Question: what are the benefits and risks of re-opening schools in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic?

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to school closures in many areas of the US, potentially doubling the amount of out-of-school time for children this year. This extended break from structured learning could worsen the epidemic of childhood obesity and increase disparities in obesity risk. The experiences from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore indicate that social distancing orders may need to be reinstated periodically to control COVID-19 flare-ups,

Researchers Marissa Renardy and Denise Kirschner from the University of Michigan Medical School aim to predict the second wave of COVID-19 infections in Washtenaw County, MI, using mathematical modeling. They apply a discrete and stochastic network-based modeling framework to track every individual in the county, construct contact networks, and simulate Michigan-specific government-mandated closures and social distancing measures. Sensitivity analyses are performed to identify key model

Unpaid family carers, who provide care to elderly, disabled, and chronically ill family members, are playing a crucial role during the COVID-19 pandemic while facing increased challenges. With reduced home care services and school closures, family carers are providing more care with minimal support. The authors of this open letter, from the CAREWELL team, call for recognition of family carers' essential role in society and argue that work restrictions during the pandemic offer opportunities for beneficial policies and

A mathematical model is proposed to help countries decide when to re-open their economies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors to consider include healthcare capacity, population size, physical distancing measures, socio-economic disparities, lockdown regulations, and testing accuracy. The model suggests observing the total number of recoveries in relation to total cases to assess the risk of re-opening. The global surge in COVID-19 cases and resulting economic devastation highlight the

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in Wuhan, China in December 2019, led to various restrictive measures including school closures and lockdowns. However, as research shows children are less likely to spread the virus and have negative consequences from school closures, there is a consideration for re-opening nursery and primary schools. This could be done safely through measures like social distancing, smaller classes, sanitization, and case identification. Policy m

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in Wuhan, China in December 2019, led to various restrictive measures including school closures and lockdowns. However, as evidence suggests children have mostly asymptomatic or mild cases and are less likely to spread the virus, the negative consequences of school closure on children's social life, education, and mental health are becoming a concern. With many countries entering a phase of lifting containment measures, safely reopening nur

This study explores the effectiveness of facemasks as a nonpharmaceutical intervention in managing the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in settings where high-technology interventions are not sustainable. Two mathematical models were used to demonstrate that public use of facemasks can significantly reduce the impact of the pandemic. The models show that when facemasks are used consistently, the effective reproduction number can be decreased below 1, leading to epidemic spread mitigation.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant challenge for dental professionals, affecting their clinical practices, hospitals, and dental schools due to the risk of cross-infection. This comparative review aims to provide essential knowledge for clinicians before triaging patients, including understanding COVID-19 case definitions and required preparedness before re-opening dental practices. The analysis was based on data from various official webpages up to May 31, 2020. The recommendations and guidance

A third of medical students at Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore preferred not to return to the clinical setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors associated with the preference to return included greater autonomous motivation, a stronger sense of professional responsibility, and a lower self-perception of risk to patients.

A third of medical students at Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore preferred not to return to the clinical setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors associated with the preference to return included greater autonomous motivation, a stronger sense of professional responsibility, and a lower self-perception of infection risk to patients.

A study using a stochastic model explores the effects of local versus global strategies for re-opening counties after the COVID-19 epidemic curve has been flattened. The local strategy, which re-opens counties based on county-specific infection prevalence, results in fewer person-days of closure but only slightly more COVID-19 cases, even with high inter-county travel. However, both cases and person-days lost to closure increase significantly when county

The University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago suspended all on-campus teaching due to COVID-19 pandemic, putting undergraduate completion of course content at risk. This article proposes effective teaching and examination strategies for undergraduates during school restrictions, using the introductory digital electronics course of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering as an example. The research aims to show that these strategies maintained student performance at pre-pandemic levels and includes student

The passage discusses how the sense of safety and invincibility Americans once had was weakened by the 9/11 attacks and further eroded by the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the importance of emotional labor and the public encounter in delivering public services during uncertain times. The author suggests integrating these subjects into public administration education, focusing on the holistic nature of public service and the importance of both emotional and interpersonal competence. Suggestions are given for introducing these

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of contracting the virus due to high transmissibility and morbidity. Personal protective equipment, specifically N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFRs), help mitigate this risk, but global supply chains cannot currently meet the demand. Effective FFR decontamination methods exist, allowing for re-use and maintaining respiratory protection for HCWs. This passage

More than one billion students are affected by school closures due to Covid-19, and the uncertainty of school plans for the upcoming year poses significant challenges for learning and education. Due to the long incubation period of Covid-19, full reopening of schools is impractical until a vaccine is available. A mathematical model was studied to evaluate optimal school opening strategies while minimizing extra Covid-19 cases. The results suggest that blended models with alternating in-

The passage discusses the impact of school closures and reopenings on the spread of COVID-19 in Europe, using Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and German states as case studies. The research finds that school closures lead to a reduction in daily hospitalizations or confirmed cases growth rate around 9 days after implementation. Limited school attendance does not significantly affect community transmission. Reopening schools in countries with low community transmission, such as Denmark and Norway, is feasible. However, in

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the closure of many indoor sports centers due to the virus's ability to spread through close contact and indirect contact with contaminated objects. As part of exit strategies, some governments are allowing a gradual re-opening, but indoor sports centers are often last in line. This technical note discusses the challenges of re-opening these facilities and suggests measures to tackle them, including a certificate of equivalence for centers implementing additional safety measures. Coll

A child and adolescent psychiatrist shares their experiences and ethical considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease, caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus, has major impacts on children and adolescents beyond physical health, including stress, quarantine, and mourning. The author discusses how their hospital team adapted to the new demands, such as opening a unit for individuals with autism and challenging behaviors affected by COVID-19. They also reflect on the discipline

During the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns over aerosolization of viral particles during laparoscopic surgery have led to debates about the safety of minimally invasive approaches. While international society guidelines advise against laparoscopy due to limited evidence, this narrative review examines the risks and benefits of minimally invasive surgery and proposes mitigation measures. The findings suggest that open surgery may not minimize staff exposure to the virus, and minimally invasive approaches offer advantages

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to debates about the safety of laparoscopic surgery due to potential viral aerosolization. International societies advise against it, but evidence is limited. A narrative review analyzed the risks and benefits of laparoscopic surgery during the pandemic and proposed mitigation measures. Findings suggest that open surgery may not minimize staff exposure, and minimally invasive approaches offer advantages if proper equipment and expertise are available.

Sweden kept schools open for children up to age 15 during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic while most other countries closed their schools, affecting 91.3% of students globally. Sweden's decision was influenced by potential impacts on healthcare workforce, mild infections among children, and negative consequences for younger children.

The passage discusses the use of an individual-based model to predict the impact of various strategies for reopening schools and relaxing lockdown measures in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study found that with increased testing, contact-tracing, and isolation of infected individuals, a secondary wave of the virus can be prevented across all reopening scenarios. Without these measures, a secondary wave is likely to occur. The findings held true even when the infectiousness of individuals under

Paramedic intubation is a controversial topic in out-of-hospital care, especially during pandemics like COVID-19. Guidelines recommend intubation for patients suspected of having COVID-19 who require airway protection or invasive ventilation. However, this has renewed the debate about the risks to providers versus the benefits of paramedic-led intubation. This commentary aims to review the evidence on paramedic intubation during the COVID

A systematic review of 47 studies on COVID-19 transmission by children found that they accounted for a small percentage of cases, had fewer social contacts with high-risk individuals, and may have lower viral loads. Children were rarely the index case in household transmission studies and seldom caused outbreaks. However, children can still transmit the virus, even if they are asymptomatic. The review concludes that children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19

A systematic review of 47 studies on COVID-19 transmission by children found that they accounted for a small percentage of cases, had fewer social contacts with older people, and may have lower viral loads. Children were rarely the index case in household transmission studies and seldom caused outbreaks. However, children can still transmit the virus, even if they are asymptomatic. The review concludes that children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic and re

During the COVID-19 pandemic, specific nutrition therapy recommendations are limited due to a lack of data. Focus should be on critical care nutrition principles adapted for COVID-19. Early EN using standard isosmolar polymeric formulas is recommended, with advancement as tolerated and monitoring for complications. Intragastric EN can be safely provided with prone-positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clinicians should consider switching to parenteral

During the COVID-19 pandemic, specific nutritional therapy recommendations are limited due to a lack of data. Principles of critical care nutrition should be applied with modifications for COVID-19. Early enteral nutrition (EN) using standard isosmolar polymeric formulas is recommended, starting at low doses and advancing as tolerated. Intragastric EN can be safely provided with prone positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clinicians

The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions have resulted in increased screen time for children and adolescents due to school closures and social distancing measures. Prolonged screen time is linked to health issues like obesity, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. These policies may need to be reinstated during future emergencies.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, school closures, lockdowns, and social distancing recommendations have led to increased screen time for children and adolescents. This trend may continue with future emergencies. Excessive screen time is linked to health risks such as obesity, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance.

This article consists of 15 autoethnographical texts from students at Beijing Normal University during the Covid-19 pandemic, collected between February 15 and April 1, 2020. The texts offer insights into students' experiences with virtual learning, university coping mechanisms, and personal feelings and reflections on the pandemic's impact on Chinese international education. The testimonies provide a snapshot of individual experiences during the pandemic but do not offer systemic solutions to global challenges

Healthcare facilities are resuming elective surgeries as COVID-19 lockdowns ease. Patients are seeking information about the safety measures in place. Facilities should provide clear, transparent information, including updates on the pandemic situation in the country and the specific control measures being taken.

In the second phase of COVID-19 lockdown easing, healthcare facilities are resuming elective surgeries to deliver necessary life-saving care. Patients are seeking transparency about the safety measures in place for surgeries. This information should be openly communicated, including updates on the pandemic situation in the country and the control measures taken by the facility.

This passage discusses a study that aimed to understand the transmission patterns of COVID-19 by examining social contact patterns among different age groups in six Chinese cities. The researchers used a computational model to analyze social contacts in households, schools, workplaces, and public places. They found that the transmission patterns in Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak, were explained by the dispersed distribution of age groups with intensive contacts in households and public places. The study also estimated the transmission

A study examines the social contact patterns among different age-groups in six Chinese cities to understand the underlying transmission patterns of COVID-19. The population was divided into seven age-groups and four settings of social contacts were considered. A contact matrix was computed for each setting and integrated with the next-generation matrix to quantitatively characterize the transmission patterns. The results showed that the social contact-based analysis could explain the disease transmission patterns and associated risks in Wuhan, and estimate the

The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges to dental education in the US, with dental schools facing issues such as protecting the health of students, faculty, and staff, ensuring the continuity and quality of education, and maintaining confidence in health and safety measures. Most schools have suspended clinical teaching and implemented social distancing in laboratories. Technology, including distance learning and manikins, offers opportunities for teaching and skills training. Schools should permanently incorporate distance learning into their curricula and provide

This study compared the relationship between testing metrics, population mortality, and testing coverage in 36 OECD countries and Taiwan. The study found that testing coverage, not population testing number, was highly correlated with population mortality and case fatality rate. A testing coverage threshold of 15-45 was identified as adequate, with insufficient testing coverage leading to exponentially increasing population mortality. The study concluded that testing coverage is a better indicator of testing adequacy and disease

A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak affected 52 people from a large school community in Santiago, Chile. A home-delivery, self-administered IgG/IgM antibody test and survey were conducted from May 4-19 to determine seroprevalence rates and explore transmission dynamics. The antibody positivity rates were 9.9% for students and 16.6% for staff. Younger age, lower grade

A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak affected 52 people from a large school community in Santiago, Chile. A home-delivery, self-administered IgG/IgM antibody test and survey were conducted from May 4-19 to determine seroprevalence rates and explore transmission dynamics. The seroprevalence was 9.9% for students and 16.6% for staff. Younger age, lower grade

The American Water Works Association (AWWA) celebrates its 139th birthday during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Water professionals are rising to the challenge by ensuring access to safe, reliable water, which is critical in halting the spread of the virus. Handwashing, a simple yet essential practice, has become a societal obsession due to its importance in personal hygiene and public health. Water utility workers and businesses are considered essential, and utilities are suspending

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare resources and staff availability are under unprecedented strain in the USA and Europe. This affects the treatment of pancreatic cancer, where standard diagnostic methods like endoscopy may be restricted and delays in treatment are not an option due to disease biology. UK clinicians with an interest in pancreatic cancer reached a consensus on management approaches to minimize patient risk and accommodate for healthcare service restrictions. Recommendations include prioritizing treatments

A mathematic modeling approach was developed to track the spread of COVID-19 in the United States and three selected states: New York, Michigan, and California. The model uses publicly available data to understand the scope and timeframe of the outbreaks, which is crucial for outbreak control, resource utilization, and returning to normal life. The approach can be applied to other regions or countries.

The passage discusses a study on the impact of extended closure of red-light areas (RLAs) on COVID-19 transmission in five major Indian cities. The model used in the study showed that extended RLA closure could prevent over 90% of cumulative cases and deaths among RLA residents in Kolkata, Pune, and Nagpur, and delay the peak of COVID-19 cases across India by 8 to 23 days. This would result in a

The CIPOMO, an Italian association of head physicians in oncology departments, conducted a nationwide survey during the COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate the impact on clinical activities and implementation of containment measures. 122 head physicians participated, and results showed prompt implementation of protective devices, triage, delayed non-urgent visits, and telemedicine to preserve cancer patient care while minimizing COVID-19 risk. International cooperation is crucial for heavily affected nations

A new agent-based model named GERDA-1 has been presented to simulate the geospatial and temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effects of various mitigation strategies. The model uses agents representing human beings with demographic information, daily schedules, and risk factors. Encounters between humans are modeled in a time-dependent, georeferenced network. GERDA-1 can predict infection dynamics under normal conditions and test the impact

The passage emphasizes the importance of proning and repositioning awake, non-intubated COVID-19 patients with respiratory compromise to improve oxygenation and reduce respiratory effort based on prior studies and anecdotal evidence from the pandemic. The suggested positions include proning and various reclined positions like right lateral decubitus, seated, and left lateral decubitus. Figure 1 shows the proning and positioning instructions developed at New

The passage emphasizes the importance of proning and repositioning awake, non-intubated COVID-19 patients with respiratory compromise to improve oxygenation and reduce respiratory effort based on prior studies and anecdotal evidence from the pandemic. The suggested positions include proning and various repositioning such as right lateral decubitus, seated, and left lateral decubitus. Figure 1 shows the proning and positioning instructions developed at New

The passage discusses the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic, starting from its origin in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The author highlights the Chinese authorities' initial dismissal of Dr. Li Wenliang's warnings about the virus and the subsequent harsh measures they took to contain the outbreak. In contrast, Western countries were slower to respond, and the pandemic soon became a global crisis. The passage also mentions the infodemic of misinformation

The passage suggests redesigning deliberative democratic exercises to maximize participation by both citizens and experts. This approach benefits citizens by allowing them to contribute to political discussions and be heard by those in authority. Experts, in turn, can bring their expertise to democratic decision-making without the risk of scapegoating or politicization. The focus on dialogue affirms that political decisions reflect value judgments rather than right or wrong answers. The advantages of this form of deliberation, similar to

The passage discusses the importance of evolutionary biology in medicine and public health, despite a wide gap between the two fields. Benefits of applying evolutionary principles to medicine include the development of technologies like population genetics and phylogenetic analysis, as well as new insights into infectious diseases, aging, and the regulation of bodily defenses. Evolutionary biology challenges the metaphor of the body as a machine and offers a new perspective on health and disease. The article

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Italian oncology departments implemented measures to ensure continuity of care for patients while minimizing the risk of infection. A national survey conducted by the Collegio Italiano dei Primari Oncologi Medici (CIPOMO) revealed that oncologists promptly adopted protective devices, triaged patients, delayed non-urgent visits, and utilized telemedicine. These actions demonstrate a proactive response to the crisis and highlight the importance

The COVID-19 pandemic has created gaps in people's lives, affecting everyone. Healthcare providers in New York City, under extreme pressure, have found ways to bridge the gap between traditional medical practices and the new demands of the epidemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic affects children, but their symptoms are usually mild and include fever, dry cough, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fatigue, diarrhea, or vomiting. Severe respiratory issues are rare in children. Testing and imaging are of little value, and supportive care is recommended. No specific therapy or antiviral treatment is advised for healthy children. Children with compromised immune systems should be isolated.

The passage discusses the global challenge of ensuring adequate medical equipment for Covid-19 patients, with a focus on regulatory agencies' responses. Regulatory bodies have adjusted their medical device directives to address the pandemic, but experts recommend collaboration between scientists, technology experts, and medical specialists to reassess risk analysis and improve global healthcare. The goal is to provide minimum acceptable performance medical devices while maintaining safety standards. The article aims to highlight technical challenges to prevent operating standards from falling below acceptable care levels due

This study aimed to measure child-care obligations for US health-care workers during school closures as a social distancing measure and assess the impact on mortality. Using data from the US Current Population Survey, they found that 28.8% of the health-care workforce needs to provide care for children aged 3-12 years, and 15.0% would still require child care during a school closure. A 15.0% decrease in the

This study aimed to measure the impact of school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic on the US health-care workforce and assess the importance of their absence due to child-care obligations in undoing the benefits of school closures in reducing the number of cases and mortality. Using data from the US Current Population Survey, the study found that 28.8% of the health-care workforce has child-care obligations for children aged 3-12 years

A systematic review of studies on school closures and social distancing practices during coronavirus outbreaks, including COVID-19, was conducted. 16 of 616 identified articles were included. School closures were quickly implemented in mainland China and Hong Kong for COVID-19, but their effectiveness is uncertain. Data from past outbreaks, such as SARS, suggest that school closures did not significantly contribute to epidemic control. Recent modelling studies predict that school

The passage discusses a framework for monitoring COVID-19 hospitalization data to help local leaders make decisions on relaxing social distancing policies and prevent overwhelming healthcare surges. Using Austin, Texas as an example, the strategy suggests a total of 135 days of sheltering, allowing schools to open in the fall, and resulting in approximately 2929 deaths by September 2021. These numbers represent 29% of the city's annual mortality rate.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant mental health risks for children and adolescents due to isolation, contact restrictions, and economic shutdown. Anxiety, lack of peer contact, and reduced opportunities for stress regulation are major concerns, as well as an increased risk for parental mental illness, domestic violence, and child maltreatment. Children and adolescents with special needs or disadvantages are particularly vulnerable. Maintaining regular and emergency child and adolescent psychiatric treatment

A study evaluated the impact of small-area lockdowns in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding a significant reduction in human mobility (equivalent to an 11.4% decrease in public transport) and a reduction in the effective reproductive number (Re) of COVID-19 by 0.86 within ten days of implementation. However, the effects were smaller than the early closures of schools and universities, which led to a 40% reduction

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in total shutdowns in many countries, leading to negative health and economic consequences. As some activities begin to reopen, there is a risk of epidemic relapses before effective vaccines or immunoprophylaxis are available. The Italian Society of Environmental Medicine hypothesized a link between high concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and the severe COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. A survey by

A study combined data from a social contact survey and a time-use survey to estimate contact matrices by age group and daily activity. Reductions in time spent were assumed to be proportional to reductions in contacts. The derived matrices were used in a dynamic-transmission model of COVID-19 to explore the effects. The largest impact on reducing the epidemic curve and delaying its peak came from closing schools, workplaces, and stopping social visits. The impact of fewer contacts in

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical research, negatively impacting the career prospects of early-career scientists due to funding restructuring, infection risks, canceled conferences, and delayed experiments. Additionally, school closures and lack of childcare support have presented challenges for researchers with young children. Despite these setbacks, the scientific community has shown flexibility and resilience, and post-pandemic growth and restructuring present opportunities.

The passage emphasizes the need for preventive measures against COVID-19 in schools, as children may be silent transmitters of the virus and are often in close contact with older individuals at higher risk. The absence of a vaccine or effective treatment makes good hygiene practices, such as hand washing, cough etiquette, disinfection of surfaces, and social distancing, the only weapons against the virus. The passage suggests that an entertainment education intervention for schoolchildren could effectively promote these prevent

The passage emphasizes the need for preventive measures against COVID-19 in schoolchildren due to their potential role as silent transmitters and their close contact with older individuals. The absence of a vaccine or effective treatment makes good hygiene practices, such as hand washing, cough etiquette, disinfection of surfaces, and social distancing, the only weapons against the virus. The author suggests that an entertainment education intervention for schoolchildren could effectively promote these preventive measures and increase confidence in

The passage discusses a study that used data from smartphones, consumer surveys, and economic statistics to evaluate the transmission risk and social benefits of closing various categories of US locations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study ranked these categories based on their balance of social benefits and transmission risk, finding that locations with larger declines in visits from February to March 2020 were those that the study indicated should be closed first.

The essay explores the ethical implications of elderly individuals, aged seventy-two and seventy-one, hiring a laid-off person to shop for their groceries during the pandemic, putting the shopper at risk of infection. The practice is analyzed in terms of treating another person as a means, coercion, exploitation, and complicity.

The essay explores the ethical implications of having a laid-off person shop for groceries for elderly individuals during the pandemic, putting the shopper at risk of infection. The concepts of treating another person as a means, coercion, exploitation, and complicity are considered in this context.

The COVID-19 pandemic occurred during economic uncertainties, deepening existing issues in the global economy. To recover, structural reform, new technology, and re-integration are crucial, supported by strong public policies and a new "global social contract."

Schools in Norway closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, with limited evidence of transmission reduction but negative consequences. Before reopening, risk assessments for paediatric risk groups were conducted, concluding that most children could attend school with few conditions. This article presents infection prevention guidelines and recommendations for paediatric risk groups in Norwegian primary schools.

A case study is presented on how medical schools adapted to conducting a Multiple-Mini Interview (MMI) during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite social distancing measures. The article outlines the methods taken to design and implement a fully remote, online MMI to ensure safety, and discusses the challenges and broader implications of selection processes during the pandemic.

A case study is presented on how medical schools adapted to conducting a Multiple-Mini Interview (MMI) during the COVID-19 pandemic, when traditional methods were not feasible due to social distancing measures. The article outlines the planning and implementation of a fully remote, online MMI to ensure safety for candidates and assessors. Challenges and broader issues related to medical school selection during the pandemic are discussed, aiming to provide guidance for other institutions facing similar challenges.

A concern has been raised about the use of laparoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the potential risk of viral transmission with the creation of pneumoperitoneum. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that viral transmission occurs during surgical treatments, whether open or laparoscopic. There is no consensus on limiting or restricting laparoscopic surgery, but expert recommendations include modifying standard practices to minimize transmission risk, such as using

A study used an agent-based model, Covasim, to assess the risks of easing physical distancing restrictions in Victoria, Australia, where community transmission is low. The model simulated transmission risks in various settings like households, schools, workplaces, and community spaces. Policy changes leading to large, unstructured gatherings posed the greatest risk, while smaller, structured gatherings with known individuals posed the least. The model showed that some policy changes could take over two months

The passage discusses the need to clarify the duties and obligations of healthcare professionals (HCPs) during communicable disease outbreaks, such as SARS and avian influenza, which pose risks to both patients and HCPs. The text highlights that current professional codes of ethics do not provide guidance on this issue. The authors argue that it is essential for organizations representing HCPs to establish clear standards of care during pandemics and for these expectations to be codified

This commentary discusses the implications of resilience science findings on children and youth in the context of disasters, using the COVID-19 pandemic as an example. Disasters pose multisystem challenges, and the pandemic highlights the significance of a systems definition of resilience. Principles of a multisystem perspective on resilience and its impact on children, families, schools, and communities during disasters are explored. Parallels are drawn between psychosocial resilience

This narrative review summarizes the limited literature on the safety of using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids during the COVID-19 pandemic in headache medicine. While there is no clear scientific data to prevent the use of NSAIDs in the general population, corticosteroids should generally be avoided during active COVID-19 infection due to potential prolonged viral shedding and lack of survival benefit, with exceptions

This narrative review summarizes the limited literature on the safety of using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids during the COVID-19 pandemic in headache medicine. While there is no clear scientific data to prevent the use of NSAIDs in the general population, corticosteroids should generally be avoided during active COVID-19 infection due to potential risks of prolonged viral shedding and lack of survival benefit,

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted on the use of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19 treatment using the BRAT framework. The study identified limited data on time to clinical improvement and fewer serious adverse events, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, with lopinavir-ritonavir compared to standard of care. However, there was no clear benefit for lopinavir-ritonavir over standard of care

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in total shutdowns and significant health and economic consequences in many countries. As some activities begin to reopen, there is concern about potential epidemic relapses before effective vaccines or immunoprophylaxis are available. The Italian Society of Environmental Medicine hypothesized a link between high concentrations of particulate matter and the severe COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. A survey by the Harvard School of Public Health also suggested an association between increases

A cross-sectional study conducted in April 2020 among 728 Chinese adults found that the COVID-19 pandemic led to a mild but significant increase in stressful impact, as indicated by a mean IES score of 21.5, with 25.5% of participants scoring above the threshold for stress. Females and married individuals had higher mean IES scores. The intrusion and avoidance scores were 9.4 and 12

The article discusses the cultural impacts of COVID-19, focusing on how the pandemic has influenced cultural studies scholarship and shifted patterns of consumption, production, and work for cultural workers. The piece raises questions about the future of culture during and beyond the current state of emergency.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a collaboration between the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS) and the University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center (UMMMC) to graduate medical students early and deploy them to UMMMC to address workforce shortages. UMMS accelerated the graduation of fourth-year students two months ahead of schedule, ensuring they met graduation requirements. The commencement and awards ceremony were held virtually. New graduates received a special 90-day

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is uncertainty regarding the virus's origin, structure, testing, immunity, mask effectiveness, susceptibility, and death rate. Simultaneously, nursing journals have seen an epidemic of manuscripts on COVID-19, but the rejection rate is high.

The Association of American Medical Colleges recommended the suspension of patient contact responsibilities for medical students due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving students unsure of how to help. At Harvard Medical School, student leaders formed a COVID-19 Medical Student Response Team to optimize student mobilization and serve as a liaison between students, administration, and hospital leaders. Within a week, over 500 volunteers joined, and students could choose from four virtual committees. The

The passage discusses the global challenge of ensuring adequate medical equipment for Covid-19 patients, with a focus on regulatory agencies' responses. Regulatory bodies have adapted their medical device directives to address the pandemic, but each has done so differently. Experts recommend collaboration between scientists, technology experts, and medical specialists to reassess risk analyses and improve global healthcare. The goal is to provide acceptable medical device performances for Covid-19 patients while maintaining safety standards. Key terms include Covid-

The passage discusses the hypothesis that certain drugs, including ibuprofen and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, could worsen COVID-19 by increasing the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which the coronavirus uses to enter cells. This theory led to concerns about the safety of using these drugs during the pandemic. However, the article summarizes that the evidence for

A 53-year-old male with a 7-day history of cough, fever, myalgias, and hypoxia due to COVID-19 is presented. His vital signs include fever, tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, and low oxygen saturation. Chest x-ray reveals multifocal infiltrates. The patient is hypoxic but responds to oxygen supplementation. The question is whether there are any

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted using the BRAT framework to evaluate the use of lopinavir-ritonavir in severe COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. Seven papers were included in the assessment. Time to clinical improvement was not significantly different for lopinavir-ritonavir, but there were fewer cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome and serious adverse events with lopinavir-

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted using the BRAT framework to evaluate the use of lopinavir-ritonavir in severe COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. Seven papers were included in the assessment. There was no significant difference in time to clinical improvement between lopinavir-ritonavir and standard of care. One study reported fewer cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome with lopinavir

The passage advocates for collaboration among educators, policymakers, and community members to safely reopen schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the need to disrupt pre-COVID expectations and adopt creative solutions, such as flexible scheduling, remote learning, and health and safety protocols. The author encourages an open-minded approach to innovation and stresses the importance of prioritizing student and teacher safety while ensuring educational continuity.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus, has posed numerous ethical questions for a child and adolescent psychiatrist. The author describes how their hospital team adapted to meet new demands, including opening a unit for individuals with autism and challenging behaviors affected by the pandemic. The article also explores how the discipline has sought to promote well-being during quarantine. The author concludes with speculative reflections on the upcoming process of re-op

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in physical distancing measures that keep people at home, bringing both benefits and challenges. The impact varies based on age, health, family support, and socio-economic background. In high-income countries like Australia, the elderly were initially at the greatest risk, but protective measures have affected children and families, potentially causing long-term ramifications.

A cross-sectional study conducted in April 2020 among 728 Chinese participants found that the COVID-19 pandemic led to a mild but significant increase in stressful impact, as indicated by a mean IES score of 21.5, with 25.5% scoring above the threshold for moderate to severe stress. Females and married individuals had higher mean IES scores. Intrusion and avoidance scores were also elevated, with means of


Question: do individuals who recover from COVID-19 show sufficient immune response, including antibody levels and T-cell mediated immunity, to prevent re-infection?

This study analyzed the immune responses of COVID-19 patients who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both humoral (antibody) and cellular (T cells) immunity were detected in newly discharged patients. However, follow-up patients showed high levels of IgG antibodies but low levels of virus-specific T cells, suggesting they may be in a quiescent state. The findings provide a basis for further research on protective imm

The passage discusses the potential threats posed by emerging respiratory coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which can cause severe pneumonia in humans with high morbidity and mortality. While a strong neutralizing antibody response against the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV can protect against infection, there are currently no approved preventive or therapeutic agents available. The acute phase of S

The passage discusses the background of COVID-19 and its potential impact on multiple sclerosis treatments. The objective is to understand the biology of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and how it affects the use of disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis. Monocytes/macrophages and CD8 T cells play a role in eliminating the virus, but viral escape and infection of leucocytes can lead to lym

The passage discusses the background of COVID-19 and its potential impact on multiple sclerosis treatments. The objective is to understand the biology of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and how it affects the use of disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis. Monocyte/macrophages and CD8 T cells play a role in eliminating the virus, but viral escape and infection of leucocytes can lead to lym

This study examines humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell (cTFH) immunity against the spike glycoprotein (S) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in recovered patients with COVID-19. The findings indicate that S-specific antibodies, memory B cells, and cTFH are consistently elicited after infection, demonstrating robust humoral immunity

A study conducted on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection showed that memory CD8 T cells, which are a type of immune cell, persisted for up to 6 years after infection and provided protection against lethal infection even when memory CD4 T and B cells were absent. The researchers demonstrated that memory CD8 T cells specific for certain epitopes (S436 or S525) protected m

The study investigated the role of preexisting T-cell responses in protecting against seasonal and pandemic influenza using data from the Flu Watch Cohort Study between 2006 and 2010. T-cell responses to the influenza A(H3N2) virus nucleoprotein (NP) dominated and strongly cross-reacted with A(H1N1)pdm09 NP in participants without antibodies to A(

Seven families with nine index patients and eight contacts who had discrepant serology results were investigated for humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. All index patients recovered from mild COVID-19, developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and a significant T cell response. Six of eight contacts reported COVID-19 symptoms but were SARS-CoV-2 seronegative, yet developed a SAR

The passage discusses a study on immune responses to Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in pigs, focusing on systemic and mucosal responses and protection against re-infection. Findings include the persistence of PEDV RNA in the intestine after shedding stops and protection against virus shedding in previously exposed pigs. The study also identified an increase in PEDV-specific IgA and Ig

The study demonstrates that both intranasal and parenteral administration of killed pneumococci can generate IL-17A-producing CD4+(T(RM)) cells in the nasal mucosa of mice. These cells provide long-term, neutrophil-dependent protection against pneumococcal nasal challenge, indicating their critical role in prevention of pneumococcal colonization. This finding challenges the prevailing belief that muc

This study analyzed the persistence of SARS-CoV memory T cells in individuals recovered from the infection four years prior. Using various assays, low levels of memory T cell responses to SARS-CoV peptides were detected, with IFN-γ being the predominant cytokine produced. Memory CD8+ T cells primarily produced IFN-γ, while memory CD4+ T cells produced IFN-γ, IL-2, or TNF-

The passage discusses the interaction between COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and the immune system, leading to diverse clinical manifestations. Adaptive immune responses, including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, are crucial for virus clearance but can also contribute to disease progression through excessive inflammation caused by macrophages and their production of IL-6. Macrophage Activation Syndrome may explain high CRP levels. M

The passage discusses the interaction between COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and the immune system, leading to diverse clinical manifestations. Adaptive immune responses, including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, are crucial for virus clearance, but innate immune cells like macrophages may contribute to disease progression by producing excessive inflammation, such as IL-6 and Macrophage Activation Syndrome. Adaptive immune

The passage discusses a study on the role of VCAM-1/α4β1 integrin interaction in preventing toxoplasmic encephalitis during the reactivation of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. The researchers found that in mice with chronic infection, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were present on cerebral vessels. When immune T cells from infected wild-type mice were transferred into infected SCID or nude m

The passage suggests that acute lung injury in influenza virus infections may be caused by excessive host response, specifically a hyperactive immune reaction from T cells. During the H1N1 2009 pandemic, the use of corticosteroids as immune-modulators was found to improve outcomes in severe pneumonia patients. The authors propose a hypothesis that inducers of the cell-mediated immune response, produced by the innate immune system, can lead to ac

Memory CD8 T cells, which can protect against re-infection by some respiratory viruses, have an unclear role in protecting against RSV infection. In a study using a prime-boost immunization approach, pre-existing CD8 T cell memory to RSV led to exacerbated weight loss, pulmonary disease, and lethal immunopathology in mice. This was not epitope-dependent and occurred despite lower viral titers.

The passage discusses the continued health issue of influenza in older adults despite vaccination programs. It focuses on the decline in immune response to influenza vaccination in older adults, specifically the T cell response, and how this decline is influenced by increasing frailty and multiple chronic conditions. The production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators is also dysregulated, impacting the generation of an effective CD8 T cell response. Current vaccines provide a weak stimulus to this

Thirty recovered patients with SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections were monitored for two years to study the persistence of antibody and cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. Robust antibody and CTL responses were detected in all subjects throughout the study period, with a moderate decline one year after symptom onset. Two major CTL epitopes in N proteins were identified. Peripheral lymphocyte counts

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19 outbreak was reported in Iran in early 2020. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. The incubation period is 3-7 days and about 80% of cases are mild or asymptomatic. The immune response involves the production of IgG antibodies against the N protein by day 4 and most patients seroconvert by day 1

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in early 2020 causing COVID-19 with symptoms including fever, cough, and fatigue. The incubation period is 3-7 days and 80% of cases are mild or asymptomatic. The innate immune system recognizes the virus and induces IgG antibodies against the N protein by day 4, with most patients seroconverting by day

A study analyzed the immunogenicity of T-cell epitopes in the spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and human coronavirus strain 229e (HCoV-229e) for eliciting a T-cell immune response in donors who recovered from SARS-CoV infection. The study found that the number of HLA

A study of 276 COVID-19 patients found that more severe cases were associated with lymphopenia of T, B, and NK cells, but an increase in B cells, plasma cells, and cTfh. IgG levels were lower in severe patients, suggesting consumption due to complement activation or ADCC, with increased activated CD56-CD16+ NK-cells. C3 and C4 protein levels were higher in mild and

A study compared the immune responses of inactivated and DNA vaccines against Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Coronavirus (PHE-CoV) in mice. The inactivated vaccine, made with purified PHE-CoV and aluminum hydroxide gel, induced high levels of humoral immunity and Th2-type response, resulting in good protection against PHE-CoV challenge. The DNA vaccine, using the

The passage discusses a study on the role of immune factors in clearing SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) during pulmonary infections. The findings suggest that the activation of B cells by CD4+ T cells is necessary for eliminating the virus. Additionally, passive immunization with homologous anti-SARS-CoV antiserum was more effective than heterologous antiserum due to the involvement of mouse phagocytic cells

A study using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in mice found that low-dose MVA vaccinations can rapidly protect against lethal ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection, with this protection depending on virus-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. The study investigated normal C57BL/6 mice and mice lacking the interferon alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR(-/-)), finding that even

The passage discusses the immune system's response to six types of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and prions. Innate immunity, including neutrophils, NK cells, NKT cells, γδ T cells, complement, and microbicidal molecules, prevents or slows infections until adaptive immunity takes effect. Extracellular bacteria are coated in antibodies and cleared using antib

The study evaluated the CD4 and CD8 marker expression in COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. While no significant difference was found in the CD4:CD8 ratio, CD4 T-cell frequency, CD8 T-cell frequency, and CD4 mean fluorescence intensity, the CD8 mean fluorescence intensity increased significantly in COVID-19 patients, indicating overexpression of CD8 and hyperactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in

A study evaluated the CD4 and CD8 marker expression in 25 COVID-19 patients and 25 healthy individuals. While the number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets were reduced in COVID-19 patients, there was no significant difference in the CD4:CD8 ratio, CD4 T-cell frequency, CD8 T-cell frequency, or CD4 mean fluorescence intensity between the two groups. However, the CD8

The passage discusses the use of a gnotobiotic pig model of rotavirus infection to study protective immunity against enteric viruses. Rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhea in young animals and humans, and understanding the mechanisms of intestinal immunity and protective immunity in neonates is crucial for developing effective vaccines. The study found that pigs recovering from virulent Wa human rotavirus infection had high numbers of intestinal IgA

The passage discusses the importance of SARS-CoV-2 memory T cells for long-term protection against COVID-19. The study examined the functional and phenotypic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in a large cohort, including unexposed individuals and those with acute or convalescent COVID-19. Acute phase T cells were highly activated and correlated with disease severity, while convales

A personalized workflow is proposed to identify optimal T-cell epitopes for peptide-based vaccines against COVID-19 by targeting conserved viral regions and using an individual's HLA alleles and immunopeptidome. The workflow trains a machine learning model on the immunopeptidome and predicts HLA peptides from conserved SARS-COV-2 regions likely to trigger responses from the person's

The passage discusses the role of innate immunity in responding to viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS). Innate immune responses are ancient and not specific to pathogens, but rather to molecular structures called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and their host cell ligands, Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs). The response includes the release of various mediators and the migration of immune cells to the site of

The passage discusses the presence of pre-existing memory T cells to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with a history of SARS infection and those with no known exposure. The study found that SARS-recovered patients still had memory T cells reactive to the SARS nucleocapsid protein and displayed cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, individuals with no history of SARS, COVID-19,

A study suggests that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) collected from recovered COVID-19 patients could protect against the virus and strengthen the immune system of new patients. IVIg treatment reduces inflammation and eliminates opportunistic fungal pathogens. The efficacy of IVIg would be improved by using immune IgG antibodies specific to COVID-19 from local recovered patients. Procedures like solvent/detergent

A study suggests using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) collected from recovered COVID-19 patients to protect against the virus and strengthen the immune system of new patients. IVIg treatment can reduce inflammation and eliminate opportunistic fungal pathogens. The efficacy of IVIg would be improved by using antibodies from local recovered patients to increase the chance of neutralizing the virus. Procedures like solvent/detergent,

The study compared the immune response to different inactivated and modified live vaccines against PRRS virus in piglets. Twenty-one days after the final vaccination, all piglets were infected with the Lelystad strain of PRRS virus. Group A1, which received the inactivated vaccine Progressis, had the strongest serum antibody response (IgM and IgG) and highest levels of IgG antibodies locally in bronchoalveolar

The study examined the cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with different severities of COVID-19. Patients with severe and critical COVID-19 had lower frequencies of activated CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells compared to those with moderate disease. However, all patients showed a detectable SARS-CoV-2-reactive T-cell response. Patients with critical COVID-19 demonstrated a stronger response of SARS-CoV-

A study was conducted to clarify the significance of a negative QuantiFERON-CMV (QF) result in CMV-seropositive healthy individuals. The QF assay measures cell-mediated immunity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), while the Flow-cytometric Assay of Specific Cell-mediated Immune response in Activated whole blood (FASCIA) measures T-cell proliferation using CMV lysate

Researchers identified that antibodies to a specific complex of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoproteins, gHgLpUL128L, were more effective in neutralizing HCMV infection compared to antibodies to glycoprotein gB. They developed a vaccine using a single polycistronic vector encoding the five pentamer genes, resulting in high levels of recombinant pentamer production. Immunization

The passage discusses the role of cellular and humoral immunity in the survival of mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), which causes chronic demyelination with viral persistence. CD8+ T cells inhibit acute viral replication through perforin-mediated cytolysis in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, and IFN-gamma regulation

SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to increased expression of ACE2 receptors in lung epithelial cells, particularly in ciliated, club, and basal cells. This activation triggers pro-inflammatory signaling, including interferon and cytokine pathways, and causes immune dysregulation. Severe COVID-19 patients exhibit higher neutrophil counts and lower T and NK cell counts, along with increased expression

The passage discusses the role of innate immunity in COVID-19 patients and the potential use of Monalizumab as a treatment. Severe COVID-19 cases are associated with weakened immune systems, and functional exhaustion of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells contributes to disease progression. Patients with severe COVID-19 have significantly lower lymphocyte and higher neutroph

The passage discusses the role of innate immunity in COVID-19 patients and the potential use of Monalizumab as a treatment. Severe COVID-19 patients have weakened immune systems, with reduced lymphocyte and increased neutrophil counts. Specifically, CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells are significantly reduced in severe cases. The NKG2A receptor, which suppresses NK cell function, is over

This passage discusses the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19. SARS-CoV and COVID-19 bind to ACE2 on nonimmune cells, such as respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, kidney

A study identified novel immunogenic targets of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients using the Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS). Eleven of fifteen SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected, with ORF3b and ORF8 allowing early and specific antibody detection. The N antigen was found to be immuno-dominant. The study suggests that a combination of three

Pre-existing immunity to Ad5-derived vectors in humans is widespread and reduces their efficacy due to neutralizing antibodies, Ad-specific T cells, and type I IFN activated NK cells. Strategies to overcome pre-existing immunity include developing alternative Ad serotypes, varying immunization routes, and utilizing prime-boost regimens. However, these strategies primarily focus on one component of pre-existing immunity. To improve Ad vector development,

The passage discusses the development of immunity to viruses through the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins identified in serum that provide immunity by recognizing and binding to specific antigens, such as viruses. The diversity of antibodies is explained by clonal selection, where B-lymphocytes with specific receptors for antigens are triggered to reproduce and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. Antibod

The passage discusses the potential of next-generation influenza vaccines that utilize T cells to provide broader protection against various strains and subtypes of the virus. Animal studies suggest T cells can offer heterosubtypic protection and play a crucial role in immune control of influenza infections. However, challenges exist in realizing a universal T cell vaccine, including extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory, HLA coverage, and potential for T cell-

A study was conducted to examine the impact of an epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell response on murine coronavirus (MHV) infection in the central nervous system (CNS). Mice with CD8+ T cells targeting the gp33-41 epitope showed significantly lower virus titers and reduced viral antigen in the brain compared to control mice. However, these viruses had lost the ability to express EGFP and had

During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infected millions, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. Antibodies are expected to play a role in protection against the virus, but little is known about the human antibody response. A study of 149 convalescent individuals found variable neutralizing titers, with most below 1:1000 and only 1% above 1:5000. Cloning of antib

The passage discusses the immune response and immunopathological changes in COVID-19, a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Asymptomatic cases are common, but many patients experience a self-limiting viral respiratory disease. Neutralizing antiviral T cell and antibody immunity develops after infection. Severe cases exhibit unique features such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive

A study was conducted to investigate how antibodies from a SARS-CoV vaccine candidate can trigger infection in human macrophages. The researchers found that anti-Spike immune serum increased the infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages by replication-competent SARS-CoV and Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles. This antibody-mediated infection was dependent on signaling-competent members of the

The passage discusses the role of germline IgM in preventing chronic virus-induced demyelinating disease using the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) as a model. Antiviral IgM is typically seen as an initial response that gets replaced by more efficient IgG. However, during long-term infection, the immune system needs to mobilize a broad range of antimicrobial effectors to contain the pathogen. In the case of M

A non-persistent strain of murine norovirus (MNoV) can persist systemically in mice when dendritic cells (DCs) cannot respond to type I interferon (IFN). This results in higher early viral titers, maintained DC numbers, increased DC activation markers, and enhanced CD8 T cell and antibody responses. CD8 T cell function is preserved during the persistent phase, and adaptive immune cells from persistently infected

Patients who have recovered from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) developed dominant antibodies targeting a specific site in the S2 domain of the coronavirus spike protein. These antibodies effectively neutralized the virus and provided protective immunity. The SARS coronavirus may have a distinct antigenic profile, and identifying the complementary antigens of these antibodies could lead to the design of an epitope-based

The passage discusses the role of CD8(+) T cells in controlling, curing, and preventing HIV infection. While antiretroviral therapy can effectively treat HIV, a vaccine is needed to end the epidemic. CD8(+) T cells, which contribute to cellular immunity, have been shown to sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control. There is evidence from individuals who naturally control HIV without antiretroviral therapy and precl

The passage discusses the role of copper (Cu) as an essential micronutrient during viral infections, including COVID-19. Copper plays a crucial role in the functions of immune cells such as T helper cells, B cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages, which are involved in killing infectious microbes and producing specific antibodies. Copper-deficient individuals are more susceptible to infections. Additionally, copper has

The passage suggests that copper, an essential micronutrient, plays a crucial role in the immune system during viral infections, including COVID-19. Copper helps in the functions of immune cells like T helper cells, B cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages, which are involved in killing infectious microbes and producing specific antibodies. Copper-deficient individuals are more susceptible to infections. Additionally, copper has the ability

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most convalescent individuals had low levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with only a small percentage having high titers. However, all individuals tested had rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be effective.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most convalescent individuals had low levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with only a small percentage having high titers. Antibody sequencing revealed the presence of expanded clones of RBD-specific memory B cells expressing closely related antibodies in different individuals, despite low plasma titers. These antibodies neutralized the virus at IC50 values as low as single digit nanogram

This passage discusses the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19. SARS-CoV and COVID-19 bind to ACE2 on nonimmune and immune cells, while MERS-CoV binds to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (

A DNA vaccine called pNGVL4a-hCRTE6E7L2, which encodes calreticulin fused to HPV-16 E6, E7, and L2 proteins, was developed to address the urgent need for a safe and effective treatment for HPV-associated tumors in immunocompromised and normal patients. The vaccine induced greater HPV-specific immune responses when administered via intramuscular injection followed by electrop

A study was conducted on the immune status of lymphocytes in clinically recovered COVID-19 individuals, compared to a healthy donor group. The recovered group had lower frequencies of CD8+ T cell subsets Tc1, Tc2, and Tc17, as well as a decreased frequency and lower PD-1 expression on CD4+ T cells. Memory B cells in the recovered group had a lower proportion of isotype-switched memory B cells

The passage discusses the findings of a study on the immunogenic profile of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in individuals recovered from COVID-19. The study found that serological antibody responses against the spike protein are common after infection and correlate with neutralizing activity and the ability to block ACE2/RBD interaction. Memory B cells and circulating T follicular helper cells (cTFH) specific to the spike protein were

This study investigates the memory CD8+ T cell responses to SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in recovered patients and healthy individuals. Recovered SARS patients showed recall responses to newly identified spike protein-derived epitopes (SSp-1, S978, and S1202) over a year post-infection. Five healthy donors without SARS-CoV contact history also exhibited recall-like

The passage discusses the discovery of an early immunosuppressive component in the innate response to infections. Infected cells upregulate the CD47 "don't eat me" signal, which slows phagocytosis and downstream antigen-presenting cell functions. This upregulation occurs in response to stimulation of endosomal and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and is also induced by pro

The passage discusses the findings of a study on the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, specifically focusing on T-cell reactivity in COVID-19 convalescent patients and healthy donors. The results suggest that T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were more pronounced in healthy donors during the pandemic, indicating possible cross-reactivity. Two SARS-CoV-2 epitopes were identified

A study used the attenuated Orf virus strain D1701 to create a recombinant virus (D1701-VrVp40) expressing Borna disease virus nucleoprotein p40. This recombinant protected rats against Borna disease and cleared the virus from the brain, even 4 and 8 months after immunization. The immune response included B cells, antibody-producing plasma cells, and

The COVID-19 pandemic lacks vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, or effective treatments. Active vaccination takes time to develop an immune response. Immediate passive immunity can be obtained from recovered COVID-19 patients through the use of their autologous antibodies, which can be administered after a 2-week recovery period.

The brain maintains immune privilege to protect normal tissue from high immune responses. However, immune responses are induced to antigens in the brain, including those from cerebral malignancies. Spontaneous antitumor responses are insufficient to eradicate malignant astrocytomas due to low response induction and tumor-mediated immunosuppression. The goal is to use immunotherapy to enhance antitumor immunity, requiring a high

The passage discusses the development of vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens, which is a coronavirus causing respiratory disease and nephritis. IBV replicates in various tissues and can persist in chickens. Live attenuated IBV vaccines were introduced in the 1950s, followed by inactivated vaccines for boosting protection in egg-laying birds. Live vaccines provide

The chapter explores the role of various immunological factors in the recovery of a host from infections. These include antibodies, T cells, natural killer cells, complement, phagocytes, and interferon. T-cell-mediated immunity is particularly crucial for recovering from intracellular microbial infections, as evidenced by the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages in infected tissues. Inflammation, which

Regulatory T (Treg) cells help limit pathology during Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in immunodeficient mice by suppressing innate immune responses. Treg cells did not affect IAV replication but reduced monocyte/macrophage accumulation and delayed MCP-2 induction in the lungs. However, Treg cells could not prevent severe disease in lymphocyte-deficient hosts due to ongoing IAV

A study was conducted on the immune responses of adult female Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) at four roosts in south-central Texas. The study examined both innate and adaptive immune responses using bactericidal ability and T cell mediated response to mitogenic challenge. Results showed that bactericidal activity varied with roosting ecology and was lower in bats from one cave. T cell mediated response was higher in

The passage discusses the immune response and immunopathological changes in COVID-19, which is currently a global pandemic. Asymptomatic cases are common, and most patients experience a self-limiting viral respiratory disease. However, high viral load and repeated exposure can lead to severe disease, including lymphopenia, eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, lung damage, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome

The passage discusses a study investigating immune responses to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in patients during the acute and convalescent phases of infection. At the acute phase, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and high frequencies of MERS-reactive CD8+ T cells were observed in patients with severe/moderate illness, while antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses were

Twenty hospitalized COVID-19 patients with typical symptoms and reduced lymphocyte numbers exhibited expansion of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and development of neutralizing antibodies in 16 patients. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibody levels correlated with neutralizing antibody titers. Higher

Nine individuals with HIV-1 and suppressed blood viremia, while on ART and bNAb therapy during interruption, showed increased HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. These responses were due to new reactivity and expansion of pre-existing ones, suggesting enhanced HIV-1-specific T cell immunity with bNAb therapy. The potential impact of these augmented T cell responses on viral control is yet to be

A study was conducted to evaluate the role of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in preventing memory CD8 T cell-mediated immunopathology following respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. High-magnitude memory CD8 T cells can reduce lung viral titers but induce fatal immunopathology. Neutralizing antibody treatment prior to RSV challenge reduced morbidity and mortality, restricted early virus replication, and decreased

The study investigated the effectiveness of passive immunization in protecting naïve cats against Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) infection by transferring antibodies from recovered cats. Ten SPF cats were passively immunized with plasma from Mhf-recovered cats, while five control cats received plasma from naïve SPF cats. Passively immunized cats were not protected against Mhf infection but showed higher RBC osmotic fragility, B

Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble antioxidant, is crucial for immune cell function in the elderly, who are at risk for insufficient intake. Supplementation enhances immune responses, including delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody production, mediated by increased IL-2 production and decreased prostaglandin E2 formation. Vitamin E boosts naïve T-cell capacities for cell division and IL production, but not memory

Mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus JHM develop an immune-mediated demyelinating disease in the central nervous system similar to multiple sclerosis. Demyelination is not detected in T or B cell-deficient mice but occurs after transfer of JHM-specific T cells. Antibodies may also contribute to myelin destruction as suggested by the presence of oligoclonally expanded B cells and high concentrations of antibodies in

The study evaluates the protective efficacy of a live-attenuated B. mallei (CLH001) vaccine against glanders and melioidosis in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. The vaccine provided 100% survival against B. mallei challenges and cross-protection against B. pseudomallei with low bacterial burden. Immunization induced strong humoral responses, specifically IgG subclasses, and

A multiple sclerosis patient with ongoing fingolimod therapy recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection with moderate symptoms in 15 days. Despite low circulating lymphocytes, high levels of CCL5, CCL10, and antibody-secreting B cells were detected. CD4+ and CD8+ cells were expanded and apoptosis-prone upon stimulation. This study indicates that fingolimod-suppressed

A multiple sclerosis patient with ongoing fingolimod therapy recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection with moderate clinical features in 15 days. Despite low circulating lymphocytes, high levels of CCL5, CCL10, and antibody-secreting B cells were detected. CD4+ and CD8+ cells were expanded and apoptosis-prone upon stimulation. This study indicates that fingolimod-supp

The passage discusses the importance of understanding the role of the immune response in dengue infections and the lack of mathematical models focusing on this aspect. The authors present minimal within-host dengue models to identify critical components of the innate and adaptive immune response in primary and secondary dengue infections. A simple target cell limited model shows that the innate immune response is sufficient for primary infections, while a higher rate of viral infectivity and T cell-mediated

Researchers studied the immune response of COVID-19 patients by analyzing the transcriptional profiles and V(D)J recombination of CD3+ and CD19+ lymphocytes from severe patients, recovered patients at early and late stages, and healthy people. They found that T lymphocytes were decreased in COVID-19 patients but remained inflamed, and a potential transition from effector CD8 T cells to central memory T cells occurred in

A study was conducted to investigate the presence of SARS-specific T cells in three individuals who had recovered from SARS infection 9 and 11 years prior. All detected memory T cell responses targeted the SARS-CoV structural proteins, specifically the M and N proteins. Two CD8+ T cell responses were characterized and found to persist up to 11 years post-infection without cross-reactivity to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Heterologous immunity (H.I.), also known as cross-reactive immunity, is the altered response to a new antigen after encountering a previous one. This can occur at the innate or adaptive immune system level, with viruses being a significant inducer of T cell-mediated H.I. This immunity can provide protection against various virus subtypes, related or unrelated viruses, pathogens, auto- or allo-antig

Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) defies common beliefs about persistent viruses, as it is a highly cytocidal virus that establishes a lifelong, viremic persistence in mice despite normal immune responses. LDV targets a renewable, nonessential population of macrophages, which are specifically responsible for clearing muscle type LDH and some other enzymes. The virus replicates in various

The passage discusses the concept of heterologous immunity, which refers to the impact of previous immune responses to unrelated pathogens on the current immune response to a new pathogen. This process can result in enhanced or diminished protective immunity and altered immunopathology. The text explores the role of T-cell cross-reactivity and epitope matrices from various viruses in eliciting cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses. The study demonstr

In this study, the authors found that during Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) infection, mice with a deficiency in Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) had increased early viral replication in the liver but cleared the virus by day 12, similar to wild type mice. FGL2 is an effector molecule of regulatory T cells that inhibits immune activity by binding to FCγ

A study suggests that antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) not only neutralize viruses but also have immunomodulatory effects that enhance endogenous antiviral immunity. Mice infected with FrCas(E) retrovirus and treated with a neutralizing mAb showed long-lasting protective immunity, while those without treatment developed leukemia and non-protective immune responses. The administered mAb formed immune

The study reports the safety and immunogenicity of a novel genetically-modified chimpanzee adenovirus (PanAd3-RSV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-RSV) vaccine in healthy older adults (60-75 years) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The vaccines were well-tolerated, and the older adults showed comparable humoral and cellular immune responses to younger

The passage discusses a study on the protective effects of the glutamine antagonist DON (6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine) in mice with Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis. The study found that DON treatment delayed the onset of paralysis and death in mice, associated with reduced lymphocyte proliferation, decreased leukocyte infiltration, lower levels

The passage discusses the questions surrounding immunity-based protection against COVID-19, specifically why some infected individuals have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, why delayed and weak antibody responses are linked to severe outcomes, and why a positive molecular test does not necessarily indicate the presence of protective antibody IgG. The text suggests that T cell responses may hold the answer to these questions and that studying SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells can help advance the development

The passage discusses the questions surrounding immunity-based protection against COVID-19 and the potential role of T cells in providing protective immunity. While SARS-CoV-2 induces severe symptoms such as pneumonia and lymphopenia, some infected individuals have mild or no symptoms, and delayed or weak antibody responses are associated with severe outcomes. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in molecular tests does not necessarily indicate the presence of protective antib

The passage summarizes the identification of extensive immune disturbances in severe COVID-19 cases, involving neutrophils, NK cells, monocytes, T and B cells, and plasmablasts, which distinguish dysregulated host responses and warrant further investigation.