Question: are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus

A review article examines potential drug therapies for COVID-19, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and lenzilumab. However, the authors conclude that there is currently no high-quality evidence to support the use of any of these drugs as effective treatments for COVID-1

The COVID-19 pandemic currently lacks proven treatments, with guidelines recommending drugs only in the context of clinical trials. The disease is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state driven by cytokines like IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1. IL-6 is a key driver of this inflammation in seriously ill patients. IL-6 inhibitors, such as tocilizumab, sarilumab, and siltuximab,

The COVID-19 pandemic currently lacks proven treatments, with guidelines recommending drugs only in the context of clinical trials. The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, triggers a hyperinflammatory state, driven by cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and others. IL-6 is a key driver of hyperinflammation in seriously ill COVID-19 patients. IL-6 inhibitors, such as tociliz

A study was conducted to identify FDA-approved drugs that could be repurposed as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro, using virtual screening. Twelve drugs were proposed as potential candidates, including antiviral drugs like ribavirin and symptom-relieving drugs like codeine. The most promising candidate was oxytetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which outperformed other selected comp

A study aimed to quantify the number of missing clinical trial results for 19 potential COVID-19 drugs on ClinicalTrials.gov and academic publications. Of 3754 completed trials, 1516 (40.4%) did not report results, with 1172 (31.2%) having tabular results on ClinicalTrials.gov and 1066 (28.4%) having results from literature searches

The ICMR's National Task Force recommended using hydroxychloroquine for Covid-19 asymptomatic healthcare workers and contacts, but its efficacy is uncertain due to limited evidence from open label trials and cell culture studies. Hydroxychloroquine has contraindications and should be used cautiously in vulnerable populations. The WHO and FDA have not recommended any medication for Covid-19 treatment. Further evidence is needed before administering hydro

The ICMR's National Task Force recommended using hydroxychloroquine for Covid-19 asymptomatic healthcare workers and contacts, but its efficacy is uncertain due to limited evidence from open label trials and cell culture studies. Hydroxychloroquine has contraindications and should be used cautiously in vulnerable populations. There's a rush to procure and self-medicate with hydroxychloroquine, but the WHO

A living systematic review titled "Interventions for treatment of COVID-19" is being conducted to evaluate the effects of various interventions for COVID-19 using data from major medical databases and clinical trial registries. The review will include randomized clinical trials comparing any intervention (pharmacological, fluid therapy, ventilation, etc.) with any comparator for all age groups with a COVID-19 diagnosis. Primary outcomes are all-cause mortality and serious adverse

A scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the available evidence and ongoing trials regarding the use of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for the treatment of COVID-19. Four guidelines, developed in China and South Korea, recommend CHMs based on expert consensus, while the remaining 21 guidelines offer no guidance. No finished RCTs or reliable evidence on the effects of specific CHM interventions for COVID-19 have been found. A total of 52 ongoing

A scoping review summarizes the current state of research on Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Four out of 25 treatment guidelines recommend CHMs, developed in China and South Korea based on expert consensus. No finished RCTs or reliable evidence on CHMs' effects for COVID-19 exist. Fifty-two ongoing trials, mostly in China, are investigating CHM inter

Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that has shown inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Due to the absence of effective treatments for COVID-19, remdesivir has been used compassionately in severe cases. Recent studies have shown mixed results, with some suggesting faster time to recovery but no difference in mortality, while others found no significant benefit. The authors conducted a systematic review of literature on rem

A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the use of telehealth in urology during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty-five studies were identified, including 12 randomized controlled trials, on various urological conditions such as prostate cancer, urinary stones, urinary incontinence, and urinary tract infections. Telemedicine has been successfully implemented for decision-making following a diagnosis of non-metastatic prostate cancer,

A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the use of telehealth in urology during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty-five studies were identified, including 12 randomized controlled trials, on various urological conditions such as prostate cancer, hematuria management, urinary stones, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections, and other conditions. Telemedicine has been successfully implemented for decision-making following a diagnosis of

This systemic review evaluates the use of remdesivir in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite not being FDA-approved, remdesivir has received EUA for compassionate use in severe cases. As of April 2020, only two RCTs, two uncontrolled trials, and three case reports on remdesiv

A systematic review was conducted to summarize clinical evidence for using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or chloroquine (CQ) as antiviral agents for various viral infections. Nineteen studies were eligible, including eight on HIV, two on HCV, two on dengue, one on chikungunya, and six on COVID-19. The evidence for HIV/HCV infections suggests that using HCQ or

A scoping review identified 11 studies on pharmacological treatments for COVID-19, including hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, tocilizumab, and favipiravir. Three RCTs in China found no significant earlier clinical improvement with lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir for severe infections. The duration of

A review was conducted to investigate the safety of nitazoxanide, a promising treatment for COVID-19 with a high ratio of maximum plasma concentration to EC(50) of SARS-CoV-2, and to calculate its minimum production cost. Nine randomized controlled trials were identified, involving 1514 participants and 95.3 person-years-of-follow-up. No significant differences in adverse events were found, but mild

The passage discusses the safety and cost of the drug nitazoxanide as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Nitazoxanide has shown promising results in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 with a high ratio of maximum plasma concentration to the concentration required to inhibit 50% replication. However, its safety and cost need to be investigated before further trials. The authors conducted a review of nitazoxanide's safety by analy

The passage discusses a review of the safety and minimum production costs of nitazoxanide as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Nitazoxanide has shown promising results in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 with a high ratio of maximum plasma concentration to the concentration required to inhibit 50% replication. The review aimed to investigate nitazoxanide's safety and calculate its minimum production costs. Nine randomized controlled trials were

A review was conducted to investigate the safety of nitazoxanide, a promising treatment for COVID-19 with a high ratio of maximum plasma concentration to EC50 of SARS-CoV-2, and to calculate its minimum production cost. Nine RCTs were identified, involving 1514 participants and 95.3 person-years-of-follow-up. No significant differences in adverse events were found, but mild GI A

A selective literature search was conducted in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov to assess ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment. Several substances, including remdesivir, chloroquine, and nitazoxanide, have shown high in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Treatment approaches include preventing the virus from docking to the ACE2 receptor and inhibiting transmembrane protease serine 2 (

A systematic review was conducted to summarize clinical evidence for using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) as antiviral agents for various viral infections. Nineteen studies were eligible, including eight on HIV, two on HCV, two on dengue, one on chikungunya, and six on COVID-19. The evidence for HIV and HCV infections is outdated as effective antiv

A selective literature search was conducted in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov to assess ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment. Several substances, including remdesivir, chloroquine, and nitazoxanide, have shown high in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Treatment approaches include preventing the virus from docking to the ACE2 receptor and inhibiting transmembrane protease serine 2.

Controlled human challenge trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could expedite the testing and approval process, potentially making efficacious vaccines available more quickly. Despite the risks of inducing severe disease or even death, these trials could reduce the global burden of coronavirus-related mortality and morbidity. Healthy young adults with a high baseline risk of natural infection and frequent monitoring could participate, minimizing overall risk.

A debate has emerged since April 2020 regarding the use of ionizing radiation, specifically low dose radiotherapy (LDRT), to treat severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Proposed doses range from a single dose (0.1-1 Gy) or two doses (a few mGy followed by 0.1-0.25 Gy or 1-1.5 Gy in two fractions). The rationale includes potential positive observations from

Four clinical trials were conducted to test the protection of masks and respirators against human coronavirus infections. The trials identified a total of 28 coronavirus cases, with no transmissions occurring when P2 or surgical masks were worn in households or when used by sick patients. However, there was a higher risk of infection for healthcare workers wearing masks compared to respirators, but the difference was not statistically significant. More clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of resp

Four clinical trials were conducted to test the protection of masks and respirators against human coronavirus infections. The trials identified a total of 28 coronavirus cases, with no transmissions occurring when P2 or surgical masks were worn in households or when used by sick patients. However, there was a higher risk of infection for healthcare workers wearing masks compared to respirators, but the difference was not statistically significant. The data suggests that masks and respirators offer some protection against

A study was conducted in Boston long-term care facilities over a 3-year period to determine the frequency and types of respiratory viruses circulating among residents. Of the 617 enrolled, 382 had sera available for analysis, resulting in the documentation of 204 viral infections in 157 subjects. The most common viruses were human metapneumovirus (12.8%) and coronavirus 229E

A coronavirus outbreak, named COVID-19 by the WHO, led to over 125,000 reported cases and 4,600 deaths as of March 2020. In response, over 80 clinical trials were launched to test potential treatments, including drug repurposing or repositioning for COVID-19. A search of the clinicaltrials.gov database identified 24 trials involving 20+ medicines, such

A systematic review of 88 surgical randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published between 2005 and 2017 in 15 leading journals found incomplete reporting of treatment benefits and harms. Only 32% of trials reported confidence intervals for beneficial outcomes, and 33% for harmful effects. Few trials reported number needed to treat or harm. Only 61% of trials reported on both beneficial and harmful outcomes in the same

A systematic review was conducted to analyze ongoing clinical trials assessing various interventions against SARS-CoV-2, focusing on interventions, clinical rationale, geographical distribution, and primary endpoints. The search yielded 3242 studies, of which 829 were included. There are 134 different drug-based interventions being tested in 463 clinical trials. China has the highest number of ongoing studies (35%), followed by

A novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease COVID-19, has spread to over 200 countries and territories since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. As of April 12, 2020, there have been over 1.7 million confirmed cases and 106,000 deaths reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The virus is

A novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease COVID-19, has spread to over 200 countries and territories since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a public health emergency in January 2020. As of April 12, 2020, there were 1,696,588

A meta-analysis of 20 studies on chloroquine derivatives and COVID-19, involving 105,040 patients, was conducted using internet sources. Clinical studies reported favorable outcomes and detailed therapy information, while big data studies had conflicts of interest, lacked dosage and duration information, and unfavorable outcomes. Three of four randomized controlled trials and all clinical studies showed significant favorable effects on cough duration, fever duration, clinical cure

SARS is a new disease that posed a global health threat with over 8000 cases in 30 countries, caused by a novel coronavirus. The mean incubation period is 6.4 days, and symptoms include fever, chills, myalgia, and dry cough. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, and there is no specific antiviral therapy or controlled clinical trial for treatment. Steroids have shown to be useful for some patients.

This passage is about a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of rosiglitazone treatment on cardiovascular risk and mortality using multiple data sources and varying analytical approaches. The study identified 33 eligible trials with individual patient level data (IPD) and 103 trials without IPD for meta-analyses. The results showed that more myocardial infarction events were identified using IPD instead of summary level data, and fewer cardiov

Remdesivir, an investigational antiviral drug with broad-spectrum activity against RNA dependent RNA polymerase, is being explored as a potential therapeutic option for COVID-19. Though not yet approved for coronaviruses, it has shown promising in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Several ongoing clinical trials are

This review summarizes the results of five randomized controlled trials examining the effect of antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements on the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The trials investigated vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and multivitamin supplements. All trials were at low risk of bias.

The results showed that vitamin E supplements did not prevent any AMD and may slightly increase the risk of

The passage discusses a review of studies comparing the efficacy and side effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in managing hypertension. The review finds that while both classes of medications have similar efficacy, ARBs have fewer adverse effects. Therefore, the authors suggest that ACE inhibitors should not be used for hypertension treatment due to their greater side

A new approach to drug therapy development for contagious diseases is proposed as an alternative to traditional placebo-controlled clinical trials. In this method, all patients receive different drug combinations, and the outcomes are used to train a Neural Network. The Network recognizes patient features and learns the connection between initial states and treatment outcomes, predicting the best drug therapy. The method is compared to traditional trials from a phenomenological perspective, and the results are open source for further study. The approach

The passage discusses a study assessing the effectiveness of pathogen-reduced platelets in preventing bleeding compared to standard platelets. Despite reducing pathogen load, concerns have been raised about their effectiveness in post-transfusion platelet recovery and bleeding prevention. The study searched various databases and included 10 trials with a total of 1422 participants. The trials were generally at low risk of bias but heterogeneous in intervention methods, platelet transfusion protocols,

The passage discusses the current treatment for acute viral bronchiolitis in previously healthy infants, focusing on supportive care and new or promising therapies. No therapy besides supportive care has been proven effective, including ribavirin, IFN, vitamin A, antibiotics, mist therapy, anticholinergics, beta(2)-agonists, corticosteroids, adrenaline, heliox, hypertonic saline, noninvas

A living systematic review is being conducted to summarize the characteristics of COVID-19 clinical trial registrations. Searches will be conducted weekly on the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and data will be extracted on trial design, location, intervention type, level of evidence, and adaptability to low resource settings. Descriptive and thematic synthesis will be conducted and results will be made openly available online for researchers in the rapidly evolving context of COVID-19 research

Live viral vector vaccines, which express antigens of target pathogens, are being developed for serious infectious agents like HIV and Ebola. Defining the monitoring period for potential adverse events following immunization (AEFI) is crucial due to some live recombinant vectored vaccines being replication-competent. Options for determining the AEFI monitoring period include adapting from regulatory guidelines, expert panel reviews, "near real-time

A report on the treatment of COVID-19 in a rural healthcare system in the Dakotas from March 21 to April 30, 2020, involving 150 patients. Common treatments included zinc, hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin, convalescent plasma, anticoagulation, tocilizumab, and corticosteroids. As of June 1, 127 patients had survived

A prospective non-randomized trial compared postoperative body composition and nutritional status changes between laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for stage I gastric cancer. No significant differences were found in body compositions, nutritional indicators, or body muscle mass at 6 months post-surgery between the groups. Overall, no significant differences were observed in any body composition or nutritional indicators during the first year after surgery. Therefore,

During the pandemic, the creation of evidence-based clinical guidelines for COVID-19 treatment has been accelerated due to the urgent need. In normal circumstances, this process takes years with scientific trials, literature reviews, and education of clinicians. However, when the SARS-nCoV-2 pandemic began, few guidelines existed. This study explains how to create and adapt guidelines during a pandemic, focusing on venous thromboembolism treatment for COVID-19 patients using

A study was conducted to describe the characteristics of interventional clinical trials related to COVID-19, which had been rapidly increasing since the pandemic began. The researchers searched the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on May 15, 2020, and identified 1,308 eligible trials. Most trials were registered with ClinicalTrials.gov or the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. The trials aimed to enroll a total

A study analyzed COVID-19 clinical trials registered up to May 15, 2020, identifying 1,308 trials, most of which were on ClinicalTrials.gov and ChiCTR. The trials aimed to enroll 734,657 participants, with the majority focusing on pharmacologic interventions. While over half of trials were recruiting, only 8 had published results.

A systematic review of studies suggests that the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase type 5 (NO-cGMP-PDE5) pathway plays a role in modulating inflammation and offers cardiovascular protection in COVID-19 patients. PDE5 inhibitors could counteract Ang-II-mediated downregulation of AT-1 receptors, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevent

This is a phase 2, randomized, controlled trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of human anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in hospitalized adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study will enroll 129 participants, with 86 in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma group and 43 in the control group. Eligible participants include adults with evidence

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted using the BRAT framework to evaluate the use of remdesivir as a COVID-19 treatment compared to placebo or standard of care. The study identified several benefits and risks, including a potential shorter time to recovery and reduced mortality risk for remdesivir, but limited safety data was available. The assessment also noted fewer serious adverse events in the remdesivir group but more discontinuations due to adverse events. Pre

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China poses a potential respiratory viral pandemic. Current strategies focus on containment and quarantine, but no therapy exists to treat the virus upon infection. This article explores potential treatment options, emphasizing the need for speed and effectiveness. Discussed options include drug repurposing, neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an oligonucleotide strategy

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China poses a potential respiratory viral pandemic. Current focus is on containment and eventual control through a protective vaccine. No therapy exists to treat 2019-nCoV infection, urging the need for new and effective therapies. This article discusses potential options: drug repurposing, neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an olig

This systematic review aims to assess the evidence from clinical trials on the effects of prompt closure versus gradual weaning of external ventricular drain (EVD) treatment for hydrocephalus in adult patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The search will be conducted in major international databases, and data will be extracted and analyzed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and trial sequential analysis. The results will be published widely without

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a search for effective treatments, with ivermectin, an approved anthelmintic, gaining attention due to its in vitro inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV2 virus. The drug's primary biological action is allosteric modulation of helminthic ion channel receptors, but it has shown in vitro activity against RNA and DNA viruses for nearly a decade. Animal studies on pseud

The DEDALO project aims to target the NO-cGMP-PDE5 pathway in COVID-19 infection. The background discusses the systemic complications of COVID-19, including endothelial damage and impaired cardiovascular and liver function. The objectives focus on the role of the NO-cGMP-PDE5 pathway in modulating low-grade inflammation and offering cardiovascular protection. A systematic review of evidence suggests

The passage emphasizes the importance of equitably distributing the benefits and burdens of research involving human participants, particularly in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Key issues include supporting clinical trials in low- and middle-income countries without diverting resources, recruiting participants from disproportionately affected groups, conducting studies to improve outcomes in high-risk environments, and ensuring affordable access to resulting medical products worldwide. Neglecting equity considerations in clinical trials could w

The passage emphasizes the importance of equitably distributing the benefits and burdens of research involving human participants, particularly in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Key issues include supporting clinical trials in low- and middle-income countries, recruiting participants from disproportionately affected groups, conducting studies to improve outcomes in high-risk environments, and ensuring affordable access to resulting medical products. Neglecting equity considerations in clinical trials could widen health disparities between

This passage is a review of the clinical study reports and regulatory information of neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) oseltamivir and zanamivir for influenza. The review updates and merges previous reviews due to concerns of publication and reporting biases in the evidence base for these drugs. The review searched for regulatory information from trial registries, manufacturers, and regulators up to April 2011. The included studies were predominantly conducted in adults during

A systematic review of clinical trials for potential vaccines and therapeutic agents against COVID-19 was conducted between January and March 2020. Out of 249 identified trials, 56 interventional studies were included, with the majority focusing on chloroquine (10 trials) and traditional Chinese medications (10 trials). Other categories included antivirals (8 trials), anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressants (

A study assessed the benefits and harms of pre-operative biliary drainage versus no drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice. Six trials with 520 patients were included, and the risk of bias was high in all trials. There was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups, but the overall serious morbidity was higher in the pre-operative biliary drainage group. Quality of life and length of hospital stay were not reported

Convalescent plasma therapy, using plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients, has shown initial effectiveness and safety in China based on clinical studies and experiences at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. As of May 5, 2020, over 2,000 samples of convalescent plasma had been collected and administered to 700 patients, with no reported adverse effects. However, there is a need for well-

Convalescent plasma therapy, using plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients, has shown initial effectiveness and safety in China based on clinical studies and experiences at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. As of May 5, 2020, over 2,000 samples of COVID-19 convalescent plasma had been collected and administered to 700 patients, with statistically significant improvements in clinical outcomes and no reported ad

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, long-used for malaria and rheumatoid arthritis, have been used anecdotally in the current COVID-19 pandemic due to their availability and previous success in treating SARS. The drugs are widely used in India. Pre-clinical evidence and eight clinical trials are discussed, with caution for cardiac toxicity. Current data does not recommend for or against their use, and

Artificial intelligence platform IDentif.AI was used to optimize drug combinations against SARS-CoV-2, identifying remdesivir, ritonavir, and lopinavir as the most effective combination, improving efficacy by 6.5-fold over remdesivir alone. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin were found to be relatively ineffective. IDentif.AI completed identification within two weeks,

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for treating Covid-19 despite a lack of solid evidence for their safety and efficacy. Ethical questions arise regarding the obligation to treat patients with proven indications, the necessity of randomized controlled trials, and the government's right to decide treatment for all Covid-19 patients. Physicians face a dilemma between following guidelines and their own convictions

A review of one trial was conducted to assess the effects of immediate versus deferred delivery of preterm babies with suspected fetal compromise on neonatal, maternal, and long-term outcomes. The trial included 588 babies from 548 women. There was no significant difference in extended perinatal mortality, death or disability at or after two years, or individual neonatal morbidities between the two groups. However, more babies in the immediate delivery group were

This systematic review summarizes evidence from studies on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. The studies were selected from various databases up to May 2020. Four randomized controlled trials, 10 cohort studies, and 9 case series assessed treatment effects, but none evaluated prophylaxis. The evidence on the effect of hydroxychloroqu

This systematic review summarizes evidence from studies on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. The studies were selected from various databases up to May 8, 2020. Four randomized controlled trials, 10 cohort studies, and 9 case series assessed treatment effects, but none evaluated prophylaxis. The evidence on the effect of hydroxych

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China poses a potential respiratory viral pandemic. Current focus is on containment and eventual control through a protective vaccine. No effective treatment exists for infected patients, necessitating the exploration of potential options. This article discusses drug repurposing, neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an oligonucleotide strategy. The fastest approach is proposed as a

The passage discusses a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at determining the effect of balanced versus unbalanced fluid bolus therapy on metabolic acidosis in critically ill children. The background explains that isotonic crystalloid fluid bolus therapy is commonly used to maintain hemodynamic stability in critically ill children, but the ideal choice remains undetermined. Unbalanced crystalloids like 0.9% saline have been linked to hyperchlorem

The COVID-19 pandemic has reached Africa, where there is a lack of proven pharmacological treatments. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, commonly used antimalarial drugs, have gained global attention for potential use against COVID-19, but their efficacy and safety are unproven. Indiscriminate use has led to shortages, self-treatment, and fatal overdoses. Africa's healthcare system limitations make safety

A randomized controlled trial is being conducted at Loghman Hakim Medical Education Center to investigate the effectiveness of Interferon Beta 1a and Interferon Beta 1b, compared to the usual therapeutic regimen in treating moderately to severely ill COVID-19 patients. Sixty patients will be enrolled between April 9-14, 2020, and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Interferon Beta

A randomized controlled trial is being conducted at Loghman Hakim Medical Education Center to investigate the effectiveness of Interferon Beta 1a and Interferon Beta 1b compared to the usual therapeutic regimen in treating moderately to severely ill COVID-19 patients. Sixty patients will be enrolled between April 9th and 14th, 2020, and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Interferon B

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted cancer clinical trials, leading to halts or prioritizations of screening and enrollment for some trials, and the cease of research-only visits. Most clinical trial programs shifted to remote patient care and monitoring with sponsors and CROs. Challenges included enrollment and protocol adherence difficulties, staffing constraints, and limited availability of ancillary services. Interactions with sponsors and CROs about modifying trial procedures were also

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted cancer clinical trials, leading to halts or prioritizations of screening and enrollment for some trials, and the cease of research-only visits. Most clinical trial programs shifted to remote patient care and monitoring with sponsors and CROs. Challenges included enrollment and protocol adherence difficulties due to decreased patient visits, staffing constraints, and limited availability of ancillary services. Interactions with sponsors and CROs about

The PROLIFIC study is a randomized controlled trial aimed at determining if chemoprophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection in frontline healthcare workers. The trial includes three arms: daily hydroxychloroquine, weekly hydroxychloroquine, and placebo. The primary objective is to assess the impact of hydroxychloroquine on the time to contracting COVID-19.

A review of 353 registered clinical trials was conducted to assess antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Of the 115 trials selected, most were phase IV (23%) and randomized (80%). Commonly assessed therapies included stem cells, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, plasma treatment, favipiravir, meth

A study was conducted to provide a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 related clinical trials based on the ClinicalTrials.gov database up to March 2020. A total of 147 eligible trials were identified, with the majority being conducted in China. The most common purpose of these trials was to test treatment approaches, with agents such as chloroquine, interferon, and antivirals like remdesivir, lopinavir,

The European Association of Urology summarizes the process of conducting systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) for underpinning clinical practice guidelines. The process involves formulating a clear research question, conducting an extensive literature search, extracting data independently by two reviewers, synthesizing evidence through statistical combination or narrative synthesis, assessing biases using tools like Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment, and evaluating the quality of evidence using the

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing challenges for ongoing clinical trials in non-COVID-19 conditions. Four ongoing trials in various disease areas are used to illustrate these challenges and potential solutions, including adaptive designs. Adaptive designs can help in blinded adaptations, controlling type I error rates, dealing with treatment effect heterogeneity, utilizing early readouts, and using Bayesian techniques. Methods for resizing trials affected by the pandemic are also discussed, including stopping trials

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-Cov-2 emerged in December 2019 and has become a global pandemic. Currently, COVID-19 management is mainly supportive. Several clinical trials are evaluating various drugs and investigational agents for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. At the time of writing, no peer-reviewed published evidence exists for any pharmacological agent improving COVID-19 patient outcomes. However, rem

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-Cov-2 emerged in December 2019 and has become a global pandemic. Currently, COVID-19 management is mainly supportive. Several clinical trials are evaluating approved drugs and investigational agents for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. At the time of writing, no peer-reviewed published evidence exists for any pharmacological agent improving COVID-19 patient outcomes. However, rem

The passage discusses the challenges of conducting tobacco-focused clinical trials and introduces Remote Trials as a solution. Remote Trials, led by local investigative teams but conducted remotely, offer benefits such as efficient recruitment and cost savings. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need for remote trials. The manuscript provides an overview of methods for conducting remote trials in various stages, including recruitment and screening, informed consent, assessment, biomarker collection, and medication ad

The passage discusses the challenges of conducting tobacco-focused clinical trials and introduces Remote Trials as a solution. Remote Trials, led by local investigative teams but conducted remotely, offer benefits such as efficient recruitment and cost savings. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need for remote trial methods. The manuscript provides an overview of methods for conducting remote trials in various stages, including recruitment and screening, informed consent, assessment, biomarker collection, and medication

This review summarizes the current state of therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which are two emerging infectious diseases with no specific antivirals available. The review covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the SARS and MERS coronaviruses, and discusses the outcomes of treatments used for these diseases. The

A systematic review was conducted to summarize ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines. The search identified 1359 published papers, 478 pre-prints, and 367 ongoing trials. Ten trials met the inclusion criteria, seven focused on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 using different vaccine types, and three assessed the protective role of BCG vaccine. The scientific community is working globally to develop a safe and effective vaccine for

A systematic review was conducted to summarize ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines. The search identified 1359 published papers, 478 pre-prints, and 367 ongoing trials. Ten trials met the inclusion criteria, seven focused on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 using different types of vaccines, and three assessed the protective role of BCG vaccine. The scientific community is working globally to develop a safe and effective

Title: Telemedicine Optimization for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinical Trials

ALS, with over 160 companies involved in research, faces challenges in recruiting trial participants due to patient mobility limitations and concentration of trials in major centers. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated telemedicine adoption for clinical care and raised the possibility of its use in clinical trials. This piece discusses the current state of telemedicine

A review was conducted to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of psychological therapies for treating anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long-term physical conditions. 16 low-quality trials involving 1121 participants suggested that psychological therapies may be more effective than control therapies for short-term depression. 13 studies involving 578 participants showed inadequate evidence for the effectiveness of psychological therapies for short-term anxiety. Psychological interventions specifically designed

This rapid review and meta-analysis examined the psychological effects on healthcare workers during the management of various emerging virus outbreaks, including SARS, covid-19, MERS, Ebola, and influenza. The study included 59 papers and found that healthcare workers in direct contact with affected patients had higher levels of acute or post-traumatic stress and psychological distress compared to lower risk controls. Risk factors for psychological distress included being younger, more junior, having

This living systematic review aims to provide up-to-date evidence on the role of cell-based therapies in treating COVID-19. Searches were conducted in various databases and 1,043 records were screened, but none were eligible. Sixty-one ongoing studies, including 39 randomized trials, were identified. Currently, there is no evidence to support or refute the use of cell-based therapies in COVID-19 treatment.

The passage discusses the development of a method for producing non-replicating adenovirus vectors for early-phase clinical trials using simian adenoviruses and single-use components. Current GMP-compliant processes have challenges, such as limited relevance to clinical vaccine development and the need for extensive optimization for each new vaccine. The reported process uses single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, transgene-repressing HEK29

A systematic benefit-risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the use of remdesivir as a treatment for COVID-19, comparing it to standard of care, placebo, or other treatments. Using the BRAT framework, potential benefits identified included a shorter time to recovery and possible reduced mortality risk, while risks included more discontinuations due to adverse events and fewer serious adverse events in the remdesivir group. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favorable benefit-


Question: what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?

People with epilepsy are not at higher risk for COVID-19 infection or severe manifestations. Wearing a face mask may simulate hyperventilation for some, but it's an effective prevention measure against the virus. PWE should not avoid wearing masks entirely, but can do so most of the time without close contact with others. Wearing masks in crowded locations is more advantageous. Concrete evidence is lacking regarding mask safety for PWE during a respiratory infectious disease

The passage discusses the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women and the unanswered questions regarding their susceptibility and transmission of the virus. Guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been developed based on available evidence, but more information is needed to make key decisions such as special considerations for pregnant healthcare workers and breastfeeding. Current recommendations include avoiding contact with ill persons, frequent hand

The American College of Physicians (ACP) has released recommendations on the use of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in community and healthcare settings. The ACP will update these recommendations based on new evidence for one year following the initial search date. The controversy surrounds the effectiveness of these masks and their appropriate use situations.

A rapid review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of N95 respirators compared to surgical masks in preventing respiratory infections among healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four randomized controlled trials involving 8736 HCWs were included, but none specifically addressed COVID-19. Wearing N95 respirators was found to prevent 73 more clinical respiratory infections per 1000 H

A rapid review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of N95 respirators compared to surgical masks in preventing respiratory infections among healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four randomized controlled trials involving 8736 HCWs were included, but none specifically addressed COVID-19. Wearing N95 respirators prevented 73 more clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs

This study examines the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of face masks in reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Uganda. While evidence for community protection is limited, widespread use of masks by health workers suggests potential benefits. The study uses an SEIAQRD model to determine the percentage of the population that needs to wear masks to keep the basic reproduction number below unity or flatten the curve. Results indicate that implementing face masks has a significant impact on the size

The passage discusses the results of a study modeling the impact of public contact rates and facial mask usage on the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China after the metropolitan-wide quarantine is lifted. The study estimates that a total of 65,572 individuals would be infected by the virus, with 16,144 infected through public contacts, 45,795 through household contacts, and 3,633 through hospital contacts

The COVID-19 pandemic primarily spreads through saliva or nasal discharge. Scientists are exploring ways to protect the public before a vaccine is available, including the production of more masks to prevent aerosol transmission of microbes. A proposed solution is to develop three-layered nanofiber masks infused with compounds from medicinal plants for viral deactivation, benefiting both healthcare workers and common citizens. These masks can help control diseases in the absence of vaccination

The COVID-19 pandemic primarily spreads through saliva or nasal discharge. Scientists are working on providing protection to the public before a vaccine is available, focusing on increasing mask production and developing efficient viral inactivation systems using compounds from medicinal plants in nanofiber-based masks. These three-layered masks will have fibrous filtration for viral deactivation, benefiting both healthcare workers and common citizens in controlling airborne transmission of the virus.

The passage summarizes a study that used a dynamic model to forecast the trend of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China after the quarantine is lifted. The study projects a declining trend of the epidemic with 65,733 total infections and 2,821 deaths if the current quarantine strategy continues. To prevent a second outbreak, early lifting of the quarantine on March 21 requires a high facial mask usage of 85

A study in five Brazilian cities observed 12,588 people and found that only 45.1% wore masks correctly during daily activities, while 15.5% did not use masks at all. The remaining population used masks incorrectly, highlighting the importance of instructing and sensitizing people on proper mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study emphasizes the need to control the virus before allowing people back in the streets.

A study using a next-generation matrix approach estimates that masks, even with suboptimal efficacy, can significantly decrease COVID-19's reproduction number if widely used. Widespread masking can suppress epidemics where R is close to 1, but assortative mixing (interactions between masked individuals being more likely) can reduce mask effectiveness, requiring near-universal mask uptake.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global shortage of respiratory protective equipment for healthcare workers. This article offers guidance on optimizing the use of available equipment to provide maximum protection. It discusses the appropriate mask types for specific situations, mask requirements, and strategies for local workflow optimization, including mask re-use after decontamination.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global shortage of respiratory protective equipment, necessitating optimal use to protect all healthcare workers. This article offers guidance on selecting the appropriate mask for specific situations, mask requirements, and workflow optimization, including mask re-use after decontamination.

Nurses at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Japan provide care for COVID-19 patients on ECMO support, wearing protective gear including N95 masks, isolation gowns, caps, shielded masks, one-piece suits, and powered air-purifying respirators. ECMO catheters are changed every 4 days instead of daily to minimize aerosol exposure. Nursing care involves equipment checks, hemodynamic and respiratory monitoring, ant

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is uncertainty regarding the virus's origin, structure, testing, immunity, mask effectiveness, susceptibility, and death rate. Simultaneously, nursing journals have seen an epidemic of manuscripts on COVID-19, but the rejection rate is high.

This rapid GRADE review analyzed the risk of Covid-19 transmission to healthcare workers (HCWs) providing supportive care to hospitalized patients, focusing on respiratory support interventions. The study included 21 studies, with moderate certainty evidence indicating a significant risk of transmission during endotracheal intubation or contact with respiratory secretions. The safety of nebulization treatment, conventional HFNC, NIV, CPR, and bag and mask

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of physical distance, face masks, and eye protection on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other betacoronaviruses in healthcare and non-healthcare settings. The study identified 172 observational studies and 44 relevant comparative studies, finding that physical distancing of 1 meter or more significantly reduces the risk of virus transmission (pooled adjusted odds ratio 0.18

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of physical distance, face masks, and eye protection on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other betacoronaviruses in healthcare and non-healthcare settings. The study identified 172 observational studies and 44 relevant comparative studies, finding that physical distancing of 1 meter or more significantly reduces the risk of virus transmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected healthcare workers (HCW) worldwide, with mortality rates ranging from 0.53-1.94%. PPE is crucial for their protection, but there's controversy over its use due to infection control recommendations varying between institutions. A literature review was conducted using keywords like "personal protective equipment," "COVID-19," "N95," "healthcare worker," and "mortality." SARS-nCo

The passage suggests that universal mask use, along with hand hygiene and social distancing, is crucial in reducing the transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic individuals. In the context of children, it is important to prepare them for mask use and explain the reasons behind it without forcing compliance. The availability of properly fitting masks and educational efforts from parents and schools are essential for successful implementation. The new information presented includes the necessity of mask use in children when they

The SARS-CoV-2 virus poses a significant public health threat worldwide. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, with limited knowledge about the pathogen, testing capacity, and effective treatment options, it is challenging for local and state governments to reduce morbidity and mortality. Infectious disease models help public health officials predict the number of infected persons, hospitalizations, and deaths, enabling them to implement the most effective mitigation measures and "flatten

A retrospective cohort-based study in Thailand investigated the association between wearing masks, washing hands, and social distancing practices, and the risk of COVID-19 infection. Among 1,050 contacts of COVID-19 patients, 20% were diagnosed with COVID-19 by April 2020. Wearing masks all the time was associated with a lower risk of infection (aOR 0.23), while wearing masks sometimes had

A before-after observational study was conducted in family physicians' offices in Ottawa to determine the effectiveness of a short-term intervention promoting best practices for control of respiratory infections. The intervention included observing and auditing infection-control practices such as use of masks, alcohol-based hand gel, signs, disinfecting surfaces, and hand-gel dispensers in examining rooms. The results showed significant increases in the use of signs, masks, alcohol-based

A new urgency has arisen for improving masked face recognition technology due to the widespread use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, making conventional facial recognition ineffective in various applications. Three types of masked face datasets - Masked Face Detection Dataset (MFDD), Real-world Masked Face Recognition Dataset (RMFRD), and Simulated Masked Face Recognition Dataset (SMFRD) - have been proposed to address this issue. Among

A study investigating preventive measures taken by Greek citizens to avoid COVID-19 infection revealed that most commonly used precautions include avoiding non-mandatory transportation, contact with symptomatic individuals, and distancing from high-risk groups. Least applied measures are daily temperature checks, mask usage in public places, and monitoring for cough or dyspnea. The study identified five citizen segments based on self-reported behavior: Meticulous Proactive, Self-isolated

The COVID-19 pandemic is influenced by flow physics in various ways, including the production and aerosolization of virus-carrying respiratory droplets, their airborne dissemination and deposition on surfaces, and the inhalation of these bioaerosols by individuals. Fluid dynamics is also crucial for preventative measures like mask usage, hand-washing, indoor ventilation, and social distancing. This article discusses current knowledge and highlights the need for

The study aimed to identify the relationship between political interventions, environmental and health variables, and the number of Covid-19 cases and deaths using linear modeling in 40 European and other countries. The results showed that population standardized cases were best predicted by the number of tests, life-expectancy, and border closure. Population standardized deaths were best predicted by time, the virus being in the country, life expectancy, smoking (negatively), and school closures (posit

This living review examines the effectiveness of N95, surgical, and cloth masks in community and healthcare settings for preventing respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Thirty-nine studies, including 18 randomized controlled trials and 21 observational studies, were included. The evidence suggests that community mask use may decrease the risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection, and mask use in high- or moderate-r

This study assessed the awareness, perception, and attitude of Jordanian dentists towards COVID-19 and infection control. A total of 368 dentists were surveyed through an online questionnaire. Most dentists were aware of COVID-19 symptoms, transmission modes, and infection control measures in dental clinics. However, they had limited understanding of additional precautions to protect dental staff and patients. The study highlighted the need for clear communication of guidelines and best practices from dental

The passage discusses a study using CT images to estimate the physical proportion of infected regions in the lung for COVID-19 pneumonia. Two tasks were performed: segmenting the mask of intact lung and generating masks of infected regions. The masks were then converted to volumes to calculate the infected region proportion. A total of 129 CT image sets were used, with radiologists generating the final training set and test benchmark. UNet and 2.5D UNet deep learning

In December 2019, COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, began transmitting from person to person in Wuhan, China. Face masks, as personal protective equipment, may help prevent the transmission of respiratory viruses and bacteria, including COVID-19. A case is presented where face masks were used to prevent infection.

The passage discusses the objectives of determining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through aerosols, providing evidence on mask usage, and protecting healthcare workers from COVID-19. The conclusion is that SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted via droplets but can spread further with strong directional airflow. High rates of COVID-19 infections among healthcare workers have been reported. While FFP2 masks are designed to protect healthcare workers,

The passage emphasizes the importance of research into mask use by healthcare workers (HCWs) for infection prevention and control, particularly in the context of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Current evidence suggests that appropriate mask use during routine care is crucial for best practices during outbreaks. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors influencing HCWs' decisions and behaviors regarding mask use. The need for research is based on the ongoing threat of infectious diseases,

This living review examines the effectiveness of N95, surgical, and cloth masks in preventing respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, in community and health care settings. Thirty-nine studies, including 18 randomized controlled trials and 21 observational studies, were included. The evidence suggests that community mask use may decrease the risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection, and mask use in high- or moderate

A systematic review of studies on the use of masks and respirators to prevent influenza transmission found limited evidence for their effectiveness. Six of eight randomized controlled trials and one household trial showed no significant difference between control and intervention groups. One hospital-based trial found a lower rate of clinical respiratory illness with non-fit-tested N95 respirators compared to medical masks. Eight of nine observational studies found a reduced risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome (S

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected healthcare workers (HCW) worldwide, with mortality rates ranging from 0.53% to 1.94%. SARS-nCoV-2 is highly contagious, and PPE is essential for their protection. Respirators, particularly N95 masks, are more effective than masks in preventing aerosol transmission. Extended use of PPE and powered air-purifying respirators are recommended for

A novel pandemic called COVID-19 has necessitated the use of protective items like masks and gloves for everyone. Preventing infection is the top priority. Nanomaterials coated with Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may be used in masks, gloves, and filters for enhanced protection. Utilizing nanotechnology offers hope in the fight against COVID-19.

The passage discusses the impact of population-wide mask-wearing on the spread of Covid-19, particularly in reducing the number of critically-ill patients and cumulative mortality. The study uses a simplified SIR model to investigate the effects of mask use with 8 or 16% efficacy. The benefits on critical-care and mortality rates are minor when transmissibility is high but dramatic as the effective R approaches 1, after aggressive social-

The article describes the successful implementation of refined management strategies in preventing and controlling COVID-19 epidemic in non-isolated areas of a general hospital. The hospital established standards for prevention and control, implemented various measures, conducted audits, and used information techniques for communication. No COVID-19 infections occurred among staff, and 100% compliance was achieved for mask wearing, epidemiological history screening, and medical supplies disinfection. However, the accuracy rate of

The article describes the successful implementation of refined management strategies in preventing and controlling COVID-19 infections in non-isolated areas of a general hospital. The hospital established standards for prevention and control, implemented various measures, conducted audits, and used information techniques for communication. No hospital staff contracted COVID-19, and 100% compliance was achieved for staff mask-wearing, epidemiological history screening, and medical supplies disinfection. However, the accuracy

The passage summarizes an analysis of guidelines on respiratory protection equipment for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. Four countries (France, Germany, United States, United Kingdom) and two international organizations (US and European Center for Diseases Control, and World Health Organization) were reviewed. Guidelines varied in publication process and timeline, with most published in March. Respirators were universally recommended for aerosol generating procedures, but the type and use of masks and

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread use of face masks, causing a global shortage for healthcare workers due to the public's indiscriminate use of surgical or FFP masks. This study outlines the French guidelines for the rational use of respiratory protective equipment for healthcare workers to address this issue.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread use of face masks, leading to a global shortage for healthcare workers due to the public's indiscriminate use of surgical or FFP masks. This passage outlines the French guidelines for rational use of respiratory protective equipment for healthcare workers to address this issue.

The passage discusses the objective of the study which is to identify gaps in current IPC guidelines for COVID-19 by reviewing global guidelines from organizations such as WHO, CDC, and ECDC, as well as from high-income countries like Australia, the United Kingdom, and middle-income country China. The study found that nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings can occur through droplets, aerosols, and

A review of global COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines was conducted to identify gaps based on current knowledge of transmission dynamics and clinical features of the virus. The study found that nosocomial transmission occurs through droplets, aerosols, and the oral-fecal or fecal-droplet route. However, IPC guidelines fail to cover all transmission modes and have conflicting recommendations. Most guidelines suggest surgical masks for routine care and N95 resp

The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 2 million infected people worldwide, has led to intense discussions about personal protective equipments, particularly masks. While hand hygiene is the most effective preventive measure against COVID-19, the type of mask used can vary depending on the setting, personnel, and activity. Droplet transmission is the main route for COVID-19, but aerosol generating procedures may result in airborne transmission. To prevent respiratory diseases transmitted

The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 2 million infected people worldwide, has led to intense discussions about personal protective equipment, particularly masks. Hand hygiene is the most effective preventive measure against COVID-19. The type of mask used depends on the setting, personnel, and activity. While droplets are the main transmission route, airborne transmission can occur during aerosol generating procedures. To prevent airborne transmission, use goggles and respiratory protection like N

The COVID-19 virus, also known as SARS-CoV-2, was first detected in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. It spreads mainly through respiratory droplets, making prevention strategies essential. These strategies include blocking transmission, isolation, protection, and ongoing use of drugs or vaccines. Currently, no approved treatments or vaccines exist for COVID-19, making rapid detection of effective interventions a significant challenge. This

The passage summarizes a study where the filtration capacity of wearing multiple surgical masks to prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) transmission was tested. The results showed that the combination of five surgical masks had a fit factor of 13.7, which is below the minimum level required for a half face respirator. The study concluded that multiple surgical masks do not effectively filter ambient particles and should not be used as a substitute

A study was conducted to investigate the preventive measures implemented in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in the Haute-Garonne department, Southwestern France, between March 23rd and May 6th, 2020, before the arrival of the COVID-19 epidemic wave. The questionnaire focused on practices related to mask usage, hydro-alcoholic solute supply, training on hygiene measures, containment in residents' rooms

Zhejiang Province effectively contained the COVID-19 pandemic in China, and this article outlines the role of community-based organizations in their success. Based on interviews, the article details how these organizations were involved in three stages of the response: prevention, control, and recovery. Public sector leaders are encouraged to utilize community-based organizations, incentivize volunteers, offer data infrastructure and digital tracking platforms, and build trust and long-term capacity.

The passage discusses the importance of social and behavioral change strategies in addressing the transmission of COVID-19, as biomedical treatments are currently limited. The author draws on lessons learned from the HIV epidemic, which has provided extensive information on social and behavioral interventions at various levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social. These interventions have been extensively researched and funded in the context of HIV prevention and treatment, surpassing any other

The world is dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the scientific community is working on prevention, treatment, and a vaccine. Nutrition and food science have a role in disease prevention and treatment, but it's important to distinguish facts from myths. Social distancing and hygiene are the most effective ways to reduce transmission risk. While nutrition is important, unproven dietary options could distract individuals from effective precautions.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials compared the effectiveness of medical masks and N95 respirators in preventing laboratory-confirmed viral infections, including coronavirus, and respiratory illness in healthcare workers. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two types of masks in preventing viral infections (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.90-1.25; I (2)

A systematic review and meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials compared the effectiveness of medical masks and N95 respirators in preventing laboratory-confirmed viral infections, including coronavirus, and respiratory illness in healthcare workers. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two types of protective devices in terms of preventing viral infections (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.90-1.25; I

The passage discusses the results of computer simulations estimating the effect of masking the general population on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 using two web-based softwares. Masks were found to be effective in reducing new cases, even with simple home-made ones, and strict adherence is not critical. Early implementation of masks helps reduce the total number of cases, and it might be possible to eliminate an outbreak with widespread mask use during a limited period. However

This systematic review summarizes the evidence on the use of face masks by the general population to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The review identified 14 eligible articles, all of which reported the effectiveness of face masks in preventing the spread of influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 in community or experimental settings. Early initiation of mask usage and masks' effectiveness against viruses that transmit easily from

The CDC and Canadian public health officials reversed their earlier stance on mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic, now recommending non-medical masks in public settings where social distancing is difficult. The primary motivation for mask usage is to protect others from potential infection, rather than for the wearer's own protection.

Hospitals are implementing universal masking policies to prevent presymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 and reduce the need for contact tracing and employee furloughs. Some hospitals are considering this measure despite mask shortages. Reasons for universal masking include protection for healthcare workers and patients, reducing transmission, and creating a culture of infection control. Challenges include mask shortages, proper fit and use, and potential for false sense of security. Proposed solutions include universal use of

The passage discusses the identification of a high-risk population for severe COVID-19 infection, estimated to be around 5% of the population, based on comorbid medical illness and age. This population, which includes individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, immunocompromised status, morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, and significant kidney or liver impairment, represents a significant number of people requiring intensive care unit admission and

The Italian Skull Base Society recommends urgent skull-base surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic with strict safety measures. All patients should be tested twice before surgery, and procedures for positive patients should be postponed. Mandatory PPE includes FFP3, PAPR, goggles, full-face visors, double gloves, water-resistant gowns, and protective caps for positive patients, and at least an FFP2 mask for negative patients. Dr

The Italian Skull Base Society recommends only performing urgent skull base surgeries during the Covid-19 pandemic. Patients should be tested for the virus twice before surgery, with positive cases having procedures postponed until testing negative. Mandatory protective equipment includes FFP3 and/or PAPRs devices, goggles, full-face visors, double gloves, water-resistant gowns, and protective caps for positive patients, and at least FFP2 masks for

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2, was declared a global health emergency in March 2020 with over 2 million infected and 140,000 deaths in 210 countries. Ophthalmic practices carry unique infection risks, necessitating heightened precautions based on experiences from previous outbreaks. Key areas of focus include disease transmission, personal protection, and mask selection. Successfully preventing COVID

Cloth masks offer some protection against respiratory infections, including COVID-19, but their filtration effectiveness is lower than medical masks and respators. Well-designed, multilayer cloth masks made of water-resistant fabric with a high thread count and fine weave may provide reasonable protection. Cloth masks should not replace medical or N95 masks for healthcare workers until proven equally effective. In community settings, cloth masks can help prevent infection spread from sick or asympt

Cloth masks offer some protection against respiratory infections, including COVID-19, but their filtration effectiveness is lower than medical masks and respators. Well-designed, multilayer cloth masks made of water-resistant fabric with a high thread count and fine weave may provide reasonable protection. Cloth masks should not be mandated for healthcare workers until proven equally effective as medical or N95 masks. In community settings, cloth masks can help prevent infection spread by

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a mask shortage due to its high mortality rate and primary transmission through droplets. To address this issue, 17 materials for homemade masks were tested against four key indicators: pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, bacterial filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting. Eleven single-layer materials met the pressure difference standard, but none met the bacterial filtration efficiency standard. Three double-layer

The passage discusses the use of interventions to minimize the transmission of COVID-19 during events. The authors introduce the concept of "event R," the expected number of new infections caused by an infected individual at an event. They establish a relationship between event R and four parameters: transmission intensity, duration of exposure, proximity of individuals, and degree of mixing. Using reports of small outbreaks, they identify principles for determining which interventions, such as physical distancing, masks, or

During the COVID-19 pandemic, ENT consultations carry a risk of contamination due to potential aerosolization of human organic material. ENT specialists are advised to take precautions for all patients, regardless of COVID-19 symptoms. For examinations without aerosolization risk, use a long sleeve clean outfit, surgical mask, and gloves. For procedures with aerosolization risk, use FFP2/N95 respiratory protection, eye protection

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted myeloma care, with the immediate concern being minimizing the risk of infection. Looking ahead, the future of myeloma treatment may involve cost-effective and tailored approaches as healthcare delivery will not return to its pre-pandemic state. Investment in novel strategies is necessary to provide optimal outcomes for patients in the post-pandemic environment.

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted myeloma care, with the immediate concern being minimizing the risk of infection and its complications. Looking ahead, the future of myeloma treatment may involve cost-effective and tailored approaches as the post-pandemic healthcare landscape will not revert to its previous state. Now is the time to invest in innovative strategies to optimize patient outcomes.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has infected over 3.5 million people worldwide. Diabetes, age, and cardiovascular disease are identified as factors increasing the severity of COVID-19. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to complications in respiratory infections like SARS-CoV-2, as seen in previous outbreaks of SARS, MERS, and Influenza.

The passage discusses a study using a compartmental model to assess the impact of face mask use by the general public on reducing the spread of COVID-19. The simulations suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective masks can significantly decrease community transmission, peak hospitalizations, and deaths. The effectiveness of masks is proportional to their ability to block infectious contacts and the coverage rate among the population. The study also finds that masks can synergize with other non-pharmaceutical

A study using a golden Syrian hamster model for COVID-19 found that non-contact transmission occurred in 66.7% of naïve hamsters exposed to infected hamsters. However, the use of a surgical mask partition reduced transmission to 25% for both challenged and naïve hamsters, and to only 16.7% for challenged hamsters. The infected naïve hamsters had milder symptoms, lower viral loads, and

The passage discusses the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Jingmen, Hubei, China, including demographics, exposure to Wuhan, severity of cases, and impact of prevention measures. Of the 219 cases, 40% had exposure to Wuhan, with a median age of 48 years and 40% being men. Thirty-three severe cases, mostly men with chronic diseases, were treated in ICUs.

The passage discusses the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Jingmen, Hubei, China, where the outbreak was successfully controlled. Of the 219 diagnosed cases between January 12 and February 29, 2020, 40% had exposure to Wuhan. The median age was 48 years, and 40% were men. Thirty-three severe cases, mostly men with chronic diseases, were treated in

The study analyzes the epidemiological features of COVID-19 in China, South Korea, Italy, and Spain using GAM to generate epidemiological curves and simulate infection curves with reported incubation periods. The results suggest that public health measurements, including mask wearing, can be reflected sensitively in infection curves. In China, mask wearing by the public before the Wuhan lockdown and first-level response in Guangdong and Shanghai significantly flattened the infection curve

The passage discusses the ongoing pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the accepted modes of transmission, which include person-to-person and aerosol transmission during specific procedures. The authors suggest that airborne transmission is a significant factor in the spread of the virus, as the virus can remain viable in aerosols for up to 3 hours. They also highlight the potential role of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in the

The passage discusses the possibility of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with evidence including the virus's viability in aerosols for at least 3 hours and instances of transmission in Japan, Germany, and on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems may contribute to the spread of the virus if not used correctly, as suggested by past SARS outbreaks. Further research is needed to

A systematic review of 19 randomized controlled trials examined the efficacy of masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses for community members, healthcare workers, and sick patients. In community settings, masks were more effective than hand hygiene alone, and both together offered greater protection. In healthcare settings, respirators were effective when worn continuously during a shift but not intermittently, while medical masks and cloth masks were ineffective. Sick

A systematic review of 19 randomized controlled trials examined the efficacy of masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for healthcare workers, sick patients, and the general public. In community settings, masks were effective with or without hand hygiene, and most protective when used together. In healthcare settings, respirators were effective when worn continually during a shift, but medical masks and cloth masks were not. Sick patients using

The passage discusses a study using regression analysis on data from 50 countries to identify variables predicting Covid-19 infections and deaths. The number of deaths can be accurately predicted from the number of infections, regardless of a country's characteristics. Epidemiological measures, such as travel restrictions, were more effective than hospital resources. Inbound tourism, electricity consumption, and air pollution were the best predictors of infections and deaths. Contrarily, hospital bed

A retrospective study conducted at Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong found a significant decrease of 44.0% in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) admissions during the first three months of 2020 compared to the average admissions from 2015 to 2019. The decrease was associated with increased masking percentage and temperature. No reduction in admissions for control diagnoses was observed

The coronavirus pandemic and the debate over the effectiveness of face masks in preventing community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have led to controversies due to a lack of high-quality evidence supporting their use as personal protective equipment. Despite this, face masks have become a standard practice in some countries, leading to discrepancies between health authorities. This review aims to summarize recent research on the topic and identify potential areas for further investigation.

The coronavirus pandemic and the debate over SARS-CoV-2 transmission have brought controversies regarding the use of face masks as preventive measures. While there are regulations for using masks as personal protective equipment, strong evidence supporting their effectiveness against respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, is lacking. Despite this, widespread mask use is common in some countries, leading to disagreements among health authorities. This review aims to discuss recent research on

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals and facilities lack sufficient personal protective equipment, forcing healthcare workers to reuse N95 masks which poses risks. UVGI sterilization is effective but expensive commercial equipment is not accessible to all. Idle UV-C bulbs in biosafety cabinets at universities and research facilities can be repurposed for on-site, low-cost UVGI systems for N95 sterilization. The design is scalable, easily mod

A study compared the effectiveness of medical masks and self-designed triple-layer cotton masks in suppressing respiratory droplet levels in a bedroom and a car with air conditioning, using volunteers with influenza or suspected COVID-19. No significant difference was found in particle concentrations or cough/sneeze counts between the two mask types in both environments. The study suggested that cotton masks could be a viable alternative for medical masks for respiratory infection patients in microenvironments with

A rapid systematic review suggests that nasopharyngeal washes with hypertonic saline may help prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19, by reducing symptoms, transmission, and viral shedding. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate its role and mechanism in COVID-19.

A study of 8158 Chinese adults during the late stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in China found that those with positive attitudes, risk perceptions, and high knowledge levels were more likely to adopt non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as hand washing, proper coughing, social distancing, and mask wearing. The study also found that not practicing these NPIs increased the risk of COVID-19 infection. Specifically, not washing hands

This rapid qualitative evidence synthesis aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to healthcare workers' adherence to infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases. The review included 20 studies exploring the experiences of nurses, doctors, and other healthcare workers dealing with various respiratory diseases, such as SARS, H1N1, MERS, tuberculosis, and seasonal influenza. Healthcare workers faced challenges in adher

The passage discusses the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential unintended consequences of mask mandates. While masks are seen as a low-cost solution to prevent transmission, there have been concerns about the opportunity cost of using medical masks, leading to recommendations for cloth masks and other coverings. However, relying too heavily on masks and neglecting other effective measures, such as staying home, could result in increased transmission. The passage uses data from SafeGraph to

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to a significant increase in hospitalizations for respiratory illness. This review discusses the pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through respiratory droplets during close contact. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath, with radiographic and laboratory