Question: what type of hand sanitizer is needed to destroy Covid-19?

The passage is a review summarizing the background, methods, results, and conclusions of studies on the effectiveness of hand sanitizers against coronaviruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2. The review notes the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of hand hygiene for reducing transmission. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are effective against enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, and both gel and foam sanitizers can

Alcohol-based antiseptics are effective in rapidly destroying some pathogens on lightly soiled hands without the need for water or drying. However, their effectiveness depends on the amount of soil present. Workers should wash hands before using antiseptics and/or wearing gloves. Alcohol-based compounds are most effective against gram-negative bacteria on lightly soiled hands, while antimicrobial soaps are better for heavily contaminated hands. Instant san

The European Task Force on Contact Dermatitis warns about the increased risk of skin reactions due to frequent hand washing and use of alcohol-based sanitizers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Healthcare workers, who wear PPE and follow additional preventive measures, are at higher risk. According to a study by Lin et al, 74% of healthcare workers in Wuhan reported skin reactions, including dryness, papules, erythema, and maceration

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for hand sanitizers has resulted in a shortage and an increase in falsified alcohol-based sanitizers. These products may contain methanol or have alcohol concentrations below the required 60%. Regulatory and public health bodies should ensure the safety and quality of antimicrobial products like hand sanitizers throughout their lifecycle.

This passage discusses the importance of hand hygiene during pandemic outbreaks and the effectiveness of hand sanitizers, particularly alcohol-based formulations, in interrupting the transmission chain of viruses. The review will investigate various hand sanitizer types and forms, focusing on alcohol-based ones containing 62-95% alcohol for their ability to denature microbial proteins and inactivate viruses. The article also explores the formulation aspects, adverse effects,

During the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol sanitizers have become essential for hand hygiene. However, their frequent use can lead to skin dryness and flaking. It is crucial to closely monitor the quality control of alcohol concentrations and hand rub formulations to ensure effectiveness in this crisis.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, regular use of alcohol sanitizers for hand hygiene has become necessary but can lead to skin dryness. The quality control of alcohol concentrations and hand rub formulation in sanitizers requires increased attention for effective use in this crisis.

The passage discusses the objective of finding alternative methods for hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in low-resource settings where access to water and soap, as well as alcohol-based sanitizers, is limited. The study explores the use of various materials such as sand, soil, ash, soda ash, seawater, alkaline materials, and sunlight as potential alternatives. The mechanisms of action of these alternative wash methods on both surfaces and at a cellular level are identified

The passage discusses the objective of finding alternative methods for hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in low-resource settings where access to water, soap, and alcohol-based sanitizers is limited during the coronavirus pandemic. The study reviewed various alternatives such as sand, soil, ash, soda ash, seawater, alkaline materials, and sunlight. The mechanisms of these alternative wash methods on both surfaces and at a cellular level were identified. The use of these locally available

The COVID-19 pandemic, for which no medication or vaccine is currently available, is causing a drastic increase in infection rates worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends frequent hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand sanitizers as a preventive measure. However, these sanitizers, which contain ethanol, isopropyl alcohols, and hydrogen peroxides, can be toxic to humans and the environment if misused. They can release harmful

The COVID-19 pandemic, for which no medication or vaccine is currently available, has led to a drastic increase in infections worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends frequent hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand sanitizers as a preventive measure. However, these sanitizers, which contain ethanol, isopropyl alcohols, and hydrogen peroxides, can be toxic to humans and the environment when misused. They can cause

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the frequent use of hand sanitizers for hygiene purposes. While effective, the increased use and aerosols generated pose a risk to the skin and mucosal surfaces, particularly the eyes. Alcohol in sanitizers can cause allergic or inflammatory responses, leading to a condition called Sanitizer Aerosol-Driven Ocular Surface Disease (SADOSD). This article discusses the risks

A large school-based clinical trial on the effect of hand sanitizer use on asthma exacerbations in elementary-age children was redesigned due to safety concerns about the hand sanitizer's active ingredient, unavailability of a substitute placebo, and changes in community hand hygiene practices. The revised trial is a randomized, longitudinal, community-based crossover study evaluating the incremental effectiveness of a two-step hand

A study was conducted to investigate the risk of alcohol absorption from hand sanitizers during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in relation to disulfiram treatment. The study found that while significant amounts of alcohol can be inhaled when using hand sanitizers in confined spaces, absorption through the skin alone does not occur in pharmacologically significant quantities. Therefore, warnings about alcohol absorption from hand sanitizers and other products like perfumes, deodorants, and after-

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hand hygiene regulations have been strengthened, leading to an increase in hand washing, disinfection, and use of hand cream among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a single surgical center and a COVID-19 intensive care unit. The study found that 90.4% of HCWs experienced symptoms of acute hand dermatitis, but only 14.9% reported hand eczema.

A study was conducted among 114 healthcare workers (HCWs) at a surgical site and a COVID-19 intensive care unit in Germany to investigate the onset of hand eczema during the pandemic. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, hand hygiene has been intensified, leading to a significant increase in hand washing, disinfection, and use of hand cream among all participants. However, only 14.9% reported having hand e

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has left academia chemists seeking ways to contribute. A three-pronged approach is suggested: developing hand sanitizers, identifying drug candidates, and creating outreach content.

A systematic review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial rinse-free hand sanitizers in reducing absenteeism due to communicable illness in North American elementary schools. Six studies were identified, two of which were randomized, but the quality of reporting was low and no pooled estimates could be calculated. All five published studies reported a significant difference in favor of the intervention. However, the evidence is of low quality, and further well-designed trials are

Viruses face a challenge when infecting cells as they must evade host responses meant to destroy them. Apoptosis, a cellular response to viral infection aimed at limiting viral amplification, poses a significant threat. Some viruses have developed strategies to manipulate apoptosis by expressing proteins targeted by caspases, the key effectors of apoptotic cell death. Caspase cleavage of these proteins can inhibit, enhance, or attenu

In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, frequent hand washing is an essential preventive measure against transmission. However, prolonged exposure to water and chemicals during hand washing can lead to hand dermatitis, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Symptoms include epidermal barrier disruption, impaired keratinocytes, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Individuals with a history of atopic dermat

An exploratory observational study assessed compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures in 45 public transport stations in Accra, Ghana. Majority of stations had handwashing facilities but their number was inadequate. Frequent handwashing education and social distancing were rarely communicated or practiced. Hand sanitizers and face masks were largely unavailable, and social distancing was rarely observed. Compliance with measures was categorized as inadequate (

The passage discusses the health risks posed by viral infections and the limitations of current prevention methods, such as hand washing and sanitizers, which have concerns regarding effectiveness, toxicity, and environmental impact. The article suggests that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its lipophilic derivatives, found in the tea plant, could be a novel approach for preventing viral infections due to their broad effectiveness, long-last

A study was conducted to examine the effect of three household interventions - education, education with alcohol-based hand sanitizer, and education with hand sanitizer and face masks - on the incidence and secondary transmission of upper respiratory infections (URIs) and influenza, as well as knowledge of URIs transmission and vaccination rates. The study involved 509 primarily Hispanic households and recorded 5034 URIs, of which 66

A hand sanitizer was developed using snow fungus extract, with a stable base containing 66.5% ethanol and 0.3% triclosan. The preparation containing 10% snow mushroom extract and 0.3% gelling agent received the highest preference from volunteers. The snow mushroom hand sanitizer was non-irritating and significantly more moisturizing than the placebo. Its anti-septic efficacy was

A hand sanitizer was developed using snow fungus extract in an alcohol-based gel formula. The preferred base was identified and incorporated with varying concentrations of snow mushroom extract. The formulation was tested on 20 human volunteers and found to be non-irritating and more moisturizing than the placebo. The snow mushroom hand sanitizer was equally effective in terms of antimicrobial properties compared to the placebo. The study concludes that the

This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of hand sanitizers with hand washing using soap and water in removing foodborne pathogens from food handlers' hands. An extensive search of three databases resulted in 28 studies. While some evidence supports the use of hand sanitizers for bacterial inactivation, their efficacy against nonenveloped viruses is lower. Soap and water are more effective for removing soil and microorganisms. The presence of

A study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of interventions in increasing hand-hygiene behavior among university students in a cafeteria. Observations included the number of students using hand-sanitizer and entering restrooms to wash hands. Interventions included an informational poster, hand-sanitizer dispenser, and a change agent. Results showed that the hand-sanitizer dispenser significantly increased hand-hygiene behavior from 1.52% to over

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 caused unexpected disruptions and changes in people's lives, with a potential resurgence expected in the fall. Drug shortages due to the pandemic have led to requests for pharmacies to compound items such as hand sanitizers, hydroxychloroquine suspensions, and solutions for N95 mask testing. Commercial supplies of lopinavir/ritonavir oral liquid are in short supply and may

Pharmacies across the US are responding to the COVID-19 pandemic by compounding essential items in short supply, such as hand sanitizers, hydroxychloroquine suspension, and saccharin solutions for N95 mask testing. Commercial supplies of lopinavir/ritonavir oral liquid are also in shortage and may need to be compounded. Pharmacists are emerging as first-line responders during this crisis.

This study investigates the impact of surfactants, specifically sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLS), on the virucidal efficiency of sanitizing fluids against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. The addition of surfactants increased the evaporation time and enhanced the virucidal efficiency by 15-27%. Not

A study conducted during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US examined factors influencing the purchase of safety and health care products. The results of a cross-sectional study (N = 344) revealed that individuals with uncertainty about having a COVID-19 risk factor and higher levels of worry were more likely to engage in preparatory purchasing. Gender also moderated the relationship between worry and purchasing, with men showing increased product purchasing when initially low in worry.

The COVID-19 outbreak, with over 2 million confirmed cases and 150,000 deaths as of April 18, 2020, is a global health emergency. The disease, which has a 3.4% fatality rate, is surface-to-surface communicable and currently lacks an effective antiviral drug or approved vaccine. Preventive measures are the only way to combat COVID-19, as shown by the

The COVID-19 outbreak, with over 2 million confirmed cases and 150,000 deaths as of April 18, 2020, is a global health emergency. The disease, which has a 3.4% fatality rate, is highly contagious and currently lacks an effective antiviral drug or vaccine. Preventive measures are the only way to combat COVID-19, as shown by the successful control of the S

The study aimed to examine the relationship between hand-washing education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors among Korean adults during the MERS-CoV outbreak. The results showed that individuals who received hand-washing education or saw promotional materials had higher scores for self-reported use of soap or sanitizer and frequency of hand washing. Older adults, women, and lower income earners showed greater behavior change. The effect of education on soap use was similar in M

The coronavirus pandemic poses challenges to ensuring food safety and limiting its spread in the food service and retail sector. Food items can be contaminated during operational steps if handlers do not follow precautions such as hand hygiene, sanitization, and social distancing. While food itself is not a transmission route, improper sanitization and close contact between handlers and customers can put both at risk. Proper hand hygiene, approved sanitizers and disin

The passage discusses the challenges and considerations for addressing COVID-19 in informal urban settlements, where population density and inadequate access to water and sanitation make standard prevention measures difficult. The text emphasizes the importance of engaging local residents, leaders, and community-based groups in developing locally appropriate control strategies. It also highlights the need for balancing public health interventions with social and economic considerations, and avoiding stigmatization and unrealistic regulations. Priorities for

The passage emphasizes the importance of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, specifically handwashing with soap and water, in preventing the spread of COVID-19. The author acknowledges global efforts to control the pandemic and discusses the challenges faced by WASH services in middle- and low-income countries. Suggestions are provided to strengthen these services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in late 2019 and quickly spread into a pandemic with over 3 million cases by April 2020. Effective disinfection is crucial due to the virus's high infectivity rate. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend good hand hygiene, including handwashing and sanitizing with alcohol-based products. However, they caution against using sanitizers

A study examining the correlation between COVID-19 fatalities and access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services in Sub-Saharan Africa found a strong negative correlation between poor access to safe water and sanitation and higher COVID-19 fatality rates. The Pearson correlation was stronger for access to safe sanitation (-0.30) compared to access to safe drinking water (-0.20). Countries with the highest COVID-1

A study was conducted in the COVID-19 isolation ward of a hospital in Milan, Italy, to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the air and on surfaces. Out of 42 samples collected in contaminated, semi-contaminated, and clean areas, 24.3% tested positive. The positivity rate was higher in contaminated (35.0%) and semi-contaminated (50.0

During the CoViD-19 pandemic, there is a high demand for hand sanitisers to maintain adequate hygiene and prevent infection spread in public places and healthcare institutions. However, the surge in demand has led to shortages and an increase in substandard products, raising safety concerns. This article provides a critical review of hand sanitisation approaches and available products on the market based on scientific evidence. It also offers hand sanitiser formulations and manufacturing instructions for community and hospital pharm

During the CoViD-19 pandemic, there is a high demand for hand sanitisers to maintain adequate hygiene and prevent infection spread in public places and healthcare institutions. However, the surge in demand has led to shortages and an increase in substandard products, raising safety concerns. This article provides a critical review of hand sanitisation approaches and available products on the market based on scientific evidence. It also suggests hand sanitiser formulations and manufacturing instructions for community and hospital pharm

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the installation of walkthrough sanitization gates to disinfect passersby and prevent cross infection. However, there is no clinical evidence supporting their effectiveness against COVID-19, and their use raises public health concerns. Disinfectant chemicals used in these gates can cause eye and skin irritation, bronchospasm, nausea, and vomiting. Health authorities advise against their use and recommend focusing on other preventive measures like social

Nine commonly used disinfectants were tested for their virucidal efficacy against avian metapneumovirus, avian influenza virus, and Newcastle disease virus on a nonporous surface. Phenolic compounds and glutaraldehyde were the most effective against all three viruses. Quaternary ammonium compounds were effective against aMPV but not against the other two viruses. Three hand sanitizers were evaluated on human

During the COVID-19 outbreak in Alsace, France, particularly in Haut-Rhin, there was a shortage of alcohol-based hand sanitizer in a 1,400-bed hospital. In response, the hospital management team asked staff to produce handrub locally. This required implementing production within a week, adhering to French guidelines, using qualified staff and equipment, and having a pharmacist oversee the process. The biggest challenge was sourcing raw

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the importance of preventing the spread of COVID-19 through regular hand cleaning, avoiding touching the face, and social distancing. A key measure in containing the spread is testing, specifically conducting real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) tests for diagnosing COVID-19, with the capability to test up to 2000 samples per day. The laboratory also engages in virus culturing

This passage discusses a study evaluating the effectiveness of different types of full-body PPE, donning and doffing methods, and training methods in reducing contamination and infection risk for healthcare workers (HCW) exposed to highly infectious diseases. The study included 24 studies with 2278 participants, and the results suggest that a powered, air-purifying respirator with a coverall may offer better protection against contamination but is more difficult to don.

This passage discusses a review of studies evaluating the effectiveness of various types of personal protective equipment (PPE) and methods of donning and doffing in reducing contamination and infection among healthcare workers (HCW) exposed to highly infectious diseases. The review included 24 studies with 2278 participants, and found that a powered, air-purifying respirator with a coverall may protect against contamination better than an N95 mask and gown but is

This passage discusses a study evaluating the effectiveness of different types of full-body PPE, donning and doffing methods, and training methods in reducing contamination and infection risk for healthcare workers (HCW) exposed to highly infectious diseases. The study included 24 studies with 2278 participants, of which 14 were randomized controlled trials. The findings suggest that a powered, air-purifying respirator with a coverall may protect against cont

This passage discusses a study evaluating the effectiveness of different types of personal protective equipment (PPE), donning and doffing methods, and training methods in reducing contamination and infection among healthcare workers (HCW) exposed to highly infectious diseases. The study included 24 studies with 2278 participants, of which 14 were randomized controlled trials. The findings suggest that a powered, air-purifying respirator with a coverall may offer better protection

A study analyzed reports from Adult and Pediatric ICUs of a Rio de Janeiro hospital in 2016 and 2017 to assess hand hygiene practices among health professionals. The study found that hand hygiene compliance was higher in Pediatric ICUs than in Adult ICUs. Proper hand hygiene was less common among the medical team compared to the nursing team, and others had a lower chance as well. The moment "after contact with the

A study analyzed reports from Adult and Pediatric ICUs of a Rio de Janeiro hospital in 2016 and 2017 to assess hand hygiene practices among health professionals. The results showed that hand hygiene compliance was higher in Pediatric ICUs than in Adult ICUs. Nursing teams had better hand hygiene practices than medical teams and other staff. The moment "after contact with the patient" had a much higher likelihood of hand hy

The passage discusses the effects of pronase and bromelain on the surface glycoproteins of bovine coronavirus (Mebus strain). Pronase destroyed gp140, gp120, gp100, reduced gp26, and eliminated the virus's hemagglutinating activity. In contrast, bromelain destroyed gp120, gp100, and gp26

A hospital experienced a significant increase in the use of personal protective equipment, including surgical masks and N95 respirators, as well as the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer and soap during a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak. Hand hygiene compliance rates also increased. The monthly added cost for infection control items was $16,400.

This chapter discusses advancements and needs in sanitation for developing countries, focusing on low-income areas. It covers pollutant types, origins, and treatment options, and presents basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and water reuse alternatives for rural and urban areas with water scarcity. The text also addresses policy development, costs, and funding to meet Millennium Development Goals, and emphasizes the importance of sustainable, affordable, and gradually implementable solutions.

This study examined the ecological association between hand hygiene practices and tuberculosis (TB) risk in Korea using data from the 2015 Community Health Survey and the National Infective Diseases Surveillance System. Frequent hand washing after using the restroom, returning from outdoors, and with soap or hand sanitizer were negatively associated with TB incidence and mortality at the community level. These findings suggest that promoting hand hygiene

The National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) helped evacuate Japanese residents from Hubei Province, China during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak. Five charter flights were dispatched, and most returnees (95.7%) were handled at NCGM. Over 300 personnel participated, including medical staff, clerical staff, and laboratory technicians. Airborne and contact precautions were taken, and

The COVID-19 pandemic is influenced by flow physics in various ways, including the production and aerosolization of virus-carrying respiratory droplets, their airborne dissemination and deposition on surfaces, and the inhalation of these bioaerosols by individuals. Fluid dynamics is also crucial for preventative measures like mask usage, hand-washing, indoor ventilation, and social distancing. This article discusses current knowledge and highlights the need for

The passage discusses the potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through fecal matter in areas with inadequate water and sanitation, specifically focusing on densely populated cities in Nigeria and other African and Asian settings. SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, can be shed in stool and has been detected in wastewater during outbreaks. In the absence of safely managed sanitation, groundwater can become contaminated with

During the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China, hospitals were significant sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for healthcare workers, patients, and visitors. A study collected 626 surface swabs from Zhongnan Medical Center and detected SARS-CoV-2 RNAs using reverse transcription-PCR. The most contaminated zones were intensive care units and obstetric isolation wards, with the most contaminated objects being

During the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China, hospitals were significant sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for healthcare workers, patients, and visitors. A study was conducted at Zhongnan Medical Center, collecting 626 surface swabs from various zones, objects, and PPE. The intensive care unit, Obstetric Isolation Ward, and Isolation Ward for novel coronavirus pneumonia had the highest contamination rates (31.

The Covid-19 pandemic poses a significant threat to sub-Saharan African (SSAn) rural communities, particularly in regards to access to clean water, sanitary systems, and hand-washing facilities. Decades of government neglect have left many SSAn nations in a water crisis, making it difficult to separate water, health, livelihood, and the economy. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aimed to improve living and health conditions, but progress was

A cross-sectional social media survey was conducted from March 14-April 1, 2020, to examine the impact of shelter-in-place orders on social distancing, difficulties with daily activities, and concern regarding COVID-19 in the San Francisco Bay Area and the US. The results showed an increase in social distancing behavior (9.2% in the Bay Area and 3.4% elsewhere) and difficulties obtaining food, hand sanit

The passage discusses a study on public responses to the first reported COVID-19 case in a state using internet search data. The findings reveal an immediate increase in searches for coronavirus-related information but a short-lived elevated level of attention. Searches for community policies and personal health strategies did not show an immediate response. The study's early period in the epidemic is noted as encouraging, with further analysis planned to track evolving patterns of responses to subsequent public information

A multicenter case-control study in 36 Spanish hospitals in 2010 investigated the effectiveness of hand hygiene in preventing influenza hospitalizations. The study found that frequent handwashing (5-10 times and >10 times) and handwashing after contact with contaminated surfaces were protective factors, reducing the risk by 35% and 35% respectively (adjusted odds ratios of 0.65 and 0.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 6.6 million cases and 392,000 deaths worldwide as of June 2020. In Africa, there have been 152,000 cases and 4,300 deaths. The five countries with the most cases are South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, and Ghana. Africa's lower number of cases is due to inadequate health systems, limited

The passage discusses the increasing threat of infectious diseases in home and community settings, and the role of hand hygiene in reducing transmission. The report focuses on developed countries and evaluates the use of handwashing and alcohol-based sanitizers. Key conclusions include hand hygiene's effectiveness in reducing gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin infections, the use of products and procedures for maximum log reduction of bacteria and viruses, and the importance of correct

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected over 6.6 million people worldwide with over 392,000 deaths as of June 6, 2020. In Africa, there have been over 152,000 confirmed cases and 4,300 deaths as of June 2, 2020. The five countries with the most cases are South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, and Ghana. Africa

The passage compares the hemagglutinating, receptor-destroying, and acetylesterase activities of avirulent and virulent bovine coronavirus (BCV) strains. The avirulent BCV-L9 strain and five wild-type, virulent strains had hemagglutinating and acetylesterase functions, as well as a 124 kDa glycoprotein. BCV-L9 and

The passage discusses the shift towards competency-based medical education (CBME) and how the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating this change. Medical education currently focuses on predefined abilities and outcomes, but training remains time-based. The pandemic is disrupting educational and clinical environments, and there may not be enough workforce to respond to community needs. This presents an opportunity to reconsider time-based training and embrace CBME to accelerate entry into the workforce. Some medical

Cold plasma technology, specifically atmospheric pressure cold plasma, is effective in eliminating pathogenic micro-organisms. Two devices, a microwave-based pencil-like device and a larger RF plasma-based device, were modified and tested against Aeromonas bacteria and its bacteriophage. The microwave device destroyed the bacteria and bacteriophage from a 6 cm distance in 2 minutes, while the larger RF device achieved similar results in a larger

The COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges for healthcare workers, administrators, and policymakers, with pharmacotherapeutics and pharmacy practice being relevant to the care of older people during this time. The following news items provide initial awareness of concepts related to face mask effectiveness, hand sanitizer shortages, and rapid medication therapy trials. A thorough analysis is encouraged for a comprehensive understanding.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges for healthcare workers, administrators, and policymakers, with pharmacotherapeutics and pharmacy practice being relevant to the care of older people during this time. The following news items provide initial awareness of concepts related to face mask effectiveness, hand sanitizer shortages, and rapid medication therapy trials. However, they should not replace thorough analysis of these issues.

The passage discusses a study on the public's information-seeking responses to the first announcement of COVID-19 cases in a state. The study used an event study framework for all US states and found that such news led to an immediate increase in searches for "coronavirus," coronavirus symptoms, and hand sanitizer. However, this elevated level of attention decreased back to the baseline level within a week or two. The study also noted that searches for community

The passage discusses a study on the public's information-seeking responses to the first announcement of COVID-19 cases in a state. The study used an event study framework for all US states and found that such news led to an immediate increase in collective attention, as indicated by a 36% increase in searches for "coronavirus" and related terms. However, this heightened interest decreased back to baseline levels within a week or two. The study also noted that

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between public interest in COVID-19 preventive measures and the timeliness of stay-at-home orders issued by governors. Using Google Trends data for search volume related to hand sanitizer, hand washing, social distancing, and COVID testing, the researchers found a negative correlation between average preventive measure interest and the length of time before a SAH order was issued (-0.47). Additionally, there was an inverse relationship between

The passage suggests that universal mask use, along with hand hygiene and social distancing, is crucial in reducing the transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic individuals. In the context of children, it is important to prepare them for mask use and explain the reasons behind it without forcing compliance. The availability of properly fitting masks and educational efforts from parents and schools are essential for successful implementation. The new information presented includes the necessity of mask use in children when they

In India, non-cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension (NCIPH) is commonly caused by unexplained enteropathy, which can be triggered by small intestinal bacterial contamination, tropical enteropathy, and groundwater contaminated with arsenic. These environmental factors lead to inflammatory stimuli, activation of the endothelium, and platelet plugging in portal microcirculation. NCIPH,

A web survey was conducted among healthcare workers in North-East India during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the efficacy of their use of PPE. The response rate was 66.75%. While most respondents rated the hospital's control measures highly, nearly 40% did not use PPE, and only about half wore goggles/face shields and shoe-covers. However, nearly all used surgical masks, disposable gloves,

The Coronavirus epidemic and other communicable diseases can push millions of people into poverty due to healthcare resource shortages, lack of sanitation, and population compactness. A study using data from 76 countries from 2010-2019 found that communicable diseases, chemical-induced carbon and fossil fuel combustion, and lack of access to hand washing facilities increase poverty headcounts. Healthcare expenditures decrease poverty headcounts

The passage discusses the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women and the unanswered questions regarding their susceptibility and transmission of the virus. Guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been developed based on available evidence, but more information is needed to make key decisions such as special considerations for pregnant healthcare workers and breastfeeding. Current recommendations include avoiding contact with ill persons, frequent hand

The passage discusses the environmental risks associated with the use of animal manure and biosolids in agriculture, specifically the presence of human and animal pathogens. These compounds are not effectively eliminated during sewage treatment and end up in biosolids and livestock manure, which are then used on agricultural land. Proper sanitation of animal excrements is necessary to prevent the spread of diseases while preserving the manure's composition for agricultural use.

A study explores the sex differences in COVID-19 patients, with men having a higher risk of severe cases and higher fatality rates. Factors such as hormonal levels and immune functions are considered in understanding these differences. The study reviews reports on how sex affects ACE2, a key component in COVID-19 pathogenesis, and summarizes gender differences in immune responses and the role of sex hormones in immune processes. Additionally, the study examines available data on the

The passage discusses the potential effects of pioglitazone on people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who contract COVID-19. Pioglitazone may have a dual role in COVID-19, increasing the risk of infection due to its upregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is used by the virus to enter cells, but also potentially protecting against acute lung injury by reducing

The passage discusses the potential effects of pioglitazone on people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have COVID-19. Pioglitazone may have a dual role in COVID-19 as it can increase the risk of infection due to upregulating angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is used by the virus to enter cells. However, it can also protect against acute lung injury

The coronavirus pandemic, known as COVID-19, has infected over 2.4 million people and resulted in over 165,000 deaths worldwide. Advanced healthcare systems in countries like Italy, USA, Spain, and France have helped control the infection to some extent. India, with an underdeveloped healthcare system and a large population following unhygienic practices, has been able to restrict the infection and death rate through early and strict social distancing measures, including

The coronavirus pandemic, known as COVID-19, has infected over 2.4 million people worldwide, with over 165,000 fatalities. Advanced healthcare systems in countries like Italy, USA, Spain, and France have partially controlled the infection. India, with an underdeveloped healthcare system and unhygienic lifestyle, has successfully restricted infection and death rates through early and strict social distancing via lockdown and hand hygiene advisories. The global

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has infected over two million people as of April 2020. Itch is a common symptom in various diseases and its prevalence in COVID-19 patients is unknown. This paper reviews available literature on itch in COVID-19 patients and discusses aspects of itch not directly related to the viral infection, such as use of chemicals, hand sanitizers, personal protective equipment

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has infected over two million people as of April 2020. Itch is a common symptom in various diseases and its prevalence in COVID-19 patients is unknown. This paper reviews the literature on itch in COVID-19 patients and discusses aspects of itch not directly related to the viral infection, such as the use of chemicals, hand sanitizers,

The COVID-19 outbreak declared a global health emergency by WHO led to an increase in medical waste due to mask usage, gloves, and hand sanitizers. Millions were put on lockdown, causing extensive job losses, lifestyle changes, and business closures. Flights were canceled, and transport systems closed, resulting in a halt to economic activities and stock market drops. However, the lockdown improved air quality in some cities and reduced water pollution in certain areas due to decreased

The COVID-19 outbreak declared a global health emergency by WHO led to an increase in medical waste due to mask usage, gloves, and hand sanitizer. Millions were put on lockdown, causing extensive job losses, lifestyle changes, and business closures. Flights were canceled, and transport systems closed, resulting in a halt to economic activities and stock market drops. However, the lockdown improved air quality in some cities and reduced water pollution in certain areas due to decreased

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the novel coronavirus. Its causes, parameters, and effects are currently being studied by experts like Philippe Sansonetti, the Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine. The short- and long-term prospects of the epidemic depend on our actions. Sansonetti emphasizes that the fate of the pandemic is in our hands.

A study was conducted to investigate the extent of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in healthcare settings in Wuhan, China, during the COVID-19 outbreak. Six hundred twenty-six surface samples were collected from various environments in the Zhongnan Medical Center, including hospital function zones, major objects, and personal protection equipment (PPE). The most contaminated zones were the Intensive Care Unit for novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), Obstetric Is

Title: COVID-19: Understanding the Pandemic

This article discusses COVID-19, its causes, parameters, effects, and short- and long-term prospects. Philippe Sansonetti, an infectious disease specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, emphasizes the importance of individual actions in managing the epidemic. No image description provided.


Question: what is the origin of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is believed to be caused by a new zoonotic virus, SARS-CoV-2. Initial investigations suggest this origin.

The passage discusses the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, and its spread to over 200 countries. The virus is highly contagious and airway manipulations during anesthesia procedures may increase exposure to SARS-CoV-2 for providers and ICU team members. The article suggests ways to improve anesthetic safety through a review of current medical management and precautions to prevent

The passage discusses the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, and its spread to over 200 countries. The virus is highly contagious and airway manipulations during anesthesia procedures may increase exposure to SARS-CoV-2 for providers and ICU team members. The article suggests ways to improve anesthetic safety through existing studies and emphasizes the importance of precautions to

The passage discusses the confusion and anxiety surrounding the coronavirus, officially named SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes, COVID-19. The author aims to address common questions about the virus's origin, transmission, disease causation, similarities to flu, and what a pandemic is. The abundance of conflicting information and conspiracy theories have increased public anxiety. The text promises to provide clear answers for a general audience.

The passage discusses the global threat of COVID-19, which had infected over 6.9 million people and caused over 400,000 deaths as of June 8, 2020. The first case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and it has since spread to over 200 countries. With no approved cure, there are concerns about the disease's origin, first-line therapies,

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is uncertainty regarding the virus's origin, structure, testing, immunity, mask effectiveness, susceptibility, and death rate. Simultaneously, nursing journals have seen an epidemic of manuscripts on COVID-19, but the rejection rate is high.

A recent COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan city, China, poses public health challenges both in China and globally. The article summarizes that coronaviruses are a group of viruses causing illnesses in humans, with six known species associated with human diseases. Previous outbreaks and their countries of origin, along with the number of fatalities and case-fatality rates, are reported. Occupations at risk of contracting COVID-19, such as healthcare

A narrative review summarizes the current state of research on COVID-19, the virus behind the global pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China. The discovery of the virus raised public health concerns due to its high transmission ability and increasing death toll. This review analyzed over 20 scientific articles using keywords like "Coronavirus Outbreak" and "COVID-19" to provide insights into the research available and recommend future studies. The results indicate that human-to-human transmission

COVID-19, a zoonotic respiratory infection from Wuhan, China, has spread globally and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Doctors should look out for fever and cough in patients, with radiological features of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray and CT scans. Management includes oxygen supplementation, antibiotics, and careful fluid balancing. Various drugs are being tested in clinical trials.

COVID-19, caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread globally with over 2.4 million recorded cases as of April 2020. Severe cases of COVID-19 are linked to an increased risk of thrombosis due to inflammation, cytokine storm, and lung injury. The exact number of thrombotic events in

The COVID-19 pandemic, which had claimed over 137,000 lives as of April 2020, has prompted the global scientific community to focus on containing and stopping its spread. This requires collaboration among researchers and practitioners in various fields, raising questions about research priorities, coordination, and involvement. In a comparative bibliometric study of six infectious disease outbreaks since 2000, including COVID-19, the present paper finds

This article aims to review new pediatric lung disorders, including SARS, H1N1, MERS, EVALI, and COVID-19 pneumonia, to help radiologists recognize their characteristic imaging findings. Despite similar clinical symptoms, these disorders have distinct imaging appearances, which is crucial for optimal patient care.

This article aims to familiarize radiologists with the imaging findings of various pediatric lung disorders, including SARS, H1N1, MERS, EVALI, and COVID-19 pneumonia. While the clinical symptoms of these conditions may be non-specific, distinctive imaging characteristics have been identified or are emerging, making it crucial for radiologists to stay informed for effective patient care.

In late 2019, a mystery pneumonia-like illness emerged in Wuhan, China, leading to the discovery of the novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and COVID-19 by the WHO, causing the devastating pandemic.

This article aims to clarify various claims and controversies regarding COVID-19, including the origin of the virus, the effect of ibuprofen and nicotine on severity, the role of fomites and ethnic minorities, and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on children and mortality rates between countries.

This article aims to clarify various claims and controversies regarding COVID-19, covering topics such as the origin of the virus, the effect of ibuprofen and nicotine on severity, fomites and ethnic minorities, children's role in transmission, and mortality rates between countries. The article intends to provide accurate scientific information amidst rumors and falsehoods.

This article aims to clarify various claims and controversies regarding COVID-19, including the origin of the virus, the effect of ibuprofen and nicotine on severity, the role of fomites and ethnic minorities, and the impact of COVID-19 on children and mortality rates between countries.

Sweden is using a two-pronged strategy to combat the Covid-19 pandemic: herd immunity through natural infection and backcasting for mitigation. While the herd-immunity approach is transparent, the use of backcasting by the government is not. The authors argue for the use of backcasting based on available data and reasoning, and present a backcasting exercise for the Swedish economy. This approach involves five interconnected levels for economic backcasting in Covid

The passage discusses the potential health inequities among vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. While the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions have been identified as at risk, the article emphasizes the need to address the needs of other marginalized groups such as forced migrants, people in detention, and the homeless. The article presents examples of inter-professional and interdisciplinary efforts to address inequities in care for these

The passage discusses the potential health inequities among vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The Confederation has identified older adults with co-morbidities as a high-risk group, but other populations such as forced migrants, people in detention, and the homeless are also at risk. The article outlines the issues of inequities in care for these marginalized populations and presents inter-professional and interdisciplinary

China has largely returned to normalcy with businesses reopening and manufacturing activity increasing. Traffic congestion has returned to major cities, and three quarters of the workforce were back at work as of March 24. Wuhan, the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak, is lagging behind but is set to lift its lockdown on April 8. China has successfully brought the epidemic to a near standstill, reporting zero locally transmitted cases on March 1

The impact of COVID-19 on biomedical publishing was assessed by analyzing PubMed-indexed articles about COVID-19 from December 2019 to April 2020. The analysis revealed issues such as only 40% of articles reporting data, clustering of "highly-trusted" publications by country, and "highly impacting" journals. The crisis also highlighted the need for more integrated analytical reviews in biomed

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, with a genetic similarity of 79.5% to SARS-CoV and 96.2% to a bat coronavirus, indicating its interspecies transmission and origin. SARS-CoV-2 is a beta-Coronavirus, which also includes SARS and MERS viruses.

The passage discusses two phenomena observed in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the relative absence of clinical signs in children and the early appearance of IgG in certain patients. This early IgG response is typical of secondary immune responses when memory to a cross-reactive antigen is present, a phenomenon known as "original antigenic sin." While these cross-reactive antibodies may not be protective against the new virus, they could potentially enhance infection and

The passage discusses two phenomena observed in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the relative absence of clinical signs in children and the early appearance of IgG in certain patients. This early IgG response is typical of secondary immune responses when memory to a cross-reactive antigen is present, a phenomenon known as "original antigenic sin." While these cross-reactive antibodies may not be protective against the new virus, they could enhance infection and clinical

This study aimed to assess Chinese social media posts on Weibo regarding the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan city using quantitative and qualitative analysis. A total of 115,299 posts were collected, showing a positive correlation between the number of posts and reported cases, with approximately 10 more cases per 40 posts (P<.001). Qualitative analysis identified four parent classifications: causative agent, changing epidemiological characteristics, public

The passage discusses the emerging evidence of nervous system involvement in COVID-19 patients caused by SARS-CoV-2. Initially, the focus was on respiratory dysregulations, but recent studies suggest that the virus may also invade other end-organs, including the nervous system. Symptoms such as anosmia, dysgeusia, ataxia, and altered mental status may be early signs of neurotropic potential. The recognition of these

A previous viewpoint highlighted the potential for nervous system involvement in COVID-19 patients despite initial focus on respiratory symptoms. Recent studies have provided evidence of this neurovirulence, including reports of anosmia, dysgeusia, ataxia, and altered mental status. These findings have helped clinicians better understand the scope of SARS-CoV-2's impact on various organs.

A simple pandemic model, which only includes the contact rate between people, can be easily understood by a broad audience and used to evaluate policy strategies. However, it has limitations when dealing with inhomogeneous populations. To enhance its capabilities, satellite equations can be added to model specific situations, such as high-risk individuals or isolated populations. Despite the addition of complexity in Model J, simulations suggest that it offers little predictive advantage compared to simple models.

The passage summarizes the immediate impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on rehabilitation services in Italy, where only 4.5% of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine physicians attended a webinar due to the sudden crisis. The rehabilitation system's inadequate preparation was evident, and the initial plan to isolate Covid-19 cases in certain areas failed. Continuous reorganization and adaptation were necessary due to the rapid changes, leading to the conversion of

The passage summarizes the immediate impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on rehabilitation services in Italy, which was the first European country to be affected. The webinar on rehabilitation answers to the Covid-19 emergency had low attendance, indicating the inadequate preparation of the rehabilitation system. The original plan to confine Covid-19 cases to certain areas of rehabilitation wards and hospitals was not feasible, and continuous reorganization and adaptation were

Derek Lowe discusses potential small-molecule therapies for the coronavirus epidemic, focusing on repurposed drugs that are already approved for human use due to the time and cost savings of clinical trials. The most advanced therapy is remdesivir from Gilead, which has been in development for a few years as an RNA virus therapy and has shown effectiveness against related coronaviruses. Remdesivir works by getting incorporated into viral RNA and inhib

A global outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease Covid-19, originated in Wuhan, China, and has spread to 6 continents and 66 countries as of March 2, 2020. Governments are working to prevent the outbreak from becoming a health emergency, emphasizing preparedness, transparency, and information sharing. This paper summarizes the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments

A global outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China, and has spread to 6 continents and 66 countries as of March 2, 2020. Governments are working to prevent the outbreak from becoming a global health emergency. Preparedness, transparency, and information sharing are essential for risk assessments and controlling the outbreak. This paper provides an overview of the epidemi

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted dermatological practice, leading to a decrease in face-to-face consultations and an increase in teledermatology. The outcome of COVID-19 infection in patients with inflammatory disorders like psoriasis or atopic dermatitis on immunosuppressive therapies is uncertain. The role of skin lesions and the skin barrier in SARS-CoV-

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted dermatological practice, leading to a decrease in face-to-face consultations and an increase in teledermatology. Uncertainties exist regarding the effects of COVID-19 infection on common inflammatory disorders like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis under immunosuppressive therapy. Dermatologists are also involved in COVID-19 patient care and research

A systematic review was conducted to examine the relationship between ethnicity and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The search was based on English-language citations from EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO, NEJM, Lancet, BMJ, JAMA, clinical trial protocols, grey literature, and preprint articles from MedRxiv (1st December 2019-15th May 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most significant challenge to the international system since the 2008 financial crisis. Instead of collaborating to address the threat, major powers like the United States and China have blamed each other, hindering a global response. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been hampered in its efforts to coordinate a response and has faced criticism. The limited cooperation and lack of leadership are surprising, given past international efforts to eradicate diseases. Struct

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most significant challenge to the international system since the 2008 financial crisis. Instead of collaborating to address the threat, major powers like the US and China have blamed each other, hindering a global response. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been hampered in its efforts to coordinate a response. The limited cooperation and lack of leadership are surprising, given past international efforts to eradicate diseases. Structural international relations theory offers

The passage discusses the current lack of approved treatments for COVID-19 and the significant use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) based on early anecdotal reports and limited in vitro data. However, there is no high-quality clinical evidence showing a clear benefit of these agents for COVID-19, and they have the potential to cause harm, including cardiac side effects and immunologic consequences that

The passage discusses the current lack of approved treatments for COVID-19 and the widespread use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) based on early anecdotal reports and limited in vitro data. However, there is no high-quality clinical evidence showing a clear benefit of these agents for COVID-19, and they have the potential to cause harm, including cardiac side effects and immunologic consequences that

The passage discusses the similarities between the COVID-19 and SARS outbreaks, both caused by zoonotic novel coronaviruses, and the lessons learned from the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003. The case-fatality rate of SARS was higher than COVID-19, but both spread rapidly around the world. Insights gained from the past outbreaks include the hazards to healthcare workers, the impact of

The passage discusses the similarities between the COVID-19 and SARS outbreaks, both caused by zoonotic novel coronaviruses and spreading rapidly around the world. The case-fatality rate of SARS (9.6%) is higher than that of COVID-19 (<4%). Past experiences with SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have equipped us to better handle the challenges of COVID-19, particularly

A new coronavirus, now known as SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19, was identified by the WHO in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This virus is part of the coronavirus family, which can affect various systems in humans and animals, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and nervous systems. Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses, such as SARS in 20

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is highly transmissible and associated with a broad clinical spectrum from subclinical to severe respiratory distress and multiorgan failure. The virus recognizes human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a cellular receptor and disrupts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Renal abnormalities such as proteinuria, hemat

The passage discusses the vulnerable populations in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, who are at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the elderly, those with comorbidities, forced migrants, people deprived of liberty, and the homeless. The article highlights the potential increase in health inequities among these populations and presents inter-professional and interdisciplinary procedures to address the issue, specifying the partners and resources for front-line caregivers.

The ESPNIC organization launched the EPICENTRE registry, an international initiative to study the epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of pediatric and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. With participation from centers worldwide, EPICENTRE aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 in this population, particularly focusing on critical care issues. This registry is the first of its kind, dedicated to neonatal and pediatric SARS

The passage discusses an analysis of the earliest 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada, which revealed that only 7.6% of them were linked to travel from China. Instead, the most common travel origins were the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. Despite China being the source of the majority of global COVID-19 cases at that time, focusing on travel restrictions to China alone might not have effectively controlled the spread.

The passage summarizes a study that analyzed the travel origins of the first 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada. Contrary to the global trend where the majority of cases originated from China, only 7.6% of Canada's earliest cases were linked to travelers from China. Instead, most cases were traced back to the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. The study suggests that expanding early screening and travel restrictions to these regions could have helped control

This passage is about an epidemiological study that developed a model to predict the vulnerability of US counties to COVID-19 based on publicly available data. The model uses an XGBoost classifier to determine the probability of COVID-19 occurrence for unaffected counties and an XGBoost regression to estimate the number of potential occurrences. The results are combined to compute the county level risk, which is used as an estimated after-five-day

The world is currently facing the challenge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has brought most human activities to a halt. The immune system, which recognizes and fights pathogens, is being explored for potential solutions through the development of neutralizing antibodies. The review discusses the origins and characteristics of COVID-19, as well as previous coronavirus pandemics caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-

A technical report presents a dynamic causal model for predicting the spread of COVID-19 in a population, using ensemble dynamics to generate outcomes like new cases and deaths. The model allows for the quantification of uncertainty and can account for interventions and population differences. It utilizes Bayesian model inversion and comparison procedures to optimize predictions based on timeseries data. The report also showcases some insights from the application of this model to the current pandemic, such as the nonlinear effects of

The passage highlights the overall low methodological quality of COVID-19 research, using hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin studies as an example. The flawed methodology and sub-optimal reporting could lead to biased estimates of effect, potentially harming patients with ineffective or harmful treatment decisions. Researchers must focus on improving methodology and reporting, including considering harms to patients, to increase confidence in research findings.

This research note explores the undefined meaning of the Canadian government's obligation to ensure "continuity of constitutional government" (CCG) as stated in section 4(l) of the Emergency Management Act. The note will discuss the origin of the term and its connection to other continuity of government (COG) concepts, as well as potential interpretations of the term based on legal opinions. The article will conclude with reflections on the significance of the CCG concept during the current

This passage is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the correlation between common clinical conditions and comorbidities with the severity of COVID-19. The meta-analysis included 7 studies with 4101 COVID-19 patients from Chinese hospitals. The most common comorbidities were COPD, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension. No significant associations were found for kidney disease, liver disease, or

The passage discusses the impact of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses on human health, focusing on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus from poultry and pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) virus from swine. The article explores how these viruses transmit from animals to humans, their dynamics within human and other mammalian hosts, and factors influencing transmission among humans. Effective containment

A study using artificial intelligence and genomic sequences of the COVID-19 virus suggests that bats and pangolins are likely the original hosts of the virus based on unsupervised clustering results. All COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster with bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes, with stronger evidence supporting bats as the more likely host.

A new human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing a pandemic, was initially sequenced by researchers in China. Genomic data provides insights into its emergence but leaves gaps regarding its origins.

In December 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, caused a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, linked to a market selling seafood and live animals. The virus spread rapidly and led to a global containment effort and widespread media attention due to its similarities to previous coronavirus epidemics, SARS and MERS. The scientific community is working to understand the virus's origin, pathogenesis

This review article summarizes information from various publications since the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2. The article consolidates epidemiological data and clinical knowledge about the virus, and highlights new developments in the search for pandemic control. The scientific community is working to produce relevant research to aid in managing the spread of COVID-19.

A pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) declared by the World Health Organization has resulted in over 81,000 confirmed cases in China and 334,000 cases globally as of March 24, 2020. Interventional radiologists (IRs) in China have been battling the disease for three months. This paper discusses what IRs should know and can do during this challenge

The author explores the dismissal of Edward Hooper's theory that the oral polio vaccine trial in African colonies led to the HIV-1 pandemic, and argues that historians have overly relied on scientists' testimonies. The article highlights the missed opportunity to analyze the evidence backing the oral polio vaccine hypothesis and its implications for understanding Cold War vaccine production and its impact on virus transmission. The author introduces the concept of The WetNet, referring to the infrastructure

The author explores the dismissal of Edward Hooper's theory that the oral polio vaccine trial in African colonies led to the HIV-1 pandemic, and argues that historians have overly relied on scientists' testimony. The article suggests that a more thorough analysis of the evidence could have led to a better understanding of the social, political, technological, and interspecies infrastructure of Cold War vaccine production and its impact on virus transmission. The author introduces the concept of The

A novel H1N1 influenza A virus strain led to the first pandemic of the 21st Century in April 2009, originating from swine in Mexico and the USA instead of the anticipated avian H5N1 virus in Asia. The H1N1 pandemic revealed weaknesses in Asia's health infrastructure, including communication, surge capacity, access to reliable information and quality care, health worker skills, and essential medicines. Preparation and research response

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the novel coronavirus. Its causes, parameters, and effects are currently being studied by experts like Philippe Sansonetti, the Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine. The short- and long-term prospects of the epidemic depend on our actions. Sansonetti emphasizes that the fate of the pandemic is in our hands.

Title: COVID-19: Understanding the Pandemic

This article discusses COVID-19, its causes, parameters, effects, and short- and long-term prospects. Philippe Sansonetti, an infectious disease specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, emphasizes the importance of individual actions in managing the epidemic. No image description provided.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted myeloma care, with the immediate concern being minimizing the risk of infection. Looking ahead, the future of myeloma treatment may involve cost-effective and tailored approaches as healthcare delivery will not return to its pre-pandemic state. Investment in novel strategies is necessary to provide optimal outcomes for patients in the post-pandemic environment.

The passage discusses the role of coronaviruses in respiratory diseases in children, with a focus on the common community-acquired human coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) and those responsible for past global epidemics like SARS and MERS. The text highlights the importance of understanding their virology, epidemiology, and disease associations.

This study analyzes age distribution patterns in six groups of Indian COVID-19 patient populations based on their likely geographical origin of infection. The results showed distinct age profiles among the groups, with some clusters forming differently between groups from Asia, the European Union, and the United Kingdom compared to those from North America, the Middle East, and other regions. Age profiles were found to be highly predictive of the group a population belongs to, and there may be differences in recovery and fatality rates across

A report details over 800 confirmed COVID-19 cases on three cruise ship voyages, with linked cases reported in the US. Transmission occurred between ships via crew members, affecting both passengers and crew. Ten deaths have been reported. Public health implications include the risk of rapid disease spread beyond voyages, necessitating aggressive containment measures, and recommending a global cruise travel deferral during the pandemic.

The passage discusses the history of public health law in the United States, starting from the colonial period when there was no national law, and the origins of federal public health authority from laws providing medical care for merchant seamen in 1798. The U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was established, and it is now a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The core of federal public health law comes from statutes

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus, originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Like SARS and MERS, it primarily causes lower respiratory symptoms and can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The clinical laboratory plays a crucial role in diagnosing COVID-19, providing information on prognosis, disease progression, and therapy response. This review covers the pandemic's background, laboratory diagnosis, current

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus with similarities to SARS and MERS viruses, originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019. The clinical laboratory plays a crucial role in diagnosing COVID-19, providing information on prognosis, disease progression, and therapy response. This review covers the pandemic's background, laboratory diagnosis, current biomarker analysis in hematology, safety concerns, and impact on

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted myeloma care, with the immediate concern being minimizing the risk of infection and its complications. Looking ahead, the future of myeloma treatment may involve cost-effective and tailored approaches as the post-pandemic healthcare landscape will not revert to its previous state. Now is the time to invest in innovative strategies to optimize patient outcomes.

The study investigated the method used by the Imperial College COVID-19 Research Team for estimating the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from a model identifiability perspective. The study found that the system model used by ICCRT had severe input sensitivities and lacked practical parameter identifiability from data. This limitation is fundamental and not easily resolved with data of higher reliability. The authors emphasized the

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 from the Betacoronavirus group, originated in bats and spread to humans through intermediate hosts at a Wuhan seafood market in late 2019. Due to the absence of registered treatments or vaccines, researchers are exploring potential drugs for COVID-19. This review covers the origin, characteristics, and genomic structure of CoVs, with a focus on SAR

The original antigenic sin refers to the phenomenon where an individual's immune system responds primarily to the initial antigens (molecules that stimulate an immune response) encountered during an infection, rather than to new antigens that may appear later. In the context of COVID-19, this means that if an individual is infected with SARS-CoV-2 and then later encounters a different variant of the virus, their immune system may prioritize responding to

This study investigates the geo-environmental factors contributing to the accelerated spread of COVID-19 in Italy, specifically in regions with high population density and industrialization. The results reveal a strong association between air pollution and the rapid transmission of COVID-19. Cities with higher levels of air pollution, as indicated by exceeding PM10 limits, have experienced more cases and deaths from COVID-19. The study suggests that air pollution-to-human transmission plays a critical

The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of cleanliness and hygiene in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. This has led researchers to explore the possible evolutionary links between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and contamination fears. OCD is a mental health condition characterized by recurring and intrusive thoughts, urges, or behaviors that cause distress and impair daily functioning. Some theories suggest that OCD may have evolved as a response to infectious disease

The passage discusses the importance of the human-animal interface in the emergence of infectious diseases, particularly those that stem from animals. Factors contributing to the origin and global spread of these diseases are not well defined, but social mobilization, public health education, behavioral change, and communication strategies are suggested as potential prevention methods. The lack of a comprehensive global surveillance system for zoonotic diseases highlights the need for these intervention measures.

The COVID-19 pandemic currently lacks randomized controlled trials proving the effectiveness of antiviral therapies. Despite this, physicians are widely prescribing various drugs to COVID-19 patients in the hope of a cure, deviating from the evidence-based medicine approach. There is a need for more research to establish effective routine care practices for managing COVID-19 symptoms and combating the disease's pathology.

An observational study of 22 COVID-19 patients in Nanchong, China, compared CT manifestations between those with imported infection (exposure to Wuhan, China) and second-generation infection (close contact with confirmed cases or healthy individuals from Wuhan). All patients underwent initial and follow-up CT scans. Group A (imported infection) had 15 patients with abnormal CT findings (67%), while Group B (second-

The passage discusses the use of Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) mathematical models to predict the number of new COVID-19 cases in different cities and countries. The authors note that while the models can be solved using software or numerical methods, predicting the number of new cases is challenging due to changing behavioral patterns that affect the model's parameters. The authors present an analysis of COVID-19 spreading rates in relation to population density and size for

A systematic literature review assessed 49 papers published in 2020 on the effects of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and neonatal prognosis. Of the 755 pregnant women and 598 infants studied, over half had C-sections and only 82% of infants were tested for SARS-CoV-2, with two testing positive. No vertical transmission has been proven yet due to gaps in care during and after

The passage is a summary of a study that conducts a meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis to determine the basic reproduction number, average incubation time, asymptomatic infection rate, and case fatality rate for COVID-19. The study estimates the basic reproduction number to be 3.15 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.41-3.90, the average incubation time to be 5.08

The passage is a summary of a study that conducted a meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis to determine the basic reproduction number, average incubation time, asymptomatic infection rate, and case fatality rate for COVID-19. The study estimated the basic reproduction number to be 3.15 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.41-3.90, the average incubation time to be 5.08 days

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has infected over 3.5 million people worldwide. Diabetes, age, and cardiovascular disease are identified as factors increasing the severity of COVID-19. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to complications in respiratory infections like SARS-CoV-2, as seen in previous outbreaks of SARS, MERS, and Influenza.

Google's Dataset Search, initiated in 2016, has grown from approximately 500,000 to nearly 30 million dataset metadata descriptions, making it the largest and most diverse corpus of its kind on the Web. This data comes from scientists, governments, and companies, covering various topics and formats. An analysis of this corpus reveals its origins, topics, forms, and search trends, identifying gaps and potential future work to enhance dataset discoverability.

This paper uses scenario planning to identify uncertainties related to COVID-19 and potential futures for faculty and universities in Canada and other areas with rising epidemic curves and publicly funded institutions. The focus is on preparing for plausible futures based on current uncertainties.

The COVID-19 pandemic affects children, but their symptoms are usually mild and include fever, dry cough, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fatigue, diarrhea, or vomiting. Severe respiratory issues are rare in children. Testing and imaging are of little value, and supportive care is recommended. No specific therapy or antiviral treatment is advised for healthy children. Children with compromised immune systems should be isolated.

A cross-sectional study analyzed the response to COVID-19 from investigators, editors, and publishers during the early stages of the pandemic. The study involved a bibliometric review of COVID-19 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) literature between November 2019 and March 2020. Most COVID-19 studies were clinical reports, and submission-to-acceptance and acceptance-to-publication times were significantly shorter compared

The COVID-19 pandemic poses unique challenges for otolaryngologists due to their expertise in airway management. Airway procedures, including endoscopy, expose operators to infectious aerosols, increasing the risk of transmission. This commentary discusses critical considerations for reducing aerosol contact, best practices for airway management during the pandemic, and the implications of increased demand for tracheostomies. Safety for both patients and healthcare teams is emphasized.

Two studies with over 1,700 U.S. adults found that people share false information about COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient thinking about accuracy. In Study 1, participants had difficulty distinguishing true from false content when sharing on social media, but improved with greater cognitive reflection and science knowledge. Study 2 showed that a simple accuracy reminder before the study significantly increased truth discernment in participants' sharing intentions. These findings suggest that nudging people to consider accuracy