Question: what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?

The COVID-19 pandemic affects children, but their symptoms are usually mild and include fever, dry cough, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fatigue, diarrhea, or vomiting. Severe respiratory issues are rare in children. Testing and imaging are of little value, and supportive care is recommended. No specific therapy or antiviral treatment is advised for healthy children. Children with compromised immune systems should be isolated.

A large number of COVID-19 laboratory tests have been developed and adopted at an unprecedented speed in recent months. This publication aims to provide a general overview of COVID-19 laboratory testing, including regulatory complexities in the US and a synopsis of available tests. The focus will be on nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) and viral protein detection for active infections, as well as serological tests for diagnosis, prior infections, and potential immunity.

A large number of COVID-19 laboratory tests have been developed and adopted at an unprecedented speed in recent months. This publication aims to provide a general overview of COVID-19 laboratory testing, including regulatory complexities in the US and a synopsis of available tests. The focus will be on nucleic acid amplification tests for direct detection of the virus and serological tests for diagnosis and identification of prior infections.

A small number of studies have identified SARS-CoV-2 in urine samples, despite the virus primarily spreading through air. Of the 187 urine samples tested, six were positive, with one case showing persistence for up to 42 days. This raises concerns for Endourologists, who perform many urine-exposed procedures, as they could potentially be exposed perioperatively. The type of PPE Endourologists should use remains un

The passage discusses the role of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 and raises concerns about the absence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight for serologic assays, leading to variable test performance and unclear results. The article summarizes the differences among serologic assays, including their format, antibody class detected, targeted antigen, and acceptable specimen types. It also highlights the need for a better understanding of how to use these tests

A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of two Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), COVID-PRESTO and COVID-DUO, in detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human whole blood compared to the gold standard, RT-PCR. Among 381 patients with COVID-19 symptoms, 143 were RT-PCR negative, and both RDTs showed 100% specificity. In the RT

Saliva, an exocrine secretion with various functions, is now recognized as a source of biological markers for diagnostics due to advancements in salivaomics. Non-invasive collection, economy, and monitoring systemic health make saliva an attractive diagnostic fluid. During the Covid-19 pandemic, saliva has emerged as a potential alternative to nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for diagnostic testing due to its non-invas

A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, causing a global spread with increasing deaths. NCIP, the infection caused by COVID-19, presents with fever, fatigue, dry cough, and dyspnea. Various chest imaging features have been reported, similar to other coronavirus syndromes. This review discusses the epidemiology and imaging findings of coronavirus syndromes, focusing

A rapid point-of-care lateral flow immunoassay has been developed to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human blood within 15 minutes. Clinical studies involving 525 participants showed an overall sensitivity of 88.66% and specificity of 90.63%. The test was consistent across different types of blood samples and offered better utility and sensitivity than single IgM

The passage discusses the advancements in antiviral drugs for treating various viral infections, including HSV-1 and HSV-2, CMV, VZV, influenza A virus, RSV, HIV-1, papillomaviruses, and hepatitis B and C viruses. However, the emergence of drug-resistant viruses, particularly in immunocompromised patients, is a concern. Factors contributing to resistance include

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic in March 2020, caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Rapid diagnostic tests have been developed, but more specific point-of-care tests are needed. This review covers currently available testing methods and approved tests, such as the Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test (45 minutes) and Abbott ID COVID-19 test (5

A study used iAT2s, human lung alveolar type 2 cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, to simulate the initial apical infection of the distal lung epithelium with SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection led to a rapid shift to an inflammatory phenotype, with the secretion of cytokines and delayed interferon responses. Over

A consensus summary report from a CEPI/BC meeting in March 2020 discussed the concern of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines. With over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and six in clinical trials, rapid development poses safety challenges. Disease enhancement, where vaccinated individuals experience increased severity or death upon encountering the virus, has been observed with some viral vaccines. Animal models have been used to understand the underlying mechanisms and design new vaccine candidates for Res

A consensus summary report from a CEPI/BC meeting in March 2020 discussed the risk of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines. With over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and six in clinical trials, rapid development poses safety challenges. Disease enhancement, where vaccinated individuals experience increased severity or death upon encountering the virus, is a concern due to past instances with RSV, MERS, and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines. The

The passage discusses the development and implementation of clinical tests for COVID-19 in the United States. Initially, the CDC developed a test, but as cases increased, the demand for tests led to the utilization of Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) to allow clinical and commercial laboratories to develop tests. Many nucleic acid tests based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were developed, with varying techniques, specifications

A rapid scoping review was conducted to summarize clinical practice guidelines for ophthalmic care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fourteen relevant articles were found, but none followed a systematic search for evidence or used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Recommendations were categorized into "Which patients to attend," "How should the clinic work," and "What interventions should be avoided." All guidelines suggested

A study was conducted on the Ct value distribution of SARS-CoV-2 patients in Japan using qRT-PCR tests and recently approved antigen testing kits. The mean Ct value of 62 first-visit positive cases was 24.9 with a standard deviation of 5.45. The antigen testing kit showed a positive predictive value of 80.6%, negative predictive value of 100%, and an

A rapid review of 14 articles on ophthalmological patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic identified 51 recommendations, none of which were based on systematic evidence searches or used the GRADE methodology for developing recommendations. All guidelines suggested rescheduling non-urgent consultations and surgeries, reinforcing contact precautions, using personal protection equipment, and disinfecting surfaces and instruments. The guidelines should be improved with systematic searches,

The COVID-19 pandemic requires more widespread testing for effective public health response. Nucleic-acid tests offer the most sensitive and early detection but have limitations such as long completion time, human labor, and resource requirements. A need exists to evaluate alternative protocols, reagents, and approaches to address potential shortages. Recent research explores advances in COVID-19 nucleic acid testing, including both peer-reviewed and preprint articles. Due to the rapid developments during

The COVID-19 pandemic requires more widespread testing for effective public health response. Nucleic-acid-based tests offer the most sensitive and early detection but have limitations due to long completion time, human labor, and resource requirements. A need exists to evaluate alternative protocols, reagents, and approaches to address potential shortages. Recent research explores advances in COVID-19 nucleic acid testing, including both peer-reviewed and preprint articles. Due to the rapid

The passage discusses the global focus on developing COVID-19 vaccines due to the pandemic, and how previous research on other coronavirus vaccines has provided valuable information. However, there are knowledge gaps that need to be addressed, some specific to SARS-CoV-2 and others fundamental to immunology and vaccinology. Despite these challenges, the progress made in COVID-19 research is remarkable, and there is optimism about the rapid development of a vaccine.

The passage discusses the global focus on developing a COVID-19 vaccine in light of the pandemic, and how previous research on other coronavirus vaccines has provided valuable information. However, there are knowledge gaps specific to SARS-CoV-2 and fundamental to immunology and vaccinology that need to be addressed. Despite these challenges, the progress made on COVID-19 research is remarkable, and the authors are optimistic about the rapid development of a vaccine. The article

Healthcare workers have faced mental health challenges while treating COVID-19 patients, with previous pandemics providing insight into these issues. A rapid review of 40 qualitative studies identified eight themes transcending pandemics, time, and geographical boundaries, including fear, trauma, moral distress, burnout, stigma, social support, organizational support, and self-care. Learning from past experiences can help mitigate negative mental health effects and support the long-term wellbeing of

The passage discusses the importance of developing an effective vaccine for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with no approved formulation announced yet. Epitope-based peptide vaccines are highlighted for their advantages, including low cost, ease of modification, and safety. The review summarizes vaccine studies against COVID-19 and provides detailed information about epitope-based peptide vaccines, comparing them to other types and discussing development steps for an

A rapid systematic review investigated the association between coronavirus and audio-vestibular symptoms. Five case reports and two cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting rare instances of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo in individuals with SARS-CoV-2. No such symptoms were reported with earlier types of coronavirus. The studies were of poor quality, and more research is needed to understand the acute and long-term effects of COVID-19 on

A rapid systematic review investigated audio-vestibular symptoms associated with coronavirus. Five case reports and two cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. No audio-vestibular symptoms were reported with earlier types of coronavirus (SARS and MERS). Rare reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo have been documented in individuals with SARS-CoV-2. The studies were of poor quality, and more research is needed to understand the ac

A new mouse model for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been developed using adeno-associated viruses (AAV) to express the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) gene. These mice can support viral replication, antibody production, and exhibit pathologic findings similar to COVID-19 patients and non

The passage discusses the use of test-negative designs with added controls in studying COVID-19. Test-negative designs involve comparing test-positives to test-negatives, with the addition of a control group for further comparison. The use of a control group helps reduce potential biases and ensures type-I error control through Bonferroni correction. The passage introduces two new methods for inference in test-negative designs, which offer better interpretability and higher statistical power by

Mologic began developing COVID-19 diagnostics, including ELISA and RDTs, with anticipated funding from Wellcome Trust and DFID. The ELISA test had a sensitivity of 95% after 7 days and 97% after 10 days of diagnosis, while specificity was 97% based on a panel of samples from before the pandemic. These tests will be used for diagnosis, contact tracing, and sero-epidemi

A new RT-LAMP assay has been developed for the rapid and specific detection of SARS-CoV-2. The assay targets the nucleocapsid gene of the viral RNA and has a detection limit similar to qRT-PCR, with a rapid 30-minute detection time and colorimetric visualization. It specifically detects SARS-CoV-2 RNA with no cross-reactivity to related coronaviruses or

A new RT-LAMP assay has been developed for the rapid and specific detection of SARS-CoV-2. The assay targets the nucleocapsid gene of the viral RNA and has a detection limit similar to qRT-PCR, with a rapid 30-minute detection time and colorimetric visualization. It specifically detects SARS-CoV-2 RNA with no cross-reactivity to other coronaviruses or

The passage discusses an evaluation of the diagnostic performance and user-friendliness of eleven rapid tests for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The study involved testing participants with confirmed COVID-19, recovered outpatients, and those with suspected infections using PCR as a reference. The rapid tests detected antibodies in hospitalized patients but had varying sensitivities. In recovered outpatients, five tests had low IgG sensitivity below

The passage discusses an evaluation of the diagnostic performance and user-friendliness of eleven rapid tests for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The study involved testing participants with PCR at a clinical microbiology lab and comparing the results with the rapid tests. The tests had varying sensitivities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, recovered outpatients, and participants with suspected COVID-19 infection. The rapid tests were generally easy to perform

A report details over 800 confirmed COVID-19 cases on three cruise ship voyages, with linked cases reported in the US. Transmission occurred between ships via crew members, affecting both passengers and crew. Ten deaths have been reported. Public health implications include the risk of rapid disease spread beyond voyages, necessitating aggressive containment measures, and recommending a global cruise travel deferral during the pandemic.

A study developed a multiplex real-time PCR test for detecting Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2, Varicella Zoster Virus, adenovirus, and Chlamydia trachomatis from eye swabs. This test allows for simultaneous identification of multiple pathogens, improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing turnaround times for clinical samples. The test was proven to be sensitive, specific, and robust.

The study evaluated the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatography-based assay for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in human serum for COVID-19. The assay was applied to 149 subjects who had undergone RT-PCR testing for COVID-19. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 92.9% (84.1-97.6) and 96.

A study evaluated the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatography-based assay for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in human serum for COVID-19. The assay was applied to 149 subjects who had undergone RT-PCR testing for COVID-19. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 92.9% (84.1-97.6) and 96.

A cluster of unknown cause pneumonia cases were identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, which was later determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak led to unprecedented public health actions, including the isolation of Wuhan, and a scientific response with early publication of the pathogen genome and rapid diagnostic development. This article will summarize the current clinical knowledge of COVID-19 caused by S

In December 2019, health authorities in Wuhan, China identified a cluster of unknown cause pneumonia cases linked to the South China Seafood Market. The causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, leading to a major outbreak. Public health measures included isolating Wuhan, and a scientific response included early genome publication and diagnostic development. This article summarizes new knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 and its

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in healthcare and societies, leading to the need for various interventions. Implementation science, with its multidisciplinary approach and systematic methods, can help design, evaluate, and analyze these programs and policies. The pandemic highlights the importance of innovative and rigorous approaches to real-world data collection and analysis. Implementation scientists are encouraged to focus on contributing to managing Covid-19's impact on people, healthcare, and society.

An elderly female presented to the hospital after an episode of syncope (fainting) and was found to be afebrile with a normal chest X-ray, raising no suspicion of COVID-19. However, she later developed a fever and tested positive for the virus. This case highlights the expanding range of COVID-19 symptoms and the potential for misdiagnosis and delayed implementation of precautions.

The passage discusses the impact of COVID-19 globally and introduces a statistical time delay dynamic model developed to reveal the importance of early and effective isolation in containing the epidemic. Applying this model to the situation in Japan, the authors warn of a potential rapid outbreak if quarantine measures are not implemented immediately.

The Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool is a web-based application that quickly and accurately identifies and characterizes SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) sequences from next generation sequencing datasets. It can process up to 2,000 sequences per submission and classify SARSr-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with high accuracy. The tool allows tracking of new viral mutations and a

This retrospective study analyzed 1848 COVID-19 patients in Jianghan Fangcang shelter hospital between Feb 5th and Mar 9th, 2020. Of these, 1327 were released after recovery, while 521 were transferred to designated hospitals due to severe symptoms or comorbidities. The case-severity rate was 3.0%. Patients progressing to severe type had a median inc

A pandemic-induced surge in medical product development, from test kits to vaccines, raises legal questions regarding liability under the European Product Liability Directive. Existing concepts like defect, causation, and defenses may need adjustment to account for the pandemic's impact on production. The article explores these issues and proposes alternative responses, such as government indemnities, liability exemptions, and no-fault compensation schemes.

The passage discusses a study in Ireland on the probability of herds with cattle that test negative for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at routine slaughter but have lesions, and later have skin-test reactors at follow-up tests. The study examines how herd-size, herd-type, and bTB-history impact the likelihood of additional reactors. The dataset used was from 2005 to 2019 and

In December 2019, health authorities in Wuhan, China identified a cluster of unknown aetiology pneumonia cases linked to the city's South China Seafood Market. The causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which sparked a major outbreak. The scientific response included early publication of the pathogen genome and rapid development of diagnostics. This article reviews new knowledge of SARS-CoV-2

The passage discusses the importance of developing rapid-molecular point-of-care (POC) tests for detecting COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV), which has become a global pandemic. The transmission rate of COVID-19 is high, and there is a need for accurate and high-quality diagnostic testing, especially in developing countries, to screen suspected cases and monitor the disease. A POC device that is rapid

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 has spread worldwide since December 2019. Clinical laboratories have developed various assays for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and managing COVID-19 patients, including molecular and serologic tests with point-of-care capabilities. This review summarizes the available testing types for patient care and plasma donor screening.

A 3D printed latticed nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing was rapidly developed using Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) due to supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic. NP swabs, essential for testing SARS-CoV-2 infections, have been in short supply. A latticed tip NP swab was designed and fabricated from a previously approved resin used for dental night guards. The sw

This review discusses the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on antibody responses and the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 patients offer insights into vaccine design. Recombinant proteins are the most immunogenic vaccine candidates but are not part of the initial "Warp Speed" efforts. Adverse events are a concern,

This review discusses the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on antibody responses to infection and the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates. Recombinant proteins are the most immunogenic but not part of the initial "Warp Speed" vaccines. Adverse events are a concern, with past experiences from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV vaccines considered. Out

The passage discusses the parallel impacts of COVID-19 and diabetes as global health crises. While efforts to mitigate COVID-19 have been swift, the response to diabetes has been more subdued. People with diabetes have experienced higher mortality and morbidity from COVID-19. The article shares experiences from an urban diabetes service in the UK, focusing on the impact on patients and healthcare providers, and potential lessons for the future.

The Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool is a web-based application that quickly and accurately identifies and characterizes SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) sequences from next-generation sequencing datasets. It can process up to 2000 sequences per submission and classify SARSr-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with high accuracy. The tool allows tracking of new viral mutations and

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology is proposed for rapid and affordable detection of COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in a large number of infections and deaths worldwide, including in India where there is a critical shortage of detection kits. The MIP technique, which has already been successfully used to detect taste contributing agents in tea, is described in detail. It is inexpensive, selective, reusable, and easy

The UK Government established the UK Vaccine Network in 2015 to focus on vaccine development for emerging diseases, recognizing their importance in controlling threats. A Working Group created a Human Vaccine Development Process Map, but also produced a Veterinary Vaccine Development Process Map due to the impact of zoonotic diseases on animal wellbeing. The paper outlines the creation of this map, detailing the process from Target Product Profile generation through Discovery and Feasibility to Product

The passage discusses a study in Ireland on the probability of herds with skin-test negative cattle that have lesions at routine slaughter (LRS) having additional reactors at follow-up tests. The study used data from 2005 to 2019 and found that herd-size, herd-type, and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) history affected the likelihood of additional reactors. Larger herds and dairy

A new generation of magnetic lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as detecting labels is gaining popularity in diagnostics due to their quantitative capability and ability for immunomagnetic separation (IMS), leading to improved selectivity and sensitivity. This review covers the current knowledge on magnetic LFIAs, classifying it into optical and magnetic sensing categories. The type of MNPs, their size, coating

A study was conducted on the Chinese herbal medicine Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQGG) and its effect on healthy individuals in relation to COVID-19. The results showed that JHQGG rapidly decreases the plasma level of IL-6 and increases the plasma level of IFN-γ. These findings suggest that JHQGG's therapeutic efficacy against COVID-19 is linked to its rapid immunomodulatory activity

A study was conducted to develop a method for detecting nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab samples and urine for rapid and early diagnosis of COVID-19. The study included 239 participants with suspected infection from 7 centers. Nucleocapsid protein was detected using a fluorescence immunochromatographic assay, which showed 100% agreement with nucleic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis, resulting in quarantines and restructuring of healthcare services. Health professionals have been at the forefront of providing emergency aid, but are facing mental health risks due to disease uncertainty, organizational factors, and personal concerns. Disease characteristics include rapid spread, severity, lack of knowledge, and deaths among healthcare workers. Organizational factors include depletion of personal protection equipment, concerns about competent care, rapidly changing information

The UK Government established the UK Vaccine Network in 2015 to focus on vaccine development for emerging diseases, recognizing their importance in controlling threats like Ebola, MERS, and COVID-19. A Working Group created a Human Vaccine Development Process Map, but also produced a Veterinary Vaccine Development Process Map due to the significance of animal health and zoonotic diseases. This paper outlines the creation of the Veterinary Vaccine Development Process Map

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted an urgent need for effective treatments, making drug repurposing an emerging approach. Existing drugs are being investigated for new therapeutic uses against SARS-CoV-2. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents like Ribavirin and Umifenovir, antibiotics such as teicoplanin, oritavancin, dalbavancin, monensin, and azithromy

Ghana, despite its healthcare and scientific infrastructure deficit, has made significant innovations in the fight against COVID-19. Ghanaian scientists were among the first in Africa to sequence the genome of the novel coronavirus. The country's laboratory introduced innovative testing methods, allowing for a greater testing scale per million than the rest of Africa. Drones are used to deliver samples to laboratory centers for testing. Local scientists and developers have created rapid diagnostic test kits, ventilators

A cross-sectional study titled "SARS-2-SCREEN" is being conducted in several municipalities in Italy's Lombardy Region, which were among the earliest-affected areas by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study aims to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using rapid immunochromatographic testing and subsequent confirmation by serology on ven

Labs and companies are developing antibody tests for COVID-19 to determine the true number of cases and potential immunity to new infections. However, large-scale data from these tests, such as the percentage of immune individuals in hard-hit areas like Wuhan, China, is currently lacking or not publicly available. Scientists anticipate this information will become available as more tests become accessible.

A study demonstrates the possibility of performing RT-qPCR tests for COVID-19 in just 12 minutes using untreated samples, heat-inactivated samples, or extracted RNA templates, without the need for expensive equipment like RNA isolation instruments and real-time PCR thermal cyclers. This rapid RT-PCR method can be implemented in low resource settings for sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of COVID-19.

A systematic review aimed to understand the infection rate, clinical presentation, clinical outcomes, and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Twenty-four studies were included, indicating that children have a lower observed case rate than adults but may have similar infection rates. Limited data suggest children have milder symptoms and can be asymptomatic, but severe cases and transmission dynamics are not well understood.

The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatographic test for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pneumonia patients. The test was validated using serum samples from healthy controls and confirmed COVID-19 patients, establishing a specificity of 100% and an overall sensitivity of 47.3%. In patients with 14 days or more from

The COVID-19 pandemic is primarily driven by community transmission, and rapid testing is necessary to prevent further spread. Isothermal amplification technology, including loop-mediated amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and Nicking enzyme-assisted reaction (NEAR), offers an alternative to standard PCR technology for resource-limited settings. These isothermal platforms are quick, performed by non-laboratory staff, and

A systematic review and meta-analysis of ten studies on the use of rapid diagnostic tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies found a pooled sensitivity of 64.8% (54.5-74.0) and specificity of 98.0% (95.8-99.0) with high heterogeneity and risk of reporting bias. The study concludes that while rapid tests are necessary for managing the COVID

A systematic review and meta-analysis of ten studies on the use of rapid diagnostic tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies found a pooled sensitivity of 64.8% (54.5-74.0%) and specificity of 98.0% (95.8-99.0%), with high heterogeneity and risk of reporting bias. The study concludes that while rapid tests are necessary for managing the

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a challenge due to limited treatment options and guidelines. This narrative review summarizes the effectiveness of current therapies for COVID-19, focusing on antivirals (remdesivir, favipiravir), antimalarials (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine), and combination treatments (hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin or chloroquine). Remdesivir

The molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 primarily uses RT-PCR to detect RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Challenges include false negatives, temporal variations of viral loads, specimen selection and treatment, and detecting viral proteins. Research is needed to improve RT-PCR, develop alternative amplification techniques, incorporate CRISPR technology for POC tests, validate POC tests, and sequence viral RNA and its mutations

The passage discusses the psychopathological consequences of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic, which include anxiety, depression, suicidal or addictive behaviors, domestic violence, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The mechanisms of these disorders and their interrelationships are not fully understood. Other potential issues, such as boredom, social isolation, stress, and sleep deprivation, are also mentioned. Hallucinations, which are linked to social isolation, are cur

A rapid overview of reviews was conducted to examine approaches to research co-design in health settings, focusing on the study planning phase. The review identified 26 records reporting on 23 reviews, which varied in application of research co-design, contexts, and theoretical foci. Research co-design approaches included interactions with end-users outside of planning, such as recruitment and dissemination. Activities involved in research co-design were focus groups, interviews, and surveys. The

A total of 4,302,774 cases of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, have been reported in 212 countries and territories as of May 12, 2020. Rapid and accurate diagnostic testing is essential to track the spread of the disease and implement public health interventions. Key components of viral diagnostic tests include sample collection, availability of viral sequences, and laboratory testing methods

The COVID-19 pandemic poses unique challenges for colorectal surgery, requiring considerations for patient and caregiver safety, OR utilization, and techniques. Additional PPE may be necessary based on local testing availability and community infection rates. Negative-pressure ORs are recommended for aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and hospital spaces have been successfully converted to negative-pressure environments. Debate surrounds the use of minimally invasive surgery with p

The United States has struggled to develop and implement reliable coronavirus diagnostic tests, with the CDC encountering issues in rolling out a test kit and limiting the number of tests performed. In contrast, countries like China and South Korea have made significant progress in testing large numbers of people. The CDC's initial refusal to test a patient in Northern California, who was the first probable COVID-19 case without known links to an infected person, added to the infamous delay in testing in the

A survey of 1,048 people in five major cities in China revealed an 80% reduction in out-of-home activities during the peak period of the COVID-19 outbreak. These activities, including working, eating, shopping, using public transportation, and traveling, have gradually increased but remain below pre-outbreak levels. The significant behavior changes have contributed to China's rapid control of virus transmission. Countries reopening their economies should carefully design testing and

A study compared the performance of four rapid antigen detection tests for SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples using universal transport medium and RT-PCR as a reference. The Liming bio assay was discontinued due to insufficient performance. The sensitivity of RapiGEN, Savant, and Bioeasy tests were 62.0% (CI95% 51.0–71.9), 100% (1

A new web system, Heg.IA, is proposed to optimize Covid-19 diagnosis using artificial intelligence. Healthcare professionals input 41 hematological parameters from blood tests, and the system provides a diagnostic report indicating infection status and hospitalization level. The system, based on a Random Forest architecture with 90 trees, achieved high efficiency with an average accuracy of 92.89%, sensitivity of 0.936, and specificity of 0.

The article discusses the slow-paced nature of public management reforms in Germany, focusing on recent developments and the challenges of implementing more ambitious reforms, particularly in digitalization. The piece raises questions about when incremental reforms lead to significant change and the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on these efforts.

The passage discusses the unprecedented psychological effects of the confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic, beyond what has been documented in literature on polar expeditions, submarines, and prison. The consequences of confinement include anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal or addictive behaviors, domestic violence, and hallucinations. The mechanisms of emergence of these disorders and their interrelationships need further study. The passage also mentions the importance

The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the LightMix® Modular SARS and Wuhan CoV E-gene kit, a commercial assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection, compared to in-house developed COVID-19 RT-PCR assays. The analytical sensitivity was assessed using serial dilutions of SARS-CoV-2 culture isolate extracts, and diagnostic performance was evaluated using 289 clinical specim

A cluster of patients with a mysterious respiratory illness in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, was identified as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and fomites and presents with symptoms including fever, fatigue,

A study was conducted at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in Nigeria from June 17-25, 2020, using serological tests to determine the extent of SARS-CoV-2 exposure among 66 staff and patients. Of the 66 samples, 5 (7.6%) were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies, and 17 (26%) were positive for IgG

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced new policies to expand coronavirus testing by allowing certified high-complexity laboratories to develop and use their own diagnostic kits, addressing criticism for insufficient testing capacity. This change could significantly increase the number of laboratories able to conduct tests, including hospitals like Brigham and Women's in Boston. The shift focuses on laboratories certified under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments.

A mathematical model was developed in this paper to understand the growth of COVID-19 spread in humans after a month (30 days) of lockdown in India. The model, based on realistic facts and statistics, aims to minimize the virus's spread and the length of the lockdown. The relationship between long-term recovery and infected coefficients was established, and it was found that growth can be minimized under certain conditions. The effectiveness of different medicines for various age groups was also discussed

A study evaluates the efficacy of various mask types, including homemade and alternative masks, in reducing the transmission of respiratory droplets during speech using a low-cost optical measurement method. Some mask types perform similarly to standard surgical masks, while others, like neck fleece or bandanas, offer minimal protection. The setup is inexpensive and can be easily built and operated by non-experts for quick mask performance assessments during speech, sneezing,

A rapid test kit for detecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) was developed using 'need-driven' product design principles. The kit is intended for field use and eventually home use, and must provide quick results with minimal equipment and expertise. An antigen test based on RT-LAMP with colorimetric readout was selected, allowing for direct use of swab samples without RNA extraction. After extensive experimentation, a fabricated test kit


Question: are there serological tests that detect antibodies to coronavirus?

A new ELISA test was developed using recombinant partial nucleocapsid proteins of the ferret coronavirus (FRCoV) to detect antibodies to the virus. The test identified two different reactivity patterns in serum samples, with some recognizing both the N protein regions a.a. 1–179 and a.a. 180–374, while others only recognized the former. The test was carried out on

A narrative review discusses the importance of accurate serologic tests for detecting host antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These tests have various uses, such as complementing molecular methods for active disease diagnosis, estimating immunity, and aiding in transmission dynamics characterization. However, most assays lack external validation, hindering their implementation and interpretation. Critical knowledge gaps exist regarding serologic correlates of protection

A review of 226 serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen and antibodies was conducted, with most being indirect tests using immunochromatography methods and blood-derived samples. The majority of these tests detect IgM and IgG antibodies simultaneously and have a procedure time under 20 minutes. The average sensitivity was 91.8% and specificity was 97%. Most tests are currently in vit

The passage discusses the role of in vitro diagnostics, specifically real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rRT-PCR) and serological tests, in detecting SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. rRT-PCR is the primary method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 but has limitations such as false-negatives, long turnaround times, complex protocols, and a need

The passage discusses the importance of laboratory-based diagnostic tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rRT-PCR) are the primary method, targeting various genes, but have limitations such as false-negatives, long turnaround times, complex protocols, and requiring skilled personnel. Serological tests, which detect antibodies, are simpler and suitable for

Three immunochromatography test kits for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were compared using 99 serum samples from COVID-19 patients. In the early stage of the disease (0-6 days after onset), IgM antibody-positive rates were 19.0%, 23.8%, and 19.0% for each kit, respectively. Over the entire period, IgM antib

A literature review examined 32 peer-reviewed papers and 23 preprints on serologic methods for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Studies used lateral flow immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, and neutralizing antibody assays. All major antigens had diagnostic value, with assays measuring total antibody reactivity having

The study examined the serological response to SARS coronavirus (CoV) infection in 20 patients using neutralization tests and immunofluorescent (IF) tests. SARS CoV total immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM) was the first detectable antibody, but IgM titers dropped significantly from 282 at 1 month to 19 at 7 months. Ne

A study was conducted to detect infectious pathogens in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids were tested. Antibodies against Feline parvovirus, Feline coronavirus, Feline calicivirus, Bartonella spp., Felid herpesvirus 1, hemotropic mycoplasmas, E

A study of 238 hospital patients with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection found that the rate of antibody detection (IgM and IgG) was significantly higher than viral RNA detection using real-time RT-PCR. Antibody positivity rates were low in the first five days and increased as the disease progressed, while viral RNA positivity kept high in the first 11 days and decreased thereafter.

A serologic survey of 618 cat sera collected in Oklahoma between 1987 and 1988 revealed that 10% tested positive for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus, 35% for coronavirus antibodies, 22% for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, and 15% for feline leukemia virus antigen. Thirty-two percent of the

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic and there is a need for validated serologic assays for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. The authors developed and validated assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein-specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies using serum samples from confirmed cases, other coronaviruses

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic and there is a need for validated serologic assays for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. The authors developed and validated assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies using serum samples from confirmed cases, other coronaviruses, and

The passage discusses a method for estimating the seroprevalence of past SARS-CoV-2 infections using serological tests without defining cutoff levels. This approach, called likelihood-based inference or mixture models, directly integrates quantitative test measures into statistical inference, resulting in less variation in seroprevalence estimates and its temporal trend compared to methods using cutoffs and post-hoc corrections. The study also provides guidance on optimizing seros

A new porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was identified in the US in 2014, linked with clinical disease including diarrhea and vomiting. Few diagnostic reagents were available, so the objective was to develop and validate diagnostic reagents and assays for PDCoV antigen and antibody detection. The nucleoprotein of PDCoV was used to produce polyclonal and monoclonal

Serologic studies are essential for understanding the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. While past serologic studies have provided valuable insights, the unique challenges of the current situation necessitate adaptations. Detection of antibodies to determine exposure and immunity is not straightforward due to challenges in sample collection, test accuracy, and sampling biases. Successful implementation of serologic studies depends on the type and performance of serologic tests, the population studied, appropriate study designs, and

The passage discusses the importance of serologic studies in understanding the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges in conducting such studies, including sample collection, test accuracy, and sampling biases. Successful serologic studies depend on the type and performance of serologic tests, the population studied, appropriate study designs, and data analysis methods. The passage highlights the questions that serologic studies can answer regarding SARS-CoV-2 transmission and immunity, reviews

This study aimed to develop and validate multiple improved serological assays for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), including an indirect ELISA (iELISA), a blocking ELISA (bELISA), fluorescent microsphere immunoassays (FMIA), and a fluorescent focus neutralization assay (FFN). The iELISA, bELISA, and FMIA were valid

The FDA has granted emergency use authorization for 48 molecular and 21 serological COVID-19 diagnostic tests due to nationwide shortages. Molecular tests detect active infections through nucleic acid sequences, while serological tests identify antibodies indicating recent exposure. The article discusses approved tests and ongoing research for new SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods.

The passage discusses the importance of serological assays in identifying and containing emerging coronaviruses, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV. During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) epidemic, various serological diagnostic assays were developed using different antigens, but cross-reactive antibodies to common cold-associated CoVs were reported. The review summarizes the performance of different serological

A competitive ELISA (cELISA) was developed to detect turkey coronavirus (TCV) antibodies using a recombinant TCV nucleocapsid (N) protein and biotin-labeled monoclonal antibody. The cELISA's sensitivity and specificity were compared to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with 1269 sera. Concordance between the two tests was high,

Three immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) were developed to detect feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies using recombinant FCoV nucleocapsid protein (rNP). Two ICA kits (CJIgG/TNP and CJNP/TNP) showed non-specific positive reactions with anti-FCoV antibody-negative samples when rNP was used as the test line. However, the ICA

The passage discusses the role of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 and raises concerns about the absence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight for serologic assays, leading to variable test performance and unclear results. The article summarizes the differences among serologic assays, including their format, antibody class detected, targeted antigen, and acceptable specimen types. It also highlights the need for a better understanding of how to use these tests

The passage summarizes a review of various tests for detecting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The review covers nucleic acid tests, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and antibody/serology tests. PCR testing is considered the "gold standard" for acute diagnosis due to its ability to detect viral RNA. Antibody tests can diagn

The passage compares the ability of three serologic assays - virus neutralization tests, indirect immunofluorescence tests, and ELISA - to distinguish specific virus exposure in cats to feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) or feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Sera from specific-pathogen-free cats inoculated with virulent or modified FIPV or FECV were used. The FIPV and

A microarray was developed for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against Puumala hantavirus and IgG antibodies for HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and CMV. The protocol was optimized using PUUV recombinant nucleocapsid protein. Results for PUUV were consistent with immunofluorescent assay and IgM EIA. The microarray showed good specificity

A study evaluated the performance of four immunochromatographic tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 22 patients confirmed positive by RT-PCR. The tests showed heterogeneous antibody detection times, with median detection between 8-10 days post-symptom onset. Sensitivity ranged from 60-80% on day 10 and 100% on day 15. One

Thirty-three cheetahs in the USA were tested for feline coronavirus infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood, fecal samples, and effusive fluid, and indirect immunofluorescence for serum antibodies. Ten cheetahs tested positive for viral shedding via PCR, while 13 were seropositive. Results from serology did not always correspond with viral shedding, and

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, responsible for COVID-19, can be diagnosed through virus RNA detection or serological methods identifying specific antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) or viral antigen. Several rapid immunochromatographic, chemiluminescent, and ELISA tests exist, but there is no WHO or ECDC recommendation or reliable research on their usefulness in diagnosing SAR

An outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) at a Jordanian hospital in April 2012 resulted in 9 confirmed cases, including 2 fatalities. Serologic tests identified 7 previously unconfirmed cases among hospital staff and contacts. The attack rate among hospital personnel was 10%. No transmission occurred at transfer hospitals with good infection control practices. Most cases had no major underlying medical conditions, and the observed case-f

An immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed to detect feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies using a colloidal gold-labeled recombinant FCoV nucleocapsid protein as a conjugate. The test line and control line were coated with Protein A and affinity-purified cat anti-FCoV IgG, respectively. The ICA successfully detected anti-FCoV antibodies

A study evaluated the performance of four immunochromatographic tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 22 patients confirmed positive by RT-PCR. The tests showed sensitivity ranging from 60-80% on day 10 and 100% on day 15. Antibody detection times varied greatly, with a median of 8-10 days post-symptom onset. One cross-

This study used an antigen capture ELISA with monoclonal antibodies against the N protein of SARS-CoV to test 829 serum specimens from 643 patients suspected of having SARS-CoV infection. The results showed that N protein was most commonly detected in sera collected within the first 10 days after symptom onset, with a 100% detection rate in 24 sera from patients confirmed

A study was conducted to develop and evaluate serological assays for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in large-scale sero-epidemiological studies. An ELISA was developed to detect IgG and IgM antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. The ELISA was found to be reliably positive after

A new study developed serological assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies in patients with PCR-confirmed infections. The assays were validated using serum samples and demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for most infected individuals. Commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs showed lower specificity and varying sensitivity. These validated assays are crucial for contact tracing,

A study evaluated the diagnostic value of a serological assay for SARS-CoV-2 using ELISA to test 238 hospitalized patients' serums between February 6-14, 2020. The antibody positive rate was significantly higher (81.5%) than the viral RNA positive rate (64.3%). Antibody positivity was low in the first five days and increased rapidly thereafter. Viral

A study was conducted at the first affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University to examine the serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the complementary value of antibody tests compared to RNA tests. The study involved collecting serial sera from COVID-19 patients and detecting total antibody (Ab), IgM, and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The seroconversion rates for Ab, IgM

A study was conducted to develop and characterize novel monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike protein for use in a competitive ELISA (cELISA) assay. The cELISA was able to detect MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in rat and rabbit sera, as well as in Ethiopian dromedary camel sera with high

This study compared the results of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting anti-Leishmania antibodies in clinically normal and sick cats, using PCR as the gold standard. The results showed disagreement between the serological tests and PCR, with low diagnostic sensitivity for all tests. However, ELISA and IFAT had 10

Researchers identified a 195-amino-acid fragment (N195) from the C terminus of the SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein that strongly reacts with antibodies against SARS coronavirus without cross-reacting with antibodies against chicken, pig, and canine coronaviruses. They developed a Western blot assay using the N195 protein to detect antibodies against SARS coronavirus

A serological survey for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals in Ethiopia using a BSL-2 laboratory. The results from the virus neutralization (VN) test using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus coated with MERS-CoV spike protein were similar to those obtained from live MERS-CoV and more sensitive than ELIS

A study of 80 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University in China found that total antibodies (Ab), IgM, and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 had seroconversion rates of 98.8%, 93.8%, and 93.8%, respectively. The first detectable markers were Ab at a median of 15 days post exposure or

The study collected serial sera from 80 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, China. The seroconversion rates for total antibody (Ab), IgM, and IgG were 98.8%, 93.8%, and 93.8%, respectively. The first detectable serology marker was Ab, followed by IgM and IgG, with median seroconversion times

A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) antibody titres and age, breed, gender, and health status of Australian cats. The study analyzed data from 828 Coronase and 191 7B FIP antibody tests over a 2-year period. Significant differences in median Coronase antibody titres were found between breeds, with Siamese, Persians,

A study was conducted in southern Italy to determine the seroprevalence of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies in cats using three different techniques: virus neutralization (VN), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 120 sera tested, 96 were positive for FCoV antibodies by VN and ELISA.

A study was conducted to investigate the use of genetic detection methods, specifically reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT/nPCR), for detecting feline coronavirus (FCoV) infections in captive Felidae in the USA. Seventy-five biologic samples from 11 institutions were tested, revealing that 24 animals were positive using RT/nPCR for virus, while 29 animals were seropositive to type

A study of 160 hospital staff with mild forms of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in eastern France was conducted to investigate their serologic response. Three assays (LuLISA N, rapid immunodiagnostic test, and S-Flow assay) and a pseudovirus-based assay were used to detect antibodies and neutralizing activity. The LuLISA N assay detected antibodies in 80.6%

A Japanese farm in Tochigi prefecture showed high incidence of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) antibodies despite no past record of PRCV vaccination or infection. Conventional tests failed to distinguish between PRCV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Virological and serological examinations over four years confirmed PRCV presence, with isolates forming a separate cluster in phylogenetic analysis.

The passage discusses a study evaluating the use of serological testing (IgM-IgG antibody detection) in addition to nucleic acid testing (RT-PCR) for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections. The study involved 133 COVID-19 patients admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China, between January 23 and March 1, 2020. The results showed that both tests had

Two BCV strains from diarrheic calf feces were compared with three other BCV strains and a human coronavirus (HCV) strain using immunofluorescence (IF), haemagglutination inhibition (HAI), and neutralization (NT) tests. No differences were detected by IF. HCV was distinguishable from BCV strains in HAI and NT tests. Monoclonal antibodies against one BCV strain

The COVID-19 pandemic requires advanced testing technology for disease detection and capacity expansion. This review covers technological advances in SARS-CoV-2 testing, including molecular and serological methods, and their advantages and limitations. Nucleic acid amplification is the gold standard for molecular diagnostics, but alternative techniques are being developed. Serology tests for antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 require proper validation. To control the pandemic, rapid and widespread testing is necessary

The COVID-19 pandemic requires advanced testing technology for disease detection and capacity expansion. This review covers technological advances in SARS-CoV-2 testing, focusing on molecular and serological methods. Nucleic acid amplification is the gold standard for molecular diagnostics, but alternative techniques are being developed. Serology tests for antibody response are in development but require proper validation. To control the pandemic, rapid and widespread testing is necessary, which can be achieved through improvements in clinical di

A new enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed to detect antibodies to coronavirus OC43 in serum samples. The assay, which uses antigen prepared by polyethylene glycol precipitation, showed good results without a postcoat procedure. The EIA was found to be specific and sensitive, as shown by its ability to detect antibody rises in 89% of paired samples with confirmed HAI antibody increases

A competitive ELISA test was used to detect non-neutralizing antibodies to TGEV in porcine sera, differentiating it from PRCV. The test had a 100% specificity and 94.9% sensitivity compared to the virus neutralization test. The prevalence of TGEV in Great Britain was low, with only 0.6% of sows being seropositive in 1990. A

This study evaluated the performance of nine SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, including six point-of-care (POC) and three ELISA assays, in detecting antibodies in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection through RNA testing. The tests were able to detect antibodies in over 80% of samples collected 15 days or more after symptom onset, but none reached 100% detection.

This study evaluated the performance of nine SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, including six point-of-care (POC) and three ELISA assays, in detecting antibodies in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection through RNA testing. The tests were able to detect antibodies in over 80% of samples collected 15 days or more after symptom onset, with the highest detection rates using iSIA,

A serological survey was conducted on 62 giant panda serum samples using a virus neutralization test to detect specific antibodies against canine coronavirus (CCV). Eight samples tested positive, resulting in a positive rate of 12.9%. Neutralizing antibody titers ranged from 1:8 to 1:32. This study, the first comprehensive investigation on CCV neutralization antibodies in giant pandas in China, revealed that

A study was conducted to detect Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection in 342 animals from wild populations in South Africa and Namibia between 1999 and 2001. Of these, 195 animals had evidence of infection, with 41 of these being from wild populations. Serology and RT/nPCR were used to test for infection. While serology did not always correlate with viral RNA detection, ser

The passage discusses the diagnostic performance of nine rapid serology assays for COVID-19. These tests, which detect antibodies or antigens using colloidal gold-labeled immunochromatography, offer total antibody detection or combination IgM and IgG detection. Sensitivity ranges from 72.7% to 100% for IgM and IgG tests, and specificity ranges from 98.7

The passage discusses the diagnostic performance of rapid serology assays for COVID-19. Nine RDT kits were reviewed, which offer total antibody detection or combination IgM and IgG detection. All kits use the colloidal gold-labeled immunochromatography principle and provide results within 15 minutes using whole blood, serum, or plasma samples. Sensitivity ranges from 72.7% to 100%

Researchers identified disease-specific B cell epitopes for SARS by panning phage-displayed random peptide libraries on serum immunoglobulin G antibodies from SARS patients. Forty-nine immunopositive phage clones were selected, which had consensus motifs corresponding to reported sequences of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV). Synthetic peptide binding and competitive-in

A serological survey was conducted to estimate the frequency of canine coronavirus (CCV) antibodies in the Australian dog population and evaluate its role in causing gastroenteritis. An indirect ELISA was developed to detect IgG and IgM antibodies to CCV in serum samples from diarrheal and non-diarrheal dogs. The results showed that 15.8% of dogs in open populations and 40.8%

Pigs were inoculated with Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) or Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) to compare antibody responses using monoclonal antibodies (MAB) against antigenic sites A and X on the S glycoprotein. Antibodies against both viruses were detected as early as one week post-inoculation using MAB 57.16,

A new ELISA method was developed using CCV-infected CRFK cells as antigens to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies in cats. Subtracting optical density values from mock-infected cells ensured specificity. The ELISA was found to be as effective as indirect immunofluorescence assay for detecting coronavirus antibodies in cats based on experimental CCV infections and spontaneous FIP cases.

A new ELISA test was developed using the nucleoprotein (N) from human metapneumovirus (hMPV) for serological testing. The test was able to distinguish hMPV-negative sera and determine the cutoff value. The test revealed higher antibody titers in children than adults. In a prospective study, 81.6% of adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had prior hMP

A recent study revealed that Bactrian camels in Dubai, where dromedaries are also present, have a high prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) antibodies, with 48% and 41% positive results in S-ELISA and neutralization antibody tests, respectively. Hybrid camels in Dubai also showed a high prevalence of MERS-CoV antibod

A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of four serologic tests (neutralization test, ELISA, IFA, and ICT) in detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV in sera of probable SARS case-patients, comparing the results with RT-PCR. The neutralization test was used as a reference method. Sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were as follows: EL

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of four point-of-care lateral flow immunoassays (ALLTEST, Dynamiker, ASK, and Wondfo) in detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients. The tests were 100% sensitive and specific in detecting antibodies after 3 weeks of symptom onset, with no significant difference between the tests in terms of detection of I

The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique was used to detect antibodies to parainfluenza 3, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine adenovirus 3 in fetal thoracic fluids. IFA results agreed with hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization for the first three vir

The passage discusses the role of virus laboratory diagnostics in patient care, highlighting the use of serological and molecular approaches for investigating viral infections. Serological assays involve detecting specific antibodies in serum specimens, while molecular approaches, such as PCR, detect the presence of viral genomes. Virus isolation and antigen detection assays are also mentioned. Immunoassays and point-of-care tests are commonly used for serological

The receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2's spike protein is a promising antigen for detecting COVID-19-specific antibodies due to its poor conservation between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. By day 9 after symptom onset, the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen was highly sensitive and specific for antibodies induced by S

Researchers conducted tests on horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman using RT-PCR on nasal and rectal swabs and serological testing for antibodies to detect coronavirus infections. They found evidence of equine coronavirus (ECoV) and HKU23 coronavirus infections, but no conclusive evidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Serological data indicated that lineage A betacoronaviruses are commonly infecting horses

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of combining serological total antibody tests with RT-PCR for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections. The study involved 375 patients from January 25 to March 16, 2020, who were divided into a COVID-19 group and a control group. Both serum samples and throat swabs were collected for total antibody testing and RT-PCR analysis,

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of combining serological total antibody tests with RT-PCR for detecting SARS-COV-2 infections. The study involved 375 patients from January 25 to March 16, 2020, who were divided into a COVID-19 group and a control group. Both serum samples and throat swabs were collected for total antibody testing and RT-PCR analysis,

A study evaluated the performance of three SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays: Abbott COVID-IgG, STANDARD Q (SQ) IgM/IgG Duo, and Wondfo Total Antibody Test. The validation included samples from 71 COVID-19 patients and negative controls, including potential interferences. IgM antibodies were detected as early as days 3-4 post-symptom on

A study was conducted to evaluate the cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization between the U.S. PEDV prototype and S-INDEL-variant strains. The researchers isolated the S-INDEL-variant strain in cell culture and generated antisera against both strains by infecting weaned pigs. The results showed that the antisera against both strains could react to and neutralize both prototype and S-INDEL-variant viruses

A seroprevalence study was conducted in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, the only prefecture with no COVID-19 cases as of June 8, 2020. Healthcare workers (n = 1,000) from Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using three methods: two laboratory-based quantitative tests (Abbott and Roche) and

A study was conducted in Japan from 2011 to 2014 to detect canine coronavirus (CCoV) in dogs using rectal swabs. RT-PCR identified CCoV in 96.3% of the samples, with CCoV-I being the most common type (88.9%). A correlation was found between CCoV infection and diarrhea symptoms (P<0.005). A ret

A new ELISA-based antibody detection test for SARS has been developed using a cocktail of four recombinant polypeptides as the antigen. Two of these polypeptides were part of the spike glycoprotein and the other two almost the whole nucleocapsid protein. The cocktail yielded specific polyclonal antibodies that recognized SARS-CoV-infected cells and was used to create an I

This study investigated the diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibodies in COVID-19 using a retrospective analysis of 76 patients. The sensitivities of IgM and IgG antibodies were 48.1% and 88.9%, and their specificities were 100% and 90.9%, respectively. In the COVID-19 group, the IgM-positive rate increased initially and

A serologic assay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was developed using CHO cell expressed full length SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein as capturing antigen. The COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 S1 serology ELISA kit had a specificity of 97.5% and a sensitivity of 97.1%, with an overall accuracy rate of 97.3%. The

A serological study was conducted in Switzerland to determine the prevalence and disease association of feline coronavirus (FCoV) serotypes 1 and 2 using immunofluorescence tests with TGEV, FCoV type 1, and FCoV type 2 as antigens. Of the 639 serum samples tested, FCoV type 1 was the most prevalent (83%) and induced higher antibody titers

A study was conducted to explore the use of long synthetic peptides, or "megapeptides," as antigens in microarrays for serology testing. Traditional serology methods use peptides with up to 30 amino acids to cover linear epitopes. However, the study found that megapeptides of 100 amino acids or longer, designed and synthesized for optimal serological performance, can successfully be used as

A study was conducted in two community clinics in Tokyo using a point-of-care test to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in peripheral blood. Out of 202 samples, 5.9% (3.1-10.1%) tested positive for the antibody. The positivity rate was higher among healthcare workers (9.1%, 3.0-20.0%). However, the test

A study of 173 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection found that the seroconversion rates for total antibodies, IgM, and IgG were 93.1%, 82.7%, and 64.7%, respectively. The median times for seroconversion were day-11 for total antibodies, day-12 for IgM, and day-14 for IgG. Antib

A microscopy-based assay has been developed for the semi-quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human sera. This assay, which can detect IgG, IgA, and IgM classes of antibodies, offers improved sensitivity and specificity compared to an ELISA-based diagnostic test. The ability to detect antibodies against the entire viral proteome and the use of a robust semi-autom

The study aimed to validate the use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling for detecting SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Eighty-seven matched DBS and serum samples from 80 individuals, including 31 PCR-positive cases, were analyzed using ELISA. The results showed a significant correlation between antibody levels in serum and DBS eluates (r = 0.96, p<0.

The passage describes a study that demonstrated an antigenic relationship between human coronavirus OC 43 and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) of swine using serologic testing. Antibodies to OC 43 were found to react with HEV antigens in human and animal sera. Children and adults with OC 43 infections had diagnostic rises in antibody titers to HEV, while those

A comparison of various COVID-19 antibody tests, or serological assays, is presented to guide decisions on their use for population screening or diagnostics. The tests show varying performance and correlation with neutralizing antibodies. The Wantai ELISA, which detects total immunoglobulins against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain, stands out for its ability to detect functional antibodies in different disease stages and severity, and

A cross-sectional study was conducted in five hemodialysis centers in Wuhan, China from December 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020, involving 1027 maintenance hemodialysis patients. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection using both nucleic acid testing (NAT) and antibody testing. Of the 1027 patients, 99

A study was conducted to adapt a computer-assisted, kinetics-based ELISA for detecting coronavirus antibodies in feline serum. Initial experiments using an alkaline antigen diluent resulted in nonspecific color reactions that correlated with antibody levels, but were minimized by using lower-pH antigen diluents. Background reactivity against noncoronaviral components was detected in numerous sera, mainly in those with lower titers.

A serologic survey was conducted from 1996 to 2003 in south-western France to investigate the role of selected viral pathogens in the decline of endangered European mink and their impact on mink survival. Five mustelid species, including European mink, polecats, American mink, stone martens, and pine martens, were tested using serum samples from 481 free-ranging individuals. Antib

The passage discusses the significance of virus laboratory diagnostics in modern patient care for investigating acute viral infections, chronic infections, and antiviral treatments. Serological and molecular approaches are used for diagnosis, with serological assays used for screening blood products, evaluating immune status, and determining need for prophylactic treatments. Techniques include virus isolation, nucleic acid amplification (PCR), antigen detection, and serological diagnosis using IgM and I