Question: how has lack of testing availability led to underreporting of true incidence of Covid-19?

The passage discusses the use of a mathematical model to understand the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Iran, accounting for suspected under-reporting of cases. The study estimates the effective reproduction number of the virus in Iran from February to April 2020, finding a median of 1.16 and a reduction from 1.73 to 0.69 due to interventions. The authors argue that ignoring underreporting could mislead public health decisions

Labs and companies are developing antibody tests for COVID-19 to determine the true number of cases and potential immunity to new infections. However, large-scale data from these tests, such as the percentage of immune individuals in hard-hit areas like Wuhan, China, is currently lacking or not publicly available. Scientists anticipate this information will become available as more tests become accessible.

This study evaluates the extent of underreporting and underdetection of COVID-19 cases in global epicenters using mortality rates. The researchers analyzed data from the World Health Organization and calculated case-fatality risks and fold-changes for China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Iran, and the United States. The highest undetected case numbers were found in France, Italy, the United States, and Spain, indicating a detection rate

This study evaluates the extent of underreporting and underdetection of COVID-19 cases in global epicenters using mortality rates as an indicator. The analysis of data from the World Health Organization on March 17, 2020, revealed the highest adjusted case-fatality risks and fold-changes in Spain. The findings suggest that France, Italy, the United States, and Spain have detection rates of only 1-2% of total actual COVID-

The passage discusses how changes in COVID-19 testing rates can affect the estimation of the disease's epidemic growth rate. The importance of accurately estimating the growth rate to guide intervention strategies is emphasized. The authors illustrate how fluctuations in testing rates during the early phase of the outbreak can impact the shape of reported case curves, potentially masking the true epidemic growth rate.

The passage discusses how changes in testing rates can affect the estimation of the COVID-19 epidemic growth rate. During the early phase of the outbreak, reported cases may not accurately reflect the true epidemic growth rate due to limited diagnostic testing capacity, leading to potential underestimation or overestimation of the growth rate.

This passage discusses the importance of understanding positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of COVID-19 antibody tests for risk assessment and clinical decision making. While sensitivity and specificity are useful for predicting test results based on infection status, they do not directly apply to risk assessment where the test result is known. The uncertainty surrounding the prevalence of COVID-19 in the population makes it challenging to determine accurate PPV and NPV estimates. The passage

A study was conducted to identify how kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) may present differently with COVID-19 infection due to limited testing availability and concerns for their high-risk status. Of 53 symptomatic patients, 20 (38%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, with 16 (80%) of these patients requiring hospitalization. Patients with a history of polyoma BK viremia had

A crowdsourced platform has been developed during the COVID-19 pandemic to estimate the true number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the community through self-reporting and layering authentic datasets. The granular data captured by this system could help governments identify hotspots and lift restrictions in a controlled manner. The pandemic's saturation of healthcare resources and restricted screening process have hindered comprehensive case detection, leading to community spread and underestimation of the disease'

The passage discusses the challenges and lack of solid scientific evidence regarding the clinical usefulness of COVID-19 serology, despite the availability of commercial serological products for diagnosing the disease. The author highlights the paucity of high-quality peer-reviewed literature on the performance characteristics of these tests and emphasizes the need for further research to establish the reliability and utility of COVID-19 serology.

The passage discusses the use of group testing for high-throughput molecular testing of SARS-CoV-2, where specimens are pooled and individually tested only if the pool tests positive. Several studies have shown the potential of pooling strategies for SARS-CoV-2 testing, but guidance on efficient pooling is lacking. The authors developed a model to estimate the efficiency and accuracy of pooling algorithms based on SARS-CoV-2 viral

The passage discusses the use of the K-Means clustering algorithm to identify spatial variations in COVID-19 epidemiological data and background characteristics. The analysis was conducted on country-specific data from the WHO COVID-19 situation report 107, including case fatality rates, positive cases per 10,000 population, proportion of population aged over 65, and percentage of GDP spent on public health. The algorithm grouped 8

A study analyzed RT-PCR testing data for COVID-19 in 47 prefectures in Japan from January 15 to April 6, 2020. The median incidence and number of tests per 100,000 population were 1.14 and 38.6, respectively. Regression and correlation analyses identified population size, incidence, available beds, and cluster infections as significant predictors for both the inc

This cross-sectional study analyzed geographical differences and predictors of RT-PCR testing for COVID-19 in 47 prefectures in Japan from January 15 to April 6, 2020. The median incidence and testing numbers were 1.14 and 38.6 per 100,000 population, respectively. Significant predictors for incidence were population and testing numbers, while for testing, they

A study using a generalized additive model on weekly death registrations in England and Wales from 2010 to 2020 revealed excess deaths starting in late March 2020. By the end of May, there were 56,600 excess deaths for adults aged 45+ (approximately 53% male). The Office for National Statistics (ONS) and Department of Health and Social Care counts of COVID-19 deaths

The passage discusses the relatively low number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Africa as of April 1, 2020, with the highest numbers reported in South Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The authors speculate that Africa's lower testing rates may underestimate the true incidence of the disease, potentially leading to missed opportunities for effective response and unnecessary economic strain. The passage highlights the importance of extensive testing data for accurate

A study explored the use of chest X-rays for diagnosing COVID-19 due to testing limitations and false negatives. The dataset included 122 COVID-19 and over 4,000 other pneumonia X-rays. A pretrained deep learning model was used, achieving 100% accuracy on 102 COVID-19 cases and 95% on other pneumonia cases, with an AUC of 0

Deprescribing, which aims to reduce polypharmacy in the elderly population, has been hindered during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the suspension of non-essential healthcare services. Pre-pandemic barriers to deprescribing included patient and system factors, such as resistance to change and lack of alternatives for treatment. Virtual care is now a viable alternative for delivering deprescribing services, but challenges include elderly patients' inability to use technology, lack of liter

The passage discusses the challenges in estimating the true population infection rate of COVID-19 based on reported cases due to varying testing rates and changes in testing across countries. The authors used a backcasting approach with Monte Carlo methods to estimate the distribution of the true cumulative number of infections in 15 countries with reliable data. They found a positive correlation between testing rates and implied true detection rates, and a negative correlation between positive test proportions and true detection rates. Their estimates indicate

This study aims to estimate the number of COVID-19 positive cases and deaths in Bangladesh by December 30, 2020. The analysis was based on data available online, the infection and death rate common ratio, and trends in China, Iran, Italy, and the USA. Considering social issues in Bangladesh, it was assumed that there would be 17,024,322 cases and 86,265 deaths by the end

The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way urologists approach patient care during surgery. A risk assessment should be done based on the urgency of the surgery and the patient's risk of viral illness. Preoperative testing and symptom screening are recommended. Adequate PPE, including N95 respirators for COVID-19 patients, is essential. Minimizing aerosolization and using negative pressure rooms for intubation/extubation are preferred

The m-IDEA model, a modified version of the Incidence Decay and Exponential Adjustment model, was used to predict daily COVID-19 cases with precise estimates, critical during a pandemic. The model's performance improved using shorter serial intervals (1-4 days) at the early stages and longer serial intervals (5-9 days) at mid-to late-stages. Epidemiological reports suggest the serial interval of COVID-19 might increase as public

The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting urologic surgery by altering pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative care. A risk assessment should be conducted for each patient based on surgery urgency and COVID-19 risk. Older patients with comorbidities have a higher mortality risk. Preoperative testing and symptom screening are recommended, along with adequate PPE for the surgical team. N95 respirators should be

The passage discusses an estimation of undetected COVID-19 infections in India using publicly available data up to April 16, 2020. Two infection fatality rate (IFR) estimates were used: 0.41% based on age structure and 0.70% from Kerala's data. A relationship between deaths and infections was formed, and a discrete time multivariate infection model was used to predict total infections

A study using publicly available data from countries with over 25 COVID-19 deaths by May 1, 2020, found that the total number of international arrivals was the only significant predictor of mean death rates during the pandemic's initial wave. The study suggests that international travel may have contributed to the spread of COVID-19 and subsequent deaths.

A study was conducted at a university hospital in Paris to compare the sensitivity of real-life RT-dPCR group testing to individual RT-PCR testing for COVID-19. The study used the Naica System from Stilla Technologies and tested 448 samples in groups of 8, 16, and 32. Individual RT-PCR identified 25 positive samples, while RT-dPCR identified 26 additional true positives not detected

The passage discusses the potential dangers of relying solely on epidemic curves of COVID-19 cases, as the accuracy of testing data can significantly impact their reliability. The authors used data from Alberta, Canada and assumed a best-case scenario of testing sensitivity and specificity ranging from 60-95%. They recalculated epidemic curves based on these assumptions and found that bias in shape and peak of the curves can be significant if sensitivity is poor. Early in

The passage discusses the challenges in predicting the spread and lethality of COVID-19 in Brazil due to various reporting techniques and issues like underreporting and budget constraints. The author aims to understand the impact of lifting lockdowns in Brazil on the virus's evolution using the SEIR model with an on/off strategy and a neural regressor. They also plan to use features linked to COVID-19 lethality from clinical studies for a robust assessment.

The passage discusses the underreporting of COVID-19 deaths in Minas Gerais, Brazil's second most populous state. The low capacity for testing in the population prevents a clear understanding of the spread of Sars-Cov-2. An analysis of different government databases revealed a significant discrepancy in reported COVID-19 deaths and an unexpected increase in SARS deaths, pneumonia, and respiratory insufficiency. These findings suggest an under

The passage explores the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in England using Public Health England testing data at the Lower Tier Local Authority region level. A spatiotemporal Negative Binomial generalized linear model was employed, considering an autoregressive model for case progression within regions, influenced by commuting data and traffic flow. The study revealed significant heterogeneity in COVID-19 incidence across England, with certain regions experiencing higher daily case increases than others,

A study reviewed surge response guidelines from professional societies and agencies to apply the concept of sudden onset disaster mass casualty incident surge capability to expanding COVID-19 pandemic surge structure response in emergency departments. The available surge structural science literature was examined to determine its application to a pandemic response, and a checklist was created based on COVID-19 surge structural response science from online publications and gray literature.

A study reviewed surge response guidelines from professional societies and agencies to apply the concept of sudden onset disaster mass casualty incident surge capability to expanding COVID-19 pandemic surge structure response in emergency departments. The available surge structural science literature was examined to determine its application to a pandemic response, and a checklist was created based on the best available COVID-19 surge structural response science from online and print publications and gray literature.

A study evaluated the use of host response-based screening, specifically the nasopharyngeal level of CXCL10, to identify undiagnosed cases of COVID-19 and expand testing capacity. Previous research showed that NP CXCL10 is a sensitive predictor of viral infection. In early March, four undiagnosed cases of COVID-19 were identified in Connecticut using this strategy. At Yale New Haven Hospital, NP CX

This study aimed to explore the relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and COVID-19 incidence in Chennai megacity, India. An ecological study was conducted using data from May 15-21, 2020, for 155 electoral wards. Two regression models, Poisson Regression (PR) and Negative Binomial Regression (NBR), were used to examine the association between area-deprivation

A Naive-Bayes machine learning model was proposed using hemogram data from symptomatic COVID-19 patients to predict qRT-PCR test results in resource-scarce scenarios, such as essential workforce management and testing capacity limitations. The model, which can be fine-tuned based on context, achieved high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting COVID-19 cases. Utilizing this model for patient selection optimizes resource distribution compared to random choice,

A Naive-Bayes machine learning model using hemogram data from symptomatic COVID-19 patients can predict qRT-PCR test results in resource-scarce scenarios, such as essential workforce management and testing deficiency. The model, which can be fine-tuned based on context, achieves high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Resource distribution is optimized through model-based patient selection compared to random choice. The model can assist in decision-making during

The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia was the largest and longest since the virus was discovered in 1976. A spatiotemporal analysis method was developed using local models for time-varying effective reproduction numbers and gravity-type models for spatial dispersion of the infection. Results showed that only a small percentage of newly infected cases migrated to another district, and a minority

This study uses a dynamic model based on the SEIR framework to estimate the true number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Iran, which is likely to be significantly higher than official statistics due to limited testing and under-reporting. The model takes into account endogenous changes in contact rate and differentiates reported and true cases. The findings indicate that as of March 20, 2020, there were approximately 493,000 current infected cases

The COVID-19 pandemic's data dynamics were found to align with the simple SIR model and its extensions, despite the scientific community's diverse theoretical approaches and comprehensive models. The elusive nature of the official figures is due to the unpredictable non-stationarity of testing frames, which can be quantified and used to extract accurate information. The reporting rates control the occurrence of the apparent epidemic peak, which often follows the true one in countries with less vigorous testing at

The COVID-19 pandemic's data dynamics can be explained by the simple SIR model and its extensions, despite the scientific community's diverse theoretical approaches and comprehensive models. The elusive nature of the official figures is due to the unpredictable non-stationarity of testing frames, which can be quantified and used to extract accurate information. The reporting rates control the occurrence of the apparent epidemic peak, which typically follows the true one in countries with less vigorous testing at the

The passage discusses the use of influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance data to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States. The authors found a surge of non-influenza ILI above the seasonal average in March 2020, which correlated with COVID-19 case counts across states. Based on this correlation, they estimated that there were over 8.7 million new SARS-Co

The passage discusses the importance of accurately interpreting epidemic curves of COVID-19, but notes that data quality can be an issue due to misclassification errors in identifying true cases. The authors used data from Alberta, Canada and assumed perfect sensitivity and specificity of laboratory tests based on other jurisdictions and similar viruses. They recalculated epidemic curves with these assumptions and found that bias in shape and peak of the curves can be significant if sensitivity is poor.

The passage discusses two hypotheses for the varying impact of COVID-19 in different countries: the absence or discontinuation of BCG vaccination and the widespread use of chloroquine. An analysis of data from countries with over 1000 reported COVID-19 cases suggests higher incidence and mortality in those without universal BCG vaccination. Similarly, the use of chloroquine, though officially discontinued in some countries due to malaria

The passage discusses two hypotheses for the varying impact of COVID-19 in different countries: the absence or discontinuation of BCG vaccination and the widespread use of chloroquine. An analysis of data from countries with over 1000 reported COVID-19 cases suggests higher incidence and mortality in countries without universal BCG vaccination. Similarly, the use of chloroquine, though officially discontinued in some countries due to malaria

A deep learning model using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was developed to improve COVID-19 case detection accuracy from chest X-ray scans. The model, which relied on transfer learning, achieved high accuracy (96.3%) and low loss (0.151 binary cross-entropy) on a public dataset. The model correctly identified most true negatives and true positives, with only a few false positives and one false negative. The deep

The COVID-19 pandemic has strained healthcare and economies, leading to delayed treatments and check-ups, including cancer treatments and screenings. Some existing drugs and nutraceuticals are being investigated for their potential in treating or preventing COVID-19. The article discusses how cancer treatments have been affected during the pandemic and explores the possibility of repurposing certain FDA-approved drugs, vitamins, natural products, and trace minerals for COVID-19 treatment

The study aimed to assess the difference between reported gonorrhoea incidence and true diagnosis rates in Shenzhen, China. A total of 2534 participants were recruited, with a higher untested rate among females (88.1%) than males (68.3%). The male-to-female sex ratios of untested rate, true-positive rate, false-negative rate, and unreported rate were 1:1

The study aimed to estimate the "true" incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in total hip arthroplasties (THA) using multiple data sources. The researchers identified primary THAs performed between 2005 and 2011 from the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register (DHR) and the Danish National Register of Patients (NRP). They used an algorithm that incorporated data from microbiological, prescription

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the connection between the disease and cardiovascular risks. The virus, SARS-CoV2, enters cells through ACE2 receptors in select organs. Epidemiological evidence suggests that cardiovascular risk factors increase disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, and those with severe COVID-19 are more likely to develop cardiac complications like myocardial injury and arrhythmia. The underlying

The passage discusses the connection between Cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19. The virus, SARS-CoV2, enters cells through ACE2 expressed in certain organs. Epidemiological evidence suggests that cardiovascular risk factors increase disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, and those with severe COVID-19 are more likely to develop cardiac complications like myocardial injury and arrhythmia. The true incidence and mechanisms

The passage discusses an estimation of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Santa Clara County as of March 17, 2020. The authors used the assumption that the fraction of infections requiring hospitalization is constant and all hospitalized cases are identified. Their analysis suggests there were 6,500 infections (0.34% of the population), but this number could range from 1,400 (0.

The passage discusses a study analyzing the relationship between BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccination and COVID-19 cases and deaths using data from 98 countries. Prior studies found a correlation between BCG vaccination and lower COVID-19 incidences and mortality, but this relationship disappeared when considering COVID-19 testing. The study concluded that there is no statistical evidence to support the claim that BCG vaccination affects COVID-

A systematic review of 23 studies on nonsurgical rhinoplasty using filler injections found that hyaluronic acid was the most commonly used material (73.38%). Nearly all patients (95%) were satisfied with the results, and there were only 26 minor complications reported. No major complications such as vascular compromise were reported. Nonsurgical rhinoplasty is an effective temporary alternative to traditional rhinop

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil is experiencing large under-reporting of infected individuals and deaths due to limited mass testing and asymptomatic cases. An adapted SIR model is proposed to account for under-reporting and population response to public policies. Uncertainty in data can lead to misleading predictions. This paper explores the impact of uncertainty on predictions, demonstrating an anticipation of infection peaks when under-reporting infected individuals, an increase in mortality rates when under

A machine learning model derived from hemogram exam data can predict COVID-19 qRT-PCR results in symptomatic individuals with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The model can be fine-tuned based on assumed prior probabilities and can improve resource allocation in scarcity scenarios, such as essential workforce management and absence of diagnostic tests. The model can assist in strategic decision-making during personnel shortages, lack of medical resources, and testing insufficiency.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a halt of non-urgent, elective surgeries, including aesthetic procedures, leading to significant socioeconomic impact. This article discusses the safety and feasibility of rescheduling these procedures and proposes organizational changes for clinics and practices. Based on research, risk factors for COVID-19 exacerbation in patients undergoing elective surgery are identified, and considerations for patient selection, procedural complexity, an

The passage discusses a study on MERS-CoV transmission in the Middle East region using a combined modelling approach. The study estimates zoonotic and human-to-human transmission rates and their spatiotemporal heterogeneity, considering all cases notified to WHO from March 2012 to mid-September 2014. The model accounts for underreporting of cases and identifies a large heterogeneity in time and space for both transm

The passage compares the chaos and confusion surrounding the Covid-19 pandemic to the chaos in John Milton's Paradise Lost after Lucifer's banishment. It also draws a parallel to Enrico Fermi's estimation of the Trinity nuclear bomb's strength with limited data, highlighting the need for good approximations in the face of incomplete information during the current pandemic. The passage acknowledges that while data on Covid-19 is limited, it is stead

A study using computational methods identified potential drug candidates against three vital proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the main protease, Nsp12 RNA polymerase, and Nsp13 helicase. An integrative virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations approach were used to discover potential binding modes and favorable molecular interaction profiles of corresponding compounds. The study also identified structurally important binding site residues in conserved motifs located inside the active site, highlight

A computational study identified potential drug candidates against three vital proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the main protease, Nsp12 RNA polymerase, and Nsp13 helicase, using integrative virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. The study provides structural information for designing targeted inhibitors against COVID-19, although experimental validation is lacking.

The passage discusses three approaches to estimate the cumulative incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 cases in the US during the early outbreak, using excess influenza-like illness reports, COVID-19 test statistics, and COVID-19 mortality reports. The estimates suggest that reported positive test counts underestimated the actual case numbers, with state-level estimates ranging from 5 to 50 times greater and a national estimate of 2.2 to 8.1

Australia's confirmed COVID-19 cases reached 7,075 with 100 deaths as of May 17, 2020. The incidence of new cases has decreased significantly since March due to social distancing, public health measures, and reduced international travel. Testing rates have increased, and the low detection rate indicates low transmission. New cases are still being reported, mostly linked to known sources. The crude case fatality rate in Australia is

Australia's confirmed COVID-19 cases as of May 17, 2020, were 7,075 with 100 deaths. The incidence of new cases has decreased significantly since March due to social distancing, public health measures, and reduced international travel. Testing rates have increased, and the low detection rate indicates low transmission. New cases are still a mix of overseas-acquired and locally-acquired, with most locally

In March 2020, U.S. state governments implemented social distancing measures to curb the spread of COVID-19. The effectiveness of these strategies is difficult to measure due to limited COVID-19 testing. However, data from smart thermometers shows a correlation between reduced mobility and decreased fever incidences, with a mean lag of 6.5 days. Counties with larger mobility reductions experienced greater fever reductions, except for New York City.

The passage discusses the need for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) to effectively treat patients with COVID-19 and ensure best practices for future outbreaks. Academic medical centers face challenges in determining which trials are most beneficial and establishing ethical recruitment processes. The University of Michigan shares its methods for addressing these issues, including efficient trial selection and transparent, ethical recruitment processes. Clinicians have provided diverse interventions for COVID-19 patients, some with perceived efficacy but

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a shortage of ventilators for critically ill patients due to the surge in cases. The authors propose a mathematical framework using an optimized network model and solver for ventilator distribution during scarcity conditions. This framework is compatible with existing healthcare demand models and can be applied to various system sizes. It considers availability of devices, treatment time periods, disinfection, and shipping logistics. The authors demonstrate the approach using a high-f

The World Health Organization (WHO) is launching a global study called Solidarity II to test blood samples for the presence of COVID-19 antibodies in more than half a dozen countries. The study aims to determine the true extent of coronavirus infections, including mild cases, to help establish prevalence and mortality rates in different age groups. Accurate data is necessary for policymakers to make informed decisions on the duration of shutdowns and quarantines.

A call for urgent COVID-19 research in low- and middle-income countries is necessary due to potential underreporting of cases and uncertainties about the disease's impact. Research in transmission patterns, clinical characteristics, and response measures is essential to inform local responses. A multidisciplinary approach led by local investigators is recommended to minimize resource diversion from response activities.

The passage discusses the importance of accurately estimating true positive rates for COVID-19 tests, particularly when the number of tests is similar to the number of infected individuals. The author uses a SEIR model to analyze the impact of testing in South Korea and New York state, finding that increasing true positive rates by 10% can have an equivalent effect as adding tens of thousands of new tests per day. The author suggests that a combination of increased true positive rates and tests per day could be

The passage discusses the findings from a report by National Records Scotland on excess deaths due to cancer and cardiovascular diseases in Scotland during the COVID-19 pandemic from December 30, 2019, to April 20, 2020. The report reveals a peak in excess deaths for both cancer and cardiovascular diseases around week 14 of 2020, about four weeks after the first COVID-19 case was detected in Scotland

A study was conducted to estimate the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in children. Data was collected from government websites and publications, totaling 27,614 cases from 27 countries. Of these, 1.9% (4,924) were in children. Among confirmed pediatric cases, 14% required hospitalization, 2.2% were admitted to ICU, and 0.03% died.

A new statistical model is presented in this study to handle potentially misreported continuous time series data. The model can manage the autocorrelation structure in such data, which may be underreported or overreported. The model's effectiveness is demonstrated through a simulation study with various autocorrelation structures and two real-life applications on human papillomavirus incidence in Girona, Spain, and COVID-19 incidence in Heilongjiang, China.

The passage discusses the issue of police legitimacy, which was significantly affected by the Rodney King incident in 1991 and has been further complicated by the militarization of policing. The article explores two potential outcomes of pandemic policing on police legitimacy: either it leads to deeper divides and further militarization, or it results in compassionate responses and the rebuilding of legitimacy.

The Balearic Islands in Spain experienced low COVID-19 incidence due to lockdown measures and isolation. A compartmental model was used to analyze the spread of COVID-19, with parameters calibrated from confirmed cases. The model showed that the number of cases depended on the initial outbreak onset and imported cases before lockdown. Herd immunization had not been reached, and the low incidence translated to low immunization rates, increasing the risk of secondary

This study aimed to review reported cases of COVID-19 and influenza coinfection from published literature and local data in El Paso, TX. Six published articles with a total of 13 patients and three additional cases were analyzed. Common symptoms included fever and cough, with elevated C-reactive protein and lymphocytopenia. Thirteen patients had viral pneumonia findings on CT, and nine had ground-glass opacity. Complications, most commonly acute

A systematic review aims to analyze the prevalence of acute liver injury and hypertransaminemia in patients with COVID-19 by enrolling studies without language restriction and stratifying data based on COVID-19 severity. The review intends to explore the impact of varied definitions of liver injury on the incidence of liver injury. The search was conducted on PubMed and Excerpta Medica Database on April 13, 2020. Two reviewers will

A study was conducted using data from the Julius General Practitioners Network from 2002 to 2011 to investigate PSA testing rates and associated factors. The overall incidence rate of PSA testing in men ≥45 years increased nearly 4-fold, from 15.5 to 54.3 per 1000 person-years. The increase was more significant after 2005. Men with cardiovascular

A new deep learning algorithm is proposed for the automated diagnosis of COVID-19 using chest CT images, addressing the need for a quick and accurate diagnostic system due to the global pandemic. The method uses contrastive learning to train an encoder on large lung datasets and adopts a prototypical network for classification, requiring only a few samples for training. The proposed model outperforms competing methods on two publicly available and annotated COVID-19 CT datasets.

A team was assembled to develop a roadmap for addressing zoonotic tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, which affects humans and animals. The true incidence of this type of TB is underestimated, making it a significant public health challenge. An integrated One Health approach is necessary to tackle zoonotic TB. The team, made up of various institutions and disciplines, accomplished this goal in 2017, publishing

The approach to laboratory assessment of COVID-19 has evolved with the outbreak in each country, driven in part by testing demand exceeding capacity. In the US, testing is still expanding while in China and South Korea, testing is widely available through molecular and serological methods. Commercial testing systems are insufficient due to high demand, and the next issue will be serological testing as the COVID-19 outbreak subsides, allowing for immunity testing and defining outbreak parameters.

The approach to laboratory assessment of COVID-19 has evolved with the outbreak in each country, driven by testing demand exceeding capacity. In the US, testing is still expanding while in China and South Korea, testing is widely available with both molecular and serological methods. Commercial testing systems are insufficient due to high demand. Serological testing will be the next issue as the COVID-19 outbreak subsides, allowing for immunity testing and defining outbreak parameters. (Copyright protected)

The passage discusses the lack of research on molecular mechanisms during the late development of the human kidney, specifically in the nephrogenic zone where nephrogenesis occurs unnoticed until birth. In preterm and low birth weight babies, a signal that decreases morphogenetic activity and vanishes stem cell niches in the nephrogenic zone leads to oligonephropathy and premature renal parenchyma. Factors responsible include both extra

The passage discusses the use of digital health technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes the creation of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network (NETCCN) to address resource shortages and future crises. The authors identified several digital health technologies, including telemedicine, mobile care, telementoring, telecritical care, robotics, and artificial intelligence, which could be combined to form an interoperable and scalable NETCCN. This

The passage discusses the use of digital health technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes the creation of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network (NETCCN) to address resource shortages and future crises. The authors identified several digital health technologies, including telemedicine, mobile care, telementoring, telecritical care, robotics, and artificial intelligence, which could be combined in NETCCN to support patients, increase healthcare providers' capabilities,

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected over 1.5 million people and caused over 80,000 deaths worldwide by April 7, 2020. Countries have adopted mitigation strategies like social isolation and city lockdowns, but results vary. South Korea effectively controlled the disease through social distancing, border control, and high reported case percentage. Italy is experiencing a pandemic peak, while Brazil is in the initial phase with high underreporting and poor isolation

A research institute collaborated with hospitals and a diagnostic lab to repurpose their facilities for scalable and resilient SARS-CoV-2 testing during the pandemic. They utilized existing expertise in virus handling, robotics, PCR, and data science to create a high throughput diagnostic pipeline. The pipeline, which can detect the virus from nose-throat swabs and endotracheal secretions/ bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, relies

This study aimed to examine the limited cases of COVID-19 and influenza coinfection in the literature and in the community of El Paso, Texas, to determine any patterns of clinical presentation and morbidity. Six published articles with a total of sixteen patients were identified, with the most common symptoms being fever and cough, and the most common laboratory findings being elevated C-reactive protein and lymphocytopenia. Thirteen patients presented with viral pneumonia findings

This study aimed to examine the limited cases of COVID-19 and influenza coinfection in the literature and in the community of El Paso, Texas, to determine any patterns of clinical presentation and morbidity. Six published articles with thirteen patients and three additional cases from El Paso were reviewed. The most common symptoms were fever and cough, and the most common laboratory findings were elevated C-reactive protein and lymphocytopenia. Thirteen patients presented with viral

Syria, a conflict-affected country with a population displaced by war and insufficient healthcare infrastructure, is particularly vulnerable to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The country reported its first case on March 22, 2020, but concerns of underreporting exist. Overcrowding and insufficient water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities in Syria, caused by the conflict, could lead to optimal conditions for the virus's spread. Political

During the COVID-19 pandemic, 0.84% of patients with cancer in a UK and European study were swab positive, 0.75% required hospital admission, and 0.21% died. Of those receiving chemotherapy, 2.9% were admitted and 1% died. For targeted treatments, 1.4% were admitted and 0.1% died. Among radiotherapy patients, 0.6% were admitted and

This paper demonstrates the use of the epidemiological analysis method, back-projection, to assess COVID-19 infection incidence and the impact of control measures in Australia. By analyzing daily diagnoses and the probability distribution of time between infection and diagnosis, the study reveals that peak infection incidence coincided with border closures and social distancing restrictions, and subsequent measures led to a decline in incidence. A one-week delay in peak incidence could have resulted in a five

This passage discusses a study that uses a SEIR model (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered) to assess the global impact of COVID-19, considering demographic factors, testing strategies, and herd immunity to determine the maximum number of lives that can be saved. The study implements a Bayesian Melding method to account for data limitations and derives the best parameters to replicate the observed deaths.

A study used machine learning to identify COVID-19 infections through analysis of 11 key blood indices extracted from clinical blood test data. The tool, which was built using a random forest algorithm, achieved high accuracy in identifying COVID-19 in cross-validation, test, and external validation sets. The tool demonstrated potential to help with early diagnosis and reduce the burden on public health, and is available online for use in assessing suspected patients. The tool achieved accuracy of 0.9

The passage summarizes a study analyzing the clinical and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in 406 children in China. Key findings include the clustered incidence in families, low incidence, high percentage of asymptomatic infections and mild cases, normal lymphocyte counts, and less severe chest CT findings compared to adults. Stool samples had a high positivity rate for anal swab tests. Children have more asymptomatic infections, milder conditions

The passage summarizes a review of clinical data from 406 children with COVID-19 in China. Key findings include the clustered incidence in families, low incidence, high percentage of asymptomatic infections and mild cases, normal lymphocyte counts, and less severe chest CT findings compared to adults. Stool samples had a high positivity rate for anal swab tests. Children have more asymptomatic infections, milder conditions, faster recovery,


Question: how has COVID-19 affected Canada

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the representational activities of Members of Parliament (MPs) in Canada due to the disruption caused to Parliament's operations. (Summary by Human) (For machine summary: MPs' representational activities in Canada have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to disruptions to Parliament's operations.)

The Covid-19 pandemic is causing significant disruptions to surgical training for residents in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australasia. Social media discussions have highlighted the issue using the hashtag #NoTrainingTodayNoSurgeonsTomorrow. This rapid review summarizes the current evidence of the pandemic's impact on surgical training in these countries and compares mitigation efforts. The challenges presented by the pandemic may lead to improvements in how surgeons are

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on the relationship between extractive industries and Indigenous communities in Canada. This paper explores how political dynamics have shifted and outlines four areas of conflict that have become more pronounced due to the economic crisis. Researchers should monitor these conflicts to help Indigenous communities adapt to changes in industry-Indigenous relations.

The passage discusses the global impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on healthcare systems, with a focus on how Canada has been affected. The article highlights the need for infection control measures to prevent the spread of SARS in healthcare facilities.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in neurosurgical training programs, resulting in reduced clinical and educational workload for residents. Over 80% of respondents reported decreased inpatient and outpatient volumes, and over 90% experienced reduced work responsibilities or hospital access. Senior residents expressed concerns about their educational experience and future career prospects. Programs responded by increasing didactic time and using electronic platforms. The pandemic may prompt a reevaluation of the adequ

The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in neurosurgical training programs, with reduced clinical workloads and hours for residents. Most respondents reported decreased inpatient and outpatient volumes, and over 90% experienced reductions in work responsibilities or hospital access. Senior residents expressed concerns about their educational experience and future careers. Programs responded by increasing didactic time and using electronic platforms. The pandemic may prompt a re-evaluation of the adequacy of pre-

Canada has been active in strengthening global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Public Health Agency of Canada has shown preparedness for outbreaks of emerging and epidemic-prone diseases. Before the pandemic declaration, Canada demonstrated global health leadership by promoting collective action and multisectoral coordination, particularly for countries with weak health systems. This article explores how Canada is addressing global challenges posed by COVID-19 through diplomacy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the traditional heart failure (HF) care model in Canada, requiring new strategies to maintain or improve patient health and decrease the risk of hospitalization. Innovative approaches include adopting novel technologies and revising care models, processes, and workflows to accommodate physical distancing and reduced healthcare workforce. The crisis presents an opportunity to explore new methods that could shape the future of HF care in Canada. Canadian Heart Failure Society leaders offer pers

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the traditional heart failure (HF) care model in Canada, requiring new strategies to maintain or improve patient health and decrease the risk of hospitalization. Innovative approaches, including the adoption of novel technologies and revised care models, are necessary to optimize guideline-directed care despite physical distancing and reduced healthcare workforce. The Canadian Heart Failure Society (CHFS) offers perspectives on how to adapt to these challenges and explore potential future

The passage discusses the use of videoconferencing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, focusing on its application in parliamentary proceedings and the necessity for the judicial branch to adapt. Courts are considered an essential service, and the use of digital technologies, such as Zoom, is essential for maintaining judicial functions while adhering to physical distancing measures. The article provides an analysis of how Canadian courts have responded to the challenges of COVID-19 through a systematic review

The passage discusses the unequal distribution of COVID-19 cases and fatalities in Canada, with the highest numbers in Quebec and Ontario. Using new data from the Public Health Agency of Canada, the study assesses COVID-19 morbidity and mortality across age and gender groups in each province. Quebec has the most cases and fatalities in all age groups, and there are more female positive cases than male, but men are more likely to be hospitalized and enter intensive care

Twenty-five SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from some of the first COVID-19 cases in eastern Ontario, Canada, were analyzed. The sequences belonged to the S-clade and G-clade, containing 45 polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis traced the viral origin and potential transmission into and within Canada, suggesting at least thirteen unique infection events, including those from Europe and the USA. Four genomes were shared by

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, with nearly 800,000 cases and global involvement as of March 31, 2020. Canada has over 8000 cases with varying infection rates among provinces and territories. Cardiac surgeons in Canada have had to prioritize and delay elective cases, alter therapeutic strategies, and reconsider patient management due

Canada is experiencing exponential growth in COVID-19 cases, similar to European countries like Italy. To prevent further spread and enter the exponential growth pattern, Canada can learn from countries like Taiwan and Hong Kong, which have effectively controlled their outbreaks through innovative use of technology and widespread mask usage. The passage suggests urgently implementing surgical masks in healthcare and other settings, and utilizing smartphone technology on a national scale.

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, with nearly 800,000 cases and global involvement as of March 31, 2020. Canada has over 8000 cases with varying infection rates among provinces and territories. Cardiac surgeons have had to prioritize and delay elective cases, alter therapeutic strategies, and reassess patient management due to resource constraints

The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in pediatric gastroenterology fellowship training in North America. A survey of 77 program directors revealed that 66% of them reported being under a "stay-at-home" order for a median of 4 weeks. Outpatient telehealth was implemented in 76% of programs, and fellows stopped participating in outpatient clinics and endoscopy in 43% and 52%

The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges for Canadian medical oncologists, both personally and professionally. The Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists conducted a national survey of medical oncologists to understand the impact of the pandemic. The survey attracted 159 responses and revealed that over 70% of medical oncologists expressed moderate-to-extreme concern about contracting COVID-19 and about their family members or patients contracting the virus from them. Variability

The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges for Canadian medical oncologists, both personally and professionally. The Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists conducted a national survey of medical oncologists to understand the impact of the pandemic. The survey attracted 159 responses and revealed that over 70% of medical oncologists expressed moderate-to-extreme concern about contracting COVID-19 and transmitting it to their families or patients. Variability in PPE use

This paper explores people's reactions and concerns about COVID-19 in North America, with a focus on Canada, through analyzing COVID-19 related tweets using topic modeling and sentiment analysis. The results are interpreted with public health experts and compared to the timeline of public health interventions. The study demonstrates how Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques can aid public health agencies in designing policies with expert input.

The passage discusses the vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change. While Canada's public health system is well-developed, health inequality is pronounced among Aboriginal Canadians. Factors determining their vulnerability to climate change include poverty, technological capacity constraints, socio-political values and inequality, institutional capacity challenges, and information deficit. Place-based and regional studies are needed to examine how these determinants will affect vulnerability at lower levels. Collabor

A study compared news coverage of the 2014 Ebola outbreak by The Globe and Mail (Canada) and the Vanguard (Nigeria). Using a qualitative content analysis, substantial differences were found in topic and content, with The Globe and Mail framing the outbreak as a national security issue and international humanitarian crisis, while the Vanguard focused solely on public health. Further research is needed to understand how a country's political, social, or

This paper focuses on generating real-time forecasts and assessing risk for COVID-19 cases in multiple countries. A hybrid approach using autoregressive integrated moving average model and Wavelet-based forecasting model is presented to forecast the number of daily confirmed cases for Canada, France, India, South Korea, and the UK up to ten days ahead. The findings will aid in resource allocation and serve as an early-warning system for policymakers. Additionally, an optimal regression

The COVID-19 pandemic is putting significant strain on healthcare systems worldwide, with growing evidence of cardiovascular effects and increased severity for those with preexisting heart disease. As case numbers rise, there will be a greater need for post-discharge cardiac care due to an anticipated surge in new or comorbid cardiovascular patients. This report discusses the current state of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and offers recommendations for policymakers and healthcare organizations to

The COVID-19 pandemic is putting significant strain on healthcare systems worldwide, with increasing recognition of the common and harmful cardiovascular effects of the virus. Patients with pre-existing heart conditions are at higher risk for severe disease. As case numbers rise, there will be a greater need for post-hospitalization cardiac rehabilitation. This manuscript discusses the current state of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and offers recommendations for policymakers and healthcare organizations to prepare for

The passage discusses the need for Canada to intensify public health interventions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 based on the analysis of the growth rates of the epidemic in Italy and Canada. The study found that Italy's growth rate decreased significantly after a lockdown, while Canada's growth rate has increased. Without further interventions, the study projects 15,000 cases in Canada by March 31st, but this number could be reduced to

Canadian parliamentary responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have raised questions about their ability to function effectively during a crisis. This research note documents how Canadian legislatures have adapted and assesses the impact on their core functions. An analysis of parliamentary records reveals that citizen representation has been most affected, while scrutinizing and legislative functions have been preserved, though limited. The varying responses highlight which aspects of parliamentary functioning are prioritized and which may be at risk.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the orthopedic implant industry, leading to decreased resource allocation for in-person meetings and increased focus on web-based educational content. For the second half of 2020, there is a significant emphasis on outpatient total joint replacements and COVID-19 safety measures, as well as increased availability of instrumentation and implants. Industry partners remain committed to surgeon education and finding optimal ways to support surgeons with

A group of medical students, clinicians, and educators from Austria, Switzerland, and Canada have summarized how medical students worldwide are contributing to COVID-19 emergency efforts. They argue that these contributions transform the pandemic from a disruption to an essential learning experience, allowing students to become active stakeholders in healthcare expansion and delivery.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted fieldwork for two family studies in Germany, "The German Family Panel" (pairfam) and the "Generations and Gender Survey" (GGS), which are part of the "Family Research and Demographic Analysis" (FReDA) infrastructure. The ongoing data collection for pairfam was affected, and measures were taken to continue fieldwork with a special COVID-19 survey. For FReDA-GGS, planned

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a shift in surgical fellowship interviews from in-person to virtual formats, resulting in significant cost savings for applicants, who saved approximately $6,000 in travel expenses. Applicants also required less time off from their residency programs. However, training programs invested more resources upfront to adapt to virtual interviewing. While virtual recruitment offers cost savings, it should be further refined. The pandemic presents an opportunity to innovate and

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation or postponement of tens of thousands of elective surgeries in Canada. Provincial governments plan to reopen surgical capacity and allocate new funding to address the backlog. However, there is a lack of research on the equitability and patient perception of current wait list management approaches. New cost models based on hospitals' marginal costs and social distancing parameters are required. Surgeon involvement in strategy development, implementation, and management of wait

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation or postponement of tens of thousands of elective surgeries in Canada. Provincial governments plan to reopen surgical capacity and allocate new funding to address the backlog. However, there is a lack of research on the equitability and patient perception of current wait list management approaches. New cost models based on hospitals' marginal costs and social distancing parameters are required. Surgeon involvement in strategy development, implementation, and management of surg

The novel coronavirus reached the United States and Canada in January 2020. While both countries were affected around the same time, their responses differed significantly. In the US, initial dismissal of COVID-19 dangers by President Trump, Republicans, and conservative media led to politicization of the pandemic. This early response continues to shape partisan differences in public opinion. In contrast, Canada's response was marked by across-the-board partisan consensus among political el

The passage describes a mathematical model used to evaluate different nonpharmaceutical interventions for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. The model, which is age-structured and compartmental, compared a base case with limited testing, isolation, and quarantine to scenarios with enhanced case finding, restrictive physical distancing, or a combination of both. The results showed that all interventions delayed and reduced the height of the epidemic peak, with restrictive physical distancing

The passage discusses a mathematical model used to evaluate different nonpharmaceutical interventions for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. The model compared a base case with limited testing, isolation, and quarantine to scenarios with enhanced case finding, restrictive physical distancing, or a combination of both. The results showed that all interventions delayed and reduced the height of the epidemic peak, with restrictive physical distancing having the greatest effect. Longer duration interventions were

The study examines the time frame between changes in COVID-19 control measures at the population level and the observable impact on cases. The findings suggest that it takes at least three weeks for a substantial difference in cases to be observed after a change in control measures, and slightly longer to detect the impact. However, for dramatic changes, the time frame is shorter (11-15 days). Delays and noise in testing and reporting processes can extend these time frames by up to 2

The passage discusses the impact of memory, or non-Markovian nature, on the shapes of simple outbreak trees derived from genomic tools such as phylogenetic trees. The study simulates Crump-Mode-Jagers branching processes with different patterns of infectivity over time and finds that memory significantly affects tree shapes, but also influences tree sizes. When tree sizes are constant, memory has minimal effect on tree shapes but can bias birth rate inference. The findings are compared

This article analyzes the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on India while acknowledging the human tragedy. Research questions include the effect on different sectors, bilateral trade with China, and the public health system's role. The article also provides growth projections and policy recommendations.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to disruptions in pharmacy practice worldwide, requiring pharmacists to adapt and show resilience. A study in Ontario, Canada, aimed to understand how community pharmacies responded and identified factors influencing resilience. The study used one-on-one interviews with 21 pharmacists and identified six themes: use of technology, early adoption of guidance, task-focused workplaces, scheduling practices, dedicated specialty staff,

The COVID-19 pandemic led to disruptions in pharmacy practice worldwide, requiring pharmacists to adapt quickly. A study in Ontario, Canada, aimed to understand how community pharmacies responded and identified factors influencing resilience. The study used one-on-one interviews with 21 pharmacists and identified six themes: use of technology, early adoption of guidance, task-focused workplaces, scheduling practices, dedicated specialty staff, and provision of personal

The Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology has issued guidelines for managing coronary and structural cardiac interventions in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is to maintain essential cardiovascular care while minimizing risks to patients and staff and preserving healthcare resources. Recommendations may vary based on the evolving pandemic and regional considerations. The document aims to provide crucial guidance for clinicians and policymakers.

The Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology has issued guidelines for managing coronary and structural cardiac interventions in the cardiac catheterization laboratory during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is to maintain essential cardiovascular care while minimizing risks to patients and staff and preserving healthcare resources. Recommendations may vary based on the evolving pandemic and regional considerations. The document aims to provide crucial guidance for clinicians and policymakers.

The Canadian banking system is among the best in the world and is expected to support society during the COVID-19 pandemic. A content analysis of the responses of Canada's ten largest banks revealed 19 different actions, which were clustered into three groups: sweeping actions, cautious actions, and wait & see. While most banks have taken minimal steps to help their stakeholders, three banks have shown a strong commitment to their clients and communities.

The passage discusses an analysis of the earliest 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada, which revealed that only 7.6% of them were linked to travel from China. Instead, the most common travel origins were the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. Despite China being the source of the majority of global COVID-19 cases at that time, focusing on travel restrictions to China alone might not have effectively controlled the spread.

The passage summarizes a study that analyzed the travel origins of the first 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada. Contrary to the global trend where the majority of cases originated from China, only 7.6% of Canada's earliest cases were linked to travelers from China. Instead, most cases were traced back to the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. The study suggests that expanding early screening and travel restrictions to these regions could have helped control

The passage argues against the use of generational explanations in understanding the impact of COVID-19 on careers, as there is no scientific evidence supporting the existence or reliability of generational groups or differences. The essay urges researchers to consider alternative lifespan development frameworks for examining age-graded processes instead.

The passage argues against the use of generational explanations in understanding the impact of COVID-19 on careers. The author points out that there is no scientific evidence supporting the existence or reliable classification of generations, or demonstrable differences between them. The essay urges researchers to abandon the concept of generations and instead use alternative lifespan development frameworks to better understand age-related processes.

The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affects the 370 million Indigenous Peoples worldwide, with issues specific to colonized Indigenous communities being explored in this editorial by Indigenous nurses from various countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggers widespread fear, leading to global, homogenizing interpretations of reality at the expense of detailed analysis. This adaptive response, called affective semiosis, helps cope with the crisis in the short-term. However, its value decreases during the post-crisis management and long-term impact. To effectively handle the pandemic crisis over an extended period, affective semiosis must be combined with more specific ways of interpreting reality

During the COVID-19 pandemic, some jurisdictions in Canada have relaxed linguistic obligations in public institutions and governments. This article argues that suspending or curtailing minority language services is not justifiable in emergency situations due to public safety and health reasons. The article presents findings from a survey and analysis of government actions regarding their constitutional, legislative, and policy language obligations, highlighting best practices and deficiencies. In conclusion, the article suggests ways for governments to better uphold

The COVID-19 outbreak, caused by a corona virus, started in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and quickly spread to every continent, causing thousands of deaths. Countries are working on treatments and vaccines, with varying speculations on timelines. The pandemic is a major global concern and has caused havoc worldwide. This study examines the outbreak's spread, using data on confirmed, recovered, and dead cases, to help industries prepare for future outbreak

The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada saw varying health outcomes and transmission potential across provinces, with Alberta having a higher testing rate and lower mortality than Ontario and Quebec. All provinces implemented similar health-policy measures between March 12 and March 30. The transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 (R0) varied widely among provinces, and all provinces except Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia currently have an Rt greater than

The COVID-19 pandemic has had varying effects on different types of crime, including cybercrime. Using routine activity theory, this study investigates how the pandemic has affected rates of cybervictimization by comparing pre-pandemic and post-pandemic data. The findings suggest that while routines have not significantly changed and cybervictimization rates have remained relatively stable, routine activity theory still effectively predicts cybercrime. Possible explanations for these results include increased

During the COVID-19 pandemic, principles from clinical and public health ethics guide clinicians and administrators in caring for frail older adults who wish to avoid critical care or when it is not available due to crisis triaging. The COVID-19 Ethical Decision Making Framework in British Columbia, Canada, outlines how ethical principles can drive systems change for the benefit of frail older adults. The healthcare system in BC offers resources for proactive advance care planning discussions and enhanced supportive

During the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical and public health ethics principles guide healthcare decisions for frail older adults, who may prefer to avoid critical care or when it's not available due to crisis triaging. The COVID-19 Ethical Decision Making Framework in British Columbia helps integrate ethical principles into systems change for the benefit of frail older adults. The healthcare system in British Columbia offers resources for proactive advance care planning and enhanced supportive and palliative care options in long

The passage discusses the importance of accurately interpreting epidemic curves of COVID-19, but notes that data quality can be an issue due to misclassification errors in identifying true cases. The authors used data from Alberta, Canada and assumed perfect sensitivity and specificity of laboratory tests based on other jurisdictions and similar viruses. They recalculated epidemic curves with these assumptions and found that bias in shape and peak of the curves can be significant if sensitivity is poor.

The passage discusses the challenges in predicting the spread and lethality of COVID-19 in Brazil due to various reporting techniques and issues like underreporting and budget constraints. The author aims to understand the impact of lifting lockdowns in Brazil on the virus's evolution using the SEIR model with an on/off strategy and a neural regressor. They also plan to use features linked to COVID-19 lethality from clinical studies for a robust assessment.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant shift in food spending in Canada, with approximately 30% of food dollars previously spent on food away from home now being spent at retail.

The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to cause a significant decrease in global trade, with agricultural trade being less affected due to its low income elasticities of demand. However, a decline of 12-20% in real trade value is anticipated. Canada's agricultural exports will be impacted unevenly, with cereals facing the least impact due to potential wheat export bans from Russia and Kazakhstan. Livestock, pulses, and horticulture are

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected marginalized populations in the United States, including workers of color, individuals from low-income backgrounds, and women. This essay discusses how these groups are overrepresented in sectors most impacted by the pandemic and lack access to decent work. Low-income workers performing essential tasks face economic and work-related implications. Asian Americans are experiencing increased discrimination. Women are dealing with role conflict and stress from managing additional un

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated labor market inequalities, particularly for marginalized populations in the US, including workers of color, low-income individuals, and women. This essay discusses the disproportionate representation of these groups in sectors most affected by the pandemic, the lack of decent work and increased discrimination for essential low-income workers, and the role conflict and stress for women managing additional unpaid work. The essay calls for research from vocational

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on older adults in Canada and globally. In response, the Canadian Association on Gerontology/L’Association canadienne de gérontologie (CAG/ACG) and the Canadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement (CJA/RCV) acknowledge the contributions of their members and readers. They highlight the intricate ways COVID-19 affects older adults at individual

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on older adults in Canada and globally. In response, the Canadian Association on Gerontology/L'Association canadienne de gérontologie (CAG/ACG) and the Canadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement (CJA/RCV) acknowledge the contributions of their members and readers. They highlight the intricate ways COVID-19 affects older adults at individual

The passage discusses the potential dangers of relying solely on epidemic curves of COVID-19 cases, as the accuracy of testing data can significantly impact their reliability. The authors used data from Alberta, Canada and assumed a best-case scenario of testing sensitivity and specificity ranging from 60-95%. They recalculated epidemic curves based on these assumptions and found that bias in shape and peak of the curves can be significant if sensitivity is poor. Early in

A study described the use of syndromic surveillance through web and phone-based polling to track COVID-19 symptoms and testing in Canada. Over March-April 2020, 1.6% of daily respondents, 15% of Ontario households, and 44% of Canada-wide respondents reported having a symptom. Only 2-9% of symptomatic responses reported getting tested for SARS-CoV-2.

The Covid-19 pandemic has led to a rapid shift to online learning, creating a sellers' market in education technology. Commercial digital learning platforms have rushed to provide solutions, sometimes for free. However, this paper raises concerns about the potential problems arising from the hasty adoption of these solutions, which may prioritize business models over pedagogical practices. The paper also critiques the notion that education can be fixed with technology and warns against the educationalization of societal problems. Educ

The study used a transmission model to assess the impact of physical distancing measures on COVID-19 cases and mortality in Ontario, Canada. The results showed that without physical distancing, mortality would have been 4.6 times higher. Relaxing distancing measures could lead to a resurgence of the disease, quickly exceeding ICU capacity. Maintaining distancing for a longer period allowed for the initial wave to subside but the level of contacts post-distancing

Experts discuss the timeline for social distancing to effectively reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Canada. They suggest that it may take several weeks to see a noticeable impact, as the incubation period for the virus is around 14 days. Additionally, it's important to maintain these measures even after cases begin to decline to prevent a potential second wave. Overall, social distancing is a crucial part of Canada's response to the pandemic, but patience and continued ad

Experts discuss the timeline for social distancing to effectively reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Canada. They suggest that it may take several weeks to see a noticeable impact, as the virus has a long incubation period and social distancing measures need time to break the chain of transmission. However, adherence to these measures is crucial to eventually controlling the outbreak. The length of the response depends on various factors, including the stringency of the measures, the public's

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted healthcare services, including oral and maxillofacial surgery. In response, a virtual OMS COVID-19 Response Conference was held on April 9, 2020, organized by oral and maxillofacial surgeons and administrators to discuss the effects of the pandemic on the specialty. This report summarizes the current opinions and management strategies shared by experts in the field during the conference.

The article by Gopalan and Misra provides an informative summary of the challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The authors discuss the socio-economic and medical impacts of the epidemic, including the effects on jobs, businesses, transportation, travel, and the resulting decrease in the country's GDP. Daily wagers and local business personnel have been disproportionately affected.

A study conducted in Iraqi Kurdistan during the COVID-19 pandemic aimed to determine the impact of social media on self-reported mental health and the spread of panic. An online questionnaire was administered to 516 social media users, and data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results showed that social media significantly spreads fear and panic related to COVID-19, with a potential negative influence on mental health. Facebook was the most used social media network for spreading panic

This paper explores how the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging traditional masculine leadership representations through news and social media discourse. The author, using a feminist poststructuralist perspective, observes Canadian and international female leaders demonstrating resilience, emotion, and vulnerability during uncertain times. The author also reflects on their personal experiences and sensemaking. They are hopeful that gender roles are being disrupted and traditional "business as usual" concepts are being questioned.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted psychiatric training by altering the way psychiatry is practiced and trainees are taught. This Open Forum discusses the challenges faced by psychiatric training directors in adult and child and adolescent psychiatry in ensuring the educational needs of trainees are met during the crisis. Strategies include prioritizing trainee protection and education, expanding telepsychiatry, making curricular adjustments, and focusing on trainee well-being

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted psychiatric training by altering clinical care, teaching methods, and trainee well-being. This Open Forum discusses the challenges faced by psychiatric training directors in adult and child psychiatry in addressing trainees' educational needs during the crisis. Strategies include prioritizing trainee protection and education, expanding telepsychiatry, making curricular adjustments, and emphasizing well-being. The authors reflect on these experiences and offer

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted Italy and its healthcare system, with Urology being one of the affected specialties. This passage shares the experience of a Roman University hospital in managing the crisis and offers suggestions for other global hospitals. The Urological community responded to the emergency, and this account aims to provide insights and guidance.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted Italy and its healthcare system, with Urology being one of the affected specialties. This passage shares the experience of a Roman University hospital in managing the crisis, detailing the challenges faced and the responses from the Urological scientific community. The goal is to offer suggestions for other global hospitals in dealing with the COVID-19 emergency.

The passage discusses the significant public health threat posed by chronic diseases in Canada, specifically respiratory diseases which affect one in five Canadians and lead to the most repeat hospitalizations. The historical understanding of health has evolved to prioritize public health perspectives over medical interventions. Key Canadian events, such as the Lalonde and Epp reports and the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak, have influenced this shift. The profession of respiratory therapy is being pressured to adopt

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous trade-offs in countries worldwide, with health economics methods seeing limited use in the UK and Canada. This passage suggests three areas where health economics could make a significant impact: assessing the effect of lockdown policies on national productivity, studying trade-offs in enhancing health system capacity and financing, and evaluating access to testing and ventilators. The author advocates for a more prominent role for health economics in pandemic policy-making.

The passage describes a mathematical model used to evaluate the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. The study compared a base case with limited interventions to scenarios with enhanced case finding, restrictive social distancing, or a combination of both. The results showed that all interventions delayed and reduced the height of the epidemic peak, with restrictive social distancing having the greatest effect. Longer duration interventions and dynamic interventions were

The COVID-19 pandemic led to an expansion of pharmacists' roles in various countries, as outlined in this paper. Through a literature review, the article identifies several legal extensions in Europe, Canada, and the United States. Pharmacists have been authorized to prepare disinfectants, renew prescriptions, administer vaccines, and perform screening tests. Additionally, the use of virtual consultations, e-prescriptions, and home delivery has been facilitated to promote social dist

The COVID-19 pandemic led to an expansion of pharmacists' roles in various countries, as outlined in this paper. Through a literature review, the article discusses how European countries, Canada, and the United States have granted pharmacists new authorities. These extensions include preparing disinfectants, renewing prescriptions, administering vaccines, and conducting screenings. Additionally, the use of virtual consultations, e-prescriptions, and home delivery has been facilitated to promote

This study investigates the relationship between quarantine experiences, attitudes towards COVID-19, and mental health in China using a cross-sectional online survey and quantile regression analysis. The findings suggest that home self-quarantine is linked to decreased depression and increased happiness, while community-level quarantine is associated with decreased happiness, particularly for those in the lower happiness quantile. Favorable attitudes towards COVID-19, including confidence in real-time updates and epid

Canada and the international community have been preparing for an influenza pandemic, with a focus on H5N1 avian influenza. Canada has invested in research, public health, and healthcare system readiness in response to potential pandemics. The current H1N1/09 influenza pandemic is testing this preparedness. From a research standpoint, the article discusses how preparations have been made and identifies research gaps. The unpredictability of pandemic sources, the value of

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women experienced higher levels of prenatal distress and psychiatric symptomatology compared to a pre-pandemic cohort. A study involving 1754 pregnant women, recruited before (n=496) and during (n=1258) the pandemic, used the Kessler Distress Scale, Post-traumatic Checklist for DSM-5, Dissociative Experiences

The article analyzes Italian COVID-19 data from February 24 to March 29, 2020, at the regional level using statistical tests and network-based analysis. Regions were grouped based on similarity or dissimilarity in ten types of COVID-19 data, creating similarity matrices. These matrices were transformed into networks with nodes as regions and edges representing similarity relationships. Community detection algorithms were used to discover communities of regions with similar behavior.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on operative time, operating room time, transfer time, and skin incision to delivery time in cesarean sections. Forty-two cesarean sections were analyzed, with longer operating room time in COVID-19 confirmed or suspected women (90 [73.0-110.0] minutes versus 6

The article discusses the impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on filter use and requirements in Canada. It covers the epidemiology of SARS in Canada, barrier use, and containment strategies for respiratory equipment and procedures. The article concludes with changes in practice and regulations since SARS and suggestions for improvement.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women experienced higher levels of prenatal distress and psychiatric symptomatology compared to a pre-pandemic cohort. A study involving 1754 pregnant women found significant differences between the two groups, with the COVID-19 cohort reporting increased depressive and anxiety symptoms, dissociative symptoms, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and negative affectivity, while having less positive affectivity. Women

Mosquito-borne diseases in Canada, such as West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and California serogroup viruses, have seen a 10% increase in incidence over the past 20 years due to climate change. This trend is expected to continue as climate change affects mosquito lifecycles and transmission patterns, expanding their range and increasing the duration of transmission seasons. The complex transmission cycles of these diseases, involving multiple reserv

In March 2003, countries affected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) implemented measures such as information dissemination, early case detection and isolation, contact tracing and quarantining, traveler screening, and public awareness. China made SARS a notifiable disease in mid-April and contained the outbreak within two months through efficient nationwide control measures. The timeliness and enforcement of these measures varied among countries, with China

The veterinary profession in the UK has been significantly affected by Covid-19, with particular implications for students. An investigation by Alexia Yiannouli explores the impact.

South Africa, with the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Africa, faces unique challenges due to local historic, health, and socio-environmental factors. Differences in demographic features, health histories, healthcare systems, infection rates, and national responses make each country's epidemic distinct within the global pandemic. The ongoing HIV and TB epidemics in South Africa could influence the COVID-19 response and outcomes. Overcoming the public health threats of COVID-

The COVID-19 pandemic presents unique challenges and responses in different countries due to local factors. South Africa, with the highest number of diagnosed COVID-19 cases on the African continent, is at high risk and faces additional challenges due to its ongoing HIV and TB epidemics. This commentary explores the public health response to COVID-19 in South Africa, the influence of HIV and TB epidemics, and potential consequences.

The passage discusses a statistical and network analysis of Italian COVID-19 data from February 24 to March 29, 2020. The analysis identified similar or dissimilar regions based on ten types of COVID-19 data using statistical tests. Similarity matrices were then transformed into networks with nodes representing Italian regions and edges representing similarity relationships. Community detection algorithms were applied to discover communities of regions with similar behavior. The analysis revealed how regions formed and dissolved communities

A study using artificial intelligence and three approaches - Bayesian SIR, Kalman filter, and machine learning - to investigate the impact of physical distancing policies on the second wave of Covid-19 infections in North America (USA, Canada, and Sweden). Findings suggest that policy interventions led to a drop in effective growth rate of infections, with the USA and Canada showing a sharper decrease than Sweden. By mid-June, the USA is predicted to have close to two