removed, and replaced by two OK-900 reactors; the ship returned to service in 1970. The Lenin was taken out of operation in November 1989 and laid up at Atomflot, the base for nuclear-powered icebreakers, in the Murmansk Fjord. Conversion to a museum ship was scheduled to be completed .", "Note: For those that are not familiar with nuclear ship history, the N. S. Savannah was the world's first nuclear powered commercial ship. She operated for less than ten years before being laid up.", "While nuclear reactors were being installed all over the world for commercial purposes, the US was adapting the nuclear reactor for military purposes, most notably, nuclear powered submarines. Nuclear powered submarines are submarines that use a nuclear reactor for propulsion, rather than a diesel engine. The benefit of using a nuclear reactor in this way is that the submarine almost never has to refuel, can maintain high speeds for longer periods of time, and only needs to surface when running low on provisions. The first nuclear vessel was built in 1955 and was named the USS Nautilus.", "1962 – USS Savannah, world’s first nuclear powered ship, completed her maiden voyage from Yorktown, Va., to Savannah, Ga.", "In 1957, the U.S.S.R. launched NS Lenin, both the world’s first nuclear-powered icebreaker and first nuclear-powered civilian ship. It seemed a logical move: Nuclear-powered vessels would be more powerful and less fuel-dependent than their Diesel counterparts, thus offering both strategic and commercial advantages. They’re a perfect microcosm of Soviet-era technological development: massive, expensive, uninhibited, mildly crazy and prone to breaking down.", "USS Nautilus (hull number SSN-571), the world's first atomic submarine, was launched into the Thames River in Groton, CT on January 21, 1954 after First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke the traditional bottle of champagne across her bow.", "C1955: Eugene Wilkinson, commander of the world's first nuclear powered vessel, points out the dates and battle actions of the ships that previously bore the name Nautilus.", "In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. The sailing of the first nuclear-powered submarine, the USN \"Nautilus\" in 1955 was soon followed by similar British, French and Russian boats. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations, together with inertial navigation systems, gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS Nautilus in 1958. Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the United States and the Soviet Union and its successor state the Russian Federation have been powered by nuclear reactors. The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food supply and crew morale in the space-limited submarine.", "The keel of the world’s first nuclear aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise (CVN-65) was laid 04 February 1958. She was commissioned on 25 November 1961 as a CVAN (Nuclear Attack Carrier, changed by the Navy to CVN later). Today the “Big E” (nickname)  is our oldest commissioned warship and even has her own Facebook Page.", "Great liners propelled by engines of 28,000 or more horsepower began plying the Atlantic on regular schedules in the late 1800s. During the 1880s Sir Charles A. Parsons and C. G. P. de Laval developed the steam turbine, and the Turbinia, the first vessel to be driven by a turbine, was first seen in 1897. Within 10 years several turbine-driven liners were in the Atlantic service. Although multiple cylinders were added to reciprocating engines to take full advantage of the steam's expansion, within a decade the steam turbine virtually eliminated the older reciprocating steam engine on major vessels; the great transatlantic liners, such as the Queen Mary (launched 1934), the Queen Elizabeth (1938), and the United States (1951), were all turbine-powered. In 1955 the first nuclear-powered ship, in which the heat generated by nuclear fission is used to create the necessary steam, was launched. Nuclear-powered commercial vessels like the Savannah (launched in 1958 but since laid up) proved to be uneconomical because of the high cost of nuclear-power systems and environmental concerns; however, most large naval vessels are powered by nuclear steam plants.", "An F/A-18 Hornet launches from the USS Enterprise in 2007. The Enterprise, the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, was decommissioned in 2012. Like the John F. Kennedy, it was the only ship built in its class.", "*1959 – , the first nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship, is launched as a showcase for Dwight D. Eisenhower's \"Atoms for Peace\" initiative.", "RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died in the sinking, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The largest ship afloat at the time it entered service, the RMS Titanic was the second of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, and was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.", "After nearly 18 months of construction, NAUTILUS was launched on January 21, 1954 with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking the traditional bottle of champagne across NAUTILUS' bow as she slid down the ways into the Thames River. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, NAUTILUS became the first commissioned nuclear powered ship in the United States Navy.", "Description: USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "The Olympic, the first of three enormous vessels in the \"Olympic Class\" and Titanic's sister ship, was successfully launched. After final construction, she began her maiden voyage in June, 1911. Before the completion of the Titanic, she was the largest ship in the world and, later, regained that title until the construction of the German ship Imperator.", "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) is the world’s first operational nuclear-powered submarine. She was also the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "Little sister to the Titanic, the RMS Olympic was launched on October 20, 1911 and was captained by Edward J. Smith, the same man who captained the Titanic on the night of its tragic sinking. Her maiden voyage took place on June 14, 1911 and made the trip from Southampton to New York successfully.", "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) is the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine . She was the first vessel to complete a submerged transit to the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with the submarine in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and named after another USS Nautilus (SS-168) that served with distinction in World War II, Nautilus was authorized in 1951 and launched in 1954. Because her nuclear propulsion allowed her to remain submerged far longer than diesel-electric submarines, she broke many records in her first years of operation, and traveled to locations previously beyond the limits of submarines. In operation, she revealed a number of limitations in her design and construction. This information was used to improve subsequent submarines.", "In July 1951, after several years of experiments with marine applications for nuclear power, Congress authorized the US Navy to build a nuclear-powered submarine. This type of propulsion was highly desirable as a nuclear reactor makes no emissions and does not require air. Design and construction of the new vessel was personally overseen by the \"Father of the Nuclear Navy,\" Admiral Hyman G.", "Mobile Chernobyl: USS Enterprise (CVN-65) , due to it being the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. See \"Quarter Mile Island\" below.", "The United States’ first and only nuclear-powered merchant vessel was designed in hopes of finding peaceful uses for nuclear energy as part of President Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace program in the 1950s.", "These two kinds of nuclear explosives were first used as weapons at the end of World War II. The world's first atomic bomb, dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, for example, was a fission weapon. The world's first hydrogen bomb, tested at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in 1952, was a fusion weapon.", "*Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the first marine nuclear reactors for surface ships", "The discoverers aptly named the element after Enrico Fermi, the Italian-born physicist whose work at the University of Chicago was crucial to the development of nuclear explosives. This work took place under the bleachers of a dusty, disused football stadium. The site hadn't been used for three years since the president of Chicago University closed down the football team as a distraction from academic work. In a claustrophobic space beneath the stands was an old squash court. Here, in 1942, Fermi and his team built the world's first manmade nuclear reactor, literally an atomic pile of carbon bricks where materials for the atomic bomb would be produced. Fermi, who won the Nobel Prize in 1938, also worked in quantum mechanics and particle physics, making him an ideal candidate for an elementary name.", "The name of the American bomber that on August 6,1945, dropped the first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, thus initiating the nuclear age.", "The reactor achieved first criticality at 4:30 AM on December 2, 1957. Sixteen days later, on December 18, the first electrical power was generated and full power was achieved on December 23, 1957, although the station remained in test mode. Eisenhower opened the Shippingport Atomic Power Station on May 26, 1958. The plant was built in 32 months at a cost of $72.5 million.", "The first Soviet hydrogen (thermonuclear or fusion) bomb, far more potentially damaging than those dropped on Japan, was exploded in the Kazakh desert, then part of the Soviet Union. Igor Vasziljevics Kurcsatov, head of the Soviet Uranium Committee, said to Josef Stalin at the time: “The atomic sword is in our hand. It is time to think about the peaceful use of nuclear energy.” ", "1952 - 1st hydrogen device exploded at Eniwetok Atoll in Pacific Fusion occurs for 1st time on Earth" ]

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[ "Wagon Wheels consist of two biscuits with marshmallow sandwich filling, covered in a chocolate flavoured coating. They were launched as \"Weston Wagon Wheels” in 1948 at the Olympia Food Fair by Australain Garry Weston . The name capitalized on the popularity of Wild West soaps at the time. In the UK Wagon Wheels are produced and distributed by Burton's Foods who separated from the Weston family connection when they were sold out of Associated British Foods in 2000. The original factory in Slough produced the biscuit with crinkled edges and corn cobbs rather than the updated smoother edges. This caused the overall diameter of the biscuit to shrink slightly, but not as much as fans of the biscuit believe.", "Coronation Street is Britain 's longest-running television soap opera and its consistently highest-rating programme. It was created by Tony Warren and first broadcast on Friday December 9, 1960 on ITV, where it continues to be scheduled. The programme is produced by Granada Television, the ITV1 franchise for the north-west of England, and was initially shown only in that area; it was networked in May 1961. The working title of the show was \"Florizel Street\", but a tea lady named Agnes remarked that 'Florizel' sounded too much like a disinfectant.", "Coronation Street is Britain's longest-running television soap opera, and the UK's consistently highest-rated show. It was created by Tony Warren and first broadcast on the ITV network on Friday December 9, 1960. The working title of the show was Florizel Street, but Agnes, a tea lady at Granada Television, Manchester, (where Coronation Street is produced) remarked that \"Florizel\" sounded too much like a disinfectant. Jubilee Street was another option considered.", "Harley Proctor found the name \"Ivory\" for his soap in the Bible. He was in church reading the line, \"All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad.\" The original name of the soap was P&G White Soap.", "The largest factory of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere was constructed in 1885, on a site between the suburbs of Tighes Hill and Port Waratah, by Charles Upfold, from London, for his Sydney Soap and Candle Company, to replace a smaller factory in Wickham. Their soap products won 17 medals at International Exhibitions. At the Sydney International Exhibition they won a bronze medal \"against all-comers from every part of the world\", the only first prize awarded for soap and candles. Following World War I the company was sold to Messrs Lever & Kitchen (today Unilever), and the factory closed in the mid-1930s.", "In many English speaking countries, the word \"biscuit\" refers to a hard cookie or cracker . In the United States biscuits are generally small soft, yeast-based products served with breakfast or dinner. They perform a variety of functions including filling (hungry bellies), topping (eg. pies) and sopping (eg. biscuits & gravy ). Cowboy-style biscuits were rustled up by pioneers and overland travelers in makeshift ovens. Cathead biscuits and beaten biscuits are two popular American regional favorites. Refrigerator biscuits (packed in a tube, ready to bake) debuted in 1931.", "From the outset of its establishment, the company produced what were then the established form of biscuits in the Commonwealth countries, a hard, square, pin-pricked (known as \"docker-holes\", introduced by the baker to stop the biscuit expanding like a bread) dry style, suitable for storage on ships in passage due to its longevity. However, Carr brought his knowledge of both the Scottish cake-like tradition (i.e.: shortbread), and experience during his apprenticeship of Dutch sweet and soft cookies. With James Peek still viewing the business as a complementary and co-marketing opportunity to the families tea company, they began introducing sweetened product lines:", "ed by the MRU, and is most famous for its Crabwood oil soap and healing creams. This group uses local ingredients like Crabwood oil, the barks of local trees and leaves to make medicinal tinctures, soaps and creams; all based on local traditions and available for purchase at the Bina Hill Shop.", "The industry of soapmaking began on a small scale in the 1780s, with the establishment of a soap manufactory at Tipton by James Keir and the marketing of high-quality, transparent soap in 1789 by Andrew Pears of London. It was in the mid-19th century, though, that the large-scale consumption of soap by the middle classes, anxious to prove their social standing, drove forward the mass production and marketing of soap.", "varying in size for you to mix'n'match according to hunger or desire. Included are dishes that take you back to when Marguerite Patten and Fanny Craddock ruled the kitchen roost, such as oeuf a la Lorraine, French onion soup, medallions of pork Dijonnaise or roast guinea fowl with Madeira sauce – all well executed classics. Tilleys is welcoming. What’s more it’s a fine place to seek culinary comfort on a winter’s day. Tilleys Bistro, 3 North Parade Passage, Bath BA1 1NX Tel: 01225 484200; web: tilleysbistro.co.uk", "\"Mssrs. Carr & Co....manufacture between 150 and 200 different classes of cakes and biscuits. The 'arrowroots' are one of the oldest, and in these the business is enormous. For upwards of thirty years, also, the firm have had a reputation for soda biscuits. To mention ...in any kind of detail all the other varieties would be impossible...a glance only at one of their price lists is sufficient...[selected biscuits named including sugar wafers]...Of these latter [sugar biscuits] it may be said that that they are a very luxury in biscuit food; as their names imply, so like wafers that they are, they seem to melt almost the moment they are flavored with vanilla, rose, or lemon, as ma be desired. The manipulation (mechanical, not handwork) required to get these biscuits to perfection is so delicate, ingenious, and 'indescribable.' that it must be seen to be fully appreciated.\"", "There’s nothing worse than a soft biccie so keep yours fresh in this biscuit box from Alessi. Shown here in yellow, it has an airtight seal to keep teatime treats tasty and has a replica plastic biscuit on top to remind you what’s inside. Mary Biscuit Biscuit Box, £33, Alessi, 020 7518 9090, alessi.com.", "* Bath Oliver biscuits – Dr William Oliver (1695–1764) of Bath, England concocted these as a digestive aid for his patients. Oliver had opened a bath for the treatment of gout, and was largely responsible for 18th-century Bath becoming a popular health resort.", "Both sites were opened in 1972 by Taverna (Esso), the current owner is Moto. In 2006, Moto changed the branding to Marks and Spencer and Costa Coffee. Also on site are the brands Burger King and Travelodge", "I'm not sure why I haven't written about Bath Olivers before, as they're a very Greasy Spoon thing. \"Fortt's Bath Olivers\". The most elegant biscuit ever created, in my opinion: generously large, soft to the touch, light on the taste, with that quirky indented impression of their inventor, the good William Oliver, Physician of Bath.", "The Bath Oliver business was passed from company to company, and the biscuits are now made by James Fortt – you can buy them in Waitrose . Apparently they go well with wine as well as cheese.", "You’ve very likely had one of these with cheese before. A Bath Oliver is a hard, savoury biscuit made from flour, butter, yeast and milk and it was invented by physician William Oliver of Bath, Somerset around 1750. Apparently Mr Oliver bequeathed his coachman, Mr Atkins, the recipe upon his deathbed, together with £100 and ten sacks of wheat flour to get started – it made Atkins a very rich man.", "Several foods have an association with the city. Sally Lunn buns (a type of teacake) have long been baked in Bath. They were first mentioned by name in verses printed in the Bath Chronicle, in 1772. At that time, they were eaten hot at public breakfasts in Spring Gardens. They can be eaten with sweet or savoury toppings and are sometimes confused with Bath buns, which are smaller, round, very sweet and very rich. They were associated with the city following The Great Exhibition. Bath buns were originally topped with crushed comfits created by dipping caraway seeds repeatedly in boiling sugar; but today seeds are added to a 'London Bath Bun' (a reference to the bun's promotion and sale at the Great Exhibition).The seeds may be replaced by crushed sugar granules or 'nibs'.", "Hot Brown - J. Graham Brown, owner of the Brown Hotel , which first served the hot sandwich.", "What’s that? You spent your entire childhood wishing your Grandmother made fluffy, fresh buttermilk biscuits every morning? Biscuitville’s fried pork chop biscuit is a great way to work through those really weird, unresolved family issues. Soundly defeating its Southern counterpart, North Carolina is also the birthplace of Bojangles and Cook-Out, which manages to have Cheerwine at the drink fountain and a food selection that magically ranges from chopped BBQ plates to chili-topped burgers.", "From publication onward, Evans & Hill would miss no opportunity to paste Burritt’s verdict on their advertisements, vaulting them ahead of their local competition. When a newer firm named Dickinson & Morris purchased Evans & Hill in 1851, they took over the leader’s mantle. By the middle of the 20th century, other early bakers had fallen prey to the vagaries of history and family succession. Certainly, a few small producers continued to exist – but when consumers outside the immediate vicinity of Melton Mowbray wanted a pork pie, they turned inevitably to those of Dickinson & Morris.", "Katz's Delicatessen, also known as simply Katz's Deli, is a Jewish kosher style delicatessen on the Lower East Side of New York City, located at 205 E. Houston Street, on the south-west corner of Houston and Ludlow Streets, in Manhattan. Since its founding in 1888, it has become popular among locals and tourists alike for its pastrami sandwiches and hot dogs, both of which are widely considered among New York's best. Each week, Katz's serves 5,000 pounds of corned beef, 2,000 pounds of salami and 12,000 hot dogs.", "Peach Melba (its original title was in French, Pêche Melba) was created in the summer of 1892 at the Savoy Hotel, London by the the great French chef Auguste Escoffier . It honored the renowned Australian soprano, Dame Nellie Melba (Escoffier also created Melba toast for her).", "Honoured: Errol Brown, the co-founder and frontman of British soul band Hot Chocolate, has died aged 71. The singer (pictured with wife Ginette and daughters Leonie and Colette) received an MBE in 2003", "The Peach Melba is a classic dessert, invented in 1892 or 1893 by the French chef Auguste Escoffier at the Savoy Hotel, London to honour the Australian soprano, Dame Nellie Melba (1861-1931). It combines two favourite summer fruits: peaches and raspberry sauce accompanying vanilla ice cream.", "The Peach Melba is a classic dessert, invented in 1892 or 1893 by the French chef Auguste Escoffier at the Savoy Hotel, London to honour the Australian soprano, Dame Nellie Melba (1861-1931). It combines two favourite summer fruits: peaches and raspberry sauce accompanying vanilla ice cream.", "For elevenses, Winnie-the-Pooh preferred honey on bread with condensed milk. Paddington Bear often took elevenses at the antique shop on Portobello Road run by his friend Mr Gruber, for which Paddington would buy buns and Mr Gruber would make cocoa (hot chocolate).", "“Top of the Town” -5280 Sweet & Savory Pies Pie Shakes Coffee & Tea Apothecary-Inspired Cocktails Colfax & Monroe", "History: Unsurprisingly, the cake is named after the town of Eccles, Greater Manchester. James Birch is thought to have been the first person to sell them in 1793.", "In 1970 Hot Chocolate, with the help of record producer Mickie Most, began releasing tracks that became hits, such as \"Love Is Life\", \"Emma\", \"You Could Have Been a Lady\" (a U.S. and Canadian hit for April Wine), and \"I Believe in Love\". All those releases were on the Rak record label, owned by Most. Brown and bassist Tony Wilson wrote most of their original material, and also provided hits for Herman's Hermits, \"Bet Yer Life I Do\", and Mary Hopkin, \"Think About Your Children\".", "In 1817 another bakery began in the corner of High Street and Church Street, which then became known as Billington’s Gingerbread. Here the town’s secret recipe was developed and was said to include rum while many claim it should be eaten after being dipped in port.", "Breakfast - Lunch - Afternoon Tea Offering delicious locally sourced foods, home baked breads & cakes, real barista coffee and an extensive range of teas. SHOP" ]

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[ "The Seagram Building, erected in 1956-58, is the only building in New York City designed by architectural master Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Carefully related to the tranquil granite and marble plaza on its Park Avenue site, the elegant curtain wall of bronze and tinted glass enfolds the first fully modular modern office tower. Constructed at a time when Park Avenue was changing from an exclusive residential thoroughfare to a prestigious business address, the Seagram Building embodies the quest of a successful corporation to establish further its public image through architectural patronage.", "The Seagram Building is a skyscraper, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The integral plaza, building, stone faced lobby and distinctive glass and bronze exterior were designed by German-American architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Philip Johnson designed the interior of The Four Seasons and Brasserie restaurants. Severud Associates were the structural engineering consultants.", "The Seagram Building located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, was designed by the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with the American Philip Johnson and was completed in 1958. The Seagram Building was meant to confirm Mies' assertion that when modern industrialized building technology is truthfully expressed, architecture becomes transcendent. Ironically, the luxurious materials used (marble for the plaza benches, travertine for the lobby walls and floor, tinted glass and bronze for the curtain wall) and the carefully controlled customized details that pervade the building remind the viewer that this building is far from being the simple result of rationalized industrial production and construction techniques. Much copied but not matched, the Seagram Building is generally recognized as the finest example of skyscrapers in the International Style (text from New York Architecture Images).", "Looking through the cool high glass wall of the atrium, you see the security guards hanging out by the lift shafts - the space in there is perfect, it is proportionate, open and immaculate. Look up and a sliver of darkness floats on the sky. You have to move back, right across Park Avenue, to get the measure of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's architectural masterpiece, the Seagram Building. The 525ft office block, commissioned in 1954 as the new corporate headquarters of Seagram distillers and completed in 1958, is very different from earlier New York skyscrapers with their gargoyles, chrome spires and airship mooring masts. It rejects gothic fantasy for a classical clarity with the icy brilliance of an equation. Lean, mean and devastating, it hovers, a black sentinel, on top of narrow pillars. Its expensive materials - hand-cast bronze beams, travertine stone, darkened glass - make clear that this austerity is a matter of aesthetic choice rather than economic necessity.", "The story begins in 1954, when the Bronfman family, owners of the Seagram distilleries, announced their intention to build a new corporate headquarters on Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Streets. They hired architect  Philip Johnson  to help oversee the project, and he invited German architect  Ludwig Mies van der Rohe  to collaborate with him on the design of the building itself. The ground-floor Four Seasons restaurant, outfitted with plants, pools, expensive stone, and a world-class art collection, would serve as a reflection of the power and opulence of 1950s Manhattan (and it did,  until this year ).", "After completing several houses in the idiom of Mies and Breuer, Johnson joined Mies van der Rohe as the New York associate architect for the 39-story Seagram Building (1956). Johnson was pivotal in steering the commission towards Mies by working with Phyllis Lambert, the daughter of the CEO of Seagram. The commission resulted in the iconic bronze-and-glass tower on Park Avenue. The structure was designed by Mies while the lobby and other internal aspects were designed by Johnson including the Four Seasons and Brasserie restaurants ", "The Seagram Building faces the podium and tower of Lever House by architects Skidmore Owings & Merrill across Park Avenue. Both buildings feature in most histories of 20th Century architecture.", "This 39-story, 516-foot tall office building was commissioned by Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Corporation, purveyors of Seagram liquors. Noted for it's amber toned windows and public plaza, the Seagram is Mies' largest work. The architect worked around New York City's zoning codes mandating that skyscrapers recess or \"set back\" ... › View Project", "Prize-winning designer of Seagram Building in NYC (with Mies van der Rohe, 1945), Lincoln Center, postmodernist buildings since the 1980s (AT&T Building). Designed a proposed Cathedral of Hope for gay & lesbian Metropolitan Community Church.", "The building is on the east side of Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Streets. It is open to the public, with public spaces inside including the Four Seasons Restaurant (designed by Philip Johnson) and the Seagram Gallery on the Fourth Floor.", "Ms. Lambert’s book, “ Building Seagram ,” being released next week by the Yale University Press, is something of a joint biography: a history of this stately Park Avenue landmark that many consider the pinnacle of postwar architecture in New York, rendered through the lens of her vivid memories of its invention and of her privileged early years as the daughter of the liquor baron Samuel Bronfman, who founded the Seagram distilling empire. The book reveals many new details about a building that remains among the most studied of the modern era.", "That severity represented an aesthetic about-face for the Seagram company, then with headquarters in the flamboyant Art Deco Chrysler Building. One of Ms. Lambert’s more amusing revelations in the book is that Seagram’s offices there were designed by a young Morris Lapidus, future maestro of Miami kitsch.", "Mies' response to the city with the Seagram Building was the grand gesture of setting back the building 100 feet from the street edge, which created a highly active open plaza. The plaza attracts users with its two large fountains surrounded by generous outdoor seating. By making this move, Mies distanced himself from New York urban morphology, lot line development, and the conventional economics of skyscraper construction. ", "A building's structural elements should be visible, Mies thought. The Seagram Building, like virtually all large buildings of the time, was built of a steel frame, from which non-structural glass walls were hung. Mies would have preferred the steel frame to be visible to all; however, American building codes required that all structural steel be covered in a fireproof material, usually concrete, because improperly protected steel columns or beams may soften and fail in confined fires. Concrete hid the structure of the building — something Mies wanted to avoid at all costs — so Mies used non-structural bronze-toned I-beams to suggest structure instead. These are visible from the outside of the building, and run vertically, like mullions, surrounding the large glass windows. This method of construction using an interior reinforced concrete shell to support a larger non-structural edifice has since become commonplace. As designed, the building used 1,500 tons of bronze in its construction. ", "Mies located the thirty-eight story tower, which occupies only fifty-two percent of the entire site, 100 feet back from Park Avenue. Using the glass-enclosed lobby and raised tower (elements refined from his designs for the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive buildings), and a slab marquee and continuous pavement, Mies provided the Seagram Building with a unity between indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Refinements of this prototype are found in the Commonwealth Promenade Apartments (1953-56) and especially the Seagram Building in New York (1954-58). Among his last works was the New National Gallery in Berlin, West Germany (1963-69). He received, among other awards, Gold Medals from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the American Institute of Architects.", "The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects as well as AIA New York State for its design.", "Completing the Seagram Building with Mies also decisively marked a shift in Johnson's career. After this accomplishment, Johnson's practice grew as projects came in from the public realm, including coordinating the master plan of Lincoln Center and designing that complex's New York State Theater. Meanwhile, Johnson began to grow bored with the orthodoxies of the International Style he had championed.", "Architecture in the 1970s began as a continuation of styles created by such architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Early in the decade, several architects competed to build the tallest building in the world. Of these buildings, the most notable are the John Hancock Center and Sears Tower in Chicago, both designed by Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan, and the World Trade Center towers in New York by American architect Minoru Yamasaki. The decade also brought experimentation in geometric design, pop-art, postmodernism, and early deconstructivism.", "Wikipedia: Carnegie Hall (generally pronounced /ˌkɑrnɨɡi ˈhɔːl/) is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east stretch of Seventh Avenue between West 56th Street and West 57th Street, two blocks south of Central Park. Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most famous venues in the United States for classical music and popular music, renowned for its beauty, history and acoustics.", "Until large-scale private sector construction halted during the Great Depression, American skyscrapers were either historical pastiches or tips of the hat to European art deco. Most famous were New York's Chrysler, Empire State, and Rockefeller Center buildings (of 1930 and 1931), featuring diagonal or zigzag \"jazz age\" ornament and equal amounts of glass and masonry in alternating vertical or horizontal strips forming crisp, rectilinear facades that nonetheless hide the frame. Two exceptions were noteworthy: Hood's 1929–1931 McGraw-Hill Building, designed with André Fouilhoux, in New York; and William Lescaze's 1929–1932 Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building, designed with George Howe. Both were in what was labeled \"the international style,\" which made structurally determined form something of a fetish.", "Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned to design a larger home for the museum in 1943. New York City’s Guggenheim Museum opened in 1959. A spiraling cylinder, the building is one of the most iconic of modern structures.", "\"The inescapable drama of the Seagram Building in a city already dramatic with crowded skyscrapers lies in its unbroken height of bronze and dark glass juxtaposed to a granite-paved plaza below. The siting of the building on Park Avenue, an indulgence in open space unprecedented in midtown Manhattan real estate, has given that building an aura of special domain. The commercial office building in this instance has been endowed with a monumentality without equal in the civic and religious architecture of our time....The use of extruded bronze mullions and bronze spandrels together with a dark amber-tinted glass has unified the surface with color....The positioning of the Seagram Building on the site and its additive forms at the rear, which visually tie the building to adjacent structures, make for a frontal-oriented composition. The tower is no longer an isolated form. It addresses itself to the context of the city.\"", "The design of the c.1906-07 addition to the original Sohmer building, which continues Berger & BayliesÃ- c.1886 German Renaissance Revival style, is attributed to firm member Franklin Baylies. The Department of Buildings records for the addition have been lost, but the similarity of the addition to the original building, plus the fact the Baylies continued on his own to specialize in warehouse and loft buildings, while BergerÃ-s subsequent work was mainly residential, suggests that Baylies, who was also a Queens resident, may have been retained again by the Sohmers to execute the addition. Furthermore, BayliesÃ-s 1902 addition to an existing loft building at 155-159 Franklin Street in the Tribeca West Historic District in Manhattan was designed in the same neo-Grec style as the original wing, indicating BayliesÃ- apparent sensitivity to original designs when producing plans for building extensions.", "He was an American architect, best known as the architect in charge of designing New York City's Chrysler Building.", "In his 45-year career, the unabashed modernist architect has built projects all over the world and been showered with awards. Among his best-known commissions are the Centre Pompidou in Paris (with Renzo Piano, completed in 1981), the headquarters for Lloyd's of London (1986), Nippon Television Tower in Tokyo (2003), and Terminal 4 of Madrid's Barajas Airport (with Antonio Lamela, 2006). He is now working on two prominent commissions in New York: the expansion and renovation of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center and Tower 3, the 2.1-million-square-foot, 71-story office building on the site of the World Trade Center.", "The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, New York at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. Following the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, the Empire State Building became for the second time, the tallest building in New York City.", "The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, New York at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. Following the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, the Empire State Building became for the second time, the tallest building in New York City.", "America’s involvement in World War I, followed by a recession in the early 1920s, caused a construction lull in New York City, as in other parts of the country. By the mid 1920s, the economy had bounced back, and demand for new and larger commercial buildings was booming. Fifteen new office skyscrapers were erected in New York in 1925, and 1926 saw the construction of 30 more. This building frenzy lasted through the 1929 stock market crash, as construction went forward in the early 1930s on buildings that had already been planned and financed; although largely finished by 1932, the boom left behind a “rich array of towers,” many of them executed in what is known today as the Art Deco style. Indeed, several of New York’s most spectacular skyscrapers from this period—including the Chanin Building , the Chrysler Building , the Empire State Building and the General Electric Building , all designated New York City Landmarks, are among the country’s most significant examples of Art Deco design.", "Despite the fact that the building was neo-Gothic rather than Art Deco, his remaining twelve years of practice included work on some of the most significant American buildings of the age: the American Radiator Building in New York (1925), which combined a more subdued Gothic with a more confident modernity; the Rockefeller building (1931), which he co-designed and remains an icon of Art Deco, and the McGraw Hill Building with its terracotta exterior.", "Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City, United States. Built by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan, spanning the area between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.", "Early 20th century postcard depicting the original waldorf-astoria hotel at 350 Fifth Avenue In New York City. this would become the construction site of the empire state building in 1929." ]

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[ "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 - 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.", "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus penicillium natatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.", "Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS, FRCS was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.", "1928 - Penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945, along with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.", "Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Scottish biologist who discovered penicillin. Shared Nobel Prize in 1945 with Howard Florey and Enrst Boris Chain, who helped produce penicillin on a large scale.", "The 1945 prize was awarded to Ernst Boris Chain, Howard Florey and Alexander Fleming \"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\". Fleming accidentally stumbled upon the then-unidentified fungal mold. However, some critics pointed out that Fleming did not in fact discover penicillin, that it was technically a rediscovery; decades before Fleming, Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, William Roberts (physician), John Tyndall and Ernest Duchesne had already done studies and research on its useful properties and medicinal characteristics. Moreover, according to Fleming himself, the first known reference to penicillin was from Psalm 51: \"Purge me with hyssop and I shall be clean\". Meanwhile, he had learned from mycologist Charles Thom (the same who helped Fleming establish the identity of the mysterious fungal mold) that \"Penicillium notatum\" was first recognized by Per Richard Westling, a Swedish pharmacist, from a specimen of decayed hyssop. In this award, as it had been pointed out, several deserving contemporaneous contributors had been left out of the Prize altogether.", "Born in Ayrshire. Alexander Fleming was a scientist (biologist and pharmacologist) who was heavily involved in scientific medical research particularly in the area of bacteria and antiseptics. In 1928, while working with the flu virus, he 'accidentally' discovered the antibiotic Penicillin - this is not only one of the most important in terms of Scottish inventions, but on an international level.", "1881 Sir Alexander Fleming - Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928 at St. Mary�s Hospital, Paddington, London, when green mould appeared on a culture dish. Scientists usually discarded these, but Fleming decided to make a close examination", "Today we honor Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955). Fleming is best remembered as a Nobel Prize winner for his co-discovery of penicillin. As a farmer's son, it was by chance that he was part of a rifle club with a man who encouraged his academic pursuits. After completing his education in London and lecturing at St. Mary's for several years, he fought in WWI. It was during this time that his interest in bacteria in the blood intensified.", "Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. He published many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1922 and the discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium Notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.", "On 6 August 1881 Sir Alexander Fleming , the Nobel prize-winning bacteriologist, was born. Born near Darvel in rural Ayrshire, Fleming became a lecturer at St Mary’s Medical School in London. After seeing front line service in the Army Medical Corps throughout the Great War, he returned to St Mary’s and began his research into anti-bacterial substances. In 1928, whilst carrying out work on the influenza virus, he noticed that mould had accidentally developed on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. This discovery fired Fleming’s work and he found that a mould culture prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. He named the active substance penicillin.", "He was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.", "Alexander Fleming accidentally stumbled upon the then-unidentified fungi mold that was to bring penicillin to the attention of the world as medicine, though he was often credited as the discoverer of penicillin and won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Ernst Boris Chain and Howard Florey . However, some critics pointed out that Fleming did not in fact 'discover' penicillin, that it was technically a 'rediscovery'; decades before Fleming, there had been significant others (notably Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson , William Roberts (physician) , John Tyndall and Ernest Duchesne ) who had already done studies [20] and research [110] on its useful properties and medicinal characteristics. [111] Moreover, according to Fleming himself, the first known reference to penicillin he could recall to mind was from Psalm 51: \"Purge me with hyssop and I shall be clean\". Meanwhile, he had learnt from the book of the famous American mycologist Charles Thom (the same who helped Fleming establish the identity of the mysterious fungi mold) [112] that penicillium notatum was first recognised by Westling, a Swedish chemist, from a specimen of decayed hyssop . In this award, as it had been pointed out, several deserving contemporaneous research contributors had also been left out of the Prize altogether .", "*Alexander Fleming; (1881-1955), discoverer of penicillin and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine attended Kilmarnock Academy.", "Fleming's discovery of penicillin has would be a modern day myth, except that it is indeed true; it was an accident. Fleming carelessly left some of his cultures in his lab for weeks while on vacation. When he returned, he did not immediately clean them up. Then, one day he noticed that the \"stuff\" growing in the dishes was keeping bacteria at bay! He published an article about his discovery in 1929, but it would be years before the research would come to fruition with the work of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who share the Noble Prize with Fleming.", "Alexander Fleming was born on the 6th August 1881 at Lochfield Farm, Darvel Ayrshire and was educated at Darvel School and Klmarnock Academy. In 1901 he enrolled at St Mary's Hospital, London and qualified with distinction with the option of becoming a surgeon. Fleming had been a active member of the Territorial Army. He served with distinction as a Captain in the Army Medical Corps through the First World war and was mentioned in dispatches. He returned to St Mary's in 1918. It was a teaching hospital and Fleming was elected Professor of Bacteriology in 1928. He was the most famous scientist during that time and held in esteem. In 1922 amongst other findings, Fleming discovered lysozyme. That being the bodies own defence system. In 1928 a careless lab technician had left cultures that Fleming had been working on. On return from holiday Fleming noticed that on a zone around the fungus where the bacteria would not grow. Fleming isolated an extract from the mould and identified it to be from the Penicillium Genus. He named the extract Penicillin. After months of research and by the outbreak of World War II penicillin had been stabilised and enough produced to treat wounded allied soldiers. Fleming's discovery has saved countless millions of life, and still does.. He was knighted in 1944 and won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945. Fleming died on March 11th 1955 and was interred in St Paul's Cathedral. His lab is now a museum.", "1955 England Sir Alexander Fleming 11th March, 1955 : Sir Alexander Fleming remembered for his discovery of the drug penicillin dies in London of A Heart Attack.", "Biologist Alexander Fleming (left) discovered the world's first antibiotic . Physician Edward Jenner (right) discovered the world's first vaccine", "The discovery of penicillin is attributed to Scottish scientist and Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming in 1928. He showed that, if Penicillium rubens were grown in the appropriate substrate, it would exude a substance with antibiotic properties, which he dubbed penicillin. This serendipitous observation began the modern era of antibiotic discovery. The development of penicillin for use as a medicine is attributed to the Australian Nobel laureate Howard Walter Florey, together with the German Nobel laureate Ernst Chain and the English biochemist Norman Heatley. The first published reference appears in the publication of the Royal Society in 1875, by John Tyndall. Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá, Professor of Botany and Zoology of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, also recognised the antibiotic activity of Penicillium and other fungi in 1877. In his book, Elements of General and Medical Botany (under a section titled \"Useful fungi, harmful and curious\"), he stated:", "Penicillin The world's first antibiotic; it was discovered in 1929 Fleming discovered penicillin in a culture of staphylococcus bacteria", "Starting in the late 19th century there had been many accounts by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday, September 28, 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital in London (now part of Imperial College), Fleming noticed a Petri dish containing Staphylococcus that had been mistakenly left open was contaminated by blue-green mould from an open window, which formed a visible growth. There was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould. Fleming concluded that the mould released a substance that repressed the growth and caused lysing of the bacteria.", "Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin is one of the most celebrated case of an accident in science. In the conventional story, a stray mould spore was borne through an open window and landed on an exposed bacterial culture, Fleming later noticed a clear zone where the bacteria had been killed, he immediately recognized the therapeutic significance of the event, and it was only a matter of time before penicillin became a miracle drug. Fleming himself often underscored the role of chance in his work. Despite the numerous honours and awards he received, he was fond of reminding others, \"I did not invent penicillin. Nature did that. I only discovered it by accident.\"", "British bacteriologist and Nobel laureate Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955) in his laboratory at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington. (1941).  (Photo by Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)", "Maybe this September 28, as we celebrate Alexander Fleming’s great accomplishment, we will recall that penicillin also required the midwifery of Florey, Chain and Heatley, as well as an army of laboratory workers.", "Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955), studying a test tube culture with a hand lens. Photo by Chris Ware/Getty Images.", "A biography of the British bacteriologist, born in Scotland, who was knighted and awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering penicillin.", "Fleming published his discovery in 1929, in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but little attention was paid to his article. Fleming continued his investigations, but found that cultivating penicillium was quite difficult, and that after having grown the mould, it was even more difficult to isolate the antibiotic agent. Fleming’s impression was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in treating infection. Fleming also became convinced that penicillin would not last long enough in the human body (in vivo) to kill bacteria effectively. Many clinical tests were inconclusive, probably because it had been used as a surface antiseptic. In the 1930s, Fleming’s trials occasionally showed more promise, and he continued, until 1940, to try to interest a chemist skilled enough to further refine usable penicillin.", "In 1955, Fleming died suddenly at his home in London of a heart attack. He was cremated and his ashes interred in St Paul's Cathedral a week later. His discovery of penicillin had changed the world of modern medicine by introducing the age of useful antibiotics ; penicillin has saved, and is still saving, millions of people. His widow presented his Nobel Prize medal to the Savage Club (a London Gentlemen's club), where Fleming was a member. The Medal is still proudly displayed among the Club's artifacts.", "Fleming did continue to use and advocate penicillin in the years following his initial discovery. But he saw the value of penicillin primarily in the context of bacteriology. Penicillin suppressed the growth of certain bacterial species, allowing one to selectively culture certain others (such as those causing influenza, acne and whooping cough). In this role penicillin became a valuable tool in the manufacture of vaccines--a major task Fleming managed at St. Mary's Hospital. Production of penicillin continued on a weekly basis throughout the 1930s, but all for purifying bacterial cultures. The penicillin was crude--good enough for Fleming's purpose, but hardly strong enough to destroy a serious human infection. Meanwhile, Fleming had turned his research to another group of chemical bactericides, the sulphonamides.", "Later on, he started his investigation about the positive and negative effects of penicillin on many organisms, and also noticed that some of the bacterium like staphylococci was affected by it. But, he also found out that penicillin did not quite have the required effect on typhoid or paratyphoid. Fleming went on to publish this amazing discovery of his in the year 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but this gained little or no attention at all. Nevertheless, he continued his research work and investigations. He had the impression that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be effective in treating infection.", "Could this be the \"wonder drug\"? To Fleming, it was not. Though he saw its potential, Fleming was not a chemist and thus was unable to isolate the active antibacterial element, penicillin, and could not keep the element active long enough to be used in humans. In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not garner any scientific interest.", "Out of Park Lane leads Hertford Street, full of memories of persons of note who have lived there. A tablet on the house at No. 14 indicates that it has been the home of Dr. Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination. Other dwellers in the street were Richard Brinsley Sheridan, dramatist and politician, who lived several years at No. 10, and Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, novelist, whose house was No. 36." ]

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[ "Rodeo is a ballet scored by Aaron Copland and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, which premiered in 1942. Subtitled \"The Courting at Burnt Ranch\", the ballet consists of five sections: \"Buckaroo Holiday\", \"Ranch House Party\", \"Corral Nocturne\", \"Saturday Night Waltz\", and \"Hoe-Down\". The symphonic version omits \"Ranch House Party\", leaving the other sections relatively intact.", "Rodeo  was originally a ballet choreographed by Agnes DeMille and scored by Copland in 1942 for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo .  It premiered that year at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City with DeMille in the title role to great acclaim.  Copland converted the music into an orchestral suite, Four Dance Episodes from Rodeo , which was premiered by the Boston Pops in 1943.  This version, whose chief difference from the ballet music was the removal of one movement and the trimming of other sections, became one of Copland’s most popular and enduring works.  This is especially true of the first movement, Buckaroo Holiday, and the last, Hoedown.  Both of these have been arranged for band.", "Continuing his string of successes, in 1942 Copland composed the ballet Rodeo, a tale of a ranch wedding, written around the same time as Lincoln Portrait. Rodeo is another enduring composition for Copland and contains many recognizable folk tunes, well-blended with Copland's original music. Notable in the final movement, is the striking \"Hoedown\". This was a recreation of Appalachian fiddler W. H. Stepp's version of the square-dance tune \"Bonypart\" (\"Bonaparte's Retreat\"), which had been transcribed for piano by Ruth Crawford Seeger and published in Alan Lomax and Seeger's book, Our Singing Country (1941). For the \"Hoedown\" in Rodeo Copland borrowed note for note from Seeger's piano transcription of Stepp's tune. This fragment (lifted from Ruth Crawford Seeger) is now one of the best-known compositions by any American composer, having been used numerous times in movies and on television, including commercials for the American beef industry. \"Hoedown\" was given a rock arrangement by Emerson, Lake & Palmer in 1972. The ballet, originally titled \"The Courting at Burnt Ranch\", was choreographed by Agnes de Mille, niece of film giant Cecil B. DeMille. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera on October 16, 1942, with de Mille dancing the principal \"cowgirl\" role and the performance received a standing ovation. A reduced score is still popular as an orchestral piece, especially at \"Pops\" concerts.", "•   the unknown poet. Answer : Corre ct Points: 2.5 • 4 ) • In \"Hoe-Down\" from Rodeo,  Aaron Copland orchestrates his music in an extremely open fashion, which means he:  (2.5pts) •   composes in a public area where all can see him working. •   uses the full range of registers from highest to lowest and  leaves much space between groups. •   leaves some parts unwritten and \"open\" for improvisation. •   uses no cadences or final sounds, keeping the movements open for  additions and improvements. Answer : Corre ct Points: 2.5 • 5 ) • The American dancer who danced the role of the Cowgirl in the premiere of Copland's Rodeo in 1942 was:  (2.5pts) •   Agnes de Mille, who also choreographed this production and is  one of the most influential figures in American ballet. •   Martha Graham, who barely beat out her friend Agnes de Mille for  the role. •   Bob Fosse, who choreographed many Broadway shows won  numerous awards throughout his career. •   Ginger Rogers, who also danced in many classic American films  with Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire. Answer Corre", "Copland's Americanization came about with his determination to communicate to a large rather than a limited, esoteric audience, to see if \"I couldn't say what I had to say in the simplest possible terms.\" The results of his effort were nothing short of amazing, and in almost no time at all Copland had developed a style that, in its incorporation of various folk materials, was as American as plains and mountains and prairies, cowboys and mountain folk, yet, in its informed skill, was compositionally sophisticated and artistically tasteful. In short, a minor miracle. That much of the miracle was ballet-oriented, beginning with Billy the Kid in 1938, and going on to Rodeo in 1942 and Appalachian Spring in 1943, was in keeping with the 20th century's dance music preoccupation, which started with Stravinsky's triumvirate of balletic masterpieces, The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913).", "Rodeo was completed in 1942 and first staged in the same year by the Ballet russe de Monte Carlo, with choreography by Agnes de Mille, niece of the Hollywood film-producer and one of the most distinguished American ballerinas of the day. The sub-title of the ballet, The Courting at Burnt Ranch, describes accurately enough its slender plot. The cowboys chase every woman they see, but pay little attention to the girl working with them on the ranch. The situation changes, however, when she appears at a Saturday night ball dressed for the occasion, when the famous Hoe-down is danced, the first time a square-dance had intruded into the world of ballet. The four dance episodes that form the orchestral suite open with Buckaroo Holiday, followed by the tranquillity of Corral Nocturne. The mood changes with Saturday Night Waltz and the final Hoe-down.", "in 1990 - Aaron Copland dies at age 90. American composer; he studied composition in Paris with Nadia Boulanger. In his early works he experimented with jazz rhythms and then with an abstract style influenced by Neoclassicism. He came to be unofficially regarded as the U.S.'s national composer. He is best known for his three ballets based on American folk material: Billy the Kid in 1938), Rodeo in 1942, and Appalachian Spring in 1944, for which he recieved the Pulitzer Prize. He also wrote film scores, orchestral works, and operas. He won an Oscar for his 1949 music to The Heiress and was nominated for Of Mice and Men in 1939, Our Town in 1940 and 1943's The North Star. In his later years Aaron refined his treatment of Americana, making his references less overt, and he produced a number of works using the experimental technique of serialism. He continued to lecture and to conduct through the mid-1980s (Alzheimer's disease and respiratory failure) b. November 14th 1900.", "His compositions for ballet were also quite well-received and have become American classics. Among them are Rodeo, introduced in 1942, and Appalachian Spring, introduced in 1944. He proudly received the Pulitzer Prize for Appalachian Spring.", "The irony of the son of Jewish Lithuanian immigrants in Brooklyn becoming this bellwether of Americana has often been noted. That Copland was the most famous of the Americans who flocked to Paris for studies with Nadia Boulanger is also well known. What is not as familiar is the music he wrote even in Paris—ballet music that he worked into the Dance Symphony. We can hear him toying with the jazz language of the ’20s in this. It’s an element that would fade, but not disappear, from his composing toolkit. Leopold Stokowski gave the first performance of it in 1931 with the Philadelphia Orchestra, on a benefit concert for out-of-work musicians.", "Aaron Copland, said the composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, was the one to \"lead American music out of the wilderness.\" Copland's musical opus, for which he received the 1964 Medal of Freedom, also included such masterworks as \"Piano Variations\" (1930), \"El Salon Mexico\" (1936), \"Billy the Kid\" (1938), \"Fanfare for the Common Man\" (1942), \"Rodeo\" (1942), \"Appalachian Spring\" (1944), and \"Inscape\" (1967).", "\"The career of the notorious outlaw William Bonney has given rise to a multitudinous folklore. It was at the suggestion of Lincoln Kirstein, director of the American Ballet Caravan, that Copland undertook the composition of a ballet inspired by Bonney's exploits. Billy the Kid was written in the summer of 1938 and first performed in Chicago in October of that year, with choreography by Eugene Loring, who danced the role of Billy.", "Billy the Kid was first performed by the Ballet Caravan in Chicago in a two-piano version on October 6, 1938. The familiar version for full orchestra was premiered in New York on May 24, 1939, to critical and popular raves. In 1940 Copland extracted a concert suite from the ballet, the form in which the music is today most frequently heard.", "Our Town hit Broadway in 1938 and was an immediate success. Wilder won a second Pulitzer for it (his 1927 novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey was his first), and Universal Pictures made it into a film two years later. They signed the red-hot classical composer Aaron Copland to write the score. His biggest triumphs were yet to come—Appalachian Spring, Rodeo, A Lincoln Portrait—but Billy the Kid and El Salón México had already put him on the map. We often don’t think of Copland as a film composer, but with The Red Pony to go along with Our Town and others, he’s one of the best.", "Fanfare for the Common Man, scored for brass and percussion, was written in 1942 and first performed in Cincinnati in the following year under the direction of Eugene Goossens. Billy the Kid, Rodeo and Appalachian Spring, although well enough known in the concert hall, are ballet scores, their subjects as thoroughly American as their musical idiom.", "Beginning with the Quartet for Piano and Strings (1950), Copland made use of the methods developed by Austrian American composer Arnold Schoenberg, who developed a tonal system not based on any key. This confused many listeners. Copland's most important works of these years include the Piano Fantasy (1957), Nonet for Strings (1960), Connotations (1962), and Inscape (1967). The Tender Land (1954) represents an extension of the style of ballet to the opera stage.", "Even after Copland started using 12-tone techniques, he did not stick to them exclusively but went back and forth between tonal and non-tonal compositions. Other late works include: \"Dance Panels\" (1959, ballet music), \"Something Wild\" (1961, his last film score, much of which would be later incorporated into his \"Music for a Great City\"), \"Connotations\" (1962, for the new Lincoln Center Philharmonic hall), \"Emblems\" (1964, for wind band), \"Night Thoughts\" (1972, for the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition), and \"Proclamation'\" (1982, his last work, started in 1973). ", "Copland's ballet Rodeo tells the story of a cowgirl who is in love with a cowboy, but just can't get him to notice her. Once she finally does, she decides that she'd rather spend time with another cowboy who was nice to her all along.", "Aaron Copland occupies an unassailable position in the music of the United States of America. The son of Jewish emigrants from Poland and Lithuania, he was born in Brooklyn in 1900, into circumstances comfortable enough to allow him the study of music. He took lessons from Goldmark, a distinguished emigrant from Vienna, and in 1920 went to Paris, where he studied with Nadia Boulanger, the first of her American pupils. In Europe he was able to meet a number of the leading young composers of the day and to see performances by Dyagilev's Ballets russes. At the same time he was feeling his way towards a characteristically American style of composition, that should be as clearly recognisable as the national style of the late 19th century Russian composers.", "In his quest to take up Stieglitz's challenge, Copland had few established American contemporaries to emulate apart from Carl Ruggles and the reclusive Charles Ives, although the 1920s were Golden Years for American popular music and jazz, with George Gershwin, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstrong leading the way. Later, however, Copland joined up with his younger contemporaries and formed a group termed the \"commando unit,\" which included Roger Sessions, Roy Harris, Virgil Thomson, and Walter Piston. They collaborated in joint concerts showcasing their work to new audiences.", "Copland's score for The North Star (1943) was nominated for an Academy Award , and his score for William Wyler's 1949 film , The Heiress won the award. [148] Several themes from his scores are incorporated in the suite Music for Movies. [60] His score for the film adaptation of John Steinbeck 's novel The Red Pony was arranged by commission of the Houston Symphony Orchestra as a suite for their performance in October 1948 and became widely popular. His score for the 1961 independent film Something Wild was released in 1964 as Music For a Great City. Copland also composed scores for two documentary films , The City (1939) and The Cummington Story (1945). [149]", "Copland's score for The North Star (1943) was nominated for an Academy Award, and his score for William Wyler's 1949 film, The Heiress won the award. Several themes from his scores are incorporated in the suite Music for Movies. His score for the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel The Red Pony was arranged by commission of the Houston Symphony Orchestra as a suite for their performance in October 1948 and became widely popular. His score for the 1961 independent film Something Wild was released in 1964 as Music For a Great City. Copland also composed scores for two documentary films, The City (1939) and The Cummington Story (1945). ", "Coppélia es un ballet sentimental y cómico con coreografía original de Arthur Saint-Léon para un libreto de ballet de Saint-Léon y Charles Nuitter y música de Léo Delibes. Está basado en una historia macabra de E.T.A. Hoffmann titulada \"Der Sandmann\" (\"El hombre de arena\"), publicada en 1815. El ballet se estrenó el 25 de mayo de 1870 en la Ópera de París, con Giuseppina Bozzachi en el rol principal. Sus primeros éxitos fueron interrumpidos por la Guerra franco-prusiana y el cerco de París, pero eventualmente pasó a convertirse en el ballet más interpretado en la Ópera Garnier.", "In what is considered one of the earliest examples of a truly American ballet, Rodeo combines the exuberance of a Broadway musical with the disciplines of classical ballet. Of particular note, the first scene requires men to pantomime riding and roping while dancing solo and dancing in groups (not very common for male ballet dancers), and while interacting with an awkward Cowgirl, who seeks their acceptance. The cast dresses in stylized western garb, which makes it all the more difficult to execute many of the moves.", "Aaron Copland alters material borrowed from American folksong to make it individual and to evoke folksong as a genre. In adapting the source tunes, Copland changes their character (Lincoln Portrait), shifts rhythmic emphasis (Billy the Kid, Rodeo), and fragments motives (El salón México). The compositional technique is comparable to that in the more abstract works; for example, Danzon Cubano and the Violin Sonata employ similar rhythmic patterns. Works by Copland that draw upon folksong portray not only the open space of the prairies, but also the isolation of New York City, Copland's own environment.", "Aaron Copland (1900-1990), “Street in a Frontier Town,” Scene 1 from the ballet Billy the Kid (1939)", "1900 Aaron Copland , American composer (Billy the Kid, Appalachian Spring) (d. 1990), born in Brooklyn, New York", "Copland: Appalachian Spring; Rodeo; Billy the Kid; Fanfare for the Common Man - Leonard Bernstein | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic", "npr_guest: IT sure is. In fact, Copland was the first important American classical composer to go to work for Hollywood. A lot of his fellow composers thought he was \"selling out\" by working for Hollywood studios. But nothing could be further from the truth. Copland brought his own distinctive style to Hollywood at a time when most movie music was very strongly influenced by European romantics -- in fact, most of it was written by European-born composers! Copland scored several well-known Hollywood films, including the film versions of John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\" and Thornton Wilder's play \"Our Town.\" I think his very best film score, though, was for William Wyler's \"The Heiress,\" a movie version of Henry James' \"Washington Square\" which starred Montgomery Clift and Olivia de Havilland. He won an Oscar for that score, which I think is just possibly the best film score ever composed by a classical composer. Of course he did it for the money -- he could live for a year or two on the fee for a Hollywood score -- but he never compromised his style, or his genius, and so his film music is an important part of his output. He turned \"Our Town\" into a concert suite that gets played fairly frequently, and Leonard Slatkin has recorded a short suite from \"The Heiress.\"", "a new ballet to be premiered at the Library of Congress. Aaron Copland was to compose the score.", "While the \"Texas minuet\" of the \"Saturday Night Waltz\" plays de Mille’s transcribed version of \"I Ride an Old Paint\" (also known as \"Houlihan\") the cowboys and their girls pair off. Expectant of a partner and finding none, the Cowgirl is alone until the Champion Roper approaches her, having failed to best the Wrangler in winning the affections of the Rancher's Daughter. Both this section and the \"Corral Nocturne\" feature Copland's characteristic economy of sound, where he uses solo instruments in lieu of entire sections.", "Born in Brooklyn, to Russian immigrant parents, Aaron brought Russian ultra-patriotism to American music. Infusing western and jazz elements Copland wrote pieces that tell of American folklore. He was immensely popular, even when it was found that he had ties to the Communists. His \"Appalachian Spring\" won a Pulitzer Prize.", "npr_guest: Yes. Stravinsky served as *the* great influence on his music. They shared the same rhythmic vitality, the same bright, clear instrumental palette, the same passion for the stage and particularly for the dance. In a way, I think of Copland as Stravinsky's greatest American disciple -- certainly his most distinctive and individual one. Stravinsky, by the way, liked Copland's music -- he was especially fond of the \"Clarinet Concerto\" and the Dickinson songs." ]

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[ "This airport footage is filmed at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (BUD) or formerly called Budapest Ferihegy International Airport or just Ferihegy, located in Budapest Hungary.", "Budapest Ferenc Liszt Airport (IATA: BUD, ICAO: LHBP) also commonly known as Ferihegy, is the international airport that serves Budapest, the capital of Hungary. The airport is located 16 km southeast of Budapest city centre. The airport serves as a base for Ryanair and Wizzair.", "Budapest Airport international departures. We are at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (BUD) or formerly called Budapest Ferihegy International Airport or just Ferihegy, located in Budapest Hungary. We are on our way home back to Copenhagen after a long weekend stay in Budapest the capital of Hungary.", "The city used to be somewhat isolated from Budapest, Hungary's main transport hub. However, the completion of the motorway M35 means Budapest can now be reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport (now called Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport). Cities that can be reached from the Debrecen Airport include Brussels, Eindhoven, London, Malmö, Milan and Paris. The closest airport with scheduled flights in terms of distance is Oradea Airport in Romania 1 hour and 20 minutes away from Debrecen. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. ", "Malév Hungarian Airlines is the flag carrier airline of Hungary. It has its main base at Budapest Ferihegy International Airport (BUD) near the Hungarian capital city of Budapest .", "On 16 March 2011, the name of Budapest Ferihegy International Airport was changed to Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport.[2]", "Budapest and Munich Airports are at least 3 and 5 hour journeys respectively but can mean substantial savings and direct flights on intercontinental trips. There is a thrice daily direct albeit not so speedy shuttle van from Budapest Ferihegy Airport to Vienna Schwechat Airport [29] , €36. It is cheaper and quicker to transfer via bus or train from Budapest city which can be reached easily from Ferihegy Airport. From Munich International Airport you should take the commuter train into the city and transfer to a high-speed RailJet train to Vienna at Munich's main station. The ÖBB (Austrian Railways) [30] sell tickets directly from that airport to Vienna from €29.", "Budapest and Munich Airports are at least 3 and 5 hours out, respectively. There is a direct albeit not so speedy shuttle van from Budapest Ferihegy Airport to Vienna Schwechat Airport, departing three time daily, for €36. It is cheaper and quicker to transfer via bus or train from Budapest city which can be reached easily from Ferihegy Airport. From Munich International Airport you should take the commuter train into the city and transfer to a high-speed RailJet train to Vienna at Munich's main station. Austrian Railways (ÖBB) sell tickets for the entire journey from that airport to Vienna from €29.", "Hungary, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the south west and Austria to the west. The country's capital and largest city is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and the Schengen Area. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.", "The completion of a canal between the Main River and the Danube River in 1992 allowed for goods to be shipped from the Black Sea to the North Sea . Finally, Hungary had 43 airports in 1999, including an international airport just outside Budapest. Hungary has a national airline, Malév, serving nearly all major European cities and several destinations in North America , Asia , the Middle East , and Africa. The airline was formerly state-owned but has now been partially privatized. The Ministry of Economic Affairs approved a large-scale program, the Széchényi Plan, designed to make massive national investments in highway and property development after 2000.", "Wizz Air - fiscal Hungarian-Polish aviation company with headquarters in Vecsés (Pest counties). Mainly working on the Central European market, the company has a base in the airport of Poznan, Katowice, Gdansk, Warsaw (Chopin) and (Poland); Baku, Azerbaijan); Budapest (Hungary); Bucharest, Cluj, Targu Mures, Timisoara (Romania); Sofia (Bulgaria); Kiev (Juliani) (Ukraine); Belgrade (Serbia), Kutaisi (Georgia), Vilnius (Lithuania); Skopje (Republic of Macedonia).", ", literally Hungarian Republic), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe , bordered by Austria , Slovakia , Ukraine , Romania , Serbia , Croatia , and Slovenia . Its capital is Budapest . Hungary is a member of OECD , NATO , EU , Visegrád Group and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian , which is part of the Finno-Ugric family. It is one of the four official languages of the European Union that is not of Indo-European origin.", "Keflavik International Airport (also known as Reykjavík-Keflavik International Airport) is the largest airport in Iceland and by far the main international gateway to the country. Keflavik International is located 50km/31 miles west of the Icelandic capital on the coast and accessible by road from downtown in around 45-60 minutes by road, less from nearer suburbs. The rapid increase in the number of bus companies – there was a monopoly by an Icelandair subsidiary company (which still operates) for many years – is testimony to the enormous gains that Iceland has made as a tourist destination, a business centre and a transit point since the financial crash in Sep-2008.", "From the city centre, the dedicated Ferihegy High Speed Road (Route 4) facilitates access to Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport. The airport is also just off Route M5/E60, which connects Budapest to Szeged. The journey time is approximately 30 minutes.", "In January 2002, in lieu of the liquidated Aviation and Airport Directorate, two new organisations were established. HungaroControl became responsible for air navigation and Budapest Airport Zrt. for operation of the airport. Between 1998 and 2005, passenger figures at Budapest Airport doubled – from 3.9 million to 7.9 million and major investments were called for.", "Vienna International Airport (; ) is the international airport of Vienna, the capital of Austria, located in Schwechat, 18 km southeast of central Vienna and 57 km west of Bratislava. It is the country's biggest airport and serves as the hub for Austrian Airlines and Niki. It is capable of handling wide-body aircraft such as the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 747. The airport features a dense network of European destinations as well as long-haul flights to Asia, North America and Africa. During 2015, the airport handled 22,775,054 passengers, a 1.3% increase compared to 2014, and it recorded 226,811 aircraft movements.", "There is an airport [2] , but commercial traffic is low. There is a discount airline flying to München , Germany , so via that Debrecen can be reached from all Europe. It is planned to extend the air traffic through involving more cheap-flight companies. Charter flights come regularly to the airport.", "Wizz Air Hungary Ltd. () is a Hungarian low-cost airline with its head office on the property of Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport in Budapest. The airline typically uses secondary airports serving many cities across Europe, Israel and the United Arab Emirates. It has the largest fleet of any Hungarian airline, although it is not a flag carrier, and currently serves 35 countries. Its Jersey based parent company, Wizz Air Holdings Plc, is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.", "; 17 February 1964: MALÉV Ilyushin Il-14P HA-MAH was burnt out in a hangar fire at Ferihegy Airport. ", "The Debrecen Airport [1] is the second biggest of the country and after many years of operation [2] currently serves planes to several cities of Europe directly. Wizz Air flies from Eindhoven , Brussels , Malmö , Paris , Milan and London Luton . Lufthansa flies to Munich since April 2016 on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Through this destination most of the world's big cities are accessible with a single layover. Charter flights are available to Erfurt , Crete , Burgas , Corfu and Antalya . The airport is evolving into a multimodal logistics center with direct access to railways and roads.", "Ferihegy is the name of the neighbourhood around the airport. The name is derived from that of Ferenc Xavér Mayerffy (1776–1845), the former owner of an estate who established vineyards and contributed to the development of viticulture in Pest-Buda. \"Feri\" is a diminutive form of Ferenc while \"hegy\" means hill. In fact the area is almost totally flat but originally there was a 147 m high sandy hillock which was levelled in the 1940s during the constructions works of the airport.", "Transilvania International Airport [9] is located in central Transylvania, near Târgu-Mureş . It has daily flights to/from Budapest with Wizzair, MALEV [10] and from Bucharest with TAROM.", "* Malév Hungarian Airlines signed a lease agreement with the airport in the spring of 2011, agreeing to relocate its headquarters to the airport grounds by the summer of 2012. Due to the collapse of the airline, in February 2012 the plans to move to Ferenc Liszt were cancelled.", "On 30 March 2008, all Hungarian airports joined the Schengen Agreement and all Schengen flights moved to Terminal 2A, while non-Schengen flights moved to 2B. Terminal 1's low cost carriers were also separated by a glass wall into Schengen and non-Schengen traffic.", "Naypyidaw Airport, also known as Ayelar Airport, is 10 mi south-east of the city, between the towns of Ela and Lewe. It is served by all domestic airlines—Air Bagan, Air Mandalay, Myanmar National Airlines, FMI Air and Yangon Airways—with regular flights to Yangon and other cities across the country. Since April 2009, the airport is undergoing major expansion to handle up to 3.5 million passengers per year.", "More than 40 airlines currently operates flying from/to Budapest Airport. The traffic in the airport is very seasonal, being the months of July, August and September the busiest ones.", "The capital Magway has a small non-commercial airport with air traffic for the city of Magway mostly coming in through Bagan Airport at Nyaung U some 113 km to the north along the Irrawaddy. There are commercial airports at Gangaw , Kyauktu , [3] Pakokku , and Pauk . [2] As of 2010 [update] , however, none of them have regularly scheduled flights.", "Cardiff International Airport is the only Welsh airport offering international scheduled flights. In 2007, Anglesey Airport became a public airport.", "- Train: The closest train station is Ferihegy. To arrive to Ferihegy train station you should use buses 200E during day and bus 900 during night", "    Bourgas airport ( www.bourgas-airport.com ) is 13km (8 miles) from the city. Airport facilities include outgoing duty-free shop, banking and currency exchange (24 hours), a restaurant and bar.", "*Ilyushin Il-18 Three on display at the Liszt Ferenc aircraft museum, one now a restaurant in Abda", "Valójában ha a hókusz-pókuszt leszámítjuk, akkor tudni lehet, hogy a szent bikák valójában azok a szent papok, (Thot) lehettek akik közvetítették a földnek azt a tudást amivel a piramisokat megépíthették, vagy 1000 km-ről több száztonnás köveket juttathattak el, majd le szűk folyósokon keresztül a temetkezési helyre." ]

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[ "It was the 16th year in which Wade had played at Wimbledon, and she made her first appearance in the final by beating the defending champion Chris Evert in a semifinal 6â2, 4â6, 6â1. In the final, she faced Betty Stöve. Read Less", "Virginia Wade's 1977 victory over Betty Stove to win the Wimbledon Ladies' Singles Final, during the Queen's Silver Jubilee, remains one of the tournament's most memorable triumphs. Notably, Virginia is currently the last Briton to have won Wimbledon.", "Wade won at Wimbledon, in 1977. It was the sixteenth year in which Wade had played at Wimbledon, and she made her first appearance in the final by beating the defending champion Chris Evert in a semifinal 6–2, 4–6, 6–1. In the final, she faced Betty Stöve. Not only was 1977 the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Wimbledon Championships, but it was also the 25th year of the reign (the Silver Jubilee) of Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen attended the Wimbledon championships for the first time in a quarter-century to watch the final. Wade beat Stöve in three sets to claim the championship, nine days before her 32nd birthday. Wade received the trophy from Queen Elizabeth, and the audience at Centre Court burst out into a chorus of \"For She's a Jolly Good Fellow!\" to celebrate her triumph.", "Sarah Virginia Wade, OBE (born 10 July 1945) is a British former professional tennis player. She won three Grand Slam singles championships and four Grand Slam doubles championships, and is the only British woman in history to have won titles at all four Grand Slam tournaments. She was ranked as high as No. 2 in the world in singles, and No. 1 in the world in doubles. She won the women's singles championship at Wimbledon on 1 July 1977, in that tournament's centenary year, and was the last British tennis player to have won a Grand Slam singles tournament until Andy Murray won the US Open in 2012. She remains the last British female to have won a Grand Slam singles title. After retiring from competitive tennis, she coached for four years and has also worked as a tennis commentator and game analyst for the BBC and Eurosport.", "In 1977, the popular Englishwoman Virginia Wade finally put a crucial win at the end of a frustrating \"try-try-again\" story even longer than Andy Murray's. On that day, Britain tossed aside its famous keep-calm mantra just like it did this weekend, as Wade claimed the Wimbledon title for the British on the tournament's 100th anniversary. She was handed the Venus Rosewater Dish by none other than Queen Elizabeth II.", "Virginia Wade was the Number 1 British player for over a decade, but the crowning moment of her career was when she won the Wimbledon Singles Title in 1977. Queen Elizabeth II presented the Trophy, in what was her Silver Jubilee year. Besides Wimbledon, she also won the 1968 U.S Open Singles Championship and the 1972 Australian Open Singles Titles, as well as four Doubles Titles at the Australian, French and U.S open.", "According to Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail [54] and the computer rankings of the Women's Tennis Association , only seven women have won the Wimbledon singles title since 1921, but never reached the World No. 1 ranking . In 2011, Petra Kvitová won the tournament and later reached a career high of World No. 2. (Since Wimbledon's \"Open Era\" (1968), only five of the 17 winners haven't reached WTA World No. 1 .) These are, in chronological order: Kathleen McKane Godfree , Cilly Aussem , Karen Hantze Susman , Ann Haydon Jones , Virginia Wade , Conchita Martínez , Jana Novotná , and Petra Kvitová .", "In 1884, the All England Club added Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles. Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles were added in 1913. Until 1922, the reigning champion had to play only in the final, against whoever had won through to challenge him. As with the other three Grand Slam events, Wimbledon was contested by top-ranked amateur players until the advent of the open era in tennis in 1968. Britons are very proud of the tournament, though it is a source of national anguish and humour – no British man has won the singles event at Wimbledon since Fred Perry in 1936, and no British woman since Virginia Wade in 1977, although Annabel Croft and Laura Robson have won the Girls' championship in 1984 and 2008 respectively. The Championship was first televised in 1937.", "In 1884, the club added Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles competitions. Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles events were added in 1913. Until 1922, the reigning champion had to play only in the final, against whomever had won through to challenge him/her. As with the other three Major or Grand Slam events, Wimbledon was contested by top-ranked amateur players, professional players were prohibited from participating. This changed with the advent of the open era in 1968. No British man won the singles event at Wimbledon between Fred Perry in 1936 and Andy Murray in 2013, while no British woman has won since Virginia Wade in 1977, although Annabel Croft and Laura Robson won the Girls' Championship in 1984 and 2008 respectively. The Championship was first televised in 1937.", "In 1884, the club added Ladies’ Singles and Gentlemen’s Doubles competitions. Ladies’ Doubles and Mixed Doubles events were added in 1913. Until 1922, the reigning champion had to play only in the final, against whomever had won through to challenge him/her. As with the other three Major or Grand Slam events, Wimbledon was contested by top-ranked amateur players, professional players were prohibited from participating. This changed with the advent of the open era in 1968. No British man won the singles event at Wimbledon between Fred Perry in 1936 and Andy Murray in 2013, while no British woman has won since Virginia Wade in 1977, although Annabel Croft and Laura Robson won the Girls’ Championship in 1984 and 2008 respectively. The Championship was first televised in 1937.", "Six of the female 18 winners in the Open Era have not reached world no. 1 ranking. These are, in chronological order: Ann Haydon-Jones, Virginia Wade, Conchita Martínez, Jana Novotná, Petra Kvitová, and Marion Bartoli. Although the men ranked world no. 1 have been dominant in Wimbledon (11 of the 20 Open Era winners), four champions reached a career high of world no. 2, Arthur Ashe, Michael Stich, Goran Ivanišević, and Andy Murray. Richard Krajicek, Pat Cash, and Jan Kodeš, who reached career highs of only no. 4, have also won the singles championship.", "With her victory in London, Wade held the distinction of being the last Brit to win Wimbledon until Andy Murray in 2013. Her winnings were $20,499, compared to today’s multi-million dollar purse. In an interview with the Independent in 2007, Wade joked that her Wimbledon title came right on schedule. “Well, Angela Mortimer had won in 1961 and Ann Jones in 1969, so when I won in 1977 we all thought it happened every eight years, but maybe we were just anomalies, because there was Sue Barker and Joe Durie, but then the [British] players just petered out.”", "Wade, then 31, and singles champion at the US Open in 1968 and at the Australian Open in 1972, wore a beautiful pink cardigan as she arrived on court. After dropping the first set 4-6, her whole demeanor turned a fiery red in winning the final two sets convincingly, 6-3, 6-1. Wade, who was playing in her 17th of an all-time record 26 Wimbledons, upset No. 1 seed Chris Evert, 6-2, 4-6, 6-1, in the semifinals to reach her one and only final. Once she settled into a groove after the first set, her precise groundstrokes controlled the match. “Winning Wimbledon was the thing that made my career worthwhile,” Wade told the Guardian in 1977. Those in attendance witnessed Queen Elizabeth II present Wade with championship trophy and then sang a rendition of “For She’s a Jolly Good Fellow” to celebrate the victory.", "Wimbledon: Virginia Wade was the last British tennis player to win Wimbledon when she won the Ladies Singles title.", "Virginia Wade wins Wimbledon in front of the Queen. It’s the cardigan that most people remember, Wade having walked out to the 1977 final wearing a natty pink cardy with a monogrammed ‘VW’ on the front. She peeled that pink cardigan off, and then went out and beat Holland’s Betty Stove. It was quite a way to celebrate the Queen’s Silver Jubilee year, with the monarch in attendance that day in the Royal Box. Afterwards, the crowd sang ‘For she’s a jolly fellow’, and it wasn’t directed at Her Majesty, but at Wade. No British woman has won Wimbledon since, and Wade is as frustrated as anyone by that. British winners are as retro as Wade’s pink cardigan.", "It's the cardigan that most people remember, Virginia Wade having walked on to Centre Court for the 1977 final wearing a natty pink one with a monogrammed 'VW' on the front. She peeled the pink cardy off and then went out and beat Holland's Betty Stove. It was quite a way to celebrate the Queen's Silver Jubilee year, with the monarch in attendance that day in the Royal Box. Afterwards the crowd sang \"For she's a jolly fellow\", and it wasn't directed at Her Majesty, but at Wade. No British woman has won Wimbledon since and Wade is as frustrated as anyone by that. British winners are as retro as Wade's attire that day.", "Sarah Virginia Wade, OBE (born 10 July 1945) is a former professional tennis player from Great Britain. She won three Grand Slam singles championships and four Grand Slam doubles championships, and is the only British woman in history to have won titles at all four Grand Slam tournaments. She was ranked as high as No. 2 in the world in singles, and No. 1 in the world in doubles. Read Less", "Bournemouth-born Wimbledon legend Wade won three Grand Slam singles championships and four Grand Slam doubles championships. Her 1977 Wimbledon victory in the women's singles championship makes her the last Brit to have won a Grand Slam singles tournament.", "Virginia Wade with her trophy after winning the Wimbledon women's singles championship in 1977. Photograph: Pa/PA Archive/Press Association Ima", "* The Wimbledon tennis championships conclude in the London suburb of Wimbledon. The singles matches are won by Martina Navratilova and John McEnroe.", "1. Martina Navratilova: The greatest Wimbledon champion of all time, just above Roger Federer, who is the greatest player of all time. If she has a trophy room at home, she would need at least a couple of cabinets for her replica Wimbledon silverware, as she has 20 Wimbledon trophies in all, including a record nine Venus Rosewater Dishes for singles victories. Navratilova won her first title in 1978, and then scored six Dishes in a row from 1982 to 1987, with that run coming to an end when she lost in the 1988 final to Germany's Steffi Graf. Her ninth came at the 1990 women's tournament when she defeated America's Zina Garrison in the final. An extraordinary athlete.", "1968 British tennis player Virginia Wade beat American Billie Jean King to win the US Open.", "She won the first of her 19 Grand Slam singles titles as a pigtailed 17-year-old in 1923 at the national championships in Forest Hills, N.Y. Bothered by back pain and a disinclination to turn professional, she retired from tennis altogether in 1938 after winning a record eighth Wimbledon title at age 32. That record remained until 1990, when Martina Navratilova captured her ninth singles championship at Wimbledon.", "1968: At the first US Open Tennis Championships, Virginia Wade of Britain won against the USs Billie Jean King.", "She remains the last British female to have won a Grand Slam singles title. After retiring from competitive tennis, she coached for four years and has also worked as a tennis commentator and game analyst for the BBC and Eurosport.<br /><br /> Born in Bournemouth in England, Virginia Wade learned to play tennis in South Africa, where her parents moved when she was one year old. Her father was the Archdeacon of Durban. When Wade was 15, the family moved back to England and she went to Tunbridge Wells Girls' Grammar School and Talbot Heath School, Bournemouth. Read Less", "In 2004, Sharapova entered Wimbledon as the #13 seed. In a shock result, she thrashed top seed and two-time defending champion Serena Williams 6-1, 6-4, marking the most lopsided women’s final at the All-England Club since 1992. \"I want to cut up this trophy,” a giddy Sharapova said during her on-court interview, “and give it to everybody, this whole crowd.\"", "Virginia Wade | Wimbledon's top 50 women players of all time - in pictures - Tennis", "Russian player Maria Sharapova returns the ball to German player Sabine Lisicki during the women's semi final at the Wimbledon Tennis Championships at the All England Tennis Club, in southwest London on June 30, 2011.", "Serena Williams was the winner of the Ladies’ Singles in 2015. It was her twenty-first Grand Slam Women’s Singles title and her sixth title at Wimbledon in singles, and twelfth title at Wimbledon.", "She holds the longest winning streak at Wimbledon with 35 matches and holds three Olympic Gold medals, more than any other women’s tennis player. Since 1988 she and her sister, Serena, have competed in 23 matches, including eight Grand Slam matches. Serena presently leads with 13 victories.", "8. Who is the only tennis player to have won each of the four grand slam events at least four times?", "1961 15 Years Old In 1961 Wade was in the tennis team of Wimbledon County Girls' Grammar School." ]

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[ "Youngest US Open Women's Singles Champion - The youngest woman to win the US Open Singles Tennis Championship is Tracy Austin (b. December 12, 1962), who was 16-years, 271-days old when she won the women's singles in 1979.", "1979 - Tracy Austin, at 16, became the youngest player to win the U.S. Open women�s tennis title.", "Tracy Austin is the youngest women's US Open winner. She triumphed in 1979 aged 16 years, 8 months and 28 days. She just edges Martina Hingis who was 16 years and 11 months when she won the title in 1997. At 38, 1908 winner Maud Barger-Wallach remains the oldest woman to triumph.", "* By winning the US Open against Venus Williams in 1997, Hingis contended all Grand Slam tournament finals that year; second youngest winner in the US Open at 16 years, 11 months and 8 days. ", "In 1984, Steffi Graf, just 15 years old, won the Olympic tennis demonstration tournament despite being its youngest entrant. By 1987 she was ranked number one in the world. In 1988, Graf won the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and, less than a week before the Seoul Olympic Games, the US Open. This made her only the fifth player in history to win tennis' Grand Slam.", "7. Martina Hingis is the youngest women's singles champion of the modern era, winning the 1997 title when she was just 16. As the New York Times observed on the day that the Little Swiss Miss beat Jana Novotna: \"With the smile of a cheerleader and the appetite of a shark, Hingis is the epitome of a new wave of tennis teenagers with no qualms about preying on the older generation\". ", "Suzanne Lenglen, at 15 years old, won the World Hard Court Championships making her the youngest winner of a major championship in tennis history, a record she still holds.", "In 1980 (at the age of 15 years, 19 days), she became the youngest player ever to be seeded at Wimbledon, a record that was broken by Jennifer Capriati in 1990. After defeating former champion Virginia Wade, she became the youngest quarter-finalist in the history of the tournament. Later in the year, she became the youngest semifinalist in US Open history.", "Youngest Player to Win a Match – Mary Joe Fernandez was 14 years and 8 days when she defeated Sara Gomer on August 27, 1985.", "The 2011 Australian Open girls field was led by the World number one, US Open and youth Olympic champion, Daria Gavrilova. Joining the Russian leading the field was An-Sophie Mestach, Irina Khromacheva and Mónica Puig. While Orange Bowl champion Lauren Davis who competed in the main draw of the women's singles was the third seed and she was also joined by Caroline Garcia who also appeared in the women's draw. The first round saw all of the seeds bar Natalija Kostic move into the second round. Gavrilova, however was not in the second round as she was dumped out in straight sets by fifteen-year-old Kanami Tsuji Puig, in the second round got rid of the last of the home contingent losing just two games in the process. Eugenie Bouchard caused the biggest upset of round three when she lost just three games against Davis. Garcia caused an upset in the quarterfinals as she upset the number four seed Khromacheva in straight sets. The semifinals witnessed Mestach drop her first and only set of the tournament when she defeated Garcia whilst Puig saw off Bouchard in straight sets. In the final Mestach defeated Puig in straight sets to win her first junior Grand Slam title. ", "Tennis Superstar! At 17, she became the youngest #1 ranked player ever and is the youngest to ever win and defend a Grand Slam Title.", "She emerged on the scene in women’s tennis becoming the youngest female grand slam champion at age 15.", "Donald Young, the youngest player ranked in the ATP Top 100, will work out at Nick Bollettieri’s Tennis Academy in Bradenton, Florida. It is one of the first examples of the USTA Elite Player Development’s new collaborative approach with top coaches and private academies in a bid to develop the next generation of American champions. The USTA also announced that three top junior prospects – 12-year-old Sachia Vickery, 12-year-old of Victoria Duval and 9-year-old Alicia Black – will be working with Bollettieri.", "Coco Vandeweghe age 24 CoCo Vandeweghe is an American professional tennis player. She played on the junior circuit, where she reached a high ranking of junior world no. 15. She won the 2008 US Open Girls' singles", "6. Martina Hingis is the youngest ever women's doubles champion – she was 15 years and 282 days old when she won in 1996, with Helena Sukova as her partner. She is also the youngest winner of any senior title at the All England Club – Lottie Dod was three days older when she won the ladies' singles title in 1887. ", "Williams was seeded fourth at the US Open and defeated her seventh-seeded sister Venus in the quarterfinals, 7–6, 7–6. Serena trailed 5–3 in both sets and saved two set points in the first set and eight set points in the second set. Williams then defeated Safina in the semifinals and second-seeded Jelena Janković , 6–4, 7–5, in the final, after saving four set points at 5–3 in the second set. This was her third US Open and ninth Grand Slam singles title. This victory returned her to the world no. 1 ranking for the first time since 2003. [52]", "Following her arrival in the United States, Kournikova became prominent on the tennis scene. At 14, she won the European Championships and the Italian Open Junior tournament. She became the youngest player to win the 18-and-under division of the Junior Orange Bowl tennis tournament. By the end of the year, Kournikova was crowned the ITF Junior World Champion U-18 and Junior European Champion U-18.", "Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide.", "Arantxa Sanchez Vicario started playing tennis at the age of four, when she followed her older brothers Emilio Sanchez and Javier Sanchez (both of whom became professional players) to the court and hit balls against the wall with her first racquet. As a 17-year-old, she became the youngest winner of the women's singles title at the 1989 French Open, defeating World No. 1 Steffi Graf in the final. (Monica Seles broke the record the following year when she won the title at age 16.)", "1996- Martina Hingis was the youngest champion in Wimbledon history at fifteen years old. She was also named the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year for tennis.", "At the time she won her first French Open title, Sanchez Vicario was the youngest player ever to win it, at age 17.", "In April 1989 at a WTA tournament in Hilton Head, she became the youngest American player (prior to Jennifer Capriati in 1990) to make her debut on the professional tour, aged 14 years and 2 months. … Read More", "At just 17 she is the youngest world number one of either gender, beating Tiger Woods by four years. By way of confirming her status, she is now celebrating victory in the Women's Australian Open.", "Seles holds the record for the youngest French Open champion ever, at 16 years and six months. She won that first championship in 1990, defeating defending champion and world No. 1 Steffi Graf in the process.", "At age 14, she astounded the tennis world by winning 56 consecutive matches. She followed fast upon that feat by winning the U.S. National Championship for girls 18 and younger the following year.", "Wimbledon: Martina Hingis of Switzerland was the youngest ever Wimbledon champion when she won the Ladies Doubles in 1996 at the age of only 15 years and 282 days.", "Martina Hingis produced the tennis version of rope-a-dope to exhaust Jana Novotna, and become, at 16, the youngest player to win the Wimbledon singles title since 1887. Floating around the court, the young Swiss dismantled the experienced Novotna 2-6, 6-3, 6-3 with a poise and savvy far beyond her years. Despite a slightly timid start, the teenager rallied to hand out an all-court attack that the increasingly weary Novotna was too tired to handle.", "* On 22 February 2015, became the youngest winner of the ISPS Handa Women's Australian Open title at age .", "She debuted on the International Tennis Federation (ITF) junior tour in 2007, and a year later won the Wimbledon Junior Girls' Championship at the age of 14. As a junior she also twice reached the final of the girls' singles tournament at the Australian Open, in 2009 and 2010. She won her first professional tournament in November 2008.", "The women's World No. 1 is the youngest golfer, male or female, to win five pro majors. She turned 23 in January.", "So, too, is Hingis. As a 13-year-old, having made a successful defence of her French title, she became the youngest winner of the Wimbledon junior singles championship.", "So which of today’s teenage cohort will prevail at tomorrow’s Grand Slams? Here is a look at where the ten youngest players in the WTA top 100 (as of April 20th, 2015)." ]

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[ "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service ( Luftstreitkräfte ) during World War I . He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte) during the First World War. He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte) during the First World War. He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "For decades after World War I , some authors questioned whether Richthofen achieved 80 victories, insisting that his record was exaggerated for propaganda purposes. Officially credited with 80 confirmed air combat victories. [6] Some claimed that he took credit for aircraft downed by his squadron or wing. However, in the 1990s, resurgence in Great War scholarship resulted in detailed investigation of many facets of air combat. A study conducted by British historian Norman Franks with two colleagues, published in Under the Guns of the Red Baron in 1998, concluded that at least 73 of Richthofen's claimed victories were accurate, with documented identities of the Allied airmen whom Richthofen had fought and defeated. There were also unconfirmed victories that could put his actual total as high as 100. The highest scoring Allied ace was Frenchman René Fonck, with 75 victories and the highest scoring British Empire fighter pilots were Mick Mannock with 65–73 kills and Canadian Billy Bishop, with 72.", "His achievements made him both a hero and a propaganda tool. With 80 credited victories , Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the \"Red Baron,\" defied the odds and became a legend in the air.", "Studio portrait of German aviator Baron Manfred Von Richthofen (1882 - 1918) holding a cigarette while wearing a military uniform. Known as 'The Red Baron,' he won eighty aerial victories before he was killed in action over France during WWI.  (Photo by Nicola Perscheid/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Manfred von Richtofen, famously known as the Red Baron, was the top scoring ace of World War I, recording 80 official air combat victories, and perhaps as many as 100 in all. All of his last victories came while flying his bright red Fokker Dr.I triplane. Introduced into service toward the end of the war, the Dr.I offered exceptional maneuverability compared with other pursuits of the day.", "\"The Red Baron\" German Fighter Ace Killed, Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the German ace known as the \"Red Baron,\" credited with 80 confirmed air combat victories was killed in action during World War I.", "The most successful fighter of the entire war was German fighter pilot Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (1892-1918), or the \"Red Baron.\" He shot down 80 planes, more than any other WWI pilot. He died after being shot down near Amiens. France's René Fonck (1894-1953) was the Allies’ most successful fighter pilot, shooting down 75 enemy planes.[3]", "Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918) earned widespread fame as a World War I ace fighter pilot. After starting the war as a German cavalry officer on the Eastern Front, Richthofen served in the infantry before seeking his pilot’s license. He transferred to the Imperial Air Service in 1915, and the following year began to distinguish himself in battle. The leader of a squadron known as the Flying Circus, Richthofen developed a formidable reputation in his bright red Fokker triplane. He was credited with 80 kills before being shot down, his legend as the fearsome Red Baron enduring well after his death.", "After victory number 16, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite (the Blue Max). He then organized his own Jagdstaffel 11, dubbed by journalists \"The Flying Circus.\" His qualities showed. He was methodical; he figured the odds; with mathematical precision, he calculated position, angles, and fire control to kill his prey. He led his group with order and discipline, requiring his fliers to study and follow his tactics. About this time (late 1916), he painted his aircraft red, and began to be known as \"The Red Baron.\"", "Red Baron's grave, Sailly le Sec, France, 1918. The grave of Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918), better known as the 'Red Baron'. Richthofen was a cavalry officer who became the most famous of all the World War I fighter pilots, bringing down a total of 80 Allied aircraft. He was shot down on 21 April 1918 and the British buried him in France with full military honours.", "On November 23, 1916, Richthofen downed the British ace Major Lanoe Hawker VC, his most renowned adversary, as he was described by Richthofen himself as \"the British Boelcke.\" The victory came while Richthofen was flying an Albatros D.II and Hawker was flying a D.H.2. After this engagement, the Red Baron got convinced he needed a fighter aircraft with more agility, though this implied a loss of speed. He switched to the Albatros D.III in January 1917, scoring two victories before suffering a crack in the spar of the aircraft’s lower wing. After this incident, Richthofen reverted to the Albatros D.II for the next five weeks. Richthofen scored one kill flying the D.III on March 9, but the D.III was temporarily grounded for the rest of the month, so Richthofen switched to the Halberstadt D.II.", "By the end of World War I in 1918 the Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, along with his friends and his enemies, were doing a full suite of aerobatic maneuvers in much improved airplanes.  The winner of a dogfight got a higher score of kills and was allowed to continue living.  Thankfully, a less lethal measure of pilot excellence came about after the war.", "1918 - Manfred von Richthofen, aka The Red Baron, shoots down his 80th & last victim.", "Service: Royal Naval Air Service in 1915 and served in various duties before shooting down first aircraft in 1917. He would eventually be credited with downing 11 enemy aircraft, including Germany’s fabled Red Baron. He left the air force in 1919.", "A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The actual number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an \"ace\" has varied, but is usually considered to be five or more. The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history. ", "1918: Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the legendary German ace pilot, known as the Red Baron because of his distinctive red Fokker tri-plane, was shot down by an RAF fighter. He died from the crash behind British lines, but not before he had show down 80 Allied aircraft.", "On the morning of April 21st, Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron, takes off with a formation of Fokker Dr 1 fighters. Meanwhile, a British Royal Air Force patrol of Sopwith Camel fighters is climbing high over the front lines. A dogfight begins and Allied troops in the trenches below see a Sopwith Camel break away, chased by a distinctive red Fokker triplane.", "Captain Arthur Brown is famous for bringing down Manfred Von Richthofen, best known as the 'Red Baron'", "On 6 July 1917, during combat with a formation of F.E.2d two seat fighters of No. 20 Squadron RFC, near Wervicq, Richthofen sustained a serious head-wound, causing instant disorientation and temporary partial blindness. He regained consciousness in time to ease the aircraft out of a free-falling spin and executed a rough landing in a field within friendly territory. The injury required multiple surgical operations to remove bone splinters from the impact area. The air victory was credited to Captain Donald Cunnell of No. 20,[31] who was himself shot down and killed a few days later (by anti-aircraft fire). The Red Baron returned to active service (against doctor’s orders) on 25 July, but went on convalescent leave from 5 September to 23 October. His wound is thought to have caused lasting damage (he later often suffered from post-flight nausea and headaches) as well as a change in temperament. There is even a theory linking this injury with his eventual death.", "April 21, 1918 - Germany's Red Baron (Manfred von Richthofen) is shot down and killed by the British. The German Ace was credited with shooting down 80 Allied aircraft. He is buried with military honors by the British.", "Richthofen was shot down and killed near Amiens on 21 April 1918. There has been considerable discussion and debate regarding aspects of his career, especially the circumstances of his death. The \"Red Baron\" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media. He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits. He has been the subject of many books, films and other media .", "On 6 July, during a combat with a formation of No. 20 Squadron's F.E.2d two seat fighters, von Richthofen sustained a serious head wound that forced him to land near Wervicq and grounded him for several weeks. The air victory was credited to Captain Donald Cunnell of the Royal Flying Corps, who himself was killed a few days later. It was during his convalescence that Von Richthofen (probably with the help of a \"ghost\" writer from a German propaganda unit) wrote his \"autobiography\". Although the Red Baron returned to combat in October 1917, this injury is thought to have caused lasting damage, as he later often suffered from post-flight nausea and headaches, as well as a change in temperament. There is even a theory linking his injury with his eventual death (see relevant section of this article).", "German day and night fighter pilots claimed roughly 70,000 aerial victories during World War II, 25,000 over British or American planes and 45,000 over Russian-flown aircraft. 103 German fighter pilots shot down more than 100 enemy aircraft for a total of roughly 15,400 aerial victories. Roughly a further 360 pilots claimed between 40 and 100 aerial victories, destroying approximately 21,000 enemy planes. Another 500 fighter pilots claimed between 20 and 40 victories for a total of 15,000 victories. It is relatively certain that 2,500 German fighter pilots attained ace status, having achieved at least 5 aerial victories. 453 German day and Zerstörer (destroyer) pilots were honored with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross; 85 night fighter pilots, including 14 crew members, also won the award. But as dramatic as the Luftwaffe's victories may have been, the force did suffer extremely heavy losses. Over the course of the war, an estimated 76,875 Luftwaffe aircraft were destroyed or significantly damaged; of these, nearly 40,000 were lost entirely. (By type, losses totaled 21,452 fighters, 12,037 bombers, 15,428 trainers, 10,221 twin-engine fighters, 5,548 ground attack, 6,733 reconnaissance, and 6,141 transports.)", "After a break from flying he returned to France as a major to command No. 48 Squadron. By the end of the war he had earned a bar to his Military Cross, the Distinguished Flying Cross and the French Croix de Guerre. His final tally of aircraft claims was five destroyed and 14 (and one shared) \"out of control\".", "On April 21, 1918, Manfred von Richthofen was killed just after 11 a.m. He was flying over Morlancourt Ridge, near the Somme River. The Red Baron had been pursuing at very low altitude a Sopwith Camel piloted by a novice Canadian pilot, Lieutenant Wilfrid \"Wop\" May of No. 209 Squadron, Royal Air Force. In turn, the Baron was spotted and briefly attacked by a Camel piloted by a school friend and flight Commander of May, Canadian Captain Arthur \"Roy\" Brown, who had to dive steeply at very high speed to intervene, and then had to climb steeply to avoid hitting the ground. Richthofen turned to avoid this attack, and then resumed his pursuit of May far into the British sector.", "NARRATOR: On January 10th, 1917, Manfred von Richthofen was appointed leader of his own squadron, Jasta 11. Fast gaining a fearsome reputation, the new commander painted his Albatros bright red. The legend of the Red Baron was born.", "After assisting German military concerns in the past, the German government turned to the future. On April 21, 1918, von Richthofen was sent to 1940. The bombing of Britain had commenced, but German bombers were suffering heavy losses from British fighters. The Red Baron was tasked with escorting the bombers on their missions and destroying any enemy fighters. Despite flying in a World War I era triplane, von Richthofen easily shot down wave after wave of British fighters.", "Despite the popular link between von Richthofen and the Fokker Dr. I, just 20 of his 80 kills were made in this now-famous triplane. In fact, it was his Albatros D.III that was first painted bright red and in which he first earned his name and reputation.", "The Dr.I Dreidecker (triplane) was a German fighter aircraft built by Fokker Flugzeugwerke and used by the Luftstreitkr�fte (German Air Force) during World War I. First flown in July 1917; the Dr.I saw widespread service by the spring of 1918. It became renowned as the aircraft in which Manfred von Richthofen gained his last 20 victories.", "The Fw 190 was well-liked by its pilots. Some of the Luftwaffe's most successful fighter aces claimed a great many of their kills while flying it, including Otto Kittel, Walter Nowotny and Erich Rudorffer." ]

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[ "The guitar turned out to be of the greatest importance -- indeed it has been played to death by countless white soundalike 'guitar heroes' in the last twenty years. Aaron Thibeaux 'T-Bone' Walker was the prime mover behind rock guitar, sharing the same teacher and influences as Charlie Christian and doing for the instrument in R&B what Christian did for it in jazz: he brought his intimate baritone and his guitar playing to a huge number of tracks, nearly all of which were blues but usually had a jazz-flavoured backing that reveals much about the origins of R&B, and which must have been a big influence on the young Ray Charles. The slide guitar of Elmore James and his somewhat rougher country blues style derived from Robert Johnson. The four Kings, B.B., Albert, Earl and Freddie, all unrelated, all played guitar and had black hits. Riley 'Blues Boy' King is the first of these in more ways than one, having become one of the world's best-loved entertainers after decades of working the chitlin' circuit, without changing himself or his act.", "Aaron Thibeaux \"T-Bone\" Walker was a critically acclaimed American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, who was an influential pioneer and innovator of the jump blues and ...", "Aaron Thibeaux Walker (May 28, 1910 — March 16, 1975) was an American blues guitarist, singer, pianist, and songwriter who was one of the most important pioneers of the electric guitar.", "Lester William Polsfuss (June 9, 1915 – August 12, 2009), known as Les Paul, was an American jazz, country, and blues guitarist, songwriter, luthier, and inventor. He was one of the pioneers of the solid-body electric guitar, which made the sound of rock and roll possible. Paul taught himself how to play guitar and while he is mainly known for jazz and popular music, he had an early career in country music. He is credited with many recording innovations. Although he was not the first to use the technique, his early experiments with overdubbing (also known as sound on sound), delay effects such as tape delay, phasing effects and multitrack recording were among the first to attract widespread attention. ", "He is often considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in the history of rock music by other musicians and commentators in the industry, and one of the most important and influential musicians of his era across a range of genres. He was influenced by blues artists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King, and Elmore James.", "n the period of the 1980s to the 1990s, he moved to Nashville, TN, and became manager of Gibson Professional Musical Services. He held clinics with Les Paul, Howard Roberts and Elliot Easton etc. His other roles included session work, engineering, producing, arranging and songwriting. He remained in Nashville until 1998. He worked with profile artists such as Johnny Cash, playing on his Johnny Cash Is Coming To Town album,[2] Chubby Checker, Emmylou Harris, Trisha Yearwood and Joe Diffie[1] etc.", "Howe was the youngest of four children who grew up in a musical household listening to brass band music on 78 rpm records. He cites several influences from his parents' record collection including Les Paul and the singer Tennessee Ernie Ford who had Speedy West and Jimmy Bryant playing guitar. In addition, Howe listened to classical guitar and jazz , citing Barney Kessel [2] as a primary influence, \"his playing was a remarkable mixture of 'single line' and 'chords', ya know, which inspired me to believe that any guitarist who doesn't understand chords won't be able to play much in the single line because they relate so much\". Howe also credited Wes Montgomery and Chet Atkins , whom he first heard in 1959, as a major inspiration. Howe said he took from Atkins, \"the idea that one guitarist could play any kind of guitar style.\" [3]", "INSIDE COVER STORIES ... Hound Dog Taylor, Sliding the blues; Lee Ritenour, From studio to concert stage; Fostering Classical guitar, The guitar foundation of America; Mike Longworth, Martin's guitar historian; Jack Bruce, Master bass guitarist; Two generations of great guitar, Terry and Frank Haggerty; Rick Derringer, Rock and roll powerhouse..", "His love of guitar music and a desire to support some unsung and legendary guitar greats including his early mentor Lenny Breau, led him to found the jazz guitar record label Guitarchives which rescues and releases otherwise lost archival guitar music. As well he founded Ranbach Music, a label which releases archival Guess Who recordings, and other material which never made it to CD.", "B. B. King - B. B. King (born Riley B. King, September 16, 1925) is an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. Critical acclaim and widespread popularity have cemented his reputation as one of the most respected and influential blues musicians. Rolling Stone magazine named him the third-greatest guitarist of \"the 100 greatest guitarists of all time\". B. B. King arrived in Memphis for the first time in 1946 to work as a musician, but after a few months of hardship he left, going back to Mississippi. There he decided to prepare himself better for the next visit and returned to Memphis two years later. Initially he worked at the local R&B radio channel WDIA as a singer and disc jockey, where he gained the nickname \"Beale Street Blues Boy\", later shortened to \"B. B.\". It was there that he first met T-Bone Walker - \"Once I'd heard him for the first time, I knew I'd have to have an electric guitar myself. Had to have one, short of stealing!\" In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. ' Artist Discography '", "It was because Paul McCartney knew the chords and words to \"Twenty Flight Rock\" that he became a member of the Beatles. John Lennon was so impressed that he invited Paul to play with his band the Quarrymen. Jimi Hendrix performed \"Summertime Blues\" early in his career, and Pete Townshend of the Who was heavily influenced by Cochran's guitar style (\"Summertime Blues\" was a Who live staple for most of their career until the death of bassist-vocalist John Entwistle in 2002, and is featured on their Live at Leeds album). Glam rock artist Marc Bolan had his main Les Paul model refinished in a transparent orange to resemble the Gretsch 6120 guitar played by Cochran, who was his music hero. He was also a heavy influence on the nascent rockabilly guitar legend Brian Setzer from Stray Cats, who plays a 6120 almost like that of Cochran, whom he portrayed in the film La Bamba.", "James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist born in Lenox, Massachusetts, and raised in Carrboro, North Carolina.(2) He owns a house in the Berkshire County town of Washington, Massachusetts. A five-time Grammy Award winner, Taylor was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.", "Many guitar players, and musicians, have expressed admiration for Django Reinhardt, or have cited him as a major influence. Jeff Beck has described Reinhardt as \"By far the most astonishing guitar player ever...\" and \"...quite superhuman...\" ", "1963: Elmore James/Elmore Brooks (45) US blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and band leader, born in the old Richland community in Holmes County, Mississippi; known as The King of the Slide Guitar, he had a unique guitar style, noted for the use of loud amplification and his stirring voice. Elmore began playing music at 12, using a one-string instrument 'diddley bow'. In his teens he was playing at local dances under the names Cleanhead and Joe Willie James, before playing with the likes of Sonny Boy Williamson, and the legendary Robert Johnson. His solo hits include \"It Hurts Me Too\", \"The Sky Is Crying\", \"My Bleeding Heart\", \"Stranger Blues\", \"Look On Yonder Wall\", \"Done Somebody Wrong\", and \"Shake Your Moneymaker\". Jimi Hendrix and Frank Zappa are among many musicians who cite Elmore as an influence, he is also mentioned in The Beatles' song \"For You Blue\", and The Grateful Dead, John Primer, Billy Gibbons and Eric Clapton are a few who have recorded Elmore James' covers. (died in Chicago of his third heart attack) b. January 27th 1918", "Hailing from the great state of Tennessee and inspired by Paul McCartney, Allen Woody picked up the bass guitar at age 14. His father weaned him on blues,country and rock oldies. Together with new guitarist Warren Haynes they breathed new life into the \"Allman Brother's Band\" and in 1990 released \"Seven Turns\" which recaputured the old Allman Brothers magic. In 1991 they released \"Shades of Two World's\". After a couple of live CD releases the Allman's petered out again and Haynes and Woody formed a spin-off group named \"Gov't Mule\". He was found dead at the Marriott Courtyard Motel in Queens New York on August 25th, 2000 at the age of 44.", "John Leslie \"Wes\" Montgomery (March 6, 1923 – June 15, 1968) was an American jazz guitarist. He is widely considered one of the major jazz guitarists, emerging after such seminal figures as Django Reinhardt and Charlie Christian and influencing countless others, including George Benson, Kenny Burrell, Royce Campbell, Grant Green, Jimi Hendrix, Steve Howe, Russell Malone, Pat Martino, Pat Metheny, Lee Ritenour, Randy Napoleon, and Emily Remler.", "“With his astonishingly accomplished guitar playing, Stevie Ray Vaughan ignited the blues revival of the '80s. Vaughan drew equally from bluesmen like Albert King, Otis Rush, and Muddy Waters and rock & roll players like Jimi Hendrix and Lonnie Mack, as well as the stray jazz guitarist like Kenny Burrell, developing a uniquely eclectic and fiery style that sounded like no other guitarist, regardless of genre. Vaughan bridged the gap between blues and rock like no other artist had since the late '60s. For the next seven years, Stevie Ray was the leading light in American blues, consistently selling out concerts while his albums regularly went gold. His tragic death in 1990 only emphasized his influence in blues and American rock & roll.”", "Jean-Baptiste \"Django\" Reinhardt was a Gypsy jazz guitarist from Belgium, who can be easily considered one of the top 5, all time influential guitarists in history. He is arguably equal to Charlie Christian, but in terms of the pre-electric era, Django reigns as the number one catalyst.", "Stephen Ray Vaughan (October 3, 1954 – August 27, 1990) was a Grammy Award-winning American guitarist, singer, and songwriter.", "guitarist that influenced John Mayer. Considered one of the most influential electric guitarist in the history of blues music.", "In 1930, when Charlie was only 14 years old, he landed his first gig as a guitarist, playing acoustic guitar solos for songs such as “Sweet Georgia Brown,” “Tea for Two,” and “Rose Room” during a performance by the Don Redman Orchestra at Honey Murphy’s Club in Oklahoma City.  Charlie began making the rounds within Deep Deuce’s nightclub scene, then-known as the hottest jazz and blues district in the region, while studying guitar and learning musical theory with his boyhood friend T-Bone Walker under the watchful eye of Ralph “Big-Foot Chuck” Hamilton.", "Features include: Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, Kazumi Watanabe, Equipment Explosion, Arlen Roth, Flamenco's Paco Pena, Expanded Jazz Bass, Lloyd Ellis' Jazz Heritage, Beautiful Licks, Al Casey, Unsung Session Star. Rare Bird....RAY WHITLEY Recording King made by Gibson.", "Which guitar player picked his path to fame with Jack Black and their band Tenacious D?", "In the early 1970s the hard-edged sounds of rock and blues were still alive and well with Texas musicians. Brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter grew up in the Beaumont area and listened to the records of blues masters like Blind Lemon Jefferson and T-Bone Walker. Johnny attracted a massive audience with the release of Johnny Winter (1969), which showcased blues–rock guitar prowess, including a considerable penchant for slide guitar. Winter, who died in 2014, established himself among aspiring guitarists as one of the modern blues greats. Brother Edgar achieved success as a keyboardist. Edgar's part jazzy, part rhythm-and-blues tunes earned him respect as an amazing multi-instrumentalist (he also played saxophone) and vocalist.", "Django Reinhardt, original name Jean Reinhardt (born January 23, 1910, Liberchies, Belgium —died May 16, 1953, Fontainebleau , France ), guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality.", "1966 ● Marc Ford → Lead guitarist for roots/raunch rock Black Crowes, “Hard To Handle” (Mainstream Rock #1, 1991), solo", "On February 26, 1997, he and his bandmates Geddy Lee and Neil Peart became the first rock musicians to be inducted into the prestigious position of Officers of the Order of Canada. This is the highest honor bestowed upon a civilian by the Canadian government. According to the Ottawa Sun, \"The award was given as much for their community service as for their contribution to the arts. They have raised over $1 million for food banks and the United Way.\"", "Guitar.com: Over the years, you've had the opportunity to jam and record with many incredible guitarists. Who are some of the most memorable for you?", "George Thorogood (born February 24, 1950) is an American blues rock vocalist/guitarist from Wilmington, Delaware, United States, known for his hit song “Bad to the Bone” as well as for covers of blues standards such as Hank Williams’ “Move It On Over,”", "Notable Canadian steel guitarist who both backed stars and recorded solo albums. (real name: Andre Shedeger)", "John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, born near Clarksdale, Mississippi.", "In 2001 Glover was among a host of bass players who contributed to Gov't Mule's double album The Deep End, recorded as a tribute to the late Allen Woody, Mule's original bassist. Glover played on Deep Purple's \"Maybe I'm a Leo\", which was one of Woody's favourite songs. On 3 May 2003, in New Orleans, Glover also took part in a special concert performed by Gov't Mule featuring appearances from all bass players who had contributed to The Deep End album." ]

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[ "Not often in science do competing hypotheses rise or fall as the result of only one experimental finding or discovery. This is something that should occur more frequently, according to the ideas of Sir Karl Popper , an Austrian born philosopher of science who died in 1994. Popper argued that science should be a process in which various hypotheses are created to predict natural phenomena that then can be tested or observed. If the prediction fails, then the hypothesis should be abandoned. Thomas S. Kuhn, a historian of science at Princeton at the time Dicke and his colleagues met with Penzias and Wilson, argued effectively that Popper's scenario rarely happened in the real world of scientific enterprise. In fact, Kuhn maintained, it was an idealized way of looking at scientific progress. According to Kuhn, who coined the term �scientific paradigm� in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, acceptance of a new hypothesis among scientists usually occurs only as adherents of an older, no longer valid hypothesis either die or lose influence within the scientific community.", "�������������� The first selection in this section includes translations of excerpts from the original papers by Marie and Pierre Curie, in 1898, announcing the discovery of new radioactive elements. The second selection is from the most influential work in the history and philosophy of science of the twentieth century: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions� by Thomas S. Kuhn. This selection discusses how the discovery of new facts requires a revolution in the scientist's view of the world and is not simply a matter of simple observation. Kuhn uses the word paradigm to refer to the whole set of beliefs, practices, and ways of interpreting facts that determines how a scientist operates.� He argues that scientific discoveries of the type Marie Curie made require a paradigm shift, or a radical revision in how we see the world around us.", "The Oxford English Dictionary defines the basic meaning of the term paradigm as \"a typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model\". The historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave it its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of concepts and practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (first published in 1962), Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: \"universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners, i.e.,", "Kuhn's central claim is that a careful study of the history of science reveals that development in any scientific field happens via a series of phases. The first he christened \"normal science\" – business as usual, if you like. In this phase, a community of researchers who share a common intellectual framework – called a paradigm or a \"disciplinary matrix\" – engage in solving puzzles thrown up by discrepancies (anomalies) between what the paradigm predicts and what is revealed by observation or experiment. Most of the time, the anomalies are resolved either by incremental changes to the paradigm or by uncovering observational or experimental error. As philosopher Ian Hacking puts it in his terrific preface to the new edition of Structure: \"Normal science does not aim at novelty but at clearing up the status quo. It tends to discover what it expects to discover.\"", "Ideas and concepts, even paradigms, come to fruition because of their social and historical milieu , as Merton and others have so aptly shown. If an idea arrives on the scene too far in advance, if the seeds are sown too early — as with Malthus and Mendel — that field may lay fallow for decades. The world of scientists is a social one of human beings whose ideas, predilections, vision and insight — as well as their blind spots and limitations — are the product of their cultures.", "As an illustration, take Kuhn's portrayal of \"normal\" science. The most influential philosopher of science in 1962 was Karl Popper, described by Hacking as \"the most widely read, and to some extent believed, by practising scientists\". Popper summed up the essence of \"the\" scientific method in the title of one of his books: Conjectures and Refutations. According to Popper, real scientists (as opposed to, say, psychoanalysts) were distinguished by the fact that they tried to refute rather than confirm their theories. And yet Kuhn's version suggested that the last thing normal scientists seek to do is to refute the theories embedded in their paradigm!", "Scientists are free to use whatever resources they have – their own creativity, ideas from other fields, inductive reasoning, Bayesian inference, and so on – to imagine possible explanations for a phenomenon under study. Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, 2.25) described the incipient stages of inquiry, instigated by the \"irritation of doubt\" to venture a plausible guess, as abductive reasoning. The history of science is filled with stories of scientists claiming a \"flash of inspiration\", or a hunch, which then motivated them to look for evidence to support or refute their idea. Michael Polanyi made such creativity the centerpiece of his discussion of methodology.", "8.  See Laudan L et. al: Testing theories of scientific change. Synthese 69:154, 163, 1986. `Paradigm' should not be tightly defined - it could even be considered as a habit of the mind. See Margolis H: \"Paradigms and Barriers, How Habits of Mind Govern Scientific Beliefs.\" Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, p2.", "Newton singlehandedly contributed more to the development of science than any other individual in history. He surpassed all the gains brought about by the great scientific minds of antiquity, producing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed before. Newton stated explicit principles of scientific methods which applied universally to all branches of science. This was in sharp contradistinction to the earlier methodologies of Aristotle and Aquinas , which had outlined separate methods for different disciplines.", "People who create paradigm shifts, or major shifts in thinking for a field, are more likely to receive a Nobel Prize for their work. For instance, it would be tough to imagine where theoretical physics would be without Albert Einstein 's contributions that earned him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921.", "Albert Einstein (1879–1955) is well known as the most prominent physicist of the twentieth century. Less well known, though of comparable importance, are his contributions to twentieth-century philosophy of science. Einstein's own philosophy of science is an original synthesis of elements drawn from sources as diverse as neo-Kantianism, conventionalism, and logical empiricism, its distinctive feature being its novel blending of realism with a holist, underdeterminationist form of conventionalism. Of special note is the manner in which Einstein's philosophical thinking was driven by and contributed to the solution of problems first encountered in his work in physics. Equally significant are Einstein's relations with and influence on other prominent twentieth-century philosophers of science, especially Moritz Schlick and Hans Reichenbach.", "Psychology:� English naturalist Charles Darwin was particularly influential in the development of psychology. �In 1859 Darwin published �On the Origin of Species,� in which he proposed that all living forms were a product of the evolutionary process of natural selection.� Darwin had based his theory on plants and nonhuman animals, but he later asserted that people had evolved through similar processes, and that human anatomy and behavior could be analyzed in the same way.� Darwin�s theory of evolution invited comparisons between humans and other animals, and scientists soon began using animals in psychological research.", "Bacon was an author, philosopher, statesman, lawyer, jurist, and scientist. In the latter capacity he is remembered as the father of empiral thinking in scientific research.", "In science, Occam's razor is used as a heuristic to guide scientists in developing theoretical models rather than as an arbiter between published models. In physics, parsimony was an important heuristic in Albert Einstein's formulation of special relativity, in the development and application of the principle of least action by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and Leonhard Euler, and in the development of quantum mechanics by Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg and Louis de Broglie. ", "Kuhn's version of how science develops differed dramatically from the Whig version. Where the standard account saw steady, cumulative \"progress\", he saw discontinuities – a set of alternating \"normal\" and \"revolutionary\" phases in which communities of specialists in particular fields are plunged into periods of turmoil, uncertainty and angst. These revolutionary phases – for example the transition from Newtonian mechanics to quantum physics – correspond to great conceptual breakthroughs and lay the basis for a succeeding phase of business as usual. The fact that his version seems unremarkable now is, in a way, the greatest measure of his success. But in 1962 almost everything about it was controversial because of the challenge it posed to powerful, entrenched philosophical assumptions about how science did – and should – work.", "On the one side, then, we have figures like the anthropologist and science writer Loren Eiseley, who portrays Bacon (whom he calls “the man who saw through time”) as a kind of Promethean culture hero. He praises Bacon as the great inventor of the idea of science as both a communal enterprise and a practical discipline in the service of humanity. On the other side, we have writers, from Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Lewis Mumford to, more recently, Jeremy Rifkin and eco-feminist Carolyn Merchant, who have represented him as one of the main culprits behind what they perceive as western science’s continuing legacy of alienation, exploitation, and ecological oppression.", "It involved not a simple invention or discovery but a paradigm shift, inventing the reigning paradigm that organizes modern biology — and in some sense all modern science .", "Researchers and scholars who write about their discoveries and ideas sometimes have profound effects on society. Scientists and philosophers are good examples because their new ideas can revolutionise the way people think and how they behave. Three of the best known examples of such a revolutionary effect are Nicolaus Copernicus, who wrote De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543); Charles Darwin, who wrote On the Origin of Species (1859); and Sigmund Freud, who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams (1899).", "Max Planck (1858-1947) - Max Planck, a German physicist, is best known as the originator of the quantum theory of energy for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918. His work contributed significantly to the understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. Planck made significant contributions to science throughout his life. He is recognized for his successful work in a variety of fields including, thermodynamics, optics, statistical mechanics, and physical chemistry.", "Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as an originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. However, his name is also known on a broader academic basis, through the renaming in 1948 of the German scientific institution, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which he was twice president), as the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions.", "According to Swinburne, since our choice of theory cannot be determined by data (see Underdetermination and Quine–Duhem thesis), we must rely on some criterion to determine which theory to use. Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: \"Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth.\" (Swinburne 1997).", "“In our own research we have had chemists, and physicists working closely together. This brings home the enormous importance of discussion in research. You can be the most brilliant scientist in all the world; put you on a desert island with the very best scientific equipment and the very best library and you’ll do uninteresting research. You must have interaction. You must have discussion.", "*Richard Feynman – Expanded the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and developed the tool known as Feynman diagrams.", "Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle,\" involving spin theory, underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry.", "German national Max Planck is known for bringing to the world the concept or theory of quantum physics. His work in the field of physics expanded the understanding of time and space.", "So, while his observations and his deductions for those observations were very important in the development of science that was to come later, it is fragmented and what remains is full of errors. He did however bestow the early seeds of systematic investigation into natural phenomena and to that extent can be credited at least as a midwife at the birth of empirical science if not actually the founder. It is a tragic irony that his observations and opinions were to stifle the very thing he pursued for so many years.", "Galton produced over 340 papers and books. He also created the statistical concept of correlation and widely promoted regression toward the mean. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence, and introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys for collecting data on human communities, which he needed for genealogical and biographical works and for his anthropometric studies.", "an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation. He developed the theory of punctuated equilibrium, according to which evolutionary change occurs relatively rapidly, alternating with longer periods of relative evolutionary stability", "Below are images of people who made the world of science what it is today.  Although they come from different backgrounds, time periods, and countries, they have contributed many important theories, ideals, and concepts that are widely used in today's science.  ", "Here are the five greatest scientists in history, listed in no particular order. They are chosen here for their lasting influence on scientific progress and international culture.", "Hilbert and his students contributed significantly to establishing rigor and some tools to the mathematics used in modern physics. He is also known as one of the founders of proof theory , mathematical logic and the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics .", "He is most famous for his work on natural selection, the idea that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors. This process involves favorable traits becoming more common in successive generations of living things while at the same time unfavorable traits become less common." ]

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[ "Sam Neill was born in Ireland to a Kiwi father and English mother, and moved to New Zealand at the age of seven.", "Sam Neill was born in Omagh, Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland, to army parents, an English-born mother, Priscilla Beatrice (Ingham), and a New Zealand-born father, Dermot Neill. His family moved to the South Island of New Zealand in 1954. He went to boarding schools and then attended the universities at Canterbury and Victoria. He has a BA in English Literature. Following his graduation, he worked with the New Zealand Players and other theater groups. He also was a film director, editor and scriptwriter for the New Zealand National Film Unit for 6 years.", "Three countries claim actor Sam Neill as their own: Ireland, where he was born to Army parents; New Zealand, where he grew up and started his prolific film career; and Australia, where he and his family spend much of their time in between movies shot on locations around the world.", "One of the most famous film personalities to hail from the South Pacific, New Zealand-bred actor Sam Neill possesses the kind of reassuring handsomeness and soft-spoken strength that have made him an ideal leading man. Born Nigel Neill to a military family in Omagh, Northern Ireland, Neill relocated to New Zealand in 1953 at the age of six. There he picked up the nickname that would become his stage name, and attended both the University of Canterbury and the University of Victoria before beginning his acting career. Neill labored as a director/editor/screenwriter for the New Zealand National Film Unit for several years; he made his first movie in 1975 and scored his first significant film success four years later as the romantic lead opposite Judy Davis in director Gillian Armstrong 's My Brilliant Career . Shortly thereafter, Neill was brought to England under the sponsorship of star James Mason (who undoubtedly recognized the marked similarity between his acting style and Neill's).", "Sam Neill married make-up artist Noriko Watanabe in September 1989. They met on the set of Dead Calm in 1987 and have subsequently worked together on several movies including Death in Brunswick and The Jungle Book . She continues to have an active career outside of her husband's, working on other projects, especially in Australia, including the 1994 Australian Film Institute Best Picture Muriel's Wedding and director P.J. Hogan's American film My Best Friend's Wedding. In 1983, Neill had a son, Tim, with actress Lisa Harrow. Tim spends time with both his parents. Lisa Harrow is now married to a marine biologist. Noriko Watanabe has a daughter named Maiko who is a couple of years older than Tim. Neill and Watanabe have another daughter Elena, born in 1990. The family resides in Sydney although Neill retains his New Zealand citizenship. In addition, because of British citizenship laws and Neill's birth in Northern Ireland, Neill retains British citizenship as well. The family also has a residence in Otago, and vineyards near Queenstown on the South Island of New Zealand. The vineyards sell Pinot Noir under the registered trademark Two Paddocks. For more information visit the Two Paddocks Web site . Mr. Neill guards his privacy fiercely and we respect that, encouraging anyone reading this FAQ to do the same.", "Neill first took to calling himself \"Sam\" in school in New Zealand. He went to the Anglican boys' boarding school Christ's College, in Christchurch, New Zealand. He then studied at the University of Canterbury before moving to Wellington to continue his education at the Victoria University, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature.", "Was responsible for getting an unknown actor from New Zealand his first major film role. That actor was Sam Neill .", "Born in Northern Ireland to army parents, his family returned to the South Island of New Zealand in 1954. He went to boarding schools and then attended the universities at Canterbury and Victoria. He has a BA in English Literature. Following his graduation, he worked with the New Zealand Players and other theater groups. He also was a film director, editor and scriptwriter for the New Zealand National Film Unit for 6 years. His first feature film was Sleeping Dogs (1977). He then moved to Australia and his performance in My Brilliant Career (1979) was noticed in London by British actor James Mason who lobbied for Neill to get the lead role in The Final Conflict (1981). Because of this, Neill moved to England where he also became famous as the title character in \"Reilly: Ace of Spies\" (1983). After his Great Britain stint, he moved back to Australia in the late 1980s. He now makes films all over the world. In 1993, he achieved \"commercial and critical success\" with Jurassic Park (1993) and The Piano (1993).", "While at boarding school, Sam Neill began to participate in school drama productions. After graduation, he worked with the New Zealand Players Drama Quartet and other theater groups. He also worked with the New Zealand National Film Unit in Wellington for 6 years in the early 1970s, serving as a film director, editor and scriptwriter of such documentaries as \"The Seal Hunters\" (1973), \"Telephone Etiquette\" (1974), \"Four Shorts on Architecture\" (1975), \"On the Road with Red Mole\" (1977), \"Flare: A Ski Trip\" (1977), \"Architect Athfield\" (1977), and \"Surf Sail\" (1978).", "A native of Northern Ireland, Neill grew up in New Zealand, where he began his career with the Amamaus Theatre Group, subsequently joining the New Zealand Film Unit. In 1991, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his contributions to acting.", "* Country Life, a 1994 Australian adaptation, set in the Outback, starring Sam Neill as the equivalent of Astrov.", "Sam Neill married Noriko Watanabe in 1989. They live in Central Otago, New Zealand, on their vineyard 'Two Paddocks', which also grows medicinal and cooking herbs.", "Peaky Blinders is a gangster family epic set in Birmingham, England in 1919, just after the First World War. The story centres on the Romani Peaky Blinders gang and their ambitious and highly cunning boss Tommy Shelby (played by Cillian Murphy). The gang comes to the attention of Chief Inspector Chester Campbell (played by Sam Neill), a detective in the Royal Irish Constabulary sent over from Belfast, where he had been sent to clean up the city of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), communists, gangs and common criminals. Winston Churchill (played by Andy Nyman in series 1 and Richard McCabe in series 2) charged him with suppressing disorder and uprising in Birmingham and recovering a stolen cache of arms meant to be shipped to Libya. ", "However, his most famous role is, of course, Sidney Reilly in the Thames Television series, Reilly: Ace of Spies. Neill notes \"One of the big satisfactions for me with Reilly was that I discovered I could cut that particular mustard ... at the end of it I acquired confidence as I'd never known it.\" Others agreed that the Kiwi actor with no formal training was among the best. In 1983 he received a Golden Globe nomination and won \"The Most Popular Actor in the UK\" award for the series as well. When it was broadcast on PBS' Mystery in the United States, Neill was discovered by new admirers and re-discovered by fans of My Brilliant Career. Because of Reilly, Sam Neill became one of the names bandied about for the role of James Bond, after Roger Moore announced his decision to retire from it. The speculation was repeated again in the 1990s, after Timothy Dalton and the film series parted ways.", "Between 1984 and 1988, Neill remained a loyal member of the Australian film community as well as filming the American mini-series Amerika and the U.S. made-for-TV movie Leap of Faith (Question of Faith) . For Love Alone and The Umbrella Woman (The Good Wife) signaled this return and both films garnered him critical acclaim in Australia. With his familiar co-star Meryl Streep, he made the controversial Evil Angels (A Cry in the Dark) for which he won an Australian Film Institute Best Actor award (Ms. Streep won for Best Actress and the film won Best Picture for 1988 as well). Rumors began about a possible Oscar nomination, but in a trend which has become familiar to Neill's fans, he was overlooked in the wave of acclaim for his female co-star. On the set of Dead Calm , Neill met make-up artist Noriko Watanabe; they married in 1989. Dead Calm introduced America to director Phillip Noyce who went on to direct Patriot Games and actress Nicole Kidman who attracted Tom Cruise's attention and a role in Days of Thunder, and to lesser extent, actor Billy Zane, now best known as the insufferable fiance in Titanic. Death in Brunswick brought him his second Australian Film Institute Best Actor nomination, but he lost to Hugo Weaving (Proof).", "Neill then starred in the miniseries “The Triangle” (l2005), which earned him a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor on Television, and co-starred with Cate Blanchett and Hugo Weaving in Rowan Woods' Australian film, \"Little Fish,\" which handed him an FCCA (Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards) nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He also appeared in a TV commercial for Meat and Livestock Australia (2006).", "Hitting the new millennium, Neill appeared as a disillusioned ex-communist left behind to take care of the animals in the capital's zoological gardens in the Scandinavian drama “The Zookeeper,” which won him a Jury Award for Best Actor at the Ft. Lauderdale International Film Festival, portrayed U.S. President Thomas Jefferson in the CBS miniseries “Sally Hemings: An American Scandal,” and starred as Cliff Buxton in the Australian film about the first Apollo moon mission, “The Dish.” He also voiced a character in the animated Australian feature based on Norman Lindsay's Australian children's book, “The Magic Pudding,” and received an AFI (Australian Film Institute) Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance as Professor Mortlock in the multi award-winning Australian film “My Mother Frank.”", "He had his first exposure to acting whilst at university, where he studied English Literature. After a role in the New Zealand film Sleeping Dogs in 1977, Sam’s breakout role came in 1981 when he played Damien Thorn in Omen III: The Final Conflict. He went on to star in such Hollywood blockbusters as Dead Calm (1989), The Hunt for Red October (1990), Jurassic Park (1993) and The Piano (1997).", "Carrickfergus (), but known locally and colloquially as \"Carrick\" (Ulster Scots), is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is located on the north shore of Belfast Lough, 11 mi from Belfast. The town had a population of 27,903 at the 2011 Census and takes its name from Fergus Mór mac Eirc, the 6th-century king of Dál Riata. It is County Antrim's oldest town and one of the oldest settlements in Ireland as a whole. Carrickfergus was the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council, before this was amalgamated into the Mid and East Antrim District Council in 2015, and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It is also a townland of 65 acres, a civil parish and a barony. ", "An English literature graduate, Sam began his acting life in theatre before moving onto film. He first came to attention in the New Zealand political thriller Sleeping Dogs (1977), directed by Roger Donaldson. Sleeping Dogs was the first New Zealand movie to be released in the US.", "* 1997 - Australian Day Honours, O'Neill was awarded the Order of Australia Medal \"for service to sport as a gold medallist at the Atlanta Olympic Games, 1996.\" ", "1973 - A.S. (Alexander Sutherland) Neill (b. 1883), Scottish anti-authoritarian educator, author and founder of Summerhill school, dies. [see: Oct. 17]", "Watching this is Nadine Kuhn, reporter for the local paper, The North-West Star. She is impressed by how strongly Sam Neill in a tracksuit top resembles the Michael Chamberlain she remembers from Ayers Rock, where at the age of 12 she was holidaying with her family.", "Sam Neill in JURASSIC PARK, a film directed by Steven Spielberg. Picture courtesy and © Universal Pictures. All rights reserved.", "O'Neill died in Room 401 of the Shelton Hotel on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953, at the age of 65. (The building is now the Shelton Hall dormitory at Boston University.) A revised analysis of his autopsy report shows that, contrary to the previous diagnosis, he did not have Parkinson's disease, but a late-onset cerebellar cortical atrophy. He was interred in the Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. O'Neill's final words were reportedly \"Born in a hotel room, and God dammit, died in one!\"", "Won, Hoyts Entertainment Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role (Sam Neill)", "O'Neill was born in a Broadway hotel room in Times Square and died in Room 401 of the Sheraton Hotel on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953, at the age of 65. As he was dying, he, in a barely audible whisper, said, \"I knew it. Born in a hotel room, and damn it, dying in a hotel room.\"", "Neill went on to reprise his role as Dr. Alan Grant in the 2001 film \"Jurassic Park III.\" He recently starred on TV in the Fox series \"Alcatraz,\" which was canceled after one season, and also had roles in \"Merlin,\" \"The Tudors\" and films like \"The Vow.\"", "Neill has completed his newest films, \"In Her Skin,\" a dramatic thriller by Simone North featuring Guy Pearce and Miranda Otto, and \"Daybreakers,\" a futuristic thriller by Michael Spierig and Peter Spierig in which he will team up with Ethan Hawke and Willem Dafoe. He will soon wrap up a new TV miniseries called \"Iron Road,\" alongside Peter O'Toole, and Jonathan King's fantasy adventure film based on Maurice Gee's novel, \"Under the Mountain.\"", "A S Neill, who founded Summerhill in 1924. He died in 1973 but the school lives on", "On a freezing night in the winter of 1912, filled with hopelessness and shame , the twenty-three-year-old O'Neill swallowed a bottle of Veronal tablets in Jimmy the Priest's saloon at the foot of Manhattan and lay down to die. Instead, he lived. \"That bar, which is so profoundly important in O'Neill's life . . . it's the place where he became a writer really,\" Kushner explains in the documentary. \"That's where he hit the bottom. That's where he arrived at his own O'Neillian moment, and emerged.\"", "* Sam Riley – (born 8 January 1980), is an English actor and singer. Born in Menston." ]

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[ "Dorothy Parker (born Dorothy Rothschild) (August 22, 1893 - June 7, 1967) was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic wit, wisecracks, and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles.", "Dorothy Parker (born Dorothy Rothschild) (August 22, 1893 June 7, 1967) was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic wit, wisecracks, and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles.", "Dorothy Parker (August 22, 1893 � June 7, 1967) was an American writer and poet, best known for her caustic wit, wisecracks, and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles. Early life Also known as Dot or Dottie, Parker was born Dorothy Rothschild at 732 Ocean Avenue in the West End village of Long Branch, New Jersey, where her parents had a summer beach cottage. Parker wrote in her essay \"My Hometown\" that her parents got her back to their Manhattan apartment shortly after Labor Day so she could be called a true New Yorker. Her friends found her both a source of fun and of tragedy; she attempted suicide at least three times. Her mother died in West End when Dorothy was a month shy of turning five. She grew up on the Upper West Side, and attended Roman Catholic elementary school at t...", "Dorothy Parker (August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, short story writer, critic, and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks and eye for 20th-century urban foibles.", "Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) was an American poet, writer, critic and satirist who is best known for her wit, wisecracks, epigrams, quotes, short pithy poems and spoonerisms. But she also wrote more serious poems reminiscent of those of Edna St. Vincent Millay and Sarah Teasdale. Parker won acclaim for her literary contributions to The New Yorker and for her Hollywood screenwriting on A Star is Born and The Little Foxes, for which she earned two Academy Award nominations. Parker was sometimes dismissive of her own talents and deplored her reputation as a \"wisecracker,\" but today she has achieved a stature comparable to that of famous wits like Oscar Wilde and Ogden Nash. According to her New York Times obituary, Parker was a \"sardonic humorist\" who \"sparkled with a word or phrase, for she honed her humor to its most economical size. Her rapier wit, much of it spontaneous, gained its early renown from her membership in the Algonquin Round Table, an informal luncheon group at the Algonquin Hotel in the nineteen-twenties, where some of the city's most sedulous framers of bon mots gathered.\" One of Parker's most famous comments was made when she was informed that former president Calvin Coolidge had died; she asked, \"How could they tell?\" She supported many liberal causes and bequeathed her estate to the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Foundation.", "Parker was born Dorothy Rothschild August 22, 1893 in West End, New Jersey (now known as Long Branch) to a Jewish father and Scottish mother, J. Henry and Eliza A. (Marston) Rothschild. Dorothy had three considerably older siblings and felt lonely as a child. While the Rothschilds were a relatively affluent family, Parker recalled an unhappy childhood in later interviews. This unhappiness, along with the early deaths of her mother (who died when Parker was not yet 5), stepmother, brother (who went down with the Titanic) and father, would construct the framework for her dark cynicism and tendency toward morbid thoughts.", "If you’re a certain type of bitter, intellectual female, you like Dorothy Parker. The smart-ass 20's writer is an all ages tonic- consoling you through bad love affairs and high-school unpopularity. Originally born Dorothy Rothschild (not those Rothschilds!), Dottie claimed … Read More", "While at Vanity Fair, Dorothy Parker made friends with other writers and these relationships would change her life. Among them was Robert Benchley , who can be said to be her best friend, as well as Robert E. Sherwood. The three writers began taking their daily lunch together at the Algonquin Hotel, located on Forty-Fourth street. These lunches were not merely for eating. They were for sharing ideas, giving critiques of writing, lavishing encouragement and praise upon one another, and sincerely sharing their deepest ideas mixed with their best jokes and a cocktail. They became the founding members of the famous intellectual group, the Algonquin Round Table. As tales of these lunches grew, so did the members. Soon Parker, Benchley and Sherwood were joined by Franklin Pierce Adams and Alexander Woollcott. These men were successful newspaper columnists. Once they became acquainted with the genius who was Dorothy Parker, they became adamant in publicizing her witticisms. Other members, like Harold Ross , would filter in and out of the group over the years. However, Dorothy Parker remained the only woman in the group. She could hold her own when defending her sex, sharing her ideas, and maintaining the respect of every man admitted into the Round Table's elite group.", "Marion Meade Dorothy Parker was known for her outrageous one-liners, her ruthless theater criticism, her clever verses and bittersweet stories, but there was another side to Dorothy Parker—a private life, set on a course of destruction. She suffered through two divorces, a string of painful affairs, a lifelong problem with alcohol, and several suicide attempts.", "In August 1933 the prominent critic Alexander Woollcott published a profile of Dorothy Parker under the title “Our Mrs. Parker” in “Cosmopolitan” magazine. This piece was also reprinted in his 1934 collection “While Rome Burns”: 7 8", "Dorothy Rothschild married Edwin Pond Parker in 1917. Eddie Parker was a Wall Street broker from a distinguished family and a recent enlistee into the US Army. Eventually her husband was called to duty overseas and she continued her life and career in New York. In 1919 she met up with two recent hires of Vanity Fair, Robert Benchley and Robert Sherwood. She connected with the two editors instantly and had lunch with both almost daily. Parker found a mentor and friend in Benchley, who guided her by introducing her to the style of journalistic writing. These lunches with Benchley and Sherwood at the Algonquin Hotel became the basis for the now famous Algonquin Round Table.", "It was also during this time period, as \"Constant Reader\", that many major events in Dorothy Parker's life and career took place. In 1927 Parker became more vocal in her socio-political opinions and she joined in the protest against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. (Parker was ultimately arrested and released). She eventually divorced Eddie Parker in 1928 and in 1929 Dorothy Parker won her first major literary award. Parker's short story \"Big Blonde\", which told the all too real tale of an aging party girl, won the O. Henry Memorial Prize for best short story.", "*Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) — about writer Dorothy Parker and the members of the Algonquin Round Table, a group of writers, actors and critics who met almost daily from 1919 to 1929 at Manhattan's Algonquin Hotel", "Parker did not date until she was in her second year of high school, [12] but in that year she fell in love with a classmate, Roy Thornton, whose good looks and smart clothes caught her schoolgirl's eye. [13] The two quit school and were married on September 25, 1926, six days before Parker's sixteenth birthday. [14] Their marriage, marked by his frequent absences and brushes with the law, was short-lived, and after January 1929 their paths never crossed again. But they were never divorced, and Parker was wearing Thornton's wedding ring when she died. [15] Thornton was in prison in 1934 when he learned of his wife's ambush; his reaction was, \"I'm glad they went out like they did. It's much better than being caught.\" [13]", "The inimitable Dorothy Parker is often known more for her sharp wit and cynicism than for her actual work. As with many literary figures, Parker's life was filled with drama and personal darkness, which often came through in her writing.", "Dorothy Parker - Early life, The Round Table years, Hollywood and later life, Spoken word recordings", "Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress in film, theatre, and television. Mansfield became a major Broadway star in 1955, a major Hollywood star in 1956, and a leading celebrity in 1957. She was also a nightclub entertainer, a singer, and one of the early Playboy Playmates. She was a major Hollywood sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s and 20th Century Fox's main sex symbol actress, alongside Marilyn Monroe. She was also known for her well-publicized personal life and publicity stunts, such as wardrobe malfunctions. ", "Gale. Interestingly enough, Dorothy's last name isn't given in the original novel of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Her last name is first mentioned in the 1902 stage version of the story Baum wrote a few years later: \"My name is Dorothy Gale. I'm one of the Kansas Gales.\" To which the Scarecrow replies, \"Well, that explains your breezy manner.\" In the later Oz books, Baum kept the name (he first used it in Dorothy's second appearance, in Ozma of Oz) but mercifully spared his readers the pun. Her last name was first seen in print in W. W. Denslow's \"Scarecrow and the Tin-Man\" comic strip in 1904, however. The last name was also used in The Movie, Return to Oz, and other adaptations of the story.", "Dear Quote Investigator: The notable wit Dorothy Parker constructed several epitaphs for herself. I am interested in the following:", "† Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American actress and singer. Through a career that spanned 45 of her 47 years, Garland attained international stardom as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist and on the concert stage. Respected for her versatility, she received a Juvenile Academy Award, won a Golden Globe Award, received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for her work in films, as well as Grammy Awards and a Special Tony Award. After appearing in vaudeville with her sisters, Garland was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. There she made more than two dozen films, including nine with Mickey Rooney and the 1939 film with which she would be most identified, The Wizard of Oz. After 15 years, Garland was released from the studio but gained renewed success through record-breaking concert appearances, including a critically acclaimed Carnegie Hall concert, a well-regarded but short-lived television series and a return to acting beginning with a critically acclaimed performance in A Star Is Born (1954).", "These words have been attributed to the writer Dorothy Parker and to the pianist comedian Oscar Levant. Would you please determine who should be credited?", "American song writer Charlie Kunz saw her perform and arranged for her first radio broadcast in December 1936. During 1938 Billy Reid, an English composer and band-leader, left his wife and two daughters to devote himself to Dorothy and her career. In 1945 he composed her first big hit song, �Coming Home.� By the late 1940s, with an array of Reid songs, including �The Gypsy� and �Danger Ahead�, she outsold such recording artists as Judy Garland and Peggy Lee. Living together in a Bexley mansion, Dot and Billy jointly bought Llanelli�s Astoria Theatre.", "Personal Life: (1922-1965) Born in Cleveland. Mother was an aspiring entertainer. Father was a cabinet maker and minister. Mother created a song and dance act for her and her 2 sisters called “The Wonder Children” who appeared in nightclubs for several years as well as later became The Dandridge Sisters. Made her first film in 1935. Married twice and had a daughter to first husband Harold Nicholas. Second husband was a white man, abuser, and gold digger who used all her money before abandoning her. Was swindled by those who handled her finances of $150,000 and was in $139,000 debt in back taxes that she was forced to sell her Hollywood home. Daughter was officially diagnosed with brain damage but was probably autistic (problems were associated with social and verbal skills) and eventually sent to a state mental institution when she couldn’t afford to keep her. Was also plagued by drinking problems later in life. Died either of an embolism or drug overdose at 42.", "In 1934, she married Alan Campbell, an actor with aspirations to become a screenwriter. Like Parker, he was half-Jewish and half-Scottish. He was reputed to be bisexual—indeed, Parker claimed in public that he was \"queer as a billy goat\". The pair moved to Hollywood and signed ten-week contracts with Paramount Pictures, with Campbell (who was also expected to act) earning $250 per week and Parker earning $1,000 per week. They would eventually earn $2,000 and in some instances upwards of $5,000 per week as freelancers for various studios. She and Campbell worked on more than 15 films. ", "Parker was listed as a Communist by the publication Red Channels in 1950. The FBI compiled a 1,000-page dossier on her because of her suspected involvement in Communism during the McCarthy era. As a result, she was placed on the Hollywood blacklist by the movie studio bosses. Her final screenplay was The Fan, a 1949 adaptation of Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, directed by Otto Preminger. Her marriage to Campbell was tempestuous, with tensions exacerbated by Parker's increasing alcohol consumption and Campbell's long-term affair with a married woman while he was in Europe during World War II. They divorced in 1947, then remarried in 1950. Parker moved back to New York in 1952, living at the Volney residential hotel at 23 East 74th Street on the Upper East Side. From 1957 to 1962, she wrote book reviews for Esquire, though these pieces were increasingly erratic owing to her continued abuse of alcohol. She returned to Hollywood in 1961 and reconciled with Campbell. In the next two years, they worked together on a number of unproduced projects. Campbell committed suicide by drug overdose in 1963. ", "Her stardom assured, Parker married Bert Friedlob, a would-be film producer, in 1946. Although she took some time off to have two daughters and a son, she was still fairly active on screen. She received the first of her three Oscar nominations for the wrongly accused prisoner in Caged (1950), in which she clearly defines the gradual changes in the pregnant prisoner's character, from innocence to corruption. By the time she leaves prison, we see by her walk, her attitude, and even her voice, how life inside has affected her.", "Judy Garland (1922 - 1969) Born Frances Ethel Gumm. An American actress, singer and vaudevillian. Most famous for her role as Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz. She is the youngest recipient (at 39 years of age) of the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the motion picture industry. Born in Grand Rapids, MN (285)", "Garland was her mother's maiden name. When the family arrived in Hollywood in 1936, the 14-year-old singer, who made her feature film debut in \"Pigskin Parade,\" was billed as Judy Garland.", " Incidentally David Bret, who is a prolific writer of show business biographies, has dedicated several of his books to Dorothy�s memory and has mentioned her in several other of his tomes, including his biographies about Mario Lanza, Edith Piaf, Morrissey and Doris Day.", "Garland was her mother's maiden name. When the family arrived in Hollywood in 1936, the 14- year-old singer, who made her feature film debut in \"Pigskin Parade,\" was billed as Judy Garland.", "Dorothy Uris, a Broadway and Hollywood actress and voice teacher known professionally as Dorothy Tree, died Thursday at the Actor's Fund Home in Englewood, N.J. She was 85. She died of heart failure, said her son, Joseph Uris of New York. Mrs. Uris, who was born in Brooklyn, started her acting career in the late 1920s by playing a succession of parlor maids on Broadway. Her best-known film roles were the mother of Knute Rockne (played by Pat O`Brien) in \"Knute...", "But her success in Hollywood failed to quench her thirst for sardonic wit, much to the chagrin of many big-name celebrities of the day.  Once, after meeting Joan Crawford, who was married at the time to Franchot Tone, Parker said, \"You can take a whore to culture, but you can't make her think.\"  Of the acting talents of Katherine Hepburn, she wrote, \"She ran the whole gamut of emotions, from A to B.\"" ]

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[ "Christopher “Notorious B.I.G.” Wallace (pictured) was gunned down on March 9, 1997, just two months shy of his 25th birthday. With fame and all the perks that came along with his stellar rapping ability, he was destined to achieve so much more. On Wednesday, Biggie Smalls, as he also known, would have been 42 years of age. NewsOne takes a look back at the life and legacy of the heavyweight Brooklyn rap legend.", "With the Notorious B.I.G.'s success Bad Boy challenged Los Angeles–based Death Row Records as hip-hop's dominant label, sowing the seeds for an intense East Coast/West Coast rivalry. In November 1994 the Death Row artist—and former friend of the Notorious B.I.G.—Tupac Shakur was shot several times in the lobby of a Manhattan recording studio. Shakur accused the Notorious B.I.G. and Combs of masterminding the attack. Although the two denied this, Shakur held a grudge and in 1996 recorded \"Hit 'Em Up,\" a scathing, personal attack on the Notorious B.I.G., Bad Boy, and the entire East Coast scene. In September 1996 Shakur was murdered in an unsolved drive-by shooting in Las Vegas . Speculation linked the Notorious B.I.G. to Shakur's death. Six months later, on March 9, 1997, the Notorious B.I.G. was gunned down in Los Angeles. The two deaths rocked the hip-hop community, leading to an extensive, long-term soul-searching regarding the violence permeating rap music and the rap industry.", "March 9, 1997: Gangsta rapper The Notorious B.I.G. (aka Biggie Smalls, aka Christopher Wallace), age 24, was killed in a drive-by shooting while sitting in his car.", "Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage names The Notorious B.I.G., Biggie or Biggie Smalls,[2] was an American rapper.", "The FBI has released hundreds of pages of records from their investigation into the 1997 slaying of rapper Notorious B.I.G. The records, which contain FBI files spanning eight years, come from a civil rights probe the bureau launched into the killing. The records were posted on the FBI's website and are heavily redacted. The New York rapper, whose real name was Christopher Wallace, was gunned down outside the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles on March 9, 1997, as he was leaving a music industry party.", "In 1997, under the name Puff Daddy, Combs recorded his first commercial vocal work as a rapper. His debut single, \"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down\", spent 28 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number one. His debut album, No Way Out, was released on July 1, 1997, through Bad Boy Records. Originally titled Hell up in Harlem, the album underwent several changes after The Notorious B.I.G. was killed on March 9, 1997. Several of the label's artists made guest appearances on the album. No Way Out was a significant success, particularly in the United States, where it reached number one on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release, selling 561,000 copies. The album produced five singles: \"I'll Be Missing You\", a tribute to The Notorious B.I.G., was the first rap song to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100; it remained at the top of the chart for eleven consecutive weeks and topped several other charts worldwide. Four other singles; \"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down\", \"It's All About the Benjamins\", \"Been Around the World\", and \"Victory\", were also released. Combs collaborated with Jimmy Page on the song \"Come with Me\" for the 1998 film Godzilla.", "More than 15 years after Notorious B.I.G. was killed in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles, one of music's most famous homicides remains unsolved, but police officials have released the slain rapper's autopsy report hoping to generate new leads. The Los Angeles Police Department unsealed the report, which had been on a security hold, on Friday, revealing the graphic details of how the Brooklyn-bred rapper, born Christopher Wallace, died in March 1997. But as The Times' L.A. Now blog reported in its coverage of the autopsy report's release, the LAPD has released no new information about the investigation, and it's still unclear whether the release was prompted by new leads on the unsolved slaying.", "In September 1996, however, Shakur was shot and killed by unknown assailants; just six months later, in March of 1997, B.I.G. himself was killed in the same fashion. Just three weeks later, his second album debuted at number one and was eventually certified six times platinum. The single \"Hypnotize\" also hit number one and stayed on the charts for months after B.I.G. was killed. Though Combs had been preparing his own solo debut, under the name Puff Daddy , he quit working for several months out of grief for his longtime friend. When he returned in mid-1997, it was with a vengeance, as the single \"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down\" held the top spot on the singles charts for almost two months. Following quickly behind was another monster number one hit, \"I'll Be Missing You,\" a tender tribute to B.I.G. with Evans providing background vocals.", "{\"id\":13084580,\"title\":\"3/9/97: Notorious B.I.G. Killed\",\"duration\":\"3:00\",\"description\":\"East Coast rapper Biggie Smalls is gunned down in a drive-by shooting in L.A.\",\"url\":\"/Archives/video/march-1997-notorious-big-killed-13084580\",\"section\":\"Archives\",\"mediaType\":\"default\"}", "American rapper Tupac Shakur died in September 1996. His friend, the Notorious B.I.G. , was killed a few months later in 1997. Neither reached the top of the UK charts during their lifetimes, but in 2005, Tupac reached number one with \"Ghetto Gospel\" sharing the credit with Elton John . A few months later, in 2006 the Notorious B.I.G. matched his rival with \"Nasty Girl\" (sharing the credit with Diddy, Nelly, Jagged Edge & Avery Storm).", "American rapper Tupac Shakur died in September 1996. His friend, the Notorious B.I.G., was killed a few months later in 1997. Neither reached the top of the UK charts during their lifetimes, but in 2005, Tupac reached number one with \"Ghetto Gospel\" sharing the credit with Elton John. A few months later, in 2006 the Notorious B.I.G. matched his rival with \"Nasty Girl\" (sharing the credit with Diddy, Nelly, Jagged Edge & Avery Storm).", "On March 9, 1997, Wallace was killed by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. His double-disc set Life After Death, released 16 days later, rose to No. 1 on the U.S. album charts and was certified Diamond in 2000, one of the few hip hop albums to receive this certification.[4] Wallace was noted for his “loose, easy flow”,[5] dark semi-autobiographical lyrics and storytelling abilities. Two more albums have been released since his death. He has certified sales of 17 million units in the United States.[6]", "The investigation of Notorious B.I.G.'s slaying is focusing on the likelihood that the rapper was gunned down over a personal dispute with a Compton gang member, law enforcement sources say. Investigators have found no evidence that the March 9 slaying after a Los Angeles record industry party was linked to either a bicoastal feud in the rap community or Los Angeles street gang rivalries.", "I have additionally been unable to establish if Amir Muhammad was in Atlanta in May of 1997, or if he ever fled from his reported residence in Los Angeles at any time during that year. It has however been previously established by former lead detective in the Notorious B.I.G. murder investigation, Russell Poole, that Amir was in L.A. visiting the father of his godchildren, David Mack, seven months after Clayton Hill’s alleged run-in with the murderer of Biggie Smalls, in December of 1997, while Mack sat in jail after being arrested for robbing a South Central branch of Bank of America of $722,000.", "in 2007 - The Notorious B.I.G. was at No.1 on the US album charts with 'Greatest Hits' It was the rapper's fourth album release after being killed by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles, California on March 9.", "In 1994, a young Brooklyn rapper and former drug dealer named Christopher Biggie Wallace released his debut album, Ready to Die. It blew up, spotlighting the lesser known New York hip hop scene at a time when West Coast rappers like Tupac Shakur, Snoop Doggy Dogg and Ice Cube were household names. Already brewing tensions between East and West blossomed and on March 9, 1997, the rising Biggie was gunned down in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. Sean Diddy Combs, Queen Latifah, Flava Flav, Mary J. Blige, Run-DMC and Busta Rhymes all showed up for his funeral. His coffin was placed in a hearse and paraded in a funeral procession alongside a phalanx of limousines through the streets of Brooklyn. Thousands of fans lined the sidewalk, clad in Biggie T shirts and solemnly holding handmade signs. All went well until a handful of onlookers climbed atop cars to get a better view and policed told them to get down. A scuffle ensued and six people were arrested, including a New York Times reporter.", "Notorious B.I.G. was arrested in July 1996 after New Jersey police searched his home and found marijuana and firearms ", "1997 – Rapper The Notorious B.I.G. (Biggie) was returning to his hotel in Los Angeles, California after an awards party. A car pulled up beside his and opened fire. Biggie was killed almost instantly.", "* Notorious — 2009 film by George Tillman, Jr. about the unsolved murders of rappers Tupac Shakur (Anthony Mackie) in 1996 and Notorious B.I.G. (Jamal Woolard) in 1997", "Jump up ^ Purdum, Todd S. (March 10, 1997). “Rapper Is Shot to Death in Echo of Killing 6 Months Ago”. The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2009.", "Shakur, Tupac On Flamingo Road, just east of Las Vegas Boulevard, near the intersection of Koval Lane Las Vegas, Nevada Though the popular gangsta rap star Tupac Shakur had made headlines over a series of run-ins with the law, none got more attention than the gangland-style hit that ended up taking his life on September 13, 1996. After leaving the Tyson/Seldon fight at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas (he was videotaped getting into an altercation on the way out), the BMW Shakur was riding in with record executive Suge Knight was stopped on Flamingo Road near the Strip. Based on eyewitness accounts, two men jumped out of a Cadillac and blasted 13 rounds into the BMW, hitting Shakur four times (Knight suffered a minor head wound). Shakur died several days later as a result of the wounds suffered in the ambush.", "^ Jump up to: a b c “Tupac Shakur LV Shooting –”. Thugz-network.com. September 7, 1996. Retrieved January 7, 2012.", "In the early 1990s the New York–based rapper the Notorious B.I.G. exploded onto a hip-hop scene then dominated by \"G-Funk,\" the synthesizer-laden, funk-based style pioneered by the West Coast rapper and producer Dr. Dre. The Notorious B.I.G.'s gritty, unromanticized tales of urban crime injected a note of reality into GFunk's over-the-top and often facile celebration of the pleasures of \"gangsta\" life. B.I.G.'s charisma and skill as a storyteller created an instant critical and commercial sensation, re-establishing East Coast rap as a vital force in hip-hop and paving the way for New York–based rappers such as Nas and Jay-Z. The Notorious B.I.G.'s murder in 1997 cut short a career just reaching its prime.", "*1997: Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.) – \"You're Nobody ('Til Somebody Kills You)\" from the album Life After Death", "Notorious B.I.G.’s music is perhaps equal parts fiction and autobiography. Before attaining fame, he was a small-time crack dealer in the tough Bedford-Stuyve-sant section of Brooklyn. He never finished high school and, at age 17, was arrested on drug charges in North Carolina and spent nine months in jail. In 1995, he was arrested in New York and charged with assault after he allegedly chased two people with a baseball bat and smashed the window of their cab. He was twice arrested in New Jersey—first for allegedly robbing and assaulting a man, then on drug and weapons charges. “I can’t say I’m proud of dealing drugs,” B.I.G. once said. “But you do what you can to survive in the ’hood. Live in the real bad part of the ’hood for a while and you’ll see how desperate it can make you.” B.I.G. drew on that desperation and his law-breaking past in his songs, in which he matter-of-factly “described himself as a former drug dealer and stickup man who had turned to rapping,” Jon Parales wrote in the New York Times. “He recalled the mundane details of bagging, transporting and selling drugs; he boasted about sexual conquests and mourned a murdered girlfriend.”", "September 7 – Rapper Tupac Shakur is shot 4 times in Las Vegas, Nevada while leaving the MGM Grand hotel, after seeing the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon boxing match, in what is apparently a drive-by shooting.", "Born in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York, Christopher Wallace began rapping with local groups while still a teenager, taking the name Biggie Smalls in reference to his imposing height and girth. An able but indifferent student, he dropped out of high school at age seventeen, and his subsequent career as a crack dealer resulted in a nine-month stint in a North Carolina jail. A demo tape he made shortly after his release got him a brief write-up in the respected hip-hop magazine The Source. The article attracted the attention of Uptown Records producer Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, who immediately signed Biggie. When Combs left Uptown a short time later to form his own label, Bad Boy, he took Biggie with him. In 1993 the Notorious B.I.G., as he was now known, made his debut as a guest rapper on remixes of the Mary J. Blige singles \"Real Love\" and \"What's the 411?\" He soon followed these with his first solo track, \"Party and Bull****,\" which was heard on the soundtrack of the movie Who's the Man and generated much anticipation for his debut album.", "1996 - Tupac Shakur died six days after being shot four times in a drive-by shooting.", "1996 - Tupac Shakur and Marion \"Suge\" Knight are shot while in Las Vegas after a Mike Tyson fight. Shakur died six days later.", "Shakur claimed his first album was aimed at the problems facing young black males, but it was publicly criticized for its graphic language and images of violence by and against police.[18] In one incident, a young man claimed his killing of a Texas trooper was inspired by the album. Former Vice President Dan Quayle publicly denounced the album as having \"no place in our society\". 2Pacalypse Now did not do as well on the charts as future albums, spawning no top ten hits. His second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., was released in 1993. Heavily produced by Stretch and the Live Squad, the album generated two hits, \"Keep Ya Head Up\" and \"I Get Around\", the latter featuring guest appearances by members of the Digital Underground.", "The high profile nature of the killing and ensuing gang violence caught the attention of British filmmaker Nick Broomfield who made the documentary Biggie & Tupac , which examines the lack of progress in the case by speaking to those close to Wallace, Shakur, and the investigation. Shakur's close childhood friend and member of the Outlawz , Yafeu \"Yaki Kadafi\" Fula , was in the convoy when the shooting happened and indicated to police that he might be able to identify the assailants. He was killed shortly thereafter in a housing project in Irvington, New Jersey . [40]", "1997 - \"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down\" by Puff Daddy featuring Ma$e, was number 1 in America" ]

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[ "Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907, Bournemouth , Hampshire – 26 March 1983, Westminster , London), [1] , (Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO between 1956 and 1979), was a British spy , art historian , Professor of the History of Art at the University of London , director of the Courtauld Institute of Art , London (1947-74), and Surveyor of the King's Pictures (1945-72).", "Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907, Bournemouth, Hampshire – 26 March 1983, Westminster, London [1]), known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO between 1956 and 1979, was a British spy, art historian, formerly Professor of the History of Art, University of London and director of the Courtauld Institute of Art, London (1947-74). He was the \"Fourth Man\" of the Cambridge Five, a group of spies working for the Soviet Union from some time in the 1930s to the early 1950s.", "Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907, Bournemouth, Hampshire – 26 March 1983, Westminster, London), known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO between 1956 and 1979, was a British spy, art historian, Professor of the History of Art at the University of London, director of the Courtauld Institute of Art, London (1947-74), and Surveyor of the King’s Pictures (1945-72).", "Mr. Blunt was publicly unmasked in 1979 as a traitor and the Fourth Man in the notorious Cambridge Five spy ring by former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and stripped of his knighthood. In 1964, fifteen years earlier, Mr. Blunt had confessed to British Intelligence of his decades as a deep cover spy for the Soviet Union, having been recruited in 1934 by the NKVD .", "Anthony Blunt, in full Anthony Frederick Blunt, also called (1956–79) Sir Anthony Blunt (born Sept. 26, 1907, Bournemouth , Hampshire , Eng.—died March 26, 1983, London ), British art historian who late in his life was revealed to have been a Soviet spy.", "LONDON, March 26— Anthony Blunt, a former curator of Queen Elizabeth II's art collection who in 1979 was exposed as having been the mysterious fourth man in a Soviet spying ring, collapsed and died at breakfast in his London home today. He was 75 years old.", "Anthony Blunt, the former surveyor of the Queen's pictures who was unmasked as a wartime Soviet spy, admitted that his activities were the biggest mistake of his life and led to him contemplate suicide, his memoir made public today by the British Library reveals.", "Anthony Blunt (1907-1983) acted as a talent scout supplying the names of possible recruits to the communist cause. During World War II he worked for British Intelligence. After the defection of Kim Philby in 1964 Blunt confessed his involvement in exchange for immunity from prosecution, but his role was not made public until 1979.", "Anthony Blunt was a British art expert who was exposed as a Soviet spy. He was known as the Fourth Man and attended Cambridge with Donald MacLean and Kim Philby, who, along with Guy Burgess formed a spy ring in the 1940s, turning over thousands of documents to the Russians.", "The buzz over one of the most infamous spy scandals in British history will be reignited with the memoirs of Sir Anthony Blunt, the Queen's art adviser who was exposed as a Russian agent. Blunt's account of his role as the fourth man in the Cambridge spy ring (Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Kim Philby) will be out in July 2009. He died in 1983 and his memoirs were locked up in the British Library. Blunt was exposed in 1979 when PM Margaret Thatcher named him in the Commons as a spy after a cover-up that lasted over a decade. Blunt, a former MI5 officer, had confessed in 1964, but was, under a secret deal, given immunity from prosecution.", "The most famous 20th-century scholar of Poussin was the Englishman Anthony Blunt, Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, who in 1979 was disgraced by revelations of his complicity with Soviet intelligence. ", "Anthony Blunt also confessed his crimes but was granted immunity from prosecution and continued as Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures. Blunt was not exposed as a spy until 1979.", "Blunt's role as a Soviet agent was exposed in Andrew Boyle's book, The Climate of Treason in 1979. This resulted in his knighthood, awarded in 1956, being annulled. Margaret Thatcher told the House of Commons that: \"It was considered important to gain Blunt's cooperation in the continuing investigations by the security authorities, following the defections of Burgess, Maclean and Philby, into Soviet penetration of the security and intelligence services and other public services during and after the war. Accordingly the Attorney-General authorized the offer of immunity to Blunt if he confessed. The Queen's Private Secretary was informed both of Blunt's confession and of the immunity from prosecution, on the basis of which it had been made. Blunt was not required to resign his appointment in the Royal Household, which was unpaid. It carried with it no access to classified information and no risk to security and the security authorities thought it desirable not to put at risk his cooperation.\" (55)", "Philby was also a journalist but joined SIS (also known as MI6) in 1940. Just before the war ended, he was appointed head of SIS's anti-Soviet section. Thus the man charged with running operations against the Soviets was a KGB agent. He later became chief British intelligence officer in the United States. After Burgess and Maclean fled to the Soviet Union, Philby came under suspicion and was forced to resign. In 1963, he defected to the Soviet Union, and died there. Blunt worked for MI5 during the war. After the war he had a distinguished career as an art historian. He was director of the Courtauld Institute and Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures. He was knighted in 1956. In 1963, the British government discovered he was a spy but offered him immunity in return for information. In 1979, the story got out and Blunt was stripped of his knighthood.", "Blunt's role as a Soviet agent was exposed – albeit under a false name – in Andrew Boyle 's book, Climate of Treason in 1979 and he was publicly named by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the same year. [12] Queen Elizabeth II stripped Blunt of his knighthood, and he was removed as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College. Blunt is supposed to have fled the country after the public revelation and lived somewhere in southern Europe. [13] However, he returned to London, but may not have fully realized the strength of feeling that had been whipped up against him until one day in February 1980, when he tried to see a film in Notting Hill, he was booed out of the cinema. That same month, his partner since 1953, John Gaskin, threw himself from a sixth-floor balcony but survived. Blunt died from a heart attack at his home in London in 1983, aged 75.", "1979 Event - British government identifies Sir Anthony Blunt as 4th man in Soviet spy ring", "In January 1964, Arthur Martin from MI5 interviewed Michael Straight (later owner and editor of The New Republic and chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts), an American who had studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and who had become friends there with Blunt, Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess.  Straight claimed that Blunt had tried to recruit him to become a Soviet spy.  Arthur Martin and Jim Skardon had interviewed Blunt 11 times since 1951 but Blunt admitted nothing.  Martin, now equipped with Straight’s story, went to see Blunt again and this time Blunt made a confession.  Queen Elizabeth II was informed shortly thereafter.  He admitted to being a Soviet agent and named John Cairncross, Peter Ashby, Brian Symon and Leo Long as spies he had recruited.  In return for Blunt’s full confession, the British government agreed to keep his spying career an official secret for 15 years, plus immunity from prosecution.  Martin himself was disappointed when it was discovered that MI5 Director-General Roger Hollis and Attorney General Sir John Hobson decided not to put Blunt on trial.  He again argued that there was still a Soviet spy working at the centre of MI5, but Hollis thought Martin’s suggestion was highly damaging to the organization, and ordered Martin to be suspended from duty.  In Peter Wright’s best-selling 1987 book Spycatcher, Wright argues that Hollis was the best fit for the possible Soviet spy in MI5.", "After British intelligence agencies unmasked Blunt in the mid-1960s as the “fourth man” in a Soviet spy ring that included Mr. Burgess, Donald Maclean and H. A. R. Philby, who was known as Kim, he was granted immunity from prosecution — and, for 15 years, an understanding that his treachery not be publicly exposed — in return for cooperating with British intelligence. He lost his cover in 1979 when he was publicly exposed as a spy by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.", "In 1932, the 25-year-old Anthony Blunt was a Modern Languages Fellow at Trinity College in Cambridge. Blunt became a close friend of Guy Burgess , a future member of the Cambridge Five spy ring who would later defect to the Soviet Union in 1951. Mr. Blunt also became a member of the Cambridge Apostles , a secret society at Cambridge University known for its Marxist leanings and rampant homosexuality.", "After visiting the Soviet Union in 1933, Blunt was recruited in 1934 by the NKVD.  A committed Communist, Blunt was recruited by his student Guy Burgess at Cambridge although there is reason to believe that Blunt, the older, was control.  He joined the British Army in 1939 and in 1940 was recruited to MI5, the military intelligence department.  He passed on ULTRA intelligence from decrypted Enigma intercepts to the Soviet Union.  He reached the rank of major.", "In 1963, under renewed suspicion of espionage, Philby took a position as Foreign Office correspondent in Beirut, Lebanon. Later that year, a Soviet intelligence agent defected to the West. While being interrogated by Australian and British intelligence in Sydney, the defector named Philby as one of the Soviet's greatest human intelligence assets. Philby quickly defected to the Soviet Union, where he spent the rest of his life. He worked with the KGB, training spies for operation in the West. Cambridge spy ring member Anthony Blunt aided Philby's final escape.", "In 1964 Anthony Blunt was identified as a Soviet agent. Blunt confessed to his crimes in return for his immunity from prosecution. According to Peter Wright he named several other agents including Floud and Hart. Nothing was done about this allegation until Harold Wilson became prime minister. MI5 told Wilson that several Labour MPs were Soviet spies. This included Bernard Floud, John Diamond (Chief Secretary of the Treasury), John Stonehouse (parliamentary secretary, Aviation), Barnett Stross (parliamentary secretary, Health), Judith Hart (Under-Secretary of State for Scotland), Stephen Swingler (parliamentary secretary, Transport), Niall MacDermot (Financial Secretary, Treasury), Tom Driberg (National Executive of the Labour Party) and Will Owen (MP for Morpeth). As David Leigh points out in The Wilson Plot: \"With the exception of the insignificant Will Owen, the spying allegations were all false.\"", "Anthony Blunt - Confessed his role after Philby defected but was given immunity from prosecution. Margaret Thatcher ordered him to be unmasked as a spy in 1979. He died in 1983.", "Some people knew of Blunt's role long before his public exposure. In 1948, demobilised army officer Philip Hay attended an interview at Buckingham Palace for the post of private secretary to the Dowager Duchess of Kent. After passing Blunt in a corridor, Sir Alan Lascelles, the King's private secretary, told Hay: \"That's our Russian spy.\"", "While a fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge, in the 1930s Blunt became a member of a circle of disaffected young men led by Guy Burgess , under whose influence he was soon involved in espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union . His public career was brilliant. From 1937 he published scores of scholarly papers and books by which he largely established art history in Great Britain. He was an authority on 17th-century painting , particularly that of Nicolas Poussin . During World War II he served in MI-5, a military intelligence organization, and was able to supply secret information to the Soviets and, more importantly, to give warning to fellow agents of counterintelligence operations that might endanger them.", "Blunt's role was represented under the name Maurice in Andrew Boyle 's book, Climate of Treason in 1979. Maurice was taken from the E. M. Forster novel of that name. Blunt tried to prevent the book being published, which was reported in the magazine Private Eye . This drew attention to Blunt. [28] Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher revealed Blunt's wartime role in the House of Commons firstly on Thursday 15 November 1979, and in more detail on 21 November. [29] Sir Bernard Ingham , Thatcher's press secretary, suggested \"I believe she did it because she didn't see why the system should cover things up. This was early in her Prime Ministership. I think she wanted to tell the Civil Service that the politicians decide policy, not the system. She wanted them to know who was boss.\" [2]", "Following the defection in May 1951 of fellow spies Guy Burgess and Donald Duart Maclean to the Soviet Union, Blunt came under suspicion as well.  He had been a close, longtime friend of Burgess, from their time at Cambridge. Maclean was in imminent danger of being unmasked as a spy by decryptions from VENONA.  Blunt was interrogated by MI5 in 1952, but gave little, if anything, away.  Blunt was knighted in 1956 by the British Government for his work for MI5.", "Following the May, 1951 defection of fellow spies Guy Burgess and Donald Duart Maclean to the Soviet Union, Blunt came under suspicion as well. He had been a close, longtime friend of Burgess. Maclean was in imminent danger of being unmasked as a spy by decryptions from VENONA. Blunt was interrogated by MI5 in 1952, but gave little if anything away.", "What is the purpose of this account of the life of Anthony Blunt, the great traitor?", "Burgess and Maclean defected to the Soviet Union in 1951, followed by Philby in 1963. All died in exile. Blunt was felled by a heart attack in his London flat on March 26, 1983, the last, but one, of the Cambridge communist cell. His interment on March 29 was the day in Holy Week aptly named \"Spy Wednesday.\"", "Blunt admits that on one occasion between 1951 and 1956 he assisted Philby in contacting Russian intelligence. He has said that he has had no contact with Russian intelligence since then.", "In December 1946 Burgess became private secretary to Hector McNeil, then minister of state at the Foreign Office. According to his biographer, Sheila Kerr , \"Burgess... excitedly he told his Soviet controller about his rapid and sensational advance to the centre of British foreign and defence policy-making. Regarded as an expert on communism and with experience in propaganda, he was appointed to the information research department (IRD), a secret unit created to combat Soviet propaganda.\" (26)" ]

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[ "Stompie Seipei was a child activist and member of the infamous Mandela Football Club established by Winnie Mandela as a front for the political mobilisation of township youths to stand against apartheid. Jerry Richardson abducted Seipei and three other boys near the Methodist Church (Manse), Soweto and took him to Winnie Mandela’s home. Richardson alleged that Winnie Mandela initiated the torture of Seipei, who was sjamboked and bounced on the floor by Richardson.", "Stompie Seipei, a 14-year-old activist accused of being an informer, was killed after being abducted by Madikizela-Mandela's bodyguards and beaten at her house in late 1988.", "Further tarnishing her reputation were accusations by her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela ordered kidnapping and murder. On 29 December 1988, Richardson, coach of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) -- which acted as Mrs. Mandela's personal security detail -- abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Moeketsi ) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn. Mrs. Mandela claimed that she had the youth taken to her home because she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them. The four were beaten in order to get them to admit to sex with the reverend and Seipei was also accused of being an informer. Seipei's body was found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. This incident became a cause célèbre for the apartheid government. In 1991, she was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault in connection with the death of Seipei. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. ", "James Seipei (1974–1988), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, was a teenage African National Congress (ANC) activist from Parys in South Africa. He was kidnapped and murdered on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the Mandela United football club.", "James Seipei (1974–1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the Mandela United football club. Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. ", "Cebekhulu disappeared on the eve of the trial in which he and Madikizela-Mandela were accused of involvement in the kidnapping of teenage activist Stompie Seipei, and was later discovered in a Lusaka jail by former British MP Emma Nicholson.", "In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. In 1992 she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu-Baker Asvat, a family friend who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted but before he had been killed. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. She was said to have paid the equivalent of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. ", "He claimed that she had ordered him to abduct four young men from Soweto, of whom Stompie was the youngest. The four were severely beaten and Stompie's body was later recovered by the police.", "In 1991 - less than two years after Nelson was released from prison, with Winnie defiant by his side - her demonisation was given official sanction. She was convicted at Johannesburg’s Rand Supreme Court of assault and accessory to kidnapping a 14-year-old black boy, called Stompie Moeketsi, whom her driver had subsequently murdered because Winnie and her cohorts thought he was a police spy. This cemented the new image of Winnie: she was now a scheming warlord, marshalling a gang of armed thugs, a corrupt and powerful figure trading on her husband’s name.", "Two of the men were kept at Mandela's home for 18 days, and a third escaped after nine days. Seipei disappeared after three days, and his body was later found in a Soweto field.", "According to Storie, the couple were abducted at gunpoint in their car at Dorney Reach, Buckinghamshire, by a man with a Cockney accent and mannerisms matching Hanratty's. The gunman ordered Gregsten to drive in several directions, before stopping beside the A6 at Deadman's Hill, where the offences took place. The initial prime suspects were Hanratty, a petty criminal, and Peter Louis Alphon, an eccentric drifter. In police line-ups, Storie did not recognise Alphon, but eventually positively identified Hanratty. ", "Stompie's nickname alluded to his toughness, though he was slight and stood four feet tall. In 1987, he led as many as 1,500 children from 8 to 14 years old in a running battle with the authorities around Thumahole. Those who knew him said he could recite by heart the Freedom Charter, a long bill of rights drafted by the African National Congress, and had an astonishing grasp of political issues. But he once confessed to a British journalist that he would have liked to own a bicycle and new clothes that fit.", "According to Storie, the couple were abducted at gunpoint in their car at Dorney Reach , Buckinghamshire, by a man with a Cockney accent and mannerisms matching Hanratty’s. The gunman ordered Gregsten to drive in several directions, before stopping beside the A6 at Deadman’s Hill, where the offences took place. The initial prime suspects were Hanratty, a petty criminal, and Peter Louis Alphon, an eccentric drifter. In police line-ups, Storie did not recognise Alphon, but eventually positively identified Hanratty.", "The FBI investigation found fingerprints on various objects left in the bathroom from where the gunfire had come. Evidence included a Remington Gamemaster rifle from which at least one shot had been fired. The fingerprints were traced to an escaped white convict named James Earl Ray. Two months after King's death, Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom for either Angola, Rhodesia or South Africa on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder.", "The controversial World War II Dutch resistance fighter Christiaan Lindemans — eventually arrested on suspicion of having betrayed secrets to the Nazis — was nicknamed \"King Kong\" due to his being exceptionally tall. [66] Among some older Dutch people, the name \"King Kong\" is still often associated with him rather than with the fictional ape.", "The controversial WWII Dutch resistance leader Christiaan Lindemans — eventually arrested on suspicion of having betrayed secrets to the Nazis — was nicknamed \"King Kong\" due to his being exceptionally tall. [53] Among Dutch people, the name \"King Kong\" is still often associated with him rather than with the fictional ape.", "On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Elysée Palace on the Champs Elysées in Paris. She was put on trial on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany, and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her. Supposedly secret ink was found in her room, which was incriminating evidence in that period. She contended that it was part of her makeup. She wrote several letters to the Dutch Consul in Paris, claiming her innocence. \"My international connections are due of my work as a dancer, nothing else .... Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself\". Her defence attorney, veteran international lawyer Edouard Clunet, faced impossible odds; he was denied permission either to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his own witnesses directly. Under the circumstances, her conviction was a foregone conclusion.", "Two months later, an escaped convict from the Missouri State Penitentiary and white supremacist, James Earl Ray, was apprehended at London’s Heathrow airport using a false Canadian passport, trying to board a plane for South Africa. Extradited back to Tennessee, Ray was arrested for the murder of King. On the advice of his lawyer and in order to avoid a trial by jury and possible death sentence, Ray confessed. He was sentenced to 99 years imprisonment.", "On Feb. 4, 1974, members of the Symbionese Liberation Army kidnapped 19yo Patty Hearst, granddaughter of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst. After months of harsh treatment, Hearst sympathized with the SLA and participated in a series of crimes for which she was later convicted.", "Shakur lived from an early age with people who were involved with the Black Liberation Army and convicted of serious criminal offenses and who were imprisoned. His godfather, Elmer \"Geronimo\" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery, although his sentence was later overturned. His stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982. Mutulu was wanted for having helped his sister Assata Shakur (also known as Joanne Chesimard) to escape from a penitentiary in New Jersey. She had been imprisoned for killing a state trooper in 1973. Mutulu was caught in 1986 and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which two police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur had a half-sister, Sekyiwa, two years his junior, and an older stepbrother, Mopreme \"Komani\" Shakur, who appeared in many of his recordings.", "No one has ever been arrested for killing Khim Sambo and Khat Sarinpheata. Since 1993, 13 journalists have reportedly been killed, including Hang Serey Udom. [120] No one is known to have been convicted for any of these killings. [121]", "The circumstances surrounding the alleged rape of Thalia Massie in 1931 represent for many native Hawaiians the racial injustice of the present as well as the past. Massie testified that two Japanese, two Hawaiians, and a Chinese Hawaiian had attacked her near Waikiki, but the trial resulted in a hung jury. Massie's husband took matters into his own hands and killed one of the Hawaiians—a crime that brought him a sentence of only one hour. In a separate instance, a convicted murderer named Keanu was purposely infected with leprosy.", "In October 2001, Muhammed Lamin Sillah, who heads the Gambian chapter of Amnesty International and serves as coordinator for the Coalition of Human Rights Defenders, was arrested by the NIA after being interviewed for the BBC's \"Focus on Africa\" program. Having told the BBC that he believed the human rights situation in the Gambia called for improvement, Sillah was held incommunicado for four days in detention, the released on bail for US$18,000 after his case went to the High Court. The NIA accused Sillah of trying to overthrow the government and of inciting confusion and genocide, all of which Sillah denied.", "In early February, Marcel Kafando was indicted for murder in the Zongo case. Kafando, already serving a 20-year sentence for Ouedraogo's murder, is the first person to be formally accused of killing Norbert Zongo and his companions. The state prosecutor said that the indictment resulted from \"contradictions noted in [Kafando's] alibi for December 12 and 13 of 1998.\"", "In 1904, New York City Detective Sergeant Joseph Faurot solved several hotel thefts by correctly identifying a suspect who claimed to be James Jones. Fingerprints correctly identified Jones as a thug with many prior convictions by the name of Daniel Nolan.", "In 1982, Raila Odinga was placed under house arrest for 7 months by then Daniel Moi, the President of Kenya. Raila was later charged with treason following his political agitation for wider democratic space and detained without trial for six years. His mother died in 1984, but it took the prison wardens two months to inform him of her passing, an experience he openly confesses as one of the most traumatizing in his hitherto eventful life.", "After fleeing Liberia in the 1980s, he was put in jail in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on a warrant for extradition to face embezzlement charges. He allegedly escaped, but during his current trial he said he had received help from a prison guard and U.S. agents, claims that have not been independently confirmed.", "On 4 March 2009, Pre-Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a warrant for the arrest of Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, President of Sudan, for war crimes and crimes against humanity. He is suspected of being criminally responsible, as an indirect (co-)perpetrator, for intentionally directing attacks against an important part of the civilian population of Darfur, Sudan. These attacks involved murder, extermination, rape, torture, forcible transfer of a large numbers of civilians, and pillaging of property. This is the first warrant of arrest ever issued for a sitting Head of State by the ICC.", "General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong led a coup d’etat that brought the presidency of Kofi Abrefa Busia to an end. He was born on 23 September 1931.", "N!xau, a San from the Kalahari Desert, was discovered by director Jamie Uys and cast in the lead role in the 1980 movie The Gods Must Be Crazy . He received only a few hundred dollars for his work in that film, but was astute enough to negotiate for over half a million for his appearance in the sequel, The Gods Must Be Crazy II . He reportedly suffered from tuberculosis during his life, and in early July 2003, Namibian officials based in the remote area of the Kalahari where N!xau lived, confirmed his death, though the exact cause of death was unknown. His age when he died was estimated to be 59, as not even N!xau himself was sure of his birthdate.", "Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975). \"Mau Mau\" Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953–1960. New York and London: Oxford University Press.", "The campaign for independence in Kenya dates back to the 1940s before Kenyatta became the leader of the Kenya African Union (KAU) in 1947 and birth of the Mau Mau rebel movement. In 1952 in response to the Mau Mau rebellion, the government declared a state of emergency which lasted for eight years. During the state of emergency a number of Mau Mau operatives, including Kenyatta and Achieng Aneko were arrested. In 1953, Kenyatta was charged with leading the Mau Mau rebellion and sentenced to seven years in prison." ]

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[ "Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), nicknamed Slim, [1] Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist. At age 25 in 1927, Lindbergh emerged from virtual obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize -winning solo nonstop flight from Roosevelt Field [N 1] on Long Island , New York , to Le Bourget Field in Paris , France . He flew the distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km) in a single-seat, single-engine, purpose-built Ryan monoplane , Spirit of St. Louis . Lindbergh was the 19th person to make a Transatlantic flight , the first being the Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown from Newfoundland in 1919, but Lindbergh’s flight was almost twice the distance. The record-setting flight took 33 1⁄2 hours. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve officer, was awarded the nation’s highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor , for his historic exploit. [2]", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh (1902-1974), an Army reserve officer and U.S. Air Mail pilot gained instant world fame when on May 21, 1927, he flew solo on a non-stop flight from Roosevelt Field on Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris in the single-seat, single-engine monoplane named the \"Spirit of St. Louis\". Because of this historic exploit, Lindbergh - nicknamed \"Lucky Lindy\" and \"The Lone Eagle\", was awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military decoration. In his later years, Charles Lindbergh became a prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and active environmentalist.*", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist. In 1927, at the age of 25, Lindbergh emerged from the virtual obscurity of a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo nonstop flight from Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York, to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France. He flew the distance of nearly in a single-seat, single-engine, purpose-built Ryan monoplane, Spirit of St. Louis. Lindbergh was the 19th person to make a Transatlantic flight, the first being the Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown from Newfoundland in 1919, but Lindbergh's flight was almost twice the distance. The record-setting flight took hours. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit.", "As a 25-year-old U.S. Air Mail pilot, Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20--21, 1927, made from Roosevelt Field located in Garden City on New York's Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France, a distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km), in the single-seat, single-engine purpose built Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit...", "In May 1945, following the Allied victory in Europe, Lindbergh received a rare chance to officially redeem himself. The U.S. government asked him to once again assess Germany's air capabilities, this time focusing on its V-2 rocket program . Lindbergh gratefully obliged. Aware of Lindbergh's war service and his historic contributions to flight, President Dwight D. Eisenhower later restored Lindbergh's military commission, promoting him to the rank of brigadier general in the U.S. Air Force Reserve.", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born in  Detroit , Michigan, on February 4, 1902, but spent most of his childhood in  Little Falls, Minnesota , and Washington, D.C.. He was the only child of Swedish native Charles August Lindbergh  ( birth name  Carl Månsson) (1859–1924), and Evangeline Lodge Land (1876–1954), of Detroit. [5]  The Lindberghs separated in 1909. The elder Lindbergh was a  U.S. Congressman ( R - MN  6th) from 1907 to 1917 who gained notoriety when he opposed the entry of the U.S. into World War I. [6]  Mrs. Lindbergh was a teacher at  Cass Technical High School  in Detroit and later at Little Falls High School from which Charles graduated in 1918. Lindbergh also attended over a dozen other schools from Washington, D.C., to California during his childhood and teenage years (none for more than one full year) including the Force School and  Sidwell Friends School  while living in Washington, D.C., with his father, [7]  and  Redondo Union High School  in  Redondo Beach, California . [8]", "The delirium that engulfed Paris swirled out over the civilized world. Banner headlines heralded the event. Medals galore were bestowed on Lindbergh. He was gushed over, adulated, worshiped, feted in France, Belgium and Britain. President Calvin Coolidge sent the cruiser Memphis, flagship of the United States European Fleet, to bring him and the Spirit of St. Louis back to the United States and later awarded him the Medal of Honor, previously reserved only for military heroes. And already a captain in the United States Officers Reserve Corps, Lindbergh was jumped to a full colonel.", "In 1927, Congress voted the Medal of Honor to Army Air Corps Reserve Captain Charles A. Lindbergh.", "The delirium that engulfed Paris swirled out over the civilized world. banner headlines heralded the event. Medals galore were bestowed on Lindbergh. he was gushed over, adulated worshiped, feted in France, Belgium and Britain. President Calvin Coolidge sent the cruiser Memphis, flagship of the United States Euopean Fleet, to bring him and the Spirit of St. Louis back to the United States and later awarded him the Medal of Honor, previously reserved only for military heroes. And already a captain in the United States Officers Reserve Corps, Lindbergh was jumped to full colonel.", "Gaston Doumergue, the President of France, bestowed the French Légion d'honneur on the young Capt. Lindbergh, and on his arrival back in the United States aboard the United States Navy cruiser on June 11, 1927, a fleet of warships and multiple flights of military aircraft including pursuit planes, bombers, and the rigid airship, escorted him up the Potomac River to the Washington Navy Yard on the Anacostia River in southeast Washington, D.C., where President Calvin Coolidge awarded him the Distinguished Flying Cross. … Read More", "Charles Lindbergh was a famous aviator. In 1927 he became the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean. He called his airplane the Spirit of St. Louis, and his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation.", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) (nicknamed \"Slim,\" [1]  \"Lucky Lindy\" and \"The Lone Eagle\") was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist.", "Charles Augustus Lindbergh, born in Detroit in 1902, took up flying at the age of 20. In 1923, he bought a surplus World War I Curtiss “Jenny” biplane and toured the country as a barnstorming stunt flyer. In 1924, he enrolled in the Army Air Service flying school in Texas and graduated at the top of his class as a first lieutenant. He became an airmail pilot in 1926 and pioneered the route between St. Louis and Chicago. Among U.S. aviators, he was highly regarded.", "Charles Lindbergh is most remembered as an American aviator. He made his first solo flight in 1922. The flight was dangerous and he was an amateur, but he managed to take off and land. He represents one of the many following in the steps of the Wright brothers and their flight in 1903.", "1928 – President Calvin Coolidge gave the Congressional Medal of Honor to Charles Lindbergh for his first trans-Atlantic flight.", "On December 14, 1927, a Special Act of Congress awarded Lindbergh the Medal of Honor despite the fact that it was almost always awarded for heroism in combat. It was presented to Lindbergh by President Coolidge at the White House on March 21, 1928. Other noncombat awards of the Medal of Honor were made to aviators Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett, as well as arctic explorer Adolphus W. Greely.", "27 Charles Lindberg Quit college in 1922 First solo flight May 1923 Purchased the Curtiss JN-4 “Jenny” for $500 Lindbergh took off from Americus for Montgomery, Alabama, for his first solo cross country flight in 1923 Joined 110 th Observation Squadron, 35 th Division of the Missouri National Guard in St. Louis and was promoted to 1 st Lieutenant Flew a mail plane for some time starting in October 1925 Was forced to bail out twice, but was determined to find and salvage the mail Flew his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis, on several tours to Cuba, Haiti, and Dominican Republic", "In Paris at 10:22 P.M. on May 21, 1927, Charles Augustus Lindbergh, a one-time Central Minnesota farm boy, became an international celebrity. A fame enveloped the 25-year-old American that was to last him for the remainder of his life, transforming him in a frenzied instant from an obscure aviator into a historical figure.", "Lindbergh reported to the U.S. military that Germany was leading in metal construction, low-wing designs, dirigibles, and diesel engines. Lindbergh also undertook a survey of aviation in the Soviet Union in 1938, and his findings were included in air intelligence reports long before the outbreak of World War II. The American ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson, invited Lindbergh to dinner with Göring at the American embassy in Berlin in 1938. The dinner included diplomats and three of the greatest minds of German aviation, Ernst Heinkel, Adolf Baeumker, and Dr. Willy Messerschmitt. For Lindbergh's 1927 flight and services to aviation, on behalf of Adolf Hitler, Göring presented him with the Commander Cross of the Order of the German Eagle. (Henry Ford received the same award earlier in July.) Lindbergh's acceptance of the medal caused controversy after Kristallnacht, an anti-Jewish pogrom that broke out in Germany a few weeks later. Lindbergh declined to return the medal, later writing (according to A. Scott Berg): \"It seems to me that the returning of decorations, which were given in times of peace and as a gesture of friendship, can have no constructive effect. If I were to return the German medal, it seems to me that it would be an unnecessary insult. Even if war develops between us, I can see no gain in indulging in a spitting contest before that war begins.\" ", "Charles Lindbergh died in nineteen seventy-four, once again recognized as an American hero. President Gerald Ford said Lindbergh represented all that was best in America -- honesty, courage and the desire to succeed.", "The following night, Lindbergh was honored with a grand banquet at the Hotel Commodore given by the Mayor’s Committee on Receptions of the City of New York and attended by some 3,700 people. [74] He was officially awarded the check for the prize on June 16. [42] The massive publicity surrounding him and his flight boosted the aviation industry and made a skeptical public take air travel seriously, as Lindbergh became an important voice on behalf of aviation activities, including the central committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics , an appointment made by President Herbert Hoover . [75] Within a year of his flight, a quarter of Americans (an estimated 30 million) personally saw Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis. [76] Over the remainder of 1927, applications for pilot’s licenses in the U.S. tripled, the number of licensed aircraft quadrupled, and U.S. airline passengers grew between 1926 and 1929 from 5,782 to 173,405. [77] Lindbergh later charted both polar and South American air routes, developed techniques for high-altitude flying, and during World War II, demonstrated how to increase flying range by developing techniques of refining flight attitudes and leaning fuel mixture to decrease the rate of gasoline consumption and improving efficiency.", "Following a few months of barnstorming through the South, the two pilots parted company in San Antonio , Texas], where Lindbergh had been ordered to report to Brooks Field on March 19, 1924, to begin a year of military flight training with the United States Army Air Service both there and later at nearby Kelly Field . [23] Late in his training, Lindbergh experienced his most serious flying accident on March 5, 1925, eight days before graduation. He was involved in a midair collision with another Army S.E.5 while practicing aerial combat maneuvers and was forced to bail out. [24] Only 18 of the 104 cadets who started flight training a year earlier remained when Lindbergh graduated first overall in his class in March 1925, thereby earning his Army pilot’s wings and a commission as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Air Service Reserve Corps . [25]", "In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Lindbergh used his fame to relentlessly help promote the rapid development of U.S. commercial aviation. In the later 1930s and up until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Lindbergh was an outspoken advocate of keeping the U.S. out of the world conflict (as was his Congressman father during World War I ) and became a leader of the anti-war America First movement. Nonetheless, he supported the war effort after Pearl Harbor and flew many combat missions in the Pacific Theater as a civilian consultant, even though President Roosevelt had refused to reinstate his Army Air Corps colonel's commission that he had resigned earlier in 1939.", "Citation: For displaying heroic courage and skill as a navigator, at the risk of his life, by his nonstop flight in his airplane, the \"Spirit of St. Louis,\" from New York City to Paris, France, 20-21 May 1927, by which Capt. Lindbergh not only achieved the greatest individual triumph of any American citizen but demonstrated that travel across the ocean by aircraft was possible.[60]", "Charles Lindbergh (left) accepted his prize from Raymond Orteig (right) in New York on June 14, 1927", "Although Lindbergh never returned to service as a regular U.S. Air Mail pilot, for many years after making his historic nonstop flight to Paris he used the immense fame that his exploits had brought him to help promote the use of the U.S. Air Mail Service. He did this by giving many speeches on its behalf, and by carrying souvenir mail on both special promotional domestic flights as well as on a number of international flights over routes in Latin America  and the  Caribbean  which he had laid out as a consultant to  Pan American Airways  to be then flown under contract to the Post Office Department as Foreign Air Mail (FAM) routes. At the request of Capt. Basil L. Rowe, the owner and chief pilot of West Indian Aerial Express (later Pan Am's chief pilot as well) and a fellow Air Mail pioneer and advocate, in February 1928, Lindbergh also carried a small amount of special souvenir mail between  Santo Domingo ,  R.D. ,  Port-au-Prince ,  Haiti , and  Havana ,  Cuba  in the Spirit of St. Louis. [33]", "To the end of his life, Lindbergh never understood that those who do not seize the power when it is available spend the rest of their days at the mercy of those who do seize it. Trotsky found this out when he got an ice axe in his skull in the tropical climate of Mexico. Prevented from serving his country, Lindbergh persuaded Henry Ford to hire him as an aviation consultant. Roosevelt was furious, but could do nothing, as he needed the airplane production of Ford’s River Rouge plant. Lindbergh then went to the South Pacific theater as an \"observer\". Still a civilian, he began to fly combat missions, engaging Japanese pilots in single-handed duels which he always won. Like boxing, combat flying is a young man’s game, with everything depending on the quickness of one’s reflexes, yet Lindbergh shot down men half his age. Perhaps he sought death in those Pacific skies, as relief from the recurring tragedies in his life. If this was the case, in every battle his superior skill came through, as he shot down the best pilots in the Japanese Air Force. Absolute censorship was imposed on his wartime exploits, and nothing was known of them for decades after the war.", "In his six months in the Pacific in 1944, Lindbergh took part in fighter bomber raids on Japanese positions, flying 50 combat missions (again as a civilian). His innovations in the use of Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters impressed a supportive Gen. Douglas MacArthur. Lindbergh introduced engine-leaning techniques to P-38 pilots, greatly improving fuel consumption at cruise speeds, enabling the long-range fighter aircraft to fly longer range missions. The U.S. Marine and Army Air Force pilots who served with Lindbergh praised his courage and defended his patriotism. ", "Lindbergh spent the war years as an advisor to companies that made American warplanes. He also helped train American military pilots. Although he was a civilian, he flew about fifty combat flights.", "Lindbergh left college to become a barnstormer, performing daredevil stunts at fairs. In 1924, Lindbergh enlisted in the Army, training at the U.S. Army flying school, where he graduated first in his class. After graduation, he became a postal pilot, flying the mail from St. Louis to Chicago.", "At the behest of the U.S. military, Lindbergh traveled several times to Germany to report on German aviation and the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) from 1936 to 1938. Hanna Reitsch demonstrated the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter to Lindbergh in 1937.Reitsch, H., 1955, The Sky My Kingdom, London: Biddles Limited, Guildford and King's Lynn, ISBN 1853672629", "In 1927, Charles Lindbergh landed The Spirit of St. Louis at the Vail Field while on a nationwide tour following his transatlantic flight (May 21, 1927)." ]

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[ "Amelia became only the second person after Charles Lindbergh to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean solo. She received many awards including becoming the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress.", "May -- Charles A. Lindbergh, flying the \"Spirit of St. Louis,\" becomes the first aviator to make a solo, non-stop, transatlantic flight. Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York on May 20 and landed at Le Bourget Field in Paris 33 hours and 30 minutes later. He covered a distance of 3,610 miles. By making the flight, Lindbergh collected a $25,000 purse that had been offered by New York hotel owner Raymond Orteig.", "The first attempt to cross the Atlantic from east to west, against the prevailing westerly winds, was made in 1924, when three Douglas Cruisers left Brough, in Yorkshire, and two succeeded in reaching Labrador in stages, with lengthy intervening stops. Further attempts in each direction during 1927 took the lives of the Americans Davis and Wooster, the Frenchmen Nungesser and Coli, and two crew members of the Frenchman Fonck. Then, with little prior publicity, the young American Charles Lindbergh arrived in Paris on May 21, 1927, at the end of a 332-hour, 3,610-mile flight from New York. His was the first non-stop solo flight, and the longest trans Atlantic fight to that date, qualifying for the 525,000 prize and resulting in a display of public adulation which today is more usually reserved for pop-stars.", "* In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an aircraft (between New York City and Paris).", "1932 — First woman (and only the second person) to fly solo and nonstop across the Atlantic. Also first person to cross the Atlantic twice by air.", "On May 21, 1932, five years to the day after Lindbergh's flight, she took off in a Lockheed Vega, in an attempt to become the second person after Lindbergh (and first woman) to fly solo across the Atlantic. Starting from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, her flight lasted almost 15 hours, when she touched down in a pasture near Londonderry, Northern Ireland. (In fact, the distance from Newfoundland to Ireland being considerably shorter than Lindbergh's route from Long Island to Paris, her flight time was correspondingly shorter than his 33 hours.) Her Vega 5B is on display at the Smithsonian NASM.", "As the Spirit of St. Louis rolled down the dirt runway of Roosevelt Field in New York, many doubted it would successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean. Yet, when Charles Lindbergh landed safely in Paris less than 34 hours later, becoming the first pilot to solo a nonstop transatlantic flight, he changed public opinion on the value of air travel and laid the foundation for the future development of aviation.", "First solo nonstop transatlantic flight. Charles Augustus Lindbergh lifted his Wright-powered Ryan monoplane, Spirit of St. Louis, from Roosevelt Field, N.Y., to stay aloft 33 hr. 39 min. and travel 3,600 mi to Le Bourget Field outside Paris (May 20–21). Although 91 persons in 13 separate flights crossed the Atlantic before him, he flew directly between two great world cities and did it alone.", "Charles Lindbergh's flight between New York and Paris was very long, risky, and physically demanding. Though he was not the first to cross the Atlantic, Lindbergh made the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight between two major cities. News spread quickly as Lindbergh's flight stunned and amazed people around the world.", "On the 21st May 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to make a solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic when he flew 3,600 miles from New York to Paris. On exactly the same date five years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic when she landed in Northern Ireland, having been forced to abandon her intended destination of Paris due to technical difficulties.", "In 1927, a former mail and stunt pilot named Charles Lindbergh became the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic (but not the first to fly across ). Afterward, he used his fame and love of aviation to set up a transcontinental US airmail route as well as the forerunners of today’s big airline companies. Lindbergh even helped Robert Goddard, the original rocket scientist , get a research facility.", "The most famous airplane flight of all time took place on May 20-21, 1927, when Charles A. Lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic, flying from New York Paris in a custom-built Ryan monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis. Read about Lindbergh and his flight here .", "The world's first non-stop  transatlantic flight  (albeit over a route far shorter than Lindbergh's, 1,890 miles (3,040 km) vs. 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km)) was achieved nearly eight years earlier on June 14–15, 1919. Two British aviators,  John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown , flew a modified  Vickers Vimy  IV bomber from Lester's Field near  St. John's, Newfoundland  on June 14 and arrived at  Clifden , Ireland, the following day. [44]  Both men were knighted at  Buckingham Palace  by  King   George V , in recognition of their pioneering achievement. [45]", "* In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland to Derry, Northern Ireland. ", "Eventually in 1927, Charles Lindbergh would make his historic flight between New York and Paris to win the Orteig Prize. It was the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic and the first to link the two major cities. Lindbergh was, however, the 19th person to cross the Atlantic in an airplane.", "On May 21, 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first man to fly solo over the Atlantic, landing at Le Bourget outside Paris. Bleriot hugged him on arrival. Lindbergh is said to have remarked that he would fly back across the Atlantic in his own aircraft, \"But I wouldn't fly over the Channel in a Bleriot XI.\"", "On 14–15 June 1919, British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight. Shortly thereafter, Major George Herbert Scott of the RAF flew the rigid Airship R34, with crew and passengers, from East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, New York in 1919.", "September 15-18, 1984 - First solo transatlantic balloon flight - Joseph W. Kittinger, Caribou, Maine to Cairo Montenotte, Italy", "First woman's transatlantic solo. Amelia Earhart , flying a Pratt & Whitney Wasp-powered Lockheed Vega, flew alone from Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, to Ireland in approximately 15 hr. (May 20–21).", "Charles Lindbergh took off from Long Island in his plane �Spirit of St Louis� to become the first person to make a solo flight across the Atlantic.", "In 1927, aviator Charles Lindbergh made history by becoming the first person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic, from the U.S. to England. A year later, Amelia Earhart was asked to make a non-stop flight across the same ocean. She had been discovered by publisher George Putnam, who had been asked to look for a suitable female pilot to complete this feat. Since this was not to be a solo flight, Earhart joined a crew of two other aviators, both men.", "Amelia felt that she had not earned the fame that came with the Friendship transatlantic flight. She wanted to prove to the world that she really was the first woman in aviation strictly by her piloting skills. Five years after Charles Lindbergh began his famous solo transatlantic flight, Amelia began her endeavor to be the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Though she encountered many difficulties during the flight, Amelia crossed the Atlantic in record breaking time of 13 hours and 30 minutes. Her fame was now justified.", "An undated file photo shows Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. New research indicates she survived for some time after landing on a tiny Pacific atoll in 1937.", "26/8/1974, Charles Lindbergh, US aviator, the first to fly across the Atlantic solo non-stop in 1927, died.", "Charles Lindbergh (1902 - 1974) An American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean. His nicknames were Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle. Born in Detroit, MI (274)", "; First solo westbound crossing of the Atlantic: On 18–19 August 1932, Jim Mollison, flying a de Havilland Puss Moth, flew from Dublin to New Brunswick.", "1932 --- 1st transatlantic solo flight by a woman. (traveling from Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, to Ireland in approximately 15 hours)", "In 1933, he repeated his round-the-world flight, but this time did it solo, with the aid of the auto-pilot and radio compass. He took off from New York's Floyd Bennett Field on July 15, bound, non-stop, for Berlin. Despite bad weather over the Atlantic, he made it in 26 hours, setting a record for a New York-to-Berlin flight. After a couple false starts, he departed Germany, only to be forced down in Moscow by trouble with his auto-pilot. While more repairs were needed in Novosibirsk and Irkutsk, he reached Khabarovsk ten hours ahead of his previous record.", "Prevailing headwinds made it a lot harder to fly from Europe to America. The first solo heavier-than-air flight from east to west wasn't made until 1932. The pilot's name was James Mollison, and he flew only from Ireland to New Brunswick.", "A pilot who completed the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean going from New York to Paris.", "On January 11, 1935, Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California.", "May 8, 1935 - First person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark; 14hrs 19min" ]

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[ "The 1st Armored Division was activated at Fort Knox on July 15, 1940. Its first commander was Major General Bruce R. Magruder from July 1940 to March 1942. In 1941 General George S. Patton Jr. had just named his 2nd Armored Division \"Hell on Wheels\" and everyone thought that the 1st Armored Division needed a name too. Major General Bruce Magruder announced a contest to find a suitable name for his Division. Approximately 200 names were submitted including \"Fire and Brimstone\" and \"Kentucky Wonders.\" The General took them home to study over the weekend but failed to find any that appealed to him. While mulling the matter over, he happened to glance at a painting of the U.S.S. Constitution that he had bought during a drive for funds for the preservation of that famous fighting ship. From the painting of the U.S.S. Constitution USS Constitution he noted its nickname, \"Old Ironsides\". Impressed with the parallel between the early development of the tank and the Navy's \"Old Ironsides\" spirit of daring and durability he decided the 1st Armored Division should also be named \"Old Ironsides.\" Thus a famous warship of the US Navy and the famous 1st Armored Division of the US Army are historically and appropriately welded by name \"Old Ironsides.\" That ended the search for a name. The 1st Armored Division became \"Old Ironsides\" that same day and forty months of fighting later testified that its name was well chosen. This was a fighting Division.", "LT. GEN. SIR FREDERICK E. MORGAN served in France in 1940 as commander of a group of the 1st Armoured Division. In May 1942 he was appointed to command the 1st Corps District, which included Lincolnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire. In October of that year he was made commander of the 1 Corps and placed under General Eisenhower. He was given the task of preparing a subsidiary landing in the western Mediterranean either to reinforce the initial landings or to deal with a German thrust through Spain. When neither operation proved necessary , he was directed to plan the invasion of Sardinia. In time this was abandoned and he was directed to plan the invasion of Sicily. This project was later given to the armies in North Africa. In the spring of 1943 he became chief of staff to the Supreme Allied Commander and as such directed planning for the invasion of northwest Europe. He served in 1944 and 1945 as Deputy Chief of Staff, SHAEF.", "GEN. JACOB L. DEVERS became chief of the Armored Forces, Fort Knox, Ky., in the summer of 1941. From this post he went in May 1943 to the command of the European Theater of Operations. While there he helped COSSAC in its planning for the OVERLORD operation. In December 1943 he succeeded General Eisenhower as commanding general of the North African Theater of Operations. Later he was Deputy Commander in Chief, Allied Force Headquarters, and Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater. In September 1944 he became commander of the 6th Army Group, which consisted of Seventh U .S. and First French Armies.", "Soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Patton was given command of the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions and organized a training center in the California desert. Patton headed to North Africa late in 1942 at the head of an American force; before the initial landings on Morocco’s Atlantic coast, he presented his troops with an expression of his now-legendary philosophy of battle: “We shall attack and attack until we are exhausted, and then we shall attack again.” Patton’s lust for battle would earn him the colorful nickname “Old Blood and Guts” among his troops, whom he ruled with an iron fist. With this formidable aggression and unrelenting discipline, the general managed to put U.S. forces back on the offensive after a series of defeats and win the war’s first major American victory against Nazi-led forces in the Battle of El Guettar in March 1943.", "-zən-how-ər ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was a  five-star general  in the  United States Army  and the  34th   President of the United States , from 1953 until 1961, and the last to be born in the  19th century . During  World War II , he served as  Supreme Commander  of the  Allied forces  in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful  invasion of France  and  Germany  in 1944–45, from the  Western Front . In 1951, he became the first  supreme commander of NATO . [2]", "85th, 88th, 91st, and 92d), the U.S. 10th Mountain and 1st Armored Divisions, the Japanese-American 442d Regiment, as well as the 1st Brazilian Infantry Division, the free Italian Legnano Combat Group, and the 6th South African Armored Division. The U.S. IV Corps in the west, under Maj. Gen. Willis D. Crittenberger, and the U.S. II Corps in the east, under Maj. Gen. Geoffrey Keyes, shared control of the ten division equivalents.", "FIELD MARSHAL SIR BERNARD LAW MONTGOMERY commanded the 3d British Division in France in the winter and spring of 1939-40. He was given temporary command of the 2 Corps at Dunkerque. In the fall of 1940 he was given the 5 Corps and, in 1941, the 12 Corps. In 1942 he became head of the Southeast Command. In the summer of that year he was told that he would head the First British Army in the North African invasion, but the death of General Gott, who was slated for the command of the British Eighth Army led to Montgomery's selection for the post. As commander of this army he won the battle of El Alamein, pursued Marshal Rommel's forces to Tunisia, and helped defeat the enemy in Tunisia. Later he led the Eighth Army to Sicily and Italy. His appointment as Commander-in-Chief, 21 Army Group, was announced in December 1943. He commanded the Allied assault forces in Normandy, serving in that capacity until 1 September 1944 when General Eisenhower assumed control of field operations. Field Marshal Montgomery led the combined British and Canadian forces in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany for the remainder of the war. During much of this time the Ninth U.S. Army was also under his command. In the course of the Ardennes counteroffensive he was also given command of the First U.S. Army.", "In October 1940, the Armored Force School and Armored Force Replacement Center were established, training Soldiers in specific areas such as armor tactics, tank gunnery, communications, and maintenance. The United States was thrown into World War II on December 7, 1941 and the Armored Force experienced their first battle casualty the following day. PFC. Robert Brooks, 192nd Tank Battalion, would be honored with having the main parade ground named for him.", "The Allied land forces were from the American, British and Canadian armies, and were structured as two task forces. The Eastern Task Force (also known as Task Force 545) was led by General Bernard Montgomery and consisted of the British Eighth Army (which included the 1st Canadian Infantry Division). The Western Task Force (Task Force 343) was commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton and consisted of the U.S. Seventh Army. The two task force commanders reported to Alexander as commander of the 15th Army Group. ", "Patton's colorful personality, hard-driving leadership style and success as a commander, combined with his frequent political missteps, produced a mixed and often contradictory image. Patton's great oratory skill is seen as integral to his ability to inspire troops under his command. Historian Terry Brighton concluded that Patton was \"arrogant, publicity-seeking and personally flawed, but ... among the greatest generals of the war.\" Still, Patton's impact on armored warfare and leadership were substantial, with the U.S. Army adopting many of Patton's aggressive strategies for its training programs following his death. Many military officers claim inspiration from his legacy. The first American tank designed after the war became the M46 Patton.", "Field Marshal, The Lord Harding of Petherton, GCB, CBE, DSO, MC took over command after serving as Chief of Staff to Gen Sir Richard O'Connor and his successors in the early days in the desert. Fearless and brilliant, he was responsible for the division's breakout at El Alamein in October 1942. Badly wounded near Tarhuna on 20th January 1943, he recovered and continued a distinguished career, becoming C-in-C Far East (1949- 51), C-in-C BAOR (1951-2), CIGS (1952-3), then Governor and C-in-C Cyprus (1955-7). Montgomery called him \"that little tiger\".", "Compared to the strength of the units deployed on the Eastern front, the western European and Italian units were equipped with what was left of veteran units from Africa, makeshift units with heteroclite models, and fresh units with young and inexperienced, but well-trained crews. In Italy, Marshall Kesselring had just retreated successfully most of his precious armor from Sicily, themselves the surviving core of former Tunisian reinforcements and remnants of the Afrika Korps. With fresh reinforcements, comprising the first Panthers , and type H and J Panzer IVs, and later captured Italian vehicles. He strived to defend critical zones in the Gustav, and later Hitler lines, in mobile, small units, often commanded by elite tankers. During these years, from the fall of 1943 to early 1945, German tanks played a minor, but critical part alongside infantry, ambushing Allied forces while using at best a landscape which seemed to have been designed for defense. Tank to tank engagements were not rare, occurring notably against Canadian forces, massively equipped with the M4 Sherman . But many of the losses occurred through well placed antitank artillery positions and infantry weapons such as the Panzerfaust, first introduced then. In most engagements, the Panzer IV compensated for their lack of numbers by their high velocity long range gun, and a 80 mm (3.15 in) strong frontal armor.", "U.S. Army African-American crew of a M3 light tank taking a break after capturing Coburg, Germany, Apr. 25, 1945. The M3 series American tank, commonly known as the \"General Stuart,\" was built by the U.S. Army Corps and is credited as the genesis behind today’s American armor force. (Photo courtesy U.S. National Archives)", "After becoming head of government in 1933, Adolf Hitler ignored the Versailles Treaty provisions. A command for armored forces was created within the German Wehrmacht: the Panzerwaffe, as it came to be known later. The Luftwaffe (the German air force) was established, and development began on ground-attack aircraft and doctrines. Hitler was a strong supporter of this new strategy. He read Guderian's book Achtung – Panzer! and upon observing armoured field exercises at Kummersdorf he remarked, \"That is what I want – and that is what I will have.\"", "At the outbreak of World War II, de Gaulle was still a colonel, having antagonized the leaders of the military through the 1920s and 1930s with his bold views. Initially commanding a tank regiment in the French Fifth Army, de Gaulle implemented many of his theories and tactics for armoured warfare against an enemy whose strategies resembled his own. After the German breakthrough at Sedan on 15 May 1940 he was given command of the improvised 4e Division cuirassée. ", "George Patton - George Smith Patton GCB, KBE (November 11, 1885 - December 21, 1945) was a leading U.S. Army general in World War II in campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, France, and Germany, 1943-1945. Patton not begin his formal education until age 11, most likely due to dyslexia. Patton attended high school in Pasedena. Upon graduation, Patton was accepted at the Virginia Military Institute. He spent a year at VMI before being accepted to West Point.", "George Smith Patton, Jr. (1885 – 1945 AD) was a United States Army officer most famous for his leadership commanding corps and armies as a general in World War II.", "Erwin Rommel was known as \"The Desert Fox\", the famous German armored commander in North Africa earlier in the war. He had then been assigned the command of this part of Germany's \"Atlantic Wall\", the fortifications of the coastlines in anticipation of Allied invasion.", "An M3 light tank crew poses with their supplies at Fort Benning, Ga. on Dec. 18, 1941. One of the first U.S. tanks, nearly 14,000 M3 \"General Stuarts\" took part in World War II. (Photo courtesy U.S. Army)", "Panzer Commander : The Memoirs of Colonel Hans Von Luck by Hans Von Luck - The life of Rommel's 7th and then 21st Panzer division commander with vivid descriptions of battles and campaigns including; El Alamein, Kasserine Pass, Poland, Belgium, Normandy on D-Day and the Russian Front.", "The first contingent of trained tanker units deployed from the DTC was eventually designated as the Western Task Force. It was the first American force to land and fight on foreign soil during WWII. The landing operation was called Operation Torch and the objective was North Africa. Patton had been instrumental in the detailed planning of the entire amphibious operation. He was chosen for this operation because he was one of the very few amphibious landing experts in the U.S. Army, having studied the subject for years. The task force sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, landing on the shores of French Morocco in 1942.", "In the 1930s the American Army began to seriously discuss the integration of the tank and the airplane into existing doctrine, but the US Army remained an infantry-centered Army, even though sufficient changes had occurred to warrant serious study. In the spring of 1940, maneuvers in Georgia and Louisiana, where Patton was an umpire, showed how far Chaffee had brought the development of American armoured doctrine.", "United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II", "George Smith Patton, Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was an officer in the United States Army best known for his leadership as a general during World War II.", "During the years between World War I and World War II Patton became the central figure in the Army's drive to develop fighting tank units. He rose steadily through the ranks and on the eve of World War II be was Commander of the US 2nd Armored Division, the Army's showcase Tank Unit.", "At a time when most soldiers regarded the tank as a specialized infantry-support weapon for crossing trenches, a significant number of officers in the Royal Tank Corps had gone on to envision much broader roles for mechanized organizations. In May 1918, Col. J.F.C. Fuller , the acknowledged father of tank doctrine, had used the example of German infiltration tactics to refine what he called \" Plan 1919 \". This was an elaborate concept for a large-scale armoured offensive in 1919.", "XL Panzer Corps, under General der Panzertruppen (Lieutenant General) Georg Stumme, was composed of the 9th Panzer Division, the reinforced 1st SS Motorized Infantry Regiment, and the 73d Infantry Division. These forces were concentrated in western Bulgaria facing the Yugoslav border.", "German General who was a pioneer in the development in armoured warfare. Germany's Panzer Tank Division was under his control", "In 1942, Patton was assigned the task of creating the Desert Training Corps (DTC) in the Mojave Desert, which spans large parts of California, Nevada, and Arizona. It was at the DTC that U.S. Tank doctrine and tactics were created and perfected by Patton and his men.", "In 1939, Patton was assigned to the 2nd Armored Brigade stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia. His skillful management of the 2nd Brigade soon prompted his being given command of the entire 2nd Armored Division. He was soon considered to be Americas leading tank expert.", "Patton was the first officer assigned to the United States Tank Corps. Throwing himself into his job with his usual enthusiasm, he quickly became the AEFs leading tank expert. He almost single-handedly formed the American Tank School. He wrote the training manuals, devised the training doctrine and methodologies, wrote a seminal paper which became the basis for the United States Tank Corps. He taught and trained his tankers and eventually led them into combat.", "British soldier and early tank expert. After serving in the South African War and First World War he was appointed chief of the fledging tank corps in 1917. The British tanks success at Cambrai was attributed to him. He later wrote Tanks in the Great War and Foundations of a Science of War, among other books." ]

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[ "Jian Qing, formerly an actress, became Chairman Mao's third wife in 1939. She is regarded as a radical and active proponent of Maoist principles but in the years before his death, had led an independent life from her husband.", "In Mao's struggles to renew the revolutionary fervor of the Chinese people, his third wife, Jiang Qing (1914-91), played an increasingly prominent role. Mao's reliance on her, which had become dependence in his final years, was quite consistent with his career-long commitment to the liberation of Chinese women. As a young man he had been deeply moved by a newspaper story about a young girl who had committed suicide rather than be forced by her family to submit to the marriage they had arranged for her with a rich but very elderly man. From that point onward, women's issues and the support of women for the Communist movement became important parts of Mao's revolutionary strategy. Here he was drawing on a well-established revolutionary tradition, for women had been very active in the Taiping Rebellion of the mid-19th century, as well as the Boxer revolt in 1900 and the 1911 revolution that had toppled the Manchu regime. One of the key causes taken up by the May Fourth intellectuals, who had a great impact on the youthful Mao Zedong, was equality for women. Their efforts put an end to foot-binding; they also did much to advance campaigns to end female seclusion, win legal rights for women, and open educational and career opportunities to them.", "Often on the move due to rivalries and wars, Mao fell into a horrible pattern with his third wife, He Zizhen, of forcing her to have babies and then abandon them. From 1929 to 1935, she gave birth four times. One child died, the rest were abandoned. In time, Mao took another wife without bothering to tell her.", "– Mao’s third wife who led the infamous Gang of Four during the later stages of the cultural revolution – Xi has the glamorous", "Mao Zedong's parents altogether had six sons and two daughters. Two of the sons and both daughters died young, leaving the three brothers Mao Zedong, Mao Zemin, and Mao Zetan. Like all three of Mao Zedong's wives, Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan were communists. Like Yang Kaihui, both Zemin and Zetan were killed in warfare during Mao Zedong's lifetime.", "Mao Zedong's parents altogether had six sons and two daughters. Two of the sons and both daughters died young, leaving the three brothers Mao Zedong, Mao Zemin, and Mao Zetan. Like all three of Mao Zedong's wives, Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan were communists. Like Yang Kaihui, both Zemin and Zetan were killed in warfare during Mao Zedong's lifetime.", "Hostilities ceased while the Nationalists and Chinese Communists formed a nominal alliance during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 until 1945. During these years, the Chinese Communist Party persevered and strengthened its influence. The Red Army fought a disciplined and organized guerilla campaign against superior Japanese forces, allowing it to gain experience. Following the end of World War II, the resurgent Communist Eighth Route Army, later called the People's Liberation Army, returned to drive the Kuomintang out of Mainland China to the island of Taiwan. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Long March has been glorified as an example of the Communist Party's strength and resilience. The Long March solidified Mao's status as the undisputed leader of the CPC. Other participants in the March also went on to become prominent party leaders, including Zhu De, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Yang Shangkun, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping.", "According to the standard Chinese Communist Party line, from his base in Yan'an , Mao led the Communist resistance against the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).[citation needed] However, Mao further consolidated power over the Communist Party in 1942 by launching the Shu Fan movement , or \"Rectification\" campaign against rival CPC members such as Wang Ming , Wang Shiwei , and Ding Ling . Also while in Yan'an, Mao divorced He Zizhen and married the actress Lan Ping, who would become known as Jiang Qing .", "Chiang Kai-shek , who had earlier assumed nominal control of China due in part to the Northern Expedition, was determined to eliminate the Communists. By October 1934, he had them surrounded, prompting them to engage in the \" Long March ,\" a retreat from Jiangxi in the southeast to Shaanxi in the northwest of China. It was during this 9,600 kilometer (5,965 mile), year-long journey that Mao emerged as the top Communist leader, aided by the Zunyi Conference and the defection of Zhou Enlai to Mao's side. At this Conference, Mao entered the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China .", "During the Long March, the communists reorganized under a new leader, Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung, 毛澤東). The bitter struggle between the KMT and the CPC continued, openly or clandestinely, through the 14-year long Japanese invasion (1931-1945), even though the two parties nominally formed a united front to oppose the Japanese invaders in 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) portion of World War II. The war between the two parties resumed following the Japanese defeat in 1945. By 1949, the CPC occupied most of the country. (see Chinese Civil War)", "On October 20, 1935, Mao's columns arrived at the Great Wall in northern Shensi. One of the few female survivors who reached Shensi was Mao's wife, Ho Tsu-chen. In over a year of marching the First Front Army under Mao Tse-Tung covered, on foot, the distance of 7,500 miles. During the winter of 1935-1936 at Paoan in the Shensi-Kansu-ninghsia Border Region, Mao and his followers lived in caves.", "Chiang Kai-shek, who had earlier assumed nominal control of China due in part to the Northern Expedition, was determined to eliminate the Communists. By October, 1934, he had them surrounded, prompting them to engage in the \"Long March\", a retreat from Jiangxi in the southeast to Shaanxi in the northwest of China. It was during this 9600-km, year-long journey that Mao emerged as the top Communist leader, aided by the Zunyi Conference and the defection of Zhou Enlai to Mao's side. At this Conference, Mao entered the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China.", "The Gang of Four () was a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and were later charged with a series of treasonous crimes. The gang's leading figure was Mao Zedong's last wife Jiang Qing. The other members were Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen. ", "Jiang Qing ( pinyin : Jiāng Qīng; Wade–Giles: Chiang Ch'ing; IPA: [tɕjɑ́ŋ tɕʰíŋ]; 20 March 1914  – 14 May 1991) was the pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong 's last wife and major Communist Party of China power figure. She went by the stage name Lan Ping ( Chinese : 蓝 苹 ) during her acting career, and was known by various other names during her life. She married Mao in Yan'an in November 1938, and is sometimes referred to as Madame Mao in Western literature, serving as Communist China's first first lady . Jiang Qing was most well known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and for forming the radical political alliance known as the \" Gang of Four \". She was named the \"Great Flag-carrier of the Proletarian Culture\" (无产阶级文艺伟大旗手/無產階級文藝偉大旗手).", " Two years later when Manchukuo collapsed, Li Yuqin shared a train with Empress Wanrong, who was experiencing opium withdrawal symptoms at the time. They were both arrested by the Soviets and sent to a prison in Changchun. Li Yuqin was released in 1946 and sent back home. She worked in a textile factory while she studied the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. In 1955 she began visiting Puyi in prison. After applying to the Chinese authorities for a divorce, the government responded on her next prison visit by showing her to a room with a double bed and ordered her to reconcile with Puyi, and she said the couple obeyed the order. She divorced Puyi in May 1957. She later married a technician, and had two sons. During the Cultural Revolution she became a target for attack by the Red Guards because she used to be Puyi's concubine. She died of liver problems in 2001.", "In 1911, Chingling Soong, the middle Soong sister suggested China run a western style of government and that the overseas returnees had improved the Chinese government body in an article, “The Influence of Foreign-Educated Students on China,” published in her college magazine. Four years later, Soong married Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, despite her parents’ strong opposition. She carried her husband’s political legacy on after his death. During the later Chinese Civil War, while her sisters supported the right-wing power under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, husband of her younger sister May-ling, she turned to the Communist Party, finally breaking with her family.", "Wife of Mao Zedong; one of Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported Cultural Revolution of 1965; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976.", "File:Soong_May-ling_wearing_China_Air_Force_pin.jpg|Soong Mei-ling (宋美齡, 1898–2003) Moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death. Arguably his most famous wife. She bore him no children.", "Mao Zedong, and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism.", "She has one brother and one sister, Juliette Nothomb. After studying in Gweru, he became a teacher and then took degrees at the University of South Africa and the University of Zimbabwe. He was devoted to Angolan independence, resulting in his arrest in 1961 after an interview with the BBC in which he disclosed secret lists of deserters from the Portuguese army fighting in Africa. Dr. Kiran Seth of SPIC MACAY and Dr. Sandeep Juneja are his thesis advisors. She was diagnosed with syphilis toward the end of their first year of marriage. He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee, although, after the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, he resigned in protest.", "Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung (; December 26, 1893 - September 9, 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as an autocrat styled the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949, until his death in 1976. His Marxist–Leninist theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.", "Because the men who held power in the Nanking regime were family relatives, it was called the \"Soong Dynasty\"; Chinese also dubbed it \"Ching I se,\" or Pure One Color\" - a royal flush. Soong Mei-ling, sister of Madame Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ching-ling), married Chiang Kai-shek on December 15, 1927.", "It was during the march that Mao manoeuvered himself into position as the dominant Communist leader. At a key meeting in January 1935 he exploited rivalries and discontents in the party politburo to wrongfoot his opponents and take control. There were some fierce battles along the route, but desertion, starvation and disease rather than military action accounted for most of those who failed to reach Yan’an. Mao said the distance covered was 8,000 miles, but the figure now most often cited is 6,000 miles, meaning that the marchers covered an average of about 16 miles a day. Some authorities think it was only 3,000 miles. ", "Chiang Kai-shek's second wife, Soong Mei-ling, became a significant political figure in her own right. In addition to her address of Congress in 1943, the Wellesley-educated \"Madame Chiang\" wrote many articles on China for the American press.", "GB: 江青; PY: Jiāng Qīng; WG: Chiang Ch'ing (stage name Lan Ping) (1914- May 14, 1991)- Fourth wife of Mao Zedong, and also known as Mme Mao was a Chinese political leader most famous for forming the Gang of Four .", "Mao Zedong, Wade-Giles romanization Mao Tse-tung (born December 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Hunan province, China—died September 9, 1976, Beijing), principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country’s communist revolution . Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party also until his death.", "In 1943 Puyi married his fourth wife, a 15-year-old student named Li Yuqin, who was a Han Chinese from Changchun, Jilin. She was designated as Puyi's Concubine Fu (福貴人). In February 1943, school principal Kobayashi and teacher Fujii of the Nan-Ling Girls Academy took ten girl students to a photography studio for portraits. Three weeks later, the school teacher and the principal visited Li Yuqin's home and told her Puyi ordered her to go to the Manchukuo palace to study. She was first taken directly to Yasunori Yoshioka who thoroughly questioned her. Yoshioka then drove her back to her parents and told them Puyi ordered her to study at the palace. Money was promised to the parents. She was subjected to a medical examination and then taken to Puyi's sister Yunhe and instructed in palace protocol.", "c.1345 – 1409 CE – Han E, (also as Han Guanbao) or the Hua Mulan’ of Sichuan Province. Han E was orphaned and went to live with her uncle Han Li's family-- she proved an excellent scholar in both literature and sword fighting. Han E dressed as a male killed the Yuan commander and then joined the Red Scarf Army under the name of Han Guanbao. Han served for over 12 years taking part in military campaigns and was noted for her intelligence, bravery and diligence in her duties. She forbade herself to fraternise with other soldiers in banter, or drink in victory celebrations and to that end nobody ever guessed she was a woman.", "In 1938 Zhou met and befriended another orphan, Li Peng. Li was only three when, in 1931, his father was also killed by the Kuomintang. Zhou subsequently looked after him in Yan'an. After the war, Zhou systematically groomed Li for leadership and sent him to be educated in energy-related engineering in Moscow. Zhou's placement of Li within the powerful energy bureaucracy shielded Li from Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution, and Li's eventual rise to the level of Premier surprised no one. ", "Chinese military and political leader, who led the Communist Party of China to victory in the Chinese Civil War, and was the leader of the People’s Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. Under his leadership, China officially became an atheist state .", "From July 1931 to April 1933, Lĭ Yúnhè attended Qingdao University in Qingdao . She met Yu Qiwei, a biology student three years her senior, who was an underground member of the Communist Party Propaganda Department. By 1932, they had fallen in love and were living together. She joined the \"Communist Cultural Front,\" a circle of artists, writers, and actors, and performed in Put Down Your Whip , a renowned popular play about a woman who escapes from the Japanese-occupied northeastern China and performs in the streets to survive. In February 1933, Lĭ Yúnhè took the oath of the Chinese Communist Party with Yu Qiwei at her side, and she was appointed member of the Chinese Communist Party youth wing. Yu Qiwei was arrested in April the same year, and Lĭ Yúnhè fled to her parents' home in Shanghai.", "After she returned to China, she supported the political stand of the Communist Party of China (CPC), firmly refused to take any post in the KMT Central Committee or government, effectively frustrated their threats or temptations, and repeatedly stated her deep aspirations for the cause of socialism many. In 1931, she wrote that the KMT had long abandoned the revolutionary policies; various factions in the party were depending on warlords and trying to please the imperialist leaders while massacring the Chinese people." ]

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[ "Waite's reputation as an emissary extraordinary was cemented when in 1984 he established contact with Colonel Muammar Gadaffi in Libya, where four Britons had been detained following the murder of a policewoman outside the Libyan Embassy in London. He eventually secured their release after protracted negotiations and his own theological discussions with the Libyan leader on Christmas Day.", "Church of England envoy Terry Waite returned to Beirut Tuesday evening, saying he had \"important things to say\" to the kidnapers of four American hostages in Lebanon. Shortly after his arrival, the representative of the Archbishop of Canterbury issued an impassioned plea for the release of all hostages in Lebanon--Italian, British, American, French and Lebanese--to coincide with the summit meeting in Geneva between President Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. This would \"show Islam and this country in their true glory,\" he said.", "Diplomatic relations with the UK improve with the release of Terry Waite, who was held hostage by an Iranian-backed militant group in Lebanon for almost five years. Iran is perceived to have been instrumental in securing Mr Waite's release.", "Terry Waite (born 1939), an official of the Church of England, made three trips to Lebanon in an effort to free westerners held hostage there. On his third try in 1987, he himself was taken hostage and not freed until almost five years later.", "Britain has recently mended its relations with Iran and Syria, the two powers with the greatest influence over the militants who hold hostages. And the plight of the British hostages in Lebanon -- now only Mr. Waite and Jack Mann, a retired pilot who lived in Lebanon for more than 40 years -- was one reason for the renewed contacts. On Sept. 27, 1990, Britain resumed partial diplomatic ties with Iran and, on Nov. 28, 1990, London resumed diplomatic relations with Syria after four years. Mr. McCarthy was held by the Islamic Holy War, a pro-Iranian group.", "John Lyttle, 58, the archbishop of Canterbury's public affairs secretary and a leader in efforts to free hostage Terry Waite. Lyttle took his post as press aide to the Most Rev. Robert Runcie the day after Waite disappeared in Beirut in January, 1987, while trying to negotiate the release of Western hostages. Waite, a church envoy, and the other 12 Western hostages in Lebanon are believed held by pro-Iranian extremists. Runcie retired and was succeeded by the Most Rev. George Carey on March 27.", "» The spate of abductions brought Terry Waite to Beirut, working as special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury to secure the release of kidnap victims.", "Terry Waite, 65, went to Beirut in 1987 as an envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury, to negotiate the release of hostages. He was kidnapped himself and held for four years. In 1993, he wrote the book of his experiences, Taken on Trust. He now works with several homelessness charities and campaigns against human-rights abuses in Guantanamo Bay.", "* 1987 January 20 – Abduction: Terry Waite. Waite, Anglican mediator negotiating independently to free captive Westerners, disappears January 20 on his fifth mission to Lebanon. Alleged motivation: \"mainly a consequence of his inability to affect the fate of the imprisoned 17 al-Dawa prisoners in Kuwait\".", "* Thomas Sutherland, former Dean of Agriculture at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon, was kidnapped by Islamic Jihad members near his Beirut home on June 9, 1985. He was released on November 18, 1991, at the same time as Terry Waite, having been held hostage for 2,353 days. ", "1939: Birth of Terry Waite, Anglican emissary, held prisoner in Lebanon after he was kidnapped on a visit to negotiate the release of hostages.", "Mr Waite, 47, disappeared on 20 January, eight days after arriving in the capital, Beirut, to try to free four hostages, including British journalist John McCarthy.", "He was serving as special international peace envoy to the Archbishop of Canterbury when in 1987 he journeyed to Lebanon – then one of the world’s most dangerous place – in a bid to secure the release of four hostages, including the journalist John McCarthy, being held by an Islamic jihad organisation.", "2nd February, 1987 : Terry Waite is kidnapped by the Islamic militia group Islamic Jihad in Lebanon.", "Mr Keenan was kidnapped by Arab fundamentalists in the Lebanon in April 1986 and held captive with other Western hostages including John McCarthy and Terry Waite.", "He was seized in January 1987 as he tried to secure the release of Western hostages including journalist John McCarthy. Mr Waite’s family did not know whether he was dead or alive for four years until fellow hostage Brian Keenan was freed.", "Terry Waite was one of many hostages taken and released in the 1980's others included David S. Dodge ( Held for 12 Months ) Benjamin Weir ( Held for 16 months ) Charles Glass ( Escaped after 62 days ) and the longest held hostage Terry A. Anderson ( Held for more then 5 1/2 years ), many other hostages were killed or held during the period.", "He had been kidnapped in January 1987 by an Islamic militia group in Lebanon while trying to negotiate the release of western hostages, including British journalist John McCarthy and teacher Brian Keenan.", "On March 16, 1985, three men with automatic weapons dragged Terry Anderson into a green Mercedes and drove off into the chaos of Beirut. Anderson was chief correspondent for the Associated Press in Lebanon. Six years later, he remains America's longest-held hostage. From the moment Peggy Say received the 4 a.m. call informing her of her brother's kidnaping, his release became her obsession.", "* 1991 August 8 – Release: John McCarthy – the longest held British hostage in Lebanon, having spent over five years in captivity", "1991 Church envoy Terry Waite was freed by the Islamic extremists who kidnapped him in Beirut in 1987.", "Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut", "Terry Waite was freed in November 1991 after almost five years in captivity - most of them in solitary confinement.", "* Benjamin Weir. The Presbyterian minister was kidnapped in May 1984 by three armed men while strolling with his wife. Weir may have thought he was safe from harm from Muslims because he lived in Shiite West Beirut working with Muslim charities, and had lived in Lebanon since 1958. Two days after his abduction, a telephone message claimed: \"Islamic Jihad organization claims it is responsible for the abduction ... in order to renew our acceptance of Reagan's challenge [to fight \"state terrorism\"] and to confirm our commitment of the statement ... that we will not leave any American on Lebanese soil\". He was released mid-September 1985.", "1985 - Terry Anderson, an Associated Press newsman, was taken hostage in Beirut. He was released in December 4, 1991.", "As one of over a hundred people taken hostage in the Middle East in the 1980s and early 90s, it was a crisis that received international attention.", "1985: 39 American hostages were freed in Beirut after being held for 17 days following the hijacking of a TWA jetliner.", "* Terry A. Anderson, chief Middle East correspondent for the Associated Press, was the longest held hostage believed to be captured by Shiite Hezbollah or Islamic Jihad Organization. Anderson was seized on March 16, 1985, finally being released December 4, 1991.", "1986 British journalist John McCarthy was kidnapped in Beirut. He was not released until August 1991.", "{Also on this date, in 1991 the US hostage Terry Anderson is freed after 7 years in Beirut}", "U.S. journalist Terry Anderson was kidnapped in Beirut; he was not released until December 4, 1991 after 2454 days in captivity.", "McCarthy was a journalist working for United Press International Television News at the time of his kidnap by Islamic Jihad terrorists in Lebanon in April 1986, and was held in captivity until his release on 8 August 1991. He shared a cell with the Irish hostage Brian Keenan for several years." ]

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[ "Ferdinand Marcos, born on September 11, 1917, in Ilocos Norte province, was a member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949-1959) and Senate (1959-1965) before winning the presidential election. After winning a second term, he declared martial law in 1972, establishing with wife Imelda an autocratic regime based on widespread favoritism that eventually lead to economic stagnation and recurring reports of human rights violations. Marcos held onto the presidency until 1986, when his people rose against his dictatorial rule and he was forced to flee. He died on September 28, 1989 in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.", "Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949-1959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (1959-1965). During World War II he claimed to be the leader of Ang Maharlika, a guerrilla force in northern Luzon. In 1963 he became Senate President. As Philippine president and strongman, his greatest achievement was in the fields of infrastructure development and international diplomacy. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian government corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression and human rights violations. He also led a large personality cult in the Philippines during his regime.[2] In 1983, his government was implicated in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr.. The assassination caused a chain of events, including a tainted presidential election that served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. It was later alleged that he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to the United States, Switzerland and other countries as well as into fictitious corporations during his 20 years in power.", "Former Philippines president Ferdinand Marcos, whose corrupt regime spanned 20 years, dies in exile in Hawaii three years after being driven from his country by a popular front led by Corazon Aquino.", "Elected in 1966, Marcos declared martial law in 1972 in response to leftist violence. In the next year, he assumed dictatorial powers. Backed by the United States, his regime was marked by misuse of foreign support, repression, and political murders. In 1986, Marcos defrauded the electorate in a presidential election, declaring himself the victor over Corazon Aquino, the wife of an assassinated rival. Aquino also declared herself the rightful winner, and the public rallied behind her. Deserted by his former supporters, Marcos and his wife, Imelda, fled to Hawaii in exile, where they faced investigation on embezzlement charges. He died in 1989.", "Ferdinand Marcos governed from 1965 to 1986, which was the longest period for one president. From 1972 to 1981, he ruled by martial law. Marcos was reelected in 1982, but a strong opposition movement emerged. When the leader of the opposition, Benigno Aquino, was murdered after his return from exile in the United States, his wife, Corazon Aquino, entered the presidential race in 1986. Marcos claimed victory but was accused of fraud. That accusation and the withdrawal of United States support for Marcos led to \"People Power,\" a movement in which the residents of Manila protested the Marcos regime. The Filipino military supported Aquino, who was declared president, and the Marcos family went into exile in Hawaii .", "In 1521 Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippines for Spain, which ceded the islands to the U.S. in 1898. Independence came in 1946, after Japanese occupation ended. Widespread poverty and political corruption sparked social unrest starting in the 1970s. In 1986 President Ferdinand Marcos was compelled to hold an election. Despite his fraudulent claim to victory, Marcos was forced into exile, and Corazon Aquino, widow of a murdered opposition leader, became president. The government continues to make progress in negotiations with Muslim rebels with a cease-fire in 2003, and it works to provide political representation and economic development to the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.", "On February 7, 1986, snap elections were held between Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr. Despite her husband claiming to have won the elections, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests that would be later known as the People Power Revolution. On February 25, the Marcos family fled to Hawaii. After she left Malacañang Palace, she was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags, and pairs of shoes. The exact number of her shoes varies with estimates of up to 7,500 pairs. However, Time reported that the final tally was only 1,060. The location where her shoes and jewelry were destroyed and the contents stolen. ", "The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 caused mass protests that eventually led to the People Power Revolution. The Marcos family were forced into exile, and Aquino's widow Corazon was installed as president. After the death of her husband Ferdinand, she returned to the Philippines and was later elected four times to the House of Representatives as a congresswoman for Leyte in 1995 and for Ilocos Norte in 2010, 2013 and 2016.", "Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986.", "Thirty years ago in February 1986, the People Power Revolution triumphed over the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship in the Philippines. When Marcos declared victory in a pivotal election against Corazon Aquino – widow of murdered dissident Benigno Aquino – amid widespread allegations of fraud, a million protestors appeared on the streets of Manila in a sea of yellow ribbons. Realising that his 21-year presidential tenure was at an end, Marcos fled.", "In 1980, upon the intervention of United States President Jimmy Carter , Marcos allowed Senator Aquino and his family leave for exile in the United States, where he sought medical treatment. The family settled in Boston , and Aquino would later call the next three years as the happiest days of her marriage. He returned without his family to the Philippines on August 21, 1983, only to be assassinated at the tarmac of the Manila International Airport , which was later renamed in his honor. Aquino returned to the Philippines a few days later and led her husband's funeral rites, where more than two million people were estimated to have participated, the biggest ever in Philippine history.", "..... Click the link for more information.  (the widow of Benigno), declared themselves the winner, and charges of massive fraud and violence were leveled against the Marcos faction. Marcos's domestic and international support eroded, and he fled the country on Feb. 25, 1986, eventually obtaining asylum in the United States.", "Ferdinand Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in the municipality of Sarrat, part of the Ilocos Norte province. He went to school in Manila and later attended law school at the University of the Philippines. His father, Mariano Marcos, was a Filipino politician, and on September 20, 1935, after Julio Nalundasan defeated Mariano for a seat in the National Assembly (for the second time), Nalundasan was shot and killed in his home. Ferdinand, Mariano and other family members were eventually tried for the assassination, and Ferdinand was found guilty of murder. ", "* Malacañang ti Amianan (Malacañang of the North), Paoay, Ilocos Norte (former residence of the late Ferdinand Marcos; now a memorial museum)", "25/2/1986. Right-wing President Marcos, who had ruled since 1965, was forced to flee the Philippines, after defeat by Corazon Aquino (born 1933). Mrs Aquino�s husband had been shot by Marcos� troops in 1983. President Marcos fled to the roof of the palace and were whisked away by US helicopters.", "The End of an Era - Handholding Ferdinand Marcos in Exile - Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingAssociation for Diplomatic Studies and Training", "Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born in Sarrat, on the island of Luzon, on September 11, 1917. Both of his parents were teachers who came from politically important families.", "The woman born in 1929 and dubbed one half of a \"Conjugal Dictatorship\" fled with the ex-president to Hawaii in 1986 amid popular discontent over his iron grip, but returned after Ferdinand Marcos died in 1989.", "Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989) was elected president in 1965. He was re-elected in 1969. However the Philippines was dogged by poverty and inequality. In the 1960s a land reform program began. However many peasants were frustrated by its slow progress and a Communist insurgency began in the countryside.", "Throughout Marcos's childhood, the Philippines had been a colony (a foreign region under the control of another country) of the United States. However, the Philippines had been largely self-governing and gained independence in 1946. This occurred only after fierce fighting in the country during World War II (1939–45), the international conflict for control of large areas of the world between the Axis (Germany, Japan, and Italy) and the Allies (United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and others). During", "File:Ninoy being escorted by military.gif Throughout his years of expatriation, Aquino was always aware that his life in the U.S. was temporary. He never stopped affirming his eventual return even as he enjoyed American hospitality and a peaceful life with his family on American soil. After spending 7 years and 7 months in prison, Aquino's finances were in ruins. Making up for the lost time as the family's breadwinner , he toured America; attending symposiums, lectures, and giving speeches in freedom rallies opposing the Marcos dictatorship, with the most memorable held at the Wilshire Ebell Theater in Los Angeles , California on February 15, 1981.<ref> YouTube - An NATv EXCLUSIVE: Ninoy Aquino's memorable speech in Los Angeles! (1 of 9) . Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-15 .</ref>", "During World War II, Ferdinand Marcos served as an officer with his country's armed forces, later claiming that he was also a top figure in the Filipino guerrilla resistance movement. (U.S. governmental records eventually revealed these assertions to be false.) At the end of the war, when the American government granted the Philippines independence on July 4, 1946, the Philippine Congress was created. After working as a corporate attorney, Marcos campaigned and was twice elected as representative to his district, serving from 1949 to 1959. In 1959, Marcos took a seat in the senate, a position he would hold until he ran for and won the presidency in 1965 on the Nationalist Party ticket.", "*Marcos Museum and Mausoleum in Batac City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, housing the remains of President Ferdinand E. Marcos.", "In 1939, the then-21-year-old Ferdinand Marcos first achieved notoriety when he was convicted of the shooting death of a politician who had defeated his father in a congressional election; Ferdinand spent a year in jail before being acquitted by an appellate court. In 1954, he married Imelda, who, on the way home from church each Sunday, would buy sparrows and parrots in cages to place in their garden.", "Marcos escaped the prison camp and joined the resistance. He later claimed to have been a guerrilla leader, but that claim has been disputed.", "Vice-presidential candidate and son of the late dictator Ferdinand, Marcos Ferdinand Marcos Jr., reacts as confetti rains during a campaign event in Manila on May 5, 2016. (Ted Aljibeted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images)", "From 1946 to 1947 Marcos was a technical assistant to Manuel Roxas, the first president of the independent Philippine Republic. He was a member of House of Representatives (1949-1959) and of the Senate (1959-1965). Serving as Senate President (1963-1965). In 1965, Marcos, who was a prominent member of the Liberal Party founded by Roxas, broke with it after failing to get his party's nomination for president. He then ran as the Nationalist Party candidate for president against the Liberal president, Diosdado Macapagal. The campaign was expensive and bitter. Marcos won and was inaugurated as president. On December 30, 1969, Marcos was reelected, the first he had made progress in agriculture, industry, and education. Yet his administration was troubled by increasing student demonstrations and violent urban-guerilla activities.", "According to his own biography, Marcos fought against Japanese occupation during World War II , and also served in the U.S. Army with distinction. The extent of his involvement in the resistance movement, as well as his service in the army, has long been in dispute, however, and now appears to have been greatly exaggerated.", "Opposition leader Benigno Aquino was released in 1980 after nearly 8 years in prison. He went into exile in the United States.", "The actual residence of former President Benigno S. Aquino III is Bahay Pangarap (English: House of Dreams), a smaller structure located across the Pasig River from Malacañang Palace in Malacañang Park, which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex. Aquino was the first President to live in Bahay Pangarap his official residence.", "In 1986, after years of refusing to give up his presidential office, Marcos suddenly scheduled a presidential election. His principal opponent during the subsequent campaign was Corazon Aquino , the widow of his former rival. Both the campaign and the election were racked by massive fraud and intimidation, on both sides. Massive demonstrations broke out almost immediately after the National Assembly declared Marcos the winner, and he was eventually forced to concede the presidency to Aquino.", "Marcos resigned from the Liberal Party and joined the Nationalists.  He won the election, and was sworn in on December 30, 1965." ]

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[ "The Earth Day 20 Foundation highlighted its April 22 activities in George, Washington, near the Columbia River with a live satellite phone call with members of the historic Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb who called from their base camp on Mount Everest to pledge their support for world peace and attention to environmental issues.[12] The Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb was led by Jim Whittaker, the first American to summit Mt. Everest (many years earlier), and marked the first time in history that mountaineers from the United States, Soviet Union, and China had roped together to climb a mountain, let alone Mt. Everest.[12] The group also collected more than two tons of trash (transported down the mountain by support groups along the way) that was left behind on Mount Everest from previous climbing expeditions. The master of ceremonies for the Columbia Gorge event was the TV star, John Ratzenberger, from \"Cheers\", and the headlining musician was the \"Father of Rock and Roll,\" Chuck Berry.[12]", "Apa first reached the summit of Mount Everest on his fourth attempt, on May 10, 1990, with a New Zealand team led by climber Rob Hall along with Peter Hillary, son of Sir Edmund Hillary. He then began his career as Sirdar, or chief Sherpa, for many high altitude expeditions. He has reached the summit every year between 1990 and 2011, bar 1996 and 2001; all but three times have been in May, and in 1992 he reached the summit twice. In 1996 Apa was scheduled to climb with Rob Hall and his team but Apa’s wife Yangjin convinced him to stay home to build their lodge. This turned out to be a fateful decision when sadly Rob Hall and his whole team perished in the climb.", "One of the most successful operators, New Zealander Rob Hall, had led teams up the South Col route to the summit in 1990 and in 1992, ’93, and ’94. On May 10, 1996, his group and several other teams were caught at the summit in a bad afternoon storm. Hall and his American client, Doug Hansen, both died at the South Summit. An American guide from a separate commercial expedition, Scott Fischer, also died, along with several other climbers, including three Indians, on the Northeast Ridge. Although the deaths in the late 1980s had gone almost unnoticed, those from the 1996 storm were reported instantly over the Internet and generated massive press coverage and disaster literature. In all, 12 climbers died in that year’s pre-monsoon season, and an additional 3 died after the monsoon. The 1996 disaster may have caught the world’s attention, but it did nothing to decrease the lure of Everest. If anything, commercial traffic increased dramatically, despite the obvious message that no guide can guarantee a climber’s safety at such great heights. Indeed, after 2000 the number of climbers making it to the top of Everest continued to rise, reaching a peak of some 630 in 2007 and exceeding 650 in 2013.", "According to Jon Krakauer, the era of commercialization of Everest started in 1985, when the summit was reached by a guided expedition led by David Breashears that included Richard Bass, a wealthy 55-year old businessman and an amateur mountain climber with only 4 years of climbing experience.By the early 1990s, multiple companies were offering guided tours to the mountain. Rob Hall, the mountaineer who died in the 1996 disaster, had successfully guided 39 clients to the summit prior to that incident.", "Hall grew up in New Zealand where he climbed extensively in the Southern Alps. In 1988, Rob Hall met Gary Ball, who would become his climbing partner and close friend. As with most other mountain climbers, Hall and Gary Ball sought corporate sponsorships to fund their expeditions. The partners decided to climb the Seven Summits, but upped the ante by summiting all seven in seven months. Starting with Everest in May, they climbed the last mountain, Antarctica's Vinson Massif, on 12 December 1990, hours before the deadline. After this success, they realised that, to retain their sponsorships, each successive climb would have to be ever riskier and more spectacular, increasing the chances of an accident. Therefore, Hall and Ball decided to quit professional climbing and form a high-altitude guiding business.", "Hillary joined an 11-man team to climb Mount Everest led by Colonel John Hunt and sponsored by the Alpine Club of Great Britain and the Royal Geographic Society. The team consisted of Tom Bourdillon, Charles Evans, Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.", "Base Camp was established on April 12, 1953. The next few days were taken up with establishing a route through the Khumbu Icefall , and once opened, teams of Sherpas moved tons of supplies up the mountain. A succession of advanced camps were created, slowly forging higher up the mountain. By May 21, Wilfrid Noyce and Annullu had reached the psychological milestone of the South Col . Hunt had selected two climbing pairs to attempt the summit. The first pair ( Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans ) set out on May 26 but were forced to turn back after becoming exhausted high on the mountain. On May 27, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with the second climbing pair. The summit was eventually reached at 11:30 am on 29 May 1953 by the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal (Norgay had previously ascended to a record mark on Everest with a Swiss expedition of 1952). [18]", "American Robert Anderson, leader of the 1988 Everest expedition, follows a fixed rope up a steep …", "In September 1978, after 67 days on the mountain--nearly all of them above 18,000 feet -- Ridgeway and three others stood atop K2, the first Americans ever to accomplish this feat. \"The Last Step is Rick Ridgeway's inside story of this extraordinary expedition. It's about the people who, battered by the mountain and their isolation, overcame their individual fears, desire, and disappointments to work together to get somebody -- anybody -- to the top of K2. It's about the glorious success the team achieved, and about the perilous bivouac Jim Wickwire spent just below the summit without food, oxygen or shelter in temperatures of -40F.", "* One of the best planned, equipped, and financed attempts took place in October when the 1982 Canadian Mount Everest Expedition arrived. Tragedy struck early; after the expedition's cameraman died in an icefall and three Sherpas died soon after in an avalanche, six of the Canadian team members threw in the towel. One of the remaining members, Laurie Skreslet along with two Sherpas, made it to the top on October 5, becoming the first Canadian to reach the summit; two days later, Pat Morrow became the second Canadian to do the same.", "Climbing equipment had changed significantly since 1953. In the mid-1970s rigid box-shaped tents were bolted to aluminum alloy platforms dug into the 45° slope. Smooth-sheathed nylon ropes were affixed to the rock face to make a continuous safety line, which climbers could ascend and descend very efficiently. The 1975 expedition was a smooth operation that utilized a team of 33 Sherpas and was directed by some of the world’s best mountaineers. Unlike previous expeditions, this team explored a deep gully cutting through the left side of the Rock Band, with Paul Braithwaite and Nick Estcourt breaking through to establish Camp VI at about 27,000 feet (8,230 metres). From there Doug Scott and Dougal Haston made a long, bold traverse rightward, eventually gaining the South Summit and continuing over the Hillary Step to the Everest summit, which they reached at 6:00 pm. Rather than risk descending in the dark, they bivouacked in a snow cave close to the South Summit—at 28,750 feet (8,750 metres), this was the highest bivouac in climbing history until Babu Chiri Sherpa bivouacked on the summit itself in 1999. Their oxygen tanks were empty, and they had neither tent nor sleeping bags, but both men survived the ordeal unharmed and returned safely to Camp VI in the morning. Two days later Peter Boardman and Pertemba Sherpa reached the summit, followed by Mick Burke heading for the top in deteriorating weather. Burke never returned; he is presumed to have fallen to his death in the whiteout conditions.", "Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Everest on May 29, 1953. Since then thousands of people have scaled the 29,035ft (8,850m) peak.", "Charles Houston returned to K2 to lead the 1953 American expedition . The expedition failed due to a storm which pinned the team down for ten days at 7800 m (25,590 ft), during which time Art Gilkey became critically ill. A desperate retreat followed, during which Pete Schoening saved almost the entire team during a mass fall, and Gilkey was killed, either in an avalanche or in a deliberate attempt to avoid burdening his companions. In spite of the failure and tragedy, the courage shown by the team has given the expedition iconic status in mountaineering history. [20] [21] [22]", "Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed as having reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. Hillary was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.", "In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by John Hunt, returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit. The first pair (Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans) came within 100 m (300 feet) of the summit on 26 May, but turned back after becoming exhausted. As planned, their work in route finding and breaking trail and their caches of extra oxygen were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal. They reached the summit at 11:30 a.m. local time on May 29, 1953 via the South Col Route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first. They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.", "Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by John Hunt, returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit. The first pair (Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans) came within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit on 26 May 1953, but turned back after running into oxygen problems. As planned, their work in route finding and breaking trail and their caches of extra oxygen were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepali sherpa climber from Darjeeling, India. They reached the summit at 11:30 am local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col Route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first.[26] They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending. News of the expedition's success reached London on the morning of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, 2 June. Returning to Kathmandu a few days later, Hunt (a", "The first Soviet expedition to Everest, in 1982, climbed a new route up the left-hand buttress of the Southwest Face, involving harder climbing than the original 1975 route. Led by Evgeny Tamm, the expedition was highly successful, putting 11 Soviet climbers on the summit.", "In 1953, a ninth British expedition, led by John Hunt, returned to Nepal. Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit. The first pair (Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans) came within 100 m (300 feet) of the summit on 26 May 1953, but turned back after becoming exhausted. As planned, their work in route finding and breaking trail and their caches of extra oxygen were of great aid to the following pair. Two days later, the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal. They reached the summit at 11:30 a.m. local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col Route. At the time, both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition, but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first. They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending.", "A self-described \"average bloke,\" Sir Edmund Hillary made one of the century's landmark feats seem properly human and straightforward. His most famous quotation after summiting Mount Everest with Tenzing Norgay on May 29, 1953, isn't anything pretentious or enigmatic but rather a simple aside to expedition mate George Lowe: \"Well, George, we knocked the bastard off.\" He went on to knock off another half-dozen Himalayan peaks, drove a tractor to the South Pole, took jet-boats up the Ganges, and launched the Himalayan Trust, which has built 30 schools, two hospitals, and 12 medical clinics in Nepal's Khumbu region, and gave proper honors to his climbing partner, Tenzing Norgay, right up until Norgay died 13 years ago.", "Tenzing Norgay OSN GM (; 29 May 1914 – 9 May 1986), born Namgyal Wangdi and often referred to as Sherpa Tenzing, was a Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer. Among the most famous mountain climbers in history, he was one of the first two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he accomplished with Edmund Hillary on 29 May 1953. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.", "To manage this huge expedition is a very professional task, which will be done by Dawa Steven Sherpa (Managing Director of Asian Trekking and My Son) who has the experience of handing a huge team like this. This year also, Apa Sherpa will be our climbing leader, whose world record of 20 times summit of Mt. Everest will be called upon to manage the climbing schedules of all our members. Apa will be climbing again for a new record again, 21st time! To look after the logistics and Sherpas, our senior Sirdar Naga Dorje will be managing a team of 40 climbing Sherpas, including 2 other Sirdars.", "In which year did Hillary and Tenzing become the first mountaineers to reach the summit of Mount Everest?", "In 1974, an ambitious expedition led by Frenchman Gerard Devouassoux, the deputy mayor of Chamonix, set out to make a \"complete\" ascent of the mountain's formidable West Ridge. Though first-ascent credit generally goes to Willie Unsoeld and Tom Hornbein for their 1963 climb, the two Americans had relied on several route variations: they hadn't climbed the entire ridge to the summit. Devouassoux and 19 team members intended to \"straighten the route out.\" They arrived late in August, after, they hoped, the monsoons, which regularly deposited deep, unstable snow across the mountain's flanks. They knew the weather would be a gamble, but they didn't count on losing. The monsoons kicked back in while the climbers were spread across three high camps. During the night of September 9, a large avalanche flushed over the tents, burying Devouassoux and five sherpas. They were never found in the debris. It was one of the worst single incidents ever recorded on the peak, and climbers avoided the West Ridge for the next five years.", "Born into a Sherpa tribe in 1914, Tenzing Norgay proved to be an invaluable member of the 1953 Everest team. This wasn’t his first trip to the top of the world’s largest peak, he had been on six previous expeditions up Everest. Norgay had originally joined the expedition as a Sherpa guide but when he saved Hillary from falling to his death in a crevasse, Hillary began to think of him as the perfect climbing partner for his ascent.", "The route to Everest was closed by Chinese-controlled Tibet, and Nepal only allowed one expedition per year. A Swiss expedition (in which Tenzing took part) had attempted to reach the summit in 1952 but was turned back by bad weather and exhaustion 800 ft from the summit. During a 1952 trip in the Alps, Hillary discovered that he and his friend George Lowe had been invited by the Joint Himalayan Committee for the approved British 1953 attempt and immediately accepted. ", "Hillary and Nepalese-Indian mountaineer Tenzing Norgay climb beyond a crevasse on Mount Everest in 1953. Upon meeting George Lowe, who had climbed up to meet the descending duo, Hillary reportedly exclaimed, \"Well George, we knocked the bastard off!\"", "1973: Italian Expedition. Another huge expedition with sixty-four members led by Guido Monzino. Helicopters are used to shuttle equipment past the Khumbu Icefall and one hundred Sherpas are also employed. Eight climbers succeed via the South Col Route, including 16 year old Sambhu Tamang of Nepal. It is later revealed that Sambhu was actually 18. Italian Summiters were Rinaldo Carrel , Mirko Minuzzo , Fabrizio Innamorati , Virginio Epis , and Claudio Benedetti .", "* 1990 – Seven Summits (the Bass list: Aconcagua, Mount Everest, Elbrus, Kilimanjaro, Denali, Kosciuszko, Vinson)", "In Winter, Everest is an icy hell with winds of up to 100mph. Temperatures plunge to 45 below zero. It's the worst time to tackle this toughest of all mountains. But, on 10 November 1980, eight of the world's most experienced climbers set", "The most climbers to reach the summit in a single day was 40 on May 10, 1993. ", "Mountaineers pass through the treacherous Khumbu Icefall on their way to Mount Everest near Everest Base camp, Nepal, on May 18, 2003. With the weather providing a safer window for summit attempts starting May 19, many teams, including the joint Indo-Nepalese army, Korean and Japanese have left for attempting to climb the world's highest peak. (Gurinder Osan/Associated Press) #", "Jerzy Kukuczka  (1948–1989) Polish mountaineer. Ascended all fourteen  eight-thousanders  faster than anybody else, establishing ten new routes." ]

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[ "Fifty years ago this month, the United Nations’ second Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden, was killed in a plane crash while brokering a ceasefire. During his years as Secretary-General, from 1953-1961, he fought for the independence of the UN and guided the organization through some of the world’s most complex crises. (1 April 1953)", "New evidence has emerged in one of the most enduring mysteries of United Nations and African history, suggesting that the plane carrying the UN secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld was shot down over Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) 50 years ago, and the murder was covered up by British colonial authorities.", "(UN Secretary General) Dag Hammarskjold also became a problem as he worked with the ideals of the non-aligned movement. His efforts in Indonesia are not as well known as his efforts in the former Belgian Congo, but both conflicted with Dulles’ attempts at grabbing resource-rich former colonies for U.S. corporate control. As should be generally known, Hammarskjold was killed in a plane crash in 1961 in the Congo, very likely from Dulles’ CIA and corporate connections aiming for control of the riches of the Congo, nine months after the CIA killed the Congo’s Patrice Lumumba, another patron of the post colonial non-aligned movement.", "The second Secretary General was Dag Hammarskjold. He was from Sweden and served from 1953 to 1961. Hammarskjold was killed in 1961 in a plane crash in Africa while he was trying to mediate a settlement to a separatist movement in what is now Zaire. Hammarskjold developed many more powers of the Secretary General than were provided under the U.N. charter. He traveled extensively mediating disputes. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize posthumously in 1961 for his contributions to world peace.", "Exactly 50 years ago, UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold died in a plane crash on a mission to prevent civil war in newly independent Congo. Suspicions that the plane was shot down, never fully laid to rest, are now again on the rise.", "(1953-1961)  Dag Hammarskjöld was unanimously elected to two terms as secretary-general and served until September 18, 1961, when he died in a plane crash en route to a peace mission in the Congo. Mr. Hammarskjöld's most significant contributions to the United Nations' mission include promotion of Armistice Agreements between Israel and the Arab States; the 1956 establishment of the UN Emergency Force (UNEF); and multiple visits to countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the Middle East to acquaint himself with officials of member governments and problems in specific areas.", "A UN soldier on duty at Kigali Airport, Rwanda   © The development towards taking responsibility in countries at risk of disintegration, was due to a dramatic increase in the prestige and initiative of the UN Secretary-General. This was especially at the time when the position was held by the charismatic Dag Hammarskjöld - from 1953 until his death in a plane crash in the Congo in 1961. The UN secretariat came to represent the apparent 'democratisation' of the organisation, as the General Assembly began to assert itself after a decade of US domination. (A vivid insight into how this American pressure operated can be found in Conor Cruise O'Brien's To Katanga and Back.)", "By early 1961 UN intervention had not brought peace to the Congo. With the help of white mercenaries, Tshombe remained in control of the breakaway region of Katanga. The Security Council tried to stop a civil war by announcing in February that, except for the UN forces, all foreign troops must leave the country. Tshombe refused co-operate. Hammarskjold was killed in an air accident in the Congo in September.", "Peace negotiations ensued, in the course of which, UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld died in uncertain circumstances in a plane crash near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).", "1905-1961 - Dag Hammarskj�ld - UN Sec Gen 1953-1961. Born as his father helped negotiate dissolution of union between Sweden & Norway . Shot down?", "Dag Hammarskjöld, the second secretary-general of the United Nations, was an influential force for peace during his seven years as head of the United Nations. He was the son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, who was the prime minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917. Dag Hammarskjöld worked as an economist and in 1930 joined the Swedish civil service as secretary of a government committee on unemployment. Beginning in 1936, he was permanent undersecretary in the Ministry of Finance. He joined Sweden's foreign ministry in 1947 and in 1951 formally entered the cabinet as deputy foreign minister. The same year, he traveled to the United Nations as vice chairman of the Swedish delegation and in 1952 was appointed acting U.N. chairman for Sweden.", "9 April 1953 - Secretary-General Lie’s successor was Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden. Here, at Idlewild Airport, Secretary-General Lie welcomes Hammarskjöld as he alights from his flight from Stockholm. Famously, Lie told Hammarskjöld that he was about to take over “the most impossible job in the world.”", "During his second term, he initiated and directed the United Nations' vigorous role in the Congolese Civil War, which broke out after Belgium granted independence to the Congo in June 1960. A U.N. force was sent to restore order, but it soon became entangled in the Cold War aspects of the conflict. In September 1960, the Soviet Union demanded Hammarskjöld's resignation after the United Nations gave tacit approval to the removal of Congo's left-leaning prime minister, Patrice Lumumba. Despite the challenge to his authority, Hammarskjöld remained secretary-general.", "1961 - Death of Dag Hammarskjoeld, Secretary General of the UN, in an air crash in Northern Rhodesia", "1953 - Swedish diplomat Dag Hammarskjoeld becomes secretary-general of the United Nations; he stays in the post until 1961. Sweden contributes troops towards UN peace-keeping missions.", "At the end of his investigation Björkdahl is still not sure who killed Hammarskjöld, but he is fairly certain why he was killed: \"It's clear there were a lot of circumstances pointing to possible involvement by western powers. The motive was there – the threat to the west's interests in Congo's huge mineral deposits. And this was the time of black African liberation, and you had whites who were desperate to cling on.", "6 January - 12 January, The United Nations Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjold, visits South Africa. He reports to the Security Council on 23 January.", "1961 – En route to negotiate a ceasefire between Katanga troops and United Nations forces, the plane carrying UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld crashed under mysterious circumstances near Ndola in Northern Rhodesia, killing him and 15 others on board.", "Parallel to the growing activity of the assembly was the expanding role of the secretary-general. Trygve Lie, as secretary-general, made vigorous efforts to muster world opinion in such difficulties as the Korean crisis, but his labeling of North Korea as the aggressor earned him Soviet enmity and thus limited his effectiveness. Under the quiet diplomacy of Dag Hammarskjöld the secretary-generalship gained greater scope. The secretary-general, not the deadlocked Security Council, was entrusted with organizing and establishing UN forces in the Suez crisis. He worked closely with the General Assembly on other issues. In 1958, when an assembly resolution asking for a strong force of UN observers in Lebanon had been vetoed by the council, the secretary-general nevertheless followed the assembly's recommendation.", "The South African Mission to the United Nations did not respond to a request for comment. The CIA has previously dismissed allegations that it was behind Hammarskjold's death as \"absurd and without foundation.\"", "In September 1961 fighting erupted between Katanga troops and the noncombatant forces of the UN. In an effort to secure a cease-fire he arranged to meet President Moise Tshombe . On 17th September 1961 Dag Hammarskjold was killed when his plane crashed close to Ndola airport.", "We meet in an hour of grief and challenge. Dag Hammarskjold is dead. But the United Nations lives. His tragedy is deep in our hearts, but the task for which he died is at the top of our agenda. A noble servant of peace is gone. But the quest for peace lies before us.", "Annan was elected secretary-general, the first to come from the ranks of the staff, with a mandate to streamline the UN bureaucracy. He also forcefully promoted human rights and programs to combat AIDS and terrorism. He took an active role in negotiations when necessary but also was forthright in criticizing members when he felt it his duty to do so. Annan was the second UN secretary-general to win the Nobel Prize for Peace. Dag Hammarskjöld was awarded the prize posthumously in 1961, after he had died in a plane crash earlier in the year.", "It was Dag Hammarskjöld, the tragic second UN secretary general , who had it best. The United Nations, he said, “was created not to lead mankind to heaven but to save humanity from hell”.", "Swedish diplomat  Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld   second U.N. Secretary General (1953-61); posthumously awarded the Nobel peace prize", "Hammarskjöld's death was a memorable event. The Dag Hammarskjöld Crash Site Memorial is under consideration for inclusion as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A press", "** The Dag Hammarskjöld Library, a part of the United Nations headquarters, was dedicated on 16 November 1961 in honour of the late Secretary-General.", "\"Hammarskjöld’s death left an aching void at the United Nations. He had been the life and soul of the institution,\" according to Urquhart, who also penned a biography of Hammarskjold. Here, at a memorial ceremony in the General Assembly Hall, tribute is paid to Hammarskjöld and those who died with him. At the event, the Philadelphia Orchestra performed and a speech he made on 24 October 1960 was played to a silent audience. (28 Sept. 1961)", "* Fröhlich, Manuel (2008) \"Political ethics and the United Nations: Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General\". Routledge, London.", "Lindh�s principled and unequivocal position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was like that of the late Swedish prime minister Olof Palme, who was assassinated in Stockholm in 1986, and Count Folke Bernadotte, the United Nation�s Mediator on Palestine, who was brutally murdered by a Zionist terror gang near Jerusalem in 1948. ", "** Historian Paul Kennedy hailed Hammarskjöld in his book The Parliament of Man as perhaps the greatest UN Secretary-General because of his ability to shape events, in contrast with his successors.", "2003 - Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh dies after being assaulted and fatally wounded on September 10." ]

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[ "Based on Mandela's autobiography, also called \"Long Walk to Freedom,\" the biopic follows Mandela's life journey from his childhood growing up in a rural village, through the anti-apartheid struggle and prison years, to his inauguration as the first democratically elected president of South Africa.", "Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the center of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. \"Long Walk to Freedom\" is his moving autobiography, Here, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela tells the extraordinary story of his life - an epic of struggle, setback, renewed hope, and ultimate triumph, which has, until now, been virtually unknown to most of the world. The foster son of a Thembu chief, Mandela was raised in the traditional, tribal culture of his ancestors, but at an early age learned the modern, inescapable reality of what came to be called apartheid, one of the most powerful an", "Long Walk to Freedom is an autobiographical work written by South African President Nelson Mandela, and published in 1995 by Little Brown & Co. The book profiles his early life, coming of age, education and 27 years in prison. Under the apartheid government, Mandela was regarded as a terrorist and jailed on the infamous Robben Island for his role as a leader of the then-outlawed ANC. He has since achieved international recognition for his leadership as president in rebuilding the country's once segregated society. The last chapters of the book describe his political ascension, and his belief that the struggle continues against apartheid in South Africa.", "When Nelson Mandela became the first post-apartheid president of South Africa in 1994, he inherited a nation that was deeply divided. White South Africans were unsure if there was a place for them in the changing country, black South Africans were eager to see their situation improve after decades of oppression, and radicalized factions on both sides threatened civil war. Yet Mandela managed to unite South Africa’s diverse racial and ethnic groups under one democratically elected government. And he did it, in part, through the power of song.", "Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela by Nelson Mandela, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®", "Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1994.", "Source: Nelson Mandela. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Paperback edition 1995. pg. 206.", "The ANC became an underground organization from the 1960s to the mid 1980s, while the government continued to implement a series of reforms to further oppress South Africans.  These actions were criticized internationally and helped to win anti-apartheid favor around the world.  By the late 1980s, the mass democratic movement pushed the white leaders of South Africa to engage in conversations with exhiled ANC leaders in 1988 and 1989.  President F.W. de Klerk made the decision to release Nelson Mandela in February of 1990 after he had spent 27 years in prison.   The ANC's consistent principle of non-racial democracy created a basis for trust, which led to further talks between political parties, black and white.  A transitional constitution was then developed at the World Trade Center in Johannesburg from 1991 to 1993, and this led to a new Government of National Unity.  Mandela and de Klerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their efforts in negotiating an end to apartheid.  In 1994 multi-racial elections occurred, and Nelson Mandela became the first black President of South Africa.", "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (born 18 July 1918) served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life inprison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation.", "Listen to his autobiography Audiobook: Long Walk to Freedom where Nelson Mandela describes his life. You download this audio book online now.", "In January 2000 Mr De Klerk published his autobiography 'The Last Trek – a New Beginning' and the same year established the FW de Klerk Foundation. He makes numerous speeches around the world and actively participates as an elder statesman in international conferences on the promotion of harmonious relations in multi-communal societies, the future of Africa and South Africa and the challenges facing the world during the new millennium.", "After attaining his freedom, Nelson Mandela led the ANC in its negotiations with the governing National Party and various other South African political organizations for an end to apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial government. Though fraught with tension and conducted against a backdrop of political instability, the talks earned Mandela and de Klerk the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1993. On April 26, 1994, more than 22 million South Africans turned out to cast ballots in the country’s first multiracial parliamentary elections in history. An overwhelming majority chose the ANC to lead the country, and on May 10 Mandela was sworn in as the first black president of South Africa, with de Klerk serving as his first deputy.", "A chronicle of Nelson Mandela's life journey from his childhood in a rural village through to his inauguration as the first democratically elected president of South Africa.", "F.W. de Klerk, in full Frederik Willem de Klerk (born March 18, 1936, Johannesburg , S.Af.), politician who as president of South Africa (1989–94) brought the apartheid system of racial segregation to an end and negotiated a transition to majority rule in his country. He and Nelson Mandela jointly received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Peace for their collaboration in efforts to establish nonracial democracy in South Africa.", "A magisterial history of South Africa, from the earliest known human inhabitation of the region to the present. Lynn Berat updates this classic text with a new chapter chronicling the first presidential term of Mbeki and ending with the celebrations of the centenary of South Africa’s ruling African National Congress in January 2012. ‘A history that is both accurate and authentic, written in a delightful literary style.’ – Archbishop Desmond Tutu ‘Lynn Berat’s brilliant addition to Leonard Thompson’s superlative history takes the reader on a riveting tour of twenty-first century South Africa in all its triumph and tragedy.’ – Cindy Kaplan, Committed Artists of South Africa 2014 512 pp. PB ISBN 978-0-300-18935-3 £14.99/$20.00", "History: South Africa was led by Apartheid leaders until Nelson Mandela came free from prison and became the first democratically elected leader in South Africa in 1994.", "The revered statesman served as the first black president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in ending apartheid through non-violent means in 1993. He retired from public life in 2004.", "Though Paton’s novel helped raise the social consciousness of white South Africa, things got much worse before they got better. In 1948, the National Party (representing Afrikaner and conservative interests) gained power and introduced apartheid. Under apartheid, every South African was classified according to race, and the Group Areas Act enforced the physical separation of blacks from whites. Every aspect of South African life was racially segregated. Under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, the African National Congress (ANC), which had been founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress and renamed in 1923, began protests against the new laws in the form of strikes and marches. After decades of struggle and bloodshed, the ANC prevailed, and South Africa held its first free election in 1994. Mandela was elected president, apartheid was dismantled, and the country ratified one of the most liberal constitutions in the world.", "On May 9, 1994, the National Assembly unanimously elected Nelson Mandela President of South Africa. He was inaugurated on May 10, along with Deputy Presidents Thabo Mbeki and F.W de Klerk. The Government of National Unity was composed of representatives from the ANC, the NP and the IFP. During his presidency, Mandela pursued a policy of racial reconciliation.", "On 9 May, Mandela was elected unopposed as president of South Africa in the first session of the Constituent Assembly. His presidential inauguration took place the next day at the Union Buildings in Pretoria and was attended by the largest gathering of international leaders in South African history, as well as about 100 000 jubilant supporters on the lawns. The ceremony was televised and broadcast internationally. In his inaugural speech Mandela called for a 'time of healing' and stated that his government would fight against discrimination of any kind. He pledged to enter into a covenant to build a society in which all South Africans, Black and White, could walk tall without fear, assured of their rights to human dignity, 'a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world'.", "Later on in his sentence, Mandela met South African president, Frederik Willem de Klerk, and was released from prison in 1990. Unlike his friend Anthony Sampson's account, Mandela's book does not discuss the alleged complicity of de Klerk in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife Winnie Mandela in that bloodshed. Mandela became the South African president in 1994.", "The foster son of a Thembu chief, Mandela was raised in the traditional, tribal culture of his ancestors, but at an early age learned the modern, inescapable reality of what came to be called apartheid, one of the most powerful and effective systems of oppression ever conceived. In classically elegant and engrossing prose, he tells of his early years as an impoverished student and law clerk in Johannesburg, of his slow political awakening, and of his pivotal role in the rebirth of a stagnant ANC and the formation of its Youth League in the 1950s. He describes the struggle to reconcile his political activity with his devotion to his family, the anguished breakup of his first marriage, and the painful separations from his children.", "Es’kia Mphahlele publishes his memoir, “Down Second Avenue”, illustrating the injustices of apartheid. The memoir covers his early childhood and manhood.", "On September 23, Pres. F.W. de Klerk made the first visit by any South African head of state to UN headquarters. He asked Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, to support the lifting of economic sanctions against South Africa in view of the new interim constitution. Mandela obliged when he addressed the UN Special Committee Against Apartheid the next day and asserted that \"the countdown to democracy in South Africa has begun.\"", "Ex-South African president Mandela chronicled his early life, education and 27 years in prison in his memoir.", "As minister of native affairs and later as South African leader, Verwoerd oversaw the introduction and application of South Africa’s racist apartheid policies. As prime minister from 1958, he instituted an intricate system of laws separating whites, Africans (blacks), Coloureds, and Asians, and resettled blacks in backwater reservations. These policies provoked anti-apartheid demonstrations by blacks, which were brutally crushed by government forces at Sharpeville and elsewhere. When, in April 1960, Verwoerd miraculously survived being shot twice in the head by an English farmer, he proclaimed that his survival was evidence of God’s approval of his work. During the next few years, Verwoerd’s government arrested anti-apartheid leaders such as Nelson Mandela and sentenced them to long prison terms on the basis of various convictions.", "Most people consider Joe Matthews to be an \"ANC Man,\" as he has been active in the African National Congress (ANC) and the Youth League since 1944. Matthews accompanied Nelson Mandela on his trans-Africa tour to garner support and training for the military branch of the ANC. Matthews was a close friend of Mandela, often staying with him in his Soweto home after Mandela and Winnie divorced.", "He brings vividly to life the escalating political warfare in the fifties between the ANC and the government, culminating in his dramatic escapades as an underground leader and the notorious Rivonia Trial of 1964, at which he was sentenced to life imprisonment. He recounts the surprisingly eventful twenty-seven years in prison and the complex, delicate negotiations that led both to his freedom and to the beginning of the end of apartheid. Finally he provides the ultimate inside account of the unforgettable events since his release that produced at last a free, multiracial democracy in South Africa.", "The leader of South Africa's antiapartheid movement chronicles his life, including his tribal years, his time spent in prison, and his return to lead his people", "On 27 April 1994 South Africa held its first all-race elections. The 1994 elections marked the end of apartheid and the country's transition into a full democracy. It was a time of uncertainty for all South Africans. The young nation sought to establish a new direction but many questions remained unanswered. How could South Africa's various races unite under a single banner with the wounds of apartheid still festering? How could Black South Africans rise above the legacy of a political system that had oppressed them for so long? The first steps toward the answer of these questions required the leadership of one of history's most incredible individuals.", "Dr. Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd was born in Amsterdam on September 8 , 1901 . He served as Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966. Hendrik Verwoerd emigrated at age two with his parents from the Netherlands. Dr. Verwoerd fulfilled the Afrikaner dream of an independent state for South Africans; when he presided over the establishment of a Republic in 1961. Numerous major roads in towns and cities in South Africa were named after Dr. Verwoerd, Verwoerd Dam in the Orange Free State, H. F. Verwoerd Airport in Port Elizabeth, as was the town of Verwoerdburg South of Pretoria and H.F. Verwoerd Hospital in Pretoria & Hendrik Verwoerd Drive in Randburg, to name a few.", "One of the leaders of the African National Congress who led a struggle to end apartheid and was elected president in 1994 in the first all race election in South Africa" ]

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[ "8 Which terrorist organisation was responsible for the 1978 kidnap and murder of Aldo Moro, former Italian Prime Minister?", "April 20 - Italian former Prime Minister, Aldo Moro, kidnapped and later killed by Red Brigade terrorist group.", "Thirty years ago this month, the extreme left terrorist group, the Red Brigades murdered former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro who they’d kidnapped and held for nearly two months. Moro was the head of the Christian Democratic Party, which was moving towards a parliamentary coalition with the Italian Communists, a move opposed by some in the far left and which worried western power, particularly the US. Italy’s interior minister at the time was Francesco Cossiga, who took a hard line and refused to negotiate with the Red Brigades for Moro’s release. In an interview with Cossiga, EuroNews has tried to get at the truth of an incredibly tangled tale involving allegations of CIA involvement and claims of vital clues sent via a Ouija board.", "On May 9, 1978, the body of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro is found, riddled by bullets, in the back of a car in the center of historic Rome. He was kidnapped by Red Brigade terrorists on March 16 after a bloody shoot-out near his suburban home. The Italian government refused to negotiate with the extreme left-wing group, which, after numerous threats, executed Moro on May 9. He was a five-time prime minister of Italy and considered a front-runner for the presidency of Italy in elections due in December.", "Aldo Moro, who served as Italy’s Prime Minister from 1963 until 1968 and later, from 1973 until 1976, was kidnapped and murdered by the Red Brigades in 1978, while still a prominent politician in the Christian Democrat Party. When he was kidnapped, Moro was on his way to Parliament to vote on inaugurating a new government, of which he negotiated, for the first time since 1947, to be backed by the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Moro’s policy of working with and bringing the Communists into the government was denounced by both the USSR and the United States.", "Aldo Moro (äl´dō mô´rō), 1916–78, Italian political leader. A lawyer, he entered national politics in 1946, when he was elected to the constituent assembly as a member of the Christian Democratic party. As minister of justice (1955–57), he worked to reform the prison system, strengthening regulations forbidding corporal punishment and improving food, hygiene, and sanitary conditions. He was political secretary of the Christian Democratic party from 1959 to 1963. In Dec., 1963, he became prime minister, a post he held until 1968. He later served as minister of foreign affairs. During the 1970s, he was the leader of the effort to achieve a rapprochement with the Communist party. Moro was kidnapped and assassinated by the terrorist Red Brigades.", "The former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped and murdered by the Red Brigades; Pope John Paul, head of the Roman Catholic church for just over a month died, and Carl Bridgewater, a 13-year-old paper boy, was shot dead after disturbing a burglary in Staffordshire. Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident, was murdered in London with an umbrella that carried a poison pellet. In Jonestown, Guyana, 918 people died in a mass suicide.", "In 1978, Italian politician Aldo Moro was kidnapped by left-wing urban guerrillas, who later murdered him.", "1978: Former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigade. Two months later his body was found in the boot of a small Renault in central Rome.", "During the Years of Lead, neo-Fascist and right-wing groups sought to take power from the left and undermine the Communist Party’s recent labor advances. Derailed trains and terrorist bombs like the one at Piazza Fontana were blamed on the left, but many were actually perpetrated by the right, often in cahoots with the government. Atrocities were committed by all sides, however; one of the most notable was the kidnapping and assassination of the Christian Democrat Prime Minister Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades in 1978. Though this “strategy of tension” was motivated by domestic angling for power, there is evidence of international (read, American) interference in a Cold War effort to wrest power away from communists.", "The Red Brigades were a New Leftist group founded by Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini in 1970 that sought to create a revolutionary state. The group carried out a series of bombings and kidnappings until Curcio and Franceschini were arrested in the mid-1970s. Their successor as leader, Mario Moretti, led the group toward more militarized and violent actions, including the kidnapping of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro on March 16, 1978. Moro was killed 56 days later. This led to an all-out assault on the group by Italian law enforcement and security forces and condemnation from Italian left-wing radicals and even imprisoned ex-leaders of the Brigades. The group lost most of its social support and public opinion turned strongly against it. In 1984, the group split, the majority faction becoming the Communist Combatant Party (Red Brigades-PCC) and the minority faction reconstituting itself as the Union of Combatant Communists (Red Brigades-UCC). Members of these groups carried out a handful of assassinations before almost all were arrested in 1989.[131]", "The group's most infamous act took place in 1978, when the second groups of the BR, headed by Mario Moretti, kidnapped the former Christian Democrat Prime Minister Aldo Moro , who was trying to reach a compromesso storico, or \"historic compromise\", with the Communists. The kidnappers killed five members of Moro's entourage, and murdered Moro himself 54 days later. The BR barely survived the end years of the Cold War following a split in 1984 and the arrest or flight of the majority of its members . In the 1980s, the group was broken up by Italian investigators, with the aid of several leaders under arrest who turned pentito and assisted the authorities in capturing the other members. After the mass arrests in the late 1980s, the group slowly faded into insignificance. A majority of those leaders took advantage of a law that gave credits for renouncing the doctrine (dissociato status) and contributing to efforts by police and judiciary to prosecute its members (\"collaboratore di giustizia\", also known as pentito).", "Members of the Red Brigades attacked property rather than people until 1972; arson against factory managers' cars was particularly common, as were raids against the offices of right-wing organizations. [9] Beginning with the 1974 kidnapping of a Genoa magistrate, the Red Brigades expanded their attacks to include politicians and employees of the state. An April 1975 BR document outlining the organization's \"Strategic Direction\" identified Italy's long-dominant Christian Democratic party \"the principal enemy.\" [10] The number of BR-directed attacks, including kidnappings and shootings, spiked between 1977 and 1979. The organization's best-known attack of the period was the kidnapping and killing of Christian Democratic leader and former prime minister Aldo Moro in 1978. ", "1978 - Italian politician Aldo Moro was kidnapped by left-wing urban guerrillas. Moro was later murdered by the group.", "In Rome on March 16, 1978, a car carrying Aldo Moro, the former Prime Minister of Italy, was stopped and fired upon by members of the Red Brigades. Moro’s five bodyguards were killed and Moro was dragged from the car.", "*1978 – Former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro is kidnapped and later killed by his captors.", "The exact location of Moro's imprisonment is disputed. The official reconstruction in the trials identified it as an apartment in Via Camillo Montalcini 8 in Rome, which had been owned by a BR terrorist for a few years. Moro would be killed there, in an underground parking garage. Months after the kidnapping the apartment was put under investigation by UCIGOS, the Italian police's central directorate for political crimes, and was thus abandoned by the Red Brigades. ", "In 1978 the party was struck by the abduction and murder of Aldo Moro, who had proposed a Historic Compromise with the PCI, by the Red Brigades. When Moro was abducted, the government, at the time led by Giulio Andreotti, immediately took a hardline position stating that the \"State must not bend\" on terrorist demands. This was a very different position from the one kept in similar cases (such as the kidnapping of Campanian DC member Ciro Cirillo a few years later, for whom a ransom was paid, thanks to the local ties of the party with camorra) before. It was however supported by all the mainstream parties, including the PCI, with the two notable exceptions of the PSI and the Radicals. In the second trial for mafia allegations against Andreotti, leader of the right wing of the party, it was said that he took the chance of getting rid of a dangerous political competitor by sabotaging all of the rescue options and ultimately leaving the captors with no option but killing him. During his captivity Moro wrote a series of letters, at times very critical of Andreotti. Later the memorial written by Moro during his imprisonment was subject to several plots, including the assassination of journalist Mino Pecorelli and general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, which involved Andreotti and some figures of his wing. ", "Aldo Moro's assassination continues to haunt today's Italy, and remains a significant event of the Cold War. In the 1980s-1990s, a Commission headed by senator Giovanni Pellegrino investigated acts of terrorism in Italy during the \"years of lead,\" while various judicial investigations also took place, headed by Guido Salvini and others magistrates. [10]", "Mr. Moro was kidnapped and five of his bodyguards were killed on March 16, 1978, as he drove to Parliament. Fifty-five days later, he was shot dead in the garage below the apartment where he had been held, and his body was found later in the trunk of a car parked in central Rome.", "A new group, with few links, if any, with the old BR, appeared in the late 1990s. The Red Brigades-PCC in 1999 murdered , an advisor to the cabinet of Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema. On 19 March 2002, the same gun was used to kill professor Marco Biagi, an economic advisor to Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. The Red Brigades-PCC again claimed responsibility. On 3 March 2003, two followers, Mario Galesi and Nadia Desdemona Lioce, started a firefight with a police patrol on a train at Castiglion Fiorentino station, near Arezzo. Galesi and Emanuele Petri (one of the policemen) were killed, Lioce was arrested. On 23 October 2003, Italian police arrested six members of the Red Brigades in early-dawn raids in Florence, Sardinia, Rome and Pisa in connection with the murder of Massimo D'Antona. On 1 June 2005, four members of the Red Brigades-PCC were condemned to life-sentence in Bologna for the murder of Marco Biagi: Nadia Desdemona Lioce, Roberto Morandi, Marco Mezzasalma and Diana Blefari Melazzi.", "Moro was kidnapped one spring morning as he left the building where he lived on the Via Forte Trionfale in Rome. All five of his bodyguards were killed in the attack. He was held (probably in the city), put up for trial by a so-called people's court and then shot in the head. Fifty-four days after he was kidnapped, Moro's body was found, following a tip-off, in the back of a Renault 4 that had been parked, without difficulty, in the crowded heart of the city.", "During this time the Red Brigades' activities were denied by far left political groups such as Lotta Continua and Potere Operaio (which were closer to the Autonomist movement). Although there has been an attempt to demonstrate any link between the Red Brigades and foreign State Security Services, nothing has been proved and such an idea has always been rejected by all the militants that after years of prison decided to speak their truth in books, interviews etc. In June 1974, the Red Brigades committed their first homicide. Two members of the Italian neo-fascist party, Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI) were killed in Padua during a raid to the MSI headquarters.", "2013 December - Government declares Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group after a bomb blast in Mansoura kills 12.", "Egyptian Islamic Jihad (a.k.a. Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiyya) is a militant Egyptian Islamist movement dedicated to the establishment of an Islamic state in Egypt. The group formed in 1980 as an umbrella organization for militant student groups formed after the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood renounced violence. It is led by Omar Abdel-Rahman, who has been accused of participation in the World Trade Center 1993 bombings. In 1981, the group assassinated Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. On November 17, 1997, in what became known as the Luxor massacre, it attacked tourists at the Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri); six men dressed as police machine-gunned 58 Japanese and European vacationers and four Egyptians.[169]", "The Abu Abbas-led faction is known for aerial attacks against Israel. Abbas's group also was responsible for the attack in 1985 on the cruise ship Achille Lauro and the murder of US citizen Leon Klinghoffer. A warrant for Abu Abbas's arrest is outstanding in Italy.", "On 23 July 1993, a Mafia car bomb damaged the façades of the palace and basilica in Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano. The 1992-3 Mafia bombing campaign was the result of certain seriously lunatic Sicilian \"businessmen\" thinking that they could terrorize both the Church and the Italian government. They were wrong. Here, the damage was quickly repaired by 1996.", "Mehmet Ali Ağca is a Turkish assassin who murdered left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi on February 1, 1979 and later shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981, after escaping from a Turkish prison. After serving 19 years of imprisonment in Italy, he was deported to Turkey, where he served a ten-year sentence. He was released on January 18, 2010. Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation, although he is known to have been a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization.", "Due to the crackdown, Red Brigades fissured around the mid-1980s, splitting off into The New Red Brigades/Communist Combatant Party and the Union of Combatant Communists. The New Brigades inherited the militancy of the original Red Brigades . The New Red Brigades claimed responsibility for the assassinations of labor minister advisor Massimo D’Antona in 1999, professor Marco Biagi in 2002 and a police officer in 2003.", "1975 - Alberto Brasili and his partner Lucia Corna are attacked outside the HQ of the Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI - anti-fascist partisan organisation) on the via Mascagni in Milan by five fascists MSI members after he had ripped down a fascist (Partito di Giorgio Almirante) poster in Piazza San Babila. Alberto was stabbed five times and died shortly after his arrival at the hospital. Lucia, stabbed twice, survived only because the blade missed his heart by a few centimeters. The film 'San Babila ore 20: un delitto inutile' (1976) directed by Carlo Lizzani is based on this tragedy.", "1921 - Riccardo Siliprandi (pseudonym, Ariè), Italian militant antifascist and anarcho-syndicalist, is assassinated by a fascist squad in Luzzara, Italy.", "[B] 1933 - Pietro Valpreda (d. 2002), Italian dancer, writer and anarchist, who was one of those wrongly accused of the Piazza Fontana bombing, born. He grew up in Milan and was involved in the Circolo la Gioventù Libertaria (Libertarian Youth Cicle), alongside Giuseppe Pinelli, and later the Circolo Ponte della Anarchica Ghisolfa (Anarchist Circle of the Ghisolfa Bridge). Moving to Rome, he frequented the Circolo Bakunin, later helping form the more confrontational Circolo 22 Marzo (believed to largely be a tool of the State, controlled by the intelligence services via the neo-fascist infiltrator and provocateur Mario Merlino). An ideal target to use as a cover for the fascist bombing of Milan's Piazza Fontana on December 12 1969, which left 16 dead and 88 injured, and the group was rounded up with Valpreda's arrested on Dec. 15. Vilified in the press, he languished in jail awaiting trial for 3 years. Eventually released in 1972, it would not be until 1979 that he was acquitted and officially declared innocent in 1985. It would not be until 2001, the year before Valpreda died, that Delphi Zorzi, Carlo Maria Maggi, Giancarlo Rognoni and Stephen Tringali will be found guilty of the bombing (Zorzi, Maggi and Rognoni's convictions were later overturned and Tringali's sentence reduced)." ]

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[ "On February 15, 1989, Commanding General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan, walking across the Friendship Bridge that connected that war-torn country with what was then Soviet Uzbekistan.", "During the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Gromov did three tours of duty (1980–1982, 1985–1986, 1987–1989), and was best known for the two years as the last Commander of the 40th Army in Afghanistan. Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan, crossing on foot the Friendship Bridge spanning the Amu-Daria river on 15 February 1989, the day the Soviet pullout from Afghanistan was completed. He received the highest military award – the golden star of the Hero of the Soviet Union after Operation Magistral had lifted the siege of the city of Khost in eastern Afghanistan.", "Taken from Zubok's \"A Failed Nation,\" Developed by Kevin R. Sacerdote Afghanistan On the chilly winter morning of 15 February 1989 Lieutenant General Boris Gromov, the last commander of Soviet forces in Afghanistan, walked across the bridge over the Amu Darya River and back into Uzbekistan, from where the Red Army had come almost ten years before…the ignoble Soviet exit from Afghanistan became a global symbol for the failure of Moscows Third World policies[1] [1] Westad, pp. 377-378[1]", "KABUL, Afghanistan — Lt. Gen. Boris Gromov, commander of Soviet forces in Afghanistan, became the last Soviet soldier to leave the embattled country when he crossed into the Soviet border town of Termez at 9:55 a.m Moscow time today, the official Soviet news agency Tass reported.", "Informal negotiations for a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan had been underway since 1982.[ citation needed ] In 1988, the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan, with the United States and Soviet Union serving as guarantors, signed an agreement settling the major differences between them known as the Geneva Accords . The United Nations set up a special Mission to oversee the process. In this way, Najibullah had stabilized his political position enough to begin matching Moscow's moves toward withdrawal. On July 20, 1987, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country was announced. The withdrawal of Soviet forces was planned out by Lt. Gen. Boris Gromov , who, at the time, was the commander of the 40th Army .[ citation needed ]", "Boris Vsevolodovich Gromov (Russian: Бори́с Все́володович Гро́мов; born 7 November 1943 in Saratov, Russia) is a prominent Russian military and political figure. From 2000 to 2012, he was the Governor of Moscow Oblast.", "New Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev decided it was time to get out. Demoralized and with no victory in sight, Soviet forces started withdrawing in 1988. The last Soviet soldier crossed back across the border on February 15, 1989.", "1989 – Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan: The Soviet Union officially announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.", "By the mid-1980s, the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased throughout the country, but the military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high. [6] By mid-1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev , announced it would start withdrawing its forces. [2] [3] The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989. Due to its length it has sometimes been referred to as the \"Soviet Union's Vietnam War \" or the \"Bear Trap\" by the Western media, [47] [48] [49] and thought to be a contributing factor to the fall of the Soviet Union . [50]", "The Soviet Union lost an estimated 14,000 troops in the Afghan occupation. Many soldiers came back to the USSR with serious mental health and substance abuse problems. The Soviet government eventually decided to end its role in the conflict. In 1989, the USSR pulled its forces out of Afghanistan (Cooley 136).", "The war in Afghanistan became a quagmire for what by the late 1980s was a disintegrating Soviet Union. (The Soviets suffered some 15,000 dead and many more injured.) Despite having failed to implement a sympathetic regime in Afghanistan, in 1988 the Soviet Union signed an accord with the United States, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and agreed to withdraw its troops. The Soviet withdrawal was completed on Feb. 15, 1989, and Afghanistan returned to nonaligned status.", "By the mid-1980s the Soviet contingent was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased throughout the country, but the military and diplomatic cost of the war to the USSR was high. By mid-1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev, announced it would start withdrawing its forces. The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989. The war was considered part of the Cold War. Due to its length it has sometimes been referred to as the \"Soviet Union's Vietnam War\" or the \"Bear Trap\" by the Western media, and thought to be a contributing factor to the fall of the Soviet Union.", "The rest of 1989 was taken up by the increasingly problematic question of nationalities and the dramatic fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc. Despite unprecedented international détente, due to Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan completed in January and continuing talks between Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush, domestic reforms suffered from increasing divergence between reformists, who wanted faster change, and conservatives, who wanted to limit change. Gorbachev states that he tried to find middle ground between both groups, but this would draw more criticism towards him. The story from this point on moves away from reforms and becomes one of the nationalities question and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union.", "Najibullah proves equally ineffective in reconciling the Afghan people to a Soviet presence, and in 1988 Gorbachev decides to cut his losses. He announces that Soviet troops will begin a phased withdrawal. The last battalion crosses the Friendship Bridge over the Amu Darya river in February 1989 - leaving President Najibullah to try and run a communist Afghan state on his own.", "Over the next three months, one republic after another declared independence, mostly out of fear of another coup. Also during this time, the Soviet government was rendered useless as the new Russian government began taking over what remained of it, including the Kremlin. The penultimate step came on 1 December, when voters in the second most powerful republic, Ukraine, overwhelmingly voted to secede from the Soviet Union in a referendum. This ended any realistic chance of keeping the Soviet Union together. On 8 December, Yeltsin met with his counterparts from Ukraine and Belarus and signed the Belavezha Accords, declaring that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. Gorbachev denounced this as illegal, but he had long since lost any ability to influence events outside of Moscow.", "East–West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to-late 1980s, culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989, when Gorbachev and  George H. W. Bush  signed the  START I  arms control treaty. [264]  During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies, along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels, represented a substantial economic drain. [265]  In addition, the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets  officially declared  that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe. [266]", "Perestroika was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is \"restructuring\", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. Perestroika is often argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War.", "The remaining 12 republics continued discussing new, increasingly looser, models of the Union. However, by December, all except Russia and Kazakhstan had formally declared independence. During this time, Yeltsin took over what remained of the Soviet government, including the Moscow Kremlin. The final blow was struck on 1 December, when Ukraine, the second most powerful republic, voted overwhelmingly for independence. Ukraine's secession ended any realistic chance of the Soviet Union staying together even on a limited scale.", "In 1946 the word Red was removed from the name of the armed forces. Thus, a Soviet soldier, hitherto known as a krasnoarmiich (“Red Army man”), was subsequently called simply a ryadovoy (“ranker”). Discipline in the Soviet forces was always strict and punishments severe; during World War II, penal battalions were given suicidal tasks. In 1960, however, new regulations were introduced making discipline, and certainly punishments, less severe. Officers were to use more persuasion and were charged with developing their troops’ political consciousness , thus ending the dual control of military commanders and political commissars. By contrast, enlisted men increasingly brutalized each other; conscripts with longer service took advantage of new recruits, and ethnic communities worked out mutual hostilities in the barracks. The era of the revolutionary “Red Army” ended, in fact as well as in name, long before the final disappearance of the Soviet Union. In Russia, February 23, now known as Defender of the Fatherland Day, is still the official day to honour military veterans.", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (; ; born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved. He served as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991 (titled as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and as President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991). He was the only General Secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born after the October Revolution.", "Gromyko played a direct role in the Cuban Missile Crisis in his role as the Soviet Foreign Minister. Gromyko helped negotiate arms limitations treaties such as the ABM Treaty, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and SALT I and II among others. Under Leonid Brezhnev's leadership Gromyko helped build the policy of détente between the US and the USSR. He supported Mikhail Gorbachev's candidacy for General Secretary in 1985. Gromyko lost his office as foreign minister when Gorbachev became General Secretary, and was instead appointed to the largely ceremonial office of head of state. Gromyko retired from political life in 1988 and died the following year in Moscow.", "Gorbachev also moved to end the Cold War. In 1988, the Soviet Union abandoned its  nine-year war in Afghanistan  and began to withdraw its forces. In the late 1980s, he refused military support to the Soviet Union's former satellite states, resulting in the toppling of multiple communist regimes. With the tearing down of the  Berlin Wall  and with  East Germany  and  West Germany  pursuing unification, the  Iron Curtain  came down.", "�       In December 1991 Soviet union itself was disbanded. Gorbachev no longer led the country and he resigned.", "Although most of the German military commanders obeyed the order to surrender issued by the German High Command, the largest group of forces to ignore the order was the Army Group Centre located in Prague. The forces were under the command of Feldmarshal Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Army on April 30th in Hitler’s will. Schörner promptly deserted his command on May 8th, while the Soviets sent overwhelming force again the Germans who were forced to surrender on May 11th and 12th. By May 13th, 1945 the Soviet army ceased offensive operations in Europe.", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, pronounced;born 2 March 1931) was the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and also the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991. He was the only Soviet leader to have been born after the October Revolution of 1917.", "Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (; ; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. During the late 1980s, Yeltsin had been a member of the Politburo, and in late 1987 tendered a letter of resignation in protest. No one had resigned from the Politburo before. This act branded Yeltsin as a rebel and led to his rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure.", "“In September 1945, despite Soviet claims on Bear Island and Spitzbergen, Moscow had announced the withdrawal of the Soviet Command from Norway without any quid pro quo and before the Western Allies withdrew their troops. This action was followed on April 6th 1946, when Moscow announced the withdrawal of the Soviet Command from the Danish Island of Bornholm, leaving no Soviet troops in Scandinavia. On the same day Moscow stated that it would complete evacuation of Soviet troops from China by the end of April. Moscow also announced (or was compelled to announce) that it would complete evacuation of all troops from Iran within one-month and a half. On May 22, 1946, Moscow announced that Soviet troops had been completely withdrawn from Manchuria, and on May 24 that the evacuation of Soviet troops from Iran had been completed. At the Paris Peace Conference the Soviet Union abandoned its request for a trusteeship over Tripolitania in favour of its passing to Italian trusteeship under United nations control.”", "Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman. He was the seventh and last undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born after the October Revolution.", "Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (LWP). He resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989, which led to democratic elections in Poland.", "Gorbachev resigns as general secretary of the Communist Party. Within a month, all of the Soviet republics except Russia declare their independence.", "Mikhail Sergeyevic (born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the USSR, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991.", "Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. He enacted the Brezhnev Doctrine, which states that the Soviet Union will intervene in the affairs of the countries Eastern Europe if they stray from Communism." ]

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[ "After her husband, Nelson Mandela, was released from prison in 1990, Winnie Mandela shared in his political activities, despite her scandalous reputation. In 1993, Winnie became president of the African National Congress Women's League, and in 1994, she was elected to Parliament. She was re-elected to Parliament in 1999, but resigned in 2003, under a new financial scandal.", "A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never prosecuted, as three separate inquiries found insufficient evidence linking them with the criminal conduct of others related to the land deal.[5] Bill Clinton's successor as Arkansas Governor, Jim Guy Tucker, was also convicted and served time in prison for his role in the fraud. Susan McDougal later served 18 months in prison for contempt of court for refusing to answer any questions relating to Whitewater, and was later granted a pardon by President Clinton just before leaving office.", "August 25, 1940 – March 8, 1998: James B. “Jim” McDougal, a native of White County, Arkansas, and his wife, Susan McDougal (the former Susan Carol Henley), were financial partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the real estate venture that led to the Whitewater political scandal of the 1990s. Starting in 1982, McDougal operated Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan. On April 14, 1997, James McDougal was convicted of eighteen felony counts of fraud and conspiracy charges. The counts had to do with bad loans made by Madison in the late 1980s. As his savings and loan was federally-insured, the $68 million was paid by taxpayers. McDougal died of a heart attack at the Federal Correctional Facility in Fort Worth, Texas, aged 57.", "In the mid-1990s, federal special prosecutor Kenneth Starr’s investigative team in Little Rock was headed by a veteran of the courtroom, Hickman Ewing Jr. Grilled by Ewing before a grand jury on July 22, l995, Mrs. Clinton used the words “I can’t recall” in answer to 50 questions. Later, Ewing told Starr that he rated Mrs. Clinton’s testimony as deserving an F Minus, and he wanted to indict the nation’s first lady. He was contemplating a number of counts, headed by two major lines of enquiry. First came her handling of the commodity trades and her failure to report her profits to the IRS. Second came her conduct amid the collapse of Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan, owned by Jim McDougal. Relevant to this affair were Hillary Clinton’s billings as a legal counsel to Madison Guaranty. These were germane to the question of whether Hillary was being truthful in denying she’d done any legal work for the bank. After many adventures, the records finally came into the hands of Starr’s team and showed that Hillary Clinton had billed Madison Guaranty at the rate of $150 an hour, with a total of 60 hours of supposed work on the Castle Grande deal. The prosecutors had the billings but were never able to look at Hillary’s time sheets. Her secretary removed them from the Rose Law Firm in 1992, and it’s generally assumed the first lady destroyed them.", "November 6th 1990: Hillary Rodham is elected to the US House as the Congresswoman from Illinois' 16th district. In tandem, her former husband, Arkansas Senator Bill Clinton retires from the Senate at this election following the 1987 exposure of his affair with model Sarah Heath.", "Michelle Obama Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is an American lawyer and writer. She is the wife of the 44th and current President of the United States, Barack Obama, and the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the", "1990 - Imelda Marcos, widow of ex-Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos, went on trial for racketeering, embezzlement and bribery.", " In 1978 and 1979, lawyer and First Lady of Arkansas Hillary Rodham engaged in a series of trades of cattle futures contracts . Her initial $1,000 investment had generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months. In 1994, after Hillary Rodham Clinton had become First Lady of the United States , the trading became the subject of considerable controversy regarding the likelihood of such a spectacular rate of return, possible conflict of interest , and allegations of disguised bribery , [1] allegations that Clinton strongly denied. There were no official investigations of the trading and Clinton was never charged with any wrongdoing.", "Birthday - Hillary Rodham Clinton was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, October 26, 1947. She was First Lady from 1993-2001 during the presidency of her husband Bill Clinton. In 2000, she became the only First Lady ever elected to the U.S. Senate, serving as a Democrat from New York. She was re-elected in 2006 and then began a presidential campaign, hoping to become America's first female president. She lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama who went on to win the general election and appointed her as U.S. Secretary of State in 2008.", "Conclusion: It's not reasonable to expect the governor's wife to give up her law practice to avoid contact with anyone doing state business. Still, Hillary clearly had some questionable dealings, and falsely promoted the idea that her profits were walled off from the start. Also, the disappearance of Rose Law records about her legal work (the surface a few days after the statute of limitations on fraud expired) raises serious questions.", "Joanie Caucus (9/10/72) – Ex- housewife and \" libbie \" who left her first husband Clinton Caucus and daughter J.J. to join Mike and Mark \" on the road \" in Colorado. She attended law school, and worked with Mike on the John Anderson campaign, was chief of staff to Congresswoman Lacey Davenport, and worked in the Clinton Justice Department. She lived with and eventually married journalist Rick Redfern, with whom she had a child, Jeff. After seeing her great-grandsons \"playing Trump\" by staging a mock fight with name-calling, She agreed to come out of retirement to help Elizabeth Warren tweet against Donald Trump .", "Victory for democracy ALL OF THE Chicago Eight were acquitted of conspiracy to riot. Today, Abbie Hoffman and David Dellinger are full-time political activists. Jerry Rubin organises parties for young executives in New York and is planning to open a restaurant. Bobby Seale — who was acquitted in a separate trial — lives in Philadelphia, is a teaching assistant at Temple University and is planning to write a cookbook. John Froines is an associated professor in toxicology (the study of poisons) at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Rennie Davis lives in Colorado and works for an energy company. Tom Hayden is an elected Democratic politician in California and married to actress Jane Fonda. TM' 20-26 February 1988 TVTIMES", "Benazir Bhutto (; 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was the 11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non-consecutive terms in 1988–90 and then 1993–96. A scion of the politically powerful Bhutto family, she was the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister who founded the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). She was the first woman democratically elected as head of a majority Islamic nation. ", "On January 26, 1996, she testified before a grand jury concerning the Whitewater scandal. Over time, the parameters of the investigation would enlarge to include other charges made against the President and First Lady that were questionable in their validity. In every case, the investigations led to no criminal charges against Hillary Clinton. Here are her remarks following her testimony:", "The Clintons' private life faced further public scrutiny with rumors and accusations around Bill's extramarital affairs. In 1992, Hillary had defended Bill and their marriage in a notable 60 Minutes interview credited with rescuing his presidential campaign after the Gennifer Flowers affair. In 1995, as the scandal of Bill's affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky unfolded, Hillary won the admiration of the public through her strong and thoughtful response. She ultimately reaffirmed her commitment to her marriage, and her ratings rose dramatically, even as her husband was impeached. By the time Bill was acquitted in 1999, Hillary was already making plans for her next phase, for the first time focusing on her own political career.", "social justice and women's rights, and resilient and intelligent politician, Hillary Rodham Clinton has achieved many \"firsts\" in her roles as First Lady of the United States, U.S. Senator, presidential candidate, and Secretary of State. As she put it in her 2003 memoir Living History, \"My mother and my grandmothers could never have lived my life; my father and my grandfathers could never have imagined it. But they bestowed on me the promise of America, which made my life and my choices possible.\"", "The presidency began to be transformed in the 1990s. Hillery's conduct regarding the dissolution affair in 1982 came to light in 1990, imbuing the office with a new sense of dignity and stability. However, it was Hillery's successor, seventh President Mary Robinson, who ultimately revolutionized the presidency. The winner of an upset victory in the highly controversial election of 1990, Robinson was the Labour nominee, the first President to defeat Fianna Fáil in an election and the first female President. Upon election, however, Robinson took steps to de-politicize the office. She also sought to widen the scope of the presidency, developing new economic, political and cultural links between the state and other countries and cultures, especially those of the Irish diaspora. Robinson used the prestige of the office to activist ends, placing emphasis during her presidency on the needs of developing countries, linking the history of the Great Irish Famine to today's nutrition, poverty and policy issues, attempting to create a bridge of partnership between developed and developing countries.", "Ivana Marie Trump (née Zelníčková;; February 20, 1949) is a Czech-American socialite and former fashion model, known for her second marriage, to Donald Trump.", "Bernard Lawrence \"Bernie\" Madoff (; born April 29, 1938) is an American convicted of fraud and a former stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier. He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market, and the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme that is considered the largest financial fraud in U.S. history. ", "The Senate confirms Janet Reno as attorney general, the first woman to serve in the position. Reno was Clinton's third choice for the position, after his first two selections were scuttled due to financial improprieties. March 11, 1993", "In 1999, nearing the end of Bill's presidency, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York. The following year, Hillary became the first wife of a president to run for national elected office. She won the race by a significant margin, becoming the first female senator from New York, and she was reelected in 2006 by an even wider margin. In 2008, while running for president, she earned the most delegates and primary victories of any woman who had run before. She was narrowly defeated for the Democratic nomination in a tough and divisive primary contest with Senator Barack Obama of Illinois who went on to win the Presidency. When she agreed to become Obama's Secretary of State, she became the first former First Lady to serve in a presidential cabinet. In that role, she has earned high praise for establishing a strong working partnership with her former opponent.", "Although Betty Ford did not testify before Congress as an incumbent First Lady, she did so twice as a former First Lady. She did so first on 25 March 1991, before the", "Hillary Clinton, left, celebrates with President Bill Clinton and their daughter, Chelsea, during her Senate victory rally in New York on Nov. 7, 2000. She defeated Republican Rep. Rick Lazio to become the first presidential spouse elected to Congress. ", "Hillary Clinton (1947-) becomes the first former First Lady to be elected to the United States Senate.", "As of 2013, 38 widows have won their husbands' seats in the House, and 8 in the Senate. The only current examples are Representatives Lois Capps and Doris Matsui of California. The most successful example is Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, who served a total of 32 years in both houses and became the first woman elected to both the House and the Senate. She began the end of McCarthyism with a famous speech, \"The Declaration of Conscience\", became the first major-party female presidential candidate and the first woman to receive votes at a national nominating convention, and was the first (and highest ranking to date) woman to enter the Republican Party Senate leadership (in the third-highest post of Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Conference). The third woman elected to Congress, Winnifred Huck, was similarly elected to her father's seat.", "JEFFREY ST. CLAIR, COUNTERPUNCH -Hillary has never addressed her role in the Rich pardon. In fact, shes rarely been asked her opinion on the free pass given to one of the worlds most wanted fugitives, a man who violated embargoes against Iran and South Africa and fled the country rather than face trial in what was billed as the biggest tax evasion case in history. The senator has variously said that she was unaware of the decision and surprised by it. When pressed, she merely cackles.", "As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Bush described Weinberger, who was scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, as a \"true American patriot\".", "Senator 1990-92, Member of the Congress 1995-2000, Vice-Presidential Candidate 2000 and Superintendent of the National Tax Administration before becoming a very popular President of the Council of Ministers, until she was sacked by the extremely unpopular President. (b. 1949-).", "1950's.  His wife was Dr. Betty Lall (Anurita's Aunt), who ran for U.S. Congresswoman in New York City but lost in 1953.", "There was similar media speculation when it was disclosed that she had greatly profited in trading cattle futures through an experienced investor. All of this concerned matters long before her husband had sought the presidency in 1992 campaign.", "What First Lady became the first wife of a sitting president to appear under subpoena before a grand jury?", "What First Lady became the first wife of a sitting president to appear under subpoena before a grand jury?" ]

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[ "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī [1] ; April 28, 1937 [2] – December 30, 2006 [3] ), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. [4] [5]", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic : صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; [note 1] 28 April 1937 [note 2]  – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq , serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. [6] A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party —which espoused Ba'athism , a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism —Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution ) that brought the party to power in Iraq.", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic : صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī [1] ; April 28, 1937 [2] – December 30, 2006) [3] was the President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. [4] [5]", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq.", "28 April 1937[3] � 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.[5][6] A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power.As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. The state-owned banks were put under his control, leaving the system eventually insolvent.[7] Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace.[8] Positions of power in the country were filled with Sunnis, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: '; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq.", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq. MORE", "Saddam Hussein, the socialist president of the Iraqi Republic beginning in 1979, is known for his political sharpness and ability to survive conflicts. He led Iraq in its long, indecisive war with Iran beginning in 1980. He was defeated in the six-week Persian Gulf War in 1990 at the hands of the United States after his invasion of Kuwait .", "Saddam formally rose to power in 1979, although he had been the de facto head of Iraq for several years prior. He suppressed several movements, particularly Shi’a and Kurdish movements, seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, [8] and maintained power during the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War . Whereas some [9] venerated Saddam for his opposition to Israel —which included the use of military force [10] —he was widely condemned in the west for the brutality of his dictatorship .", "On 16 July 1979 Saddam formally assumed the presidency of Iraq. He began his presidency by eliminating a number of high-ranking members of the Baʿth Party, accusing them of plotting against him. Soon his relationship with Iran began to deteriorate in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution (1979). A border skirmish between the two countries was used by Saddam to justify the invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980. Saddam erred in his assumption that the war was going to be quick; it lasted for eight years. Iraq was left with hundreds of thousands dead and wounded and a seriously damaged economy. Iranian bombardments of oil facilities in Iraq's south significantly impaired the oil industry, which was the mainstay of the Iraqi economy. The government shifted spending from projects of modern development to spending on the military to meet the requirements of the war. The Kurds resumed their revolt against the Iraqi government with the support of the Iranian government. By the time the Iran-Iraq War ended in July 1988, Iraq was $80 billion in debt to several countries, including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, France , the Soviet Union, and Japan .", "In Iraq, all major decisions went through Saddam Hussein who from 1979 was president, head of the Revolutionary Command Council and secretary general of the Baath party.", "In February 1963 the Baʿth Party, along with nationalistic officers, seized power in a bloody coup. Nine months later, the Baʿth Party was kicked out of power by a coup led by Abd al-Salam Arif, one of the original Free Officers of the 1958 coup. On 17 July 1968 the Baʿth Party came back to power through a bloodless coup. This marked the ascendance to power of Saddam Hussein, which lasted until the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003. From 1968 to 2003 Hussein dominated the political scene, even when he was vice president from 1968 to 1979. He was the undisputed leader, ruling Iraq with an \"iron fist\" and discouraging opposition through elimination, imprisonment, and the use of multiple security forces. For all practical purposes, all political activities outside of the Baʿth Party were outlawed.", "Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region—which ... read more .", "In November 1969 Hussein became vice president and deputy chairman of the powerful Revolutionary Command Council. At first his internal security apparatuses destroyed the party’s real and perceived enemies: Communists, radical Islamists, Nasserists, pro-Western politicians, and pro-Syrian officers; and they even hanged in a public square helpless young Jews to demonstrate their Iraqi and Arab patriotism. The next step, however, was to gradually eliminate Hussein’s personal rivals within the party. On July 16, 1979, Hussein replaced Bakr as president. A few days later, he purged all those in the party and armed forces whom he considered a threat. Hundreds were shot by firing squads, and Hussein became an absolute dictator.", "     On 16 July 1979, Saddam forces Ahmed Hasson al-Bakr to resign, places him under house arrest, and replaces him as President of the Republic of Iraq, being also Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, Secretary-General of the Baath Party Regional Command, Prime Minister, and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Not safisfied with that, Saddam makes himself also a Staff Field Marshal in the army. He names many relatives to high positions. From then until 08 August 1979 Saddam conducts a Stalin-style purge, executing five members of the RCC and hundreds of other top ranking Baathists and army officers, accused of being involved in a Syrian plot.", "When the Baath Party took power in Iraq in 1968, Saddam was named Vice President to the aging General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and spent the next 11 years mastering the way the regime worked and consolidating his own power and popular support. He launched a popular literacy campaign across Iraq and made education more accessible. He modernized the health system and helped al-Bakr mastermind the nationalization of Iraq's oil resources, seizing petroleum rights from international companies. He also was instrumental in building up the Baath Party's all-pervasive network of informants to ensure loyalty and warn of coup plots. However, in 1979, when Al-Bakr proposed a federation with the neighboring Baathist regime of Syria, an agreement in which Syrian President Hafez Assad would become the heir apparent to a united Syria-Iraqi Baathist republic, Saddam acted. Al-Bakr was thrust out of office and Saddam assumed the presidency. In a single day, he had 68 Baath Party members arrested for disloyalty, 22 of whom were later hanged for treason.", "In 2003, a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda . Saddam’s Ba’ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi interim government . On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi’ites and was sentenced to death by hanging . His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006. [11]", "* Saddam Hussein - former Iraqi president, given key in 1980 in recognition of large donations to a church.", "In March 2003, a coalition of countries led by the U.S. and U.K. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam, controversially citing his weapons of mass destruction and terror links. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and the nation made a transition to a democratic system. Following his capture on 13 December 2003 (in Operation Red Dawn), the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi interim government. On 5 November 2006, he was convicted of charges related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites and was sentenced to death by hanging. The execution of Saddam Hussein was carried out on 30 December 2006.[10] By the time of his death, a number of books had been published under his name (though his actual contribution was questionable), including Saddam's multiple novels.[", "The deposed leader was taken into custody by U.S. forces and held in Baghdad until June 30, 2004, when he was officially handed over to acting Iraqi government officials. On July 1 he faced his first legal hearing before an Iraqi Special Tribunal. During the twenty-six minute hearing he was charged with multiple crimes, including the 1988 attack on the Kurdish village of Halabja, the 1991 invasion of Kuwait, and the killings of political and religious leaders during his thirty years in command. Throughout the accusations Saddam remained defiant, claiming that the tribunal was a farce. He also maintained that he was still the true leader of Iraq. \"I am Saddam Hussein al-Majid, the President of the Republic of Iraq,\" he announced, as quoted in England's Guardian. \"I am still the president of the republic and the occupation cannot take that away.\"", "In the aftermath of the Iraq war which began in March 2003, Iraq was effectively ruled by the US-installed Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance, and then by a Coalition Provisional Authority. In December 2003, Saddam Hussein was captured and brought into US custody; beginning in October 2005, he went on trial for the killing of 143 Shias from Dujail. In June 2004, sovereignty was transferred back to Iraq and an interim Iraqi government was installed, led by Prime Minister Iyad Allawi. On 30 January 2005, Iraqi voters elected a 275-member Transnational National Assembly. In April 2005, the National Assembly appointed Jalal Talabani, a prominent Kurdish leader, president. Ibrahim al-Jaafari, a Shia, was named prime minister. A constitution was written and presented to the people in a national referendum held on 15 October 2005: more than 63% of eligible voters turned out to vote. The constitution passed with a 78% majority.", "The Iraq War began on March 20, 2003, when a US-led coalition invaded Iraq from Kuwait. The coalition drove the Ba'athist regime out of power, installing an Iraqi Interim Government in June of 2004, and organizing free elections for October of 2005. Saddam Hussein went in to hiding, but was captured by US troops on December 13, 2003. In the chaos, sectarian violence broke out across the country between the Shi'a majority and the Sunni minority; al-Qaeda seized the opportunity to establish a presence in Iraq.", "Despite massive international opposition, hundreds of thousands of U.S. and British troops stormed Iraq on March 20, 2003. Several air strikes specifically aimed at assassinating Saddam Hussein were unsuccessful, and ground troops pushed through the country, heading toward Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. In early April, just three weeks after the invasion, the Saddam regime was toppled. When Baghdad fell, however, the Iraqi president was nowhere to be found. Saddam managed to elude capture throughout the remainder of the year. Reports of Saddam sightings popped up occasionally, but proved to be false. In addition, audiotapes by the ousted leader were released to Arab television networks. Whether they were truly from Saddam remained in question.", "Despite massive international opposition, hundreds of thousands of U.S. and British troops stormed Iraq on March 20, 2003. Several air strikes specifically aimed at assassinating Saddam Hussein were unsuccessful, and ground troops pushed through the country, heading toward Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. In early April, just three weeks after the invasion, the Saddam regime was toppled. When Baghdad fell, however, the Iraqi president was nowhere to be found. Saddam managed to elude capture throughout the remainder of the year. Reports of Saddam sightings popped up occasionally, but proved to be false. In addition, audiotapes by the ousted leader were released to Arab television networks. Whether they were truly from Saddam remained in question.", "As president and head of the Baath Party, Saddam espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism. Meanwhile, he consolidated one-party rule and maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) and the Gulf War (1991). Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of his rule, particularly those of ethnic or religious groups that sought independence or autonomy, such as Iraq's Shi'a Muslim, Kurdish and Turkmen populations.", "July 22:   Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) dictator of Iraq two sons Qusai Hussein and Odai Hussein die in a gun battle with US soldiers.", "On 30 December 2006, al-Maliki signed the death warrant of Saddam Hussein and declined a stay of execution, saying there would be \"no review or delay\" in the event. Citing the wishes of relatives of Hussein's victims, he said, \"Our respect for human rights requires us to execute him.\" Hussein's execution was carried out on 30 December 2006 (notably, the first Muslim day of the feast of Eid ul-Adha).", "A parliamentary election, held in Iraq on 7 March 2010, resulted in a partial victory for the Iraqi National Movement, led by former Interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi, which won a total of 91 seats. The State of Law Coalition, led by incumbent Prime Minister Nouri Al-Maliki, was the second largest grouping with 89 seats. Although the parliament opened on 14 June 2010, formation of a new government did not occur until 11 November. The usual suspects returned; Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani as president, Nouri al-Maliki as prime minister and a disillusioned Ayad Allawi as head of a new security council. Allawi, in an editorial in the Washington Times, Apr 9, 2012, claimed, \"Mr. al-Maliki presides over an increasingly Kafkaesque bureaucracy characterized by corruption and brutality, relying on the compromised judiciary as a weapon against political opponents while concealing the crimes of his cronies.\" Allawi's statement comes after U.S. troops formally left Iraq in accord with the December 2011 schedule and previous al-Maliki supporter, cleric Moqtada al-Sadr called for the dissolution of the countrys parliament and asked for new elections.", "* July 17 – Saddam Hussein becomes Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'état.", "With any possible opposition now silenced, Saddam is formally appointed as president. He also becomes secretary-general of the Baath Party Regional Command, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, field marshal and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.", "* July 16 – Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam al-Tikriti replaces him.", "Saddam Hussein was the Ace of Spades. Others were mostly senior members of the Baath Party or Revolutionary Command Council (RCC)." ]

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[ "In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed General Colin Powell as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The post is the highest military position in the Department of Defense, and Powell was the first African-American officer to receive that distinction. General Powell became a national figure during Desert Shield and Desert Storm operations in Iraq. As chief military strategist, he developed what became known as the \"Powell Doctrine,\" an approach to military conflicts that advocates using overwhelming force to maximize success and minimize casualties. He continued as chairman of the Joint Chiefs in the first few months of the Clinton administration. He publicly disagreed with the president on the issue of admitting gays into the military, although he eventually agreed to the \"don't ask, don't tell\" compromise.", "In 1989, General Colin Powell was nominated by President George H.W. Bush as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, becoming the first African-American to attain the highest military ranking in the U.S. Armed Forces. Powell, the 12th chairman of the JCS, is pictured here. From left to right, Marine Gen. Alfred M. Gray; Army Gen. Carl Edward Vuono; Navy Adm. Carlisle A.H. Trost; Air Force Gen. Larry D. Welch; and Air Force Gen. Robert T. Herres. In 2001, he was appointed secretary of state, again becoming the first African-American to hold such a post.", "Colin Luther Powell ( / ˈ k oʊ l ɨ n / ; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army . [1] He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position. [2] [3] [4] [5] During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War . He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and was the first of two consecutive African American office-holders to hold the key Administration position of U.S. Secretary of State.", "Colin Powell born April 5, 1937, in Harlem, New York, becomes the first African American Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D. C., in 1989. He received many honors for his military bravery. Highly regarded by political and military leaders in the White House, Congress, and the Pentagon, U.S. Army General Colin Powell first achieved national and international prominence in 1990 and 1991. Powell, as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, became one of the key leaders of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, the military campaigns to protect Saudi Arabia and liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control. During the Persian Gulf War, he skillfully balanced the political objectives of President George Bush and the strategy needs of General Norman Schwarzkopf and other military commanders in the field. After the war in the Gulf, Powell received consideration for the vice-presidency or even the presidency, but he resisted suggestions that he should run for America's highest office. However, when George W. Bush became president in 2000, Powell accepted the position of Secretary of State, becoming the first African American Secretary of State in U.S. history, January 2001.", "Powell was born in 1937 in Harlem, New York, to Jamaican immigrant parents. Joining the U.S. Army after college, he served two tours in Vietnam before holding several high-level military posts during the 1970s and 1980s. From 1987 to 1989, he was national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan and in 1989 reached the pinnacle of his profession when he was appointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by President George Bush. As chairman, General Powell’s greatest achievement was planning the swift U.S. victory over Iraq in 1991’s Persian Gulf War. In 1993, he retired as chairman.", "General Colin L. Powell (1989–93) was the first and, as of 2011, the only African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Peter Pace (Vice chairman 2001–05; Chairman, 2005–07) was the first Marine to serve in either position. No woman has ever served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "-As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War", "President George Bush nominates Colin Powell as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, making him the first black officer to hold the highest military post in the United States.", "* Admiral Percy \"Fitz\" Fitzwallace (John Amos): Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Seasons 1–5). Killed by terrorists while on a diplomatic mission following his retirement.", "Powell's last military assignment, from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1993, was as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest military position in the Department of Defense. At age 52, he became the youngest officer, and first Afro-Caribbean American, to serve in this position. Powell was also the first JCS Chair who received his commission through ROTC. ", "U.S. Army Gen. John M Shalikashvili, chairman of the U.S. Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff, spoke at commencement. His son Brant was one of the graduates.  Shalikashvili served as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Supreme Allied Commander from 1993 through 1997, the first foreign-born American to do so.", "At the 1998 Achievement Summit in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, four Academy members and Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: General John M. Shalikashvili, USA (Academy Class of 1994), General David C. Jones, USAF (Class of 1979), General Henry H. (Hugh) Shelton, USA (Class of 1998) and General Colin L. Powell, USA (Class of 1988).", "*Richard Myers (born 1942), U.S. Air Force general, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (2000-2001) and Chairman (2001-2005)", "With the end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under the National Security Act of 1947. Per the National Security Act, the JCS consisted of a chairman, the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (which was established as a separate service by the same Act), and the Chief of Naval Operations. The Commandant of the Marine Corps was to be consulted on matters concerning the Corps, but was not a regular member; General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., Commandant in 1952–55, was the first to sit as an occasional member. The law was amended during the term of General Louis H. Wilson, Jr. (1975–79), making the Commandant a full-time JCS member in parity with the other three DoD services.", "Colin Luther Powell is a United States statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "In May 1986, by a vote of 95–0, the U.S. Senate approved the most sweeping reorganization of the military establishment in nearly four decades, the Goldwater–Nichols Act. Goldwater’s legislation contained two major reforms: designating the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the President’s “principal military adviser” and granting the seven combatant commanders responsible for military operations in geographic areas around the world “full operational command” over units assigned to them. [16]", "As chairman of the JCS, Powell played a key role in the December 1989 American military invasion of Panama to unseat that country's military leader, Manuel Noriega (1938–). Earlier in 1989, Noriega, who had been in control of the Panamanian government since 1983, had cancelled presidential elections. Noriega was also involved in the buying and selling of illegal drugs and other unlawful activities. The U.S. government overthrew Noriega in an effort to bring the leader to the United States to be tried on drug charges, to protect Americans, and to give the Panamanian people back their freedom. Television appearances in which Powell explained the purpose of the operation brought him to the favorable attention of the American public.", "1989: George Bush was inaugurated as the 41st president of the United States and Dan Quayle became the 44th vice president. ", "After eighteen months Bradley turned over the job of Army Chief of Staff to J. Lawton Collins to accept another appointment. On 16 August 1949, he became the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), and on 22 September 1950 the 81st Congress officially promoted him to General of the Army with five stars. He was the last officer in the American defense establishment to be promoted to that rank, and the only one since World War II.", "James Danforth \"Dan\" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the forty-fourth Vice President of the United States under George H. W. Bush (1989–1993).", "Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the second oldest (after Leon Panetta) person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1963–1969), Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), Counsellor to the President (1969–1973), the United States Permanent Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975).", "In April 1989, after his tenure with the National Security Council, Powell was promoted to four-star general under President George H. W. Bush and briefly served as the Commander in Chief, Forces Command (FORSCOM), headquartered at Fort McPherson, Georgia, overseeing all Army, Army Reserve, and National Guard units in the Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. He became only the third general since World War II, joining Dwight D. Eisenhower and Alexander Haig, to reach four-star rank without ever serving as a division commander.", "The Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986 codified the default operational chain of command: running from the President to the Secretary of Defense, and from the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commander. While the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff outranks all other military officers, he does not have operational command authority over the Armed Forces. However, the chairman does assist the President and the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of their command functions. ", "Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 , 1932 ) is the 21st and current United States Secretary of Defense . His term of office began January 20 , 2001 , under President George W. Bush . On November 8 , 2006 , Rumsfeld tendered his resignation as Secretary of Defense. He will continue to serve until confirmation of his successor by the Senate . Including his time serving as the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Ford from 1975 to 1977 , Rumsfeld will become the longest-serving Secretary of Defense if he remains until December 29, 2006. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to have served as U.S. Secretary of Defense.", "After the 1986 reorganization of the military undertaken by the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not have operational command of U.S. military forces. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.", "During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the National Academy of Public Administration, and was named a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the National Park Foundation. He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and Chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group. Rumsfeld was a member of the Project for the New American Century, a think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. He also sat on European engineering giant Asea Brown Boveri's board from 1990 to 2001, a company which sold two light-water nuclear reactors to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation in North Korea, as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton. Rumsfeld's office said that he did not \"recall it being brought before the board at any time\" though Fortune magazine reported that \"board members were informed about this project.\"", "112. born June 9, 1916, San Francisco, Calif., United States U.S. secretary of defense (1961–68). He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley (1937), earned a graduate degree at the Harvard Business School (1939) and later joined the Harvard faculty. He developed logistical and statistical systems for the military during World War II. After the war, he was one of the \"Whiz Kids\" hired to revitalize the Ford Motor Company and in 1960 he became the first president of the company who was not a member of the Ford family. In 1961 he was appointed secretary of defense by John F. Kennedy. Though initially a supporter of United States involvement in the Vietnam War, by 1967 he advocated peace negotiations; his opposition to the bombing of North Vietnam caused him to lose influence with Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson. He resigned in 1968 to become president of the World Bank (1968–81).", "was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. McNamara consolidated intelligence and logistics functions of the Pentagon into two centralized agencies: the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Defense Supply Agency.", "In September 1989, Enterprise left Alameda and began her 14th overseas deployment, an around-the-world cruise that would end at the ship's new homeport of Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. In early December 1989, Enterprise and Midway participated in Operation Classic Resolve, President George H. W. Bush's response to Philippine President Corazon Aquino's request for air support during the rebel coup attempt. Enterprise remained on station conducting flight operations in the waters outside Manila Bay until the situation subsided.", "Commander of US Central Command in the Gulf War; Commander of the coalition forces. Led operation \"Desert Storm\"", "From Nov. 1988 to August 1991, Schwarzkopf served as commander in chief, United States Central Command, at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla. In that role he also served as commander of coalition forces in 1991 for both Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm.", "He served again in Germany, at the US Army War College, and was vice-commander during the US invasion of Grenada in 1983. In 1988, he took over Central Command, not considered a fast-track to advancement, but the effectiveness of his planning skills was proved by Operation Desert Storm. After the war he retired from the army, rejecting a number of offers to run for political office. His 1992 autobiography, It Doesn't Take a Hero, became a bestseller. In 1993 he was treated for prostate cancer, becoming a national spokesman for campaigns against the disease." ]

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[ "Karadzic, who saw himself as a historic figure who would unify all Serbs in a common country, led the Serb resistance to the majority vote for Bosnia’s independence in 1992 and declared himself the leader of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian Serbs armed and backed by the Yugoslav Army conquered 70 percent of the country, laying siege to its capital and killing and expelling non-Serbs from the territory they controlled.", "Just before the war began, Radovan Karadzic created a renegade army within Bosnia with the support of Milosevic in Belgrade. In 1992, under Karadzic's leadership, Bosnian Serbs began a policy of \"cleansing\" large areas of Bosnia of non-Serbs. After the war, a tribunal declared that the \"cleansing\" was actaully genocide, and convicted Karadzic and his military commander of war crimes.", "In Bosnia, Muslims represented the largest single population group by 1971. More Serbs and Croats emigrated over the next two decades, and in a 1991 census Bosnia’s population of some 4 million was 44 percent Bosniak, 31 percent Serb, and 17 percent Croatian. Elections held in late 1990 resulted in a coalition government split between parties representing the three ethnicities (in rough proportion to their populations) and led by the Bosniak Alija Izetbegovic. As tensions built inside and outside the country, the Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and his Serbian Democratic Party withdrew from government and set up their own “Serbian National Assembly.” On March 3, 1992, after a referendum vote (which Karadzic’s party blocked in many Serb-populated areas), President Izetbegovic proclaimed Bosnia’s independence.", "On 6 and 7 April 1992, Bosnia was recognized as an independent state by the European Community and the US. It was admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992. Karadžić was voted President of this Bosnian Serb administration in Pale on about 13 May 1992 after the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. At the time he assumed this position, his de jure powers, as described in the constitution of the Bosnian Serb administration, included commanding the army of the Bosnian Serb administration in times of war and peace, and having the authority to appoint, promote and discharge officers of the army. Karadžić made three trips to the UN in New York in February and March 1993 for negotiations on the future of Bosnia. ", "In the fall of 1991, Bosnia-Herzegovina’s president, Alija Izetbegović, began to pursue independence. While most Bosnian Croats and virtually all Bosniaks supported this move, Bosnia’s substantial Serb minority resisted it. Bosnian Serbs preferred to remain part of an increasingly dominant ethnic group in a big country (Yugoslavia) rather than become second fiddle in a new, small country (Bosnia-Herzegovina). And so the Serbs within Bosnia-Herzegovina created their own “state,” called the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Its president, Radovan Karadžić, enjoyed the semisecret military support of Slobodan Milošević and the Yugoslav People’s Army. The stage was set for a bloody secession.", "** Bosnian War (1992–1995) – the war involved several ethnically defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats as well as a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić. The Siege of Sarajevo (1992–1995) marked the most violent urban warfare in Europe since World War II at that time as Serb forces bombard and attack Bosniak controlled and populated areas of the city. War crimes occur including ethnic cleansing and destruction of civilian property.", "In Dec. 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia and asked for recognition by the European Union (EU). In a March 1992 referendum, Bosnian voters chose independence, and President Alija Izetbegovic declared the nation an independent state. Unlike the other former Yugoslav states, which were generally composed of a dominant ethnic group, Bosnia was an ethnic tangle of Muslims (44%), Serbs (31%), and Croats (17%), and this mix contributed to the duration and savagery of its fight for independence.", "Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic (at the time) rallied Bosnian Serb forces and pushed for radical ultranationalist changes to Bosnia. Bosniak populated villages were constantly bombarded by Bosnian Serb forces; prior to the Genocide. Many people were displaced. Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito died in 1980. Slobodan Milosevic, who became Serbia’s leader in 1987, also became the leader of Yugoslavia. With the power that Milosevic had, he encouraged Serb ultranationalism in other  states such as Bosnia. This resulted in ethnic cleansing, mass killings, as well as destruction of Muslim mosques and religious buildings. Despite attention from the media, the world remained indifferent.", "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz \"TITO\" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.", "Far from seeking independence for Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs wanted to be part of a dominant Serbian state in the Balkans–the “Greater Serbia” that Serbian separatists had long envisioned. In early May 1992, two days after the United States and the European Community (precursor to the European Union) recognized Bosnia’s independence, Bosnian Serb forces with the backing of Milosevic and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army launched their offensive with a bombardment of Bosnia’s capital, Sarajevo. They attacked Bosniak-dominated town in eastern Bosnia, including Zvornik, Foca, and Visegrad, forcibly expelling Bosniak civilians from the region in a brutal process that later was identified as “ethnic cleansing.” (Ethnic cleansing differs from genocide in that its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group, even though the same methods–including murder, rape, torture and forcible displacement–may be used.)", "After the government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence, which was not accepted by the federal Serb controlled government of Yugoslavia, the Serbian Autonomous Area of the Bosnian Frontier was formed in the western Bosnian Frontier region of Bosnia and Herzegovina with its capital in Banja Luka, which was not recognised by the central government. SAO Bosnian Frontier made attempts to unite with the Autonomous Region of the Serbian Frontier in Croatia. The Serb political leadership martialled its own force assisted by the Yugoslav People's Army and declared independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina in late 1992. During this period there was notable support for the idea of a Greater Serbia being made reality, both within Bosnia and in Serbia proper. This ideology advocated the joining of Serb-populated regions into a contiguous territory. BiH's Bosniak and Bosnian Croat dominated government did not recognize the new Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose president was Radovan Karadžić seated in Banja Luka. The Serb side accepted the proposed ethnic cantonization of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Carrington-Cutileiro peace plan), as did the Bosniak and Bosnian Croat sides in Lisbon in 1992, in the hope that war would not break out. The Bosniak political leadership under President Alija Izetbegović of Bosnia and Herzegovina subsequently revoked the agreement refusing to decentralize the newly created country based on ethnic lines. The Bosnian War began.", "The federal institutions of Yugoslavia by this time all but ceased to function. The state was still formally in existence, comprising Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It housed a vast majority of ethnic Serbs, and was completely controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević. After Croatia's secession, Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims no longer desired to remain in a completely Serb-dominated federation (\"Serboslavia\"). Bosnian Serbs on the other hand were strongly against separation from Serbia (and the other Serb populations). This led to mutually boycotted referendums by the Muslim-dominated Bosnian government and the newly formed Serbian entity, the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the soon-to-be Republic of Srpska ). Soon after its referendum, the Bosnian government declared its secession from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, triggering the Bosnian War between the mutually hostile ethnic groups. [1]", "In April 1992, the U.S. and European Community chose to recognize the independence of Bosnia, a mostly Muslim country where the Serb minority made up 32 percent of the population. Milosevic responded to Bosnia's declaration of independence by attacking Sarajevo, its capital city, best known for hosting the 1984 Winter Olympics. Sarajevo soon became known as the city where Serb snipers continually shot down helpless civilians in the streets, including eventually over 3,500 children.", "In April - May 1992, Bosnian Serb military formations, supported by the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA), attacked Muslims and Croats in Bosnia-Hercegovina, and the Bosnian War began. Radovan Karadzic (a psychiatrist), co-founded the Serbian Democratic Party in Bosnia, and was the first president of the Serbian Reublic in Bosnia. He organized Bosnian Serb propaganda that pictured the Bosnian Muslims as bloodthirsty \"Turks\" bent on killing off the Serbs.", "This photo released by Belgrade’s Healthy Life magazine in 2008, taken at an undisclosed location in Belgrade, shows former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic with glasses, long white hair and a beard. Healthy Life magazine via AP", "Only days after Mladić’s arrival in Sarajevo, the assembly of the self-declared autonomous Republika Srpska (Bosnian Serb Republic) appointed him commander of the Bosnian Serb army, which—with a few changes in personnel and nomenclature—the forces of the Second Military District effectively became. In that capacity, Mladić played a major role in the three-and-a-half-year siege of Sarajevo, during which Bosnian Serb forces rained artillery, mortar, machine-gun, and rifle fire on the terrorized citizenry, indiscriminately killing and wounding thousands. In March 1995 the Bosnian Serb president, Radovan Karadžić , ordered that the military “create an unbearable situation of total insecurity with no hope of further survival or life for the inhabitants of Srebrenica.” Mladić is widely believed to have overseen the subsequent Srebrenica massacre , in which at least 7,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys were killed.", "In the meantime, behind the scenes, negotiations began between Milošević and Tuđman to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina into Serb and Croat administered territories to attempt to avert war between Bosnian Croats and Serbs. Bosnian Serbs held the November 1991 referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favor of staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro.", "NATO troops numbering 60,000 entered Bosnia to enforce the accords. In early 1998 about 30,000 NATO peacekeepers were still in Bosnia, which remained scarred by war and divided between the Muslim-Croat confederation and the Bosnian Serb region. Dozens of suspected war criminals had been indicted by the UN tribunal, including Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic (1945-) (who had resigned in June 1996), although many had not been arrested or tried.", "Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović pushed for independence of Bosnia, claiming that he would not allow Bosnia and Herzegovina to become part of what he called \" Greater Serbia \" which he accused the Serbian government of sponsoring. As head of Bosnia's government, Izetbegović would wage war on three fronts: against Bosnian Serbs, Bosnian Croats and also against a rebel faction of Bosniaks in northern Bosnia led by Fikret Abdić . The Bosnian state he initially wished to build was both against the Serbs' desire for their territory to remain in Yugoslavia, and one which would disenfranchise non-Bosniaks.", "July 19 – Radovan Karadžić steps down as president of the Serb enclave in Bosnia .", "The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, who were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia respectively. ", "Mladić was born in an isolated village in Bosnia during World War II. His father, a Partisan leader, was killed in fighting with the Ustaša , the Croatian fascist movement that controlled the government of the Independent State of Croatia (the puppet state created by the invading Axis powers ). Mladić grew up in Josip Broz Tito ’s federated Yugoslavia . After joining the Yugoslav People’s Army, Mladić rose quickly through the officer ranks. When Yugoslavia splintered in 1991, Mladić was sent to Knin, Croatia, where he eventually took command of the Yugoslav army’s 9th Corps against Croatian forces. He was then assigned to Sarajevo to take charge of the army’s Second Military District in May 1992.", "1958–, Serbian political leader, president of Serbia (2004–), b. Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina). A student activist while attending Belgrade Univ., Tadić joined the Democratic party (DS) in 1990.", "During the 1950s and 1960s Bosnia was a political backwater of the Republic of Yugoslavia. In the 1970s a strong Bosnian political elite arose, fueled in part by Tito's leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement and Bosnians serving in Yugoslavia's diplomatic corps. While working within the Socialist system, politicians such as Džemal Bijedić, Branko Mikulić and Hamdija Pozderac reinforced and protected the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their efforts proved key during the turbulent period following Tito's death in 1980, and are today considered some of the early steps towards Bosnian independence. However, the republic did not escape the increasingly nationalistic climate of the time. With the fall of the Soviet Union and the start of the break-up of Yugoslavia, doctrine of tolerance began to lose its potency, creating an opportunity for nationalist elements in the society to spread their influence.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).", "Boris Tadić (, ; born 15 January 1958) is a Serbian politician who served as President of Serbia from 2004 to 2012. He was elected to his first term on 27 June 2004, and was sworn into office on 11 July. He was re-elected for a de facto second term on 3 February 2008 and was sworn in on 15 February. He resigned on 5 April 2012 in order to trigger an early election. Prior to his presidency, Tadić served as the last Minister of Telecommunications of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and as the first Minister of Defence of Serbia and Montenegro. He is a psychologist by profession.", ", 1941–2006, Yugoslav and Serbian political leader, president of Serbia (1989–97) and of Yugoslavia (1997–2000), b. Požarevac, Serbia.", "The Bosnian War also brought the same contentious mix of issues: U.N. peacekeeping, world powers' intervention and limits, and the need to protect civilians from atrocities. During a December 1992 visit to Bosnia's capital Sarajevo, under a brutal Serbian siege, he insisted to angry local journalists that upcoming peace talks were the solution and told them he knew of at least 10 places where conditions were far worse than Sarajevo — the sort of answer that deepened his reputation for arrogance.", "The Bosnian War also brought the same contentious mix of issues: U.N. peacekeeping, world powers’ intervention and limits, and the need to protect civilians from atrocities. During a December 1992 visit to Bosnia’s capital Sarajevo, under a brutal Serbian siege, he insisted to angry local journalists that upcoming peace talks were the solution and told them he knew of at least 10 places where conditions were far worse than Sarajevo — the sort of answer that deepened his reputation for arrogance.", "The 2013 census in Bosnia indicated a population of 185,042, overwhelmingly Serbs. During the war from 1992-95 some 60,000 people, mostly Bosniaks and Croats, left or were forced to leave Banja Luka. ", "Bosnia Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia in March 1992 and use the first Dinar that different from Yugoslavia Dinara, in July 1992. The highest denomination was 100 million Dinara.", "The Bosniaks - Bosnian Muslims - constituted the largest single group in Bosnia, about 44% of the total population, followed closely by the Serbs, then Croats. In the 1991 census, Bosnian Muslims stood at 1,9 million out of a population of about 4.4 million. (After the war, the population was estimated at about 2,700.000, plus some 2,000,000 displaced as refugees)." ]

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[ "The invasion commenced at 05:00 on 25 October 1983. American forces refuelled and departed from the Grantley Adams International Airport on the nearby Caribbean island of Barbados before daybreak en route to Grenada. It was the first major operation conducted by the U.S. military since the Vietnam War. Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf, III, Commander Second Fleet, was the overall commander of U.S. forces, designated Joint Task Force 120, which included elements of each military service and multiple special operations units. Fighting continued for several days and the total number of U.S. troops reached some 7,000 along with 300 troops from the OAS. The invading forces encountered about 1,500 Grenadian soldiers and about 700 Cubans. The Grenada forces includes eight BTR-60PB APCs, two BRDM-2 scout cars, twelve ZU-23 23mm and additional quad DShK 12.7mm anti-craft guns, and a limited number of 82mm mortars and rocket propelled grenade launchers.", "WASHINGTON -- Joseph Metcalf III, the Navy vice admiral who led the US invasion of the Caribbean nation of Grenada in 1983, which produced lasting lessons for military preparation and media relations, died March 2 at his home after a series of strokes. A native of Holyoke, Mass., he was 79 and had a progressive neurological disorder.", "1983 - U.S. Invasion / Grenada  - \"On October 25th, there was an invasion on the tiny Caribbean island-nation of Grenada, where Maurice Bishop seized power from the bizarre occultist Eric Gairy, and began to build a marxist mini-state with Cuban help. A week after Bishop was assassinated by even more hardline elements, the USA sent in the Marines to write another chapter in the island's bloody history.\"", "1983 – Operation Urgent Fury (Grenada, West Indies) begins. The State Department sent Ambassador Francis J. McNeill to meet with representatives of the OECS, Jamaica, and Barbados in Bridgetown, Barbados, and assess their countries’ willingness to join peacekeeping operations. Admiral McDonald flew to Washington late in the evening to brief the JCS on the plan. Titled “Evacuation of US Citizens from Grenada,” it reflected the missions added to the estimate: restoration of a democratic government in concert with the OECS, Jamaica, and Barbados; logistical support for US allies; and deterrence of Cuban intervention. Thre were several operational problems in ADM McDonald’s concept of operations which stemmed from the makeup of his and VADM Metcalf’s headquarters. Both organizations were “bluewater commands” overwhelmingly made up of naval officers. Atlantic Command lacked the Army and Air Force staff officers needed to plan the maneuver and tactical air support of several battalions of ground troops. To remedy that deficiency, this night, the JCS ordered MG Schwarzkopf, Commanding General of the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division, to report to VADM Metcalf at Norfolk to serve as Metcalf’s adviser on ground operations. Two of General Schwarzkopf’s superiors, Lieutenant General Jack V. Mackmull, USA, Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps, and General Richard E. Cavazos, USA, Commander in Chief, Forces Command, had recommended Schwarzkopf because of his extensive experience with airborne troops and Rangers and with Marines while assigned to a unified command.", "On 25 October 1983, the US launched an invasion of the tiny Caribbean island of Grenada, an independent member of the British Commonwealth. Maurice Bishop's leftist New Jewel Movement had ruled the island since 1979, drawing Grenada into the ambit of Cuba and raising US fears that it could be used as a hub to transport Cuban heavy weaponry to Central American communist insurgents. Immediately preceding the invasion, Bishop was murdered by a New Jewel faction led by General Hudson Austin. Reagan cast the invasion as a 'rescue mission' aimed at extracting American students on the island. After three days of intense action against New Jewel and Cuban forces, a 'democratic' administration was installed under British Governor General Paul Scoon. The invasion was linked by Washington to an invitation issued to the US by the Organisation of East Caribbean States (OECS). Imputed motives for the invasion ranged from a desire to send messages to Havana (and leftist movements elsewhere in the Americas), to a concern to take firm action following the massacre (on 23 October) of 241 US military personnel in Lebanon [ 45 ] .", "On October 13, 1983, Reagan was made aware of possible trouble in Grenada. Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, a Communist hard-liner backed by the Grenadian Army, had deposed Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and established military rule. Six days later, Bishop was murdered. A socialist with ties to Cuba, Bishop had been taking his time making Grenada wholly socialist; he had encouraged private-sector development in an attempt to make the island a popular tourist destination. With the Communist Coard in power, Reagan grew more concerned.", "Supplemented by about 300 troops from several Caribbean countries, US forces took control of the 133-square-mile island nation within three days and captured the leader of the rebellion, Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, who remains in prison. In the sporadic fighting, 19 Americans and at least 45 Grenadans were killed. All the American medical students were unharmed.", "He served again in Germany, at the US Army War College, and was vice-commander during the US invasion of Grenada in 1983. In 1988, he took over Central Command, not considered a fast-track to advancement, but the effectiveness of his planning skills was proved by Operation Desert Storm. After the war he retired from the army, rejecting a number of offers to run for political office. His 1992 autobiography, It Doesn't Take a Hero, became a bestseller. In 1993 he was treated for prostate cancer, becoming a national spokesman for campaigns against the disease.", "* March 13 – Maurice Bishop leads a successful coup in Grenada. His government will be crushed by American intervention in 1983.", "The Commando Solo's airborne radio station played an initial pre-invasion \"warning\" broadcast tape to the people of Grenada on 25 October, the first day of the American invasion. The tape was produced two days earlier on 23 October at the request of Army Lieutenant Colonel George Coburn, the PSYOP Plans officer of the Atlantic Command (LANTCOM) J58. A Naval Reserve PSYOP element, Naval Reserve Atlantic Fleet (LANTFLT) PSYOPS AVU 0286, drilling at Naval Air Reserve Norfolk assisted with the project.", "The situation on Grenada had been of concern to American officials since 1979, when the leftist Maurice Bishop seized power and began to develop close relations with Cuba. In 1983, another Marxist, Bernard Coard, had Bishop assassinated and took control of the government. Protesters clashed with the new government and violence escalated. Citing the danger to the U.S. citizens in Grenada, Reagan ordered nearly 2,000 U.S. troops into the island, where they soon found themselves facing opposition from Grenadan armed forces and groups of Cuban military engineers, in Grenada to repair and expand the island's airport. Matters were not helped by the fact that U.S. forces had to rely on minimal intelligence about the situation. (The maps used by many of them were, in fact, old tourist maps of the island.) Reagan ordered in more troops, and by the time the fighting was done, nearly 6,000 U.S. troops were in Grenada. Nearly 20 of these troops were killed and over a hundred wounded; over 60 Grenadan and Cuban troops were killed. Coard's government collapsed and was replaced by one acceptable to the United States.", "On 25 October, Grenada was invaded by the combined forces of the United States and the Regional Security System (RSS) based in Barbados, in an operation codenamed Operation Urgent Fury. The U.S. stated this was done at the request of the prime ministers of Barbados and Dominica, Tom Adams and Dame Eugenia Charles, respectively. Nonetheless, the invasion was highly criticized by the governments in Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United Kingdom. The United Nations General Assembly condemned it as \"a flagrant violation of international law\" by a vote of 108 in favour to 9, with 27 abstentions. The United Nations Security Council considered a similar resolution, which failed to pass when vetoed by the United States.", "October 25-30, 1983 - The Caribbean island of Grenada was invaded by the U.S. to restore \"order and democracy.\" Over 2,000 Marines and Army Rangers seized control after a political coup the previous week had made the island a \"Soviet-Cuban colony,\" according to President Ronald Reagan.", "Meanwhile, in the Caribbean island nation of Grenada , Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was deposed and executed in a bloody coup by radical elements of his leftist New Jewel Movement. Less than a week later, and only one day after the bombing of the Marine compound in Lebanon, Reagan ordered an invasion, which he justified as necessary to prevent the country from becoming a dangerous Soviet outpost and to protect American students at the medical school there. Joined by a contingent of troops from neighbouring Caribbean countries, U.S. forces quickly subdued elements of the Grenadan army and a small number of Cuban soldiers and construction workers. Critics immediately charged that the administration had staged the invasion to divert public attention from the bombing in Lebanon.", "The U.S. invasion of Grenada and the toppling of its Marxist government can be seen as part of a greater regional conflict. This conflict involved the U.S. and its Central American and Caribbean allies on one side and Fidel Castro's Cuba, the Sandinista government of Nicaragua and various Marxist guerrilla armies on the other. President Reagan and his administration were concerned that the Marxist government of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was allowing Cuba to gain undue influence in Grenada, specifically by constructing a military-grade airport with Cuban military engineers.", "On October 25, 1983, only two days later, Reagan ordered U.S. forces to invade Grenada, code named Operation Urgent Fury, where a 1979 coup d'état had established an independent non-aligned Marxist-Leninist government. A formal appeal from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) led to the intervention of U.S. forces; President Reagan also cited an allegedly regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean and concern for the safety of several hundred American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. Operation Urgent Fury was the first major military operation conducted by U.S. forces since the Vietnam War, several days of fighting commenced, resulting in a U.S. victory, with 19 American fatalities and 116 wounded American soldiers. In mid-December, after a new government was appointed by the Governor-General, U.S. forces withdrew.", "In the early morning of October 25, 1983, the United States invaded the island of Grenada. The initial assault consisted of some 1,200 troops, and they were met by stiff resistance from the Grenadian army and Cuban military units on the island. Heavy fighting continued for several days, but as the invasion force grew to more than 7,000, the defenders either surrendered or fled into the mountains. Scattered fighting continued as U.S. troops hunted down stragglers, but for the most part, the island quickly fell under American control. By mid-December, U.S. combat forces went home and a pro-American government took power.", "The United States discovers that Cuban forces are building an airstrip in Grenada that could be used for military aircraft. This discovery, coupled with a coup by allegedly pro-Soviet elements in Grenada, prompts President Reagan to send U.S. troops to Grenada in October 1983. The Grenada intervention is the only time that U.S. and Cuban troops engage in combat with each other. The Reagan administration cites Cuban support for rebel forces in El Salvador and for the Sandinista government in justifying U.S. involvement in Central American conflicts.", "In the spring of 1983, Reagan sent US Marines into Lebanon. Following several smaller bombings, a truck bombing of their barracks killed 241 Marines. Two days later Reagan invaded the tiny Caribbean nation of Grenada. Three months later, Reagan withdrew the Marines from Lebanon. ", "In October 1983, Reagan sent troops to Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought communists to power. The U.S. crushed the communist rebels.", "Then, in 1983, Grenada was seized by a Marxist military group. This action facilitated an invasion by U.S. forces and those of six other Caribbean nations; they captured the ringleaders and hundreds of Cuban advisers and free elections were re-established the following year.", "AMY GOODMAN: Last year, Phillys Bennis of the Institute for Policy Studies compared the invasion of Iraq with the invasion of Grenada, saying \"I what we’re dealing with now is Grenada on steroids. This is Reagan on steroids. This is a doctrine out of something that was viewed as shocking. There was international outrage, and now there’s international outrage but it’s muted by fear.\" She said \"The invasion of Grenada was in some ways a symbolic act, to everyone but the people of Grenada. It was designed to show that the US was going to be the biggest and toughest kid on the block.\"", "1983/10/25 35 - U.S. invades Caribbean island of Grenada after a coup by Marxist faction in the government.", "1983/10/25 9 - U.S. invades Caribbean island of Grenada after a coup by Marxist faction in the government.", "1983/--/-- 25 - U.S. forces invade Grenada to protect U.S. lives after a military coup on the island.", "1983/--/-- 8 - U.S. forces invade Grenada to protect U.S. lives after a military coup on the island.", "DON ROJAS: No, no. The coup provided a pretext for the invasion to take place at that particular moment. In other words, taking advantage of an opportunity of internal destabilization as a result of the coup and confusion within the Grenadian society. The invasion however had been planned by the Reagan administration as far back as 1981. In fact, there were mock invasion, military exercises on the island of Viequas off of the island of Puerto Rico. Viequas happens to be similar in topography to Grenada. This had been in the works, so to speak, for at least two years before October of 1983.", "U.S. Special operations were deployed to Grenada starting on October 23, before the invasion on October 25. U.S. Navy Seals from SEAL Team 6 were airdropped at sea with inflatable boats to perform a reconnaissance mission on Point Salines, but stormy weather caused 4 of them to drown upon landing. The motor on the boat used by the survivors flooded while evading a patrol boat, causing the mission to be aborted. A SEAL mission on the 24th also was made unsuccessful due to harsh weather, resulting in little intelligence being gathered on the focal point of the impending U.S. intervention. ", "DON ROJAS: Not anything directly to do with it. We don’t have evidence of that as of yet. There are range of theories and speculations as to exactly how the US was involved in the events of October 19. But I can say for certain that the US was very much involved inside of Grenada in terms of the ongoing campaign to destabilize the country from 1979 all the way up to 1983.", "Has not had a ground forces since 1983 owing to associate American-led invasion. The Royal Grenada Police Force agency maintains a paramilitary special service unit for internal security functions. Defense is that the responsibility of the Regional Security System.", "U.S. forces remained in Grenada after combat operations finished in December as part of Operation Island Breeze. Elements remaining, including military police, special forces, and a specialized intelligence detachment, performed security missions and assisted members of the Caribbean Peacekeeping Force and the Royal Grenadian Police Force. ", "1983 – In Beirut, Lebanon, a UH-1N helicopter carrying the commander of the American peace-keeping force, Colonel James Mead, was hit by machine gun fire. The six Marines aboard escaped injury. Colonel Mead and his crew had taken off in the helicopter to investigate artillery and rocket duels between rival Syrian-backed Druze Moslem militiamen and Christian Phalangists that endangered French members of the multinational force." ]

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[ "Mother Teresa (born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu ( August 26 , 1910 – September 5 , 1997 ), Bharat Ratna , OM , was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who founded the Missionaries of Charity in India . Her work among the poverty-stricken in Kolkata (Calcutta) made her one of the world's most famous people, and she was beatified by Pope John Paul II in October 2003. Hence, she may be properly called Blessed Teresa by Catholics.", "-Mother Teresa was an Albanian. Her real name was Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu. “Gonxhe” in the Albanian language means “bud” while “Bojaxhi” means “painter.”", "Mother Teresa, whose original name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, was born on August 26, 1910 in what is now Skopje, Macedonia. She always wrote her birthday as the 27th of August because that was the day of her baptism, which was always more important to her than her birth. For her work with the poor around the world she received the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize.", "Mother Teresa was born in Skopje in what is now The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on August 27, 1910. Her original name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Her father, who was of Albanian descent, ran a small farm.", "Mother Teresa was born in Uskub, Ottoman Empire on August 26, 1910. This city is now called Skopje and is the capital of the Republic of Macedonia. Her birth name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Her father died when she was eight and she was raised by her mother.", "Born as Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxiu in Yugoslavia, Mother Teresa became an Indian citizen later and was awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979 for her commendable service towards healing the poor and diseases. Her Charitable Mission “Nirmal Hriday” at Calcutta served poor and those suffering from Leprosy.", "Mother Teresa �The Angel of Mercy �was born in Albania (now Macedonia) on 26th August 1910. Her original name was Agnes Gonxa Bojaxhiu.", "Born to Nikolle and Dranafile Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Mother Teresa was the youngest child of the Albanian couple. She was born on August 26, 1919 and was baptized the following day as Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, a date she considered her âtrue birthdayâ. She received her First Communion when she was five and a half.", "Mother Teresa's date of birth is disputed: So unconcerned was she about accuracy in relation to the chronicling of her own life, and so disinclined actually to read anything written about her, that for many years and in a succession of books her birth date was erroneously recorded as 27 August 1910. It even appeared in the Indian Loreto Entrance Book as her date of birth. In fact, as she confided to her friend, co-worker and American author, Eileen Egan, that was the date on which she was christened Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. The date which marked the beginning of her Christian life was undoubtedly the more important to Mother Teresa, but she was none the less actually born in Skopje, Serbia, on the previous day.\" (Spink, Kathryn: Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography, HarperSanFrancisco, 1997)", "Birthday - Mother Teresa (1910-1997) was born (as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) in Skopje, Yugoslavia. She founded a religious order of nuns in Calcutta, India, called the Missionaries of Charity and spent her life working to help the poor and sick of India.", "A famous person named Agnes is Mother Teresa, Religious Figure, born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu 27 August 1910 - 5 September 1997, Skopje, Macedonia.", "Mother Teresa was born in 1910 in Skopje, capital of the Republic of Macedonia. Little is known about her early life, but at a young age she felt a calling to be a nun and serve through helping the poor. At the age of 18 she was given permission to join a group of nuns in Ireland. After a few months of training, with the Sisters of Loreto, she was then given permission to travel to India. She took her formal religious vows in 1931, and chose to be named after St Therese of Lisieux – the patron saint of missionaries.", "Mother Teresa (1910–1997) was a Roman Catholic nun who devoted her life to serving the poor and destitute around the world. She spent many years in Calcutta, India where she founded the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation devoted to helping those in great need. In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and has become a symbol of charitable selfless work. She was canonised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church in 2016.", "INDIA - OCTOBER 01: The Indian nun MOTHER TERESA (with Albanian-Yugoslavian origins) in Calcutta. The founder of the Charity's Missionnaries dedicated her life to the poor of Calcutta. She had just received the Nobel Peace Prize. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)", "Marcello Borges quotes the photo-bio \"Faith and Compassion, The Life and Works of Mother Teresa,\" in Portuguese by Raghu Rai and Navin Chawle, Element Books. Chawle is a civil servant in India and had close contact with the nun. On p.22, \"Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born 26 August 1910 in Skopje. The date is often given as August 27, which is the date she was baptized.\"", "On May 24, 1937, she took her Final Profession of Vows to a life of poverty, chastity and obedience. As was the custom for Loreto nuns, she took on the title of \"Mother\" upon making her final vows and thus became known as Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa continued to teach at Saint Mary's, and in 1944 she became the school's principal. Through her kindness, generosity and unfailing commitment to her students' education, she sought to lead them to a life of devotion to Christ. \"Give me the strength to be ever the light of their lives, so that I may lead them at last to you,\" she wrote in prayer.", "PRINCETON, NJ -- Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who devoted her life to ministering to the poor and sick in India, is the Most Admired Person of the Century, according to new CNN/USA Today Gallup polls of the American people conducted this fall. Mother Teresa is followed in the Top 5 list by Martin Luther King, Jr., John F. Kennedy, Albert Einstein and Helen Keller.", "(1910-97). One of the most highly respected women in the world, Saint Mother Teresa was internationally known for her charitable work among the victims of poverty and neglect-particularly in the slums of Calcutta (now Kolkata), India. She is also called Saint Teresa of Calcutta. In 1979 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in recognition of her humanitarian efforts. She also received the Jewel of India, India’s highest civilian medal, as well as honorary degrees from academic institutions worldwide. The Roman Catholic Church declared her a saint in 2016.", "Mother Teresa: Mother Teresa is a world iconic woman who performed many charitable acts. Her marks on international charity and helping starving children and children that were victims of conflict are well-known. Read more about Mother Teresa .", "* Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87.", "In 2015, the Vatican announced that Pope Francis had formally attributed a second miracle to Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with brain tumors in 2008. That cleared the way for canonization, with Mother Teresa officially declared a saint in a Vatican service on September 4, 2016, with Pope Francis saying “We declare and define Blessed Teresa of Calcutta to be a saint and we enroll her among the saints, decreeing that she is to be venerated as such by the whole Church.”", "Mother Teresa was the recipient of numerous honours, including the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. On 19 October 2003, she was beatified as \"Blessed Teresa of Calcutta\". A second miracle was credited to her intercession by Pope Francis, in December 2015, paving the way for her to be recognised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Her canonisation is scheduled for 4 September 2016.", "This calling took sharper focus through Mother Teresa's teenage years, when she was especially inspired by reports of work being done in India by Yugoslav Jesuit missionaries serving in Bengal, India. When she was eighteen, Mother Teresa left home to join a community of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Loretto, who had a mission in Calcutta, India. She received training in Dublin, Ireland, and in Darjeeling, India, taking her first religious vows in 1928 and her final religious vows in 1937.", "On September 3, 2016,  another founder of a religious order, the Missionaries of Charity, will be canonized. Saint Teresa of Calcutta (also spelled Kolkata) spent most of her life in India, dedicating herself and her Order to service and relief of the poorest of all. Her communities, spread throughout the world, are allied with Pope Francis’ insistence that all Christians bear the responsibility to care for those in greatest need.", "Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born to Albanian parents in Skopje, in what is now Macedonia, on Aug. 26, 1910. At 18, she became a nun and took the name Sister Teresa after Saint Teresa of Lisieux, the patroness of missionaries. She said it was in 1946 that she heard a voice from God, calling on her to serve the poorest of the poor. Soon after, she began ministering to Calcutta's downtrodden, opening her Nirmal Hriday, or \"Pure Heart,\" clinic.", "Mother Teresa was a living saint who offered a great example and inspiration to the world.", "Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979, and in 1985 she was awarded the Medal of Freedom from the United States. She was beatified by  Pope John Paul II on 19 October 2003, who judged that Teresa’s supernatural intervention had cured an Indian woman suffering from an abdominal tumor.", "Mother Teresa's work has been recognized throughout the world and she has received a number of awards, the most prestigious being the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize; in 1971 she received the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize; the Bharat Ratna and many more. Mother Teresa died on 5th September, 1997.", "In 1952, Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying , free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday). [45] Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were read the Quran , Hindus received water from the Ganges , and Catholics received extreme unction . [46] \"A beautiful death\", Teresa said, \"is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted.\" [46]", "Mother Teresa created many homes for the dying and the unwanted from Calcuta to New Tork to Albaniya. She was one of the pioneers of establishing homes form AIDS victims. for more than 45 Years, Mother Teresa comforted the poor, the dying, and the unwanted around the world.", "A controversial figure during her life and after her death , Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion , and criticised for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of films and other books .", "The esteem with which Mother Teresa is held can hardly be exaggerated. She has been feted by numerous heads of state including Presidents Reagan and Clinton. She is reported to have received honorary degrees from universities. She was invited to address the United Nations, an occasion attended by an audience unprecedented in size. It has become de rigueur for celebrities who find themselves in that region to pay a visit to Mother Teresa in Calcutta." ]

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[ "In 1997 McCartney was appointed chief designer at Paris fashion house Chloe, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld. She started with the Autumn/Winter 1997 collection, and has been an astounding success. A Chloe boutique has opened in London, though it is hoped that Stella can have more control on the London end than she does on the Paris end. The rather elderly staff at Paris Chloe are pretty rigid about underclothes on the models, and see-through dresses (they are against them). Stella McCartney is a strict vegetarian and PETA supporter like her mother Linda, who died in 2000. She had a contract with Chloe that she need never work with fur or leather. All the shoes are made of vinyl or plastics, all the bags and belts of fabric or raffia. Her soft romantic clothes have been very successful at Chloe. For the Spring 2000 collection, she has created several designs with cut-work rhinestone necklines and bodices.", "In the last five years, the house has undergone a dramatic period of growth. In 1997, the then twenty-six year old Stella McCartney took over as Creative Director. In a period that saw a new generation of customers embracing luxury fashion, McCartneys youthful, spirited sensibility re-energized Chloe and made it highly desirable once again. Infusing Chloes classic soft, romantic spirit with the pulse of the street, McCartney effortlessly mixed delicately feminine pieces with structured tailoring, putting flirtatious camisoles under skinny, tailored suits and pairing revealing blouses with low-riding jeans and stiletto heels. This vision of the new Chloe woman hit a chord with young women around the world, and proved hugely successful.", "Born September 13, 1971 in Lambeth, London, England This incredibly talented British fashion designer is the daughter of former Beatles member Sir Paul McCartney and the late photographer, Linda McCartney. Although she has been criticized that she would have been a famous fashion designer if she had not been Paul McCartney's daughter, her first collection for the house Chloé in Paris in 1997 dispelled any doubts about her talent. Photo: Reuters", "      In September, Paolo Melin Anderson departed from his Marni senior designer position to become designer in chief at Chloé, replacing British designer Phoebe Philo, who had resigned in January. Simon Fuller, the British music mogul and creator of the American Idol television program, announced his principal investment in 19 RM, a fashion venture involving the French designer Roland Mouret, who in October 2005 had quit his eponymous label owing to a creative fallout with his financial backers. After the surprise sacking of Olivier Theyskens from his post as designer of the French label Rochas, the 25-year-old Belgian—a darling of the fashion press—was named creative director of Nina Ricci in September after Swede Lars Nilsson quit in late August. It was rumoured that Nilsson might join Oscar de la Renta.", "In March 1997 McCartney was appointed Creative Director of Paris fashion house Chloé , following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld .", "Clare Waight Keller has done folksy and hippie in her time at Chloé, as well as gamine and chic. This season, she tossed it all together — a bit vintage, a bit thrifted — for a look that felt like one a British festivalgoer in the '90s would no doubt recognize. Her show notes called it \"a tribute to girls named Kate, Chloé, Cecilia, Corinne, Rosemary,\" which is to say, the photographer Corinne Day and many of the waifs she helped make stars in that era. Those with long memories were calling up images of models like Rosemary Ferguson and Cecilia Chancellor on their iPhones.", "Stella Nina McCartney (born 13 September 1971) is an English fashion designer . She is the daughter of former Beatles member Sir Paul McCartney and the late photographer and animal rights activist, Linda McCartney.", "Kate Middleton, also known as Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, was born in Reading, Berkshire, England on January 9, 1982, the eldest of three children, Pippa and James. Her mother, Carole, is a former flight attendant, and father, Michael, worked as a flight dispatcher for British Airlines. The couple now own Party Pieces, a successful mail order party supply company in the UK, worth an estimated £30 million.", "The daughter of actor Julian Holloway and writer Tessa Dahl, Sophie Dahl was discovered by the late Vogue stylist Isabella Blow and, through Storm Model agency, appeared in campaigns for Versace, Alexander McQueen, Patrick Cox, Pringle, Cashmere, Godiva, Banana Republic, and Gap.", "Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American businesswoman, socialite, television personality, model, actress, singer, DJ, and author. She is the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton, the founder of Hilton Hotels. Born in New York City and raised there and in Beverly Hills, California, Hilton began her modeling career as a teenager when she signed with real estate magnet Donald Trump's modelling development agency, Trump Model Management. Her lifestyle and rumored short-lived relationships made her a feature of entertainment news and tabloid magazines, and Hilton was proclaimed \"New York's leading It girl\" in 2001. In 2003, a sex tape with Hilton and her then-boyfriend Rick Salomon, later released as 1 Night in Paris, was leaked to the public. Released only three weeks before the premiere of the reality television series The Simple Life, in which she starred alongside her long-time friend Nicole Richie, the sex tape became a media sensation.", "Meanwhile, good taste/bad taste featured the mixing of fashion elements. Sharply tailored items like skirts and trousers were cut from cheap functional fabrics such as polyester, and textiles were printed with odd, clashing patterns in off colours--bile green, purple, brown, and cream. Such clothes were shown mostly by such young designers as Jean Colonna, Anna Sui, and Gianni Versace’s sister Donatella. Miuccia Prada, the foremost purveyor of the style, produced a collection of \"geek\" prints that fell flat and confused usually complimentary critics. Her new designs were in sharp contrast to those of previous seasons: subtle, tailored clothes often cut from couture fabrics.", "Christy Turlington (1969– ) is an internationally known supermodel. The daughter of a Salvadoran mother, she began modeling at the age of 14. She has appeared on the runways of Paris, Milan, and New York, in the pages of every major fashion magazine, and has contracts with Maybelline, Calvin Klein, and Vidal Sassoon. Turlington is also a noted animal rights activist and has raised money for Salvadoran causes.", "Maggie Norris on Mastering Her Timeless and Distinctive Equestrian Style By Sibylle Eschapasse This week’s style diary guest is Maggie Norris, a fashion designer formerly with Ralph Lauren who is also fortunate to have once dressed the legendary Audrey Hepburn. Maggie Norris’s very distinctive personal style, as well as her company, Maggie Norris Couture, reflects her love of horses.", "* 1952. Chloé is founded by Gaby Aghion, a Parisian of Egyptian origin. She and her partner, Jacques Lenoir, were among the first to become aware of the raising demand for collections that could merge the strict requirements of haute couture and those of ready-to-wear.", "      Hot colours such as lipstick pink, bright orange, turquoise, and red proved popular options for women's wear in summer and winter. The long sugar-pink Lauren dress worn by actress Gwyneth Paltrow to the Academy Awards, however, was overshadowed by the appeal of Cate Blanchett's floor-length black-beaded Galliano dress. Both were later copied by dress manufacturer ABS and sold at American department stores for about $300. Beaded accessories—such as wristbands, lariats, feather and beaded jewelry made by London's Ericson Beamon as well as by Jade Jagger—were worn by women during both daytime and evening. Sonia Rykiel presented flat rhinestone shoes at her spring-summer collection. These prompted manufacturers to produce similar though less-expensive beaded and embroidered slippers that became a popular summer street fashion among young women in major fashion capitals. The most prominently photographed clothes for autumn were by Italian design duo Dolce & Gabbana. Their rhinestone jewel-encrusted hip belts and Louis XIV-like collarless coats provoked numerous copies. Nineteenth-century–inspired corsets—made by Mr. Pearl, the London-based South African corsetier—became cult high-fashion items. Designers Christian Lacroix, Thierry Mugler, and Galliano all commissioned Pearl to make corsets for their collections.", "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and founder of the Chanel brand. She was the only fashion designer to appear on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Along with Paul Poiret, Chanel was credited with liberating women from the constraints of the \"corseted silhouette\" and popularizing the acceptance of a sportive, casual chic as the feminine standard in the post-World War I era. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel's influence extended beyond couture clothing. Her design aesthetic was realized in jewelry, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product.", "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and founder of the Chanel brand. She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Along with Paul Poiret, Chanel was credited with liberating women from the constraints of the “corseted silhouette” and popularizing the acceptance of a sportive, casual chic as the feminine standard in the post-World War I era. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel’s influence extended beyond couture clothing. Her design aesthetic was realized in jewelry, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product.", "Asked about the step up from chief creative officer to chief executive, he said: “I was never sitting there with a pencil drawing clothes. It’s about having a vision and leading the team and ensuring consistency around the globe.” Burberry, which dates back to 1856, has traditionally been known for its classic trench coats but has widened its appeal as a luxury brand using celebrity models such as Cara Delevingne and Emma Watson in its advertising campaigns.", "Anna Wintour, OBE (; born 3 November 1949) is a British journalist and editor. She has been editor-in-chief of Vogue since 1988. In 2013, she became artistic director for Condé Nast, Vogue's publisher. With her trademark pageboy bob haircut and dark sunglasses, Wintour has become an important figure in much of the fashion world, widely praised for her eye for fashion trends and her support for younger designers. Her reportedly aloof and demanding personality has earned her the nickname \"Nuclear Wintour\".", "Laura Ashley (7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a Welsh fashion designer and businesswoman. She originally made furnishing materials in the 1950s, expanding the business into clothing design and manufacture in the 1960s. The Laura Ashley style is characterised by Romantic English designs — often with a 19th-century rural feel — and the use of natural fabrics.", "Ralph Lauren (born Ralph Lifschitz on October 14, 1939) is an American fashion designer and business executive. \"The first image-maker\", according to New York magazine, Lauren is one of the fashion industry's biggest hitters. But Lauren studied business science and served his time in the army before breaking into fashion.", "New York designer Betsey Johnson has built her long-standing career in fashion by following her own set of rules. Known for her celebration of the exuberant, the embellished, and the over the top, Betsey has been rocking the fashion industry with her unique and original designs since the 1960’s. Her commitment to remain true to her one-of-a-kind vision has afforded Betsey continued success in an industry known for its fickleness. Her ability to change with the times while keeping her designs pure has not gone unnoticed. At the 1999 CFDA Awards, Betsey was presented The Timeless Talent Award created especially for her, which recognized her influence on fashion throughout her career.", "Anya Susannah Hindmarch MBE (born 1968 ) is an English fashion accessories designer who founded an eponymous company.", "She was awarded the title of Designer of the Year at theBritish Style Awards in November 2007.\"My team really deservethis,\" she said upon her acceptance. \"I couldn't possibly managewith three children under the age of three without them.\" Otherawards she has received include being named Glamour'sWoman of the Year in 2009 and the British Fashion Council's RedCarpet Award in 2011. She was also named in the TIME 100 -a list of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "Mary Quant is now the CEO of the London house of Fraser. She also continues to work as a free-lance designer for various companies. At an age when most designers have put down their sketch pads, Mary still oversees all the creative aspects of her atelier just off London's King's Road.", "Marc Jacobs (born April 9, 1963) is an American fashion designer. He is the head designer for his own fashion label, the eponymous brand Marc Jacobs, as well as Marc by Marc Jacobs, a diffusion line, with over 200 retail stores in 80 countries. He was the creative director of the French design house Louis Vuitton from 1997 to 2014. Jacobs was on Time magazine's \"2010 Time 100\" list of the 100 most influential people in the world, and ranked number 14 on Out magazine's 2012 list of \"50 Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America\". ", "Born in 1967 in the United States. Robinson studied at the Parsons School of Design in New York and also at their Paris branch. Patrick has worked with leading designers including Albert Nipon, Giorgio Armani Le Collezioni, Perry Ellis, Paco Rabanne and Anne Klein. Since 1994, Robinson has also been a member of the Council of Fashion Designers. In 1997, Patrick founded his own Sportswear label. In April 2003, Robinson was appointed Creative Director of Perry Ellis Womens Sportswear. He left in December 2004.", "John Galliano is a British fashion designer who served as head designer of the French haute couture houses Givenchy (1995-1996) and Christian Dior (1996-2011).", "The 38-year-old mother-of-one has been a member of the board at LVMH since 2003 and was previously in charge of business development at John Galliano for a year before moving over to Dior as commercial director in 2001. Whilst at Dior she was among the management team who had to deal with John Galliano’s dismissal after he made anti-Semitic remarks to a couple in a Paris café. She has also acted as a director for brands including Loewe and Céline.", "Her clothing was worn by the most famous people of the 70s and 80s and now the fashion designer is branching out to art inspired by her own fabrics", "British fashion designer John Galliano's intricate and provocative clothes, which sometimes teeter on the edge of absurd, have made him one of the leading names in an industry where very few succeed to the top echelon. Usually referred to as fashion's enfant terrible, the designer's quixotic vision, exuberant sense of style, and iconoclastic personality have earned him a devoted following among the fashionista set, especially after he took over at the House of Dior in 1996. In a lengthy New Yorker profile, journalist Michael Specter noted that some of Galliano's critics claim that \"his outfits often seemed more suited to the pageantry of public relations than to profits. Yet his effect on the way women dress is almost impossible to overstate.... More than any other designer working today, Galliano is responsible for the sheer and sexually frank clothing so many women wear.\"", "So what is more important to the designer than fashion and the company she has presided over for so long now? She is a patron of Reprieve and Liberty. She supports Amnesty International, Environmental Justice Foundation and Friends of the Earth. She is a long-time advocate to free Native American Leonard Peltier. She backs the Greenpeace Arctic Campaign and this year donated £1 million to rainforest charity Cool Earth. Her interest in human rights stretches right back to childhood. \"I've said this before and I was embarrassed to tell people at first, but I think I was about four when I came across this picture of the Crucifixion. It was in my cousin's calendar. I'd never seen it before being a Protestant. Anyway, I just couldn't believe it. And ever since then I've thought people have to stop doing these terrible things.\"" ]

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[ "She posed nude for a cover-featured Playboy pictorial published in 2004.[citation needed] She also replaced Penny Lancaster, the wife of Hunter's ex-husband Rod Stewart, as the face and body of Ultimo, a Scottish lingerie house. In 2006, Hunter was replaced by Helena Christensen.[2]", "'\\n Former model and talk-show host <mark>Alana Stewart</mark>, 67, has recently published a new memoir, \\\"Rearview Mirror.\\\" In it, Stewart, who was married to actor George Hamilton and singer Rod Stewart -- both of whom she later divorced -- describes a childhood of poverty in Texas, her life-changing move to New York and California to model, and her close friendship with the late Farrah Fawcett. \\n\\n We recently had the opportunity to chat with Stewart about her life, spirituality ...", "Rachel Hunter net worth: Rachel Hunter is an New Zealand born model and reality television star who has a net worth of $60 million. Rachel Hunter was married to singer Rod Stewart from 1990-2006 with who she shares two kids, a girl named Renee and a boy named Liam. Hunter reportedly received $50 million in her divorce settlement from Stewart. Rachel Hunter was signed to the Ford Modeling agency in 1986 at the age of 17. She subsequently became one of the most famous models in the world, posing for many magazine covers including Sports Illustrated and Cosmopolitan. Rachel met and married Rod Stewart at the age of 21 in 1990. Hunter posed nude for Playboy in 2004 and has kept busy with appearances on reality shows like Dancing with the Stars, Make me a Supermodel and New Zealand's Got Talent.", "1990: Rod Stewart married model Rachel Hunter in Beverly Hills. Stewart was quoted as saying “I Found the Girl that I Want, I won’t be putting my banana in anybody’s fruit bowl from now on.” They split in 1999.", "1990, Rod Stewart married New Zealand model Rachel Hunter in Beverly Hills. Stewart was quoted as saying 'I Found the Girl that I Want, I won't be putting my banana in anybody's fruit bowl from now on'. They split in 1999.", "* Singer, Rod Stewart, has been married several times with many different children. He was first married to actress, Alana Stewart (nee Collins). Together they have daughter and model, Kimberly Stewart, and son and reality star, Sean Stewart.", "Singer Rod Stewart and model Rachel Hunter have finally divorced following their separation seven years ago.", "Rachel Hunter is a New Zealand born model, actress and reality TV show host, who is a naturalized citizen of the United States. She is best known for her appearance in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues and her marriage to singer Rod Stewart, which ended in 2006. She is currently a judge on New Zealand's Got Talent.…  Read More", "Rachel Hunter (born 9 September 1969) is a New Zealand born model, actress and reality TV show host, who is a naturalised citizen of the United States. She is best known for her appearance in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues and her marriage to singer Rod Stewart, which ended in 2006. She is currently a judge on New Zealand's Got Talent.", "... HOLLYWOOD VIGNEHE: When Rod Stewart, 45, wed New Zealand beauty Rachel Hunter, 21, back ... on Uec. 15, this scene was observed at the w...", "She has been married 2 times; her first husband was Peter Sellers (from 1964 to 1968), and her second husband was Slim Jim Phantom (1984 to 1992). She was also romantically linked to Lou Adler and Rod Stewart at different times of her career.", "She posed naked for a cover-featured Playboy pictorial published in 2004. She also replaced Penny Lancaster, the wife of Hunter's ex-husband Rod Stewart, as the face and body of Ultimo, a Scottish lingerie house. In 2006, Hunter was replaced by Helena Christensen.", "STEWART/C/07DEC98/DD/AP-British singer-songwriter Rod Stewart and his wife Rachel Hunter, seen together in this Dec. 19, 1996 photo, have seperated after eight years of marriage, according to an announcement by ... more", "Stewart became attracted to beatnik attitudes and left-wing politics, living for a while in a beatnik houseboat at Shoreham-by-Sea. He was an active supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament at this time, joining the annual Aldermaston Marches from 1961-63 and being arrested on three occasions when he took part in sit-ins at Trafalgar Square and Whitehall for the cause. He also used the marches as a way to meet and bed girls. In 1962 he had his first serious relationship, with London art student Suzannah Boffey (and a friend of future model and actress Chrissie Shrimpton); he moved to a bed-sit in Muswell Hill to be near her. She became pregnant, but neither Rod nor his family wanted him to enter marriage; the baby girl was given up for adoption and Rod's and Suzannah's relationship ended.", "While the legal wrangles play themselves out, Rod Stewart turns to his other occupation: “I was shagging my way ‘round the world, like most blokes would if they had my opportunities.”  He had encountered actress Britt Ekland ‘on and off during the early 1970s.’  They meet again after a Faces show at the Los Angeles Forum in March 1974.  “I took her to an all-night laundry; we watched her bra go ‘round in the machine.”  Despite such original seduction technique, the Rod Stewart-Britt Ekland pairing does not officially start at this point.  Technically, Rod is still squiring Dee Harrington, though that may have slipped his mind.", "1979: Rod Stewart marries Alana Hamilton, the ex-wife of actor George Hamilton. They would be together for five years.", "KIMBERLEY STEWART – American model and socialite (August 21st 1979) and daughter of Rod Stewart she has one daughter Delilah Genoveva Stewart del Toro born in 2011 from a fling with actor Benicio del Toro.", "At the age of 21, Hunter met rock star Rod Stewart, 24 years her senior, and they were married on 15 December 1990.[4] Together they had two children, Renee and Liam, but in January 1999 they separated. Stewart filed for divorce in 2005. The divorce took over a year to finalise, and was official on 2 November 2006.[citation needed] Having signed a pre-nuptial agreement, Hunter claimed a lump sum plus full financial support of Renee and Liam, on condition of remaining in Los Angeles, California, USA.[citation needed]", "Ekland has most famously survived a jealousy fuelled, destructive marriage to Peter Sellers – they married after they’d known each other for only 10 days. She was with Rod Stewart for eight years but he cheated on her so she cut him loose. She had her third child at 46 with her most recent husband, Stray Cat rocker Slim Jim Phantom. They broke up in 1992.", "Lesley Hornby (popularly known as Twiggy, born 19 September 1949) is an English supermodel, actress, and singer, now also known by her married name of Twiggy Lawson.", "Twiggy, original name Lesley Hornby, married name Lesley Lawson (born September 19, 1949, Neasden, London , England ), British fashion model whose gamine frame and mod look defined the industry during much of the late 20th century. She is widely considered to have been one of the world’s first supermodels —a top fashion model who appears simultaneously on the covers of the world’s leading fashion magazines and is globally recognized by first name only.", "Noted for packing stages and making sold-out world wide tours, Stewart also became known for romancing some of the world's most beautiful women. On 5 March 1975 he met actress Britt Ekland in Hollywood and began a highly publicized romance. In 1978 he met Alana Hamilton; they married on 6 April 1979 and had two kids, Kimberly in 1979 and Sean in 1980. They divorced in 1983. In May 1989 she applied for an increase in alimony.", "Suzi was married to Steve Bullock, a model from Sheffield, from 1995 until 2002 [1] . They first met in February 1994 on a photoshoot in Tenerife, became engaged ten months later in November 1994, and married on December 6, 1995. In 1996, Suzi gave birth to a daughter, Laurien. After her divorce from Bullock, she had a three-year relationship with fellow TV presenter Nick Knowles.", "Alana Hamilton Stewart (; born May 18, 1945) is an American actress and former model. She has also used her maiden name, Alana Collins, and her names from her first marriage, Alana Collins-Hamilton and Alana Hamilton, professionally.", "Rod Stewart Biography - life, family, children, story, wife, young, son, old, born, marriage - Newsmakers Cumulation", "Sarah, Duchess of York (Sarah Margaret; née Ferguson; born 15 October 1959) is a British charity patron, spokesperson, writer, film producer, television personality and former member of the British Royal Family. She was married to Prince Andrew , Duke of York, from 1986 until their divorce in 1996. She is often popularly referred to as \"Fergie\", a common nickname for people named Ferguson.", "The former model and charity campaigner gives a rare insight into her marriage with the most famous man in music", "In time, he married singer Connie Stevens, with whom he had two children. This was followed, when he was 50, by a ten-month marriage to a 21-year-old beauty queen.", "Alana Hamilton Stewart (born May 18, 1945) is an American actress and former model. She has also used her maiden name,", "In 1955 David married Zoe Newton, a grammar school girl who trained as a ballet dancer, at St John the Baptist Church, Holland Road, Kensington. Despite standing only 4'11\" (1.5 metres), Zoe Barclay pursued a modelling career and became the most photographed and highly paid model of her time, appearing on the front of popular magazines such as Picturegoer. She appeared on television and in the Dairy Council advertisements as the “drinka pinta milka day“ girl. ", "Martin was married to the pop singer Ronnie Carroll from 1958 until 1965, and subsequently to actor Norman Eshley , but both marriages ended in divorce. She has been married to American Marc Alexander since 1978 and is now a permanent resident of the United States.", "Martin was married to the pop singer Ronnie Carroll from 1958 until 1965, and subsequently to actor Norman Eshley, but both marriages ended in divorce. She has been married to American Marc Alexander since 1978 and is now a permanent resident of the United States." ]

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[ "Bobby Fischer defeats Boris Spassky in a chess match in Riykjavik, Iceland, becoming the first American World Chess Champion", "** Bobby Fischer defeats Boris Spassky in a chess match in Reykjavík, Iceland, becoming the first American world chess champion.", "Born in Chicago on March 9, 1943, Robert James Fischer was a child prodigy, competitively playing chess from the age of 8. Bobby Fischer popularized the game of chess, making it front-page news, and justifying a vast increase in the amount of money awarded to the winner of the World Championship. As the first American World Champion, he drew world-wide attention for his eccentric antics and his extraordinary skill. Fischer was so superior to his world-class opponents that he won the qualifying rounds of the world championship with unprecedented wipeout scores of 6-0, 6-0, 6-0. Further, he was singlehandedly able to defeat the combined efforts of the entire, very powerful, Soviet chess establishment.", "Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz (May 17, 1836, Prague - August 12, 1900, New York) was an Austrian-American chess player and the first official world chess champion. Known for his original contributions to chess strategy such as his ideas on positional play, his theories were held in high regard by such disparate chess players as Aron Nimzowitsch, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Emanuel Lasker.", "Deeper insight into the nature of chess came with two younger players. American Paul Morphy, an extraordinary chess prodigy, won against all important competitors, including Anderssen, during his short chess career between 1857 and 1863. Morphy's success stemmed from a combination of brilliant attacks and sound strategy; he intuitively knew how to prepare attacks.[25] Prague-born Wilhelm Steinitz later described how to avoid weaknesses in one's own position and how to create and exploit such weaknesses in the opponent's position.[26] In addition to his theoretical achievements, Steinitz founded an important tradition: his triumph over the leading German master Johannes Zukertort in 1886 is regarded as the first official World Chess Championship. Steinitz lost his crown in 1894 to a much younger German mathematician Emanuel Lasker, who maintained this title for 27 years, the longest tenure of all World Champions.[27]", "The expectations on Spassky were enormous because for the Soviets, chess was part of the political system. While Fischer was often famously critical of his home country (\"Americans want to plunk in front of a TV and don't want to open a book ...\"), he too carried the burden of expectation because of the political significance of the match. No American had achieved the world championship since the first champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, became a naturalized American citizen in 1888. The excitement surrounding the match was such that it was called the \"Match of the Century\", even though the same term had been applied to the USSR vs. Rest of the World match just two years before. ", "Emanuel Lasker, an American born in Germany, also Jewish, became champion by defeating Steinitz, remaining champion until 1921, at which time Jose Capablanca, a Cuban, took the title until 1927. Many people today consider Capablanca as one of the top 3 chess players who ever lived, the others being Morphy and Bobby Fischer. Shown at the right at about age 14, when he became US champion, Fischer was the first native-born U.S. citizen to have held the title of World Chess Champ. However. Fischer irritated the US government in 1972 by playing another former world champion (Boris Spassky) in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and his US passport was revoked. Eventually, Fischer was granted citizenship in Iceland, where he died in 2008.", "The World Chess Championship match was organized as the best of 24 games—wins would count as one point and draws as a half point, with the winner being the first to reach 12 ½ points. The first game took place on July 11th and the last game began on August 31st and was adjourned after 40 moves. Boris Spassky resigned the next day without resuming play and the 29-year-old Fischer won the match 12 ½ - 8 ½, becoming the 11th World Chess Champion and the first American-born player to do so—ending 24 years of Soviet domination of the World Chess Championship.", "It's been a very long drought for Americans when it comes to the World Chess Championship. The last American to win was, famously, Bobby Fischer in 1972. Fischer defeated Boris Spassky in Iceland, but never defended his title.", "In 1889 Wilhelm Steinitz, the first World Champion, wrote that \"In all international and public Chess matches and tournaments ... it is the rule for the first player to have the white men\". Emanuel Lasker, the second World Champion, stated unequivocally in Lasker's Manual of Chess (first published in 1927) that \"White makes the first move\".", "Fischer became an American icon when, at the height of the Cold War, he defeated Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union in a series of games in Reykjavik, Iceland, in 1972. The win made him the first U.S. world champion in more than a century.", "During the early 1960s, Fischer continued to be involved in U.S. and world championship matches, but was also making a name for himself with his erratic, paranoid commentary. After having a 20-game winning streak in the early 1970s, Fischer once again made chess history in 1972 with his defeat of the Soviet Union's Boris Spassky at the Reykjavik, Iceland world championships, thus marking the first time an American chess player had won the title. Fischer's defeat of a Soviet opponent, which became known as the \"Match of the Century,\" took on iconic proportions in the midst of the Cold War and was seen as a symbolic victory of democracy over Communism. Fischer's historic win also made chess a popular game in the United States. ", "After the end of the 19th century, the number of master tournaments and matches held annually quickly grew. Some sources state that in 1914 the title of chess Grandmaster was first formally conferred by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch , and Marshall , but this is a disputed claim. [note 4] The tradition of awarding such titles was continued by the World Chess Federation ( FIDE ), founded in 1924 in Paris. In 1927, the Women’s World Chess Championship was established; the first to hold the title was Czech -English master Vera Menchik . [54] It took a prodigy from Cuba , José Raúl Capablanca (World Champion 1921–27), who loved simple positions and endgames, to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years, until 1924. His successor was Russian-French Alexander Alekhine , a strong attacking player who died as the World champion in 1946. He briefly lost the title to Dutch player Max Euwe in 1935 and regained it two years later. [55]", "The Englishman Howard Staunton's match victory over another Frenchman, Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant, in 1843 is considered to have established Staunton as the world's strongest player, with a letter quoted in The Times on 16 November 1843, but probably written before that, described the second Staunton vs Saint-Amant match, played in Paris in November–December 1843, as being for \"the golden sceptre of Philidor.\" The earliest recorded use of the term \"World Champion\" was in 1845, when Howard Staunton was described as \"the Chess Champion of England, or ... the Champion of the World\". ", "Chess in America bore no comparison with the Soviet Union. America had neither the will, the talent, nor the resources to take on the Soviets in Chess. But despite this public indifference, in the mid 1950's a child prodigy emerged who was to change all this. Bobby Fischer grew up in Brooklyn, New York, in the shadow of Ebbits field, home of the Brooklyn dodgers. But Baseball never held any attraction for a teenager obsessed with Chess.", "The 1851 London tournament was won by the German Adolf Anderssen, establishing Anderssen as the leading player in the world. Anderssen has been described as the first modern chess master. However, there is no evidence that this victory led to his being widely acclaimed at the time as the world champion, although in 1893 Henry Bird retrospectively awarded the title to Anderssen for his victory. ", "Wilhelm Steinitz , Prague-born chess player and the first undisputed world chess champion from 1886 to 1894. Known for his original contributions to chess strategy such as his ideas on positional play, his theories were held in high regard by such chess players Sron Nimzowitsch, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Emanuel Lasker.", "In April-May, 1914, an international tournament was held in St. Petersburg. It was won by Emanuel Lasker, followed by Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch, and Marshall. Czar Nicholas II conferred the title \"Grandmaster of Chess\" to these top five players. Lasker was paid an appearance fee, the first time that had ever been done for a chessplayer.", "Emanuel Lasker (December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) was a German chess player, mathematician , and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years. In his prime Lasker was one of the most dominant champions, and he is still generally regarded as one of the strongest players ever .", "Youngest American champion.  Bobby Fischer was the youngest American chess champion ever, at the age of 14. ", "Harry Nelson Pillsbury (December 5, 1872 - June 17, 1906) was United States Chess Champion from 1897 until his death in 1906. Pillsbury was born in Somerville, Massachusetts, moved to New York City in 1894 and then again to Philadelphia in 1898.", "Robert \"Bobby\" Fischer was named the 11th World Chess Champion when he defeated Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union in a 1972 match that came to symbolize the tensions of the Cold War. This title brought him his highest level of fame and was the defining achievement in a career that included many notable triumphs. Fischer won the U.S. Open in 1957 and was the youngest person to gain first place in the U.S. Chess Championships in 1957/58, a title he would ultimately earn eight times. He won 20 consecutive games in World Championship qualifying events-an all-time record. His book, My 60 Memorable Games, is widely considered one of the greatest pieces of chess literature ever written.", "The first mention of Chess in America occurred in the year of 1641 in Esther Singleton’s history of Dutch settlers. The first American Chess tournament was held in New York in 1843.", "Steinitz began to play professional chess at the age of 26 in England. His play at this time was no different than that of his contemporaries: sharp, aggressive, and full of sacrificial play. In 1873 however, his play suddenly changed. He gave immense concern to what we now call the positional elements in chess: pawn structure, space, outposts for knights, etc. Slowly he perfected his new method of play that helped form him into the first Chess World Champion.", "Robert James Fischer is considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time. He was born in Chicago, USA in 1943 and brought up in Brooklyn where his mother moved after she was divorced in 1945. He learned to play chess at the age of 6 and soon became deeply absorbed in the game saying \"All I want to do, ever, is play chess.\" At the age of 13 he became the youngest national junior chess champion in the USA and at the age of 14 he became the youngest senior US Champion. In 1958, at the age of 15, he became the youngest Grandmaster in the history of chess.", "In 1876, Russia held its first master chess tournament, in St. Petersburg. The winner was Andrey Asharin, followed by Mikhail Chigorin, Emmanuel Schiffers, Hermann Clemenz, and Semyon Alapin.", "In December 1895-January 1896, the first international tournament in Russia was held. The winner was Emanuel Lasker, followed by William Steinitz, Harry Pillsbury, and Mikhail Chigorin. The event was held in St. Petersburg.", "Mackenzie, George:  Scottish born American chessmaster and Civil War soldier.  Dominated the New York chess scene for many years, winning the American Chess Championship in 1880.  He was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1992.  ", "* Theophilus Thompson (1855 - after 1873), the first notable African-American chess player, he wrote the book of endgame positions, Chess Problems: Either to Play and Mate (1873)", "Kashdan, Isaac:  Top American player of the 1930s-1940s.  Inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1986.  ", "Ashley, Maurice:  The first African-American grandmaster in the U.S.; also a well-known chess ambassador and chess teacher.", "In 1939, the United States of America Chess Federation was created in Illinois through the merger of the American Chess Federation and National Chess Federation. The American Chess Federation, formerly the Western Chess Association, had held an annual open championship since 1900; that tournament, after the merger, became the U.S. Open. The National Chess Federation, founded in 1927 to organize U.S. participation in the Olympiads, had held the prestigious invitational U.S. Championship since 1936. " ]

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[ "You might not think of Fullerton as the center of a rock revolution. But that's where Leo Fender figured out how to merge a guitar with an amplifier. Ginny King, author of \"The Street Where You Live: Why Did They Name It...?\" says Fender's tinkering turned him into the father of the modern electric guitar.", "The preeminent electric guitar player to use the pedal in this way was Jimi Hendrix, who revolutionized its application by combining a Fender Stratocaster with stacked Marshall Amplifiers (in both static and modulated mode) for lead and rhythm guitar applications unheard of before then. According to Del Casher, Hendrix learned about the pedal from Frank Zappa, another well-known early user. Milestones of this signature guitar and amplifier combination include songs such as \"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\" as well as the \"Star Spangled Banner\" which was played by Hendrix at Woodstock in 1969.", "From the end of the thirties, guitarists were able to play, thanks to amplification, solos on an equal footing to trumpeters, trombone or saxophone players and pianists. As far as sound is concerned, they were able to develop a language in �single notes� which is a close relation to the phrasing of wind instruments. Eddie Durham, a trombone player, trumpeter and arranger is one of the pioneers of the amplified electric guitar. He was probably the person who introduced this instrument to Floyd Smith and Charlie Christian. We know today that Charlie used his first Gibson ES 150 as early as 1937. Everybody also agrees that he is one of the first to exploit all the possibilities of amplification and that he radically emancipated guitar playing. An extraordinary artist, creator and a decisive innovator as far as the history of his instrument, and that of jazz in general, is concerned, Christian, who was born in 1916, and died from tuberculosis in 1942 at not even 26 years old, is a legitimate choice to open our selection. His Solo Flight, a kind of �concerto� for guitar and orchestra which was composed for Christian himself and for Benny Goodman�s group, by Jimmy Mundy, is an ideal model that guitarists� theories still follow, analyze and respect today. � All the artists chosen here owe him a lot.", "A breakthrough occurred for Charlie in 1937. Back in Oklahoma City, he was playing piano and met Count Basie's guitarist Eddie Durham, who is credited with having recorded one of the earliest amplified guitar solos. Christian was immediately enamoured with the electric guitar and sought Durham out for some basic pointers. Durham later remarked,\" I never saw anyone learn so fast, nor have I seen anyone rise to the top so quickly.\" Soon after the meeting, Christian bought his first electric guitar, probably a Gibson ES-150, and began to assemble the components of his horn-like approach.", "The first recordings using the electric guitar were by Hawaiian-style players, in 1933. Bob Dunn of Milton Brown's Musical Brownies introduced the electric Hawaiian guitar to Western swing with his January 1935 Decca recordings, departing almost entirely from the Hawaiian musical influence and heading towards jazz and blues. Alvino Rey was an artist who took this instrument to a wide audience in a large orchestral setting and later developed the pedal steel guitar for Gibson. An early proponent of the electric Spanish guitar was jazz guitarist George Barnes, who used the instrument in two songs recorded in Chicago on 1 March 1938, \"Sweetheart Land\" and \"It's a Low-Down Dirty Shame\". Some incorrectly attribute the first recording to Eddie Durham, but his recording with the Kansas City Five was made 15 days later. Durham introduced the instrument to a young Charlie Christian, who made the instrument famous in his brief life and would be a major influence on jazz guitarists for decades thereafter. ", "Fender Musical Instruments Corporation of Scottsdale, Arizona is a manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers, such as solid-body electric guitars, including the Stratocaster and the Telecaster. The company, previously named the Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, was founded in Fullerton, California, by Clarence Leonidas \"Leo\" Fender in 1946. Leo Fender also designed one of the first commercially successful solid-body electric basses, the Precision Bass (P-Bass), which has become known in rock, jazz, country, Motown, funk, and other types of music.", "His later guitars include various Kramer models from his period of endorsement for that company (most notably the Kramer 5150, from which Kramer in its Gibson-owned days based their Kramer 1984 design, an unofficial artist signature model) and three signature models: the Ernie Ball/Music Man Edward van Halen Model (which continues as the Ernie Ball Axis), the Peavey EVH Wolfgang (which has been succeeded by a similar guitar called the HP Special), and the Charvel EVH Art Series, on which Van Halen does the striping before they are painted by Charvel. His current deal is with Fender, making the EVH series of stripped guitars, Wolfgang guitars, and EVH amps.", "Hendrix favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain. He was instrumental in developing the previously undesirable technique of guitar amplifier feedback, and helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock. He rejected the standard barre chord fretting technique used by most guitarists in favor of fretting the low 6th string root notes with his thumb. He applied this technique during the beginning bars of \"Little Wing\", which allowed him to sustain the root note of chords while also playing melody. This method has been described as piano style, with the thumb playing what a pianist's left hand would play and the other fingers playing melody as a right hand. Having spent several years fronting a trio, he developed an ability to play rhythm chords and lead lines together, giving the audio impression that more than one guitarist was performing. He was the first artist to incorporate stereophonic phasing effects in rock music recordings. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented: \"Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source. Players before him had experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix turned those effects and others into a controlled, fluid vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he began.\" Aledort wrote: \"In rock guitar, there are but two eras — before Hendrix and after Hendrix.\"", "The Experience's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame biography states: \"Jimi Hendrix was arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music. Hendrix expanded the range and vocabulary of the electric guitar into areas no musician had ever ventured before. His boundless drive, technical ability and creative application of such effects as wah-wah and distortion forever transformed the sound of rock and roll.\" Musicologist Andy Aledort described Hendrix as \"one of the most creative\" and \"influential musicians that has ever lived\". Music journalist Chuck Philips wrote: \"In a field almost exclusively populated by white musicians, Hendrix has served as a role model for a cadre of young black rockers. His achievement was to reclaim title to a musical form pioneered by black innovators like Little Richard and Chuck Berry in the 1950s.\" ", "A true innovator, Kath experimented endlessly with amps, guitars and equipment. While he possessed a rudimentary awareness of musical composition, he mostly just played by ear. Other band members were in awe of his ability to hear something once and play it back. Legend has it that Jimi Hendrix , with whom Chicago toured in the early days, idolized Kath, telling Parazaider, \"Your guitar player is better than me\". Listening to Kath's early recorded soloing on such tunes as \"South California Purples\", \"Poem '58\", \"Listen\" and \"25 or 6 to 4\", you'd be hard pressed to say Hendrix was wrong. Chicago 's producer Guercio has said that Kath could have been a monster as a solo artist.", "With few exceptions, Jack White has shown a continued partiality towards amps and pedals from the 1960s. [38] Jack uses a number of effects to create his sound, a DigiTech Whammy IV to reach pitches that would be otherwise impossible with a regular guitar. [103] For instance, without the pedal, \"Seven Nation Army\" and \" The Hardest Button to Button \" would require a bass guitar [104] and \"Black Math\" would be very difficult to play without a 29th fret (which does not exist on most guitars) on the highest string. [104] When performing live, Jack White uses a Randy Parsons custom guitar, a 1964 JB Hutto Montgomery Airline , a Harmony Rocket, a 1970s Crestwood Astral II, and a 1950s Kay Hollowbody. Also, while playing live, White uses an MXR Micro-Amp, Electro-Harmonix Big Muff Pi distortion/ sustainer , and an Electro-Harmonix POG (a polyphonic octave generator). He also uses a Boss TU-2 tuner pedal. He plugs this setup into a 1970s Fender Twin Reverb, and two 100-Watt Sears Silvertone model 1485 6x10 amplifiers. [104] In addition to standard guitar tuning , Jack White also uses several open tunings .", "Lester William Polsfuss (June 9, 1915 – August 12, 2009), known as Les Paul, was an American jazz, country, and blues guitarist, songwriter, luthier, and inventor. He was one of the pioneers of the solid-body electric guitar, which made the sound of rock and roll possible. Paul taught himself how to play guitar and while he is mainly known for jazz and popular music, he had an early career in country music. He is credited with many recording innovations. Although he was not the first to use the technique, his early experiments with overdubbing (also known as sound on sound), delay effects such as tape delay, phasing effects and multitrack recording were among the first to attract widespread attention. ", "Davies was solely responsible for the signature distorted power chord sound on the Kinks' first hit, \"You Really Got Me\". He achieved the sound by using a razor blade to slit the speaker cone on his Elpico amplifier, which he then ran through a larger Vox as a \"pre-amp\". This sound was one of the first mainstream appearances of guitar distortion, which was to have a major influence on many later musicians, especially in heavy metal and punk rock.", "With few exceptions, Jack displayed a continued partiality towards amps and pedals from the 1960s. Jack used a number of effects to create his sound, such as a DigiTech Whammy IV to reach pitches that would be otherwise impossible with a regular guitar.Ratliff, Ben (2003). [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res9C05E7DC133AF932A15757C0A9659C8B63 \"Rock Review: Contradictory and Proud of It\"]The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2006. When performing live, Jack used a Randy Parsons custom guitar, a 1964 JB Hutto Montgomery Airline, a Harmony Rocket, a 1970s Crestwood Astral II, and a 1950s Kay Hollowbody. Also, while playing live, he used an MXR Micro-Amp, Electro-Harmonix Big Muff Pi distortion/sustainer, and an Electro-Harmonix POG (a polyphonic octave generator). He also used a Boss TU-2 tuner pedal. He plugged this setup into a 1970s Fender Twin Reverb, and two 100-Watt Sears Silvertone 1485 amplifiers paired with two 6x10 Silvertone cabinets.[http://www.brokenbricks.com/cgi-bin/tab.cgi?/tabs/Elephant/Black%20Math.txt Black Math tablature and notes]. Broken Bricks. Retrieved May 8, 2006. In addition to standard guitar tuning, Jack also used several open tunings.", "Jansch's first guitar was home-made from a kit but when he left school and started work, he bought a Höfner cello-style guitar. Soon he traded this in for a Zenith which was marketed as the \"Lonnie Donegan guitar\" and which Jansch played in the folk clubs in the early 1960s. His first album was reputedly recorded using a Martin 00028 borrowed from Martin Carthy. Pictures of Jansch in the middle 1960s show him playing a variety of models, including Martin and Epiphone guitars. He had a guitar hand-built by John Bailey, which was used for most of the Pentangle recordings but was eventually stolen. ", "Charlie Christian opened the floodgates for electric guitar players who, each in their own way, phrased like horn players or combined linear solos with chords voiced in ways that were idiosyncratic to the guitar. One of these, Wes Montgomery, altered the sound and chordal approach of the guitar.", "First Hand Experience: \"I was the guy who brought the Shure PA gear to Cobo Arena in Detroit for the May 1968 Doors show. I worked at Artist's Music, a store often called upon to supply band equipment back then. I got there at noon and proceeded to set up the system to augment the house PA. The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown was one of the acts on the show that night. They arrived for sound check around 4pm. Their bass player wanted to hear his new amp's sound out in the empty arena and asked if I could play bass. I could and did with the rest of the band playing too! Not bad for 19 year old kid. Ha! Of course I brought my Nikon!\" - Thomas Weschler", "With the addition of a magnetic pickup near the bridge, it served as an ‘electric guitar’ from his first date as a Quarry Man – where, crippled by nerves, he made such a hash of an instrumental number that “it wiped me out as a lead guitar player that night” – until The Beatles’ first season in Hamburg with drummer Pete Best (superseded in 1962 by Starr) and, on a newly-purchased Hofner ‘President’ bass, Stuart Sutcliffe.", "Barrett wrote most of Pink Floyd's early material. He was also an innovative guitarist, using extended techniques and exploring the musical and sonic possibilities of dissonance, distortion, feedback, the echo machine, tapes and other effects; his experimentation was partly inspired by free improvisation guitarist Keith Rowe of the group AMM, active at the time in London. One of Barrett's trademarks was playing his guitar through an old echo box while sliding a Zippo lighter up and down the fret-board to create the mysterious, otherworldly sounds that became associated with the group. Barrett was known to have used Binson delay units to achieve his trademark echo sounds. Daevid Allen, founder member of Soft Machine and Gong, has cited Barrett's use of slide guitar with echo as a key inspiration for his own \"glissando guitar\" style. ", "Jimmy Page influenced other guitarists to pick up the EDS-1275, including Alex Lifeson of Rush, who used it to play the song “Xanadu” live. Eddie Van Halen also has one in his collection.", "While working at The Dome in Bismarck, North Dakota, Christian met jazz guitarist Mary Osborne who heard him play the electric guitar. Osborne later recalled that it was \"the most startling thing\" she ever heard, a sound akin to that of a “garbled saxophone.”  Charlie had successfully changed the electric guitar from a rhythm instrument into a solo presence in the orchestra while pioneering a single-string technique later emulated by the likes of B.B. King and Chuck Berry. ", "Made famous by Jazz great Charlie Christian who adopted the ES-150 as his primary instrument while playing in Benny Goodman’s band. Electrified guitar changed everything. No longer was the guitar just a background rhythm instrument that could hardly be heard. In the hands of such a huge talent as Charlie Christian, it was now a lead instrument competing with the horn players. Charlie Christian put the Gibson ES-150 electric guitar into the consciousness and the guitar would never be considered the same instrument again.", "In the 1970s, Gibson produced the L5-S, which was effectively a solid-body version of the L-5 archtop. It was used by Paul Simon and, from 1973–76, by Mark Farner of Grand Funk Railroad (as seen Caught In the Act live album cover); and a custom-made single-pickup version was made for Ronnie Wood, who loaned it to Keith Richards for his 1988 tour with the X-Pensive Winos.", "Zoller, who moved to the U.S. in 1959, was a gymnast in his youth and almost made the Hungarian Olympic swim team. After an upbringing in classical music playing violin and trumpet, Zoller taught himself guitar because there were too many trumpet players in Budapest to make a decent living. Pianist Don Friedman, Zoller’s friend and collaborator, says the guitarist told him that at first he tuned the instrument completely wrong. After figuring out the correct tuning, Zoller had to relearn everything he’d taught himself.", "While practicing guitar in his cellar, he stood on a gas pipe. Because the guitar was ungrounded, the electrical current resulted in a severe shock to his body. Reportedly, his electrocuted body was found by his eight-year-old son. Because the Relf family remained so private about his death, a rumor began to grow that the singer had been a victim of death by misadventure. The man who left the Yardbirds largely because of electric guitars died on May 14, 1976, BY an electric guitar.", "McCartney custom-ordered a left-handed Höfner model 500/1 \"violin\" bass during one of the group's early residences in Hamburg. This model, with two pickups very close to the neck and almost touching each other, was replaced in 1963 by a newer model, whose pickups were spaced much farther apart, in a more conventional manner. McCartney continued to use his early model, although very rarely, until the Let It Be sessions, when it was stolen from Twickenham Film Studios; he continues to use his second Höfner today. In October 1965 he switched to a Rickenbacker model 4001S, during the recording of Rubber Soul (as seen in pictures from those sessions), but certainly by the recording of \"Paperback Writer\". It would be his principal choice for the remainder of The Beatles' career. He briefly used a left-handed Fender Jazz Bass during sessions for The Beatles (The White Album) and again for Abbey Road.[http://www.fender.com/artists/ :: Fender.com ::] He returned to the Höfner during rehearsals and recording of Let It Be and played it during the rooftop concert. He also used his original Höfner, refinished in three-tone sunburst and with upgraded electronics. It can be seen in footage from Let It Be and in the \"Revolution\" promo video.", "In 2005, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his development of the solid-body electric guitar. He was named an honorary member of the Audio Engineering Society in 1958. In 2007, he received the National Medal of Arts from U.S. President George W. Bush. ", "Buying a sitar himself as The Beatles came back from a Far East tour, he became the first Western popular musician to play one on a pop record, on the Rubber Soul track \"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)\". He championed Shankar with Western audiences and was largely responsible for having him included on the bill at the Monterey Pop Festival in June 1967. Shankar had not admired Harrison's first Indian-influenced efforts, but the two became friends, and Harrison began his first formal musical studies with Shankar.", "Christian was an important early performer on the electric guitar and a key figure in the development of bebop and cool j...", "Another acoustic guitar Paul had was a nice, warm-sounding Martin which he acquired in 1968. It was used in the White Album Sessions and can be heard on the songs “Two of Us” and “Blackbird”.", "However I believe when Fender sent all those amps and instruments to The Beatles, they did send a right handed Jazz Bass, so maybe he played that during Abbey Road ?  ", "He might have been obsessed with electronics, but the first band he joined was all about guitars and mullets." ]

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[ "In February 1973, the U.S. Senate unanimously approved a resolution that impaneled the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities to investigate the Watergate burglary. Chaired by Democratic U.S. Sen. Sam Ervin, the committee held public hearings that became known as the \"Watergate Hearings.\"", "On Feb. 7, 1973, the United States Senate voted 77–0 to approve S.Res. 60 and establish a select committee to investigate Watergate, with Sam Ervin named chairman the next day. The hearings held by the Senate Committee, in which Dean and other former administration officials testified, were broadcast from May 17 to August 7, 1973. The three major networks of the time agreed to take turns covering the hearings live, each network thus maintained coverage of the hearings every third day, starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7. An estimated 85% of Americans with television sets tuned in to at least one portion of the hearings.", "After the Senate Watergate Committee hearings concluded on Aug 3, 1973, in Washington, with the reading of a statement by L. Patrick Gray III, former director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Senators and counsel held a session. From left are Sen. Sam J. Ervin Jr., D-N.C., committee chairman; Sam Dash, chief counsel; Sen. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., R-Conn., Sen. Howard H. Baker Jr., R-Tenn., and Rufus Edmisten, deputy counsel.", "Sam J. Ervin -- The folksy chairman of the Senate Watergate Committee, who offered homespun lessons on constitutional law in televised Watergate hearings; those hearings dramatized the issues and personalities, allowing Americans to weigh the credibility of Watergate's key players for themselves.", "By the time the Ervin hearings began on May 17, a new tenor for American political life had been set: eye-popping revelations of nearly undreamed-of venality at the heart of American power, followed by increasingly threadbare Oval Office protestations of innocence. It would not let up for the next 15 months. The daily televised hearings were quite possibly comparable in drama, import, and historic depth to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, and the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–20. Presided over by four Democrats led by Chairman Ervin—who became a folk hero (and to some a folk villain)—and three Republicans led by Vice Chairman Howard Baker of Tennessee, the hearings were at first covered gavel-to-gavel on all three commercial television networks—a business sacrifice that spoke to the remarkable civic high-mindedness with which the country approached the Watergate inquiry. Soon the networks began showing the hearings on a rotating basis. Some Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations, however, continued to broadcast the hearings live daily, other PBS stations reran telecasts of the hearings at night, while still others did both.", "On April 30, 1973, Nixon forced Haldeman and Ehrlichman to resign, and fired John Dean, another aide. He accepted responsibility for Watergate, and said that a special prosecutor would appointed to handle the case. In May of 1973, the Department of Justice appointed Archibald Cox to fill the position, and the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities began hearings on Watergate, headed by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina. John Dean became Nixon’s chief accuser, stating that he had played a major part in the cover-up, with Nixon’s knowledge.. 8", "In May 1973, the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, headed by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, began televised proceedings on the rapidly escalating Watergate affair. One week later, Harvard law professor Archibald Cox was sworn in as special Watergate prosecutor. During the Senate hearings, former White House legal counsel John Dean testified that the Watergate break-in had been approved by former Attorney General John Mitchell with the knowledge of White House advisers John Ehrlichman and H.R. Haldeman, and that President Nixon had been aware of the cover-up. Meanwhile, Watergate prosecutor Cox and his staff began to uncover widespread evidence of political espionage by the Nixon reelection committee, illegal wiretapping of thousands of citizens by the administration, and contributions to the Republican Party in return for political favors.", "On February 28, 1973, Acting FBI Director L. Patrick Gray testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding his nomination to replace J. Edgar Hoover. Committee chairman Sam Ervin, referencing newspaper articles, questioned Gray as to how the White House had gained access to FBI files related to the Watergate investigation. Gray stated he had given reports to White House counsel John Dean, that Dean had ordered him to give the White House daily updates on the FBI's investigation, that he had discussed the investigation with Dean on many occasions, and that Dean had \"probably lied\" to FBI investigators about his role in the scandal. Subsequently, Gray was ordered not to talk about Watergate by Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst. Gray's nomination failed, and now White House counsel Dean was directly linked to the Watergate cover-up.", "Howard Hunt during the Senate hearings. [Source: Bettmann / Corbis]Convicted Watergate burglar E. Howard Hunt testifies before the Senate Watergate Committee. He has been adamant about remaining silent before the investigators, both when he was interrogated by the FBI and the Watergate grand jury prosecutors, and had inspired the four so-called “Cubans” among the burglars—Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzales, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis—to also remain silent. The “Cubans” are aghast at Hunt’s open testimony in the Senate; among other things, he confirms that former Nixon White House and campaign aides John Mitchell, John Dean, and Jeb Magruder were primarily responsible for the covert actions of the Nixon campaign, and says that the CIA is heavily involved in domestic activities. Hunt’s fellow White House aide, G. Gordon Liddy, who has also remained obstinately silent, is overtly disgusted at Hunt. When Hunt is returned to his jail cell, Liddy asks the guards to transfer him to another block, away from Hunt, and says, “From now on, it’s every man for himself.”", "White House counsel John Dean meets with President Nixon to discuss his upcoming testimony before the Watergate grand jury (see April 6-20, 1973 ). Dean apologizes for not telling Nixon himself (Nixon had learned of Dean’s intent to testify from the Justice Department—see April 6-20, 1973 ). Dean agrees not to talk about “national security” matters such as the indiscriminate wiretapping the White House has had the FBI perform. Nixon also says that “he had, of course, only been joking” when he the remark he made earlier to Dean about being able to provide $1 million in “hush money” to the Watergate burglars (see March 21, 1973 ). According to later testimony by Dean (see June 25-29, 1973 ), during the meeting, Nixon “went behind his chair to the corner of the office and in a nearly inaudible tone said to me he was probably foolish to have discussed Hunt’s clemency with Colson” (see March 21, 1973 ). Dean concludes by saying that he hopes nothing he’s done will “result in the impeachment of the President.” According to Dean’s testimony, Nixon replies jokingly, “I certainly hope so also.” Both men are stilted and formal; Nixon knows he is being tape-recorded for posterity (see July 13-16, 1973 ), and Dean suspects the taping. The White House will contend that Dean’s version of events is wrong, and that Nixon tells Dean he has to testify without immunity. The audiotapes later show that Dean’s version of events is accurate.", "On Monday, July 16, 1973, in front of a live, televised audience, chief minority counsel Fred Thompson asked Butterfield whether he was \"aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the President.\" Butterfield's revelation of the taping system transformed the Watergate investigation. Cox immediately subpoenaed the tapes, as did the Senate, but Nixon refused to release them, citing his executive privilege as president, and ordered Cox to drop his subpoena. Cox refused. ", "was a North Carolinian who headed a Senate committee that investigated the Watergate incident. The hearings, which were held in 1973-1974, were widely televised in order to inform the nation of the White House dealings in the crime. Ervin subsequently became rather well-known across the country for his involvement.", "The tapes revealed several crucial conversations that took place between the President and his counsel, John Dean, on March 21, 1973. In this conversation, Dean summarized many aspects of the Watergate case, and focused on the subsequent cover-up, describing it as a \"cancer on the presidency.\" The burglary team was being paid hush money for their silence and Dean stated: \"That's the most troublesome post-thing, because Bob [Haldeman] is involved in that; John [Ehrlichman] is involved in that; I am involved in that; Mitchell is involved in that. And that's an obstruction of justice.\" Dean continued, stating that Howard Hunt was blackmailing the White House, demanding money immediately; President Nixon replied that the blackmail money should be paid: \"…just looking at the immediate problem, don't you have to have – handle Hunt's financial situation damn soon? […] you've got to keep the cap on the bottle that much, in order to have any options.\" ", "William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) [1] was an agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation who retired in 1973 as the Bureau's Associate Director . After denying his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein for 30 years, Felt revealed himself on May 31, 2005, to be the Watergate scandal 's whistleblower , \" Deep Throat .\"", "The truth is, Woodward had many sources. Felt was one. Bobby Inman was another. And so on and on. His most important source, however, was undoubtedly the man identified in a CIA document entitled \"Memorandum for the Record by Martin Lukoskie.\" At the time it was written, Mr. Lukoskie was an employee of the CIA's Central Cover Staff. The subject-line of his memo reads: \"Meeting with Robert Foster Bennett and his Comments Concerning E. Howard Hunt, Douglas Caddy and the Watergate Five Incident.\" Lukoskie notes that the meeting with Bennett took place on July 10, 1972 in the Hot Shop (sic) Cafeteria in Washington.", "Shortly afterwards Bob Woodward confirmed that Felt had provided him with important information during the Watergate investigation. Ben Bradlee also said that Felt was Deep Throat. However, Carl Bernstein was quick to add that Felt was only one of several important sources.", "June 3 - John Dean has told Watergate investigators that he discussed the Watergate cover-up with President Nixon at least 35 times, The Post reports. Post Story", "1973 - The Watergate Scandal: US President Richard M. Nixon agrees to turn over subpoenaed audio tapes of his Oval Office conversations about the scandal.", "From June 25-29, 1973, former White House Counsel John Dean did indeed made these allegations. He began with a seven-hour opening statement in which he laid out his knowledge of the entire campaign of White House espionage. He also revealed that he believed Nixon had tape-recorded some of the oval office conversations regarding Watergate. Dean's story held up well under cross examination. Ten days later, President Nixon announced that he would not testify before the Senate Watergate Committee, and he would not provide access to White House documents. Despite his earlier pronouncement, Nixon justified this decision as \"executive privilege\".  ", "On this day in 1974, the House Judiciary Committee recommends that America�s 37th president, Richard M. Nixon, be impeached and removed from office. The impeachment proceedings resulted from a series of political scandals involving the Nixon administration that came to be collectively known as Watergate.", "Gordon Novel , a man known for several controversial investigations, has claimed Watergate served as a discourse to stop the Nixon administration to hold Senate hearings about a postmortem on the Vietnam war. [39]", "On 20th April, Dean issued a statement making it clear that he was unwilling to be a \"scapegoat in the Watergate case\". When Dean testified on 25th June, 1973 before the Senate Committee investigating Watergate, he claimed that Nixon participated in the cover-up. He also confirmed that Nixon had tape-recordings of meetings where these issues were discussed.", "William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008), a former Associate Director of the FBI, was \"Deep Throat,\" a source of much of the Watergate scandal information. He was the highest-ranking federal agent ever convicted of wrongdoing. He had authorized raids on homes of suspected Weather Underground terrorists without receiving search warrants, for which he was pardoned during the appeals process by US President Ronald Reagan.", "Former Sen. Lowell P. Weicker Jr. talks about the Watergate scandall in his Old Lyme home.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent who retired as the Bureau's Deputy Director in 1973. After keeping secret for 30 years his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, Felt admitted to being the Watergate scandal's whistleblower, \"Deep Throat,\" on May 31, 2005.", "director of the FBI during investigation of the Watergate break in; admitted to destroying documents he received from convicted Watergate conspirator HUNT", "At the time, the committee was preparing documents resulting from the Watergate scandal. Watergate was named for the Washington, D.C., complex in which it took place. The Watergate scandal involved burglary and the illegal tapings of the conversations of the", "He quizzed the President on the Watergate Scandal that had emerged in the early 1970s .", "Mid-February, 1973: ’Deep Throat’ Says Nixon Administration Unable to Prevent ‘Real Story’ of Watergate from Coming Out", "He was among the celebrities on the famous \"Enemies List\" kept by President Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal.", "Warren Commission (2 of 26): Hearings Vol. II (of 15) The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy" ]

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[ "New York radio station WINS announced the hiring of pioneer Rock disc jockey Alan Freed to be the host of their Rock 'n' Roll Party. As he did on his earlier Moondog's Rock 'n' Roll House Party Show on WJW in Cleveland, Freed programmed records by Black R&B artists that many White teenagers had never heard before. Freed is often credited with popularizing the term \"Rock and Roll\", although the phrase was first used in 1942 by Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker to describe upbeat recordings.", "The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various popular musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues, gospel music, and country and western.[3] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music.", "One of the most important popularizers of rock and roll during the '50s, Alan Freed was the first disc jockey and concert producer of rock and roll. Often credited with coining the term rock and roll in 1951, ostensibly to avoid the stigma attached to R&B and so called race music, Freed opened the door to white acceptance of black music, eschewing white cover versions in favor of the R&B originals.", "Rock and roll music was first identified as a new genre in 1951 by Cleveland, Ohio, disc jockey Alan Freed who began playing this music style while popularizing the term \"rock and roll\" to describe it. By the mid-1950s, rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians.", "See also: Origins of rock and roll and Rockabilly . The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music , with country and western . [18] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed \"race music\") for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music. [19]", "The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music , with country and western . [22] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed “race music”) for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase “rock and roll” to describe the music. [23]", "In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues and country music for a multi-racial audience. Freed is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music he played. However, the term had already been introduced to US audiences, particularly in the lyrics of many rhythm and blues records. Three different songs with the title \"Rock And Roll\" were recorded in the late 1940s; one by Paul Bascomb in 1947, another by Wild Bill Moore in 1948, and yet another by Doles Dickens in 1949, and the phrase was in constant use in the lyrics of R&B songs of the time. One such record where the phrase was repeated throughout the song was \"Rock And Roll Blues,\" recorded in 1949 by Erline \"Rock And Roll\" Harris. The phrase was also included in advertisements for the film Wabash Avenue, starring Betty Grable and Victor Mature. An ad for the movie that ran April 12, 1950 billed Ms. Grable as \"...the first lady of rock and roll\" and Wabash Avenue as \"...the roaring street she rocked to fame\".", "The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music , with country and western . In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase “rock and roll” to describe the music.", "Freed is commonly referred to as the \"father of rock 'n' roll\" due to his promotion of the style of music, and his introduction of the phrase \"rock and roll\", in reference to the musical genre, on mainstream radio in the early 1950s. He helped bridge the gap of segregation among young teenage Americans, presenting music by African-American artists (rather than cover versions by white artists) on his radio program, and arranging live concerts attended by racially mixed audiences. Freed appeared in several motion pictures as himself. In the 1956 film Rock, Rock, Rock, Freed tells the audience that \"rock and roll is a river of music that has absorbed many streams: rhythm and blues, jazz, rag time, cowboy songs, country songs, folk songs. All have contributed to the big beat.\"", "Rock-n-roll emerged in the mid-1950s with Sam Cooke, Jackie Wilson, Gene Vincent, Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Little Richard, James Brown, Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, Bobby Darin, Ritchie Valens, Duane Eddy, Eddie Cochran, Brenda Lee, Bobby Vee, Connie Francis, Johnny Mathis, Neil Sedaka, Pat Boone and Ricky Nelson being notable exponents. In the mid-1950s, Elvis Presley became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. Chuck Berry, with \"Maybellene\" (1955), \"Roll Over Beethoven\" (1956), \"Rock and Roll Music\" (1957) and \"Johnny B. Goode\" (1958), refined and developed the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, focusing on teen life and introducing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music. Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Everly Brothers, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Conway Twitty, Johnny Horton, and Marty Robbins were Rockabilly musicians. Doo-wop was another popular genre at the time. Popular Doo Wop and Rock-n-Roll bands of the mid to late 1950s include The Platters, The Flamingos, The Dells, The Silhouettes, Frankie Lymon and The Teenagers, Little Anthony and The Imperials, Danny & the Juniors, The Coasters, The Drifters, The Del-Vikings and Dion and the Belmonts.", "Record Rendezvous 300 Prospect Avenue Was this the birthplace of the term “rock ’n’ roll”? At one time a top record store owned by a man named Leo Mintz stood here, and he was the guy who sponsored the very first Moondog Coronation Ball. Many claim that it was Mintz, not DJ Alan Freed, who coined the term “rock ’n’ roll” at his store. Mintz also revolutionized how records were marketed because it was here that he saw an increasing number of white teenagers buying rhythm and blues records. Based on this, Mintz convinced Freed to start playing these records on his radio show. On July 11, 1951, calling himself “Moondog,” Freed went on the air and became among the first to program rhythm and blues for a white teenage audience. Other small stations followed, eventually forcing the larger stations to join in.", "Rock 'n roll was a black thing, but really broke out when a southern white guy, Elvis, put it on the map. Its early writers were both black and white.", "           Rock and Roll: white teenagers in the 1950s discovered rhythm and blues, but many radio stations would not play ‘black’ music. Elvis Presley was one of the first singers to mix rhythm and blues and country and western. The result was ‘rock and roll’.          ", "It has been argued that \"That's All Right (Mama)\" (1954), Elvis Presley's first single for Sun Records in Memphis, was the first rock and roll record,[26] but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner's \"Shake, Rattle & Roll\", later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts. Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley,Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent.[24] Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and crooners, such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.[27]", "The greatest exponent of rock 'n' roll from 1956 to 1963 was Elvis Presley , a truck driver and aspiring singer from Tupelo, Miss., whose plaintive, wailing, dynamic delivery and uninhibited sexuality appealed directly to young audiences while horrifying older people. As rock 'n' roll became a financial success, record companies that had considered it a fad began to search for new singers; they generally succeeded in commercializing the music, robbing it of much of its gutsy, rebellious quality. In the late 1950s, for example, there was a fad for sentimentally morbid songs such as \"Laura\" and \"Teen Angel.\"", "American music styles such as rock and roll, or rock, blended black and white popular music. Among its great American stars was Elvis Presley (1935-1977) in the 1950s and 60s. Presley died a sad figure in 1977, but his great voice and music remained popular after his death, as did a sometimes unhealthy personality cult. Aided by rapid modern communications, rock was soon listened to throughout the world, a development the American rock musician Chuck Berry (born 1926) summed up with his 1956 hit Roll Over Beethoven. This trend was closely related to the Western “youth rebellion” and the rise of youth culture and teenagers as a major consumer group and target audience for commercial products. Electric versions of traditional musical instruments were created, and the electric guitar in particular became popular.", "Which Cleveland DJ is usually credited with coining the term \"rock n roll\" to apply to the music of that style?", "The origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated by commentators and historians of music. There is general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States – a region which would produce most of the major early rock and roll acts – through the meeting of various influences that embodied a merging of the African musical tradition with European instrumentation. The migration of many former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as Memphis, New York City, Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland, and Buffalo (See: Second Great Migration (African American)) meant that black and white residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than ever before, and as a result heard each other's music and even began to emulate each other's fashions. Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the gramophone record, and African American musical styles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\".M. T. Bertrand, 'Race, rock, and Elvis Music in American life (University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 99.", "[on Bo Diddley ] Bo's one of the guys who invented rock 'n' roll. He took two cultures that existed in separate forms - country and western and the kind of blues that used to be known as 'race music' - and put them together. His beat was a jungle beat. That's what he called it.", "Cash was a peer of Elvis Presley when rock 'n' roll was born in Memphis in the 1950s, and he scored hits like \"Cry! Cry! Cry!\" during that era. He had a longtime friendship and recorded with Dylan, who has cited Cash as a major influence.", "  Rock and roll is a form of music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, with roots in mainly Blues, Country, R&B, Folk and Gospel music, and quickly spread to the rest of the world.", "Rock'n Roll -- American popular music style first heard in the 1950s; derived from the union of African-American rhythm and blues, country-western, and pop music", "Charles Edward Anderson \"Chuck\" Berry (born October 18, 1926) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music.", "   Bo Diddley's 1955 hit \"Bo Diddley\" backed with \"I'm A Man\" introduced a new, pounding beat, and unique guitar playing that inspired many artists. Other artists with early rock and roll hits were Chuck Berry and Little Richard, as well as many vocal doo-wop groups.", "Describe the rise of Rock 'n' Roll and explain why it was so popular among teens of the 1950's. | eNotes", "Beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music.G. C. Altschuler, All shook up: how rock 'n' roll changed America (Oxford: Oxford University Press US, 2003), p. 35. It went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply \"rock music\" or \"rock\".", "� The medium was saved from obscurity by the rise of the new phenomenon of rock & roll music.", "Several records  have been most frequently cited by different authorities as \"the first rock’n’roll record\". These include :", ">Since we are on the subject of Rock 'N' Roll, I would like to bring up", "rock music, type of music originating in the United States in the mid-1950s and increasingly popular throughout much of the world.", "The Complete Road Map of Rock ‘N’ Roll • An expert overview of rock ’n’ roll’s most groundbreaking and influential artists;", "What artist combined country and rhythm and blues to create the first rock and roll million selling hit?" ]

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[ "Recalling killer Gary Gilmore's famous last words before he was executed by firing squad in 1977 in Utah – \"Let's do it,\" Gilmore said – it was 11 years later when Wieden tweaked the declaration and came up with an idea that would soon become iconic:", "In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, in violation of the eighth Amendment to the Constitution, the death penalty qualified as “cruel and unusual punishment,” primarily because states used capital punishment in “arbitrary and capricious ways,” especially in regard to race. However, in 1976, with 66 percent of Americans supporting the death penalty, the court ended the constitutional ban on capital punishment, provided that states create specific guidelines for imposing death sentences. In 1977, Gary Gilmore, a career criminal who had murdered the elderly couple because they would not lend him their car, was the first person to be executed since the end of the ban. Defiantly facing a firing squad, Gilmore’s last words to his executioners before they shot him through the heart were “Let’s do it.”", "On this date in 1977, Gary Gilmore uttered the last words “Let’s do it” and was shot by a five-person firing squad in Utah as the curtain raised on a “modern” death penalty era in the United States.", "Gilmore was sentenced to death by firing squad after murdering two men in Utah in 1976. Just before his execution in 1977, he uttered the words \"Let's do it.\"", "It seemed one of those lives in which the narrative would yield no further meaning. Gary Gilmore had been in and out of prison, mostly in, for 22 of his 36 years. Gary Gilmore had a highly developed kind of con style that caught the national imagination. \"Unless it's a joke or something, I want to go ahead and do it,\" Gary Gilmore said when he refused legal efforts to reverse the jury's verdict of death on felony murder. \"Let's do it,\" Gary Gilmore said in the moments before the hood was lowered and the muzzles of the rifles emerged from the executioner's blind. Gary Gilmore's execution in 1977 was the first in the United States in ten years, and the last months of his life were expensively, exhaustively covered, covered in teams, covered in packs, covered with checkbooks and covered with tricks, covered to that point at which Louis Nirer was calling Provo in a failed attempt to add some class to David Susskind's bid for the rights, covered to that pitch at which the coverage itself might have seemed the only story.", "Asked for last words, Gilmore said, \"Let's do it.\" Then to the priest delivering last rights, he said in Latin, \"There will always be a father.\" The countdown began. Gilmore appeared calm. There were three distinct shots. His head went forward into the strap, his right hand delicately lifted, then dropped. The spectators he'd requested to witness the event watched as blood flowed from his heart down his shirt and onto the floor. The doctor went forward to listen, and said that he was still alive. In twenty more seconds, it was over. Three lives had been tragically wasted.", "After being asked for any last words, Gilmore simply replied, \"Let's do it.\" The Rev. Thomas Meersman, the Roman Catholic prison chaplain, imparted Gilmore's last rites. After the prison physician cloaked him in a black hood, Gilmore uttered his last words to the Father Meersman:", "Gilmore composed an open letter to her, published by the press, to ask that she allow him to get on with it. Ten days later, the Stay was overturned and Gilmore ended his 25-day hunger strike. Upon learning that he would still have to wait another month for his execution, he tried once again to kill himself, but was found in time. Then Mikal decided that he needed to try to stop the process. He went to Utah to talk with his brother, describing the meeting in detail in his book, and was ultimately convinced that Gary knew what he was doing and wanted to do it. On film, Mikal said that Gary had quoted Nietzsche to him, that \"a time comes when a man should rise to meet the occasion.\" That's what he was trying to do. During their last meeting, Gary kissed Mikal on the mouth and said, \"See you in the darkness.\" Mikal left without taking any further action.", "In November 1976, during a Board of Pardons hearing, Gilmore said, \"They always want to get in on the act. I don't think they have ever really done anything effective in their lives. I would like them all � including that group of reverends and rabbis from Salt Lake City � to butt out. This is my life and this is my death. It's been sanctioned by the courts that I die and I accept that.\" Gilmore received several stays of execution, brought about by the efforts of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the last of which occurred just hours before the re-scheduled execution date of January 17. That stay was overturned at 7:30 a.m. on the morning of the 17th, and the execution was allowed to proceed as planned. During the time Gilmore was on death row awaiting his execution, he attempted suicide twice, the first time on November 16 as a result of the first stay issued, and again one month later. While incarcerated, Gilmore developed a deep dislike for two of his fellow inmates, convicted murderers and rapists Pierre Dale Selby and William Andrews, the \"Hi-Fi Murderers.\" The two were eventually executed for their crimes in 1987 and 1992 respectively.", "The same year that Gilmore was executed, 1977, a popular English punk band, The Adverts, debuted a song titled, “ Gary Gilmore’s Eyes .” This song was about how Gilmore’s corneas had been donated when he was executed and what it was like to have just received them in the hospital. The lyrics go as follows: “I’m lying in a hospital / I’m pinned against the bed / A stethoscope upon my heart / A hand against my head / They’re peeling off the bandages / I’m wincing in the light / The nurse is looking anxious / And she’s quivering in fright, I’m looking through Gary Gilmore’s eyes.”", "At eight minutes after 8:00 a.m on January 17, 1977, Gary Mark Gilmore was executed by a firing squad in Draper, Utah. The execution ended the life of a man who had killed at least two people and who had spent 18 of his 36 years behind bars for various offenses. Two aspects of the case kept it on the front pages for months. First, the death penalty had been reinstated in the United States in 1976 (not without controversy) after a 10-year hiatus and Gilmore was to become the first prisoner to be executed. Second, he fought the justice system to ensure he would be executed quickly.", "How Nike just did it: Brand's game-changing slogan was inspired by infamous murderer Gary Gilmore's last words before he was shot dead by firing squad", "In October 1976 Gary Gilmore was convicted of a double murder in Utah and sentenced to death. Gilmore, who had spent much of his life in prison, could not bear the prospect of spending years behind bars and decided not to appeal the sentence. The American Civil Liberties Union appealed on his behalf - and to his annoyance - but on 17 January 1977 Gilmore was executed by firing squad, the first execution in the US for a decade. Norman Mailer later wrote a book about Gilmore, The Executioner's Song, which was made into a TV movie starring Tommy Lee Jones.", "What famous 3-word ad line of an apparel company was coined by Dan Wieden who got it from the final words of executed murderer Gary Gilmore?", "In 1952, the Gilmore family settled in Portland, Oregon. As an adolescent, Gary began engaging in petty crime. Although Gilmore had an IQ test score of 133, gained high scores on both aptitude and achievement tests, and showed artistic talent, he dropped out of high school in the ninth grade. He ran away from home with a friend to Texas, returning to Portland after several months. At the age of 14, he started a small car theft ring with friends, which resulted in his first arrest. He was released to his father with a warning. Two weeks later he was back in court on another car theft charge. The court remanded him to the MacLaren Reform School for Boys in Oregon, from which he was released the following year. He was sent to Oregon State Correctional Institution on another car theft charge in 1960, and was released later that year. In 1961, Frank, Sr., was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer; he died at the end of June 1962, while Gary was still in prison. One of his jailers told Gary when his father died. Despite his dysfunctional relationship with his father, Gary was devastated and tried to kill himself by slitting his wrists.", "On January 31, 1977, TIME described the setting of Gilmore’s execution: “It was an old mahogany office chair with a black vinyl seat and back. There, in an old tannery known as the Slaughterhouse in the southwest corner of the Utah State Prison, sat Gary Mark Gilmore, 36, freshly shaven and wearing a black T shirt, crumpled white trousers and red, white, and blue sneakers. His neck, waist, wrists and feet were loosely bound to the chair. Twenty-six feet away hung a sailcloth partition with five slits. Hidden behind the curtain stood five riflemen armed with .30-.30 deer rifles, four loaded with steel-jacketed shells, the fifth with a blank.” As this describes, Gary Gilmore’s death itself became well known to society, and it was also the aftermath of his death that had an effect on pop culture.", "\"Gregg gave states the green light to implement the death penalty, as long as juries received adequate guidance. Half a year later, on January 17, 1977, the first execution in the United States since June 1967 took place. The condemned man was Gary Gilmore, convicted in Utah of murder. Like Wallace Wilkerson in the Utah Territory a century earlier, Gilmore was executed by firing squad - at his request.\"", "Gary Gilmore was the first person executed in the United States after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a new series of death penalty statutes in 1976. He committed two murders in Utah, one on July 19, 1976, and another one the next night. He was found to be guilty and sentenced to the death penalty after the recent Gregg v. Georgia (1976) case overturned the prior Furman v. Georgia (1972) case that deemed the death penalty unconstitutional. Gilmore became an instant celebrity when he demanded that his death sentence be carried out.", "At age 35, Gary Gilmore had spent more than half his life behind bars. In April 1976 he was paroled from the federal penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, and went to live with family members in Utah. On July 19, 1976, he robbed and killed a gas station attendant in Orem, Utah. The next day, he held up a motel in nearby Provo, forced the manager, Ben Bushnell, to lie face down on floor, then shot him through the head. Less than 24 hours later, Gilmore was in custody. Because there were eyewitnesses to the motel killing, it was decided to try Gilmore on the Bushnell murder first.", "Gary Gilmore, the convicted murderer, was executed today by firing squad in the Utah state prison in Salt Lake City.", "\"The Story of Gary Gilmore: Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer and Shot in the Heart by Mikal Gilmore,\" by Scott Vollum, Doctoral Student, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University.", "Reconstructs the crime and fate of Gary Gilmore, the convicted murderer who sought his own execution in Utah, based on taped interviews with relatives, friends, lawyers, and law-enforcement officials.", "Note: Gacy's last words before being executed by lethal injection. The \"rest\" refers to the bodies of his other victims.", "Bundy was executed in the electric chair on January 24, 1989. His final words were: “I’d like you to give my love to my family and friends.”", "Gacy later recollected his memories of his final day of freedom as being \"hazy\", adding that he knew his arrest was inevitable and that, in his final hours of freedom, he intended to visit his friends and say his final farewells. Upon leaving his lawyers' office, Gacy drove to a Shell gas station where, in the course of filling his rental car, he handed a small bag of cannabis to the attendant, a youth named Lance Jacobson. Jacobson immediately handed the bag to the surveillance officers, adding that Gacy had told him: \"The end is coming (for me). These guys are going to kill me.\" Gacy then drove to the home of a fellow contractor, Ronald Rhode. Inside Rhode's living room, Gacy hugged Rhode before bursting into tears and saying: \"I killed thirty people, give or take a few.\" Gacy then left Rhode's home to meet with Michael Rossi and David Cram. As he drove along the expressway, the surveillance officers noted he was holding a rosary to his chin as he prayed while driving.", "The murderer James W. Rodgers, executed by a firing squad in 1960, when asked if he wished to make a final statement, retorted, \"I done told you my last request — a bulletproof vest.\" However, his actual last words came when he was offered a coat to wear over his thin denim prison uniform, to which he replied, \"Don't worry: I'll be where it's warm soon.\"", "Rollings' musical goodbye was unusual, but many convicts throughout history have checked out with flourishes. Following, in no particular order, are the last words of people who have been executed, culled from news reports and history texts:", "Famous Last Words : The narrator provides the Final Speech that Sydney would have given had he the opportunity.", "Walter: How can you say that to me? Jesus! I mean, I'm the one who's a father! What, am I gonna curl up in a ball in tears in front of you, or am I gonna lock myself in a room and get high to prove it to you? What happened to that boy was a tragedy and it tears me up inside. But because it happened, am I supposed to just lie down and die with him? It's done! It makes me sick that it happened, just like everyone else who has died in our wake. What Todd did... you and I have done things that are just as bad.", "What's to become of Gilmore, the killer who wanted to die? Will they just do away with Gilmore, or will they give him another try?", "McVeigh dissociated himself from his boyhood friend, Steve Hodge, by sending a 23-page farewell letter to him. He proclaimed his devotion to the United States Declaration of Independence, explaining in detail what each sentence meant to him. McVeigh declared that: ", "A second paraphrase (see annotations for \" Won't Get Fooled Again \") of Harry Callahan's (Clint Eastwood') famous speech in DIRTY HARRY as he holds a felon at gunpoint:" ]

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[ "Socialite Ivana Trump initially gained national recognition as the first wife of billionaire Donald Trump , to whom she was wed from 1977 to 1992. Born Ivana Marie Zelnickova in 1949, she grew up in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia, just south of Prague, and established herself as a champion skier at an early age. After earning her masters in the dual arenas of physical education and languages, Ivana spent a number of years professionally coaching ski racers with then-paramour George Syrovatka in Montréal, Canada, then shifted gears and moved into modeling for the Audrey Morris agency during the 1970s -- a line of work that inadvertently brought her to New York City and introduced her to Donald Trump in 1976. The two married within a year and had three children: Ivanka Trump , Donald Trump Jr., and Eric Trump.", "Socialite Ivana Trump initially gained national recognition as the first wife of billionaire [[Performer~P71941~Donald Trump~donaldtrump]], to whom she was wed from 1977 to 1992. Born Ivana Marie Zelnickova in 1949, she grew up in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia, just south of Prague, and established herself as a champion skier at an early age. After earning her masters in the dual arenas of physical education and languages, Ivana spent a number of years professionally coaching ski racers with then-paramour George Syrovatka in Montréal, Canada, then shifted gears and moved into modeling for the Audrey Morris agency during the 1970s -- a line of work that inadvertently brought her to New York City and introduced her to [[Performer~P71941~Donald Trump~donaldtrump]] in 1976. The two married within a year and had three children: [[Performer~P355841~Ivanka Trump~ivankatrump]], Donald Trump Jr., and Eric Trump.", "Ivana Trump, who was born in Czechoslovakia, has a fairly narrow view of her fellow immigrants. \"As long as you come here legally and get a proper job... we need immigrants,\" she said. \"Who's going to vacuum our living rooms and clean up after us? Americans don't like to do that.\" Allowing that the idea of vacuuming her own living room or cleaning up after herself does not seem to have entered into her mind, Ms. Trump's comments reveal a fundamental ignorance about the lives of immigrants as well as American workers. In most states, housekeeper is not actually the most common profession for immigrants. According to an analysis of U.S. Census data by Business Insider, a majority of housekeepers and maids are American-born. The most common job held by immigrants in Donald Trump's home state of New York, for example, is home health care aide.", "While Ivana says she’s not political — “I was born in a Communist country [Czechoslovakia] and I don’t like politics” — she frets that America has lost its prestige. “We have to get it back.”", "Ivana Winklmayr was born in Czechoslovakia. Winklmayr was an excellent skier, and was named as an alternate for the 1982 Czech Olympic Team. She was promoting the Montreal Olympics in New York in 1976 when she met Donald Trump. Ivana and Donald's marriage was very public and well-covered by the media, but not nearly so well as their very litigious divorce in the early nineties.", "Donald J. Trump, Jr. , born in New York City, of Czech mother, is an American businessman who is the first child of real estate developer Donald J. Trump and Ivana Trump. He currently works along with his sister Ivanka Trump and brother Eric Trump in the position of Executive Vice President at The Trump Organization. He is also ambassador for Operation Smile.", "That success can be measured in many ways not least in the sumptuous homes she and Andrew have in London, Berkshire, France and New York.  The 12-room �4 million Manhattan apartment in Trump Tower was sold to them by Donald himself.  The Trumps, Donald and Ivana, are personal friends.", "It was in New York that Ivana met Donald Trump, son of prominent real estate developer Fred Trump. On April 7, 1977, she married Donald in a lavish society wedding. Donald and Ivana Trump became leading figures in New York society during the 1980s. They set to work on several massive projects, including the renovation of the Grand Hyatt Hotel and construction of the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey and the Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. They had three children: Donald John Jr. (born December 31, 1977), Ivanka Marie (born October 30, 1981), and Eric Fredrick (born January 6, 1984). She has eight grandchildren. ", "Her presence in statue form would certainly bring a touch of authentic royalty to Queens. But on Tuesday evening, Mrs. Shulman had home-grown nobility in mind - Mr. Trump, born in a 23-room house in Jamaica Estates, Queens.", "Mueller was born and raised in the German-speaking town of Nitzkydorf, Romania. Her father served in the Waffen-SS in World War II, and her mother was deported to a work camp in the Soviet Union in 1945. At university, Mueller opposed the government of Nicolae Ceausescu and joined a group of dissident writers who sought freedom of speech.", "The divorce proceedings led to extensive pieces in the gossip columns. In October 1990 her 63-year-old father died suddenly from a heart attack. The Trumps stood side-by-side at the funeral. Their divorce was settled after that in 1992. Although the settlement remains sealed by the courts, it is rumored that Ivana received $20 million; the $14 million family estate in Connecticut; a $5 million housing allowance; $350,000 annual alimony; all of her jewelry; and 49% of Mar-a-Lago, the family home in Palm Beach, Florida, that also serves as a private club for the Palm Beach elite. Not long after her divorce from Donald, Ivana married Riccardo Mazzucchelli. The marriage was dissolved before two years had elapsed, and she filed a $15 million breach of contract suit against Mazzucchelli for violating the confidentiality clause in their prenuptial agreement. The suit was settled out of court. In 1997, Mazzucchelli sued Ivana and Donald for libel. ", "Ivanka Trump, left, and her father, Donald Trump, attend the European School of Economics Foundation Vision and Reality Awards on Dec. 5, 2012, in New York.", "A number of magazines reported inaccurately that she had decided that Montana was a more romantic place to be born than New York and repeated a fantasy of a \"western childhood.\" In fact, her father had moved the family there briefly, among other places, for work. Her family was Baptist, and her ancestry was mostly English, but included small amounts of Scottish, French, and Irish. Some of her genealogy leads to the earliest settlers in the colonies, including Elder John Crandall of Westerly, Rhode Island, and Edmund Rice, an early emigrant from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. ", "Alexa Davalos was born in Paris, France, to American parents, Jeff Dunas, a photographer, and Elyssa Davalos , an actress. Her father's family were Jewish immigrants (from Russia and Lithuania). After a quintessentially bohemian childhood that found her straddling New York, Paris, Italy and Los Angeles, Alexa Davalos headed to Manhattan. In the Big Apple, she instantly snagged lucrative assignments as a photographer's model for the likes of Peter Lindbergh , then discovered an inborn passion for acting and decided to make it the focus of her life.", "As Mrs. Trump, Ivana worked for many years as vice president of interior design for the Trump Organization. Following their much-publicized and ballyhooed divorce (an event that occupied an inordinate number of tabloid pages and headlines), she established two of her own companies, Ivana, Inc. and Ivana Haute Couture; graced numerous print advertisements for a plethora of brands; and significantly (like her ex-husband) moved into work as on-camera talent, as the subject of her own Lifetime network biography special, [[Feature~V336448~Intimate Portrait: Ivana Trump~intimateportrait:ivanatrump]] (2001) and the host of her own reality television special, [[Feature~V350864~Ivana Young Man~ivanayoungman]] on the Oxygen Channel. The program traveled behind the scenes to witness Trump guiding an affluent young socialite into marriage with the proper suitor. ~ Nathan Southern, Rovi", "Born far from the glamorous hills of Hollywood with which she would come to be so closely associated in the working-class neighborhood of Flushing, Queens in New York City, this First Lady’s legals born as Anne Frances Robbins on July 5, 1921.", "Sarah Palin is the former governor of Alaska, the youngest and first woman elected to the office; the first woman Republican vice-presidential candidate in American history; and the author of the number one New York Times bestsellers Going Rogue and America by Heart. She was named one of Time magazine's \"100 Most Influential People\" in 2010, hosted TLC's Sarah Palin's Alaska, and is a Fox News contributor. The mother of five children and grandmother of two, she lives with her husband, Todd, in Wasilla, Alaska.", "On the move! Ivanka Trump flashes her long legs while taking her eldest kids to school, as the family starts packing for their big move to D.C.", "Born June 10, 1965, in Hampshire, England, Elizabeth Hurley is the daughter of an army officer and an elementary schoolteacher mother. While growing up in Basingstoke, England, Hurley dreamed of becoming a dancer, which prompted her to attend a boarding school specializing in ballet at the age of 12.", "Storm clouds were threatening in the golden couple's relationship, however, and Ivana confronted her husband after blonde aspiring actress Marla Maples told her, on the ski slopes of Aspen, that she was in love with Ivana's husband. Two months later, the Trumps separated. A 13-month legal battle over financial settlement ensued, with Ivana, who was granted a divorce on the grounds of \"cruel and inhumane treatment\", eventually getting a $25-million payout, $10 million of which was in cash.", "“She has a lot of class,” said Hugo Ledezma, past president of a Florida homeowners’ association that had complained about construction noise when Trump renovated a golf course in Doral, Fla. Ivanka Trump appeared at several homeowners’ meetings, Ledezma said, and helped hammer out a solution: “She has a way about her.”", "Ivanka Trump posted this photo on Instagram with this caption: \"Impromptu family photo op! (Arabella opted for her \"serious\" face)\" April 30, 2014.", "The world’s most famous businessman Donald Trump’s mother Mary Anne MacLeod hails from Stornoway. She was born in 1912 to fisherman and crofter William and his wife Catherine.", "John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He was the second oldest of four children born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised Catholic (John's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was Episcopalian. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret (born 1941), a younger sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named Cameron (born 1950). The children were raised in their father's faith; John Kerry served as an altar boy.", "Fergie Soundtrack, The Great Gatsby Stacy Ann Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California, to Theresa Ann (Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson, both schoolteachers. Her ancestry includes Scottish, English, Irish, German, Swedish, and Luxembourgian. When she was a teenager, her parents divorced, which was a big challenge for a girl who wanted to be a star...", "Hillary Diane Rodham, Dorothy and Hugh Rodham's first child, was born on October 26, 1947. Two brothers, Hugh and Tony, soon followed. Hillary's childhood in Park Ridge, Illinois, was happy and disciplined. She loved sports and her church, and was a member of the National Honor Society, and a student leader. Her parents encouraged her to study hard and to pursue any career that interested her.", "Taylor Swift, country music’s youngest-ever Entertainer of the Year, attended Alvernia Montessori School in Berks County Pa. The singer is widely described as “the product of homegrown values”; New York Times calls her “one of pop’s finest songwriters, country music’s foremost pragmatist, and more in touch with her inner life than most adults”.", "Jennifer Shrader Lawrence was born on August 15, 1990, in the Indian Hills suburbs of Louisville, Kentucky, to Gary Lawrence, a construction worker, and his wife, Karen (née Koch), a children's camp manager. She has two older brothers, Ben and Blaine. Lawrence was educated at the Kammerer Middle School in Louisville. She describes her childhood as an \"unhappy\" experience, as she suffered from hyperactivity and social anxiety and considered herself a misfit among her peers. ", "* Donald Trump, American billionaire, whose mother came from Tong, a village 4 mi from Stornoway.", "She is a Republican. In her 2016 memoir \"Tippi\", she wrote that President Donald Trump is a celebrity friend.", "This is why those on the extreme-left deserve the reputation as hating the country. Michelle is over 40 years old, meaning she’s been an adult for 20+ years. And this is the first time she’s been proud of her country.", "Donald (John) Trump - Overview and business, Brand name, Trump Restaurants, Television and entertainment, Personal life, Books, Properties" ]

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[ "Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood, music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb. The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring and spawned numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as a 1972 film by the same name.  It was subsequently revised in 1987, and revived on Broadway in 1998 with Alan Cummings where it won multiple Tony Awards.", "Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood, music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb. The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as the 1972 film by the same name.", "Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood , music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb . The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as the 1972 film by the same name.", "Cabaret began its life as a Broadway show produced and directed by Hal Prince in 1966, but that stage musical was itself based on Christopher Isherwood’s 1939 novel, Goodbye to Berlin; a 1951 play, I Am a Camera , was also taken from this short novel. In part a fictionalized memoir, Goodbye to Berlin chronicled Isherwood’s bohemian experiences in 1930s Berlin as Weimar fell to the rise of Fascism; the “divinely decadent” Sally Bowles debuts here as a young Englishwoman (Jill Haworth), who sings in a local cabaret.", "At the time of Cabaret's Broadway opening, John Kander was accused of swiping his musical ideas from Kurt Weill , who composed in Berlin at the time of the events depicted in the show. However, Lotte Lenya, who was playing the role of Fräulein Schneider, and happened to have been Weill's wife, reassured him that the songs were not Weill, they simply were Berlin. The main musical numbers from the original stage show are as follows:", "The show is based on John Van Druten's 1951 play I Am a Camera, which in turn was adapted from the 1939 short novel Goodbye to Berlin by Christopher Isherwood. Cabaret the musical is set in 1931 Berlin as the Nazis are rising to power; it focuses on nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub and revolves around the 19-year-old English cabaret performer Sally Bowles (Michelle Ryan) and her relationship with the young American writer Cliff Bradshaw. Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies (Will Young) at the Kit Kat Klub.", "Cabaret's place in American musical theatre history begins in 1933 with the Broadway premiere of The Threepenny Opera. Based on John Gay's eighteenth century play The Beggar's Opera, playwright Bertolt Brecht and composer Kurt Weill set their version in Victorian London and told the story of the outlaw Mack the Knife in an attempt to send up the political chaos in Germany during the 20s and 30s. Although it was not an instant success, three decades later a musical that \"fixed\" Isherwood showed how much it owed to this German import.", "Cabaret est une comédie musicale écrite par Joe Masteroff (en) pour le livret, Fred Ebb pour les paroles, sur une musique de John Kander. L'histoire est adaptée de la pièce de théâtre I Am a Camera (en) de John Van Druten, elle-même inspirée de Berlin Stories de l'écrivain anglo-américain Christopher Isherwood.", "Director Bob Fosse's great revolutionary musical Cabaret (1972) was quite a contrast to the sugary musicals of the 60s like Mary Poppins (1964) and The Sound of Music (1965) . It was an impressive look at life in pre-War Weimer Germany between the wars, featuring stylish choreography and Minnelli's show-stopping performance as Berlin showgirl Sally Bowles. Liza Minnelli and Joel Grey (as the androgynous Master of Ceremonies) were both awarded Oscars for their performances, in addition to a statuette for the director (among its eight wins). As previously mentioned, Martin Scorsese attempted to capitalize on Liza Minnelli's star-glamour and classic musicals of the past, and cast her in his failed expressionistic musical New York, New York (1977).", "Set in 1930s Germany (when the Nazis were just coming into power) Cabaret shines a spotlight on the goings on at the seedy Kit Kat Klub. Of particular interest to the plot is English cabaret performer Sally Bowles who finds herself in love with American writer Cliff Bradshaw. Another integral relationship is that of German landlady Fraulein Schneider and Jewish fruit vendor Herr Shultz.The show is masterfully presided over by the Master of Ceremonies who acts as an unending metaphor for the societal values of Weimar Germany. The escapism and hedonism of the time is dotted with social and political commentary. Cabaret made its Broadway debut on November 20, 1966 and has since been revived both in Broadway and West End theaters. The original production went on to win eight out of eleven Tony nominations.", "SOURCES AND ORIGINS Cabaret is based on Joe Masteroff's adaptation of Christopher Isherwood's Berlin Stories (Goodbye to Berlin, 1939) and the John Van Druten play I Am a Camera, with a score by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb.", "John Harold Kander (born March 18, 1927) is the American composer of a number of musicals as part of the songwriting team of Kander and Ebb. The musicals Cabaret and Chicago have been made into films; the film version of Chicago won the 2002 Academy Award for Best Picture. Kander’s nephew, Jason Kander, is Missouri Secretary of State.", "Through the many incarnations of the story � Christopher Isherwood�s book Goodbye to Berlin (1939), John Van Druten's play I Am a Camera (1951), Henry Cornelius� film of the same name (1955), the stage version of Cabaret (1966), its movie version (1972), and its three revised stage versions (1987, 1993, 1998) � the Isherwood character (Cliff or Brian in Cabaret) has been variously straight, gay and bisexual. Isherwood himself was gay, but because of societal restraints, earlier versions made his character straight. The 1966 stage version of Cabaret kept him straight; while the movie made him a gay man who decides to be straight and later ends up bisexual; and the two revivals made him gay. The gay subtext that underlines all these versions parallels the outsider status of Sally and all the people at the Kit Kat Klub. They live outside society's norms, outside the accepted rules. They are marginalized and they create their own insular community as homosexuals have done for decades. The Emcee in Cabaret reinforces this theme of any and all sexualities.", "\" The Little Blue Man \" was written by John Kander or Fred Ebb, I forget which. Kander and Ebb wrote \"Chicago,\" \"Cabaret\" and the current Broadway show \"Curtains.\"", "The 1972 film of Cabaret was substantially different to the original stage production. Directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse, it dropped the Schultz-Schneider subplot, bringing in a different Jewish story from Isherwood's books in its place. The nationalities of Cliff and Sally were also reversed, due to the casting of Liza Minnelli as Sally, and sexuality was explored in more depth, with both Cliff (now named Brian) and Sally having an affair with the same 'sugar daddy'. Joel Grey played the role of the Emcee, as he had in the original Broadway production, and Michael Yorke played Brian.", "Sigmund Romberg (the operettas The Student Prince, The Desert Song, The New Moon), Fritz Loewe of Lerner-Loewe (the perfect musical: My Fair Lady), Frank Loesser (Guys and Dolls), Arthur Schwartz (The Band Wagon), Jerry Herman (Hello, Dolly!), Harvey Schmidt (the long-running The Fantasticks), Charles Strouse (Bye Bye Birdie, Golden Boy, Applause, Annie, the opera Nightingale), Galt MacDermot (Hair), Jerry Bock (Fiddler On The Roof), Marvin Hamlisch (Chorus Line), Stephen Schwartz (Godspell, Pippin, Wicked), Claude-Michel Schonberg (Miss Saigon, Les Mis), John Kander (Cabaret, Chicago), Jule Styne (Gypsy, Funny Girl), Andrew Lloyd Webber (Jesus Christ Superstar, Cats, Evita, The Phantom Of The Opera), Alan Menken (Little Shop Of Horrors and the Disney movie musicals The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Pocahontas). ", "Called \"Cabaret,\" it opened in November 1966 and ran for 1,165 performances, immediately establishing Kander and Ebb as musical-theater songwriters to watch. The production, set in pre-World War II Germany, featured a huge mirror which reflected back into the audience and featured a sexually provocative master of ceremonies, played by Joel Grey, who taunted and teased the audience in song.", "In 1972, choreographer Bob Fosse directed the Cabaret film adaptation. Fosse took out all the musical numbers that didn’t take place on the Kit Kat Club stage, so only two characters sing—Sally Bowles, played by Liza Minnelli, and the Emcee, Joel Grey, reviving his role from the original Broadway production. The film won 8 Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor.", "IN OTHER TERMS Bob Fosse directed a brilliant film version of Cabaret in 1972, starring Liza Minnelli as Sally Bowles, Joel Grey as the Emcee and Michael York as Clifford. It won eight Academy Awards, including wins for Minnelli, Grey and director Fosse. It was also nominated for Best Picture. The film won more than 23 other awards, including Bafta Awards (UK) for Best Film, Golden Globes (Best Film, and for Minnelli and Grey), and other Guild Awards. Director Sam Mendes directed a filmed version of the stage musical in 1993. Jane Horrocks played Sally with Alan Cumming as the Emcee.", "In 1968, she was offered the role of Sally Bowles in the musical Cabaret . As Sheridan Morley later reported: “At first she thought they were joking. She had never done a musical and she has an unusual croaky voice which sounds as if she has a permanent cold. So frightened was she of singing in public that she auditioned from the wings, leaving the pianists alone on stage”. [15] But when it opened at the Palace Theatre in February 1968, Frank Marcus , reviewing for Plays and Players, commented that: “She sings well. The title song in particular is projected with great feeling.”", "             The Cabaret is a musical that takes place in the Kit Kat Club in Berlin in 1931 during Hitlers rise to power. The 2 main characters-Sally Bowles & Brian Roberts- were both Americans who traveled to Berlin with seperate dreams. Sally has high hopes and desires to move up the entertainment ladder. She lives each day hoping to break into the movies and each night performing at the Kit Kat Club. Brian is hunting for German students to whom he can teach English-to pay his rent. .", "Cabaret continues to be revived worldwide by professional and amateur companies and had a run on Broadway in the late 1990s which exceeded the length of the original engagement, running for 2,378 performances in a theatre converted to a more cabaret-style environment. While some productions remain entirely faithful to the original script and score, most tend to make additions, deletions or changes, meaning that this is a constantly evolving musical. For example, Cliff's bisexuality, never really suggested in the original script, is sometimes retained from the movie version and both 'Money, Money' and 'Maybe This Time' are frequently inserted into the score of revival versions. Also, various numbers such as 'Sitting Pretty', 'Meeskite', 'The Telephone Song' and 'Why Should I Wake Up?' are dropped from the score, depending on the director's interpretation of the show and occasionally a number cut from the original, such as 'I Don't Care Much' (a song originally intended to be sung by a nameless prostitute, now appropriated by the Emcee) is interpolated. A new song, 'Don't Go', was written for a Broadway revival in 1987, but has not been used in subsequent productions and the song 'And the World Goes Round' from the film New York, New York (also by Kander and Ebb) has been used in some European productions.", "             The Cabaret is a musical that takes place in the Kit Kat Club in Berlin in 1931 during Hitlers rise to power. The 2 main characters-Sally Bowles & Brian Roberts- were both Americans who traveled to Berlin with seperate dreams. Sally has high hopes and desires to move up the entertainment ladder. She lives each day hoping to break into the movies and each night performing at the Kit Kat Club. Brian is hunting for German students to whom he can teach English-to pay his rent.", "Cabaret features show-stopping choreography, dazzling costumes and some of the most iconic songs in musical theatre including Money Makes the World Go Round, Two Ladies, Maybe This Time and of course Cabaret. The production turns Weimar Berlin of 1931 into a sassy, sizzling haven of decadence. And at its dark heart are the notorious Emcee and sassy Sally Bowles, who perform nightly at the infamous Kit Kat Klub.", "Come hear some of the most memorable songs in theatre history, including “Cabaret,” “Willkommen” and “Maybe This Time.” Leave your troubles outside – life is beautiful at CABARET, the Tony-winning musical about following your heart while the world loses its way.", "As a composer Bernstein was a controversial (open to dispute) figure. His large works, including the symphonies Jeremiah (1943), Age of Anxiety (1949), and Kaddish (1963), are not considered masterpieces. Yet they are skillfully shaped and show his sensitivity to small changes of musical variety. He received more praise for his Broadway musicals. The vivid On the Town (1944) and Wonderful Town (1952) were followed by Candide (1956), which, though not a box-office success, is considered by many to be Bernstein's most original score. West Side Story (1957) received international praise. Bernstein's music, with its strong contrasts of violence and tenderness, determines the feeling of the show and contributes to its special place in the history of American musical theater.", "Bernstein contributed substantially to the Broadway musical stage. He collaborated with Betty�Comden�and Adolph Green on \"On The Town\" (1944) and \"Wonderful Town\" (1953). In collaboration with Richard Wilbur and Lillian�Hellman�and others he wrote \"Candide\" (1956). Other versions of \"Candide\" were written in association with Hugh Wheeler, Stephen�Sondheim�et al. In 1957 he again collaborated with Jerome Robbins, Stephen�Sondheim, and Arthur�Laurents, on the landmark musical \"West Side Story,\" also made into the Academy Award-winning film. In 1976 Bernstein and Alan Jay Lerner wrote \"1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.\"", "1987: A unique night at the theatre. The musical revival Cabaret was performed without music. The orchestra went on strike at the Strand Theatre, London after five of its members had been sacked. The show was performed for a further two performances without music before being suspended until the dispute was settled.", "In 1949, Ogden Nash wrote a set of humorous verses to accompany each movement for a Columbia Masterworks recording of Carnival of the Animals conducted by Andre Kostelanetz. They were recited on the original album by Noël Coward, dubbed over or spliced in between sections of the previously recorded music, except for the poem for \"Le coucou au fond des bois\" (The Cuckoo in the Depths of the Woods) which was omitted completely. ", "In 1949, Ogden Nash wrote a set of humorous verses to accompany each movement for a Columbia Masterworks recording of Carnival of the Animals conducted by Andre Kostelanetz. They were recited on the original album by Noël Coward, dubbed over or spliced in between sections of the previously recorded music, except for the poem for \"Le coucou au fond des bois\" (The Cuckoo in the Depths of the Woods) which was omitted completely.", "Refusing to restrict himself to conducting, he composed acclaimed symphonies, operas, and scores for ballets. He was also deeply interested in American popular music, and jazz influences can be found in many of his classical pieces. His best-known works were for Broadway, and the musicals he composed include On the Town (1944), Wonderful Town (1953), Candide (1956), and West Side Story (1957).", "Wrote the music and lyrics for Passion (1994); Assassins (1991); Into The Woods (1987); Sunday in the Park With George (1984); Merrily We Roll Along (1981); Sweeney Todd (1979); Pacific Overtures (1976); The Frogs (1974); A Little Night Music (1973); Follies (1971, revised in London, 1987); Company (1970); Anyone Can Whistle (1964); and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962); as well as the lyrics for West Side Story (1957); Gypsy (1959); Do I Hear a Waltz? (1965), and additional lyrics for Candide (1973)." ]

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[ "   A few years ago the press talked a lot about his relationship with supermodel Naomi Campbell, then there were rumours about him and Jennifer Lopez. But Joaquin likes to keep his private life private. He is single although he adores children and wants to get married and have a very big family. He is still waiting for the right girl to come along. And meanwhile he makes his own choreography, he dances, he tours the world with his company. Once he said that he would retire at 33, but when the deadline was approaching he decided he still had a lot to do and he has plenty to occupy   his time at present – new plans, new shows, new dances.", "Desiring more creative control, Cortés formed the Joaquín Cortés Flamenco Ballet company and launched his first international tour 'Cibayí' in 1992. The formation of Cortés' own company allowed him to diverge from purist ballet and create his own fusion of flamenco, ballet and modern dance. In 1995, in addition to being featured in two international films- 'La flor de mi secreto' (The Flower of My Secret) and Carlos Saura's 'Flamenco', Joaquín Cortés embarked on what is often considered his most successful venture, 'Pasión Gitana' (Gypsy Passion). 'Pasión Gitana' marked the beginning of Cortés' recognition for not only his prowess as a dancer, but also as a choreographer and artistic director. In 1999 Cortés was the subject of a documentary film and he launched a successful tour of 'Soul' across North and South America. In the 1990s Joaquín Cortés gained notoriety for his close relationships with high-profile celebrities such as Naomi Campbell, Giorgio Armani and Mira Sorvino.", "Joaquin Cortés is a Spanish flamenco dancer. A native of Córdoba, Cortés showed interest in dancing from an early age. Cortés and his family moved to Madrid in 1981. Soon after moving to Madrid, he began to take formal dancing lessons and studying seriously.", "Previous boyfriends have included Robert De Niro, Sylvester Stallone, Eddie Murphy and Spanish flamenco dancer Joaquin Cortes.", "Archetypal, handsome Richard Gere, one of the most successful sex symbols of the '80s and early '90s, was voted People Magazine's �Sexiest Man Alive� in 1999 and became the first man ever to appear on the cover of Vogue magazine. The 5' 10 1/2'' tall, Irish-American humanitarian and actor was also one of John Willis' Screen World�s twelve \"Promising New Actors of 1977\" and People magazine�s �The 50 Most Beautiful People in The World� (1991). Privately, the ex-husband of supermodel Cindy Crawford was linked to actress Penelope Milford (together five years), executive Dawn Steel (1975-1978) and Brazilian painter Sylvia Martins. He is currently the husband of actress Carey Lowell and has one son with her.", "It’s safe to say that Cortés is not just one of the greatest Flamenco dancers alive, but also the one who cemented the Flamenco’s place in popular culture. His male fans include Tarantino, Armani, Bertolucci, Al Pacino, Antonio Banderas, and Sting. Many of his fans refer to him as a Flamenco God—or simply a Sex God—and when you get the chance to watch one of his shows, you’ll be able to see why . But at the age of forty-four, Cortés remains single, stating that “Dancing is my wife, my only woman.”", "The career of Carmen Electra (born Tara Leigh Patrick) launched with one of Hollywood's “lucky break” stories. At the age of 18, she was discovered while dancing at a Los Angeles nightclub by a talent scout for Prince. The rap-funk record she recorded with the R&B icon flopped, however, so Electra moved back to L.A. to pursue another path to fame: appearing in the pages of Playboy in 1996 (and several other times since). Electra soon replaced Jenny McCarthy on MTV's Singled Out, and a few months later joined the slow-motion beach running cast of Baywatch. She married (and divorced) both basketball bad boy Dennis Rodman and former Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro. Electra has maintained her sex symbol status by performing with the Pussycat Dolls, and with regular appearances in parody flicks like Scary Movie, Epic Movie, and Meet the Spartans.", "Flamenco today is deeply indebted to Carmen Amaya. Through her artistry and virtuosity, she effectively altered the history of flamenco dance forever. She crossed the traditional boundaries of flamenco by teaching herself the fast and furious footwork usually reserved for the male dancer. Donning a man's pants and jacket, she skillfully combined the elegance and grace of the female style with the ferocity and high-impact footwork of the male style sending shockwaves through the flamenco world unaccustomed to seeing a passionate and powerful woman in pants dancing a man's dance. Today, her legend lives on. The influence of the proud and passionate Gypsy woman taking her art to its limits is visible today in her great-niece, Omayra Amaya .", "Cruise was next romantically linked with Penélope Cruz , the lead actress in his film Vanilla Sky . In March 2004, he announced that his relationship with Penélope had ended in January. [12]", "From 1994 to 1997, he was married to Darcy LaPier, American actress and model. After his split with LaPier, he once again married Portuges, with whom he is currently staying.", "Penelope Cruz (nickname 'Pe') studied ballet at Spain's National Conservatory until she was 15. As a teenager, she began hosting the Spanish teen talk show La Quinta Marcha in 1990, a role she continued until 1997. Her breakthrough roles in America came in 2001, in which she starred opposite Tom Cruise in Vanilla Sky and opposite Johnny Depp in Blow. Though she continued to act in Spanish films afterward, including those by director Pedro Almodóvar, whom she has frequently collaborated with, she continues to appear frequently in Hollywood movies.", "She began dating Jefferson Hack in the early 2000s and they have a daughter. She later dated musician Pete Doherty. She is married to Jamie Hince, guitarist for the Kills. She received media scrutiny for her party lifestyle and drug use. Drug allegations beginning in late 2005 led to her being dropped from fashion campaigns. She was cleared of charges and resumed modelling. In 2012, she came second on the Forbes top-earning models list, with estimated earnings of $9.2 million in one year.", "She posed nude for a cover-featured Playboy pictorial published in April 2004. She also replaced Penny Lancaster, the wife of Hunter's ex-husband Rod Stewart, as the face and body of Ultimo, a Scottish lingerie house. In 2006, Hunter was replaced by Helena Christensen.", "One of Dalí's most unorthodox artistic creations may have been an entire person. At a French nightclub in 1965, Dalí met Amanda Lear, a fashion model then known as Peki D'Oslo. [64] Lear became his protégé and muse, [64] writing about their affair in the authorized biography My Life With Dalí (1986). [65] Transfixed by the mannish, larger-than-life Lear, Dalí masterminded her successful transition from modeling to the music world, advising her on self-presentation and helping spin mysterious stories about her origin as she took the disco-art scene by storm. According to Lear, she and Dalí were united in a \"spiritual marriage\" on a deserted mountaintop. [64] Referred to as Dalí's \"Frankenstein,\" [66] some believe Lear's name is a pun on the French \"L'Amant Dalí,\" or Lover of Dalí. Lear took the place of an earlier muse, Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne), who had left Dalí's side to join The Factory of Andy Warhol. [67]", "His creations conquered Hollywood, including Lucy Liu, Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. With A-list celebrities as his clients, it was not long before the Cebuano earned international acclaim.", "following the September 11 attacks, a photo of her holding a picture of her fiancé, who worked in the World Trade Center, was published by the New York Post and circulated worldwide. She made headlines again in 2010 as one of golfer Tiger Woods' alleged mistresses as well as for an affair with actor David Boreanaz. In 2010 she appeared in the fourth season of the American reality television series Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which depicted her struggle with addiction.", "In 1990, 1991 and 1997, People magazine rated him among the 50 most beautiful people in the world. [1] In 1995, Empire magazine ranked him among the 100 sexiest stars in film history. [1] Two years later, it ranked him among the top 5 movie stars of all time. [1] In 2002 and 2003, he was rated by Premiere among the top 20 in its annual Power 100 list. [1]", "Portman began dating ballet dancer Benjamin Millepied in 2009. The couple met while she was filming Black Swan, for which he was the choreographer. In December 2010, Portman announced their engagement and confirmed her pregnancy. Portman gave birth to their son Aleph Portman-Millepied on June 14, 2011. In February 2012, Portman and Millepied were photographed wearing wedding rings at the Academy Awards ceremony, but representatives did not respond to requests for comment on the couple's marital status. On August 4, 2012, Portman and Millepied married in an intimate Jewish ceremony in Big Sur, California. ", "Spanish actress and model Lorena Bernal and Spanish soccer player Mikel Arteta arrive at the 2008 European MTV Awards in Liverpool, England, Thursday, Nov. 6, 2008. (Joel Ryan/AP)", "Portman started dating ballet dancer Benjamin Millepied in 2009, after meeting on the set of Black Swan. In 2010 the couple announced their engagement, and in June 2011 Portman gave birth to her first child, Aleph Portman-Millepied. Portman and Millepied wed in August 2012. According to People magazine, the wedding was attended by several celebrities, including Ivanka Trump , Jared Kushner and Macaulay Culkin .", "Gorgeously buxom, sultry and voluptuous brunette looker Roberta Vasquez was born on February 13, 1963 in Los Angeles, California. She's of Spanish descent. Roberta was the Playmate of the Month in the November, 1984 issue of \"Playboy.\" Vasquez subsequently appeared in a handful of \"Playboy\" videos and special edition publications. A former California state police officer (she played lady cop Heather Torres in the Clint Eastwood action vehicle \"The Rookie\"), Roberta is also a bodybuilder and martial artist. She popped up in the music video for \"Born in East L.A.\" by Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong. Vasquez acted in several enjoyably lowbrow exploitation features made in the 80s and 90s. Roberta portrayed sexy villainess Pantera in \"Picasso Trigger\" for director Andy Sidaris. Vasquez then played Federal agent Nicole Justin in four additional films for Sidaris: \"Guns,\" \"Do or Die,\" \"Hard Hunted,\" and \"Fit to Kill.\" Roberta Vasquez still occasionally appears as a guest at Glamourcon conventions.", "Empire Magazine voted her the 3rd sexiest movie star ever in 1995. 1st was Johnny Depp and 2nd was Marilyn Monroe .", "The darkly stunning Alonso was born Isabella Garcia in Central Lugareño, Camagüey, Cuba, on April 10, 1933, to a Cuban father and Mexican mother. Attracted to dancing, she began performing seriously in Havana at age 17, and soon earned notoriety at Cuba's National Theatre for her sensual, exotic style. She took her trade to Paris in 1957 and became the toast of the Folies Bergère as an up-and-coming Josephine Baker . Billed as the \"Cuban H-Bomb\", she combined her native Afro-Cuban rhythms with a seductive belly-dancing style that encouraged wolf whistles wherever she toured, which would eventually include Puerto Rico, Haiti and even the United States.", "Talent aside, Lopez established herself as a bona fide sex symbol very early in her career. It was a flattering concept, but she nonetheless had a difficult time escaping persistent remarks in the press regarding her “trademark” feature, a voluptuous backside. She was listed among the “50 Most Beautiful People in the World” in 1997 and again in 1999 by People. Her conscientious commitment to rigorous physical fitness training is common knowledge around New York and Los Angeles, both cities she considers to be home. Additionally, she aspires to a dream of settling in Miami , Florida to raise a family.", "The 5' 5 1/2'' tall TV star gained attention for her skinny stature and eating disorder rumors. One of People Magazine's �50 Most Beautiful People� (1998), Flockhart has been linked to such names as actor-director Ben Stiller (born on November 30, 1965; dated in 1999) and director Sam Mendes (born on August 1, 1965; dated in the late spring and summer of 1999). In 2002, she became engaged to Indiana Jones star, actor Harrison Ford (born on July 13, 1942).", "Chosen by People (USA) magazine as one of the \"50 Most Beautiful\" people in the world. [1996]", "Her personal life, it seems, is rather complicated. Last year, she announced she had re-married ex-husband Fausto Gallardo, by whom she has a nine-year-old son, also called Fausto. Her husband is her childhood sweetheart, and in an early interview she raved about him after being quizzed about a handsome co-star on The Apprentice.", "A highly sought-after model, Garcia has been featured in print ads for brands including Mercedes-Benz and Macy's, and has appeared in countless U.S. and international fashion magazines. Garcia is also classically trained in ballet.", "Sources say that the woman is a notorious \"party girl\" and that she's not the type that the soccer player would like to settle down with. BTW, Cristiano has a penchant for hookers and strippers.", "Her personal life started relatively late. Until age 35 her ballet career was all-consuming. In 1955, at age 36, she married in Paris a man she had met in her youth-Robert E. Arias, “Tito,” the son of the former president of Panama. They met international celebrities and diplomats. He became the Panamanian ambassador in London and was actively involved in the politics of Panama. Attacked by a political opponent, he became paralyzed. The couple continued their separate careers, yet always remained connected, even when geography set them apart.", "Kate has graced the covers of the top Spanish-language magazines, and was People en Español's 2007 cover Actress of the Year, as well as one of their \"Most Beautiful People.\" On September 13, 2009, Kate served as Grand Marshall in Los Angeles' Mexican Independence Day Parade.", "Voted Best Dressed Pop Artist for the year 2000 by \"Heat\" magazine. Also voted Best Dressed Couple (shared with her husband)." ]

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[ "Gianni Versace (, born Giovanni Maria Versace; 2 December 194615 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house, which produces accessories, fragrances, make-up and home furnishings as well as clothes. He also designed costumes for the theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Diana, Princess of Wales, Naomi Campbell, Madonna, Elton John, Cher, Sting and many other celebrities, he was the first designer to link fashion to the music world. Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. Versace was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina now known as \"The Villa,\" at the age of 50 by Andrew Cunanan.Dirk Cameron Gibson, Serial Murder and Media Circuses, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p. 138. ", "Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace was gunned down by serial killer Andrew Cunanan in 1997. The murder took place in front of the 50-year-old Versace's mansion, Casa Casuarina, in South Beach, Florida. Versace had spent almost 2 decades in the fashion world and was known for his over-the-top designs like his bondage dresses. His clients (and friends) included everyone from Madonna to Princess Diana. The Versace label continues today with sister Donatella at the helm.", "<p>When Patrizia Reggiani married Maurizio Gucci, they became one of Italy’s first celebrity power couples. But then he left her – and she had him murdered. Abigail Haworth unpicks an incredible tale of glamour, sex, betrayal, death and prison in the dizzying world of high fashion</p><p>Two years ago, not long after <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizia_Reggiani\">Patrizia Reggiani</a> was released from prison, a camera crew from a trashy Italian TV show turned up unannounced at her Milan workplace. Reggiani had just spent 16 years inside after being convicted of arranging the murder, in March 1995, of her ex-husband Maurizio Gucci, the last of the Gucci family dynasty to run the luxury brand. The former socialite had always maintained her innocence – her best friend had set her up, she said – but the TV crew caught her in a reckless mood.</p><p>“Patrizia, why did you hire a hitman to kill Maurizio Gucci? Why didn’t you shoot him yourself?” badgered the reporter.</p> <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/jul/24/the-gucci-wife-and-the-hitman-fashions-darkest-tale\">Continue reading...</a>", "1997: Versace murdered on his doorstep. Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot dead on the steps of his Miami mansion.", "NEW YORK (CNNfn) - Italian designer Gianni Versace was shot to death Tuesday morning outside his home in Miami Beach. His death leaves a void in the fashion world.", "      Several major figures were lost to the fashion world in 2007. Isabella Blow ( Blow, Isabella ), the infamous former style director of British society magazine Tatler , committed suicide; her former boss at Vogue , Anna Wintour ( Wintour, Anna ), spoke at her memorial service. In June a legion of Milan fashion titans—including designers Giorgio Armani, Donatella Versace, Valentino, and Krizia's Mariuccia Mandelli—gathered at Basilica di San Magno in Legnano, Italy, to mourn the passing of designer Gianfranco Ferré ( Ferre, Gianfranco ). The death of retired designer and businesswoman Liz Claiborne ( Claiborne, Liz ) was marked quietly, but her legacy in American retail remained substantial.", "Very different from Armani was Gianni Versace, who founded his own label in 1978. Where Armani emphasized understated luxury, his rival Versace grounded his designs in an aesthetic of flamboyance and display; he produced, for both men and women, some of the most sexually expressive clothing ever made within the mainstream of fashion. After Gianni Versace was murdered in 1997 in Miami, his sister Donatella became the company's head designer. Having collaborated closely with her brother for many years, she was able to build on his aesthetic, while also making her own contributions to the Versace style. Popular music, for example, had always been a passion of Gianni's, but became even more central to Donatella's style. Her body-revealing and consciously outrageous dresses, worn by top singers and actresses, became by the early 2000s an eagerly awaited feature of the annual Oscar and other entertainment business award ceremonies.", "Italian fashion designers Gianni (1946 - 1997) and Donatella Versace circa 1996. Rose Hartman/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images", "The murder of the flamboyant fashion star Gianni Versace in South Beach, Florida, on July 15, while Diana was on Al Fayed's yacht, was a meteor shower in the exploding sky of her final summer. Versace had bridged the gap between fashion and celebrity, just as Diana had bridged the gap between royalty and celebrity. Versace had turned hooker style into high fashion, adopted by movie stars and rock icons in the 80s and 90s. Even a princess could feel exciting in his clothes. He had sent Diana trunkloads of his slinky gowns for nights when she wanted to make a splash. \"He was killed,\" wrote La Repubblica, \"like a prince laid low in his own blood, with one hand outstretched toward his oil paintings, his tapestries, his gold.\" Diana at first assumed that the killing (which turned out to be the work of a gay psychopath) was a terrorist assassination. Dodi's bodyguard Lee Sansum found her on the deck of the Jonikal very early the next morning gazing sadly out to sea. \"Do you think they'll do that to me?\" she asked him. She made up with Elton John at Versace's funeral in Milan, sitting beside him and Sting and patting Elton's hand comfortingly.", "Palmieri, Jean E.. \"Versace murdered in Miami; designer gunned down outside his South Beach mansion. (fashion designer Gianni Versace, Miami, Florida).\" Daily News Record. Conde Nast Publications, Inc. 1997. Retrieved January 18, 2017 from HighBeam Research: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19595755.html", "Born in Italy in 1955, Donatella Versace grew up with two major fashion influences. Her mother was a dressmaker and her older brother, Gianni Versace, was a budding designer. She went to work for her brother in the late 1970s, serving as his muse and adviser. Donatella Versace became the designer for the company's Versus line in the 1980s. After her brother was murdered, in 1997, she became creative director of the Versace Group.", "Born December 2, 1946 in Italy. As a child, Versace learnt about dressmaking from his mother. At age 25, Giovanni moved to Milan to work in fashion design. Versace designed for Fiori Fiorentini, De Parisi, Genny, and Complice. Versace presented his first signature collection for women at the Palazzo della Permanente Art Museum of Milan. In 1978, he opened his first boutique in Milans Via della Spiga. In 1982, Versace started making costumes for the theatre, opera and ballet. Versace suffered a tragic death when in 1997 he was shot outside his home in Florida.", "His brother Gianni Versace was murdered by Andrew Cunanan on 15 July 1997, outside the re-constructed Casa Casuarina, also known as Versace Mansion, in Miami, Florida. A multi-continent search ensued for the suspected spree killer, but in the end, Cunanan avoided capture by committing suicide a few days after the murder. In the aftermath of the highly publicized crime and manhunt, most of the Versace family, including Donatella, moved temporarily to a secluded private resort in the Caribbean. Then, Donatella's daughter Allegra inherited 50% of Versace's entire stock after Gianni's death.", "Five years ago: Fashion designer Gianni Versace was shot dead in Miami; suspected gunman Andrew Phillip Cunanan was found dead eight days later.", "The fashion guru and tycoon Gianni Versace , founder of one of haute couture's most flamboyant and renowned empires, was shot dead outside his villa in Miami Beach yesterday morning in what police believe was a carefully planned murder.", "But now, 13 years later, the colourful life and death of Gianni Versace has taken a remarkable new twist amid sensational allegations that the designer to the stars was the victim of a mafia contract killing.", "The corn-haired Ms. Versace, who assumed creative control of the $560 million Versace fashion empire after her brother's murder in 1997, is similarly candid about her family's complex relations. When asked in March about a rift between her and Antonio D'Amico, Mr. Versace's companion of many years, she replied: ''My relationship with Antonio is exactly as it was when Gianni was alive. I respected him as the boyfriend of my brother, but I never liked him as a person.'' Ms. Versace smiled. ''So the relationship stayed the same.''", "1997 - Gianni Versace was shot to death by Andrew Phillip Cunanan outside his home in Miami, FL. Cunanan was found dead eight days later.", "* 15 July 1997 Gianni Versace was shot dead, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who used the same gun to commit suicide on a boat several days later. Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed. ", "A year and three days after Gianni's death on 15 July 1997, Donatella Versace mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. She built her runway over the hotel's swimming pool, as her brother had done every season, though this time using sheer glass. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year, though these days, she is just as famous for her celebrity entourage and parties whose regular guests include Sir Elton John, Liz Hurley, Rakeem Young, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Moss. Even Prince Charles attends Donatella's parties for the famous and elite throughout Europe.", "Fashion was not, however, his only interest. He was also a financier, and at the time of his death he was vice-president of one Italian bank, Credem, and a director of two others, Unicredit and Mediobanca. He was one of Italy's richest men, said by Forbes magazine last year to be worth some $2.1 billion. His collection of modern art included works by De Chirico, Magritte, Giorgio Morandi, Eric Fischl and Julian Schnabel.", "At the time of his death, many believed the Italian fashion designer known for his daring fashions and glamorous lifestyle was at a peak.", "Midyear, fashion mourned the loss of two trendsetters. The U.S.-born, Paris-based model Wallis Franken, the muse and wife of French fashion designer Claude Montana, was found dead outside her Paris apartment, apparently a suicide. In August British designer Ossie Clark (see OBITUARIES ) was found murdered in his apartment in London. His lover, Diego Cogolato, was later arrested and charged with murder. Though living close to the poverty line at the time of his death, Clark had been one of the most influential British designers of the late ’60s. He had dressed Mick and Bianca Jagger and designed the clothes for the film Bonnie and Clyde, among other projects.", "The Italian fashion designer collaborated with numerous female musicians, including Christina Aguilera, The Spice Girls and Jennifer Lopez, designing their show costumes.", "Galliano is one of the world’s leading fashion designers and his past clients include Princess Diana and French First Lady Carla Bruni. Kylie Minogue, Madonna and Kate Moss are among his close friends and fans.", "Schiaparelli became famous for her black knit sweaters with a white bowtie pattern. She had a flair for the unusual and even hired Salvador Dal� to design fabric, producing a white dress with a lobster print. Schiaparelli was the first to use shoulder pads, hot pink, calling it shocking pink, in 1947, animal print fabrics, and zippers dyed the same colors as the fabrics. She is also well known for her surrealist designs of the 1930's, especially her hats, including one resembling a giant shoe and one a giant lamb chop, both which were famously worn by the Franco-American Singer sewing machine heiress Daisy Fellowes, who was one of Schiaparelli's best clients and who owned a pink gemstone that inspired the color shocking pink.", "One murder that has been linked to Kuklinski serves as the strongest evidence that he was, in fact, a Mafia-linked hitman. Yet this case is extremely problematic. The hit was allegedly ordered in 1980 by Gambino underboss Sammy “The Bull” Gravano, and the mark was a crooked NYPD detective by the name of Peter Calabro. The exact reasons for the hit aren’t known, but it has been alleged that Calabro’s former in-laws suspected him in the 1977 drowning death of his wife, Carmella, and turned to Gravano for “help” (in the Carlo/Kuklinski version of the story, Calabro hired DeMeo himself to kill Carmella).", "That murder, in July 1997, made headlines around the world. Was Versace the victim of a professional hit — or a crazed madman? And what on earth was the motive?", "Perugia, the city where the murder of Kercher took place, is known for its universities and large population of students. There had reportedly not been a killing in the city for twenty years, but its prosecutors had been responsible for Italy's most controversial murder cases. The Week, 9 DEC 2009, Robert Fox, [http://www.theweek.co.uk/amanda-knox-free/17977/nothing-%E2%80%98third-world%E2%80%99-about-italian-justice Nothing ‘Third World’ about Italian justice] In 2002 the conviction in Perugia of former Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti for ordering the murder of a journalist (linked to a secret masonic lodge) resulted in complaints that the justice system had \"gone mad\". The Supreme Court took the unusual step of definitively acquitting him the next year. ", "[b]In May 2009, his second wife said she was divorcing him after he was photographed at the 18th birthday party of an aspiring model, Noemi Letizia. She also accused him of selecting a \"shamelessly trashy\" list of candidates for the European parliament.", "The Latest In High Fashion Murder May 05 1981 Jennifer's article on the world of high fashion leads to Jonathan and Jennifer modeling for a famous photograper while trying to determine who is murdering beautiful models.", "A leading paparazzo who has photographed many of the world's biggest celebrities has been shot dead in Rome." ]

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[ "George Gershwin died in nineteen thirty-seven, just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer. He was only thirty-nine years old. Newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages. Everyone mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have written. George Gershwin is still considered one of America's greatest composers. His works still are performed by many singers and groups. They are probably performed more often than any other serious American composer.", "George Gershwin (1898-1937). Known at first for producing popular songs and musicals with his older brother Ira, Gershwin successfully melded jazz and popular music with classical forms, most famously the Rhapsody in Blue (1924), the Concerto in F for Piano and Orchestra (1925), and the folk opera Porgy and Bess (1935), based on a story by DuBose Heyward. Gershwin's first major hit was 1919's \"Swanee,\" sung by Al Jolson, and his 1931 musical Of Thee I Sing was the first to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Gershwin died of a brain tumor at age 38.", "WHEN George Gershwin died in 1937 at the tragically early age of 38, his doctors said he had been suffering from a fast-growing malignant brain tumor. But a pathologist in Louisiana has come up with another diagnosis -- that the tumor may have been slow-growing and treatable, even with the technology of the time.", "In the “Great American Songbook” – that imaginary, ideal collection of the best American songs written for musical theater and cinema – George Gershwin has a place of high honor. So many of the songs he wrote with his lyricist brother, Ira, have become standards that it is hard to believe that George Gershwin created them all by the age of thirty-eight, when he died suddenly of a brain tumor at the peak of his career. By the time of his death, however, he had already earned a Pulitzer Prize, won enormous fame, and made an indelible mark as a composer of songs, musicals, opera, and classical instrumental works. And, just for good measure, he was also a dazzling pianist.", "6. George Gershwin, 1898--1937, Jewish. He left school at 15 to become a song plugger. At 17, he sold his first song for $5. Gershwin bestrode the worlds of pop, jazz and classical music, and was influenced by French classical composers like Ravel and Debussy. His piano concerto Rhapsody in Blue, an enduring classic written when he was 25, contains one of his finest melodies. His Porgy and Bess is the greatest American opera of the 20th century. He died before he was forty, the wealthiest classical composer ever. His elder brother Ira wrote most of the lyrics for his songs. ", "On a shocking day in 1937, novelist John O’Hara is reputed to have said, “George Gershwin died today, but I don’t have to believe it if I don’t want to.” A large part of the shock came from the composer’s age, 37. When Mike Nichols left us last week, he was 83. But the loss of this giant creates a similarly great chasm for a different reason: For the last half-century, the man and his work were not only omnipresent but his stamp was everywhere even when he was not. A Mike Nichols Production, regardless of the material, was a guarantee of quality, and as spoken by Linda Loman in his final theater production of Death of a Salesman, one always knew going in that “attention must be paid.”", "✶✶✶✶ George Gershwin was the most performed and most recorded American composer of the 20th century. And now, 75 years after his death, what keeps Gershwin relevant is that, despite the countless recordings that have been made of his diverse repertoire, there is still room for fresh interpretation. So, just when you thought you had heard Gershwin’s works at their best, along comes another must-have recording to add to your collection.", "On July 11, 1938, when George was in Hollywood working on the score of the Goldwyn Follies, he collapsed and died. It was ruled that a brain tumor had taken his life; he was 38 years old. George was buried at the Westchester Hills Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York .", "* Ira Gershwin, the American lyricist, dies at the age of 86. He and his brother George, the composer, created the scores for such Broadway musicals as Porgy and Bess and Of Thee I Sing. Their many famous songs include \"S Wonderful,\" \"I Got Rhythm,\" and \"Somebody Loves Me.\" Ira Gershwin's lyrics can be heard on the CED titles Ziegfeld Follies, An American in Paris, A Star Is Born (1954), The Country Girl, and New York, New York.", "High-school dropout George Gershwin (1898-1937) entered the workforce at the age of 15 as a promoter for a music publishing firm in New York’s Tin Pan Alley. His job was to play the piano and sing the firm’s songs to prospective buyers. He thus got to know contemporary song styles inside out. Gershwin soon started to compose his own music and set his sights on Broadway. He got his first break in the theatre as a rehearsal pianist and quickly worked his way up the ladder, first of all by composing songs that were included in shows and then, with La La Lucille (1919), his first full-length musical. Al Jolson made Gershwin’s song ‘Swanee’ a hit and Fred and Adele Astaire starred in the 1924 show Lady be Good! In the same year Gershwin appeared as soloist in his recently completed work for piano and orchestra, Rhapsody in Blue. From this point on Gershwin wrote for traditional ‘classical’ genres (the Piano Concerto followed a few years later and the opera Porgy and Bess in 1934) as well as for Broadway. He met Maurice Ravel in Paris in 1928 and evidently asked him for composition lessons. Ravel supposedly replied, ‘Why be a second-rate Ravel when you are a first-rate Gershwin?’ Gershwin’s career came to an abrupt and unexpected end when he fell into a coma in July 1937. He was diagnosed with a brain tumour. An operation was performed but he never recovered.", "In a career tragically cut short in mid-stride by a brain tumor, George Gershwin (1898-1937) proved himself to be not only one of the great songwriters of his extremely rich era, but also a gifted \"serious\" composer who bridged the worlds of classical and popular music. The latter is all the more striking, given that, of his contemporaries, Gershwin was the most influenced by such styles as jazz and blues.", "“America’s musical debt to George Gershwin remains immeasurable 74 years after his death. You could count up all the great songs and musicals and add the concert pieces, such as “ Rhapsody in Blue ,” and still not have the measure of the man.", "After Iras centennial celebrations in 1996, it was Georges turn two years later. One of the highlights was George Gershwin At 100, a concert at Carnegie Hall, with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, and starring Audra McDonald, Brian Stokes Mitchell, and Frederica Von Stade. Another proved to be Hope Clarkes new ballet based on Porgy And Bess which premiered at the Lincoln Center. The Library of Congress also paid tribute to George and Ira by dedicating a room to them. It is dominated by Georges grand piano and Iras portable typewriter. In addition, the team now have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In Britain, SWonderful: A Celebration Of George Gershwin, was presented at the London Palladium, and - a rare honour - George was made Composer Of The Week on BBC Radio 3. The BBC also broadcast a concert version of the 1931 Broadway musical, Of Thee I Sing.", "In 1937, Ira Gershwin's beloved brother and partner, George Gershwin, died of a brain tumor. Throughout their lives, Ira had functioned as his brother's business manager and always looked after his finances. After George's death, Ira devoted himself to organizing his brother's legacy in the hopes of preserving it for future generations. His work paid off and the Library of Congress now has an extensive Gershwin Collection dedicated to that end.", "This comprehensive biography of George Gershwin (1898-1937) unravels the myths surrounding one of America's most celebrated composers and establishes the enduring value of his music. Gershwin created some of the most beloved music of the twentieth century and, along with Jerome Kern, Irving Berlin, and Cole Porter, helped make the golden age of Broadway golden. Howard Pollack draws from a wealth of sketches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, books, articles, recordings, films, and other materials—including a large cache of Gershwin scores discovered in a Warner Brothers warehouse in 1982—to create an expansive chronicle of Gershwin’s meteoric rise to fame. He also traces Gershwin’s powerful presence that, even today, extends from Broadway, jazz clubs, and film scores to symphony halls and opera houses.", "(1898–1937) composer; born in New York City. From a Russian-Jewish immigrant family, he began playing both popular and classical piano in childhood and soon was writing tunes. He left school in 1913 to pursue music, becoming a Tin Pan Alley song plugger and composer. His first hit song, \"Swanee,\" dates from 1919; the same year saw his first Broadway musical, La, La, Lucille. During the next 18 years, he produced an astonishing amount of music including—in collaboration with his lyricist brother, Ira Gershwin —a celebrated series of musicals such as Lady Be Good (1924), Funny Face (1927), Girl Crazy (1929), and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Of Thee I Sing (1931). For the stage and otherwise, he composed some of the most sophisticated American popular songs, among them \"I Got Rhythm,\" \"They Can't Take That Away From Me,\" and \"Someone to Watch Over Me.\" Beyond his immense achievements in popular music, however, he also pursued an ambitious goal of uniting commercial and classical genres (at one point even seeking to study under Ravel); the result was his historic jazz-oriented concert works such as Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and An American in Paris (1928), as well as the \"folk opera\" Porgy and Bess (1935). Despite his premature death, he left a body of work whose sheer melody and inventiveness guarantee its appeal to music-lovers of all persuasions.", "** George Gershwin (1898-1937) and Ira Gershwin (1896-1983) Rhapsody in Blue (1924), An American in Paris (1928), Porgy and Bess (1935).", "Gershwin died intestate, and his estate passed to his mother. The estate continues to collect significant royalties from licensing the copyrights on his work. The estate supported the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act because its 1923 cutoff date was shortly before Gershwin had begun to create his most popular works. The copyrights on all Gershwin's solo works expired at the end of 2007 in the European Union, based on its life-plus-70-years rule.", "Though he died on August 17, 1983 in Beverly Hills, California, symbols of his legacy and contribution continue to live on. In the Gershwin Room of the Library of Congress, curious visitors can see George's piano and Ira's typewriter on display. Despite his more bookish nature, the older brother and lyricist of the famed pair was just as invested in the joy of music, once saying, \"Life is one long jubilee.\"", "In 1937 Gershwin complained of blinding headaches and an impression that he was smelling burned rubber. Doctors diagnosed him with a type of brain tumour that is nearly always fatal. This diagnosis as been questioned, however. While in Hollywood, working on the score of a new film, The Goldwyn Follies, Gershwin collapsed. He died on Sunday July 11 1937 at 10:35 AM. According to letters written by Fred Astaire, Gershwin whispered Fred's name before passing away.", "Ira Gershwin (December 6, 1896 August 17, 1983) was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, composer George Gershwin, to create some of the most memorable songs of the 20th century. ", "A failed love affair was the least of Goldwyn's worries, however. After writing two great songs for the film, \"Our Love Is Here to Stay\" and \"Love Walked In,\" George Gershwin started experiencing debilitating headaches. Goldwyn blamed it on high living; there were rumors linking the composer to former Goldwyn chorus girl Paulette Goddard and French actress Simone Simon. But when Gershwin had to be hospitalized, doctors discovered he had a brain tumor. He passed away on July 11, 1937, and, on Ira's recommendation, Goldwyn hired Broadway composer Vernon Duke to finish the songs.", "George Gershwin was perhaps the greatest American composer of the twentieth century. His works, both classical and for Broadway, earned him national and international fame.", "Early in 1937, Gershwin began to complain of blinding headaches and a recurring impression that he was smelling burned rubber. Doctors discovered he had developed a type of cystic malignant brain tumor known as glioblastoma multiforme. Although some tried to trace his disease to a blow on the head from a golf ball, the cause of this type of cancer is still unknown. It occurs most often in males, accounts for 52% of all brain cancers, and is nearly always fatal. Gershwin died intestate. All his property passed to his mother. In 2005, The Guardian determined using \"estimates of earnings accrued in a composer's lifetime\" that George Gershwin was the wealthiest composer of all time.", "Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1898, Gershwin came from a family of Russian Jewish émigrés. Although the family was not musically inclined, George showed an interest in music when he was about ten, and the family bought a piano for the household, largely intended for Ira’s musical education. It was George, however, who fastened onto the instrument and made speedy progress. He took piano lessons, showing remarkable gifts as a player and a composer. One of his teachers in particular, Charles Hambitzer, recognized his tremendous talent and gave him valuable instruction and encouragement. Having dropped out of school at age fifteen, Gershwin took a job at Jerome H. Remick and Company, where he played and sang to promote songs published by the company. Soon he was writing his own songs, and by 1920 he had a hit record in “Swanee,” performed by Al Jolson.", "Berlin continued to write lyrics and compose music with great success well into the 1960's, producing one smash hit after another. His outstanding career and philanthropic efforts were rewarded with numerous high distinctions such as an Academy Award for Best Song in 1942, the Army's Medal of Merit (awarded in 1945 by President Truman), a Congressional Gold Medal (awarded for “God Bless America” in 1954 by President Eisenhower), a Tony Award in 1963, and the Freedom Medal (awarded in 1977 by President Ford). Berlin's wife Ella died aged 85 in 1988, and only a year later Irving Berlin passed away in New York on September 22, 1989 at the very old age of 101. He will forever be remembered as the musical genius who wrote such unforgettable music as “Blue Skies”, “Puttin' On The Ritz”, and “There's No Business Like Show Business”, to name just a few.", "He was born in New York to Russian immigrants in 1898. Gershwin was one of four children, all of whom had careers in music. At the age of ten Gershwin began to play the piano. George had many piano teachers, some of which he clashed with, some of which he did not. One of his teachers, Charles Hambitzer, taught him piano from 1910 to 1918, acted as his mentor, introduced Gershwin to classical music and encouraged him to attend orchestral concerts.", "See biographies by I. Goldberg (new ed. 1958), D. Ewen (rev. ed. 1970), E. Jablonski (1987), W. G. Hyland (2003), and H. Pollack (2006); C. Schwartz, Gershwin: His Life and Music (1973); R. Kimball and A. Simon, The Gershwins (1973); I. Gershwin, Lyrics on Several Occasions (1959, repr. 1997); E. Jablonski and L. D. Steward, The Gershwin Years (rev. ed. 1973); R. Kimball, ed., The Complete Lyrics of Ira Gershwin (1993); P. Furia, Ira Gershwin, The Art of the Lyricist (1995).", "American singer, pianist, musical historian Michael Feinstein worked for Gershwin in the lyricist's latter years, helping him with his archive. Several lost musical treasures were unearthed during this period, and Feinstein performed some of the material.[9]", "* A special Pulitzer Prize was posthumously awarded to Gershwin in 1998 \"commemorating the centennial year of his birth, for his distinguished and enduring contributions to American music.\" ", "American singer, pianist and musical historian Michael Feinstein worked for Gershwin in the lyricist's latter years, helping him with his archive. Several lost musical treasures were unearthed during this period, and Feinstein performed some of the material. Feinstein's book The Gershwins and Me: A Personal History in Twelve Songs about working for Ira, and George and Ira's music was published in 2012.", "1940, Ira Gershwin began writing and collaborating again with the likes of Jerome Kern, Kurt Weill and Harold Arlen. The famed lyricist said his goodbye to Broadway in 1946 with his last work for the stage, Park Avenue. He spent the rest of his life working on the family archive with historian Michael Feinstein." ]

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