Question: what are the transmission routes of coronavirus?

The passage discusses the possibility that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing COVID-19, may not only be transmitted through the respiratory route but also via the fecal-oral route, making it a potential enteric pathogen. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is highly contagious and stable in the environment. Evidence suggests that related viruses in

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov), first detected in 2012, is still causing health concerns due to uncertainties surrounding the virus. Cases continue to be reported mainly in Saudi Arabia and other Arabian Peninsula countries. Despite low transmission levels, the virus's uncertain future is hindered by knowledge gaps regarding its source and transmission route.

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, causing COVID-19, a serious type of pneumonia. The virus quickly spread to over 20 countries. This commentary explains the reasons for the fast spread of SARS-CoV-2 through its infectious sources, susceptible population, and transmission routes. Control measures for the disease are also discussed. (Copyrighted)

The passage discusses a study on the tissue distribution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), in two frugivorous bat species (Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus) and two insectivorous bat species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Eptesicus serot

The COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, highlighted China's capability to identify unknown pathogens. Current research suggests that the main transmission routes of the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) are respiratory droplets and indirect contact. Fecal-oral transmission is a possibility, while aerosol, tears (conjunctival), and mother-

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has spread rapidly and predominantly transmits through the respiratory route. Evidence suggests it may also be an enteric virus, capable of infecting the gastrointestinal tract and spreading via the fecal-oral route, contributing to the pandemic's rapidity and proliferation.

This review discusses the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, spreads through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. Appropriate PPE includes eyewear, gloves, masks, respirators, and gowns. The use of these should be based on data and experience, and specific considerations for surgical populations are addressed.

The passage discusses a study investigating the role of fomites in the transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) during the largest hospital outbreak in Hong Kong's Ward 8A. The study used a multi-agent model to predict infection risk distributions for three hypothetical transmission routes - long-range airborne, fomite, and combined. The results suggest that under the assumed conditions, the SARS coronavirus most

A study was conducted to investigate the transmission routes of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the first hospital outbreak in the Republic of Korea in May 2015. Seven hypothesized transmission modes were identified based on long-range airborne, close contact, and fomite routes. The infection risks for each hypothesis were estimated using a multi-agent modeling framework and compared with reported attack rates through least-squares fitting. The results suggested that

A new coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, caused an outbreak of severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and spread to other areas. The virus shares the same human receptor as SARS-CoV but may have originated from bats. Person-to-person transmission occurs through direct contact, droplet inhalation, and contact with mucous membranes. The virus can also be transmitted through saliva, and dental professionals are

A novel beta-coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, caused severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly. It shares the same host receptor, ACE2, as SARS-CoV but may have originated from bats. Person-to-person transmission includes direct (cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation) and contact (mucous membranes). Saliva transmission and fetal-oral routes

This study compared the transmission routes of influenza A H1N1, SARS CoV, and norovirus during air travel using simulation models. The results indicated that for influenza A H1N1, the close contact route was the most significant (70%, 95% CI: 67%-72%), with passengers in close proximity to the index case having a higher infection risk (RR: 13.4, 95

The passage discusses the unresolved question of the primary mode of smallpox transmission and its implications for biodefense. While respiratory droplet transmission was commonly believed to be the main mode, the significance of large ballistic droplets and fine particle aerosols was not definitively determined. The article examines historical evidence from variolation, mucosal infection data, aerosol measurements, animal models, healthcare worker reports, and smallpox epidemiology to

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a compartmentalization of the population into susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered classes. Two transmission routes of COVID-19 are incorporated into models: direct person-to-person contact and indirect airborne and fomites-driven transmission. The indirect non-contact transmission route is important to explore as it has uncertain contribution to the spread of the virus.

The study finds that not incorporating the indirect transmission route in the model

The passage discusses the limited evidence regarding the role of human body fluids in the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing COVID-19. The author mentions that strict rules to prevent occupational exposure to patients' body fluids in healthcare settings have helped limit person-to-person transmission of nosocomial infections. The passage provides information on the possible transmission routes of SARS-Co

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern with over 4 million confirmed cases and 280,000 deaths as of May 12, 2020. The risk of transmission in dental clinics is high due to the nature of dental procedures. This paper provides information on COVID-19's name, characteristics, transmission routes, and risk points in dental clinics, as well

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a major global health concern with over 4 million confirmed cases and 280,000 deaths as of May 12, 2020. The risk of transmission between dental specialists and patients is high due to the nature of dental practice. This paper provides information on COVID-19's name, characteristics, transmission routes, and risk points in dental clinics,

The passage discusses the controversy surrounding the transmission of respiratory viruses through the air versus droplets in healthcare settings. While viral nucleic acids have been detected in aerosols for some viruses, there is currently insufficient evidence to prove effective human-to-human transmission or the efficacy of airborne precautions. Further studies are required to evaluate the infectiousness of respiratory viruses through the aerosol route, and airborne precaut

The passage discusses the possible transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, including respiratory, oro-fecal, and sexual routes. The vertical transmission route is not well understood, and mother-to-child transmission through the placenta is rare or unlikely based on current research. The studies on COVID-19 pregnant women have focused on cesarean sections, but the reasons for these deliveries have not been clearly stated.

A mathematical model was developed to explore the relative contributions of various transmission routes for multi-route respiratory infections. The study demonstrated that all transmission routes can have the highest transmission risk under specific conditions. Factors considered include the dose-response rate of different routes, droplet size, exposure distance, and virus dose transported to the hand of the infector. The model offers a comprehensive yet straightforward approach to assess the efficiency of different transmission routes for respiratory diseases and predicts the

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) has been a major challenge to the global pig industry since its emergence in the late 1980s. While efforts have been made to control and eliminate the disease, many aspects of its dynamics remain unclear, including optimal control strategies, the role of voluntary regional programs, and the impact of molecular tools in infected settings. This passage summarizes projects using novel analytical tools to study PRR

A study was conducted to investigate the presence of feline coronavirus (FCoV) in the reproductive tract of tom cats as a potential route of transmission for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Forty-six tom cats provided blood, serum, semen, and/or testicle samples. Serology identified FCoV in 24 of 38 serum samples, but none in semen or testicles using RT-PCR and

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the most significant coronavirus outbreak to date, with over 2 million cases worldwide. Transmission of the virus is high, and there are significant variations in disease severity which may be linked to genetic factors. To control the spread of the virus and prepare for future waves, it's essential to understand the transmission routes and underlying genomic susceptibility. This mini-review discusses potential genetic determinants of COVID

The passage discusses the potential transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, the novel human coronavirus, through fecal-oral and aerosols-borne routes. While coronaviruses generally have low stability in the environment, existing knowledge suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may spread in this way. Previous chlorination methods have been found insufficient for inactivating the virus in high viral load areas like hospitals and airports. There is a

The passage discusses the potential transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, the novel human coronavirus, through fecal-oral and aerosols-borne routes based on available literature. While coronaviruses have low stability in the environment, current chlorination dosages may not be sufficient to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in areas with high viral loads. There is a concern for the impact of the pandemic on underprivileged societies due to

The passage discusses the unexpected emergence and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, since December 2019. The virus, the seventh known strain of human coronaviruses, primarily transmits through the respiratory tract but may also enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract. Several risk factors, including gender, pregnancy, age

The passage discusses the unexpected emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, the latest strain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, which was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The virus primarily transmits through the respiratory tract, but other routes such as the gastrointestinal tract may also be effective. Several risk factors have been identified for increased susceptibility to COVID-1

The passage discusses the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, through recreational waters due to its detection in faecal and wastewater samples. Concerns have emerged regarding the risk of contracting the virus in recreational waters where wastewater is inadequately treated. Further research is needed to investigate the presence, infectivity, and viability of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater eff

This review compares the ability of coronaviruses (CoVs) and human noroviruses (NoVs) to be transmitted through food. While CoVs can survive on foods and packaging for several days to weeks, they are less persistent than NoVs towards common disinfection methods. The likelihood of foodborne transmission of CoVs is considered low as they primarily spread through the respiratory tract, unlike NoVs and other foodborne viruses which

This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examines the efficacy of wearing facemasks to prevent influenza-like illness (ILI) in community settings. The studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, shares similar transmission routes with the influenza virus and that community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with ILI is high. Eight RCTs were included in the

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is spreading rapidly worldwide, leading to thousands of daily mortalities. The lack of effective prevention measures, limited diagnostic options, and unavailable treatment options are major concerns. Transmission routes include direct, droplet inhalation, contact, saliva, and fecal–oral. Asymptomatic spread complicates control efforts. Strategies to address infection control, clinical supplies, pathogenesis, prevent

The passage discusses a study aimed at understanding the origin, evolution, and transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 (2019 novel coronavirus) through a deep phylogenetic analysis of 162 complete Orthocoronavirinae genomes. The findings suggest that bats, pangolins, and anteaters are natural hosts of 2019-nCoV. The virus likely transmitted to humans through an inter

A novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, caused an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, spreading throughout the country and attracting global attention due to the lack of approved vaccines or antiviral drugs for human coronavirus infections. Research is urgently needed to understand the transmission route and pathogenic mechanisms, identify potential drug targets, and develop preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. The

A novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, caused an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, spreading throughout the country and attracting global attention due to the lack of approved vaccines or antiviral drugs for human coronavirus infections. Research is needed to understand the transmission route and pathogenic mechanisms, identify potential drug targets, and develop preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. This article describes

A scoping review was conducted to examine the evidence on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. The study identified dental hand pieces and 30 other sources as generators of bio-aerosols. Over 50 bacterial species, 45 fungi genera, and ten viruses were identified in hospitals, with 16 bacterial and 23 fungal species found in dental settings. Patients with certain risk factors were more susceptible to Leg

This passage discusses the ongoing research on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its transmission potential, causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus's increased virulence and ability to be detected in various bodily fluids for extended periods are highlighted. The review covers potential transmission routes, including respiratory/droplet, indirect, fecal-oral, vertical, sexual, and o

The passage discusses the impact of SARS-CoV-2 virus tropism (preference for certain types of cells) on epidemic spread using a compartmental model. The findings suggest that Wuhan quarantine measures were effective but that there were alternative virus forms with gut tropism and a second propagation route through the environment. This secondary route does not seem to be active yet in Singapore and Shenzhen regions. It is recommended to implement prevention measures addressing both transmission routes

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing the global pandemic, and its transmission mechanisms are not fully understood. Previous research on related human betacoronaviruses suggests a possible route of transmission through infectious sweat. It is recommended that studies be conducted to determine if sweat from infected individuals contains enough virus to infect others, which could inform mitigation strategies and public health messaging.

A study was conducted to investigate the transmission modes of influenza in a nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong. Three hypothesized transmission modes between the index patient and other inpatients were considered: long-range airborne and fomite routes. The study evaluated these hypotheses using a multi-agent modelling framework and least-squares fitting. Among the scenarios tested, the long-range airborne route had the best fit with the attack rates, contributing about 94% to

This passage is a review on the possibility of ocular involvement in the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and preventive measures in ophthalmology. The review found that conjunctivitis may be the first presenting symptom of 2019-nCoV, making ophthalmologists at risk of exposure. The main route of transmission is through respiratory droplets, but transconj

This passage is a review on the possible ocular involvement of the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and preventive measures in ophthalmology. The review found that conjunctivitis may be the first presenting symptom of 2019-nCoV, making ophthalmologists at risk of exposure. The main route of transmission is through respiratory droplets from close contact. Recomm

The passage discusses a study that used a compartmental model to analyze the importance of fomite-mediated transmission for three viral pathogens (influenza, rhinovirus, and norovirus) in various settings. The study found that for rhinovirus and norovirus, the reproductive number for the fomite route is greater than 1 in most venues, indicating that this route can sustain transmission. For influenza, the re

The passage discusses the transmission routes of COVID-19 and compares the infection risks through close contact and aerosol. Using a new dose-response relation and exposure estimation model, the study found that the median infection risk via aerosol transmission was much lower than the risk through close contact, with the former being about 3.7x10-5 for one hour in a 10m x 10m x 3m room with one infected person. The

The passage discusses the advancements in virology through genomics, proteomics, and molecular immunology, leading to new vaccine concepts. The choice of vaccine approach depends on a virus's pathogenesis, serotype diversity, antigenic variation, immune evasion mechanisms, latency, and route of transmission. Natural infection's resulting immunity and the pathogen's ability to cause persistent infections are crucial factors. The article emphasizes the medical need for new

The passage discusses the various respiratory viruses that cause infections and their transmission among humans through airborne droplets and aerosols. Studies on inter-human virus transmission have been inconclusive due to limited data from controlled experiments. The lack of fundamental knowledge on transmission routes hinders the development of effective intervention strategies. The article provides an overview of available data from experimental and observational studies, identifies knowledge gaps, and discusses the implementation of current knowledge in isolation guidelines in healthcare

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global respiratory infection with over 693,000 reported cases as of March 30, 2020, including 1,446 in Japan. Transmission occurs through contact and inhaling droplets. Symptoms last several days to a week, with some developing severe pneumonia. Underlying diseases and age increase severity. Diagn

A study re-examined a norovirus outbreak in a hotel restaurant where airborne transmission was previously suggested. The researchers explored an alternative hypothesis of fomite transmission and used a multi-agent model to predict infection risk distributions. The results showed that with reasonable assumptions, the attack rate distribution corresponded well with that of the fomite route, offering an alternative interpretation of the transmission routes and important consideration for infection control guidelines.

A study was conducted in a military training setting to investigate the impact of social distancing on respiratory pathogen transmission. The study monitored rates of febrile respiratory illness (FRI) in units that were open or closed to the influx of potentially infectious individuals. The results showed no significant reduction in FRI rates in closed units, and the odds ratio for FRI in larger units was higher than in smaller units. Viable adenovirus was detected on

This paper proposes a mathematical framework to predict the lifestyles of viral pathogens based on their infection duration, transmission routes, infectiousness, antigenic variation, and virulence. The success of viral pathogens depends on their ability to infect new hosts, which is influenced by contact rate, infectiousness during contact, and host immunity. The paper presents a unified model using differential and integral equations, agent-based simulation, networks, and probability to

A research article, published ahead of print on the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology website on February 19, 2020, discusses the potential transmission route and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in relation to the eye. The article highlights the critical stage of prevention and treatment in China and the importance of understanding ocular infection caused by the coronavirus. The authors summarize previous studies and their own research to contribute to the development of research in the field of infectious

The passage discusses the potential for fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. While respiratory droplets and close contact are the primary modes of transmission, evidence suggests that fecal transmission is also a possibility. The article reviews current knowledge on this topic and discusses the public health implications.

The passage discusses the possibility of sexual contact as a means of transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and suggests considering other potential routes of transmission.

The passage discusses the advancements in molecular technology leading to the development of new vaccines with specific antigens that elicit protective immune responses. The importance of effective delivery technology is emphasized. New vaccines are now administered through natural routes like oral or intranasal methods, providing rapid immunity and stimulating local mucosal immunity. The balance between technological feasibility and protective immunity is crucial. Emerging diseases present opportunities for the application of molecular and conventional technologies to

The passage discusses the survival of SARS-CoV-2 virus in water and the risk of infection from faecally contaminated water in 39 countries. The virus can remain stable in water for up to 25 days, and the risk of infection is related to the environmental conditions. Faecally contaminated water sources in countries with high infection rates can contain infectious doses of the virus. The implications for freshwater systems, coastal marine environments, and

This study aimed to determine the relative contributions of three transmission routes - contact, droplet, and inhalation - to the risk of COVID-19 infection among healthcare personnel (HCP) through quantitative microbial risk assessment. The findings revealed that droplet and inhalation transmission routes are more significant than the contact route, contributing 35%, 57%, and 8.2% of the infection probability, respectively, without using personal protective equipment. Approximately

This study aimed to determine the proportion of COVID-19 transmission routes to healthcare personnel from infected patients. Using quantitative microbial risk assessment and an exposure model, the research found that droplet and inhalation transmission routes are more significant than the contact route, contributing 35%, 57%, and 8.2% of the infection risk, respectively, without the use of personal protective equipment. Approximately 80% of inhalation exposure occurs when healthcare personnel

The passage discusses the analysis of COVID-19 transmission trends in Wuhan, China, Italy, and New York City from January 23 to May 9, 2020. The study reveals that airborne transmission is the dominant route for the spread of the disease and that mandated face coverings significantly reduce infections, with over 78,000 in Italy and over 66,000 in New York City prevented without them. Social dist

Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a common parasitic zoonosis transmitted through various routes. Vertical transmission occurs during pregnancy, while horizontal transmission involves ingesting infectious oocysts or tissue cysts from animals or contaminated food, or tachyzoites in blood products or unpasteurized milk. The consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly pork and sheep, was

The 2019-nCoV outbreak in China, which began in Wuhan, Hubei province in December 2019, is analyzed using a time-varying sparse vector autoregressive model from January 31 to February 19, 2020. The results show that inter-province transmission routes from Hubei became undetectable after February 4, while self-transmission within provinces accelerated

The passage discusses findings from a study on SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the hospital, revealing that 53.42% of them tested positive for the virus in their stool. Even after the virus was no longer detectable in their respiratory tracts, 23.29% of patients still tested positive in their feces. The viral RNA was also detected in gastrointestinal tissues, and immunoflu

Foodborne diseases affect one-third of the world's population annually, with underreporting and underestimation due to asymptomatic presentations, globalization, and multiple transmission routes. Foodborne pathogens can be transmitted directly from animals to humans, through vectors, food handlers, contaminated food products, or surfaces, and through the air. Primary and secondary transmission barriers exist to prevent pathogen entry and multiplication. Understanding pathogen dynamics and implementing preventive measures

A study was conducted on influenza viruses causing respiratory infections and transmission after ocular inoculation in ferrets. The findings showed that multiple subtypes of human and avian influenza viruses replicated in the upper respiratory tract and were detected in ocular tissue during infection. H5N1 viruses maintained their ability to spread systemically and cause lethal infection. Deposition of virus inoculum from ocular to respiratory tissue was limited to

A study investigated the infectious dose, transmission kinetics, and pathogenicity of Fr-TCoV, a coronavirus linked to poult enteritis complex in SPF turkeys. The virus had a high infectious dose and rapid transmission via the oro-faecal route. Viral antigen was predominantly found in the lower intestinal tract, with potential replication in antigen-presenting cells. Good sanitary practices are crucial to prevent outbreaks,

The passage discusses the potential for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission through the eyes, referred to as the "ocular route." The authors explain that while the risk is currently considered low, the ocular surface system's dynamics, such as tear film turnover, and the presence of ACE2 receptors and TMPRSS2 protein on the conjunctiva are crucial factors to understand this route. They suggest that COVID-1

The World Health Organization initially believed SARS-CoV-2 was primarily transmitted through person-to-person contact and contaminated surfaces. However, the rapid spread of COVID-19 suggests airborne transmission may also be a factor. Some studies have found no evidence of airborne transmission, but more recent research and knowledge from similar viruses like SARS-CoV support this hypothesis. The WHO recommends a conservative approach, accepting SARS-CoV-

A review article summarizes the involvement of the digestive system in COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Extrapulmonary symptoms, including gastrointestinal manifestations, have emerged. The possibility of fecal-oral transmission is a concern based on various case series and clinical scenarios. The article covers four aspects: (a) gastrointestinal symptoms, (b) microbiological and virological investigations,

A review article summarizes the involvement of the digestive system in COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Extrapulmonary symptoms, including gastrointestinal manifestations, have been reported. The possibility of fecal-oral transmission is emerging. This article discusses four aspects: (a) gastrointestinal symptoms, (b) microbiological and virological investigations, (c) fecal-oral

A new study titled "C19-TraNet" has created the first global, index-case transmission network of SARS-CoV-2 using manually curated travel history data. The network, C19-TraNet, has 187 nodes and 199 edges, follows a power-law degree distribution, and exhibits a unique connectivity pattern with a fourth degree polynomial growth curve. The researchers used a novel stochastic scale-free algorithm to

The passage emphasizes the importance of adequate ventilation in dental clinics to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Clinical studies suggest that human-to-human transmission primarily occurs through infected individuals' discharges during coughing and sneezing. Aerosols can also act as potential transmission routes. The World Health Organization recommends airborne precautions for medical personnel to protect dentists and patients. Proper ventilation and

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to be a global issue with no effective vaccine or proven treatment options yet. Prevention through infection control, early detection, and identifying successful treatment protocols are currently the best approaches to managing the spread of the disease. This review covers the current therapeutic options, preventive methods, and transmission routes of COVID-19.

The study investigates the internal spread route of airborne transmission between horizontal adjacent flats in a residential building using the tracer gas technique. Two measurement scenarios, closed window mode and open window mode, were compared. The results showed that tracer gas concentrations and infection risks in receptor rooms were lower than in the source room. Opening windows led to a larger air change rate but a higher mass fraction. Although a higher mass fraction does not necessarily mean higher infection risk due to the reduced path

This study investigated the transmission potential of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in rabbits, as they have the MERS-CoV receptor in their nasal epithelium. After inoculation, rabbits shed high levels of viral RNA from their noses but did not develop clinical symptoms or transmit the virus through contact or airborne routes. Despite producing relatively high levels of viral RNA, rabbits excreted low

The passage discusses the replication and tropism of Ad5-based vectors in swine cells, specifically in porcine testicle and intestinal epithelial (IPEC-1) cell lines. Ad5 vectors replicate efficiently in swine lungs and lymph nodes, with significant antigen expression in the small intestine, but poor replication. The inoculation route affects the infected tissues, with the oronasal route best for bron

A new porcine respiratory coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been isolated from pigs and cell culture. Known as TLM 83, this virus is widespread among swine populations in Belgium and other countries. It causes lung infections and spreads through aerogenic routes, not replicating in the enteric tract. Infections in conventional and gnotobiotic pigs remain subclinical, resulting

The passage discusses the composition and behavior of three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses, which contain non-structural, structural, and accessory proteins, enter host cells via spike glycoproteins and membrane fusion. They replicate through large replication-transcription complexes and hinder the host's immune response.

The passage discusses the composition and transmission mechanisms of three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses enter host cells through spike glycoproteins, replicate using large replication-transcription complexes, and suppress the host's immune response. They are transmitted through droplets, contact, aerosols, and possibly other routes.

In December 2019, an unknown infection outbreak occurred in Wuhan, leading to the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the subsequent epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The stages and links of the epidemic, including sources, routes of infection, and susceptible populations, were unclear at the time. As the outbreak evolved, it was important

Five rhesus macaques were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 through conjunctival (CJ), intratracheal (IT), and intragastric (IG) routes. The CJ group developed mild interstitial pneumonia and detectable viral load in conjunctival swabs at 1 day post-inoculation. IT inoculation led to viral load in anal swabs at 1-7 days post

The passage discusses the importance of understanding the zoonotic pattern of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, in order to develop preventive measures. The article focuses on bats as the potential zoonotic reservoir of several coronavirus strains, including SARS-CoV-2. The sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and bat SARS-like CoVs suggests that b

This study discusses the debate over mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides evidence for their effectiveness in preventing disease transmission. The transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 are outlined, and controversies surrounding mask use are addressed from attitude, effectiveness, and necessity perspectives. The study suggests that the public should wear masks during the pandemic, and governments should implement a risk-adjusted strategy to promote mask use, ensure sufficient supply, and reduce health resource inequities.

This study discusses the debate around wearing masks during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides evidence for their effectiveness in interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in both hospitals and communities. The authors suggest a risk-adjusted strategy for mask use, which includes scientifically promoting mask use, ensuring a sufficient supply, and addressing health resource inequities.

The passage discusses the need for increased preventative measures against COVID-19 in nursing homes, orphanages, and prisons due to the higher risk of infection for institutionalized populations. Transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 include droplet, contact, and aerosol generating procedures. The study proposes prevention and control strategies for these facilities, including general measures, health management, personal protection, and specific prevention measures for each type of institution.

A survey in Oman discovered MERS-CoV in five out of 76 dromedary camels. The sequences from these camels in Oman and Qatar were similar to human MERS-CoV sequences from the same region, indicating local transmission. High viral loads in nasal and conjunctival swabs suggest the potential for respiratory transmission.

The passage discusses the uncertainties surrounding the transmission routes of the 2019 novel coronavirus. While it is known to spread through respiratory droplets when people are in close contact, the exact modes of transmission and the role of surfaces in spreading the virus are still under investigation. Some studies suggest that the virus may be able to remain viable on surfaces for hours to days, but more research is needed to confirm this. Additionally, there is ongoing debate about the importance

Three cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were reported within one family, with identical viral strains indicated by gene sequencing. All three patients recovered within three weeks with treatment of oseltamivir, methylprednisolone, and symptomatic management. This highlights the importance of preventing family transmission and the effectiveness of current integrated treatment for mild/moderate pneumonia in COVID-1

The passage discusses new findings suggesting that the human intestinal tract may serve as an alternative route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Studies showed that human intestinal epithelial cells, small intestine explants, and intestinal organoids were susceptible to MERS-CoV and could sustain viral replication. A patient's stool specimen contained evidence of enteric MERS-CoV infection

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading infectious disease with symptoms including fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath, which can lead to severe pneumonia and organ failure. It is primarily transmitted through droplets and by asymptomatic carriers.

A retrospective study investigated the possibility of 2019-nCoV transmission through aerosol contact with the conjunctiva by analyzing nasopharyngeal and conjunctival swabs from 67 confirmed or suspected cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia. One confirmed patient and two suspected patients had probable positive conjunctival PCR results, but none of them exhibited ocular symptoms. The only patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom

The passage describes a study conducted in a Beijing hospital to identify the transmission route of nosocomial infections of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Ten identified SARS patients were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire. The results showed that the patients were confined to three wards, and the major transmission routes were near distant droplet infection and close contact infection. There was also a possible clue to aerosol or droplet nuclei infection

A study examined the stability of bovine coronavirus on lettuce surfaces under refrigeration conditions, following the SARS outbreak in 2003 caused by fecal transmission. Coronaviruses can survive in water and sewage for up to a year, and in this experiment, viral RNA was detected on lettuce for 30 days. Infectious viruses remained for at least 14 days, but the amount varied depending on the diluent

Italy reported its first coronavirus case on February 18, 2020, leading to strict measures against its spread. Despite this, infections are still growing exponentially, particularly those causing acute respiratory insufficiency. Endoscopy departments face a high risk of infection transmission through airborne routes, including endoscopes. This article discusses the measures taken in a hospital to prevent COVID-19 dissemination, focusing on personal protection equipment and dress code

Human coronavirus OC43 enters susceptible cells through caveolin-1 dependent endocytosis, which is dynamin-dependent for vesicle scission. Actin cytoskeleton rearrangements are required during the vesicle internalization process. This study aims to expand knowledge of the infection process, potentially leading to therapeutic developments.

Hospitals harbor various microorganisms, including respiratory and enteric viruses, increasing the risk of nosocomial infections for all patients, especially vulnerable groups. Transmission can occur through direct contact, droplets, or aerosols, with aerosols being increasingly recognized as a significant mode for respiratory and enteric viruses. Factors influencing transmission and disease severity include virus characteristics, aerosol particle properties, and environmental stresses.

A narrative review summarizes the current state of research on COVID-19, the virus behind the global pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China. The discovery of the virus raised public health concerns due to its high transmission ability and increasing death toll. This review analyzed over 20 scientific articles using keywords like "Coronavirus Outbreak" and "COVID-19" to provide insights into the research available and recommend future studies. The results indicate that human-to-human transmission

This study aimed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the excreta of COVID-19 patients. Out of 42 patients, 28 (66.67%) tested positive for the virus in their stool specimens, regardless of the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms or illness severity. The viral shedding in feces lasted for an average of 7 days after negative conversion in pharyn


Question: what evidence is there related to COVID-19 super spreaders

A study aimed to classify businesses by their risk of COVID-19 transmission and examine the relationship between the density of super-spreader businesses and COVID-19 cases in eight states. Using a COVID-19 Business Transmission Risk Index based on pre-pandemic data, they identified super-spreader businesses and found a positive association between their density and COVID-19 cases. A 1% increase in super-spreader business density was linked to a 5

Super spreaders are individuals who contribute disproportionately to the spread of an epidemic, including COVID-19. Limited information is available about them in scientific literature. Identifying super spreaders early is crucial for epidemic containment, but they often get stigmatized, leading to late reporting and hiding of cases. Program managers should be sensitive when sharing related information to avoid further stigmatization.

The passage discusses the ambiguous definition of "super-spreaders" in the context of COVID-19 transmission. The term, which refers to individuals who infect a larger than average number of people, is broad and can be applied to almost anyone who is not physically isolated. The author raises concerns that using the term too loosely can lead to moral blame and detract from scientific investigation of the disease's heterogeneity. The author advocates for a clearer epidemi

The passage discusses the ambiguous definition of "super-spreaders" in the context of COVID-19 transmission. The term, which refers to individuals who infect a larger than average number of people, is broad and can be applied to almost anyone who is not physically isolated. The author raises concerns that this vague definition can lead to moral blame and distract from scientific investigation of the heterogeneity of COVID-19 transmission. The author advocates for a clearer epidemiological definition

A study reanalyzing COVID-19 data from Ningbo, China, using more appropriate statistical methods found no significant difference in the transmission rates of the coronavirus between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (Fisher's exact test p-value = .84, odds ratio = 1.2 [0.5, 2.8]). The original analysis may have been flawed due to the use of chi-squared tests with small cell counts.

A study reanalyzed COVID-19 data from Ningbo, China, using more appropriate statistical methods to compare transmission rates of the coronavirus by symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. After excluding cases related to super-spreaders and applying the Fisher exact test, no significant difference in transmission rates was found, with an odds ratio of 1.2 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.5-2.8.

A small percentage of individuals, known as super-spreaders, are responsible for most transmission events of infectious diseases. The phenomenon was first observed during the SARS pandemic and is influenced by various factors such as co-infection, immune suppression, airflow dynamics, delayed hospital admission, misdiagnosis, and inter-hospital transfers. Identifying and predicting super-spreaders pose significant challenges in infectious disease management and pandemic preparedness plans.

A case study was conducted on a super-spreader of COVID-19 in Ningbo, China, who transmitted the virus to over twenty-eight people. Identifying and isolating such individuals and understanding the reasons behind their efficient transmission ability are crucial for controlling and managing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The passage discusses the challenge of reopening economies in dense urban areas with the resumption of public transportation and the need to identify potential disease clusters. The authors propose a framework using public transport ridership data in Singapore to identify spatial super-spreaders and super-susceptibles, which are places most likely to contribute to disease spread or where people are most likely to contract it. The results reveal that many super-spreaders are also super-susceptibles

A study reconstructed data from 1,407 transmission pairs that formed 643 clusters among 9,120 COVID-19 cases in mainland China between January 15 and February 29, 2020. Thirty-four primary cases were identified as super-spreaders, with five super-spreading events occurring in households. The mean serial interval for household transmissions was 5.0 (4.4-

The passage discusses the use of modeling to estimate the proportion of Lassa fever (LF) transmissions due to human-to-human contact, particularly the role of super-spreaders. The study analyzed data from published LF outbreaks and hospitalized patients at Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone. Results showed that nearly all cases at the hospital were secondary cases caused by human-to-human transmission, with a significant impact from a few individuals (super-spread

India identified its first COVID-19 case in late January 2020, and since then, the number of positive cases has significantly increased in 34 states and union territories. This study aims to create transmission network visualizations of COVID-19 in India and analyze them to identify potential Super Spreader Individuals and Super Spreader Events responsible for the outbreak in their respective regions. Network analysis is discussed as a potential tool to mitigate the further spread of the disease in this

This passage discusses the importance of understanding disease transmission paths within human-contact networks to effectively respond to epidemics, such as Covid-19. At low visibility rates, contact tracing slows the spread of the disease but requires significant visibility and the ability to isolate half of the population to stop it. Isolating super-links, or key proximity encounters, proactively prevents epidemic outbreaks with targeted isolation of a fourth of the population based on 35%

During the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak in Korea, 186 lab-confirmed cases were identified and categorized into spreader (5 super-spreaders and 10 usual-spreaders) and non-spreader groups. Body temperature ≥ 38.5°C, pulmonary infiltration of ≥ 3 lung zones, and longer in-hospital days were significant risk factors for spreading the virus.

A study using an SEIR agent-based model on a graph for COVID-19 spread considers super-spreaders, epidemiological parameters, testing, and quarantine policies. Results suggest mass-testing is less effective than testing the symptomatic and contact tracing, and a blend of these with social distancing is necessary for suppression. The fat tail of the degree distribution significantly impacts epidemic growth, and many standard models overlook this. The average reproduction number for individuals does not

The passage discusses the role of super-spreaders in the outbreaks of MERS-CoV in 2015, SARS-CoV in 2003, and Ebola virus in 2014-2015. Super-spreading refers to a single patient infecting a large number of contacts. These outbreaks were significantly influenced by super-spreaders, and the passage provides summaries of documented cases,

This paper aims to create spatial visualizations of COVID-19 transmission in South Korea between January 20 and February 19, 2020, using data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study identified two early transmission clusters in South Korea - the Daegu cluster and the capital area cluster. Using a degree-weighted centrality measure, potential super-spreaders of the virus were proposed within these clusters. Spatial visualizations

A study on COVID-19 epidemic spreading uses computer simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and predict virus propagation. While ODE-based models are commonly used, they don't adequately capture the impact of complex interaction structures, such as super-spreaders. The researchers translated an ODE-based model into a stochastic multi-agent system with a contact network and observed significant differences in epidemic dynamics. The interaction structure had a greater impact on spreading dynamics

A new four-state disease transmission model is proposed for the SARS virus, with the community represented as a small-world network of interconnected nodes. Transmission can only occur between linked nodes, leading to geographically localized outbreaks and the presence of "super-spreaders." These features are not evident in standard susceptible-infected-removed models. The analysis suggests that "super-spreaders" can emerge even with constant infectiousness, and nos

During the 2015 South Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), only 22 of 186 cases transmitted the infection, with five super-spreading events causing 150 transmissions. Spreaders had a longer symptom onset to isolation interval, more frequent pre-isolation pneumonia diagnoses, higher pre-isolation contacts, hospitalizations, and ER visits, and lower cycle

The passage discusses an analysis of over 4,700 SARS-CoV-2 genomes and their associated metadata. The sequences of SARS-CoV-2 have a high sequence identity but drop to around 96% when compared to bat coronavirus. The researchers built a mutation-annotated reference SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny with two main macro-haplogroups, A and B, both of Asian origin

A two-cohort SIR model explains the Covid-19 epidemic evolution in several countries, featuring a large population with a slightly below 1 R0 value and a smaller subgroup with high R0, acting as super-spreaders. The epidemic slows down when herd immunity is reached in the subgroup, and the system's dynamics are robust against non-pharmaceutical measures.

A study using a stochastic small-world network model reveals the occurrence of "super-spreaders" in the transmission of SARS, even with constant infectiousness. Long exposure times and significant nosocomial transmission were key factors in the severity of the Hong Kong outbreak. Effective control measures include limiting long range links or rapid hospitalization and isolation.

This study explores the concept of super-spreading events in the context of microblogging on Online Social Networks (OSNs), where a small number of users significantly influence the spread of information to numerous others. The research focuses on understanding super-spreading phenomena to enhance data mining tasks such as hot topic detection and harmful information monitoring. The SAIR model is introduced, based on epidemic models, to characterize super-spreading in tweet information propagation.

The passage discusses the trade-off between disease re-emergence and lockdown duration in countries aiming for COVID-19 elimination. The distribution of secondary cases, particularly the presence of "super-spreaders," is an essential factor in this assessment. Analytical calculations and simulations suggest that once a subregion has only one recognized case, it may be safe to release from lockdown after one or two incubation periods. Evidence suggests a distribution with prominent "

The 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak in the Republic of Korea displayed super-spreading events with significant heterogeneity in secondary case generation. Agent-based modeling, specifically a stochastic agent-based framework, was used to understand this heterogeneity by incorporating clinical and social or environmental factors. Super-spreaders, with stronger transmission and/or higher contacts, were found to be the primary drivers of substantial heterogeneity in secondary case generation based on

A retrospective study identified a super-spreading transmission chain of SARS-CoV-2 involving an index patient, seven cancer patients, 40 healthcare workers, and four family members. The index patient and another presumptive super-spreader initiated and amplified the chain. Most patients were symptomatic with abnormal chest CT-scans and positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal or throat swabs and specific

The passage argues against the labeling of children as "super spreaders" of COVID-19 and advocates for the safe reopening of schools. It cites numerous studies indicating that children are less likely to contract and transmit the virus compared to adults. The author emphasizes the importance of in-person learning for children's social, emotional, and academic development and the negative consequences of prolonged school closures. The passage concludes by urging caution and implementation of safety measures

A chest tube, used to drain air or fluid from the chest cavity, can act as a "super spreader" of COVID-19 due to the continuous release of aerosols. These aerosols, which can contain the virus, are expelled when the tube is suctioned or when the patient coughs or breathes. Healthcare workers treating patients with chest tubes should take extra precautions, including using high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)

The passage argues against the labeling of children as "super spreaders" of COVID-19. It cites several studies that suggest children are less likely to contract and transmit the virus than adults. The author emphasizes the importance of reopening schools, considering the negative impacts of prolonged school closures on children's education, mental health, and social development.

A study in Tianjin, China, analyzed COVID-19 transmission data from January 21 to February 26, 2020, identifying 135 cases in 43 chains. The largest chain had 45 cases, and the longest had four generations. Using a heterogeneous transmission model, the researchers estimated the reproductive number R to be 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54-0.

A study in Tianjin, China, analyzed COVID-19 transmission data from January 21 to February 26, 2020, identifying 135 cases in 43 chains. The largest chain had 45 cases, and the longest had four generations. Using a heterogeneous transmission model, the study estimated the reproductive number R to be 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54-0.

The passage discusses the cancellation of the International Hajj pilgrimage as a measure to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This event, which attracts millions of people from around the world, has been identified as a potential super spreader event due to the close contact and large crowds involved. The decision to cancel the pilgrimage was made to minimize the risk of infection and transmission, in line with efforts to mitigate the global pandemic.

A cluster epidemic of COVID-19 occurred in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, after a Buddhism rally on January 19, 2020. The initial case infected 29 second generation cases and 4 asymptomatic infection cases, with a higher risk for those taking bus with the initial case. A total of 67 COVID-19 cases, 15 asymptomatic infection cases, 37 third+ generation cases,

During the 2002-2003 SARS outbreak, hospital infections and super-spreading events (SSE) were significant factors. A mathematical model was used to estimate transmission levels between the index super-spreader, staff, and patients. The results supported a hypothesis of an initial surge caused by a single super-spreader, with increased patient risk around one month into the outbreak. The estimated number of cases caused by SSE was lower than previously reported

The passage discusses the potential of public health innovation, including dense sampling and next-generation sequencing, to increase the resolution of microbial characterization and map physical parameters relevant to microbial survival and spread. Combining microbial, physical, and epidemiological big data could improve risk identification. However, these approaches could do harm if used incorrectly. The concept of minimizing microbial-human interactions is a mistake as some microbes previously thought of as benign

A mathematical model is presented for the spread of COVID-19, focusing on super-spreaders. The model calculates the basic reproduction number threshold and examines the disease-free equilibrium's stability. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the model's parameters. Numerical simulations demonstrate the model's applicability to the Wuhan outbreak.

A mathematical model is presented for the spread of COVID-19, focusing on super-spreaders. The model calculates the basic reproduction number threshold, examines the disease-free equilibrium stability, and investigates parameter sensitivity. Simulations demonstrate the model's applicability to the Wuhan outbreak.

A study was conducted in Tianjin, China to evaluate the transmission heterogeneity and super-spreading events (SSEs) of COVID-19 using a heterogeneous transmission model. The study analyzed 135 confirmed cases between January 21 and February 26, 2020, and identified 43 transmission chains with the largest chain having 45 cases and the longest chain spanning four generations. The estimated reproduction number R was

A 50-year-old HIV-positive man with a COVID-19 diagnosis was found dead at home, five weeks after exhibiting symptoms. Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) of his lungs revealed deterioration beyond typical post-mortem findings, resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with histologically identified inflammation and binuclear lymphocytes. Additional findings included acute liver dyst

The passage discusses a new estimate for the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19, which is higher than previously estimated. Based on a SEIR model that accounts for the distribution of the incubation period, R0 is suggested to range from 4.4 to 11.7. This estimate is based on the observed doubling time in the near-exponential phases of the epidemic spread in several countries. The authors argue that individual case reports from

The passage discusses the potential role of rare ACE2 coding variants as a risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease. The ACE2 protein, which is encoded on the X chromosome, plays a crucial role in the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to human cells. Males who carry rare ACE2 variants will express them in all ACE2-expressing cells, while females will typically express them in a mosaic distribution. The

The passage describes an analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Tianjin and the evaluation of the effectiveness of control measures. From April 13 to May 8, 2003, 175 SARS cases were identified, with a fatality rate of 8.0%. The epidemic lasted less than one month, with 93.7% of cases trans

A study identified four genetic clusters, or "super-spreaders" (SSs), of SARS-CoV-2 through phylodynamic analysis of 247 genomic sequences. These SSs were responsible for major outbreaks in Asia, the US, and Europe. SS1 was linked to outbreaks in Asia and the US, particularly in Washington and California, while SS4 contributed to the European pandemic. Further analysis of 1539 sequences reported after

A study identified four genetic clusters, or "super-spreaders" (SSs), of SARS-CoV-2 through phylodynamic analysis of 247 high-quality genomic sequences. These SSs were responsible for major outbreaks in various countries, with SS1 predominantly causing outbreaks in Asia and the US, and SS4 contributing to the pandemic in Europe. Further analysis of 1539 genome sequences reported after February 29

The Kemeny constant of a graph is used to identify and analyze bridges between communities, which can help in detecting and preventing the spread of COVID-19 between different communities. This approach is important for effective testing, tracking, and tracing abilities, as traditional methods can face practical limits in an exponential growth of testing or overly conservative quarantining. Simulations suggest that this application of graph theory can efficiently identify and block possible "super-spreader links" in the early stages

A study conducted on June 7, 2015, at Pyeongtaek St. Mary’s Hospital in South Korea, investigated the role of airflow in the transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) during an outbreak. Tracer gas experiments confirmed that the gas spread to adjacent and distant rooms through the eighth floor, where the initial patient was hospitalized. The air change rate was high, with air introduced through the infected patient'

The COVID-19 outbreak in China, excluding Hubei Province, was studied using individually documented case data to estimate the distributions of generation time, incubation period, and periods from symptom onset to isolation and diagnosis. The recommended 14-day quarantine period may result in a 6.7% failure rate. A 22-day quarantine period is recommended. The mean generation time is 3.3 days, mean incubation period is

This study introduces a new method for calculating spatially adjusted, time-varying reproductive numbers to better understand the geographical expansion of urban dengue outbreaks. While time-varying effective reproductive numbers (R(t)) provide more information than the basic reproductive number (R(0)), they do not account for individual-level geographical variations in exposure risk. The proposed method estimates individual-level effective reproductive numbers (R(j

A study suggests that blood group incompatibility may significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Data shows COVID-19 patients are over-represented by blood type A and under-represented by type O. A model indicates ABO transfusion incompatibility could decrease transmission by 60% or more. However, targeted vaccination of high-susceptibility type A or "super-spreader" type O individuals is less effective than random

The passage discusses the relationship between the inter-city mobility network in Brazil and the emergence of COVID-19 cases in the country. The authors used a Geographical Information System to represent cities as nodes and flows as weighted edges. They found that applying certain thresholds to the networks' flows to neglect the lowest-frequency travels resulted in better correspondences between network measures, such as strength, degree, and betweenness, and the emergence of cities with confirmed COVID-19

A study of 897 participants found that 70% of them would take a costless COVID-19 test. Contrary to expectations, those most likely to spread the virus, such as extraverts and younger people, were the most willing to get tested. The results suggest that people are selfless in their decision to test for COVID-19, which is encouraging for the success of widespread testing in targeting those who generate the largest social benefits from self-isolation

The passage discusses a study analyzing intrapatient heterogeneity of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the 2015 South Korean outbreak. Deep-sequencing analysis of MERS-CoV genomes from eight patients revealed significant intrapatient variation. Further analysis using targeted deep sequencing of 35 specimens from 24 patients, including a super-spreader, demonstrated intrapatient heterogene

A system dynamics model is being used to study the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune response, focusing on the fraction of the population infected and the roles of innate immune response, initial virus load, virus burden with shedding events, and cytokine levels in determining the severity of symptoms (asymptomatic, mild, acute, or super-spreader). This research aims to support drug use, antibody production, and vaccine development

The 2003 SARS epidemics in Hong Kong and Singapore were marked by super spreading events (SSEs), where a small number of individuals caused a disproportionate number of infections. The authors identified these SSEs using mathematical and statistical analysis and found that they accounted for 71.1% of infections in Hong Kong and 74.8% in Singapore. The occurrence of SSEs seemed to synchronize with community

The multi-chain Fudan-CCDC model, an improvement on the original single-chain model, is proposed to effectively and efficiently describe the evolution of COVID-19 in Singapore. Multi-chains represent the combination of several single chains with distinct characteristics. The model's parameters are identified by minimizing a penalty function. Numerical simulation results indicate the multi-chain model fits the data well, with increments within a 25% fluctuation range. The model predict

A study analyzed viral sequences from 13 pediatric COVID-19 patients, five of whom had PIMS-TS. Contrary to previous hypotheses, no unique sequences were found in the viruses from PIMS-TS patients.

This study analyzed the clinical and transmission characteristics of Covid-19 among 25 cases from a single thoracic surgery department. There were 13 patients and 12 healthcare staff, with a median age of 61 and 35 years, respectively. By the end of follow-up, there were 16 non-severe cases (64%) and 9 severe cases (36%), with 5 deaths (20%). COPD

The passage discusses a network analysis study of the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea to understand disease transmission among individuals through contact networks. The study reveals that a few super-spreaders played a significant role in the spread of the disease, causing ongoing transmissions in local neighborhoods. The infectious contact network showed small-world dynamics, with locally clustered contacts and short transmission paths. The study also identified a common-source outbreak followed by secondary person

The passage discusses a study aimed at reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 infection events and transmission clusters outside of Hubei Province in China. The study analyzed 9,120 confirmed cases from January 20 to February 19, 2020, and identified 1,407 infection events that formed 643 transmission clusters. The results showed that 34 primary cases were identified as super-spreaders, and

A study was conducted to investigate the transmission routes of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the first hospital outbreak in the Republic of Korea in May 2015. Seven hypothesized transmission modes were identified based on long-range airborne, close contact, and fomite routes. The infection risks for each hypothesis were estimated using a multi-agent modeling framework and compared with reported attack rates through least-squares fitting. The results suggested that

A new mathematical model is presented to explain the slower approaching herd immunity during the COVID-19 epidemic in Sweden. The model takes into account the hierarchical structure of social clusters in society and applies the theory of random walk on energy landscapes represented mathematically with ultrametric spaces. Social barriers between clusters depend on the number of hierarchy levels and increase linearly. The infection spreads easily within a cluster but jumps to other clusters are constrained by social barriers.

The Singapore Ministry of Health, with WHO assistance, is investigating an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The condition is marked by atypical pneumonia and efficient hospital transmission. This report details the epidemiological aspects of the outbreak in Singapore, focusing on the role of "super spreaders" and the national prevention and control strategy.

COVID-19, a novel respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus that began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and became a pandemic in March 2020, affects a small percentage of children and adolescents who often experience milder symptoms but can develop severe illness. Neonates can also contract the virus, and children may unknowingly spread it in the community. This review summarizes current knowledge about COVID-19 in children and adoles

The passage discusses the relationship between the susceptible proportion and the basic reproduction number in simple infection models. The authors investigate how this relationship holds under more complex modeling assumptions, including non-exponential distributions for lifetimes and infectious periods, a general recruitment process, multiple stages of infection, and a multigroup model. For a homogeneous population, they find that the susceptible proportion is related to a modified reproduction number, and the proportions of the population in each infection

A national online survey in Japan during March 2020 investigated the relationship between perception and anxiety levels about COVID-19 and risk behaviors for spreading the virus. The study found that those with low knowledge about COVID-19 were less likely to access information sources, trust them, or practice preventive behaviors. This group was also less anxious about their health status and less concerned about expanding infection. The study emphasizes the importance of enlightening those with no concerns about COVID-19

The passage discusses the use of mathematical models to estimate the impact of non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) on the spread of COVID-19. Three models were proposed with scenarios including screening, quarantine, and NPIs. The analysis showed that without screening, the number of COVID-19 patients and spreaders would be higher. The implementation of NPIs, such as screening and quarantine, was found to reduce the number of spreaders and slow the

In a study of 42 contacts of a super-spreader in Germany, 26 individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using in-house neutralization testing. Comparison with four commercial serological assays indicated limited sensitivity in a high-prevalence setting. Nucleocapsid restricted tests showed better sensitivity, while spike-based assays had a stronger correlation with neutralization capacity.

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and rapidly spread globally. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies, including real-time disease mapping, predictive risk mapping, and contact tracing, are essential for monitoring and responding to the epidemic. Various online/mobile GIS and mapping dashboards and applications are available for tracking the coronavirus epidemic and associated events

A retrospective cohort study of the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak analyzed factors contributing to host susceptibility to MERS-CoV infection. Of 175 individuals exposed to a super-spreader, 26 (14.9%) contracted the virus. In multivariate analysis, a history of autologous stem cell transplantation (HR: 31.151, 95% CI: 5

The passage discusses the exploration of various disease propagation models using daily infection data from the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong. Simple random models were found to be insufficient, and the standard epidemic susceptible-infected-removed model did not fully account for the data's variability. A more complex small world network model was proposed as an alternative, which could reliably produce simulations quantitatively similar to the true data. The small world network model can explain the seemingly

A systematic review of four immunomodulatory therapies (anakinra, sarilumab, siltuximab, and tocilizumab) for coronavirus-related infections was conducted. Five studies with 59 patients were included, all having a moderate to high risk of bias. Primary outcomes, such as time to hospital discharge and severity at day 15, were inconsistently reported but suggested improvement in patients seven days following therapy

Contact tracing is an effective measure in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, particularly for low case numbers. Its efficiency depends on the basic reproductive ratio of the disease and can be investigated through pairwise-approximation methods and full stochastic simulations. However, clustering within the transmission network can destroy the relationship, requiring lower contact tracing efficiency than predicted.

A computational model was developed to identify Human-nCoV protein interactions using experimentally validated SARS-CoV-Human interactions. Level-1 and level-2 human spreader proteins were identified using the SIS model and a gene-ontology based fuzzy affinity function. These proteins were considered potential targets for nCoV bait proteins. The derived host-pathogen interaction network was validated using 7 potential FDA listed drugs for

A study by Gautret et al. suggested that hydroxychloroquine monotherapy and hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin could reduce viral load in COVID-19 patients. However, the study has major methodological issues, including design, outcome measure, and statistical analyses. This paper discusses the background, clinical evidence, pharmacology, and methodological issues related to the trial. Despite the urgency to find antiv

Two studies with over 1,700 U.S. adults found that people share false information about COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient thinking about accuracy. In Study 1, participants had difficulty distinguishing true from false content when sharing on social media, but improved with greater cognitive reflection and science knowledge. Study 2 showed that a simple accuracy reminder before the study significantly increased truth discernment in participants' sharing intentions. These findings suggest that nudging people to consider accuracy

The passage presents findings from two studies conducted with over 1,700 U.S. adults regarding why people share false information about COVID-19 on social media. Study 1 revealed that participants had difficulty distinguishing between accurate and inaccurate content when deciding what to share, but greater cognitive reflection and science knowledge improved discernment. Study 2 demonstrated that a simple accuracy reminder before the study led to nearly three times more truthful sharing intentions. The results suggest that nud

The SARS outbreak in Singapore began in February 2003 with three travelers from Hong Kong. One of them was a super-spreader, leading to a national outbreak. The military played a role in contact tracing and enforcing home quarantine, while military-affiliated research institutes provided diagnostic support. The review details the diagnostic findings in chronological order and highlights the importance of the collaboration between military-affiliated and public health laboratories during the crisis

The passage discusses a study focused on identifying spreader nodes and ranking interacting edges in the SARS-CoV protein interaction network. With the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is genetically similar to SARS-CoV, the research aims to find key spreader nodes and edges using a new feature called spreadability index. The method was first applied to a synthetic network and then to the SARS-CoV-human protein interaction network. The

The SARS-CoV2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, is a highly pathogenic coronavirus that can lead to fatal lower respiratory tract infections and ARDS. The immune response to the virus can result in a "cytokine storm," characterized by high cytokine concentrations, which contributes to lethal symptoms. Individuals with underlying risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and COPD, are

A study proposes the CheckerOrSpreader model to distinguish between fact checkers and potential fake news spreaders based on user behavior on social media. The model uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with word embeddings and personality traits and linguistic patterns from tweets as features. Experimental results indicate improved performance in differentiating between fact checkers and spreaders by incorporating these features.

A study using ONS data from England and Wales found that during the Covid-19 pandemic, there were an additional 968 weekly deaths that did not involve Covid-19, beyond what would have been expected. Reasons for this increase could be Covid-19 underreporting, avoidance of hospitals, or lockdown effects. Further analysis of the causes of these excess non-Covid-19 deaths is necessary to inform policy responses.

A study using ONS data from England and Wales found an additional 968 weekly deaths not officially linked to Covid-19 during the pandemic, suggesting potential underreporting, hospital avoidance, or lockdown effects. Further analysis of causes of excess non-Covid-19 deaths is necessary to inform policy responses.

A SARS outbreak occurred in a hospital in Tianjin, China between April and May 2003, resulting in 111 suspect and probable cases. The outbreak was traced back to a single patient who infected 33 people, causing eight clusters. The mean age of the patients was 38.5 years, with 38.7% being men. The case fatality rate was 11.7%. The outbreak lasted around 4

The passage discusses the concept of transmission heterogeneities in infectious diseases, specifically focusing on Escherichia coli and its interaction with cattle. About 20% of cattle are responsible for 80% of the transmission potential, a phenomenon known as the '20/80 rule.' Factors contributing to this heterogeneity include microorganism-specific, cattle-specific, and environmental factors. Understanding these factors and their implications for human health is crucial

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to various hypotheses about the use of specific medicines and infection/prognosis risks. Rapid answers require quick data collection and analysis, but valid and reliable evidence necessitates appropriate pharmacoepidemiologic study design and conduct. This paper, endorsed by the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology, offers methodological considerations for conducting such studies in eight domains: timeliness of evidence, aligning observational

This study compared the clinical features and management regimens of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patients from multiple generations of nosocomial transmission. The study found no statistical differences in age, gender, incubation period, length of hospital stay, peak temperature, duration of fever, accompanying symptoms, leucopenia, lung involvement, or modes of oxygen therapy and antibiotics among the generations. However, the initial temperature lowered, the number of

A study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using super obese Göttingen minipigs as a long-term survival Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) model. Eleven minipigs underwent laparoscopic RYGBP and were followed up to 9 months post-surgery. Five minipigs survived without complications, while four developed surgical related complications and two died due to central venous

The passage discusses an analysis of 169 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, which were classified into two major genotypes: Type I and Type II. Type I can be further divided into Type IA and IB, with Type IA being most similar to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Type II is believed to have evolved from Type I and was predominant in the Wuhan Huanan market outbreak. The results suggest that

A cross-sectional study identified wearing a mask correctly as the main super-factor preventing COVID-19 infection among medical staff in Wuhan, China. Touching the face was the main factor contributing to infections. Self-protection score was the main factor for uninfected staff but isolated in infected group. Exposure to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and contact with wild animals were isolated factors for family members.

A cross-sectional study identified wearing a mask correctly as the main super-factor preventing COVID-19 infection among medical staff in Wuhan, China. Touching the face was the main factor contributing to infections. Self-protection score was the super-factor for uninfected staff but isolated in infected staff. Exposure to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and contact with wild animals were isolated factors for family members.

SARS outbreak in Hong Kong occurred in spring 2003, infecting 1755 people and killing nearly 300. Introduced by travelers from China, the epidemic lasted from late February to early June. Two major "super-spreading" events occurred, one in a hospital and the other in a housing estate. Transmission was primarily through droplets and close contacts, but aerosol generation may have increased risk. Health-

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous hypotheses about the use of specific medicines and infection risk. Rapid answers are required, but valid and reliable evidence can only be generated through appropriate pharmacoepidemiologic study design and conduct. This paper, endorsed by the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology, outlines methodological considerations for conducting such studies across eight domains: timeliness of evidence, alignment of observational and interventional research

The passage introduces EveSense, a social media application that detects real-life events and related trending topics from Twitter. It utilizes a new approach called Dynamic Heartbeat Graph (DHG) for efficient feature extraction and superior event detection performance. The application was tested and evaluated on three case studies: a sports event, FA cup Final, and two political events, Super Tuesday and US Election.

The passage discusses the importance of identifying super-spreading events in ongoing COVID-19 outbreaks for public health interventions. By analyzing cluster sizes of epidemiologically-linked cases in Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore, the study found that large cluster sizes, suggestive of super-spreading events, were unlikely based on the estimated basic reproductive number (R0) and dispersion factor (k).