Question: is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19

Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, was effective in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques, as shown by reduced signs of respiratory disease, lower pulmonary infiltrates, lower lung viral loads, and less lung damage. Early treatment initiation is suggested to prevent progression to pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.

Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, was effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques, as shown by reduced signs of respiratory disease, lower pulmonary infiltrates, lower lung viral loads, and less lung damage. Early treatment initiation is suggested to prevent progression to pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.

Remdesivir, a nucleotide prodrug with effectiveness against coronaviruses, was tested on rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. Six macaques in each group were infected and treated with intravenous remdesivir or a vehicle solution daily. Remdesivir-treated animals showed no respiratory symptoms, reduced pulmonary infiltrates on radiographs, and significantly lower virus titers and lung

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted using the BRAT framework to evaluate the use of remdesivir as a COVID-19 treatment compared to placebo or standard of care. The study identified several benefits and risks, including a potential shorter time to recovery and reduced mortality risk for remdesivir, but limited safety data was available. The assessment also noted fewer serious adverse events in the remdesivir group but more discontinuations due to adverse events. Pre

A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of remdesivir for treating COVID-19 in adults with pneumonia and/or respiratory insufficiency. Two placebo-controlled RCTs and two case series were included, all using the same dosage and follow-up period. Remdesivir did not significantly decrease all-cause mortality or the need for invasive ventilation, but had fewer serious adverse events.

Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that has shown inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Due to the absence of effective treatments for COVID-19, remdesivir has been used compassionately in severe cases. Recent studies have shown mixed results, with some suggesting faster time to recovery but no difference in mortality, while others found no significant benefit. The authors conducted a systematic review of literature on rem

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the use of remdesivir as a treatment for COVID-19, comparing it to standard of care, placebo, or other treatments. Using the BRAT framework, potential benefits identified included a shorter time to recovery and possible reduced mortality risk, while risks included more discontinuations due to adverse events and fewer serious adverse events in the remdesivir group. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favorable benefit-

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the use of remdesivir as a COVID-19 treatment compared to standard of care, placebo, or other treatments. Using the BRAT framework, potential benefits identified included shorter time to recovery and possible mortality reduction, while risks included more treatment discontinuations due to adverse events and fewer serious adverse events in the remdesivir group. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favorable benefit-risk profile,

The passage discusses the approval of the antiviral drug remdesivir by the USFDA for the treatment of COVID-19, but the molecular mechanism by which it inhibits the RNA synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 is unknown and requires further investigation.

Remdesivir, an antiviral drug that inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of various RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA on May 1, 2020, for treating COVID-19 patients. This mini-review provides comprehensive information on remdesivir, including its milestones, intellectual properties, anti-coronavirus mechanisms, precl

The passage discusses the use of remdesivir as a potential treatment for COVID-19, with the USFDA granting emergency approval for its use. The molecular mechanism by which remdesivir inhibits the RNA synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown and requires further investigation.

A study analyzing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials on the clinical efficacy of remdesivir for COVID-19 treatment was conducted. The data of 1075 and 1296 subjects showed that remdesivir significantly increased the discharge rate and decreased mortality and serious adverse events compared to the placebo. The study concluded that remdesivir is efficacious and safe for the treatment of COVID

A systematic review was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of Remdesivir in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two cohort studies were included. In the cohort studies, patients received Remdesivir for 10 days. Two RCTs showed that Remdesivir's 10-day regimen was more effective than placebo in reducing time to clinical improvement, but there was

A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to compare the effectiveness of remdesivir and placebo in treating COVID-19 based on randomized controlled trials. The study will search various databases and follow PRISMA guidelines. The primary endpoint is time to clinical recovery, with secondary endpoints being all-cause mortality, discharge date, respiratory progression, and treatment-emergent adverse events. The analysis will use the RevMan 5.

The passage argues for the superiority of the parent nucleoside GS-441524 over remdesivir in Covid-19 treatment. While remdesivir has received attention for its moderate effects against Covid-19, GS-441524 is the predominant metabolite reaching the lungs as remdesivir undergoes premature hydrolysis in the serum. The synthetic simplicity and in vivo efficacy

A leading antiviral candidate for treating COVID-19 is remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral initially developed for Ebola virus. Although it did not meet efficacy endpoints during an Ebola outbreak trial, it shows promise against SARS-CoV-2 based on in vitro activity, uncontrolled clinical reports, and limited randomized trial data. The current data are insufficient to determine remdesivir's effic

A simulated study analyzed the impact of remdesivir on COVID-19 patients' hospitalization length, high-risk state, and death based on severity at enrollment. Low-risk patients had the highest reduction in progression to high-risk state (67%) and death (55%) with remdesivir treatment. Medium-risk patients also showed significant reductions (52% in progression to high-risk state and

Remdesivir is a promising drug for treating COVID-19 due to its broad-spectrum antiviral properties and in vitro and animal study results. However, its current IV dosing regimen may not achieve optimal clinical efficacy as plasma exposures and lung concentrations may not correlate with clinical benefits. A combination of IV and pulmonary delivery is suggested to improve antiviral therapy against COVID-19.

Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, has shown promise against COVID-19 with in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and in vivo efficacy against MERS-CoV. However, current IV dosing regimen (200 mg loading dose followed by 100 mg daily for 5-9 days) may not achieve optimal clinical efficacy due to insufficient lung exposure. Plasma exposures

A systematic review and meta-analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials investigated the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The studies revealed a modest yet significant reduction in mortality (RR=0.69), faster time to clinical improvement (3.95 less days), reduced risk of serious adverse events (RR=0.77), and all adverse events (RR=0.87). While remdes

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating severe COVID-19 in adults. The study included 237 patients admitted to ten hospitals in Hubei, China, with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, oxygen saturation of 94% or less on room air or a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen of

A 40-year-old COVID-19 patient was successfully treated with remdesivir, despite a 6-day delay in initiation of therapy. The patient, who had dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath, was admitted to the hospital 3 days after symptom onset and received hydroxychloroquine in the meantime. A request for compassionate use of remdesivir was submitted on the same day as the positive COVID-1

A 40-year-old COVID-19 patient was successfully treated with remdesivir, despite a 6-day delay in initiation of therapy. The patient, who had dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath, was intubated and received hydroxychloroquine before receiving remdesivir. The patient was extubated 60 hours after starting remdesivir and transitioned to room air within 24 hours. Late

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at ten hospitals in Hubei, China, to evaluate the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating severe COVID-19 in adults. Between February 6, 2020, and March 12, 2020, 237 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to remdesivir or placebo groups. The primary endpoint was time to clinical improvement up to

Four critically ill COVID-19 patients received remdesivir after other antiviral treatments. One patient had a torsade de pointes event and died, another experienced liver injury. Three patients showed negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA after three days and increased lymphocyte counts. Remdesivir showed in vivo virological effect but had significant adverse events. Limited study, but potentially relevant for COVID-19 treatment.

Remdesivir effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication by targeting RdRp, but its inhibitory mechanisms are unclear. Through molecular dynamics simulations, the study found that the 1’-cyano group of remdesivir inhibits both nucleotide addition and proofreading. For nucleotide addition, the 1’-cyano group causes instability by interacting with a salt bridge, leading to delayed chain term

Remdesivir is a nucleotide analogue prodrug being evaluated as a potential antiviral treatment for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Originally developed to combat Ebola, its ability to inhibit coronavirus replication, including SARS-CoV-2, was later discovered. This article reviews remdesivir's history, mechanism of action, and ongoing clinical trials assessing its effectiveness.

Remdesivir, a new treatment for COVID-19, was studied using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation methods to understand its inhibition mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). A homology model of the polymerase was constructed based on a previously available structure of SARS-CoV NSP12 RdRp. A putative preinsertion binding structure of remdes

Remdesivir, approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19, was studied using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation methods to understand its inhibition mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). A homology model of the polymerase was constructed based on a previously available structure of SARS-CoV NSP12 RdRp. A putative preinsertion binding structure

A scoping review identified 11 studies on pharmacological treatments for COVID-19, including hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, tocilizumab, and favipiravir. Three RCTs in China found no significant earlier clinical improvement with lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir for severe infections. The duration of

Five severe COVID-19 patients in ICU at the University hospital of Bichat, Paris, received remdesivir treatment for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Two required mechanical ventilation and one high flow cannola oxygen. Three patients experienced side effects leading to remdesivir interruption: two had ALT elevations and two renal failures requiring replacement. A decrease in SARS-CoV-2 viral load was observed in most

A 35-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks of gestation with COVID-19 presented with severe symptoms including fever, cough, anosmia, and dyspnea. Her lab results showed high levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. On day 3, she was treated with tocilizumab and remdesivir due to worsening condition. Both treatments led to improvement, and she was discharged after

A 35-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks of gestation with COVID-19 presented with severe symptoms including fever, cough, anosmia, dyspnea, and elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations. She was treated with tocilizumab and remdesivir due to worsening condition, and responded well with recovery to room air and discharge after a 9-day hospitalization. The

A review of potential therapeutics for treating SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, was conducted based on their efficacy against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Several therapeutics with promising results include camostat mesylate, remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, baricitinib, convalescent plasma, and humanized monoclonal antibod

A review of potential therapeutics for COVID-19 identifies those with proven efficacy against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as possible options for SARS-CoV-2. Promising therapeutics include camostat mesylate, remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, baricitinib, convalescent plasma, and humanized monoclonal antibodies. Camost

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus presents a significant challenge in identifying effective drugs for prevention and treatment. Currently, no proven therapies exist, but remdesivir, which has potent in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, is the most promising therapy and is being tested in ongoing clinical trials. Oseltamivir and corticosteroids have not been shown to be effective, and the use of

A study using in silico molecular docking models identified several medications, including Zanamivir, Indinavir, Saquinavir, Remdesivir, Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD), Adeflavin, and Coenzyme A, as potential inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and 3CL protease. These medications may be beneficial in treating COVID-

This passage discusses the importance of defining pediatric-specific dosing regimens for hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir in treating COVID-19 in children. Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation were used to extrapolate adult dosages to children for both drugs. The analysis supported weight-normalized dosing for children for both hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. The simulated results showed that unbound plasma concentr

This passage discusses a study using pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to define pediatric-specific dosing regimens for hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19. The study used physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for hydroxychloroquine and allometric-scaling with age-dependent exponents for remdesivir. The results showed that weight-normalized dosing was recommended

Patients with COVID-19 face increased mortality and morbidity, with current management focusing on supportive care. Septic shock patients may require antibiotics, vasopressors, and oxygen supplementation. Corticosteroids should be avoided unless necessary. There is no proven efficacy of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, remdesivir, or antivirals for COVID-19 treatment or prevention. Convalescent plasma

The passage discusses the use of in silico molecular docking models to identify potential medications for treating COVID-19 by targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and 3CL protease. Several antiviral drugs, including Zanamivir, Indinavir, Saquinavir, and Remdesivir, were identified as potential inhibitors for the 3CL protease. Additionally, Flavin Aden

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 in clinical trials. Evidence of its antiviral effects against coronaviruses comes from in vitro and in vivo studies, including those on a related compound, GS-441524. Human compassionate use cases will provide additional information as clinical trials continue. Public health practitioners and the One Health

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19. The study will search various databases for relevant articles published up to June 30, 2020, and the results will be reported following PRISMA-P guidelines. The primary endpoint is time to clinical recovery, and secondary endpoints include proportion of participants relieved from symptoms, all-cause mortality,

The passage discusses the background of the COVID-19 pandemic and the urgent need for effective treatments. The authors conducted a search for promising COVID-19 treatments in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the New England Journal of Medicine. They identified potential agents, including copper, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), colchicine, nitric oxide (NO), remdesivir, and EIDD-2801,

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, and the need for effective treatments against SARS-CoV-2 is urgent. The authors conducted a search in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and NEJM for promising COVID-19 treatments and identified a combination of copper, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), colchicine, nitric oxide (NO), and antiviral

Gilead Sciences' experimental antiviral remdesivir showed promising results in helping COVID-19 patients recover faster based on data from a trial led by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The Food and Drug Administration is expected to grant an emergency use authorization for the drug soon. The study, which includes a placebo arm, is considered the highest quality among remdesivir's Phase III trials due to its clear signal of the treatment

Remdesivir, an antiviral drug by Gilead Sciences, has gained attention as a potential treatment for COVID-19 based on laboratory studies and early use in China. With the global case count surpassing 3 million, scrutiny of clinical trial data has intensified. A leaked video of a University of Chicago clinician discussing the drug's potential effectiveness led to a stock market rise. The pressure to find effective treatments for the pandemic continues to mount with each new

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of remdesivir in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 showed that those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 11 days, compared to 15 days in the placebo group. The mortality rate was lower in the remdesivir group (7.1%) compared to the placebo group (11.9%). Serious adverse events occurred in

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of remdesivir in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 showed that those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 11 days, compared to 15 days in the placebo group. The mortality rate was lower in the remdesivir group (7.1%) compared to the placebo group (11.9%). Serious adverse events occurred in 21.

Three recent COVID-19 clinical trials were conducted on lopinavir-ritonavir and remdesivir. One trial for lopinavir-ritonavir had an inflated type I error rate due to the enrollment of additional patients. The remdesivir trial of Wang et al. failed to reach the planned sample size and used a bootstrap method for prediction. A terminal rate model and restricted mean survival time were used to analyze the data.

Three COVID-19 clinical trials were completed for lopinavir-ritonavir and remdesivir. One remdesivir trial showed superiority, while the other two reported no benefit. This paper identifies statistical issues in the trials and reanalyzes data using more appropriate methods. The lopinavir-ritonavir trial had an inflated type I error rate due to adding patients. The remdesivir trial of Wang et al failed to

A phase 3 clinical trial is being conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue with inhibitory effects on COVID-19 virus in vitro, in adult patients with severe COVID-19. The study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial with a primary endpoint of time to clinical improvement, defined as the time from randomization to a decline of two categories on a

The passage discusses the current pharmacological treatments for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. The virus, which originated in Wuhan, China, in November 2019, spread rapidly around the world and there is still no approved drug or prophylaxis treatment. Several potential drug targets have been identified, but accurate testing is required due to the large amount of clinical data generated. Remdesivir and hydroxychloro

Remdesivir is a potential treatment for COVID-19, a contagious respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Due to overlapping molecular paths in various illnesses, reusing drugs for multiple purposes can help find new cures for unforeseen diseases more quickly. Remdesivir has emerged as a strong candidate for COVID-19 treatment. This commentary explains the virus structure and remdesivir's

The passage discusses an in vitro study evaluating the antiviral activities of various drugs against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells. The tested drugs include remdesivir, lopinavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, berberine, and cyclosporine A, with estimated 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.99 μM (remdesivir), 5

A UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantifying remdesivir and its metabolite GS-441524 in human plasma. Remdesivir, an antiviral drug with activity against SARS-CoV-2, is rapidly converted to the active form in PBMCs while GS-441524 remains in plasma for up to 24 hours. The method, which was

A UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantifying remdesivir and its metabolite GS-441524 in human plasma. Remdesivir, an antiviral drug, is rapidly converted to its active form in PBMCs while GS-441524 remains in plasma for up to 24 hours. The method involved protein precipitation, chromatographic separation using an Acquity

The study utilizes human reconstituted airway epithelial models of nasal and bronchial origin to characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection, revealing the antiviral efficacy of remdesivir and the potential therapeutic benefits of the remdesivir-diltiazem combination.

A number of antivirals are being explored for the treatment of COVID-19, but few have shown effective results due to the challenges of targeting RNA respiratory viruses. Remdesivir, which has shown in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, has shown promising results in hospitalized patients with shortened recovery time and a modest decrease in mortality. It is currently in phase III clinical trials, as well as through the compassionate use

The passage discusses the impact of comedication on COVID-19 patients and current treatment options. NSAIDs should be avoided in severe cases due to potential side effects. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors should be continued if indicated and stopped in case of hemodynamic issues. Chloroquine and remdesivir are possible treatments with no definitive evidence for their effectiveness. Chloroquine has side effects and drug interactions, and treatment

A rapid review was conducted to evaluate the potential anti-coronavirus effect of remdesivir on COVID-19 and other coronaviruses based on current evidence. While remdesivir showed promise in laboratory experiments and compassionate use reports, further clarification is needed through high-quality clinical trials to establish its safety and effectiveness in humans.

A critically ill obstetric patient with COVID-19 was successfully treated with convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir. The patient was in critical condition and both treatments were used as late additions to her care. She improved after initiating remdesivir therapy, was extubated five days later, and transitioned to room air the next day. She was discharged upon completion of remdesivir treatment. Remdesivir is a novel therapeutic

A critically ill obstetric patient with COVID-19 was successfully treated with convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir. The patient was in critical condition and both treatments were used as late additions to her care. She improved after initiation of remdesivir therapy, was extubated five days later, and transitioned to room air the next day. She was discharged upon completion of remdesivir treatment. Remdesivir is a novel therapeut

This study, conducted at Luigi Sacco Hospital in Milan, Italy, examined the use of remdesivir to treat SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in both ICU and non-ICU patients. Of the 35 patients enrolled between February 23 and March 20, 2020, 18 were in ICU and 17 in the infectious diseases ward. The primary outcome was assessed using a 7

Two phase-III clinical trials of remdesivir versus placebo in treating severe COVID-19 patients were conducted in Wuhan hospitals during the pandemic crisis. The trials, monitored using Dynamic Data Monitoring (DDM) tool, demonstrated its efficiency and reliability in supporting Data Safety Monitoring Boards' (DSMB) instantaneous review of essential data. The authors comment on the study design and suggest remdesivir's potential treatment effect based on statistical analysis of

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led researchers to explore effective anti-viral treatments. Several drugs like ribavirin, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, azithromycin, doxycycline, and ivermectin, as well as chloroquine, have been suggested for COVID-19 treatment. Chloroquine enhances Zn's

Remdesivir is a nucleoside antiviral under investigation for COVID-19 treatment, with conflicting data from observational and prospective studies necessitating careful evaluation to determine optimal patient populations for therapy, particularly during drug shortages. This review examines relevant clinical data for COVID-19 patients from January 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020.

The passage discusses the impact of comedication on COVID-19 and current treatment options. NSAIDs should be avoided in severe cases due to potential side effects. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors should be continued if indicated and stopped in case of hemodynamic issues. Chloroquine and remdesivir are possible treatments with no definitive evidence for effectiveness. Chloroquine has side effects and drug interactions, and treatment should be

Remdesivir effectively prevented and treated MERS-CoV infection in rhesus macaques, reducing clinical signs, virus replication, and lung lesions. Prophylactic treatment before infection prevented disease and lung damage, while therapeutic treatment after infection still provided benefits. These findings suggest potential for remdesivir in MERS clinical trials and against other coronaviruses like 2019-nCoV.

Remdesivir effectively prevented and treated MERS-CoV infection in rhesus macaques, reducing clinical signs, virus replication, and lung lesions. Prophylactic treatment before infection prevented disease and lung damage, while therapeutic treatment after infection still provided benefits. These findings support further testing of remdesivir in clinical trials for MERS and potentially other coronaviruses like 2019-nCoV.

A total of 53 out of 61 patients with severe Covid-19, who received compassionate-use remdesivir between January 25, 2020, and March 7, 2020, had their data analyzed. Of these, 30 patients were on mechanical ventilation and 4 on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at baseline. During a median follow-up of 18 days, 36

The passage discusses the importance of clear summaries of treatment effects in clinical trials for COVID-19, particularly in relation to the end point of time to a positive outcome. The use of common survival analysis techniques, such as the Kaplan-Meier method, is not appropriate for this end point due to the competing risk problem of patients dying before recovery or improvement. The passage suggests using the cumulative recovery or improvement rate curve to estimate treatment effects, which is presented using examples of remdes

The passage discusses the importance of clear summaries of treatment effects in clinical trials for COVID-19, particularly in relation to the end point of time to a positive outcome such as recovery or improvement. The use of common survival analysis techniques, like the Kaplan-Meier method, is not appropriate for these situations due to the competing risk problem of patients dying before recovery. Instead, the article suggests using the cumulative recovery or improvement rate curve to estimate treatment effects, which is presented using examples

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in a global health crisis with no validated drugs for effective treatment in large-scale studies. Remdesivir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, is the most promising antiviral agent in clinical trials. Favipiravir, another RdRp inhibitor, and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and spread globally. No drugs have been validated to effectively treat COVID-19 patients in large-scale studies. Remdesivir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, is the most promising antiviral agent and is currently being studied in a large-scale trial. Favipiravir

This study, conducted at Luigi Sacco Hospital in Milan, Italy, examined the use of remdesivir to treat SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in both ICU and non-ICU patients. The study involved 35 patients between February 23 and March 20, 2020. The primary outcome was the change in clinical status based on a 7-category ordinal scale. At day 28, 14

Three randomized clinical trials on COVID-19 treatments with lopinavir-ritonavir and remdesivir were completed, with one reporting the superiority of remdesivir and the other two showing no benefit. However, statistical issues in the design and analysis of these trials were identified, including inflated type I error rates, failure to reach planned sample sizes, and reliance on local information. More appropriate statistical methods, such as terminal rate models and restricted mean survival

Remdesivir (GS-5734), a novel antiviral drug, inhibits the replication of enteroviruses by impeding viral RNA and complementary RNA synthesis. This discovery extends the antiviral activity of remdesivir to enteroviruses and suggests its potential as a treatment for EV71 and other enterovirus infections. Currently in phase 3 clinical development for COVID-19 treatment, remdesivir has

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a challenge due to limited treatment options and guidelines. This narrative review summarizes the effectiveness of current therapies for COVID-19, focusing on antivirals (remdesivir, favipiravir), antimalarials (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine), and combination treatments (hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin or chloroquine). Remdesivir

A specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19 is currently unavailable, and most patients experience mild to moderate symptoms. However, up to 5%-10% of cases can be severe or life-threatening, necessitating the need for effective drugs. Supportive care is the primary treatment. Over 300 clinical trials are ongoing, evaluating various antiviral and immunomodulating agents for COVID-19. Some agents, such as chlor

A specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19 is currently unavailable, and most patients have mild to moderate symptoms. However, up to 5%-10% of patients may have severe cases, necessitating the need for effective drugs. Supportive care is the main treatment. Over 300 clinical trials are ongoing, evaluating various antiviral and immunomodulating agents, some of which will be published soon. Chloroquine, hydroxych

A multiplicity of endpoints are being used in COVID-19 trials to provide sufficient information for various decision-makers. It is a challenge to generate detailed high-quality evidence while ensuring fast availability and evaluation of results. The authors reviewed interventional COVID-19 trials on Remdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, and Hydroxychloroquine and summarized their endpoints. They propose a multistate model to harmonize heter

A study shows that remdesivir and chloroquine inhibit the replication and infection of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, with remdesivir successfully treating a COVID-19 case in the US. Camostat mesylate, a clinically proven protease inhibitor, also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevents entry into human lung cells. This review discusses pharmacological therapeutics targeting R

Remdesivir and its metabolite GS-441524 inhibit fibrotic markers and cell proliferation in renal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Intraperitoneal or renal injection of remdesivir in UUO mice attenuates renal fibrosis without affecting renal or liver function. Remdesivir is undetectable but two metabolites are detected after injection.

A review article examines potential drug therapies for COVID-19, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and lenzilumab. However, the authors conclude that there is currently no high-quality evidence to support the use of any of these drugs as effective treatments for COVID-1

The study identified simeprevir, a hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor, as a promising repurposed drug for treating COVID-19, and found that it synergizes with remdesivir to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 300,000 deaths and no standard medical therapy is currently validated. This paper explores old drugs with potential in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, reviewing their in vitro databases, adverse effects, and potential toxicities for feasibility in COVID-19 treatment. The US National Institute of Health's opinions on

The passage discusses the use of old drugs as potential treatments for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has resulted in over 300,000 deaths worldwide. The paper reviews the in vitro efficacy, adverse effects, and toxicities of several drugs, including remdesivir, teicoplanin, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, and tocilizumab. These

The passage describes a study on the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir and its active metabolite GS-441524 in two critically ill COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir was administered intravenously, and blood, bronchoalveolar aspirate (BAS), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected to measure the concentrations of remdesivir and GS-44152

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, with no proven medicines or vaccines for prevention or treatment. Several antiviral drugs, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and remdesivir, are being investigated as COVID-19 treatments, with limited clinical data available. Large randomized controlled trials (RCTs

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, with no proven medicines or vaccines for prevention or treatment. Several antiviral drugs, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and remdesivir, are being investigated as COVID-19 treatments, but there is a lack of complete data from large randomized clinical trials to

Recent reports suggest that several experimental drugs have shown success in treating SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. These include lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with oseltamivir, remdesivir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, and darunavir/umifenovir. Recoveries have increased significantly in China, indicating the importance


Question: How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?

The authors described their experience of operating a screening center for influenza A/H1N1 cases at their emergency department in Singapore over a 50-day period. They collected clinical, laboratory, radiological, and PCR data from 1205 patients aged 16 and above and identified 31 (2.6%) H1N1 and 133 (11%) seasonal flu cases. Both groups had similar symptoms, but there were statistically

The passage discusses the confusion and anxiety surrounding the coronavirus, officially named SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes, COVID-19. The author aims to address common questions about the virus's origin, transmission, disease causation, similarities to flu, and what a pandemic is. The abundance of conflicting information and conspiracy theories have increased public anxiety. The text promises to provide clear answers for a general audience.

The study hypothesizes that pollen, which is antiviral and allergenic, plays a role in immuno-activation and lowering the reproduction number of flu-like viruses, including COVID-19. The researchers tested the Pollen-Flu Seasonality Theory in The Netherlands for the 2016-2020 flu-like seasons, including COVID-19, and found a significant inverse association between pollen and changes in flu-like

This study focuses on modeling the extremes of hospital visits and positive flu cases using three years of data from a Swiss hospital. The authors propose using a discrete Generalized Pareto distribution for positive and negative cases and a Generalized Pareto distribution for the odds of positive cases. Their framework allows for covariate effects and robust estimation. Meteorological conditions are used to explain hospital charge extremes, and the study introduces a measure of hospital congestion and a related tool for

A study using a deterministic compartmental model examines the potential benefit of preemptive mass influenza vaccination during a hypothetical SARS outbreak coinciding with flu season. The model, based on the 2003 Toronto SARS outbreak, reveals that higher influenza vaccination rates could decrease the number of individuals with influenza-like-illnesses (ILIs) seeking healthcare, reducing nosocomial transmission of SARS. This could aid

A RT-PCR assay was developed for identifying four viruses causing acute respiratory infections in humans, including adenovirus, respiratory-syncytial virus, flu viruses A and B, and subtypes H1N1, H3, H5, and H7. The analytical sensitivity was 1 × 10(3) genome equivalents per milliliter, and diagnostic sensitivity ranged from 1 × 10

This study compared the correlation between influenza activity data from Google Flu Trends, CDC Outpatient ILI Surveillance, and CDC Virus Surveillance in the US from 2003-04 to 2007-08. The correlation between Google Flu Trends and CDC Virus Surveillance was 0.72 (0.64-0.79), while that between CDC ILI Sur

A study conducted during the 2009 swine flu pandemic in the UK used focus groups to examine public understandings of the threat and their perceived ability to control risks. Findings showed little evidence of over-reaction, belief in the inevitability of contracting swine flu, low self-efficacy for protection, and a greater perceived risk from the vaccine than the disease. People were confused about the difference between seasonal flu and swine flu and their vaccines.

The passage discusses a study that uses Wikipedia access logs and CDC influenza-like illness reports to create a weekly forecast for seasonal influenza during the 2013-2014 season. The researchers combine modern data assimilation methods with Wikipedia data to determine model bias and evaluate forecast accuracy. The results show that the method accurately predicts ILI data several weeks before it becomes available, but it does not account for re-infection or multiple strains of influ

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the 2019-nCoV virus has resulted in over 2.6 million confirmed cases and 182,000 deaths worldwide, with healthcare workers among the infected. Dental professionals are at risk due to face-to-face contact with patients and exposure to body fluids. The current dental curriculum does not adequately cover infection control, particularly from airborne pathogens. To protect students and prevent infection disse

A case-crossover study was conducted in Okayama city, Japan to evaluate the impact of temperature and humidity on the onset of seasonal influenza during the 2006-7 flu season. The study focused on patients diagnosed with the seasonal influenza virus at a pediatric clinic. The analysis used two references and found that lower temperatures, specifically before the 3-day incubation period, were significantly associated with an increased risk of seasonal influ

The passage summarizes an analysis of six pandemics, including SARS-CoV-1 and five influenza pandemics, to understand if and how subsequent waves differ from the initial waves. The study found that second waves, excluding the Spanish Flu, were typically the same height and length as the first waves and occurred in 93% of influenza pandemics and 42% of SARS-CoV-1 pandemics. Third waves

The passage discusses the initial psychological responses to the Swine flu pandemic (Influenza A H1N1) in two regions, Malaysia and Europe, six days after the WHO pandemic alert level 5. The study found that Malaysians were more anxious about being infected and more likely to reduce travel, buy masks, and avoid pork. Europeans underestimated the mortality rates of seasonal flu and believed seasonal flu vaccination offered protection against swine flu. G

The Oak Ridge Biosurveillance Toolkit (ORBiT) was developed to address data analytic challenges in public health surveillance using electronic health records, reimbursement claims, and self-reported health information. During the 2009-2010 H1N1 flu season, ORBiT automatically extracted spatial and temporal patterns from claims data, identifying multi-scale patterns and "bridge regions" contributing to flu spread across the United States, particularly in

This study used multiplex real-time PCR to diagnose and differentiate influenza species among 540 hospitalized patients in Laleh hospital during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 influenza seasons. Of the patients, 40.5% tested positive for influenza, with flu A being the dominant species in 2016-2017 and flu B in 20

A Dutch study found a significant inverse correlation between pollen counts and flu-like consultations, as well as between hay fever incidence and flu consultations, suggesting that pollen may be a factor in the seasonality of flu-like epidemics. The study proposes that pollen's ability to invoke strong immune responses may make it harder for flu-like viruses to survive outside a host. The findings could have implications for understanding the potential seasonality of the Covid-19

This study described the molecular epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) between November 2015 and February 2018. A total of 1,362 respiratory samples were collected and analyzed using the multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test. The overall positivity

A Dutch study found a significant inverse correlation between pollen counts and flu-like consultations, as well as between hay fever incidence and flu consultations, suggesting that pollen may be a factor in the seasonality of flu-like epidemics. This could have implications for understanding the potential seasonality of the Covid-19 pandemic.

SARS, a serious respiratory disease, may resemble the flu during the upcoming flu season, making it difficult to distinguish between the two in emergency departments. Paying attention to public health trends and using rapid diagnostic tests for flu can help, but a definitive flu diagnosis rules out the risk of SARS. ED physicians should exercise caution in identifying potential SARS cases this year.

The passage discusses the challenges for internists in diagnosing COVID-19 due to its lack of specific signs and symptoms, and the importance of recognizing the disease's clinical features. The authors summarize key features that may help differentiate COVID-19 from other upper respiratory and influenza-like illnesses in both outpatient and inpatient settings. They emphasize the difficulty of diagnosing COVID-19 and suggest that understanding the disease's natural history can aid

The passage discusses the challenges for internists in diagnosing COVID-19 due to its lack of specific signs and symptoms. The authors suggest that developing an understanding of the disease's clinical features can help in differentiating it from other upper respiratory illnesses. They outline the difficulties in outpatient and inpatient settings and emphasize the importance of considering the natural history of the disease to aid in diagnosis.

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing significant trauma for businesses, bringing unprecedented challenges such as social distancing, work-from-home arrangements, and uncertain timelines for a return to normalcy.

The study explores the associations between climate variables and influenza A (Flu-A) and B (Flu-B) transmissions in Shanghai, China. Mean temperature (MeanT), diurnal temperature range (DTR), relative humidity (RH), and wind velocity (Wv) data were collected from June 2012 to December 2018. The study used GLMs, DLNMs, and regression tree models to assess the

This study uses clinical data with viral genetics to analyze confirmed influenza cases from the past two seasons and compares them to the vaccine strains from those years. The results show variations in case similarities to vaccine strains by geographic region and different levels of vaccine effectiveness by region. The merging of viral genetics with clinical data is demonstrated to be valuable, but further research is required to assess its impact on biosurveillance and influenza vaccine efficacy.

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the COVID-19 epidemic and the decrease in seasonal influenza cases in 11 countries and regions from 2014 to 2020. The results showed a decrease in seasonal influenza cases in East Asia after the COVID-19 transmission, but this was not observed in American or European countries. The study concluded that the COVID-19 epidemic may have influenced health behaviors, leading to a reduction in season

The study assessed the relationship between the COVID-19 epidemic and seasonal influenza cases in 11 countries and regions from 2014 to 2020. The results showed a decrease in seasonal influenza cases in East Asia after the COVID-19 transmission, but this was not observed in American or European countries. The study concluded that the COVID-19 epidemic may have altered health behaviors, leading to a reduction in seasonal influenza cases

A study of 2,040 individuals in Sweden during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic examined the impact of pre-existing flu responses, symptoms of influenza-like illness (ILI), and pandemic flu vaccination on immune responses. Previous seasonal flu vaccination was linked to lower flu-specific IFN-γ responses at study entry. Pandemic flu vaccination induced long-lived T-cell responses to various influenza strains

In a Brazilian slum during 2005-2006, 282 children with acute respiratory tract infection were studied. Real-time RT-PCR identified 15 viruses, with HRV (33.0%) and hRSV (12.1%) being the most common. Coinfections occurred in 28.3% of cases. Seasonality was observed for hRSV, HRV, and human

This paper compares the impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourist arrivals to Asia based on the number of human deaths. The study uses a static line fixed effect model and a difference transformation dynamic model to examine the short-run and long-run relationships. The results indicate that the short-run and long-run impact of SARS on international tourist arrivals is greater than that of Avian Flu. Additionally, the study suggests that SARS has a

The article explores how health news in Taiwanese newspapers is framed and the impact of different frames on perceptions. A study found that health news, including H1N1 flu news, often uses alarm frames, leading to increased fear, perceived severity, and vulnerability, but not necessarily improving prevention and treatment efficacy. Public surveys revealed that greater attention and exposure to televised H1N1 flu news coverage resulted in more worry and perceived severity, but not necessarily increased issue

A study was conducted in France to examine factors influencing the intention to get vaccinated against pandemic influenza A/H1N1. Over 60% of the 1001 interviewed individuals and parents planned to get vaccinated. Factors predicting vaccination intention were level of worry, risk perception, and previous experience with seasonal flu vaccines. The similar perception of risk between pandemic and seasonal flu may result in low vaccination rates. To increase vaccination,

The passage discusses the underestimated prevalence and impact of Hospital Associated Respiratory Virus Infections (HARVI) in patients of all ages, which occur both during and outside of the influenza season.

The 2019-2020 influenza season in the United States exhibited lower than expected main epidemic peaks, hypothesized to be due to interactions with COVID-19. An analysis of influenza-like illness data found a smaller and earlier than expected peak, and a decrease associated with increased COVID-19 risk perception. A 5% reduction in transmission was sufficient to reproduce the observed flu dynamics, suggesting precautionary behaviors or isolation due to undet

The passage compares the number of deaths caused by COVID-19 and seasonal influenza in New York City from February 1 to April 18, 2020. Using raw death counts for COVID-19 and assumptions about underreported influenza deaths, COVID-19 caused approximately 21.4 times more deaths than seasonal influenza. Excess mortality data also showed a similar ratio of 21.1 COVID-19 to season

A randomized, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy of exopolymers from Aureobasidium pullulans (EAP) in reducing the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms in healthy adults. Over 8 weeks, participants took one capsule daily of either EAP or a placebo. The study found that EAP significantly decreased the duration of cold and flu symptoms, although symptom levels were not significantly different between groups. No

During the "flu season," the flu is not the only illness going around. A 6-year-old boy in a class mentioned a "bug" causing a stuffy nose, showing children's misunderstanding of the term due to adult usage.

The study examines the effect of subsidies on the uptake rate of influenza vaccines among the elderly in Japan using data from 2001/2002 to 2004/2005. The findings suggest that price elasticity of demand for the vaccine is nearly zero on a national level and in urban areas, but is -1.07 in rural areas. These results raise questions about the rationale for subsidies,

A study in Paris hospitals tested the impact of prior seasonal coronavirus infections on SARS-CoV-2 infections and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS) in children. Of the 775 enrolled children, 11.7% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from April to June. Neutralizing antibodies were present in 55.6% of seropositive children

A study was conducted in East Africa to assess the seasonality of coronavirus shedding in bats, as this information could help mitigate potential spillover and disease emergence while supporting bat conservation. The research involved sampling hundreds of bats from various species and found that coronavirus shedding is more common when pups are becoming independent from their mothers and juvenile bats are shedding the viruses. These findings could guide policy to prevent spillover by identifying high

An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of respiratory viruses, including new viruses, in hospitalized children in Austria. Of the 214 nasopharyngeal samples tested, a PIV1 outbreak was identified, moderate RSV activity, and few adenoviruses were present. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was detected in 14.5% of samples, mostly in combination with PIV1 or

A study developed a mathematical model to assess the impact of mass influenza vaccination and public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics during the influenza season. With COVID-19 symptoms similar to a cold and limited detection capability, a coincidence of the two outbreaks could strain healthcare systems and increase nosocomial transmission. The model demonstrates that increasing influenza vaccine uptake or enhancing public health interventions can help manage respiratory outbreaks during peak flu season

A study developed a mathematical model to assess the impact of mass influenza vaccination and public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics during the influenza season. The model focuses on individuals with influenza-like-illness (ILI) symptoms, who may have COVID-19 or other respiratory infections, and occupy limited detection kits. The study shows that increasing influenza vaccine uptake or enhancing public health interventions can help manage respir

A study examined the prevalence of fever-range temperatures during morning hours compared to evening hours during seasonal influenza outbreaks and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The findings suggest that morning temperatures are less diagnostic for fever and may result in under-detection of infectious diseases. The authors recommend considering twice-daily temperature screens instead of once-daily morning screens for disease surveillance. Further research is needed to apply these findings to COVID-19.

A retrospective study was conducted on 200 lung tissue samples from children who died from severe respiratory infections between 1985 and 2005. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses types 1-3. Viruses were found in 71 (35.5%) cases

The passage introduces Social Network Enabled Flu Trends (SNEFT), a framework that monitors flu-related messages on social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook to track influenza trends in real-time. Text mining enhances the correlation between OSN data and Influenza like Illness (ILI) rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). An auto-regression with exogenous input (ARX) model is used

A multiplex PCR test (xTAG™RVP) was evaluated for its ability to detect new influenza viruses, including the H1N1 swine influenza A/swine/California/04/2009. In a laboratory study using retrospective and prospective specimens, the test detected H1N1 swine flu in all 20 patients and also identified the H5N1 A/Vietnam/120

This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of virus interference, which can impact the effectiveness of influenza vaccines by increasing the risk of other respiratory viruses. Using data from Department of Defense personnel during the 2017–2018 influenza season, the study compared respiratory virus status among vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals. The results showed no significant association between influenza vaccination and virus interference. However, examining specific respiratory viruses

Swine influenza A(H1N1) virus has spread to 74 countries in 6 weeks, with Australia having the third highest infection rate among the top five affected nations. Younger age groups are more likely to be affected, and those hospitalized or dying from the virus often have predisposing risk factors. The low case-fatality rate raises questions about managing the outbreak, and it's unclear how an upcoming vaccine will be distributed.

A study was conducted in an emergency department (ED) to test a new technology that automatically collects body temperatures during triage as a potential surveillance tool for febrile diseases. Over a period of 2 years, 71,865 body temperatures were collected and analyzed, revealing peak fever rates during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic and the 2010-2011 seasonal flu outbreak. The results corresponded

A study using a peptide microarray containing the entire H1N1 influenza virus proteome identified unique IgG epitope recognition patterns in serum from individuals who contracted H1N1 infection versus those vaccinated with Pandemrix®. The infection generated IgG reactivity to specific epitopes of the neuraminidase protein, while the vaccine elicited recognition of a novel epitope on the haemagglutinin receptor-

The European project I-MOVE, led by the ECDC, monitored vaccine effectiveness against influenza and other respiratory viruses during the 2010/2011 season in Poland. Of the 210 samples tested, 72.4% were positive. Influenza type A and B were detected in 43 and 38 cases, respectively. However, 71 samples tested positive for other respiratory viruses

A study was conducted with 54 older people in South Wales (UK) to understand their views on the symptoms and causes of colds and flu, with a focus on why they might accept or reject the flu vaccine. While the common cold is caused by various respiratory viruses and flu by the influenza virus in biomedical discourse, lay people's views on diagnosis and epidemiology diverge. Symptoms overlap, but lay people place more emphasis on "res

During the 1994-1995 winter season in the Rhone-Alpes region of France, 962 nasal swab samples from patients with acute flu-like illness were collected and analyzed for the presence of respiratory viruses. A total of 36.1% of samples tested positive for one or more viruses, including 108 RSV, 64 influenza A H3N2, 47 influ

Two patients, COVID-19 patients A and B, were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in China Medical University Hospital in central Taiwan in late January 2020. They had mild symptoms of fever, persistent cough, and lung interstitial infections. Both patients were infected through contact with Taiwan No. 19, a confirmed COVID-19 case. The results of FilmArray™ Respiratory Panel revealed that 22 of the

Two patients, COVID-19 patients A and B, were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in China Medical University Hospital in central Taiwan in late January 2020. They had mild symptoms of fever, persistent cough, and lung interstitial infections. Both patients were infected through contact with Taiwan No. 19 case patient. The results of FilmArray Respiratory Panel revealed that 22 of the 41 non-COVID-

A retrospective study was conducted to understand the relevance of Person-Generated Health Data (PGHD) for early detection, monitoring, and management of COVID-19 using data from a large-scale digital participatory surveillance study. Three cohorts were derived: individuals diagnosed with flu before the pandemic, those diagnosed during the pandemic, and those diagnosed with COVID-19. Self-reported symptoms, demographic data, comorbidities, and physiological parameters from commercial

The study aimed to compare the community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza across different age groups and years. Using data from five cohorts in England (2006-11), they found that on average, 18% of unvaccinated people were infected with influenza each winter, resulting in 69 respiratory illnesses per 100 person-influenza-seasons. However, only 23% of these

Two international cohort studies, FLU 002 and FLU 003, were initiated in 2009 to assess outcomes and risk factors for progression of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. A total of 982 patients were enrolled, with 590 outpatients and 392 inpatients. Disease progression was defined as hospitalization and/or death for outpat

The passage discusses the potential influence of weather conditions and seasons on the spread of COVID-19. There is evidence that viral pathogens, including coronaviruses, spread more easily in cold weather. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly and had high mortality rates in countries with low temperatures. It is uncertain if the number of COVID-19 cases will decrease in northern hemisphere countries during the summer or if warmer weather will limit the spread in southern hem

This passage discusses the use of a Gaussian–type regression model to study and predict influenza cases in France based on influenza-like-illness data. The model improves disease surveillance and shows a correlation between high intensity outbreaks and early peak times. However, the limited availability of data reduces the ability to predict unobserved cases. The findings align with influenza outbreak dynamics in the US.

The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the WHO SARI criteria for detecting ten different respiratory viruses in a Middle Eastern pediatric cohort. The data was collected from a prospective acute respiratory surveillance study of hospitalized children under two years in Amman, Jordan. The sensitivity and specificity of the SARI criteria for detecting virus-positive patients were 44% and 77.9%, respectively. The sensitivity

This study compared the fecal microbiota of rabbits from different settings, including commercial meat, companion, laboratory, and shelter. The predominant bacterial phylum was Firmicutes, with Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes also commonly identified. Significant differences in composition were noted between commercial, companion, laboratory, and shelter rabbit samples, as well as between summer and winter samples. Age of the rabbit had minimal impact

During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, an independent Rapid Flu Clinic Service (RFCS) unit outside the emergency department (ED) relieved crowding by processing 6,152 patients with influenza-like illness in an average of 50 minutes, shorter than regular ED services (3.5 hours) and ambulatory services (1 hour). Eighty-eight percent of patients were satisfied. Factors associated with positive influenza

The Xpert Flu A Panel, a molecular point-of-care (POC) test by Cepheid, was evaluated for influenza A virus detection and subtyping, specifically for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain. The study compared its analytical reactivity, sensitivity, and specificity with in-house real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The Xpert Flu A Panel detected various influenza A viruses (

The passage discusses the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis (TB) patients by examining previous coronavirus outbreaks and influenza pandemics. Using a data mining approach, the study aimed to answer questions regarding the severity of coinfection (TB and SARS-CoV-2), the effect of TB vaccines on COVID-19, and diagnostic reliability. The findings suggest that infection control is crucial for TB

The Hajj, the largest annual mass gathering event, increases the risk of various infections due to factors such as diverse nationalities, high temperatures, flu season, communal living conditions, and lack of food control. Respiratory and ENT infections, influenza, pyogenic pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, meningococcal meningitis, waterborne infections, pyoderma, and furuncles are common. Pre

The passage discusses the findings of a study examining the impact of social distancing, face masks, and hand washing on decreasing influenza cases during the 2020 season in China, Italy, and the United States. Compared to the average of the last 4 years, there was a significantly larger decline in flu cases in these countries, which correlated with an increase in COVID-19 cases. This decrease in flu cases translates to a substantial reduction in morbid

The study aimed to determine if young adults with the IFITM3 rs12252 CC genotype have pre-existing antibody responses to seasonal influenza infections before receiving a seasonal vaccination. The results showed that CC donors had higher levels of pre-existing antibodies to pandemic influenza H1N1/09 virus compared to CT/TT donors before vaccination. However, there was no impact of IFITM3 genotype on boost

A case report of a cystic fibrosis patient who experienced severe respiratory and renal failure due to influenza A non-H1N1 infection in June 2015, despite being previously vaccinated. The circulating A (H3N2) viruses were different from the vaccine component in the 2014-2015 seasonal influenza vaccines. The patient required mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis, and recovered after

The passage summarizes a study on the local spread of Influenza A/H3N2 within Basel, Switzerland during the 2016/2017 season. The researchers collected genetic sequences and patient metadata to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus. They found that repeated introductions into the city drove the influenza season, and transmission dynamics were positively correlated with temperature. The elderly mainly transmitted within their own network, while school-aged children were important

A study investigates the impact of media coverage on the transmission dynamics of human influenza using a deterministic transmission and vaccination model. The model includes the effect of media coverage on reported infections and vaccinations. Results show that media coverage can trigger a vaccinating panic if vaccines are imperfect and simplified messages lead to vaccinated individuals mixing with infectives without considering disease risk. The study concludes that media understandings of disease epidemiology, particularly simplified messages, can wors

A study was conducted in Gansu Province, China, from January 1st to December 30th, 2011, to investigate the viral etiology and clinical characteristics of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. Of the 279 patients admitted for ARIs, 105 (37.6%) were positive for at least one respiratory viral pathogen. A total of 136 path

The passage discusses the potential impact of seasonal variation on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from seasonal coronaviruses and simulations, the authors suggest that there could be small and large peaks in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in early 2020 and winter 2020/2021, respectively. Seasonal variation and infection control efforts may lead

A study on the potential impact of seasonal variation on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic suggests that data from endemic coronaviruses indicate a strong seasonal pattern, which could result in small and larger peaks in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in early 2020 and winter 2020/2021, respectively. The uncertainty in parameters is large, but scenarios suggest transient reductions in incidence rates could be due to

The passage discusses the potential impact of seasonal variation on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from endemic coronaviruses and simulations, the authors suggest that there could be small and large peaks in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in early 2020 and winter 2020/2021, respectively. Seasonal variation and infection control efforts may lead

Some diseases like polio and influenza follow seasonal patterns, and ongoing research suggests causes including environmental changes and variations in the human immune system. Understanding these factors could help minimize the impact of infectious disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19.

The passage discusses three approaches to estimate the cumulative incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 cases in the US during the early outbreak, using excess influenza-like illness reports, COVID-19 test statistics, and COVID-19 mortality reports. The estimates suggest that reported positive test counts underestimated the actual case numbers, with state-level estimates ranging from 5 to 50 times greater and a national estimate of 2.2 to 8.1

The study aimed to evaluate the differences in information-seeking trends on Lyme disease from two Internet medical databases, Health Library for the general public and Physician's Databases for health care professionals, in Finland from 2011 to 2015. Both databases showed similar temporal variations, but Health Library had greater fluctuations and occasional coincidences with media publications. The findings suggest that the general public's article openings could be used as a supplementary source

The passage discusses the use of Google Trends to analyze changes in information-seeking patterns during the coronavirus pandemic in the US. The study addresses four key questions: the relationship between coronavirus outbreak and internet searches, differences in search popularity across states, potential policy gaps indicated by search patterns, and the correlation between Google Trends data and real-life events. The methods used include trend analysis, geographic analyses, and Principal Component Analyses. The findings suggest

The passage discusses the lessons learned from the study of influenza A as a model system for understanding the cross-species transfer and evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The author reviews the challenges in studying SARS-CoV and then focuses on three topics related to influenza A. First, a reanalysis of data from the 1918 "Spanish flu" pandemic is presented to test

This study explores the use of Google search queries to estimate influenza-like illness (ILI) rates in real time during the 2017/18 influenza season in the Netherlands. A retrospective analysis was conducted using weekly ILI data reported to The European Surveillance System (TESSY) and Google search query data from Google Trends. Lasso regression and cross-validation were applied to select predictors and fit 52 models, one

The 2019-nCoV pandemic is spreading rapidly and it's crucial for the rehabilitation community to understand the virus and implement infection control measures due to its high infectiousness and fatalities, and the lack of a vaccine or treatment. The population has no prior immunity to this novel virus.

A fast and accurate testkit may not be necessary for mitigating a pandemic flu if sufficient medication is available. Mathematical modeling and diagnosis play crucial roles in pandemic management, but the time required to develop a fast testkit could limit its use. This study investigates the cost and effectiveness of different diagnostic methods using a city-scale model and found that conventional testing approaches with appropriate intervention policies can be as effective as fast testkits in containing a pandemic outbreak. In cases of insufficient medication and

The COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges for neurologists regarding immunosuppressive treatment for patients with neuroimmunological diseases like multiple sclerosis. Previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS coronaviruses suggest that immunosuppressive therapy does not significantly impact infection or severity in many cases. Interferons, glatiramer acetate, and teriflunomide are considered safe. DMTs causing l

The COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges for neurologists regarding immunosuppressive treatment for patients with neuroimmunological diseases like multiple sclerosis. Previous experience with SARS and MERS coronavirus outbreaks suggests that immunosuppressive therapy does not significantly impact infection or disease severity for most cases. However, DMTs causing lymphopenia, such as cladribine, alemtuzumab, and dimeth

A study conducted at Max Super Speciality Hospital in New Delhi, India from March 23 to April 30, 2020, surveyed 3667 healthcare workers (HCWs) out of 18000 approached, finding that 14.7% reported flu-like symptoms and 1.8% tested positive for COVID-19. HCWs in high-risk zones had more symptoms but similar positivity rates

A study compared laboratory results of 719 influenza and 973 COVID-19 patients from January to April 2020. Differences in white blood cell count, hemoglobin, BUN, D-dimer, alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen led to clustering of COVID-19 patients into five groups. The highest risk cluster had a

A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of asking individuals from the Flusurvey platform, an internet-based surveillance system in the UK, to perform self-swabbing for virological confirmation of influenza-like illness (ILI). Of the 51 samples received in the laboratory, 18 tested positive for a viral cause of ILI (35%). The study demonstrated the feasibility of self-swabbing for virological laboratory testing

A cross-sectional study of 34,885 Chinese children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) between 2001 and 2006 identified viruses in 32.3% of cases. The most common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at 23.6%, parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) at 4.3%, influenza A

This study aimed to review reported cases of COVID-19 and influenza coinfection from published literature and local data in El Paso, TX. Six published articles with a total of 13 patients and three additional cases were analyzed. Common symptoms included fever and cough, with elevated C-reactive protein and lymphocytopenia. Thirteen patients had viral pneumonia findings on CT, and nine had ground-glass opacity. Complications, most commonly acute

The passage discusses the severity of the 2017-2018 flu season and the ongoing threat of emerging and re-emerging viruses, emphasizing the importance of enhancing surveillance and research to better understand viral pathogenesis and create effective medical countermeasures.

The passage discusses four human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, which were discovered between 2003 and 2005. While the discovery of these viruses may not indicate a sudden increase in new coronavirus infections, only SARS-CoV is a recent introduction to the human population. HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV

The passage summarizes a study that used linear regression models to estimate the weekly contribution of specific respiratory pathogens to the volume of NHS Direct respiratory calls in England and Wales from 2002 to 2004 for all ages and 0-4 year olds. The results showed annual peaks in calls for cough and difficulty breathing in late December, and peaks for 'cold/flu' and fever calls between November and April. The main explan

A team of infection control practitioners and consultants from a 12-hospital healthcare system in St. Louis developed a comprehensive multi-tiered influenza management plan in response to the potential for high morbidity and mortality due to influenza infections and vaccine shortages. The plan includes a core policy, checklist of recommended materials, algorithms for testing, patient placement, and healthcare worker immunization, admission screening tool, local health department line list reports, and educational

The passage discusses three main topics. First, it mentions the impact of coronavirus on animals, specifically the discovery of the virus in mink farms in the Netherlands and the United States. Second, it announces a campaign to support African laboratories in their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lastly, it notes that the 2020-2021 flu season has been unusually short in the Northern Hemisphere.

During the 2009 swine flu outbreak, many people with flu-like symptoms contacted NHS Direct in the UK for advice, most of whom did not have the illness. Reasons for seeking advice included severe symptoms, uncertainty about transmission, concern about spreading it, and pressure from others. Participants found speaking to NHS Direct reassuring, with helpful aspects being having swine flu ruled out, receiving alternative explanations, clarification on transmission, and the perceived credibility of the

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, the deadliest epidemic in the last 120 years, is being compared to the current COVID-19 pandemic in terms of mortality patterns. Contrary to popular belief, the first wave of Spanish flu in the US in March 1918 had minimal impact on the total mortality rate. The main peak of mortality occurred in October 1918 in both the US and Italy, with a grad

This study aimed to identify factors driving self-initiated behavioral changes during the seasonal flu using data from a questionnaire completed by 434 users during the 2017-18 and 2018-19 seasons. Machine learning algorithms were used to classify participants based on features such as socio-demographic information, concerns about the flu, past illnesses, and behavioral changes. The results showed that 66% of participants with significant