Question: what evidence is there for the value of hydroxychloroquine in treating Covid-19?

A study by Gautret et al. suggested that hydroxychloroquine monotherapy and hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin could reduce viral load in COVID-19 patients. However, the study has major methodological issues, including design, outcome measure, and statistical analyses. This paper discusses the background, clinical evidence, pharmacology, and methodological issues related to the trial. Despite the urgency to find antiv

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an antimalarial drug, is proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 and has been approved for prophylaxis in India for health workers and contacts of confirmed cases. The FDA has authorized its use for treatment in adolescents and adults in the US. This review examines the evidence for and against HCQ's use as a preventative or treatment for COVID-19, focusing on the Indian context

A systematic review was conducted to assess the arrhythmogenic effects of short-term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. The search resulted in 41 studies with data from 1515 patients, revealing that approximately 10% of COVID-19 patients developed QT prolongation. Two cases of ventricular arrhythmia were identified in a group of 28 patients treated with high

A systematic review was conducted to assess the arrhythmogenic effects of short-term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are widely used to treat COVID-19 but prolong the QT interval and increase the risk of torsades de pointes and sudden death. The search yielded 14 studies with data from 1515 COVID-19 patients, of whom approximately 10% developed QT prolongation. Two

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for treating Covid-19 despite a lack of solid evidence for their safety and efficacy. Ethical questions arise regarding the obligation to treat patients with proven indications, the necessity of randomized controlled trials, and the government's right to decide treatment for all Covid-19 patients. Physicians face a dilemma between following guidelines and their own convictions

The COVID-19 outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is spreading globally, and there is an urgent need for effective treatments or vaccines. This review discusses potential therapeutic agents currently being investigated, including lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon, ribavirin, tociliz

Former FDA leaders criticized the emergency use authorization (EUA) of malaria drugs chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment due to insufficient evidence of efficacy. The EUA, they argued, undermines FDA's scientific authority and jeopardizes ongoing research. Doctors could prescribe these drugs off-label for COVID-19 patients since they are approved for malaria. However

A rapid review of three studies on the effectiveness and safety of azithromycin for treating COVID-19 was conducted. Two in vitro studies showed conflicting results, with one suggesting azithromycin's anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity when used alone, and the other only observing activity when combined with hydroxychloroquine. A small in vivo trial of 36 patients with high risk of bias found superior viral clear

Azithromycin, an immunomodulating and antiviral drug, is proposed as a potential treatment for severe cases of COVID-19 due to its ability to reduce inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. In vitro studies and clinical evidence support its use in acute respiratory distress syndrome and against Middle East Respiratory syndrome. Preliminary results suggest controversial efficacy when used in combination with hydroxychloroquine

Azithromycin, an immunomodulating and antiviral macrolide, is proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19 due to its ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and modulate T-helper functions. In vitro studies and clinical evidence support its use in acute respiratory distress syndrome and against MERS. Preliminary results suggest controversial efficacy when used in combination with hydroxych

The passage highlights the overall low methodological quality of COVID-19 research, using hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin studies as an example. The flawed methodology and sub-optimal reporting could lead to biased estimates of effect, potentially harming patients with ineffective or harmful treatment decisions. Researchers must focus on improving methodology and reporting, including considering harms to patients, to increase confidence in research findings.

A systematic literature review was conducted to summarize the evidence on the role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. The review included 19 publications, all of which mentioned the potential of these drugs in limiting infection with SARS-CoV-2. Theoretical, experimental, preclinical, and clinical evidence supports the effectiveness of chloroquine in COVID-19 patients. The long-term safety

The passage discusses the potential use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19, as no specific drugs have been established for the virus yet. The evidence from completed clinical studies suggests the possibility of these drugs being effective, but more randomized control studies are needed to determine their feasibility.

The passage discusses the potential use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, anti-malarial drugs, in treating COVID-19, the disease caused by Sars-Cov-2 infection. While some improvement in COVID-19 patients has been observed, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is yet to be proven through randomized controlled studies. The mechanisms of action of these drugs as anti-viral, anti-inflammatory

A retrospective observational study compared hospital outcomes of COVID-19 patients who received hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin with and without zinc sulfate. The addition of zinc sulfate did not affect length of hospitalization, duration of ventilation, or ICU duration. However, it increased the frequency of patients being discharged home and decreased the need for ventilation, ICU admission, and mortality or hospice transfer for

A study of 26 patients with COVID-19 who received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment led to increased demand for the drug and guidelines for its use, despite the study's low quality. This review explores the potential reasons for HCQ's interest in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection and assesses the current clinical evidence for its use.

A study of 26 patients with COVID-19 who received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment led to increased demand for the drug, despite the study's low quality. Several countries' medicines agencies issued guidelines for HCQ use in COVID-19 treatment due to its potential mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the current clinical evidence for HCQ's effectiveness in treating COVID-19 is lacking.

A study using Syrian hamsters as a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection found that favipiravir had a mild effect on reducing viral RNA and infectious virus, while hydroxychloroquine had no effect. Micro-CT scan analysis and histopathology showed no improvement in treated animals, and both compounds failed as prophylactic treatments. The data from this study, along with previous in vivo data in macaques and

The passage discusses the current lack of approved treatments for COVID-19 and the significant use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) based on early anecdotal reports and limited in vitro data. However, there is no high-quality clinical evidence showing a clear benefit of these agents for COVID-19, and they have the potential to cause harm, including cardiac side effects and immunologic consequences that

The passage discusses the current lack of approved treatments for COVID-19 and the widespread use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) based on early anecdotal reports and limited in vitro data. However, there is no high-quality clinical evidence showing a clear benefit of these agents for COVID-19, and they have the potential to cause harm, including cardiac side effects and immunologic consequences that

A study of 48 patients with moderate COVID-19 was conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Patients were randomized to receive chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, or a control treatment. Adverse events were mild but more common in the chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine groups. The chloroquine group had a shorter time to clinical recovery

The passage emphasizes the importance of translating in vitro (lab) antiviral activity of hydroxychloroquine to the in vivo (living organism) setting to determine effective dosing regimens. The EC50/EC90 values (concentrations required to inhibit 50% and 90% of viral activity, respectively) from in vitro studies should be compared to the in vivo free extracellular

This passage discusses a study investigating the potential efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. The study reviewed various studies and consensus reports on the antiviral activities of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Nine published articles were identified, including three clinical trials, three in vitro studies, and three expert consensus reports, all suggesting the drugs' effectiveness in treating COVID-19 infections.

This passage discusses a study investigating the potential efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. The study reviewed various studies and consensus reports on the antiviral activities of these drugs against COVID-19. The findings suggested that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can successfully treat COVID-19 infections. The study also noted that COVID-19 infections are less prevalent in

An observational study was conducted to examine the association between hydroxychloroquine use and intubation or death in hospitalized Covid-19 patients at a large medical center in New York City. Of the 1446 patients, 70 were excluded due to intubation, death, or discharge within 24 hours after presentation. Of the remaining 1376 patients, 58.9% received hydroxychloroquine

The study investigated the effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on QTc interval duration in COVID-19 patients. One hundred twenty-six patients were assessed, with twenty-two meeting the inclusion criteria. After therapy, QTc intervals were longer (450 ms vs 426 ms, p = .02). Four patients with QTc ≥ 480 ms had higher levels of aspartate amin

The study investigated the effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on QTc interval duration in COVID-19 patients. One hundred twenty-six patients were included, and twenty-two met the criteria. After therapy, QTc intervals were longer (450 ms vs 426 ms, p = .02). Four patients with QTc > 480 ms had higher levels of aspartate aminotrans

This systematic review summarizes evidence from studies on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. The studies were selected from various databases up to May 2020. Four randomized controlled trials, 10 cohort studies, and 9 case series assessed treatment effects, but none evaluated prophylaxis. The evidence on the effect of hydroxychloroqu

This systematic review summarizes evidence from studies on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. The studies were selected from various databases up to May 8, 2020. Four randomized controlled trials, 10 cohort studies, and 9 case series assessed treatment effects, but none evaluated prophylaxis. The evidence on the effect of hydroxych

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, long-used for malaria and rheumatoid arthritis, have been used anecdotally in the current COVID-19 pandemic due to their availability and previous success in treating SARS. The drugs are widely used in India. Pre-clinical evidence and eight clinical trials are discussed, with caution for cardiac toxicity. Current data does not recommend for or against their use, and

An open-label clinical trial conducted by Gautret et al. (2020) suggested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as monotherapy and in combination with azithromycin (HCQ-AZ) may improve resolution of viremia in COVID-19 patients. However, the analysis did not provide effect size estimates. Modern analytical methods, such as survival models, showed modest to no impact of HCQ treatment and more

The passage discusses the current state of research on using chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. The WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020 and there are no proven effective treatments or vaccines yet. There is limited in vitro evidence of the drugs' effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and two small clinical trials have conflicting results with methodological limitations. No long-term follow

Patients with COVID-19 face increased mortality and morbidity, with current management focusing on supportive care. Septic shock patients may require antibiotics, vasopressors, and oxygen supplementation. Corticosteroids should be avoided unless necessary. There is no proven efficacy of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, remdesivir, or antivirals for COVID-19 treatment or prevention. Convalescent plasma

A systematic review of 19 studies on the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 patients found that 75% of observational studies and all clinical trials showed no significant difference in disease resolution. However, 82% of observational studies and all clinical trials reported a higher probability of adverse events, particularly cardiac side-effects such as QTc prolongation, ventricular tachycardia

A study by Gautret et al. on the use of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for COVID-19 treatment showed promising results, but the evidence was deemed insufficiently robust for widespread use due to limitations such as small sample size, lack of blinding, and inconsistencies between the study protocol and article. Despite these limitations, the study's findings are consistent with available evidence from China and South Korea and could have led to faster

A systematic review of six studies on the effectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 was conducted, focusing on outcomes such as extubation or patient recovery. Four studies were of good or fair quality, reporting improved lung function, viral clearance, and hospital discharge. However, strong evidence for the use of these drugs is lacking due to bias in fast track trials and insufficient data. Combination use with other medications may be

A retrospective study compared the effectiveness of lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients in South Korea. The study included 65 patients, with 31 receiving lopinavir-ritonavir and 34 receiving hydroxychloroquine. Patients treated with lopinavir-ritonavir had a significantly shorter time to negative conversion of vir

A retrospective study compared the effectiveness of lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients in South Korea. The study included 65 patients, with 31 receiving lopinavir-ritonavir and 34 receiving hydroxychloroquine. Lopinavir-ritonavir led to faster viral RNA conversion (median 21

A systematic review of six observational studies found no significant difference in mortality between COVID-19 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine as an add-on to standard care and those receiving standard care alone [1.25 (95% CI: 0.65, 2.38); I2 = 80%]. However, the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin together was associated with a significantly higher

A study was conducted on 98 COVID-19 positive or suspected patients who received hydroxychloroquine and/or azithromycin between February 1st and April 4th, 2020. The researchers evaluated QT interval prolongation using 12-lead ECGs. Of the 314 patients who received the drugs, 12% experienced critical QTc prolongation. Men had a greater increase in Q

Two COVID-19 patients experienced serious adverse events after being treated with hydroxychloroquine, despite limited observational evidence for its effectiveness against the virus. Recent studies have shown no benefits to using hydroxychloroquine and have raised concerns about its potential risks.

A systematic review of six observational studies found no significant difference in mortality between COVID-19 patients given hydroxychloroquine as an add-on to standard care and those given standard care alone [1.25 (95% CI: 0.65, 2.38); I(2) = 80%]. The trend held true for studies with moderate risk of bias [0.95 (95% CI:

A retrospective analysis of data from patients hospitalized with Covid-19 in the US Veterans Health Administration found no evidence that use of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin, reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation. However, an increased overall mortality was identified in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine alone. The study emphasizes the importance of awaiting the results of ongoing clinical trials before widespread adoption of these drugs.

A study of 98 COVID-19 positive or suspected patients who received hydroxychloroquine and/or azithromycin found that 12% experienced critical QT interval prolongation. Men were more likely to experience significant QT interval increases than women. The combination of both drugs caused greater QT interval prolongation than either drug alone, but no cases of torsades de pointes were reported. The authors caution that the potential risks of these drugs should

A case series study of 490 COVID-19 positive or suspected patients admitted between February 1st and April 4th, 2020, found that 314 (64%) received hydroxychloroquine and/or azithromycin. Of these, 98 met study criteria, with a mean age of 62 years and 61% being male. The mean QTc interval increased from 44

A 27-year-old man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis intentionally overdosed on hydroxychloroquine and presented to the emergency department with proximal muscle weakness, cardiac conduction abnormalities (QRS complex of 134 ms and QTc of 710 ms), and seizure activity. He was treated with early intubation and intravenous diazepam boluses due

A model-based approach was used to explore the impact of different hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dosing regimens for COVID-19 patients based on population pharmacokinetic data. The results showed variability in clinical responses to fixed doses and identified confounding factors for dose recommendation. For most patients, higher doses than commonly used may not be necessary. Limited adverse reactions have been reported, but are often confounded by co-med

A model-based approach was used to explore the impact of different hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dosing regimens for COVID-19 patients based on population pharmacokinetic data. The study found that for most patients, higher doses than 800mg on day one and 600mg daily thereafter may not be necessary for cure. Limited adverse reactions have been reported, but confounding factors should be considered. The study

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has gained attention as a potential treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to its antiviral properties against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It may prevent virus attachment and inhibit replication. Preliminary studies from China and France showed positive results, but larger studies with crit

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has gained attention as a potential treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to its antiviral properties against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It may prevent virus attachment and inhibit replication. Preliminary studies from China and France showed benefits, but larger studies with critically

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 49 studies with 20,212 confounder-adjusted patients evaluated the comparative efficacy and safety of various pharmacological interventions for COVID-19. Tocilizumab, anakinra, and remdesivir reduced the risk of severe pneumonia or ICU admission and mortality in hospitalized patients. High-dose IVIG reduced mortality, while cortic

The passage discusses the importance of understanding investigational medications for COVID-19, focusing on drugs currently undergoing repurposing trials. The authors share their experience from the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea to optimize the safe use of medications such as hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir with zinc supplement, remdesivir, tocilizumab, ciclesonide

The passage discusses the use of investigational medications for COVID-19 and provides comments on various drugs undergoing clinical trials based on experience from the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea. The medications covered include hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir with zinc supplement, remdesivir, tocilizumab, ciclesonide, niclosamide, and high-d

The ICMR's National Task Force recommended using hydroxychloroquine for Covid-19 asymptomatic healthcare workers and contacts, but its efficacy is uncertain due to limited evidence from open label trials and cell culture studies. Hydroxychloroquine has contraindications and should be used cautiously in vulnerable populations. The WHO and FDA have not recommended any medication for Covid-19 treatment. Further evidence is needed before administering hydro

The ICMR's National Task Force recommended using hydroxychloroquine for Covid-19 asymptomatic healthcare workers and contacts, but its efficacy is uncertain due to limited evidence from open label trials and cell culture studies. Hydroxychloroquine has contraindications and should be used cautiously in vulnerable populations. There's a rush to procure and self-medicate with hydroxychloroquine, but the WHO

A systematic review of studies on hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine use in hospitalized COVID-19 patients identified three studies reporting potential treatment benefits, including improved virologic outcomes and cough symptoms, but also three studies reporting potential harm, such as increased mortality and need for respiratory support. Eight studies could not detect improvements in virologic outcomes or pneumonia/ICU transfer/death. The quality of one clinical trial and six observational

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effect of hydroxychloroquine on mortality risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The initial search yielded 112 articles, which were reduced to 15 studies with 15,081 patients. Hydroxychloroquine was not significantly associated with mortality risk in hospitalized patients, nor in combination with azithromycin. However, a significant decreased

The passage discusses the media and political attention on using antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. However, these drugs have significant human toxicity and narrow therapeutic windows. They can cause myocardial depression, hypotension, bradycardia, ventricular escape rhythms, QRS widening, atrioventricular heart block, QT interval prolongation, seizures

The passage discusses a study analyzing the outcomes of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States using electronic medical records (EMR). The FDA issued an emergency use authorization for HCQ based on limited data, and the study aimed to provide real-world evidence of its benefits while accounting for demographic and comorbidity variables. However, the study of a propensity-matched cohort of

This descriptive observational study analyzed the treatment response of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in 30 COVID-19 patients from a single center in Wuhan, China. The study found that IL-6 levels, a risk factor in severe patients, were reduced to normal levels after HCQ treatment. Additionally, patients who received HCQ early in their hospitalization recovered faster than those who received it later or as a second-line treatment, resulting in

A study conducted during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States surveyed 530 patients with rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, about their experiences. Eleven participants attempted to get tested for COVID-19, but only three were successful, and all results were negative. Nearly half of the participants reported changes to their care, and qualitative analysis revealed themes of emotional responses to the pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rush to discover effective interventions, with antiretrovirals being proposed as a potential strategy for prevention and treatment despite limited evidence and potential risks. This opinion piece summarizes the current state of research on using antiretrovirals, specifically hydroxychloroquine, for COVID-19 and highlights the dangers of using unproven therapies.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rush to discover effective interventions, with antiretrovirals being proposed as a potential strategy for prevention and treatment despite limited evidence and potential risks. The piece summarizes the evidence for using antiretrovirals, specifically hydroxychloroquine, in treating COVID-19 and highlights the dangers of using unproven therapies.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, used as experimental treatments for COVID-19, have potential neuropsychiatric side effects and interactions with psychiatric medications. They may inhibit CYP2D6 metabolism, altering levels of certain psychiatric medications. Both drugs can prolong the QT interval, increasing the risk of heart problems when used with other QT prolonging agents. Neuropsychiatric side effects, such as psychosis, are

A computational analysis identified six FDA/EMA-approved drugs, including pimozide, ebastine, and bepridil, that inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M(Pro)) with IC(50) values below 100 μM. These basic small molecules may raise endosomal pH to hinder viral entry into human cells, similar to hydroxychloroquine

Objective: Determine the impact of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 patient outcomes through a living systematic review.

Design: Search for relevant studies in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, trial registries, grey literature, and L-OVE. Covering the period until submission to a journal.

Eligibility: Include randomized controlled trials of

A retrospective study compared the incidence of COVID-19 in Spanish patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases taking hydroxychloroquine to those not taking it. Over a seven-week period, five cases of COVID-19 were identified in each group (1.7% and 1.2% respectively), with no significant difference (p=0.523). One confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in each group (0

A systematic review of 32 studies on the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment or prophylaxis in adults identified six randomized controlled trials and 26 nonrandomized studies with 29,192 participants. Two randomized trials had low risk of bias, while two had some concerns and two had high risk. Among nonrandomized studies with comparators, nine had high risk and five moderate risk

A multicentre, open label, randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine plus standard of care compared to standard of care alone in adults with COVID-19. The study included 150 patients with mild to moderate disease and two with severe disease. The probability of negative conversion by 28 days was similar in both groups (81.3% in standard of care vs. 85.4%

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a French university hospital on hospitalized adults with mild to severe Covid-19 who received hydroxychloroquine or standard of care. After controlling for confounders, no significant reduction in the risk of unfavorable outcomes was observed with hydroxychloroquine use. Overall survival was also similar between the two groups. The study suggests that hydroxychloroquine may not be effective in reducing unfavor

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a French university hospital on hospitalized adults with mild to severe Covid-19 who received hydroxychloroquine or standard of care. After controlling for confounders, no significant reduction in the risk of unfavorable outcomes was observed with hydroxychloroquine use. Overall survival was also not significantly different between the two groups. The study suggests that hydroxychloroquine may not be effective in treating

A study using pharmacovigilance data from the WHO database investigated the potential drug-drug interaction between hydroxychloroquine and metformin based on an experimental study suggesting increased toxicity in mice. The study identified 10,771 Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSR) involving hydroxychloroquine, of which 52 were fatal outcomes. The association of hydroxychloroquine and metformin had

A study using pharmacovigilance data from the WHO database investigated the potential drug-drug interaction between hydroxychloroquine and metformin based on an experimental study suggesting increased toxicity in mice. The study identified 10,771 Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSR) involving hydroxychloroquine, of which 52 were fatal outcomes. The association of hydroxychloroquine and metformin was

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or without azithromycin (AZ) on COVID-19 patient outcomes. Out of 1463 citations, five RCTs and 14 cohort studies were included, involving 20,263 hospitalized patients with varying disease severity. Thirteen studies

An outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, leading to over 3.67 million confirmed cases and 254,000 deaths as of May 7, 2020. Asymptomatic carriers and a long incubation period with high infectivity make controlling the spread of the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 urgent. Repurposing approved drugs, such as disease-mod

A study was conducted on 57 COVID-19 patients to examine the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine, finding that different dosage regimens result in low exposure levels that cannot be predicted based on previous populations.

A systematic review of the evidence on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for COVID-19 was conducted by searching various databases and pre-print repositories. Of the 71 articles and 88 clinical trials analyzed, three in-vitro studies suggest HCQ inhibits SARS-CoV-2, but human studies show inadequate and low-level evidence. The lack of safety and efficacy data warrants caution

The COVID-19 pandemic lacks specific treatments or preventatives, leading to the consideration of repurposing antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2. These drugs have anti-inflammatory properties and have been used to treat rheumatic diseases. While they exhibit antiviral activity in lab settings, their effectiveness in vivo is uncertain. Animal studies with other viruses suggest a potential

The COVID-19 pandemic lacks specific treatments or preventatives, leading to the consideration of repurposing antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2. These drugs have anti-inflammatory properties and have been used to treat rheumatic diseases. While they exhibit antiviral activity in cell cultures, their effectiveness in vivo is uncertain. Animal studies with other viruses suggest a potential

The passage discusses the debate over using hydroxychloroquine, a drug used for autoimmune diseases, to treat severe COVID-19 cases with pneumonia. The authors propose considering this treatment based on existing data and Greece's ability to afford potent antiviral treatments. They suggest several considerations for using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 pneumonia in Greece.

The authors of a recent study reported a case of severe hemolysis in a COVID-19 patient treated with hydroxychloroquine. While they suggested that COVID-19 may have initiated the hemolysis, they also cautioned against using hydroxychloroquine in G6PD-deficient patients due to potential worsening of the condition. This article prompted a response from other researchers, who questioned the attribution of accentuated hemolysis to

The authors of a recent study reported a case of severe hemolysis in a COVID-19 patient treated with hydroxychloroquine, suggesting that both the infection and the medication may have contributed to the hemolysis. However, the authors of this commentary question the role of hydroxychloroquine in worsening the hemolysis and express caution against its use in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD

This study examines the relationship between COVID-19 death rates and the use of antimalarial drugs, specifically chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, as treatments. The analysis compares death rate dynamics in countries using these drugs versus those not using them during the initial stages of the pandemic. The results suggest that countries using antimalarial drugs experienced much slower death rate increases than those not using them during the first 13 days. However, the study

A prospective study was conducted in Cameroon to determine the electrocardiographic changes in ambulatory COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin. Fifty-one patients with mild forms of COVID-19 were enrolled and treated according to the national standard. The primary outcome measure was the change in QTc interval between day 0, day 3, and day 7. Secondary outcomes included changes in all

Title: Effect of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 prevention in cancer patients: a summary of a phase 2-3 randomized controlled trial protocol

Objectives:
- Investigate the effect of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 prevention in cancer patients undergoing treatment.

Design:
- Multi-centre, two-arm, parallel-group, triple-blind, phase 2-3 randomized controlled trial

A retrospective study of 568 critically ill COVID-19 patients in Wuhan's Tongji Hospital found that those who received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) had a lower mortality rate (18.8%) compared to those who did not receive HCQ (45.8%). The HCQ group also had a shorter hospital stay and lower levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 at the

Twenty-five cancer patients with COVID-19 infection were treated at Piacenza's general hospital in Italy from February 21 to March 18, 2020. Nineteen out of twenty received antiviral therapy and hydroxychloroquine, while five received hydroxychloroquine alone. Nine cancer patients (36%) died, while sixteen (64%) recovered. The mortality rate for noncancer patients was

The passage reports on the experiences of 25 cancer patients infected with COVID-19 at Piacenza's general hospital in Italy. Of these patients, 80% received antiviral therapy and hydroxychloroquine, while 20% received hydroxychloroquine alone. Nine (36%) cancer patients died, while 16 (64%) recovered. The mortality rate for noncancer patients was 16.

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. Five trials involving 677 patients were included, showing benefits in positive-to-negative conversion and reduction in progression rate with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, but without statistical significance. The combination therapy had synergistic effects, but hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality

The passage discusses the low methodological quality of COVID-19 coronavirus research, specifically in relation to studies on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin. The authors conducted a search of relevant studies using electronic databases and preprint repositories and found six studies, three of which were randomized controlled trials and three observational studies. They critically appraised the evidence and concluded that the methodology and reporting in

The passage discusses the proposed use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as treatments for COVID-19 based on their in vitro activity against certain coronaviruses. However, early clinical studies have not shown any efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19 due to methodological weaknesses. The media interest in these preliminary studies has led to widespread use of the drugs, which poses risks to patients and

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are used to treat COVID-19, but safety information for their use in this population is limited. Particularly, cardiologic, gastro-intestinal, and neuropsychiatric side-effects of hydroxychloroquine require close monitoring in COVID-19 patients.

This descriptive study reports on 130 Italian children with confirmed COVID-19, revealing that about half had a family member with the virus and over a quarter had comorbidities, most commonly respiratory, cardiac, or neuromuscular conditions. The majority (75.4%) had asymptomatic or mild disease, but over half were hospitalized, with 11.5% requiring respiratory support and 6.9% treated in

The passage discusses a study on the relationship between plasma IL-6 levels after corticosteroid therapy and ICU length of stay in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Among 16 patients with measured IL-6 levels post-corticosteroid administration, those with IL-6 values over 10 pg/mL had worse outcomes, including ICU stays over 15 days or death, compared to 41 patients treated with non-cortic


Question: which SARS-CoV-2 proteins-human proteins interactions indicate potential for drug targets. Are there approved drugs that can be repurposed based on this information?

This study presents an integrative drug repurposing methodology using a systems pharmacology-based network medicine platform to identify potential anti-2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 drugs. The researchers used phylogenetic analysis to identify similarities between 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and prioritized 16 drugs based on their proximity

Researchers identified 332 high-confidence SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interactions, revealing 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by existing and potential drugs for treating COVID-19. These findings may lead to the development of broadly acting antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and other deadly coronavirus strains. Currently, there are no proven antiviral drugs or vaccines

A virtual drug repurposing study was conducted to discover drugs targeting Non-Structural Protein 16 (nsp-16) of SARS-CoV-2, a viral RNA methyltransferase. Shape-based screening of FDA-approved drugs and selected nucleoside analogs led to the identification of potential compounds. Molecular docking identified Raltegravir and Maraviroc as strong binders to the

A virtual drug repurposing study was conducted to discover drugs for targeting Non-Structural Protein 16 (nsp-16) of SARS-CoV-2, a viral RNA methyltransferase. Shape-based screening of FDA approved drugs with sinefungin as a template led to the selection of Raltgravir, Maraviroc, Favipiravir, and Prednisolone for further investigation

This study presents an integrative drug repurposing methodology using a systems pharmacology-based network medicine platform to identify potential drugs for preventing and treating Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs), including the novel 2019-nCoV. The researchers used phylogenetic analysis to identify similarities between 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV and found high sequence identities for the envelope and nucleocapsid

Researchers identified 332 high-confidence protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins by expressing 26 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and using affinity-purification mass spectrometry. They found 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds, including 29 FDA-approved drugs, 12 in clinical trials,

The passage discusses the potential use of the FDA-approved drug imatinib as a treatment for COVID-19. The study found that imatinib inhibits SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 of 130 nM and may do so by inhibiting virus fusion. Imatinib also binds to the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 with an affinity of 2.32 ±

The passage introduces CoVex, an interactive online platform for exploring the SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interactome and identifying potential drugs for repurposing. The platform integrates experimentally validated virus-human protein interactions, human protein-protein interactions, and drug-target interactions. It allows user-friendly visual exploration of the virus-host interactome and implements systems medicine algorithms for network-based prediction of drugs. CoVex is a valuable resource for understanding

A study identified hepatitis C antivirals as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, which could be repurposed as treatments for COVID-19. The researchers screened over 6,000 drugs and found 50 compounds with activity against the protease, eight of which were dose responsive and had IC50 values of 50 μM or less. Notably, several hepatitis C

A study screened FDA-approved and investigational drugs for binding to SARS-CoV-2's RdRP, papain-like proteinase, and helicase proteins. Elbasvir, an antiviral drug approved for hepatitis C treatment, was predicted to bind stably and preferentially to all three proteins. Elbasvir has low toxicity and well-characterized drug-drug interactions. Treatment with elbasvir alone

Researchers identified 332 high-confidence SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interactions, revealing 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds, including 29 FDA-approved drugs, 12 drugs in clinical trials, and 28 preclinical compounds. Two sets of pharmacological agents, inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of Sigma

The passage discusses the use of virtual screening and ADME/tox predictions to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (M(pro)), responsible for the replication of the COVID-19 virus. Structural data of M(pro) were used to identify potential inhibitors from two compound libraries. The top-ranked compounds were subjected to pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions, resulting in 10 top

The passage discusses the use of virtual screening and ADME/tox predictions to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro), responsible for the replication of the COVID-19 virus. Structural data of Mpro were used to identify potential inhibitors from two compound libraries. The top-ranked compounds were subjected to pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions, resulting in 10 top-ranked

The study aimed to confirm GRP78 as a potential molecular target to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by examining its increased expression in SARS-CoV-2 positive pneumonia patients. A virtual screen of 10,761 small molecules from DrugBank was performed using GRP78's nucleotide binding and substrate binding domains as targets. Results showed a four-fold increase in GRP78 mRNA

A computational approach is presented to identify potential drug targets for COVID-19 by prioritizing proteins that regulate host-virus interactions or have downstream signaling targets. Network label propagation methods are adapted and used to predict human-SARS-CoV-2 protein interactors with high accuracy. The identified proteins are enriched in host biological processes coopted by the virus. Examples of promising insights include the potential role of HSPA5 in vir

The passage discusses a study that used genomic and proteomic data from 10,708 individuals to identify genetic variants influencing the level or activity of 179 host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 or participating in the host response to COVID-19. They found 220 host DNA sequence variants, explaining 0.3-70.9% of the variance for 97 proteins, including

A study identified two FDA-approved drugs, Glisoxepide and Idarubicin, as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease (EndoU) through in silico virtual screening. These drugs, used for treating diabetes and leukemia, respectively, formed attractive intermolecular interactions with catalytically essential amino acid residues of EndoU. Molecular dynamics simulation studies showed stable con

A study evaluated the potential of 117 approved plant-derived therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2's main protease (MPP), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and spike protein (S) using molecular docking. Rifampin was the top inhibitor of MPP (-16.3 kcal/mol), while Azobechalcone was the most potent for R

The passage discusses the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease (EndoU) from FDA approved drugs as a possible solution to treat COVID-19. Two drugs, Glisoxepide and Idarubicin, were identified through in silico virtual screening as strong binders to EndoU. They formed attractive intermolecular interactions with catalytically essential amino acid residues, and molecular dynamics

A deep learning model called Variational Graph AutoEncoders (VGAEs) was used to analyze and predict drug-protein interactions in the context of COVID-19. By combining three networks, including two year-long curated ones and a recent one on SARS-CoV-2-human host-virus protein interactions, the researchers were able to predict new links between drugs and human proteins that virus proteins preferentially bind to. These predicted therapeutic

The passage discusses a study that analyzed the ability of various repurposed drugs to achieve adequate target site concentrations against SARS-CoV-2 based on their established human pharmacokinetics. The study found that only 14 of the analyzed drugs had a Cmax/EC90 ratio above 1, meaning their plasma concentrations exceeded those necessary to inhibit 90% of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Further assessment showed that

The passage discusses the use of human organ-on-chips, specifically airway chips, to model virus entry, replication, and host response to influenza and COVID-19 infections. These chips were used to assess the inhibitory activities of seven clinically approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus. Only two drugs, amodiaquine and toremifene, significantly inhibited virus entry in the chips. The study suggests

This passage discusses a study using computational methods to examine the interaction between Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine with the Spike protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19. The S-protein is a key target for controlling the disease as it mediates entry into host cells and is the focus of neutralizing antibodies. The study found that Hydroxychloro

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for new antiviral treatments due to the limited effectiveness of existing drugs. Drug repurposing, or using approved drugs for new applications, is an attractive alternative to traditional drug discovery. Three key viral proteins of SARS-CoV, ACE2, RdRp NSP12, and NSP16, were selected based on their roles in viral entry, replication, and latency. Four F

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires urgent scientific response. The virus binds to host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its spike protein. Disrupting this interaction is a potential therapeutic approach. Researchers developed an AlphaLISA assay to measure the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (R

The passage discusses a study aiming to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and dynamics simulation. The researchers targeted FDA-approved antiviral drugs for screening and identified the top three, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Tipranavir, and Raltegravir, through molecular docking studies. These drugs were further investigated for binding affinity and stability through molecular dynamics simulation

The passage discusses a study aiming to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and dynamics simulation. The researchers targeted FDA-approved antiviral drugs for screening and performed molecular docking studies, revealing the top three drugs, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Tipranavir, and Raltegravir, as having good binding affinities. These drugs underwent molecular

The passage discusses the need for repurposing drugs to address global health burdens and the potential use of various data sources, including electronic health records, omics data, and protein interaction knowledge bases, for informing drug repurposing decisions. It emphasizes the importance of integrating all existing data under a drug repurposing framework and the need for translational pharmacodynamics databases to facilitate drug repurposing and improve public health, particularly for neglected tropical diseases and emerging

The passage discusses the use of FDA-approved drugs, specifically Glecaprevir and Maraviroc (MVC), as potential treatments for COVID-19 based on their inhibitory potential against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro). Through virtual screening, these drugs were identified as the best inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 M

The passage discusses the use of FDA-approved drugs, specifically Glecaprevir and Maraviroc (MVC), as potential treatments for COVID-19 based on their inhibitory potential against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M(pro)). Through virtual screening, these drugs were identified as the best inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2

The study by Gordon and colleagues identified druggable targets for SARS-CoV-2 that interact with human proteins, specifically in the context of oncogenic pathways at the host-virus interface. This information can be used by cancer biologists to repurpose existing drugs for treating COVID-19 and potentially addressing long-term complications.

The study by Gordon and colleagues identified druggable targets for SARS-CoV-2 that interact with human proteins, specifically in the context of oncogenic pathways at the host-virus interface. This information can be used by cancer biologists to quickly repurpose drugs for treating COVID-19 and potentially long-term complications.

Molecular modeling techniques were used to identify potential drugs from a database that could inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, which is responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak and for which there is currently no vaccine. The S-protein was first solvated in water for molecular dynamics simulation, revealing an "up" to "down" conformation transition in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with angles of 54.3 and

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 presents an urgent need for an effective therapy. The virus's spike protein binds to the host's ACE2 to enter cells, making it a promising drug target. Due to the time-consuming process of new drug development, drug repositioning is used for rapid discovery. A study compared the structures of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and identified a

The passage discusses the use of drug repurposing as a strategy for treating COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. The authors propose using the fragment-based approach to identify low-molecular-weight drugs that can interact with essential targets of the virus. Through screening, they identified niacin and hit 1 binding to the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro), modestly inhibiting its enzymatic activity

A study was conducted to identify drugs effective against SARS-CoV-2 through drug repurposing, focusing on the main protease as the target. An E-pharmacophore hypothesis was generated, and drugs from the superDRUG2 database were screened. The most promising compounds were further evaluated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicated Binifibrate and Bamifylline as strong binders to the enzyme active site,

This passage discusses the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the role of the Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of SARS-CoV-2 in virus replication. The NTD of the N protein binds to viral RNA and forms crystals, making it a potential target for drug intervention. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine are under consideration as treatments for COVID-19, but their efficacy in

The passage discusses a study that identified 20 drugs with potential to be repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 by analyzing their effects on the host protein interactome and comparing the resulting gene expression profiles with those of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The drugs were selected based on their negative correlation with SARS-associated gene expression profiles and included some already being tested for COVID-19, those with proven activity against SARS-Co

The passage discusses a study using state-of-the-art tools to identify potential drug targets among clinically approved drugs for treating COVID-19 by discovering SARS-CoV-2 helicase inhibitors through molecular docking analysis. The SARS-CoV-2 helicase protein structure was predicted and validated, then used to screen approved drugs such as protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The results showed that vapreotide

The passage discusses the challenge of treating the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19, with over 36,000 deaths, as there are no approved marketed drugs against coronaviruses. Drug repurposing, which involves using already approved drugs for new purposes, is an effective approach to reduce time and cost compared to de novo drug discovery. Two approaches to drug repurposing are discussed: direct virus-target

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global health issue with no approved therapeutic agents aside from remdesivir under Emergency Use Authorization. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a viral enzyme responsible for viral RNA replication in host cells, is a promising drug target due to its absence in host cells. Selective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 R

The study aimed to identify host proteins targeted by repurposed drugs for COVID-19 using differentially expressed genes and protein-protein and chemo-protein interaction networks. The top-ranked sub-network included 12 hub-bottleneck nodes, with chloroquine and melatonin interacting directly with matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), a host protein associated with neutrophil-mediated immunoin

A study evaluated the potential of repurposed drugs against SARS-CoV-2 based on their plasma and lung concentrations following approved dosing in humans. Only 14 of 56 drugs had a Cmax/EC90 ratio above 1, indicating sufficient plasma concentration for antiviral activity. Nitazoxanide, nelfinavir, tipranavir (ritonavir-boosted), and sulfadoxine achieved plasma

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 5.59 million people and claimed over 0.35 million lives worldwide. The lack of an approved vaccine or drug is a major challenge in combating the pandemic. Drug repurposing, which identifies existing drugs effective against SARS-CoV-2, can expedite the process of drug development. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is

The passage discusses a study evaluating the potential of repurposed drugs against SARS-CoV-2 based on their plasma and lung concentrations relative to their antiviral activity. Out of 56 analyzed drugs, only 14 had a Cmax/EC(90) ratio above 1. Four drugs, nitazoxanide, nelfinavir, tipranavir (ritonavir-boosted), and sulfadox

A study identified Abelson kinase inhibitors, including imatinib, as effective inhibitors of both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV fusion at the early stages of infection by targeting Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (Abl2). This discovery demonstrates the potential of repurposing approved drugs for treating emerging coronaviruses, as both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are highly pathogenic z

A study using computational approaches, including drug repurposing and molecular docking, identified potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2's RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp). The study found that Rifabutin, Rifapentine, Fidaxomicin, 7-methyl-guanosine-5'-triphosphate-5'-guanosine, Ivermectin

The passage discusses a study where the authors screened sixteen FDA approved drugs for their potential to inhibit the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using in silico docking studies. The PLpro was modeled based on the SARS-coronavirus PLpro structure, and the drugs were docked into the S3/S4 pockets of the enzyme's active site. Chloroquine and

iBioProVis is an interactive tool for visualizing the compound bioactivity space of target proteins using t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It takes target protein identifiers and optional compound SMILES as input, and plots the distribution of compounds in a 2-D map based on their structural similarity and cognate targets. Similar compounds are embedded near each other on the

The passage discusses the use of genomics to identify novel drug repurposing candidates for improving lung function, particularly in the context of respiratory infections. Lung function measures were found to be genetically correlated with metabolic and hormone traits, and a causal effect of increased fasting glucose on diminished lung function was identified. Polygenic scores for lung function were developed, and transcriptome-wide association studies identified drug-gene interactions with

The CANDO platform, available at protinfo.org/cando, uses compound-proteome interaction signatures to infer drug behavior similarity. It analyzed 3733 human ingestible compounds, mapping to 2030 indications and 48,278 protein structures. The signature comparison and ranking approach achieved 12-25% benchmarking accuracies for 1439 indications with approved compounds. Forty-n

A new algorithm called SAveRUNNER was presented for drug repositioning against COVID-19. This algorithm predicts drug-disease associations by quantifying interplay between drug targets and disease-specific proteins in the human interactome. SAveRUNNER was applied to 14 diseases related to COVID-19 and identified 282 repurposable drugs, including some rumored off-label treatments and a new combination therapy. The top-ranked drugs

A computational drug repurposing study identified potential drugs for treating COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 by performing virtual docking screening and molecular dynamics simulations. The top hits included carfilzomib, eravacycline, valrubicin, lopinavir, elbasvir, and a bioactive compound. Carfilzomib, an approved anticancer drug, had the best binding free energy (-13.8 k

A computational drug repurposing study identified potential drugs for treating COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 using computer-aided design techniques and the crystal structure of its main protease. Top docking hits were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. Carfilzomib, an approved anticancer drug, emerged as the best potential inhibitor with a binding free energy of −13.8 kcal/mol. Other promising

A study aimed to identify inhibitors for two essential proteins of SARS-CoV-2, 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) and 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase), using an in-house library of 123 antiviral drugs. Two promising drug molecules were identified for each protein based on their binding affinity and interacting residues. The selected complexes underw

A study aimed to identify inhibitors for two essential proteins of SARS-CoV-2, 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) and 2′-O-ribose methyltransferase (2′-O-MTase), using an in-house library of 123 antiviral drugs. Two promising drug molecules were identified for each protein based on binding affinity and interacting residues. These complexes underwent molecular

Machine learning methods integrated with bioinformatics help identify effective therapeutics for new clinical contexts or diseases, such as COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Neural network models were employed using virus protein sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and antiviral agents from the DrugVirus database as inputs and outputs, excluding SARS-CoV-2 proteins and including only approved drugs. The trained models produced tentative

The passage discusses the identification of SARS-CoV-2's E protein as a potential ion channel and viable drug target for COVID-19 treatment. Using bacterial assays, the researchers demonstrated the E protein's ion channel activity and its importance to the virus's pathogenicity. A repurposing drug library screening led to the identification of Gliclazide and Memantine as inhibitors of the E protein. The researchers suggest that targeting the E

The passage discusses the ongoing global effort to discover effective treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with no proven therapeutics or vaccines available yet. The author suggests that repurposing existing antiviral drugs could be an effective strategy to speed up the discovery process and potentially reveal new druggable targets. The review covers potential druggable targets for developing anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents and updates on the

The passage discusses the ongoing global effort to find effective treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with no proven solutions yet. Repurposing existing antiviral drugs is suggested as a strategy to expedite the discovery process and potentially reveal new druggable targets. The review covers potential druggable targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents and updates on the progress of therapeutics and vaccines in precl

The passage discusses the urgent need to discover effective treatments for COVID-19 and the appeal of drug repositioning as a faster approach to drug discovery. It provides an overview of current efforts in this area, including approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment, as well as computational approaches and in-silico studies for drug repurposing against SARS-CoV-2.

The passage discusses the urgent need to find effective treatments for COVID-19 and the appeal of drug repositioning as a way to accelerate the discovery process. It provides an overview of current efforts in this area, including approved drugs and clinical trials, as well as computational approaches and in silico studies for drug repurposing against SARS-CoV-2.

Researchers have identified antiviral drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 by screening a library of protein kinase inhibitors. Thirty-four compounds were found to inhibit viral cytopathic effect in epithelial cells, specifically targeting mTOR-PI3K-AKT, ABL-BCR/MAPK, and DNA-Damage Response (DDR) pathways. Berzosertib, Vistusert

A novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has led to a global public health emergency, with no standard drug or vaccine available. Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) is a crucial target for antiviral drug development against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, computational drug design methods were used to identify potential 3CLpro inhibitors from FDA-approved antiviral drugs and an

A novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has led to a global public health emergency, with no standard drug or vaccine available. Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) is a crucial target for antiviral drug development against SARS-CoV-2. This study used computational drug design methods to identify potential 3CLpro inhibitors from FDA-approved antiviral drugs and an in-house

During the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, there is a need for approved drugs or vaccines to treat the disease. This passage discusses potential drug targets based on the structure of the virus and reported compounds with activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs. All CoV enzymes and proteins involved in viral replication and host control are potential targets. The role of the innate immune response to coron

The passage discusses the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the fusion of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with host cells and its impact on the virus's infectivity. The study found that intracellular Ca2+ enhances MERS-CoV infection by approximately 2-fold and that a specific residue, E891, is crucial for Ca2+ interaction. Electron spin resonance

A study using computational approaches identified potential inhibitors of three essential proteins (RdRp, 3CL-protease, and helicase) of SARS-CoV-2 by screening a library of 4574 compounds, including FDA-approved drugs. The shortlisted hits underwent iterative docking with the respective proteins, and the binding compounds were identified based on binding energy, clustering score, shape complementarity,

During the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, there is a need for approved drugs or vaccines to treat the disease. This paper discusses potential druggable targets for SARS-CoV-2 based on its enzymes and proteins involved in replication and host cell control. All CoV enzymes and proteins are potential targets for new therapeutic options. The paper provides an overview of these targets and reported compounds

A scoping review was conducted to identify in silico evidence supporting the potential activity of Cefuroxime against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Six studies were found, reporting Cefuroxime as a potential inhibitor of three key SARS-CoV-2 proteins: main protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, and ACE2-Spike complex. The review suggests that Cefuro

The passage discusses the need for a systematic platform to repurpose approved drugs for clinical interventions against SARS-CoV-2, particularly in the context of aging. The authors propose using a causal framework that integrates transcriptomic, proteomic, and structural data from large-scale drug screens and SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung epithelium, as well as aging lung data. They identify serine/threonine and

A study screened a library of 3,000 drugs to identify new antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Few antivirals were found in initial screening in Vero cells, but 23 diverse antivirals were validated in human Huh7.5 cells. Further studies in lung epithelial Calu-3 cells revealed major differences in drug sensitivity and entry pathways used by SARS-CoV-

This passage discusses the importance of understanding the mechanism of coronavirus-receptor binding for the development of vaccines, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors. The review covers the entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and the key protein domains and amino acid residues involved in binding. Potential therapeutics mentioned include TMPRSS2-targeting protease inhib

This review discusses the importance of understanding the mechanism of coronavirus-receptor binding for the development of vaccines, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors. The article covers the entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and the key protein domains and amino acid residues involved in binding. Potential therapeutics mentioned include nafamostat mesylate, camost

A data-driven drug repositioning framework using machine learning and statistical analysis identified PARP1 inhibitor CVL218 as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19. Retrospective study and in silico screening showed CVL218's effectiveness against coronaviruses and inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. In vitro assays revealed its anti-inflammatory effect and lack of cytopathic effect or toxic

Six approved anti-HIV-1 drugs were investigated for their binding interactions with SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro to evaluate their potential as clinical drugs for COVID-19. Molecular docking results showed higher binding affinity of these inhibitors to SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro than its SARS homologue. Darunavir had the best binding affinity among all inhibitors, indicating its potential as an anti-

A systematic approach was used to identify potential repurposable drugs for COVID-19 by integrating gene expression perturbation data from the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) project with single-cell RNA sequencing data from mild and severe COVID-19 patients. This resulted in the identification of 281 FDA approved drugs that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 10 of these drugs currently

The study explores the potential of stilbenoid analogs, including resveratrol, as disruptors of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2 receptor complex. Molecular docking and simulation revealed good affinity and high stability of resveratrol's binding to the viral protein: ACE2 receptor complex, which is further supported by better net free energies. The findings suggest that stilbenes, particularly

The WHO declared COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 a pandemic with no confirmed anti-viral treatment. To aid in discovering potential drugs for COVID-19, knowledge-based models of SARS-CoV-2 proteins were constructed and compared with approved/experimental drugs and natural medicines. Theoretical models suggest carfilzomib, sinefungin, tecadenoson, and trabodenoson

The WHO declared COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 a pandemic with no confirmed therapeutic. To aid in discovering drugs for COVID-19, knowledge-based models of SARS-CoV-2 proteins were constructed and compared with approved/experimental drugs and natural medicines. Theoretical models suggest potential drugs like carfilzomib, sinefungin, tecadenoson, and trabodenoson

A global priority during the COVID-19 pandemic is discovering drugs that can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 to reduce mortality and morbidity. Repurposing approved drugs offers therapeutic alternatives with a documented safety record and infrastructure for large-scale production. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a critical target for inhibition but has a flexible active site. In this study, 4384 approved drugs

A study screened the Prestwick Chemical Library of 1,520 approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 in infected cells, identifying 90 potential inhibitors. Robustness was confirmed by identifying drugs already in clinical trials. EC50 and CC50 were determined for a subset, with Azithromycine, Opipramol, Quinidine, and Omeprazol showing antiviral potency (2<EC50

A study used the Molecule Transformer-Drug Target Interaction (MT-DTI) model to identify commercially available drugs that could act against the viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Atazanavir, an antiretroviral medication, showed the best inhibitory potency (Kd of 94.94 nM) against the SARS-CoV-2 3C-like proteinase.

A study titled "GraphDTA" proposes a new model for predicting drug-target binding affinity using graph neural networks. Drugs are represented as graphs instead of strings, which is more natural for molecules. GraphDTA outperforms non-deep learning models and competing deep learning methods, improving drug repurposing. The models are available in Python with related data, pre-trained models, and source code accessible at https://github.com/thinng/GraphD

A computational model was developed to identify Human-nCoV protein interactions using experimentally validated SARS-CoV-Human interactions. Level-1 and level-2 human spreader proteins were identified using the SIS model and a gene-ontology based fuzzy affinity function. These proteins were considered potential targets for nCoV bait proteins. The derived host-pathogen interaction network was validated using 7 potential FDA listed drugs for

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires urgent solutions, with scientific community conducting trials for COVID-19 treatment and vaccine development. ACE2, a human membrane protein docked by the virus, forms a supercomplex with B0AT1, which stabilizes the ACE2-viral protein interaction. Nimesulide, a drug known to inhibit B0AT1 function, is suggested as a potential co-adjuvant for COVID-19 treatment

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires urgent solutions, with scientific community working on trials for blocking infection or treating symptoms, and designing a vaccine. ACE2, a human membrane protein docked by the virus, forms a supercomplex with B0AT1, which stabilizes the ACE2-viral protein interaction. Nimesulide, a drug known to inhibit B0AT1, could be a potential therapeutic adjuvant for COVID-1

SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus causing COVID-19, has a 29.9 kb positive sense RNA genome with similarities to other coronaviruses. The genome encodes for 27 proteins, with structural proteins (spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) making up about 33% of the genome. The remaining 67% is distributed among non-structural prote

SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, has a 29.9 kb positive sense RNA genome with similarities to other coronaviruses. The genome encodes for 27 proteins, with structural proteins (spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) making up about 33% of the genome. The remaining 67% is distributed among non-structural proteins

The passage discusses a drug repurposing strategy using steroidal agents to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells by occupying specific pockets in the virus' Spike protein RBD, preventing it from binding to the ACE2 receptor. Natural and clinically available steroids like glycyrrhetinic acid, oleanolic acid, glyco-UDCA, and obeticholic acid have been identified as effective entry inhibitors,

The passage discusses the limitation of current antiviral agents that primarily target virus-specific proteins instead of the host cell Master Regulator proteins, which are crucial for the reprogrammed state of coronavirus-infected cells. The authors propose the identification and pharmacologic targeting of this small module of host cell Master Regulator proteins, called ViroCheckpoint, as a novel approach for antiviral therapy. They used the VIPER algorithm to identify time

This review discusses the interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and furin with the spike protein (SP) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to its invasion of host cells. The importance of the furin cleavage site (FCS) in the life cycle of CoVs is also explored. The use of small molecular inhibitors to

This review discusses the interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and furin with the spike protein (SP) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for its invasion of host cells. The review also explores the role of the furin cleavage site (FCS) in the life cycle of CoVs and the potential use of

In this study, the antiviral efficacies of lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed in ferrets. While these drugs marginally improved clinical symptoms, they did not significantly reduce in vivo virus titers. Only emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment led to lower virus tit

A study used quantitative high-throughput screening and morphological profiling with machine learning to identify antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. From 1,425 FDA-approved compounds, they found 16 effective drugs, including lactoferrin, which inhibits viral entry and enhances the effects of remdesivir and hydroxychloroquine. Lactoferrin also stimulates an antiv

A study used computer-aided methods to identify approved drugs as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease. Viomycin, an FDA-approved anti-microbial drug, showed the highest binding energy and formed more H-bonds with the Main Protease than current clinical trial drugs Ritonavir and Lopinavir. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested deep binding and robust interaction between Viomycin and the

A study used computer-aided methods to identify approved drugs as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease. Viomycin, an FDA-approved anti-microbial drug, showed the highest binding energy and formed more H-bonds with the Main Protease than current clinical trial drugs Ritonavir and Lopinavir. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested Viomycin embedded deeply and formed robust binding with the