Question: what causes death from Covid-19?

A study using ONS data from England and Wales found that during the Covid-19 pandemic, there were an additional 968 weekly deaths that did not involve Covid-19, beyond what would have been expected. Reasons for this increase could be Covid-19 underreporting, avoidance of hospitals, or lockdown effects. Further analysis of the causes of these excess non-Covid-19 deaths is necessary to inform policy responses.

A study using ONS data from England and Wales found an additional 968 weekly deaths not officially linked to Covid-19 during the pandemic, suggesting potential underreporting, hospital avoidance, or lockdown effects. Further analysis of causes of excess non-Covid-19 deaths is necessary to inform policy responses.

A study using data from England and Wales found that there were an additional 531 non-covid-19 deaths during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to what would have been expected, based on pre-pandemic trends. The findings were consistent with the results of an interrupted time series model. The reasons for this increase are not yet clear and further analysis of cause of death data is needed to inform policy responses.

A study was conducted in Portugal to estimate excess all-cause mortality during the early COVID-19 pandemic period, as the increase in mortality could not be fully explained by reported COVID-19 deaths. Using public data, excess mortality was estimated to be between 2400 and 4000 deaths, with a significant association with older age groups. The data suggests a three-fold explanation for excess mortality: COVID-19, non-identified

During the early COVID-19 pandemic period in Portugal from March 1 to April 22, an excess mortality of 2400 to 4000 deaths was observed. This increase was mainly associated with older age groups (over 65 years). The data suggests that excess mortality could be explained by COVID-19 deaths, non-identified COVID-19 cases, and decreased access to healthcare. The estimates have implications for communication of non-

A new coronavirus, Covid-19, caused a pneumonia outbreak that spread rapidly around the world, leading to 101,927 confirmed cases and 3486 deaths as of March 7, 2020. In the eastern Mediterranean region, Iran had 4747 confirmed cases and 124 deaths, making it a critical area in the fight against the virus. The focus is on understanding symptoms, developing fast diagnosis methods,

The passage discusses the findings from a report by National Records Scotland on excess deaths due to cancer and cardiovascular diseases in Scotland during the COVID-19 pandemic from December 30, 2019, to April 20, 2020. The report reveals a peak in excess deaths for both cancer and cardiovascular diseases around week 14 of 2020, about four weeks after the first COVID-19 case was detected in Scotland

The passage discusses the use of age- and sex-specific death rates to estimate excess mortality from Covid-19 in Sweden. Using data from Swedish register sources, the study found that death rates for individuals above age 60 were higher than previous years starting from the first week of April 2020. Those over age 80 were disproportionately affected, and men experienced 75% higher death rates and women 50% higher death rates compared

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant decrease in cardiovascular consultations and procedures, leading to an increase in total mortality that is not solely attributed to COVID-19. In Argentina, where cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in adults with 280 deaths per day, the lack of control of risk factors from April to October 2020 could result in up to 10,500 new preventable cases of

A drop in cardiovascular consultations and procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina has led to an increase in total mortality beyond what can be explained by the virus itself. With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death in adults in Argentina, the study estimates that a decrease in controlling risk factors from April to October 2020 could result in up to 10,500 new preventable cases of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, a decrease in

Italy and other countries are experiencing a deadly wave of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Medical professionals are working to assist those affected and experts are studying the virus to understand its lethal respiratory syndrome progression.

The passage discusses the use of various models, including an SI and SIR model, to analyze the increase in COVID-19 infections and deaths in Sweden. The models accurately predict the number of infected cases but project a large number of deaths, causing concern. The next few days are crucial for determining the future trend of death cases.

A worldwide survey was conducted to examine the impact of COVID-19 on maxillofacial surgery practice. The virus, which had reached 209 nations by April 12, 2020, affecting 1.8 million people and causing over 110,000 deaths, forced adaptations in the specialty due to its subspecialties in oncology and traumatology. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed online and through subspecial

A worldwide survey was conducted to examine the impact of COVID-19 on maxillofacial surgery practice. The study aimed to collect data on the current situation and changes in maxillofacial surgery practices due to the outbreak. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed online and through subspecialty associations to maxillofacial surgeons globally. The data will be analyzed to provide insights into how the specialty is handling the situation and serve as a reference for future global health crises

COVID-19, a novel respiratory disease causing illness and death since December 2019 in Wuhan, China, accounts for a smaller percentage of pediatric cases with generally milder symptoms. However, severe cases and neonatal infections can occur. Children can also spread the disease in the community. This review outlines current knowledge on COVID-19 in children and adolescents.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had a significant impact on health systems worldwide, and the clinical features and outcomes of the disease in immunocompromised patients are not well understood. The available literature on COVID-19 in immunocompromised populations, including cancer patients, solid organ transplant recipients, HIV patients, and those on immunomodulatory therapy for autoimmune diseases, is reviewed. Patients with m

COVID-19, a novel respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus that began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and became a pandemic in March 2020, affects a small percentage of children and adolescents who often experience milder symptoms but can develop severe illness. Neonates can also contract the virus, and children may unknowingly spread it in the community. This review summarizes current knowledge about COVID-19 in children and adoles

A rural emergency department in northeastern Italy experienced a hard hit from the COVID-19 outbreak. To preserve the hospital and prevent it from becoming an infection outbreak, they reevaluated the negative predictive value of lung ultrasound to rule out lung involvement. They believe that a patient with a normal ultrasound examination, or an "A-profile," can be discharged home for isolation and treatment without hospitalization, as severe acute respiratory failure is the leading cause

A rural emergency department in northeastern Italy experienced a hard hit from the COVID-19 outbreak. To preserve the hospital and prevent it from becoming an infection outbreak, they reevaluated the negative predictive value of lung ultrasound to rule out lung involvement. They found that patients with normal ultrasound examinations, or "A-profiles," can be discharged home for isolation and treatment without hospitalization, as severe acute respiratory failure is the leading cause of

The passage discusses the challenges of comparing Covid-19 deaths between countries due to varying testing strategies and other factors. It suggests that monitoring total mortality is the most reliable way to compare Covid-19 mortality rates. In the case of Sweden, there is a correlation between Covid-19 deaths and total mortality, indicating some under-reporting of Covid-19 deaths.

The passage discusses the use of modified auto-encoders (MAE) to forecast the spread trajectory of Covid-19 in countries under different intervention strategies. The findings suggest that early implementation of public health interventions is crucial, as delaying intervention by 4 weeks could result in a significant increase in cumulative deaths and a prolonged epidemic timeline.

A summary of the passage is as follows: The passage discusses the current knowledge about Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in newborns and children. SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has resulted in high morbidity and mortality in China and has spread to other countries. Approximately three neonates and over 230 children have been reported to have the disease, with mild conditions being the norm.

The passage discusses the challenges of comparing Covid-19 deaths between countries due to varying testing strategies and other factors. It suggests that total mortality is a more reliable indicator for monitoring and comparing Covid-19 mortality rates. In the case of Sweden, there is a correlation between Covid-19 deaths and total mortality, with a higher total mortality suggesting some under-reporting of Covid-19 deaths.

A narrative review summarizes the current state of research on COVID-19, the virus behind the global pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China. The discovery of the virus raised public health concerns due to its high transmission ability and increasing death toll. This review analyzed over 20 scientific articles using keywords like "Coronavirus Outbreak" and "COVID-19" to provide insights into the research available and recommend future studies. The results indicate that human-to-human transmission

This study describes the use of point-of-care lung ultrasound in three neonates diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lung ultrasound was performed at the time of diagnosis and every 48 hours during the first week, revealing B-lines, consolidation, and spared areas. No pneumothorax or pleural effusion was observed. The authors conclude that lung ultrasound could be valuable

The passage discusses how complications of COVID-19 may cause damage to both central and peripheral parts of the swallowing network in critically ill survivors, leading to dysphagia. The authors refer to a previous article suggesting potential ways SARS-CoV-2 may enter the nervous system and cause severe complications.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected over 2 million people globally with more than 125,000 deaths. In Croatia, there are currently 1,741 confirmed cases and 34 deaths. The fear and anxiety caused by the pandemic have led to a significant increase in the need for psychiatric support. During the pandemic, Zagreb experienced its strongest earthquake in 140

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causes the viral disease COVID-19, which has significantly disrupted normal life worldwide. The symptoms include dry cough, frequent fevers, and in severe cases, pneumonia. Older individuals and those with underlying health conditions are at higher risk of death.

A study was conducted in Japan using nasal swabs from 191 patients with cold-like symptoms to identify the causative viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. Of these, at least one virus was detected in 40 patients (21%). The most frequently identified viruses were human rhinovirus/enterovirus (5.8%), SARS-CoV-2 (4.2%), and

This observational study aimed to estimate the burden of all deaths related to COVID-19 in the United States from March to May 2020 using data from the National Center for Health Statistics. The researchers found approximately 122,300 more deaths than expected during that period, with 95,235 officially attributed to COVID-19. The number of excess all-cause deaths was 28% higher than the official tally, and many

This observational study aimed to estimate the burden of all deaths related to COVID-19 in the United States from March to May 2020 by evaluating the numbers of US deaths from any cause and deaths due to pneumonia, influenza, and COVID-19. The study found that there were approximately 122,300 more deaths than expected during that period, with 95,235 officially reported as COVID-19 deaths. The

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 6.6 million cases and 392,000 deaths worldwide as of June 2020. In Africa, there have been 152,000 cases and 4,300 deaths. The five countries with the most cases are South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, and Ghana. Africa's lower number of cases is due to inadequate health systems, limited

The COVID-19 pandemic affects children, but their symptoms are usually mild and include fever, dry cough, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fatigue, diarrhea, or vomiting. Severe respiratory issues are rare in children. Testing and imaging are of little value, and supportive care is recommended. No specific therapy or antiviral treatment is advised for healthy children. Children with compromised immune systems should be isolated.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected over 6.6 million people worldwide with over 392,000 deaths as of June 6, 2020. In Africa, there have been over 152,000 confirmed cases and 4,300 deaths as of June 2, 2020. The five countries with the most cases are South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, and Ghana. Africa

The study compares the SIR model's predictions to hospital data for COVID-19 in France during the national lockdown. Extended SEIR models were used instead, considering regional ratios of evolutionary timescales, branching fractions, and $R_0$ before and during the lockdown. The analysis shows good fit for hospital data, except for critical care arrivals, indicating improved treatment. The average $R_0$ was 3.4 before the lock

The study aimed to evaluate the proportion of COVID-19 deaths in individuals under 65 years old, the relative risk of death compared to older individuals, and the absolute risk of death in the general population. Data was collected from European countries and US states/cities with over 250 COVID-19 deaths. In European epicenters, 5-9% of deaths were in individuals under 65, while in US hotspots, it approached 30

The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 9 million confirmed cases and 400,000 deaths, has caused widespread disruption to everyday life and the global economy. Parallels can be drawn between this crisis and the imminent global climate emergency, with similarities including high momentum trends, irreversible changes, social and spatial inequality, weakening of international solidarity, and the fact that it's less costly to prevent than to cure.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in China and spread globally, has had devastating consequences and required emergency measures to reduce its impact on public health and healthcare systems. Containment strategies and increasing intensive care capacity are prioritized, but the social and psychological effects of quarantine are concerning. The optimal management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 is uncertain, and early intubation may cause harm. The use of repurposed drugs for mild cases of COVID

The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 9 million confirmed cases and 400,000 deaths, has caused widespread disruption to everyday life and the global economy. Reflecting on the crisis, there are parallels to be drawn with the imminent global climate emergency. Both crises share similarities such as high momentum trends, irreversible changes, social and spatial inequality, weakening of international solidarity, and being less costly to prevent than

The COVID-19 pandemic, with its devastating consequences, has led to emergency measures to reduce the impact on public health and healthcare systems. Containment strategies and increasing intensive care capacity are prioritized, but the social and psychological effects of quarantine are a concern. The optimal management of critically ill COVID-19 patients is uncertain, and early intubation may cause harm. The use of repurposed drugs for mild cases is controversial due to their potential toxic effects and

The passage explores the possibility that COVID-19 may not only affect the lungs but also have an impact on the brain, potentially contributing to deaths. Recent studies suggest that the virus can enter the brain and cause inflammation, leading to neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and strokes. The exact mechanism is unclear, but it's believed that the virus may travel through the olfactory nerve or the blood-brain barrier. More research is needed to understand

The passage discusses the population-level mortality rates of COVID-19 in South Korea as of March 2020. The authors used data from the World Health Organization and the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention to estimate the mortality rate and age-standardized death rate (ASDR). The mortality rate increased with age, from 0.1 deaths per 100,000 person-years among 30-39 year

A report details over 800 confirmed COVID-19 cases on three cruise ship voyages, with linked cases reported in the US. Transmission occurred between ships via crew members, affecting both passengers and crew. Ten deaths have been reported. Public health implications include the risk of rapid disease spread beyond voyages, necessitating aggressive containment measures, and recommending a global cruise travel deferral during the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has taught the world the importance of adopting preventive measures recommended by the World Health Organization to reduce the spread of the virus and save lives. These measures include hand hygiene, alcohol gel use, cough etiquette, cleaning surfaces, avoiding crowds, and social distancing. The epidemiological curve of the disease shows the devastating impact of not implementing these measures promptly, as seen in Italy, Spain, and the United States, which have sur

Costa Rica's proposal for a global pooling mechanism aims to facilitate access to intellectual property, trade secrets, regulatory data, and other proprietary information related to COVID-19 detection, prevention, control, and treatment. The proposal deserves serious consideration due to the urgent need for safe vaccines, effective therapeutics, diagnostics, and other health products. The mechanism could help address key concerns related to the pandemic, such as economic and social harm caused by prolonged public health measures.

The passage discusses the identification of a high-risk population for severe COVID-19 infection, estimated to be around 5% of the population, based on comorbid medical illness and age. This population, which includes individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, immunocompromised status, morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, and significant kidney or liver impairment, represents a significant number of people requiring intensive care unit admission and

The passage discusses the clinical presentations of coronavirus infections in children, focusing on the four common human coronaviruses and the three novel zoonotic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. While the novel coronaviruses cause severe illness and death predominantly in older adults and those with comorbidities, children with COVID-19 are more likely to be

The passage discusses the various clinical presentations of coronaviruses in children, with a focus on the four common human coronaviruses (hCoVs) and the three novel zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2). While the common hCoVs typically cause mild upper respiratory infections in children, the novel coronaviruses have been associated

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed significant strain on healthcare systems worldwide, resulting in numerous deaths. Healthcare professionals have been heavily involved in managing the crisis, increasing the risk of infection or illness themselves.

During the first month of Portugal's COVID-19 epidemic (March 16 to April 14), there was an excess of 1,255 all-cause deaths, which was 14% higher than the expected number based on historical averages. The excess mortality primarily affected individuals aged 75 and above. Forty-nine percent of these excess deaths were attributed to COVID-19, while the remaining 51% were

A global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and had spread to over 210 countries by April 2020, with over 2.4 million confirmed cases and 170,000 deaths. COVID-19 causes severe pneumonia with symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Similar coronaviruses, such

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV has spread to over 210 countries with over 2.4 million confirmed cases and 170,000 deaths as of April 2020. COVID-19 is characterized by fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it can cause extrapulmonary manifest

The passage analyzes the age and sex distribution of COVID-19 deaths in Austria, finding an exponential relationship between age and the proportion of deaths. The risk of death from COVID-19 increases with age, similar to the general age-specific mortality rate. The study compares the age-specific mortality rate in Austria to the infection fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 by Ferguson et al. (2020), indicating a substantial

The passage analyzes the age and sex distribution of COVID-19 deaths in Austria, finding an exponential relationship between age and the proportion of deaths. The risk of death from COVID-19 increases with age, similar to the general age-specific mortality rate. The study compares the age-specific mortality rate in Austria to the infection fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 by Ferguson et al., revealing substantial risk, particularly for older age groups

A descriptive study was conducted in Nembro, Italy, to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on all-cause mortality. Between January 2012 and April 2020, monthly all-cause mortality rates fluctuated around 10 per 1000 person-years, but reached a peak of 154.4 per 1000 person-years in March 2020.

A descriptive study was conducted in Nembro, Italy, to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on all-cause mortality. Between January 2012 and February 2020, monthly mortality rates were around 10 per 1000 person-years. However, in March 2020, the rate peaked at 154.4 per 1000 person-years, driven mainly

The passage discusses the global threat of COVID-19, which had infected over 6.9 million people and caused over 400,000 deaths as of June 8, 2020. The first case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and it has since spread to over 200 countries. With no approved cure, there are concerns about the disease's origin, first-line therapies,

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted international travel and caused significant death and disability, leading to economic changes that have forced universities to adapt and shift to digital modalities for business continuity.

This study analyzed the clinical characteristics and causes of death in 159 Chinese COVID-19 patients. The median age was 71 years, and males were more likely to die than females. Hypertension was the most common coexisting disorder, and respiratory failure was the leading cause of death. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms. One asymptomatic patient died. Heart disease was a significant risk factor for death in older patients. ACE2 and TMP

During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales, there were 47,243 excess deaths, with 9,948 of these not related to COVID-19. Excess mortality rates varied from 49 to 102 per 100,000, with London having the highest rate. Non-COVID-19 associated excess mortality ranged from a decrease in Wales to an increase of

The passage summarizes a study estimating the total mortality impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic in England and Wales by sex and age group using a Bayesian model ensemble. The study found that in the week of the national lockdown (21st March), there was a high probability of more deaths than expected in individuals aged 45 and above. Over the entire period from mid-February to 8th May 2020, there were an estimated 4

The passage provides predictions of excess demand for hospital beds, ICU beds, and ventilators, as well as estimated deaths due to COVID-19 in the United States over the next 4 months, assuming social distancing measures are maintained. The findings indicate a substantial gap between available resources and peak demand, with estimates of 64,175 (95% UI 7,977 to 251,059) total beds, 17

A meta-analysis was conducted to identify laboratory findings predicting a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Diabetes is a significant comorbidity associated with a poor clinical outcome and high mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. The study aimed to determine which laboratory parameters distinguish patients with COVID-19 and diabetes who recovered from those who experienced complications or died.

A survey of US neurologists during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that 87% had access to PPE but 45% were asked to reuse it due to shortages. The pandemic led to a shift towards teleneurology, but some neurologists faced challenges in transitioning. Wide variations existed in testing and guidance for exposed, sick, or vulnerable healthcare workers. While 59% of respondents felt their practices were doing what they could,

A retrospective study was conducted to estimate excess mortality due to COVID-19 in Ohio from March 15, 2020 to May 23, 2020. Using data from 2010 to 2019, 1,485 (95% CI 680-2,345) excess all-cause deaths were estimated. When limiting analysis to natural causes, the number increased

The passage describes a study aiming to analyze trends of excess mortality in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic and develop an online tool to report the most up-to-date data. The researchers used data from the Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland, and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency to calculate excess mortality, defined as the difference between observed mortality and the average of mortality from the previous five years. There were a total of 56,9

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection affects over 8.6 million people worldwide with over 450,000 deaths. A significant feature of COVID-19 is a pro-thrombotic coagulopathy, which is associated with a poor prognosis. The use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention is recommended.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a lack of clear guidelines on handling deceased individuals infected with the virus. The legislation on communicable diseases and actions on the dead did not provide sufficient information on post-mortem procedures. Autopsies were suspended, but transportation and storage remained a problem. The Department of Pathology issued a formal procedure on March 21, 2020, but more comprehensive guidelines are needed. Data on post-mortem procedures

The passage discusses a study using regression analysis on data from 50 countries to identify variables predicting Covid-19 infections and deaths. The number of deaths can be accurately predicted from the number of infections, regardless of a country's characteristics. Epidemiological measures, such as travel restrictions, were more effective than hospital resources. Inbound tourism, electricity consumption, and air pollution were the best predictors of infections and deaths. Contrarily, hospital bed

The passage discusses the background, methods, results, and conclusion of a study on the years of life lost due to COVID-19 and ischemic heart diseases in the US from March through May 2020 and the predicted trend through August 2020. COVID-19 caused more deaths but fewer years of life lost than ischemic heart diseases during the period, but COVID-19 may surpass ischemic heart diseases as the leading cause of both

During the Covid-19 pandemic, there have been concerns about an increase in non-Covid-19 deaths due to disrupted healthcare services. The study examined mortality rates in England & Wales, Scotland, the Netherlands, and New York State. An increase in observed deaths compared to expected was found in all areas, with a significant proportion not attributed to Covid-19. In Scotland and England & Wales, 43% and 49% of excess deaths were not

This study provides forecasts for hospital demand and deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA and European Economic Area (EEA). Using data on confirmed COVID-19 deaths, hospital capacity, and utilization, the researchers developed a model to estimate the trajectory of cumulative and daily death rates based on social distancing measures. In the USA, excess demand for hospital beds, ICUs, and ventilators at the epidemic peak is predicted to be 9,0

The letter analyzes healthcare worker deaths in Italy during the COVID-19 crisis, categorized by specialty. It highlights potential contributing factors to the high number of fatalities among healthcare personnel, emphasizing the need for further discussion as the situation evolves.

In the coming weeks, initial results from late-stage studies on Gilead Sciences' antiviral remdesivir, developed for Ebola, will be released to determine its effectiveness against COVID-19. However, experts caution that the data may not provide a clear answer due to testing on severe cases and antivirals' limited success against coronaviruses. Some industry observers hope for sufficient success to secure FDA approval.

The passage discusses how age structures and coresidence patterns affect the vulnerability of countries' populations to COVID-19 outbreaks, based on census data from 81 countries. European and North American countries with aging populations increase their overall vulnerability to COVID-19 deaths. In Africa and parts of Asia, coresidence of elderly persons increases vulnerability to deaths caused by within-household transmission. Southern European countries, with aged populations and high intergenerational coresidence,

The passage discusses how age structures and coresidence patterns affect the vulnerability of different countries' populations to COVID-19 outbreaks. European and North American countries with aging populations have a higher risk of COVID-19 deaths in general. In Africa and parts of Asia, coresidence of elderly persons increases the risk of deaths due to within-household transmission. Southern European countries, with aged populations and high intergenerational coresidence, are the most vulnerable to COVID-1

The passage discusses how age structures and co-residence patterns affect the vulnerability of countries' populations to Covid-19 outbreaks, based on census data from 81 countries. European and North American countries with aging populations increase their overall vulnerability to Covid-related deaths. In Africa and parts of Asia, co-residence of elderly persons increases vulnerability to deaths caused by within-household transmission. Southern European countries with aged populations and high intergenerational co-residence

The passage discusses an analysis of hospital COVID-19 deaths in England up to April 25, 2020. Daily death counts, promoted as a key metric for assessing the pandemic's progress, have limitations due to reporting delays. The researchers found that focusing on daily counts can overestimate the maximum number of deaths and obscure the pattern of decline. By analyzing trends in death counts with different reporting delays, they suggest that England may have reached a

A study analyzed Peruvian death data from 2018 to 2020 during the first 100 days of quarantine to estimate excess deaths caused by COVID-19. The daily death rate decreased during quarantine days without COVID-19 cases, but the excess deaths were 36,230, which is 1.12 times the estimate from 2019 and 4.2 times the COVID-19 deaths

This study examines the relationship between COVID-19 death rates and the use of antimalarial drugs, specifically chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, as treatments. The analysis compares death rate dynamics in countries using these drugs versus those not using them during the initial stages of the pandemic. The results suggest that countries using antimalarial drugs experienced much slower death rate increases than those not using them during the first 13 days. However, the study

A survey was conducted among 158 aesthetic centers in Greece during the fourth week of the COVID-19 pandemic's occurrence. The study aimed to assess the social and economic impact of the pandemic and the government's decision to suspend business operations. The results showed a significant reduction in monthly income during the first month of suspension and explored psychological and financial challenges faced by business owners. No similar studies on the impact of a viral pandemic on aesthetic centers were found in literature. The suspension

A survey was conducted among 105 aesthetic centers in Greece during the fourth week of the COVID-19 pandemic's occurrence. The study aimed to assess the social and economic impact of the pandemic and the government's decision to suspend business operations. The results showed a significant reduction in monthly income during the first month of suspension and explored psychological and financial challenges faced by business owners. No similar studies on aesthetic centers during a viral pandemic were found. The suspension of operations led to serious

The study aimed to evaluate the mortality increase during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy using data from 4433 municipalities. The results showed an abrupt increase in overall mortality starting from March 1st, 2020. In the studied municipalities, there were 77,339 observed deaths compared to the expected 50,822.6, resulting in a rate ratio of 1.11 for those under 6

The study aimed to evaluate the mortality increase during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy using data from 4433 municipalities. The results showed an abrupt increase in overall mortality starting from March 1st, 2020, with 77,339 observed deaths compared to the expected 50,822.6. The excess mortality was greater in older age groups and in regions most affected by COVID-19. The total

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil is experiencing large under-reporting of infected individuals and deaths due to limited mass testing and asymptomatic cases. An adapted SIR model is proposed to account for under-reporting and population response to public policies. Uncertainty in data can lead to misleading predictions. This paper explores the impact of uncertainty on predictions, demonstrating an anticipation of infection peaks when under-reporting infected individuals, an increase in mortality rates when under

The passage discusses the underreporting of COVID-19 deaths in Minas Gerais, Brazil's second most populous state. The low capacity for testing in the population prevents a clear understanding of the spread of Sars-Cov-2. An analysis of different government databases revealed a significant discrepancy in reported COVID-19 deaths and an unexpected increase in SARS deaths, pneumonia, and respiratory insufficiency. These findings suggest an under

The passage discusses the impact of population-wide mask-wearing on the spread of Covid-19, particularly in reducing the number of critically-ill patients and cumulative mortality. The study uses a simplified SIR model to investigate the effects of mask use with 8 or 16% efficacy. The benefits on critical-care and mortality rates are minor when transmissibility is high but dramatic as the effective R approaches 1, after aggressive social-

The passage discusses a study proposing the use of Non-Adherence Tree Analysis (NATA) to improve medication adherence. NATA combines Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Monte Carlo simulation techniques to identify factors causing non-adherence before or during treatment. These factors are translated into a Non-Adherence Tree (NAT), coded into GoldSim software, and simulated to predict behavior. The results reveal that therapy-related factors, such

The passage discusses the challenge of forecasting the global impact of COVID-19 based on the number of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries. Forecasting relies on historical data but is uncertain due to various factors such as data reliability, vested interests, and psychological factors. The paper proposes an objective approach to predicting the continuation of COVID-19 using historical patterns, assuming reliable data. The forecast suggests a continuing increase in confirmed cases with uncertainty. Underest

A systematic review of 12 studies on COVID-19 symptoms and modes of death was conducted to provide information for palliative care professionals. The most common symptoms in hospitalized patients are cough, breathlessness, fatigue, and myalgia. Dyspnea is the most significant symptom in the dying. The mode of death is predominantly through respiratory or heart failure. More data is needed on symptom burden and modes of death to inform end-of-life

A systematic review of 12 studies on symptoms and modes of death in COVID-19 patients was conducted to provide information for palliative care professionals. Cough, breathlessness, fatigue, and myalgia are common symptoms in hospitalized patients, while dyspnea is the most significant symptom in the dying. The mode of death is predominantly through respiratory or heart failure. More data is needed on symptom burden and modes of death to inform end-of-

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has infected over 142,000 people and caused 5,000 deaths, spreading across more than 130 countries. Elderly individuals, especially those with comorbidities, are more susceptible to severe COVID-19, with a death rate up to 10-12%. Two possible reasons for this increased susceptibility are: i) increased

A systematic review was conducted to assess the arrhythmogenic effects of short-term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. The search resulted in 41 studies with data from 1515 patients, revealing that approximately 10% of COVID-19 patients developed QT prolongation. Two cases of ventricular arrhythmia were identified in a group of 28 patients treated with high

The study explores the factors associated with excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Using data from the Italian Institute of Statistics, the researchers calculated the Non-COVID19-Imputed Excess Mortality (NCIEM) and found a direct correlation between NCIEM and COVID-19 mortality and total cases, as well as an inverse correlation with the cases/total tests ratio, proportion of institutionalized elderly, prevalence of diabetes, cardiov

The study explores the factors associated with excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, finding a direct correlation between Non-COVID-19 Imputed Excess Mortality (NCIEM) and COVID-19 mortality and total cases. An inverse correlation was found between NCIEM and the cases/total tests ratio, proportion of institutionalized elderly, prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular mortality, and density of general practitioners. The results suggest

A study using a computational model explored the impact of age separation during partial lock down releases in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest that reducing interactions between age groups protects the general population and significantly reduces mortality rates by 66%. While complete isolation may be the most protective scenario for the elderly, it could have negative emotional and cognitive effects. Instead, age-related social recommendations or restrictions are proposed to maintain social connections while ensuring strong protection for older populations.


Question: what drugs have been active against SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animal studies?

A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China, has led to a zoonotic pandemic due to its high contagion rate. The absence of a vaccine has prompted the search for antiviral drugs to inhibit the virus's replication. Remdesivir, an adenosine analogue, shows promise due to its ability to block infection and replication in vitro and in animals. While studies with SAR

A panel of 48 FDA-approved drugs were screened for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, resulting in the identification of 24 drugs with effective IC50 values. Notable drugs included niclosamide and ciclesonide, which will be tested in animal models for antiviral activities. These FDA-approved drugs could be further developed as therapeutic options for COVID-19 following clinical trials.

The COVID-19 pandemic lacks specific treatments or preventatives, leading to the consideration of repurposing antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2. These drugs have anti-inflammatory properties and have been used to treat rheumatic diseases. While they exhibit antiviral activity in lab settings, their effectiveness in vivo is uncertain. Animal studies with other viruses suggest a potential

The COVID-19 pandemic lacks specific treatments or preventatives, leading to the consideration of repurposing antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2. These drugs have anti-inflammatory properties and have been used to treat rheumatic diseases. While they exhibit antiviral activity in cell cultures, their effectiveness in vivo is uncertain. Animal studies with other viruses suggest a potential

A study aimed to model and validate the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the newly emerged coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and test the effectiveness of five FDA-approved anti-polymerase drugs against it: Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir. The results showed that these drugs tightly bind to the SARS

A study aimed to model and validate the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 virus and test the effectiveness of five FDA-approved anti-polymerase drugs: Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir. The results showed that these drugs tightly bind to the SARS-CoV-2

In this study, the antiviral efficacies of lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed in ferrets. While these drugs marginally improved clinical symptoms, they did not significantly reduce in vivo virus titers. Only emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment led to lower virus tit

The passage discusses the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the Coronaviridiae family and has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. Due to its similarity to SARS and MERS viruses, antiviral drugs used for those diseases are being used for COVID-19 treatment. Researchers are

The passage discusses the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the Coronaviridiae family and has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. Due to its similarity to SARS and MERS viruses, antiviral drugs used for those diseases are being used for COVID-19 treatment. Research for drugs

A systematic review is being conducted to examine the antiviral activity and potential mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19. The review will include studies from in-vitro, animal, and human research. A search of five databases will be conducted with no restrictions on publication date or language

The passage discusses a study where the authors screened sixteen FDA approved drugs for their potential to inhibit the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using in silico docking studies. The PLpro was modeled based on the SARS-coronavirus PLpro structure, and the drugs were docked into the S3/S4 pockets of the enzyme's active site. Chloroquine and

A study used PBPK modeling to determine optimal doses of nitazoxanide for maintaining plasma and lung tizoxanide concentrations above the reported EC90 against SARS-CoV-2. The model was validated against clinical data and predicted optimal doses of 1200 mg QID, 1600 mg TID, 2900 mg BID in the fasted state, and 700 mg QID

The passage discusses the potential antiviral activity of the HCV drugs daclatasvir and sofosbuvir against SARS-CoV-2. Both drugs have a satisfactory safety profile and target different viral enzymes in the HCV replicative cycle. Daclatasvir inhibits the production of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles in various cell lines and prevents the induction of inflammatory mediators associated with

The passage discusses the potential use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, anti-malarial drugs, in treating COVID-19, the disease caused by Sars-Cov-2 infection. While some improvement in COVID-19 patients has been observed, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is yet to be proven through randomized controlled studies. The mechanisms of action of these drugs as anti-viral, anti-inflammatory

A systematic review was conducted to describe the use of drug repositioning as a strategy against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. The search was performed on March 23, 2020, using four databases and 12 relevant studies were identified. Among the 57 drugs reported in these studies, 57 showed some antiviral activity. Antivirals, antitumor, antimalarial,

A systematic review was conducted to describe the use of drug repositioning as a strategy against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. The search was performed on March 23, 2020, using four databases and resulted in 12 relevant studies. Among the 57 drugs reported in these studies, 57 showed some antiviral activity. Antivirals, antitumor, antimalarial,

The passage discusses the urgent need for new drug strategies against SARS-CoV-2, proposing RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) as a potential therapeutic target. Evolutionary studies show high similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS viruses, making RdRp active sites ASP760 and ASP761 attractive targets for antiviral drugs. The antiv

A global pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a significant challenge in medicine. While efforts are being made to develop effective therapies, this editorial paper explores the correlation between herpesviruses and coronaviruses and the potential use of natural anti-herpesvirus alkaloids as treatment options for SARS-CoV-2. The paper highlights the

A meta-analysis was conducted to identify potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment through host transcriptome-guided drug repurposing. Upregulated pro-viral factors in SARS-CoV-2 early infection models were identified, and 27 drugs that could reverse their expression were found using DrugBank and Connectivity Map. Twelve of these drugs had previously reported anti-viral activity, and six PTGS2 inhibitor drugs were suggested for direct PTGS

The passage discusses the urgent need for antivirals or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, as of April 2020, when there were over 2.7 million recorded cases and over 189,000 recorded deaths. The authors suggest drug repurposing as a quick way to test potential antivirals, as FDA-approved drugs have known safety profiles. They present data

A study was conducted to identify potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2's main protease (Mpro) from the natural constituents of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), which is widely used in traditional medicine. Forty natural chemical constituents were evaluated using a computational approach, and four of them - Withanoside II, Withanoside IV, Withanoside V, and Sitoindoside IX - showed the highest

A study identified hepatitis C antivirals as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, which could be repurposed as treatments for COVID-19. The researchers screened over 6,000 drugs and found 50 compounds with activity against the protease, eight of which were dose responsive and had IC50 values of 50 μM or less. Notably, several hepatitis C

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is the third human coronavirus to cause severe respiratory diseases, following SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The rapid spread and high fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 necessitate the discovery of effective antivirals. Since SARS-CoV-2 shares significant sequence identity with SARS-CoV, several anti-SARS

The passage discusses the use of computational strategies, including pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, MM_GBSA study, and ADME property analysis, to investigate the interactions of Chloroquine and its derivative Hydroxychloroquine with SARS-CoV-2. The study identifies a new compound, CQD15, which shows better interactions with SARS-CoV-2 than Chloroquine and

The passage discusses the use of computational strategies, including pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, MM_GBSA study, and ADME property analysis, to investigate the interactions of Chloroquine and its derivative Hydroxychloroquine with SARS-CoV-2. The study found that a derivative molecule, CQD15, showed better interactions for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 than Chloroqu

The passage discusses the global medical emergency of COVID-19 and the need for effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The study used hierarchically weighted principal component analysis to identify the interaction between the physicochemical properties and antiviral activity of different potential and clinically approved antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV. Representative drugs from various classes were examined, and their pharmacologic classification and biological activity were described

The passage discusses the global health issue caused by coronaviruses, which have resulted in severe respiratory diseases and deaths. Three lethal coronaviruses have emerged in the past two decades: SARS-CoV in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. The current SARS-CoV-2 infection is more serious than SAR

SARS is a deadly infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV, which infected over 8,000 people and killed more than 900 during the 2003 outbreak. The absence of effective treatment protocols led to high mortality rates. To prepare for possible reappearance of SARS, current strategies for antiviral drug discovery against SARS-CoV are discussed, including compounds targeting the S protein-ACE2

Machine learning models were used to identify potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 based on in vitro activity data. Bayesian machine learning model predicted CPI1062 and CPI1155 as having antiviral activity against the virus in HeLa-ACE2 cell-based assays. This approach can be used to prioritize additional FDA approved compounds for in vitro testing and virtually screen available molecules for predicted activity against SARS-

The passage discusses the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its major compound, baicalein. The ethanol extract of S. baicalensis inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro activity and viral replication in Vero cells with an EC50 of 0.74 μg/ml. Baicalein strongly inhibits 3CLpro activity with

The passage discusses a study assessing the antiviral efficacy of lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. While all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups had lower clinical scores than the control group, only emtricitabine-tenofovir showed lower virus tit

This study uses machine learning algorithms and a dataset of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors to predict potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs for treating COVID-19 based on ligand information. The identified drugs include remdesivir, baloxavir marboxil, beclabuvir, paritaprevir, faldaprevir, lupeol, lifitegrast, antrafen

The passage discusses the ongoing global effort to discover effective treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with no proven therapeutics or vaccines available yet. The author suggests that repurposing existing antiviral drugs could be an effective strategy to speed up the discovery process and potentially reveal new druggable targets. The review covers potential druggable targets for developing anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents and updates on the

The passage discusses the ongoing global effort to find effective treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with no proven solutions yet. Repurposing existing antiviral drugs is suggested as a strategy to expedite the discovery process and potentially reveal new druggable targets. The review covers potential druggable targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents and updates on the progress of therapeutics and vaccines in precl

A growing body of evidence indicates that certain psychoactive substances may protect against SARS-CoV-2. Patients with psychiatric disorders have a lower rate of COVID-19 than their caregivers, despite common risk factors. This protective effect may be explained by the fact that several psychotropic drugs have antiviral properties against coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. These medications, which are frequently prescribed in psychiatric settings,

A scoping review was conducted to identify in silico evidence supporting the potential activity of Cefuroxime against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Six studies were found, reporting Cefuroxime as a potential inhibitor of three key SARS-CoV-2 proteins: main protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, and ACE2-Spike complex. The review suggests that Cefuro

A study used molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to explain why the HIV-1 protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir are effective against the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, the protein targeted by the newly emerged coronavirus COVID-19. Both drugs bind well to the active site of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, with ritonavir having slightly more atomic contacts, higher binding efficiency, and

This review discusses the use of monoclonal chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) as an alternative to mammalian antibodies for the diagnosis and immunotherapy against SARS CoV-2. IgY antibodies have greater binding affinity, are easier to extract, and have lower production costs than mammalian antibodies. They have previously been effective against respiratory bacterial and viral infections. The use of ph

A data-driven drug repositioning framework using machine learning and statistical analysis identified PARP1 inhibitor CVL218 as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19. Retrospective study and in silico screening showed CVL218's effectiveness against coronaviruses and inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. In vitro assays revealed its anti-inflammatory effect and lack of cytopathic effect or toxic

A selective literature search was conducted in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov to assess ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment. Several substances, including remdesivir, chloroquine, and nitazoxanide, have shown high in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Treatment approaches include preventing the virus from docking to the ACE2 receptor and inhibiting transmembrane protease serine 2.

A study was conducted to discover inhibitors for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 using in-house chemicals and a chemical-informatics approach. The approach included QSAR-based data mining of SARS-CoV papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitors, virtual screening to identify potential in-house molecules, and validation of hits through molecular docking analysis. This method could aid in the process of COVID-19

A study was conducted to discover inhibitors for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 using in-house chemicals and various ligand-based drug design strategies. The approach included QSAR-based data mining of SARS-CoV papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitors, virtual screening to identify potential in-house molecules against the putative SARS-CoV-2 PLpro target, and validation of hits through re

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cause of COVID-19, is a new human coronavirus with higher transmissibility and infectivity than SARS and MERS. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia leading to ARDS, resulting in over 135,000 deaths and a significant burden on healthcare systems. With no vaccine available, clinical trials are underway for repurposed drugs with acceptable safety profiles or

A study used molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and pair interaction energy analyses to examine the binding of lopinavir and ritonavir to the SARS-CoV-2 3CL(pro) protein. Both drugs interacted well with the active site of the protein, with ritonavir having slightly more atomic contacts, binding efficiency, and key binding residues. Ritonavir also formed hydrogen bonds with the oxyanion hole

A study was conducted to identify natural products from Ayurveda with the potential to modulate the host immune system and block SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells by interfering with its interaction with the cellular receptor. Molecular docking was used to decipher the antiviral activity of selected natural products, and curcumin and nimbin showed the highest interaction with both the spike glycoprotein and ACE2 receptor.

An FDA-approved drug analogue, Genz-123346, and a phase III clinical trial analogue, GENZ-667161, inhibit the replication of various RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, by targeting GlucosylCeramide synthase, increasing survival rates in mice infected with some viruses, and have already undergone clinical study.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates exploring evidence-based treatment strategies, including the use of old drugs like Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) due to their known antiviral properties against coronaviruses and safety records. Their potential integration into current treatment strategies is important, as they also have an anticoagulant effect that can prevent thrombotic events. However, recent concerns over

A study screened a library of 3,000 drugs to identify new antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Few antivirals were found in initial screening in Vero cells, but 23 diverse antivirals were validated in human Huh7.5 cells. Further studies in lung epithelial Calu-3 cells revealed major differences in drug sensitivity and entry pathways used by SARS-CoV-

The passage discusses the potential use of protease inhibitors, such as camostat and nafamostat, to inhibit the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human airway epithelial cells. The study found that these protease inhibitors reduced the titers of coronavirus 229E, a related coronavirus, in primary cultures of human nasal epithel

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 lacks an approved treatment. In this study, molecular docking was used to investigate the binding affinity of FDA-approved drugs, including Oseltamivir, Rifampicin, Maraviroc, Etravirine, Indinavir, Rilpivirine, Atovaquone, Quinidine, Halofantrine, Amod

The passage discusses a study that explores the potential use of two HIV-1 protease inhibitor drugs, TMB607 and TMC310911, as repurposed drugs for the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers performed molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to understand the binding mechanism between these inhibitors and the SARS

The passage discusses the potential use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as prophylactic or treatment options for SARS-CoV-2 infection (covid-19). While some clinical trials have included these drugs, their effectiveness is unknown and there have been no rigorous pre-clinical or clinical studies conducted yet. The drugs have potential side effects, which are particularly concerning for vulnerable patient groups. The passage emphasizes the importance of

A study used computer-aided methods to identify approved drugs as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease. Viomycin, an FDA-approved anti-microbial drug, showed the highest binding energy and formed more H-bonds with the Main Protease than current clinical trial drugs Ritonavir and Lopinavir. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested deep binding and robust interaction between Viomycin and the

A study used computer-aided methods to identify approved drugs as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease. Viomycin, an FDA-approved anti-microbial drug, showed the highest binding energy and formed more H-bonds with the Main Protease than current clinical trial drugs Ritonavir and Lopinavir. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested Viomycin embedded deeply and formed robust binding with the

This study investigates the identification of neutralizing antibodies that can bind to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein and interfere with its interaction with the human ACE2 receptor, using bioinformatic methods. Sequence analysis of the S protein revealed two major differences in the RBD region, with insertions near interacting residues with the human ACE2 receptor. Epitope analysis of neutralizing antibodies from S

An AI platform was used to identify marketed drugs with potential for treating COVID-19 by analyzing compounds active against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses, as well as known 3C-like protease inhibitors. After running the AI system and testing the predicted drugs against a feline coronavirus, 80 potential drugs were identified, with 8 (bedaquiline, brequinar, celeco

An AI platform was used to identify marketed drugs with potential for treating COVID-19 by analyzing compounds active against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses, as well as known 3C-like protease inhibitors. After running the AI system and testing the predicted drugs against a feline coronavirus, 80 potential drugs were identified, with 8 of them (bedaquiline, brequinar,

A study used experimental data from inhibitors of a similar coronavirus's protease to build QSAR models for identifying potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Through virtual screening of all drugs in DrugBank, 41 approved, experimental, or investigational drugs were recommended as potential inhibitors of Mpro. Ten of these drugs with feasible prices were purchased for experimental validation.

A new enzyme-based immunodetection assay, called in-cell ELISA, has been developed to quantify the amount of de novo synthesized SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein in fixed and permeabilized cells. This method enables rapid and quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in microtiter format, regardless of the virus isolate or target cell culture. It follows the established ELIS

The passage discusses the ongoing global efforts to develop vaccines and drugs for COVID-19, with a focus on the debate over bypassing animal trials. While some researchers are using animal models for challenge studies, others have moved directly to human clinical trials due to the urgency of the pandemic. However, the absence of animal studies can make it difficult to predict outcomes in humans and understand transmission dynamics. The passage also raises ethical concerns regarding the use of animals in research and compares different animal

The passage discusses the ongoing global efforts to develop vaccines and drugs for COVID-19, with a focus on the debate over bypassing animal trials in favor of human clinical trials. While some progress has been made with repurposed drugs and viral protein vaccine candidates, the absence of animal studies raises concerns about potential outcomes in humans. The passage also explores the importance of animal models for vaccine development and the ethical considerations of using animals for research.

The passage discusses a study that identified 20 drugs with potential to be repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 by analyzing their effects on the host protein interactome and comparing the resulting gene expression profiles with those of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The drugs were selected based on their negative correlation with SARS-associated gene expression profiles and included some already being tested for COVID-19, those with proven activity against SARS-Co

Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, was effective in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques, as shown by reduced signs of respiratory disease, lower pulmonary infiltrates, lower lung viral loads, and less lung damage. Early treatment initiation is suggested to prevent progression to pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.

Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, was effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques, as shown by reduced signs of respiratory disease, lower pulmonary infiltrates, lower lung viral loads, and less lung damage. Early treatment initiation is suggested to prevent progression to pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.

The passage discusses the challenges of combating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic due to the absence of specific drugs or vaccines and the lack of knowledge about therapeutic targets. The article provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2 structure, transmission, and genotype, and outlines potential therapeutic strategies such as inhibiting the endocytic pathway and suppressing RNA polymerase activity. The review also explores drug repurposing

A study was conducted to identify drugs effective against SARS-CoV-2 through drug repurposing, focusing on the main protease as the target. An E-pharmacophore hypothesis was generated, and drugs from the superDRUG2 database were screened. The most promising compounds were further evaluated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicated Binifibrate and Bamifylline as strong binders to the enzyme active site,

Remdesivir is a promising drug for treating COVID-19 due to its broad-spectrum antiviral properties and in vitro and animal study results. However, its current IV dosing regimen may not achieve optimal clinical efficacy as plasma exposures and lung concentrations may not correlate with clinical benefits. A combination of IV and pulmonary delivery is suggested to improve antiviral therapy against COVID-19.

Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, has shown promise against COVID-19 with in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and in vivo efficacy against MERS-CoV. However, current IV dosing regimen (200 mg loading dose followed by 100 mg daily for 5-9 days) may not achieve optimal clinical efficacy due to insufficient lung exposure. Plasma exposures

A study on SARS-CoV-2 explores its genome sequence similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but the emergence of the new virus has rendered existing drugs ineffective. The research focuses on analyzing potential drug target proteins, mutations, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Structural analysis of drug target proteins provides insights into their mechanism of pathogenesis and structure-

A global health crisis is caused by COVID-19. Research is being conducted to discover effective antiviral treatments through new drug design and drug repurposing. Remdesivir, one such drug, has shown activity against SARS-CoV-2's RNA dependent RNA polymerase and has been used clinically in severe cases. However, more accessible and readily available treatments for all stages of infection are required.

A global health crisis exists with COVID-19. Research is underway to discover effective antiviral treatments through new drug design and drug repurposing. Remdesivir, one such drug, has shown activity against SARS-CoV-2's RNA dependent RNA polymerase and has been used clinically in severe cases. However, more accessible and readily available treatments for all stages of infection are required.

The WIV1 bat coronavirus uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from various animal species as an entry receptor, with human ACE2 being the most efficient. WIV1 can infect a wide range of wild animals and potentially jump to humans. The virus can be restricted by interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), but can evade this restriction through TMPRSS2 activation of membrane fusion

The passage discusses a study evaluating the inhibitory potential of thirty known or repurposed compounds against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The study used molecular modeling and docking simulations to determine the affinity of each compound with the active site of the enzyme. Remdesivir was identified as the most effective known inhibitor

A new fluorescence-based high throughput screening (HTS) assay is reported for identifying inhibitors of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a conserved viral enzyme. The availability of a highly active SARS-CoV replication/transcription complex (RTC) enabled the development of this ass

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections has led to a need for animal models to test potential treatments beyond vaccines. Current models using macaques, cats, ferrets, hamsters, and transgenic mice have been useful but do not fully recapitulate severe COVID-19 mechanisms. There is a need to develop improved animal models to evaluate drugs for severe COVID-19, specifically for its immunopathology and

This study examines the antiviral effects of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and IMD-0354 against SARS-CoV-2. These compounds were selected due to their antiviral activity against other coronaviruses and their inhibition of Dengue virus infection. Using SARS-CoV-2-infected VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, MPA and IMD-0354

This study examines the antiviral effects of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and IMD-0354 against SARS-CoV-2. These compounds were selected due to their previous antiviral activities against other coronaviruses and their inhibition of Dengue virus infection. Using SARS-CoV-2-infected VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, only MPA and IMD-03

A study was conducted to identify potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 1 (nsp1), which is absent in humans and plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of severe respiratory diseases. In silico approaches were used to determine the most stable conformation of nsp1 and find drugs with affinity to it. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on five different replicas of nsp1, and molecular docking was

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a global health concern. In the search for potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug leads, this review explores naturally sourced compounds with reported in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV from the last decade. A library of 496 phenolic metabolites was screened against the active site of SARS-CoV Main protease (M

The passage discusses the use of drug repurposing as a strategy for treating COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. The authors propose using the fragment-based approach to identify low-molecular-weight drugs that can interact with essential targets of the virus. Through screening, they identified niacin and hit 1 binding to the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro), modestly inhibiting its enzymatic activity

Researchers are exploring currently approved drugs to determine their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, with the goal of prioritizing antiviral activity for clinical trials. They are also testing drug combinations to reduce the emergence of resistant viruses. Results should be interpreted with caution due to limitations of the in vitro model, and successful antivirals will be tested in animal models and potentially used as treatments for infected patients or pre-exposure proph

This study aimed to identify potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M(pro)) using computational approaches due to the urgent need for antiviral drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four antibiotics, doxycycline, tetracycline, demeclocycline, and minocycline, were selected for molecular simulation analysis against the native ligand N3 inhibitor in the SARS-CoV-

This study aimed to identify potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) using computational approaches due to the urgent need for antiviral drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four antibiotics, including doxycycline, tetracycline, demeclocycline, and minocycline, were selected for molecular simulation analysis against the native ligand N3 inhibitor in the SARS-CoV-

The passage discusses the potential of the natural product glycyrrhizic acid (GLR), a safe and previously used drug for liver diseases and inflammation, as an alternative treatment for COVID-19. GLR has shown antiviral properties against SARS-associated coronaviruses and acts by disrupting lipid rafts on the cell membrane, preventing coronavirus entry, and trapping the high mobility group box 1 protein to block its

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 5.59 million people and claimed over 0.35 million lives worldwide. The lack of an approved vaccine or drug is a major challenge in combating the pandemic. Drug repurposing, which identifies existing drugs effective against SARS-CoV-2, can expedite the process of drug development. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is

The passage discusses the discovery of potential multi-target-directed ligands for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting its structurally conserved main protease (MPro). Phylogenetic and Sequence Similarity Network analysis revealed that MPro can be clustered into five groups based on viral hosts, with conserved backbone and binding site conformations. Screening of approximately 7100 molecules, including natural compounds

This passage discusses a molecular docking analysis study targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and twelve compounds found in common herbs. The study aimed to find effective ligands for the S protein to treat COVID-19. Compound "I" (Epigallocatechin gallate or EGCG) from green tea showed the highest binding affinity with the viral S protein, followed by compounds "F" (Curcumin

The passage discusses a study aimed at identifying potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting proteins involved in envelope formation and virion assembly. The study used molecular docking analysis and simulation studies on a collection of 548 anti-viral compounds. Rutin, doxycycline, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, simeprevir, and grazoprevir were identified as the most potent inhibitors for the

A high throughput virtual screening study used in silico techniques to identify natural compounds from the NPASS database with potential inhibitory effects on six essential enzymes of SARS-CoV-2. Three promising multi-target natural compounds were predicted to inhibit multiple major drug targets simultaneously, making them excellent lead candidates for developing therapeutic drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

A high throughput virtual screening study used in silico techniques to identify natural compounds from the NPASS database with potential inhibitory activity against six essential enzymes of SARS-CoV-2. Three promising multi-target natural compounds were predicted to inhibit multiple major drug targets simultaneously, making them excellent lead candidates for developing therapeutic drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

A global priority during the COVID-19 pandemic is discovering drugs that can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 to reduce mortality and morbidity. Repurposing approved drugs offers therapeutic alternatives with a documented safety record and infrastructure for large-scale production. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a critical target for inhibition but has a flexible active site. In this study, 4384 approved drugs

This passage discusses the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19. SARS-CoV and COVID-19 bind to ACE2 on nonimmune cells, such as respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, kidney

The passage discusses the background and methods of a study aiming to identify existing drugs as potential antiviral agents for coronaviruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2. The researchers screened approximately 250 drugs or compounds against feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus (FIPV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), and found fifteen drugs to be active against both viruses. These drugs,

The passage discusses the use of virtual screening and ADME/tox predictions to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (M(pro)), responsible for the replication of the COVID-19 virus. Structural data of M(pro) were used to identify potential inhibitors from two compound libraries. The top-ranked compounds were subjected to pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions, resulting in 10 top