Question: are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) at increased risk for COVID-19?

The passage discusses the potential connection between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockers in children, who are uniquely impacted by COVID-19 but the reasons are unclear. The concern arises from the fact that the coronavirus binds to ACE2, a crucial component of

The passage discusses the ongoing debate about the safety of using renin-angiotensin system blockers, such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerns arose due to the role of the ACE2 protein as the receptor for the coronavirus and the potential upregulation of ACE2 by these medications. However, the evidence is not clear-cut, as

The passage discusses the high prevalence of hypertension in COVID-19 patients and its connection to increased mortality risk. Geographical discrepancies in COVID-19 infection may be explained by variations in the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) system. Animal studies suggest the ACE2 receptor as a potential entry point for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Concerns have been raised about the use of

The debate surrounding the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs for hypertension management during COVID-19 infection is ongoing. While these medications may theoretically increase ACE2 receptor expression and viral load due to the receptor's role in COVID-19 infection, common dietary interventions, vitamins, and nutrients can also increase ACE2 receptor expression. These include Vitamin C, Metformin, Resveratrol, Vit

The consensus statement recommends that patients with COVID-19 continuing to take Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) is safe, based on current evidence. Patients should not stop these medications unless there is a clinical reason to do so.

The passage is a consensus statement recommending that COVID-19 patients on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) should continue using these medications, as there is no evidence to suggest an increased risk for adverse outcomes.

ACEIs and ARBs, used to treat heart and blood pressure conditions, may increase the risk of severe COVID-19 in patients due to an increase in ACE2 receptors in experimental animals. These receptors act as binding sites for the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the lungs.

The passage discusses a review of studies comparing the efficacy and side effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in managing hypertension. The review finds that while both classes of medications have similar efficacy, ARBs have fewer adverse effects. Therefore, the authors suggest that ACE inhibitors should not be used for hypertension treatment due to their greater side

A national study evaluated the association of ACE inhibitors and ARBs with COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality among individuals with hypertension. In two cohorts, outpatient and inpatient, the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs was not significantly associated with the risk of hospitalization or mortality. However, in the Medicare population, there was a nearly 40% lower risk of hospitalization with the use of ACE inhibitors. Further

The passage discusses the role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells by binding to ACE2, leading to debate about the safety of RAAS blockade. However, several observational studies suggest no increased risk for COVID-19 patients on RAAS blockade, and the Swedish Society of Hypert

The study found that urinary Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity and protein levels were significantly higher in renal transplant patients compared to healthy controls. Transplant patients with diabetes had even higher urinary ACE2 levels than non-diabetics, while urinary ACE activity and protein were also increased in diabetic transplant subjects. After adjusting for confounding variables, diabetes was associated with increased urinary ACE2 activity

Five studies found no link between using ACE inhibitors or ARBs and an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe disease, or in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients.

The passage discusses the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19, specifically the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and its impact on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure. The ACE-1–angiotensin II–angiotensin AT(1) receptor pathway contributes to the pathophysiology

The passage discusses the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19, specifically the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and its impact on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure. The ACE-1-angiotensin II-angiotensin AT1 receptor pathway contributes to the pathophysiology of AR

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in significant global mortality and economic losses. Many COVID-19 patients have cardiovascular comorbidities and are taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). There is ongoing debate in the scientific community about whether these drugs increase the risk of COVID

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) concentrations and the use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors in heart failure patients, who are at higher risk for COVID-19. The study included 1485 men and 537 women in the index cohort and 1123 men and 575 women in

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) concentrations and the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors in heart failure patients, who are at higher risk for COVID-19. The study included 1485 men and 537 women in the index cohort and 1123 men and 575 women in

The passage discusses the potential relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), hypertension, and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in children. The concern arises from the fact that COVID-19 binds to ACE2, a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

The article discusses the controversy surrounding the use of Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA) in patients with COVID-19. Some suggest these drugs may worsen the outcome of the virus, but there is a lack of clinical evidence to support this hypothesis. The opposite view, that stopping these medications may increase adverse outcomes, is also presented.

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or ACE inhibitors on COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. The study involved 126 patients with COVID-19 and hypertension, 43 of whom were on ARBs/ACE inhibitors, and 83 were not. Age- and sex-matched patients without hypertension and 1942 hy

A systematic review of eight studies examined the clinical outcomes and mortality of COVID-19 patients using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Findings were conflicting, with some studies reporting lower severe outcomes and mortality in ACEI/ARB users, while others reported higher rates. One large study raised concerns with worse mortality outcomes in patients on ACEI/ARB. The continued use of

The SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor, which is expressed on various cell types including cardiac, renal, intestinal, and endothelial cells. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for cardiovascular therap

A study of 1200 COVID-19 patients in two UK hospitals found no evidence that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), commonly used for hypertension and diabetes, increase the risk of severe infection. The odds ratio for severe COVID-19 in patients on ACEi/ARB was 0.63, suggesting a potential protective effect, but further research

The SARS-CoV2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has spread globally and led to many deaths. The virus enters cells through the ACE2 receptor, which is part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and is expressed in several organs. ACE2 converts Ang II to Ang (1-7), which has vasodilation effects. Comorbid conditions like cardiovascular disease, hypertension,

The passage discusses the hypothesis that use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type1 receptor blockers (ARBs), commonly prescribed drugs for arterial hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, may increase the risk of severe COVID-19 due to their effect of increasing ACE2 expression, the cell entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2. However

The passage discusses the hypothesis that use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs), commonly prescribed drugs for arterial hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, may increase the risk of severe COVID-19 due to their ability to increase expression of angiotensin-converting enace 2 (ACE2), the cell entry

A retrospective study of 511 COVID-19 patients found that elderly patients with hypertension comorbidity who took Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) before hospitalization had a significantly decreased risk of severe disease (OR=0.343, 95% CI 0.128-0.916, p=0.025). A meta-analysis also showed that ARB use

A population-based study in Lombardy, Italy, matched 6272 Covid-19 patients with 30,759 controls to examine the association between the use of angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Covid-19 risk. Both case patients and controls had similar mean ages and were mostly female. Case patients had a worse clinical profile and

A study in the Lombardy region of Italy examined the association between the use of angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and the risk of Covid-19. The study was a population-based case-control analysis with 6272 case patients and 30,759 controls. The use of ARBs or ACE inhibitors did not show

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, increases morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to the virus's use of the ACE2 receptor to infect host cells. ACE inhibitors and ARBs improve CVD outcomes but may worsen infection in COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the effect of ACE inhibitor-induced bradykinin on the

The study analyzed data from two hospitals to identify factors increasing the risk of death for COVID-19 patients, specifically focusing on neurological diseases. A multivariate logistic analysis revealed age and chronic lung disease, as well as Alzheimer's dementia, were significant predictors of non-survival. Other conditions like hypertension, coronary vascular disease, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, ARBs or A

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, enters cells through ACE2 receptors. ACE2 regulates two pathways in the renin angiotensin system (RAS), with downregulation leading to increased lipid storage and obesity through the ACE-Ang-II-AT1R axis. Obesity also increases systemic RAS and activates the proinflammatory, profibrotic, pro

The passage discusses the potential relationship between high blood pressure, comorbidities, and the susceptibility to and mortality from COVID-19. It mentions the hypothesis that excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could contribute to COVID-19 related lung injury, leading to concerns about the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors due

Patients with diabetes face a higher risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 due to impaired immune response, heightened inflammation, and hypercoagulable state. However, there are unanswered questions regarding the effects of different anti-hyperglycaemic drugs and the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in these patients. The role of ACE2 in lung injury and the conflicting results regarding its use in COVID-19 patients

Patients with diabetes face increased risk of severe disease and mortality from COVID-19 due to impaired immune response, heightened inflammation, and hypercoagulable state. However, there are unanswered questions regarding the effects of different anti-hyperglycaemic drugs and the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in these patients. The role of ACE2 in lung injury and COVID-19 is recognized, but results regarding the use of these

The study assessed the relationship between previous use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, or thiazide diuretics and the likelihood of testing positive for Covid-19 or developing severe illness among patients with positive results. Using Bayesian methods, the study found no substantial increase in the likelihood of a positive test or in the risk of severe illness associated with any of these medication classes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs), in hypertension management due to the observed dysfunction of the RAS in COVID-19 patients. The relationship between RAS inhibitors and improved or worse clinical outcomes in

Patients with heart failure are more susceptible to COVID-19 and experience more severe symptoms. Myocardial injury, indicated by increased troponin levels, occurs in up to 35% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, particularly those who are critically ill or have concurrent cardiac disease. Mechanisms contributing to myocardial injury include fever, tachycardia, adrenergic stimulation, inflammation, and endotheliitis

This study reveals that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which opposes the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by inactivating angiotensin II and generating vasodilatory angiotensin(1–7), circulates in human plasma but its activity is inhibited by an endogenous inhibitor. The inhibitor is small, hydrophilic, and cationic,

The passage discusses the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular conditions, specifically focusing on the role of the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme (ACE 2) as the virus receptor and its connection to the cardiovascular system and blood pressure. There is ongoing debate about the management of ACE inhibitors (ACE-i) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in infected patients and those at risk

A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 studies with 157,328 patients found no increased risk of COVID-19 infection or severity with Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) use. However, ACEI/ARBs use was associated with a lower risk of death from COVID-19 (Adjusted OR: 0.

The passage discusses a review focusing on the connection between COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, as well as how age and comorbidities influence the disease's prognosis. The article delves into the potential impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists on COVID-19 risk and progression, and the effect of the

The passage discusses a review on the role of age, comorbidities, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in the unfavorable prognosis of COVID-19. The review also explores the potential effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists on COVID-19 risk and progression, as well as the impact of SARS

A rapid response published in the European Heart Journal suggested that the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors could be a risk factor for severe COVID-19 by up-regulating ACE2. This hypothesis sparked concerns among physicians and patients. However, this article aims to provide insight into the known and unknown interactions between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and SARS-CoV

A study was conducted to examine circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients without a history of cardiovascular disease. The study involved 2572 participants from the NEFRONA study, including a control group, CKD3-5, and CKD5D. Circulating ACE2 activity was lower in CKD3-5 and CK

A study analyzed the impact of Ramipril, a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor, on the risk of COVID-19 in high-risk patients after successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement. As of April 1, 2020, 102 patients (50 on Ramipril and 52 in the control group) were included, with a mean age of 8

The passage discusses a mathematical model created to understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The model, which reproduces the effects of various RAS-blocking drugs without adjusting parameters, was used to analyze the downregulation of ACE2 due to viral load and the effects of different drugs, including ARB, on RAS dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. The findings

A study was conducted to assess the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the normal and diabetic rodent retina and its modulation by ACE inhibition. The results showed that ACE mRNA levels were decreased in the diabetic retina, but ACE2 mRNA levels were not significantly changed. ACE2 protein was localized predominantly to the inner nuclear layer (INL) and photore

This study aimed to determine if the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increases the risk of COVID-19 diagnosis and related hospitalization outcomes. Using electronic health records from Spain and the United States, the study identified over 1.1 million antihypertensive users and conducted a systematic cohort study. The results showed no significant difference in COVID-19 diagnosis risk

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) serves as the entry receptor for the COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2. Contradictory relationships exist between ACE 2 expression and COVID-19: increased expression may increase the risk of infection, while decreased expression during the disease leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome. This article reviews current knowledge on ACE 2's role in

Meconium, a substance found in the first stools of newborns, contains pancreatic digestive enzymes that may cause lung injury. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), a protective lung enzyme, was found to be degraded by meconium through the action of proteolytic enzymes. This degradation resulted in a fourfold increase in apoptotic nuclei and a reduction in ACE

A retrospective study examined the odds of severe COVID-19 disease in patients using Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) based on data from the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Corona Center. Among 611 COVID-19 patients, 165 had severe disease, and among those with hypertension (n=249), ACEi exposure

A retrospective study was conducted to identify the odds of severe COVID-19 disease in patients using Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) based on data from the İstanbul Faculty of Medicine Corona Center between March 9 and May 11, 2020. Among 611 patients, 165 had severe disease, and among those

A meta-analysis of five studies with a total of 1480 patients with COVID-19 found that those on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) had a 44% reduction in odds of developing severe disease and a 62% reduction in odds of death compared to those not on these medications. The reduction in odds of hospitalization was non-significant. The

The passage discusses the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in managing hypertension and chronic kidney disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to current guidelines, patients should continue taking these medications without interruption. ACEIs and ARBs have similar efficacy in decreasing blood pressure and improving outcomes such as all-cause mortality, card

The passage discusses the ongoing use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for managing hypertension and chronic kidney disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to professional health organizations, there is no evidence to stop using these medications. ACEIs and ARBs have similar efficacy in decreasing blood pressure and improving outcomes. ACEIs are associated with cough

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a significant role in cardiovascular regulation, with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) being a key player. A new homologue of ACE, ACE2, has been discovered and may act as a negative regulator of ACE. ACE2 hydrolyzes various peptide substrates, including apelins and bradykinin. The interplay between ACE

The study analyzed data from 8910 hospitalized Covid-19 patients between December 2019 and March 2020, finding that older age, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and current smoking were independently associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death. Contrary to concerns, the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs was not associated with an

The study analyzed data from 8910 hospitalized Covid-19 patients between December 2019 and March 2020, and found that older age, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and current smoking were independently associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death. However, the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs was not associated with an increased risk of

The passage discusses the role of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neprilysin (NEP) in processing angiotensin peptides Ang I and Ang II into vasodilatory peptide Ang(1–7) using mass spectroscopy. ACE2 activity was detected in kidney and brain, but not in plasma, with the highest activity in the hypothalamus. ACE

The study investigated the relationship between the use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) and the number of Covid-19 confirmed cases and deaths in the US. Using geospatial analysis and county-level data, the researchers found no association between ACEI use and Covid-19 confirmed case rate. However, an average ACEI use was linked to a higher

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, playing a key role in blood pressure regulation. Inhibitors of ACE can treat hypertension. This article discusses ACE's structure-function relationship, gene polymorphism, and inhibitor development. The two active sites of somatic ACE have different catalytic mechanisms, suggesting

The study investigates the protective effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (Cap) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury and explores the underlying mechanisms. Rats pretreated with Cap before LPS administration showed attenuated lung injury, decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and a reversed ratio of ACE to ACE2. In vit

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts inactive Ang I to active Ang II, which controls blood pressure, and degrades active bradykinin. Pharmacological targeting of ACE production led to successful hypertension treatments like captopril. Research continues on domain-specific ACE inhibitors for fewer side effects. ACE2, discovered in 2000, converts Ang II into Ang(1–7), reducing Ang II

The passage discusses the findings from a study using site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues in angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2) that affect their chloride regulation and substrate selectivity. The study revealed that Arg186, Trp279, and Arg489 in ACE and their equivalent residues in ACE2, Arg169, Trp271, and Lys

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, poses a significant health challenge with increased risk and mortality for older adults and those with comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. The virus affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system, leading to complications such as arrhythmia, cardiac injury, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intrav

A literature review of 12 studies on ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and their impact on ACE2 expression in COVID-19 patients was conducted. Findings from animal studies were inconsistent, with some reporting increases in ACE2 expression after acute injury models or high doses of medication. However, human studies overwhelmingly suggest that ACEI/ARB use does not increase ACE2 expression and the

A literature review of 12 studies on ACEIs and ARBs usage in COVID-19 patients found inconsistent results in animal studies regarding an increase in ACE2 expression, with most control animals showing no effect. Human studies overwhelmingly suggest that ACEI/ARB administration does not increase ACE2 expression, and there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that their use increases the risk of complications from COVID-19. Patients should continue using these medications for approved

The ACE I/D polymorphism is an independent risk factor for mortality in ARDS patients, with the DD genotype having a hazard ratio of 5.7 for 30-day mortality. The AGT (-6)A/G polymorphism is not associated with ARDS development or outcome.

A literature review of 12 animal and 11 human studies found inconsistent results regarding ACE2 expression increase due to ACEI or ARB usage. Animal studies with acute injury models and higher doses reported increases, but human data overwhelmingly suggests no impact on ACE2 expression. Therefore, the hypothesis that ACEI/ARB use increases ACE2 expression and COVID-19 risks is not supported by the available evidence. Patients should continue using these medications for

Individuals with cardiovascular risk factors or underlying diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart failure, or kidney disease, may be more susceptible to severe Covid-19 and higher mortality rates. However, this relationship is complicated by age and the specific type of co-morbidities. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i) or angiotensin-receptor blockers

Individuals with underlying cardiovascular risk factors or diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart failure, or kidney disease, may be more susceptible to severe Covid-19 and higher mortality rates. However, this association is likely confounded by age and the specific type of co-morbidities. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i) or angiotensin-re

The passage discusses the hypothesis that the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into human cells due to the increased expression of ACE2 receptors. ACE2 receptors are abundant on type 2 pneumocytes, which are responsible for alveolar surfactant synt

This study investigated the association between in-hospital use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and all-cause mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized due to COVID-19. The retrospective analysis included 1128 patients, 188 of whom were taking ACEIs/ARBs. After adjusting for various factors,

The study investigated the effect of hyperoxia on angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Hyperoxia decreased both ACE-2 immunoreactive protein and enzyme activity, but did not alter mRNA levels. The decrease in cellular ACE-2 was accompanied by an increase in soluble ACE-2, suggesting protease-mediated ect

The passage discusses research on angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its role in lung fibrosis. Previous studies showed that ANG II, a peptide involved in fibrosis, is expressed robustly in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and ACE-2, which degrades ANG II, is hypothesized to be protective against lung fibrogenesis. In

The renin-angiotensin II system, regulating blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, has local actions and Angiotensin II (AngII) functions as an immunomodulator and profibrotic molecule. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE), responsible for AngII synthesis, is abundant in lung tissue. Studies suggest a link between ACE, AngII, and functional polymorphisms of the ACE gene

The passage discusses the hypothesis that the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into human cells due to the increased expression of ACE2 receptors. However, there is no clinical evidence to support this theory, and some studies suggest that ARBs may actually be beneficial by blocking the detr

This meta-analysis reviewed studies on the impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors on COVID-19 outcomes, specifically comparing RAAS inhibitors to other antihypertensives. A total of 6,997 patients with COVID-19 and hypertension were included. The overall risk of poor patient outcomes was lower in those taking RAAS inhibitors (OR=0.84) compared to

The BRACE CORONA trial is a randomized, phase IV study aiming to enroll 500 participants in Brazil to test the effect of continuing or temporarily discontinuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The primary outcome is the number of days alive and out of the hospital at 30 days, while

The BRACE CORONA trial is a randomized, phase IV clinical study aiming to enroll 500 participants in Brazil to test the effect of continuing or temporarily discontinuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with COVID-19. The primary outcome measures the median days alive and out of the hospital at 30 days, while secondary outcomes include

A retrospective study of 1178 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, found no association between hypertensive patients taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and increased severity or mortality during hospitalization. The percentage of hypertensive patients taking ACEIs/ARBs did not differ between those with severe and nonsevere in

A retrospective study of 1178 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, found no association between hypertensive patients taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and increased severity or mortality. The percentage of hypertensive patients taking ACEIs/ARBs was similar between those with severe and nonsevere illnesses (32

The study aimed to investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) caused by chronic cigarette smoke exposure in rats. Forty-eight healthy male SD rats were divided into four groups: control (A), inhibitor alone (B), cigarette induction (C), and cigarette induction + inhibitor (D). After establishing the smoking-induced PAH rat

A new coronavirus, COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread globally, causing approximately 3 million cases and leading to a pandemic. The virus is associated with symptoms such as fever, cough, headache, and shortness of breath. There is evidence suggesting a link between COVID-19 and damage to the heart muscle, with hypertensive and diabetic patients having a

A large case-control study from Zhejiang Province, China tested the role of usage of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and other medications on the risk and severity of COVID-19. The study found that higher BMI, diabetes, and cardio/cerebrovascular disease were independent risk factors for COVID-1

The passage discusses the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the potential role of angiotensin converting enzymes 2 (ACE2) and related inhibitors, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, in affecting SARS-CoV-2 activity and disease severity. The focus

The passage questions the safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19. NSAIDs may hinder the body's defense against viral infection and should be avoided. Systemic corticosteroids have not proven beneficial in viral infections and should only be used for other indications. Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma or COPD patients are still recommended. ACE inhibitors and


Question: what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations

The passage discusses the estimation of lower bounds for the Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) of COVID-19 in the Italian provinces of Milano, Bergamo, Brescia, and Lodi. The IFR is challenging to estimate due to the high number of asymptomatic cases and unknown overall infection rates. The study uses data from ISTAT on mortality from January 1 to April 15, 2020, and the three preceding years

The passage analyzes the age and sex distribution of COVID-19 deaths in Austria, finding an exponential relationship between age and the proportion of deaths. The risk of death from COVID-19 increases with age, similar to the general age-specific mortality rate. The study compares the age-specific mortality rate in Austria to the infection fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 by Ferguson et al. (2020), indicating a substantial

The passage analyzes the age and sex distribution of COVID-19 deaths in Austria, finding an exponential relationship between age and the proportion of deaths. The risk of death from COVID-19 increases with age, similar to the general age-specific mortality rate. The study compares the age-specific mortality rate in Austria to the infection fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 by Ferguson et al., revealing substantial risk, particularly for older age groups

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories, using various data sources and methods. Completeness of death registration increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of

The passage discusses the use of age- and sex-specific death rates to estimate excess mortality from Covid-19 in Sweden. Using data from Swedish register sources, the study found that death rates for individuals above age 60 were higher than previous years starting from the first week of April 2020. Those over age 80 were disproportionately affected, and men experienced 75% higher death rates and women 50% higher death rates compared

The study estimates that the 1957-1959 influenza pandemic caused an average excess mortality rate of 1.9/10,000 population (95% CI, 1.2-2.6 cases/10,000 population) globally, with excess deaths attributed to respiratory causes. Mortality rates varied greatly among countries, with Europe and Latin America experiencing the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Excess

A study using a cat life insurance database aimed to describe mortality patterns in life-insured Swedish cats. The analysis included cats under 13 years old with life insurance between 1999 and 2006. The researchers calculated age-standardized mortality rates based on sex, age, breed, and diagnosis. The total number of cats insured was 49,450, with 142,049 cat-years at risk

A study using the Life Table Analysis System followed a cohort of 11,700 dentists in Taiwan from 1985-2009 to evaluate potential exposure to harmful agents and its impact on mortality. Compared to the general population, dentists had lower all-cause mortality rates. However, compared to internists, dentists had significantly higher mortality rates for overall causes (SMR=1.13; 95%

The passage discusses the Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT) and raises three main questions. First, the passage explains that the NDT is identified by an increase in immature skeletons in cemeteries, indicating a baby-boom and a fertility transition towards high values. The cause of this fertility explosion is a shift in maternal energetics, with an increase in high-calorie food from agriculture and a decrease in physical energy spent on mobility

The passage summarizes an analysis of COVID-19 mortality in Belgium from March 8 to May 9, 2020. The study found that there was little discrepancy between reported COVID-19 deaths and excess mortality. April 2020 was the deadliest month since WWII with a large excess of deaths. Infection fatality rates (IFRs) for the non-nursing home population were estimated to be between 0

The passage discusses the wide variation in reported crude case-fatality rates (CFRs) for COVID-19 between countries and the limitations of using crude rates for comparisons. The authors found that the age distribution of cases is a significant factor in the differences in CFRs. By adjusting for age using the direct method, they found that the age-adjusted rates were much closer than the crude rates, reducing the ratio of the highest to lowest CFR

The study aimed to model the impact of known COVID-19 comorbidities on mortality rates and age distribution in India and England. Indians have higher rates of diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and kidney disease, and lower rates of obesity, chronic heart disease, and cancer compared to England. Diabetes and chronic respiratory disease contribute most to increased mortality in India, while obesity, cancer, and chronic heart disease reduce mortality. Comor

The passage discusses a theoretical model focusing on the impact of varying interaction rates between individuals on epidemic growth and social distancing. The model, based on well-mixed populations, demonstrates that epidemic growth is mainly influenced by highly interactive individuals, suggesting interaction capping as an effective control method. The model also suggests that achieving herd immunity without considering interaction rate variation would result in a lower overall infection rate but high mortality. Interactivity capping can control epidemics without extreme

This study examines the role of population age structure in Covid-19 mortality in the UK at various geographical scales. Scotland and Wales are projected to have higher Covid-19 death rates than England, while Northern Ireland has a lower rate. Infection fatality rates are higher in small towns and rural areas compared to large urban areas. Within urban regions, there are areas with high projected death rates. Areas with high and low fatality rates tend to cluster due to the residential separation

The passage discusses the importance of understanding population behavior during influenza pandemics for effective preparedness. While the epidemiological aspects of past pandemics (1918-1920, 1957-1958, 1969-1969, and 2003 SARS outbreak) have been studied, there is limited knowledge about behavioral responses. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs

The passage discusses the demographic situation in Viet Nam, focusing on its history, government approach to population problems, population data systems, and the importance of population policy in achieving development objectives. The population of Viet Nam has grown significantly since the 1950s, with an estimated 52.7 million people in 1979 and a current growth rate of 2.2%. The government aims to reduce the population growth rate and improve health issues, particularly maternal and

The passage discusses the association between religion and lower mortality rates among individuals, with potential explanations including religious norms, social support, and community. The religious ecology or characteristics of religion at a geographic level have also been linked to lower mortality, but findings are mixed. A recent study investigated the potential indirect association between religious institutions and mortality through local healthcare spending. The study found some support for this association at the county level. The passage raises the question of whether society or government

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about questions regarding higher mortality rates in men and lower overall mortality rates in Germany compared to other European countries. This passage explores the reasons behind these phenomena and draws lessons for the future.

This study aimed to identify determinants of COVID-19 incidence and mortality using data from 97 countries. Ten indicators, including health system characteristics, climate, demography, and travel restrictions, were assessed using Generalized Linear Modelling. Significant factors for cumulative incidence were testing rate, UHC index, percentage elderly population, percentage below-poverty line population, and disability adjusted life years due to NCDs. Case fatality rate was associated

The study aimed to estimate the proportion of COVID-19 deaths in individuals under 65 years old, the relative mortality rate of COVID-19 death in this age group versus older individuals, and the absolute risk of COVID-19 death at the population level. The data was collected from 14 European countries, Canada, and 13 US states. Individuals under 65 accounted for a small percentage of all COVID-19 deaths, and their risk of

A low mortality rate of COVID-19 among children has led to a focus on the pandemic, causing delays in diagnosing and treating routine childhood diseases. A case series of such instances, collected within a week, suggests that efforts to mitigate the pandemic may have greater overall harm to children than the virus itself. Pediatricians and policymakers should consider this issue.

In the 16th century, Mexico experienced a significant population decline from an estimated 15-30 million inhabitants in 1519 to 2 million in 1600. Epidemics, war, and famine were the primary causes, but recent research suggests that around 60-70% of the deaths were due to a series of hemorrhagic fever epidemics of unknown origin. An analysis of the 157

The passage discusses a study on age-specific mortality patterns during the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Madrid, Spain. The researchers assessed excess death rates using a Serfling model and found that the youngest and oldest age groups had the highest excess mortality rates. Young adults faced the highest standardized mortality risk, and waves differed in strength with the peak standardized mortality risk occurring during the herald wave in spring 191

A systematic review of 58 studies examined the relationship between political economy factors and population health. Positive impacts on health include social democratic welfare states, higher public spending, fair trade policies, education extensions, microfinance, health and safety policies, improved access to healthcare, and affordable housing. Neoliberal restructuring is associated with increased health inequalities and higher income inequality leading to lower self-rated health and higher mortality. Gaps exist in the evidence base, particularly regarding

The westward spread of H5N1 influenza A viruses in avian populations and the high mortality rate in humans have raised international concerns due to the potential for a mutant virus to spread rapidly between humans, causing a global catastrophe. Governments are responding by developing response plans, stockpiling antiviral drugs, and expediting vaccine development. This summary focuses on the interaction between influenza A viruses and the mammalian host response, highlighting relevant issues

A subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled study explored the efficacy of high-dose antithrombin III in patients with severe sepsis and a high risk of death (30-60% mortality rate). The study found that high-dose antithrombin III increased survival time by 90 days (p = .04) and reduced 28-day, 56-day, and 90

The passage discusses the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Malta from 2000 to 2017. Of the 245 notified cases, 111 were confirmed microbiologically, with 70.3% having septicaemia, 21.6% meningitis, and 6.3% both. The overall crude incidence rate was 1.4

This study compared the relationship between testing metrics, population mortality, and testing coverage in 36 OECD countries and Taiwan. The study found that testing coverage, not population testing number, was highly correlated with population mortality and case fatality rate. A testing coverage threshold of 15-45 was identified as adequate, with insufficient testing coverage leading to exponentially increasing population mortality. The study concluded that testing coverage is a better indicator of testing adequacy and disease

The passage discusses the importance of viral disease epidemiology, which is the study of the factors influencing the occurrence, spread, and impact of viral diseases in populations. Factors considered include virus characteristics, host and population traits, and external factors affecting transmission. Epidemiology plays a significant role in identifying the causes of specific diseases, understanding disease nature, determining host susceptibility and immunity, and clarifying modes of transmission. It also informs vaccine and antiv

This study estimates excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic based on underlying conditions and age using data from England. The researchers found that over 20% of the population is in the high-risk category, with 13.7% being older than 70 and 6.3% having at least one underlying condition. They developed a model and an online tool to estimate excess deaths under different COVID-19 incidence scenarios and relative risks. In a mit

This study estimates excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic based on underlying conditions and age using data from England's electronic health records. The researchers found that over 20% of the population is in the high-risk category, with 13.7% being older than 70 and 6.3% having at least one underlying condition. They developed a tool to calculate excess deaths under different COVID-19 incidence scenarios and relative risks, estimating

A study was conducted on avian cholera transmission dynamics at a common eider breeding colony in the Canadian Arctic. The disease, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, has high virulence and can cause significant mortality in naïve host populations. The study used data from the closely monitored colony to examine transmission and host population dynamics, inferring epidemic curves from daily mortality observations and estimating changes in the reproductive number over

The passage discusses a study using an age-specific SEIR-HQD model to examine the impact of early interventions on the age-specific incidence of COVID-19 in four cities: New York, Los Angeles, Daegu, and Nairobi. The findings reveal that the spread of COVID-19 varies significantly among cities due to differences in population age structures and interaction rates. Early interventions, such as school closures, working from home, and reduction in mobility

A study was conducted to examine the impact of infection control measures during the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto on overall population mortality, excluding SARS deaths. The study used death registry data and Poisson regression and interrupted time-series analysis. No significant change in mortality was found in the Greater Toronto Area before, during, and after the SARS outbreak compared to the corresponding time periods

This paper presents an SEIR model of COVID-19 with considerations for non-exponential incubation and recovery periods and age structure in the population. The mean-field model shows that a Gamma distribution of incubation and recovery periods increases peak infected and critical care cases, changes epidemic timescales, but has no effect on total deaths or epidemic size. An age-structured model provides more accurate estimates and insights into the impact of quarantine duration and timing in

The study aimed to estimate the effect of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation on mortality in immunocompetent patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Of 399 ARDS patients, 271 (68%) were CMV seropositive and 74 (27%) of them experienced reactivation. After adjusting for confounding factors and competing risks, CMV

This study examined the relationship between BCG, adult pneumococcal, and influenza vaccines with Covid-19 mortality in Level 4 European countries, adjusting for various confounding factors. Following adjustment, only BCG vaccination was significantly associated with reduced mortality rates at day 30, with a 64% reduction in log(10) mortality per 10 million population. Adult pneumococcal and influenza vaccines

The passage discusses the potential lower COVID-19 mortality rates in Africa due to its younger population. Using standardized mortality ratios (SMR), the study found that the death rates in Africa would be a quarter of those in Europe and Northern America, and half of those in Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The study emphasizes the importance of public health measures to reduce cases and deaths, and highlights the age structure difference between African and European populations in relation to the pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has infected over 6.3 million people globally and over 1.9 million in the US, disproportionately affects socially and economically disadvantaged populations. The pandemic's mitigation relies on health behavior change, but these populations face unique challenges. This commentary offers research and policy recommendations to address inequities, emphasizing equity-driven practices and policies, such as prioritizing resources for high-risk communities

The study aimed to evaluate the mortality increase during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy using data from 4433 municipalities. The results showed an abrupt increase in overall mortality starting from March 1st, 2020. In the studied municipalities, there were 77,339 observed deaths compared to the expected 50,822.6, resulting in a rate ratio of 1.11 for those under 6

The study aimed to evaluate the mortality increase during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy using data from 4433 municipalities. The results showed an abrupt increase in overall mortality starting from March 1st, 2020, with 77,339 observed deaths compared to the expected 50,822.6. The excess mortality was greater in older age groups and in regions most affected by COVID-19. The total

The passage discusses three indicators - Comparative COVID-19 Mortality Ratio (CCMR), Crude COVID-19 Death Rate (CCDR), and reductions in life expectancy at birth - for comparing and analyzing COVID-19 mortality trends across different populations. CCMR and CCDR require population age and sex compositions, while life expectancy at birth and Crude Death Rate (CDR) are used to compare COVID-19 and overall mort

A systematic review and meta-analysis along with an ecological investigation were conducted to examine the role of vitamin D in COVID-19. Six studies with 3,822 participants indicated that 46.5% of COVID-19 patients had vitamin D deficiency and 43.3% had insufficient levels. However, no correlation was found between vitamin D levels and global recovery or mortality rates. There were significant correlations in specific regions, such

A study using a computational model explored the impact of age separation during partial lock down releases in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest that reducing interactions between age groups protects the general population and significantly reduces mortality rates by 66%. While complete isolation may be the most protective scenario for the elderly, it could have negative emotional and cognitive effects. Instead, age-related social recommendations or restrictions are proposed to maintain social connections while ensuring strong protection for older populations.

The passage summarizes the annual burden of serious fungal infections in the Netherlands, estimating 3,185 patients with life-threatening or debilitating fungal diseases, including various types of aspergillosis, Candida infections, mucormycosis, Fusarium keratitis, and cryptococcosis. Additionally, the prevalence of recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, allergic bronchopul

A simple SIR model is proposed to study the effect of confinement strategies on a severe epidemic, inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic. The model assumes two populations of susceptible individuals: one adhering to confinement with an infection rate below 1, and another non-confining population that can be significantly more infectious. The model is discretized to serve as an integrator for the differential system and is calibrated based on COVID-19 data. Key

The passage reports the findings of the first 9,468 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Ecuador from February 27 to April 18, 2020. Men accounted for 55.40% of the cases with a higher incidence rate and mortality rate than women. The mortality rate varied among cantons, with those having lower attack rates having higher mortality rates. Living above 2,500 m was linked

Viral infections, specifically respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A (H1N1), are a significant cause of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The progression from pneumonia to ARDS is not well-understood, and treatment options are limited, primarily symptomatic. Mortality rates for viral-related ARDS are unknown. This review covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology

The study assessed late mortality in 854 survivors of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for hematologic malignancies, with a median age at HCT of 36.5 years and a median follow-up of 7.6 years. The overall survival was 68.8% at 10 years, and the cohort had a 13-fold increased risk for late death

The study aimed to estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 using population level statistics from the initial outbreak in Italy, without relying on testing and death count data. The researchers used demographic and death records data from the Italian Institute of Statistics and applied a Bayesian model to age-stratified mortality data from 2020 and previous years. The estimated overall IFR was 1.29% (95% CrI 0

This study examines the relationship between demographic factors and COVID-19 cases and deaths in the European region using spatial regression models. Thirteen variables for COVID-19 cases and eight for COVID-19 deaths were analyzed. Five spatial regression models were applied, with Italy and the UK having the highest local R2 values. The total population had the highest local R2 (0.92) among all variables for COVID-19 cases. The highest local R2 for

The passage discusses the relationship between the number of patients and deaths in epidemics using the equation logY = klogX - klogN(0), where k is a constant determining the slope and N(0) is the value of X when Y = 1. Diseases are categorized based on their k value, with those having k = 1 being Ebola, avian influenza H5N1, cholera, and hand, foot, and mouth

The passage discusses trends in infectious disease mortality in South Korea from 1983 to 2015. Age-standardized mortality decreased then increased, with tuberculosis being the leading cause in 1983 and respiratory tract infections in 2015. Infant deaths declined, but mortality in those over 65 years increased. Inequality indices for certain infectious diseases rose over time. While progress was

A review of literature on COVID-19 mortality rates reveals lower rates in the Indian subcontinent compared to the West. Factors contributing to this disparity are multifactorial and include genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Further research is needed to fully understand this disparity in mortality rates among different populations.

This study analyzed in-hospital mortality in 13,932 Spanish stroke patients, focusing on age- and sex-related differences. Women were older and more likely to have cardio-embolic aetiology, while men were more likely to be admitted to a stroke unit or have a stroke code activated. Pre-stroke functional status and stroke severity increased with age and were higher in women. Differences in risk factors and outcomes between women and men varied with

A study of 369 patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma found that 23% of them were categorized as nutritionally deficient based on body mass index, albumin levels, or preoperative weight loss. Three-year survival rates were lower in the nutritionally deficient group (58.5% for overall survival and 80.4% for disease-specific survival) compared to controls (85.4% and

During the 2017-2018 influenza epidemic in the Netherlands, people with intellectual disabilities experienced three times higher excess mortality than the general population. This increase was more pronounced among male individuals with intellectual disabilities. Older age groups and respiratory causes contributed to the excess mortality in both cohorts, but in the intellectual disability group, younger age groups, endocrine diseases, and intellectual disability-specific causes also led to excess deaths. These

The passage discusses a modelling study on the impact of mitigation and suppression strategies on the COVID-19 epidemic in Senegal. The study found that Senegal has successfully reduced the reproduction number of the virus but further reductions in social contact rates are needed to prevent overwhelming the healthcare system and reduce estimated deaths, which are projected to peak in October and range from 55,270 to 100,700. The study recommends

This rapid communication estimates excess one-year mortality from COVID-19 based on underlying conditions and age using NHS health records in England. The study found that 20.0% of the population aged ≥30 years had at least one underlying condition, with the highest prevalence in those aged >70 years. The one-year mortality in the at-risk population was 4.46%, and it varied across conditions. In a suppression scenario,

A retrospective study was conducted in Taiwan to determine the incidence of cervical cancer and age-specific survival from small cell cervical carcinoma between 1991 and 2005. During this period, 36,122 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, with 81.8% having squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The mean age at diagnosis increased from 53.9 ± 13

A study comparing disease burden of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in older populations of Hong Kong and Brisbane found that Hong Kong, which experienced a significant increase in vaccine uptake after the 2003 SARS outbreak, had a relative decrease in influenza disease burden compared to Brisbane, where vaccination rates remained stable. The study used time series segmented regression models to estimate excess rates of mortality and hospitalization associated with influ

The passage discusses the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Georgia during the first 7 weeks of community spread. Metropolitan Atlanta had the highest number of confirmed cases, but rural areas around Albany had the highest bi-weekly increases in incidence rate. Rural counties with the highest mortality rates, such as Randolph, Terrell, Early, and Dougherty, had a higher proportion of non-Hispanic Blacks residents, older adults, lower-

In a cohort study of COVID-19 patients in south metropolitan Chicago, predominantly African-American (AA) patients had higher rates of hospitalization and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, insulin use, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation. Older age, tobacco use, CAD, and AF were associated with greater risk of in-hospital mortality. Cardiac

A study was conducted to estimate the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants NO2, PM2.5, and O3, and COVID-19 case-fatality and mortality rates in the US. The study found that higher NO2 concentrations were positively associated with both COVID-19 case-fatality rate and mortality rate, while no significant associations were found between long-term exposures to PM2.5 or O3 and COVID

A retrospective population-based study compared mortality rates of 20,769 confirmed COVID-19 patients in Switzerland during spring 2020 to the all-cause mortality of 5,160,595 individuals in the general population during spring 2018. The study found that COVID-19 increased the probability of death across all patient groups, with the highest relative risks observed among males and older patients. The results showed

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to compare the efficacy and all-cause mortality of cefepime to other antibiotics among children. Seventeen studies with a total of 1,285 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference in all-cause mortality, success rate, or treatment failure between cefepime and comparator antibiotics. However, the studies had unclear risk of bias, high heter

The study used Bayesian multilevel analysis and small area disease risk mapping to assess the relationship between COVID-19 related mortality risk and healthcare disparities in the US. The results showed that highly populated, regional air hub areas and minorities had an increased risk of COVID-19 related mortality. An increase of 1 ug/m3 in long-term PM2.5 exposure led to a 13% increase in COVID-19 mortality rate.

During the 1918 influenza pandemic in the U.S., public health interventions varied among cities, leading to different epidemic patterns and mortality rates. A study found that cities with earlier intervention implementation had lower mortality. The analysis of 16 cities with nearly complete intervention-timing data showed that time-limited interventions reduced total mortality moderately, but only when introduced effectively and maintained for an adequate period. Cities like San Francisco, St. Louis,

A study using publicly available data from 199 countries/regions found a significant association between BCG vaccination policy and the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths per million population. The amount of variance explained by BCG vaccination policy ranged from 12.5% to 38%. This effect remained significant after controlling for life expectancy and average temperature. BCG vaccination may have hindered the spread or progression of the virus rather than reducing mortality

A retrospective study analyzed the outcomes of 102 pediatric patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) who underwent high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). The study found a 66% survival rate, with survivors having longer hospital stays. Factors associated with mortality included absence of bronchiolitis (OR = 8.19) and pneumonia (OR = 3.0

The passage discusses a study aimed at estimating the relative impact of COVID-19 on healthcare resource utilization at the General Practice (GP) level in England. The researchers analyzed case incidence and morbidity using GP Practice data from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) and Quality Outcome Framework (QOF), including factors such as population density, age distribution, ethnicity, social deprivation, location, and patient engagement. Urban areas, high percentage of population working

A study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample found that out of 41,723 PEH repair procedures between 2006 and 2008 in the US, 74.2% were elective and 42.4% were laparoscopic. The overall complication and mortality rates were 20.8% and 1.1%, respectively. Emergent repair had higher rates of morbidity (33.

A retrospective study of 123 patients with lung oligometastases from colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal cancer, and renal-cell carcinoma undergoing radiofrequency ablation was conducted to evaluate long-term survival. The median follow-up was 45.7 months, and the 5-year OS and RFS rates were 62%

A study of 560 ICU patients found that a semi-quantitative chest X-ray (CXR) score, based on opacification in each quadrant, was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (10% for each point increase, OR 1.10-1.16), 60-day mortality (12% for each point increase, OR 1.12-1.17), ICU length of

A 10-year study evaluated the impact of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a bridge therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (LT). Of 121 patients with 156 HCCs, dropout due to tumor progression was 7.4% and HCC recurrence after LT was 5.6%. The 5-year post-LT

A systematic review of 13 studies on the use of poller screws in intramedullary nailing of long bone fractures was conducted. The studies reported a low complication rate for poller screw usage, including a 4% rate of nonunion, 5% rate of coronal plane malalignment, 5% rate of deep infection, 6% rate of superficial infection, and 8% rate of secondary procedures. The review suggests that intramed

This study examines the relationship between environmental stressors, including adverse weather conditions and socioeconomic and political events, and mortality rates among the oldest old male population in Hong Kong from 1977 to 2006. Despite decreasing mortality rates for other age groups, the oldest old male population did not show the same trend. The study found that environmental stressors were associated with increased mortality rates for this population, with men being more susceptible than women

A descriptive study was conducted on molecular diagnosis of infectious agents in São Miguel Island population between 2012-2013, focusing on the frequency of clinical requests, seasonality of pathogens, and positive rates. Of the 878 individuals suspected of harboring infectious diseases, hepatitis C virus was the most requested pathogen (30.0%). The study showed a gender bias towards males (72.9%) and age

The passage summarizes a study on the HIV/AIDS burden in 16 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries from 1990 to 2017. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) Study, the study found that HIV/AIDS caused 336,175 deaths and over 20 million Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (D

This passage discusses a study that uses a SEIR model (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered) to assess the global impact of COVID-19, considering demographic factors, testing strategies, and herd immunity to determine the maximum number of lives that can be saved. The study implements a Bayesian Melding method to account for data limitations and derives the best parameters to replicate the observed deaths.

The study investigated the frequency, characteristics, and risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving apixaban or warfarin anticoagulation therapy. ICH occurred in 174 patients, most of which were spontaneous. Apixaban had a lower annual rate of ICH (0.33%) compared to warfarin (0.80%). Factors increasing the risk of

During the first quarter of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant differences in incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates (CFR) existed between countries. Factors associated with these differences include the number of performed COVID-19 tests, GDP per capita, country-specific duration of the outbreak, fraction of citizens over 65 years old, and level of press freedom. These factors collectively explain 80% of the variability in incidence and over

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant mortality rates, with pneumonia being the primary cause. The American College of Cardiology reports higher fatality rates for elderly individuals, diabetics, hypertensives, and those with cardiovascular disease. We propose that Microvascular Disease (MVD) may explain the heightened danger and risk of mortality in these populations, presenting potential pathophysiological reasons and potential therapies for enhanced management and prevention.

This systematic review aimed to investigate the use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) and ASQ: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE) in the USA and Scandinavia. US studies primarily use these tools for detecting delays in medical settings, while Scandinavian studies use them for monitoring developmental-behavioral differences in intervention/exposure-based cohorts. Pre-visit screening yields high completion rates and

During the 2003 Toronto SARS outbreak, hospital restrictions resulted in disruptions to clinical practice, admissions, and transfers. A study assessed the health consequences for seriously ill hospitalized patients by conducting a population-based longitudinal cohort study. The study found that mortality, readmission, complication rates, and quality of care measures did not change for any condition during or after the restrictions. However, invasive cardiac procedures for acute myoc

The study evaluated excess mortality rates from seasonal influenza in Israel between 1999 and 2006 for all causes and respiratory and circulatory causes. Overall excess mortality rates ranged from 7.7 to 36.1 per 100,000 for all causes and from 4.4 to 24.4 per 100,000 for respiratory and circulatory causes. Infl

A study proposes a Controlled Avalanche (CA) approach to address the Covid-19 pandemic, inspired by avalanche control at ski resorts. The goal is to intentionally expose low-risk individuals (20-49 years old with no comorbidities) to the virus under controlled supervision, with the aim of reaching herd immunity faster and reducing mortality and demand for critical healthcare resources. Using a compartmental model, the study comp

The passage discusses the discrepancy in COVID-19 death rates across Europe, with countries like Spain having much higher rates than others like Germany. While the elderly population is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 mortality, the correlation between the elderly population percentage and COVID-19 death rate is weak. Instead, the study suggests that elderly longevity or life expectancy at 65 years is a better predictor of COVID-19 death rates. The study

The passage discusses the use of Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) mathematical models to predict the number of new COVID-19 cases in different cities and countries. The authors note that while the models can be solved using software or numerical methods, predicting the number of new cases is challenging due to changing behavioral patterns that affect the model's parameters. The authors present an analysis of COVID-19 spreading rates in relation to population density and size for

A study aimed to identify regions in Brazil with high mortality rates from comorbidities associated with COVID-19 and a shortage of ICU beds and mechanical ventilators. Using data from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department, the study calculated disease-specific mortality rates and ICU bed and ventilator rates per 100,000 inhabitants. Four latent mortality profiles were observed, with the highest mean mortality rates found in regions with IC

The passage discusses the impact of population-wide mask-wearing on the spread of Covid-19, particularly in reducing the number of critically-ill patients and cumulative mortality. The study uses a simplified SIR model to investigate the effects of mask use with 8 or 16% efficacy. The benefits on critical-care and mortality rates are minor when transmissibility is high but dramatic as the effective R approaches 1, after aggressive social-

A multicenter study described the daily practice of mechanical ventilation (MV) in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), with 659 of 1893 patients (35%) receiving MV for a median of 4 days. Common indications for MV were acute respiratory failure (ARF) in 72% of patients. Median age was 13 months, and overall mortality rate was 15

The passage discusses a study examining the implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in 43 cities in the United States. The interventions, which included school closures, public gathering bans, and isolation and quarantine, were associated with reductions in weekly excess death rates, delays in reaching peak mortality, and lower total mortality. Cities that implemented interventions earlier and for longer dur

A mathematical modeling study evaluated strategies to reduce the burden of COVID-19 in African countries, considering demographic, epidemiological, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Using a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered model, the study predicted median clinical attack rates of 17%-39% in three African countries, with peak cases at 2-4 months if epidemics were unmitigated. Self-isolation of

During the Covid-19 pandemic, there have been concerns about an increase in non-Covid-19 deaths due to disrupted healthcare services. The study examined mortality rates in England & Wales, Scotland, the Netherlands, and New York State. An increase in observed deaths compared to expected was found in all areas, with a significant proportion not attributed to Covid-19. In Scotland and England & Wales, 43% and 49% of excess deaths were not

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to high mortality rates among older people and necessitated social isolation measures to prevent healthcare system crises. However, in economically unequal Brazil, where 25% of the population lives below the poverty line, these measures will cause severe economic losses and accentuated starvation for the underprivileged population. The government's inconsistent handling of the pandemic leaves the population without clear guidelines, allowing the spread of fake news and political crises

This study aimed to compare postoperative complication rates between central hepatectomy (CH) and extended hepatectomy (EH) for centrally located liver tumors using propensity score matching (PSM). The study population consisted of 373 patients, with 44 (11.8%) undergoing CH and 329 (88.2%) undergoing EH. Before PSM, there was no significant difference in

The study aimed to identify risk factors for mortality after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery using data from 157,559 patients with 30-day follow-up. Factors significantly associated with 30-day mortality included increasing BMI, age, male gender, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, and liver disease. A RYGB mortality risk score was developed