Question: Does SARS-CoV-2 have any subtypes, and if so what are they?

The passage discusses the results of computer simulations estimating the effect of masking the general population on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 using two web-based softwares. Masks were found to be effective in reducing new cases, even with simple home-made ones, and strict adherence is not critical. Early implementation of masks helps reduce the total number of cases, and it might be possible to eliminate an outbreak with widespread mask use during a limited period. However

A review of scientific literature found limited evidence of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission. All reported cases of infection in newborns occurred when mothers were infected in the third trimester of pregnancy. No maternal deaths or unfavorable neonatal outcomes were reported. The virus was not detected in neonatal nasopharyngeal swabs, placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, breast milk, or maternal vaginal swabs

The passage discusses a framework for efficiently identifying genetic subtypes of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, through the use of Informative Subtype Markers (ISMs). ISMs are identified using an entropy measure and frequency analysis of available SARS-CoV-2 sequences. These markers define a compact set of nucleotide sites that characterize the most variable positions in the viral genome. ISMs reveal covarying

SARS-CoV-2 is found to be similarly adapted for human transmission as late epidemic SARS-CoV, indicating it was likely pre-adapted by the time it was first detected in late 2019. No less human-adapted SARS-CoV-2 progenitors have been found. The sudden emergence of a highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 is a concern, and any existing pools

Scientists worldwide are working on treatments and vaccinations for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, with uncertainty surrounding which approaches will be effective. The coronavirus's unknown characteristics make finding successful therapies a challenge, requiring a trial-and-error approach. Listen to the Stereo Chemistry podcast for more information at cenmag/coronapodcast.

The passage discusses the confusion and anxiety surrounding the coronavirus, officially named SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes, COVID-19. The author aims to address common questions about the virus's origin, transmission, disease causation, similarities to flu, and what a pandemic is. The abundance of conflicting information and conspiracy theories have increased public anxiety. The text promises to provide clear answers for a general audience.

The Coronavirus Pandemic: A Global Concern

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). First identified in Hubei province, China, it has since spread globally, resulting in over 2 million confirmed cases and 139,000 deaths

Derek Lowe discusses potential small-molecule therapies for the coronavirus epidemic, focusing on repurposed drugs that are already approved for human use due to the time and cost savings of clinical trials. The most advanced therapy is remdesivir from Gilead, which has been in development for a few years as an RNA virus therapy and has shown effectiveness against related coronaviruses. Remdesivir works by getting incorporated into viral RNA and inhib

A study was conducted to develop an in silico multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Previous coronaviruses, SARS and MERS, also posed health and economic threats but no specific drugs or vaccines have been developed. Spike glycoproteins in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are similar, with SARS-CoV-

In this study, two subtypes of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2a and -b, were identified through a novel synonymous mutation of D614G in the S gene. This mutation, located in a B-cell epitope in the S1 domain, may impact the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the virus. SARS-CoV-2b strains showed reduced antigenic

A systematic review of 155 pregnant women and 118 neonates with SARS-CoV-2 infection found similar severe case rates in pregnant women as in the general population, but a high frequency of cesarean deliveries. Accurate data interpretation is challenging due to limited data and varying methodologies.

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is more contagious and deadly than other coronaviruses that infect humans, such as those causing the common cold and SARS and MERS epidemics. SARS-CoV is the closest relative to SARS-CoV-2 and caused the SARS epidemic in 2002-2003, infecting over 8,000 people. The

The passage emphasizes the importance of cash flow management for businesses during economic downturns, such as recessions. Business owners often focus on income statement performance but neglect the balance sheet. The article suggests using four tools to better understand cash flow: identifying cash inflows and outflows, analyzing profit margin trends, managing customer and supplier cash flows, and implementing cash management strategies. The passage also mentions the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential threat to businesses and offers these tools as a

A Real-time GPS tracking app is being developed for ambulances transporting COVID-19 patients to help traffic police ensure safe distancing and faster movement within the city. The app is essential due to the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the need for proper monitoring and quarantining of infected patients.

The passage discusses the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and the need to understand if aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) increase the risk of transmission for healthcare workers. Currently, there is limited evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 and specific procedures, and guidelines should consider the risk of transmitting related pathogens. The review aims to summarize the evidence (or lack thereof) regarding AGPs and

The passage discusses the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the need to understand if aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) increase the risk of transmission. Currently, there is limited evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 and specific procedures, and guidelines should consider the risk of transmitting related pathogens. The review aims to summarize the evidence (or lack thereof) around AGPs and SARS-CoV-2.

The passage discusses the analysis of past studies on ultraviolet (UV) radiation doses required to inactivate coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The results show significant variations, which are mainly due to experimental conditions rather than the coronaviruses themselves. The estimated upper limit for the UV radiation dose needed for a 90% reduction (log-reduction dose) is approximately 10.6 mJ/cm2, but the

The study compared interferon (IFN) production in response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) and traditional IFN-inducing viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Newcastle viruses (NDV)). Results showed that SARS-CoV induced lower synthesis of IFN-α, -β, and -γ than VSV and NDV. The

A 50-year-old HIV-positive man with a COVID-19 diagnosis was found dead at home, five weeks after exhibiting symptoms. Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) of his lungs revealed deterioration beyond typical post-mortem findings, resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with histologically identified inflammation and binuclear lymphocytes. Additional findings included acute liver dyst

A new functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This discovery will aid in the development of antivirals and vaccines against SARS, as well as provide new tools for studying the virus's pathogenesis and potentially identifying its animal reservoir.

The SARS-CoV open reading frame 3a protein, a structural protein with no sequence homology to known coronavirus proteins, was found to have similarities to the coronavirus M proteins, including their triple membrane spanning topology, Golgi localization, and interaction with E, S proteins, and each other. While the M protein is N-glycosylated, the 3a protein was found to be O-glycosylated using

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, long-used for malaria and rheumatoid arthritis, have been used anecdotally in the current COVID-19 pandemic due to their availability and previous success in treating SARS. The drugs are widely used in India. Pre-clinical evidence and eight clinical trials are discussed, with caution for cardiac toxicity. Current data does not recommend for or against their use, and

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, caused by the positive-stranded RNA betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Due to the complexity of expanding virus populations, the global SARS-CoV-2 population was subdivided into sixteen subtypes based on shared polymorphisms in nonstructural, structural, and accessory genes. Six subtypes were predominant, but all showed am

The passage discusses the importance of preparing for pandemics in the healthcare sector, with a focus on the home and community care sector due to its increasing use and expected reliance during such events. The challenges to occupational health and safety in this sector must be addressed in any comprehensive pandemic plan to ensure the entire health system functions effectively. Failure to consider healthcare outside of institutional settings could result in an incomplete and potentially unsuccessful plan.

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, which began in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has raised concerns due to its potential for international spread. While studies reveal the biological features of SARS-CoV-2, its epidemic characteristics, including incubation period, need further investigation. Currently, a 14-day isolation period is enforced for potentially exposed individuals due to reports of a long incubation time

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan since December 2019 raised concerns due to its potential long incubation period. However, based on current data, there is no significant difference in incubation times between SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. The need for larger and well-annotated datasets is emphasized to better understand the epidemic characteristics of S

The study investigated the expression and role of Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in human endometrial stromal cell decidualization. ACE2 protein was found to be highly expressed in human endometrial stromal cells during the secretory phase and was essential for decidualization. In vitro experiments showed that ACE2 knockdown inhibited decidualization, and in vivo studies in mice revealed that progesterone increased

A study using machine learning and algebraic topology reveals that SARS-CoV-2 has become moderately or slightly more infectious in five out of six subtypes, while one subtype has weakened infectivity. The virus is slightly more infectious than SARS-CoV based on computed S protein-ACE2 binding affinity changes. Out of 3686 possible future mutations on the S protein receptor-binding domain, most are predicted to make

A study of 7818 SARS-CoV-2 genome samples collected up to May 1, 2020, revealed that all current COVID-19 diagnostic targets have had mutations. The N gene, which is the most non-conservative gene in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, has had the most devastating mutations on diagnostic targets. These findings explain why a specific diagnostic reagent made in China failed and

The passage discusses the importance of identifying and managing risks associated with dangerous goods in shipping contracts. With over 50% of seagoing cargo being classified as dangerous, hazardous, or harmful, parties to shipping contracts must carefully negotiate terms regarding liability for potential risks and damages. While restrictions on shipping dangerous goods exist, they are not absolute, and carriers have a duty to handle all agreed-upon cargo. The focus is on identifying the risks involved, allocating liability,

The BCG vaccine, which has been used for tuberculosis and leprosy prevention for nearly a century, may offer cross-protection against various diseases and pathogens, including COVID-19. Clinical studies suggest that the vaccine can help with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, even though it doesn't have inherent antiviral activity. Mass BCG vaccination programs could potentially reduce the frequency and severity of COVID-19 cases. Additionally

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease COVID-19, spread globally from an outbreak in Wuhan, China. The virus ranges from mild upper respiratory infection to severe pneumonitis, ARDS, and death. Few cases have been reported in children and infants under 6 months, who generally have a more favorable clinical course. This review summarizes the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 epid

A new coronavirus strain, SARS-CoV-2, has caused over 100,000 confirmed cases and nearly 5,000 deaths with a mortality rate of 4%. Information about the virus and its effects on pregnant women is limited and similar to other coronavirus infections, with few confirmed cases and ongoing studies.

This rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to answer three questions regarding the proportion of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, the proportion of asymptomatic individuals who later develop symptoms, and the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals. The review included 11 studies and estimated an upper bound for the proportion of asymptomatic infections at 29% (95%

The passage discusses the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis (TB) patients by examining previous coronavirus outbreaks and influenza pandemics. Using a data mining approach, the study aimed to answer questions regarding the severity of coinfection (TB and SARS-CoV-2), the effect of TB vaccines on COVID-19, and diagnostic reliability. The findings suggest that infection control is crucial for TB

The passage discusses the various courses of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, and its primary effects on the respiratory system. It also highlights emerging reports of skin lesions and vascular system issues in some COVID-19 patients, including vesicular, urticarial, maculopapular eruptions, livedo, necrosis, and vasculitis forms. The passage provides a systematic overview of these skin

The passage discusses the potential roles of complement and the contact system in the treatment or pathogenesis of COVID-19. While complement is effective against many viruses, it does not seem protective against coronavirus. C3 knockout mice infected with SARS-CoV had less lung disease than wild-type mice, suggesting a possible role in pathogenesis. Bradykinin-induced pulmonary edema may explain the ineffectiveness of traditional interventions

The passage discusses the role of complement and the contact system in the treatment or pathogenesis of COVID-19. While complement is effective against many viruses, it does not seem protective against coronavirus. C3 knockout mice infected with SARS-CoV had less lung disease than wild-type mice, suggesting a potential role in pathogenesis. Bradykinin-induced pulmonary edema may explain the ineffectiveness of traditional interventions for

A study was conducted to analyze the susceptibility of lung cancer patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection based on gene expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). The results showed that all stages, subtypes, and

The passage discusses the questions surrounding immunity-based protection against COVID-19, specifically why some infected individuals have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, why delayed and weak antibody responses are linked to severe outcomes, and why a positive molecular test does not necessarily indicate the presence of protective antibody IgG. The text suggests that T cell responses may hold the answer to these questions and that studying SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells can help advance the development

The passage discusses the questions surrounding immunity-based protection against COVID-19 and the potential role of T cells in providing protective immunity. While SARS-CoV-2 induces severe symptoms such as pneumonia and lymphopenia, some infected individuals have mild or no symptoms, and delayed or weak antibody responses are associated with severe outcomes. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in molecular tests does not necessarily indicate the presence of protective antib

A new severe viral outbreak, SARS-CoV-2, causing the disease COVID-19, originated in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. This disease significantly impacts the immune system and has become a global health concern. Understanding the genetics, pathogenesis, and immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for developing treatments and vaccines. Recent research has focused on the host-pathogen relationship

A national registry was established in Spain to analyze the safety of cancer treatments, specifically immunotherapy with checkpoint antibodies, in melanoma patients infected with COVID-19. As of May 17, 2020, 50 patients had been included in the study with a median age of 69 years. Twenty-two (44%) patients were on active anticancer treatment with anti PD-1 antibodies, 16 (3

Researchers analyzed over 200,000 exomes of the ACE2 gene, revealing variations in a specific part of the gene that is expected to alter the shape or functionality of the ACE2 protein, which interacts with SARS-CoV-2. These variants may decrease the protein's ability to interact with the virus, potentially affecting vulnerability to COVID-19. The research provides insight into the role of the ACE2 gene in vir

The passage provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus causing COVID-19. Its origin is believed to be zoonotic, possibly from bats, and transmission is primarily through respiratory droplets. Early diagnosis and isolation are key to limiting the outbreak. RT-qPCR is the most common diagnostic method, while serological tests and CRISPR-CAS-12 based assays are also used. No specific treatments exist

A limited number of studies have investigated the possibility of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breastfeeding or human milk. There is evidence of vertical transmission of human coronavirus 229E, but no published data on MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in human milk. Nine studies have tested human milk for SARS-CoV-2, all of which reported negative results. However, none of these studies validated

A study examined recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 to determine if they are associated with increased viral transmission. Using a phylogenetic index, the researchers found no evidence that any of the recurrent mutations in their dataset of over 23,000 genomes are convincingly linked to higher transmissibility. Instead, these mutations appear to be neutral and primarily induced by the human immune system. Therefore, there is currently no evidence

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly in 2020. Current research on the virus is primarily conducted using the immortalized simian Vero E6 cell line, but this model has limitations and does not fully represent virus biology and evolution. This study presents the use of fully differentiated human airway epithelium cultures as an effective model

A high affinity monoclonal antibody, IgG1 ab1, was identified from human libraries against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain. IgG1 ab1 potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in two animal models with no Fcγ receptor enhancement and a competitive mechanism of virus neutralization. It has low somatic mutations and no developability liabilities, making it a potential therapy and pro

The COVID-19 pandemic is believed to be caused by a new zoonotic virus, SARS-CoV-2. Initial investigations suggest this origin.

The passage discusses the current knowledge about the intersection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and infection with SARS-CoV-2. Individuals with COPD may face increased risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to weakened respiratory systems. Additionally, COPD medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists, might not affect the course of COVID

This review summarizes the limited knowledge on extrapulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the liver, kidneys, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Reports suggest these organs can be affected, but the mechanisms are unclear. The authors recommend multisystemic work-ups for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond respiratory management. The article is open access during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A systematic literature review assessed 49 papers published in 2020 on the effects of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and neonatal prognosis. Of the 755 pregnant women and 598 infants studied, over half had C-sections and only 82% of infants were tested for SARS-CoV-2, with two testing positive. No vertical transmission has been proven yet due to gaps in care during and after

A review of 12 studies from China found that some discharged COVID-19 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA again, but it's unclear if they were contagious as a positive test does not always indicate the presence of transmissible virus. The need for timely, parallel testing of different samples, such as fecal specimens, is suggested to determine if patients are still shedding the virus before and after hospital

A review of 12 studies from China found that some discharged COVID-19 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA again, but it's unclear if they were contagious as a positive test does not always indicate the presence of transmissible virus. The need for timely testing of different samples, such as fecal specimens, is suggested before and after hospital discharge.

The passage emphasizes the importance of laboratory diagnostics in managing COVID-19, with a focus on identifying viral RNA through molecular biology techniques using respiratory tract specimens. The potential use of other materials for diagnosis is undecided. Serological testing shows promise in detecting immune response, specifically IgG and IgA, but the persistence and neutralizing activity of these antibodies is unknown. Rapid tests for viral antigens or anti

The passage discusses the role of laboratory diagnostics in the identification and management of COVID-19. The etiological diagnosis relies on identifying viral RNA using molecular biology techniques, particularly in respiratory specimens. The potential use of other materials for diagnosis is not yet clear. Serological testing shows that most COVID-19 patients develop an immune response, including IgG and IgA antibodies, but the persistence and neutralizing activity of these

Children generally experience milder forms of COVID-19 with a better prognosis and rare mortality. Clinical features include fever, cough, and asymptomatic cases. Reasons for less severe impact may involve differences in immune system function and ACE2 expression. Diagnosis is through RT-PCR testing. Immunosuppressed children and management of severe cases are discussed. The greatest threat to child health is the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic.

Children generally experience milder forms of COVID-19 with a better prognosis and rare mortality. Clinical symptoms include fever and cough, but many are asymptomatic. Reasons for less severe impact in children may involve differences in immune system function and ACE2 expression. Diagnosis is through RT-PCR testing, and management includes antiviral and immunomodulatory treatments for severe cases. The greatest threat to child health from COVID-19 is not

The study investigated the method used by the Imperial College COVID-19 Research Team for estimating the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from a model identifiability perspective. The study found that the system model used by ICCRT had severe input sensitivities and lacked practical parameter identifiability from data. This limitation is fundamental and not easily resolved with data of higher reliability. The authors emphasized the

The passage discusses the global public health crisis caused by COVID-19 and the unprecedented response to find potential treatments. However, there is currently not enough evidence to recommend any specific anti-COVID-19 treatment, and randomized clinical trials and high-quality evidence are necessary. The article provides a review of the latest published literature on therapeutic strategies and investigational lines for SARS-CoV-2.

Japan has had fewer COVID-19 cases than many other countries, despite limited societal restrictions. The reasons for this are explored in the commentary.

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged as a pandemic in late 2019 with bats as the reservoir host. Severe cases, mainly affecting older and immune-compromised individuals, lead to death due to respiratory failure and hyperinflammation (cytokine storm syndrome). COVID-19 patients exhibit lymphopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, RNAem

Biological warfare involves the use of organisms or their toxins to harm or kill. This concept is not limited to historical images of tossing dead animals over walls or clandestine releases of microbes. Instead, it is a natural phenomenon that has existed since life evolved on earth, with organisms constantly developing ways to kill each other through toxins. Humans engage in biological warfare by utilizing these toxin-producing organisms.

A severe outbreak of COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019 and was declared a public health emergency by the WHO in January 2020. With over 200,000 reported cases worldwide, COVID-19 shares similarities with previous coronavirus epidemics, SARS and MERS. As understanding of SARS-CoV-2 is limited,

Researchers are studying why the coronavirus spreads easily between people, with potential explanations being a specific protein on the virus surface and a receptor on human cell membranes. Understanding transmission is crucial for containment and future prevention. The new coronavirus spreads more readily than SARS and has infected over 100,000 people worldwide.

A cluster of unknown cause pneumonia cases were identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, which was later determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak led to unprecedented public health actions, including the isolation of Wuhan, and a scientific response with early publication of the pathogen genome and rapid diagnostic development. This article will summarize the current clinical knowledge of COVID-19 caused by S

In December 2019, health authorities in Wuhan, China identified a cluster of unknown cause pneumonia cases linked to the South China Seafood Market. The causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, leading to a major outbreak. Public health measures included isolating Wuhan, and a scientific response included early genome publication and diagnostic development. This article summarizes new knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 and its

Japan has experienced fewer COVID-19 cases and deaths than many other countries despite limited societal restrictions. The reasons for this are explored in the commentary.

A widely-used COVID-19 diagnostic test, as specified by the CDC, contains a flawed control that can result in false-negative outcomes due to its inability to distinguish human DNA from reverse-transcribed RNA, potentially affecting millions of patients. A re-designed control that monitors sample collection, extraction, reverse transcription, and qPCR detection can help reduce false negatives.

The COVID-19 pandemic, declared by the WHO, has affected over 2 million people in 33 countries, with comorbidities and advanced age increasing the risk. The transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is similar to H1N1 but with lower mortality rates. The virus invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and affects the respiratory system and small intestine mucosa

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has infected over 3.5 million people worldwide. Diabetes, age, and cardiovascular disease are identified as factors increasing the severity of COVID-19. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to complications in respiratory infections like SARS-CoV-2, as seen in previous outbreaks of SARS, MERS, and Influenza.

In December 2019, health authorities in Wuhan, China identified a cluster of unknown aetiology pneumonia cases linked to the city's South China Seafood Market. The causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which sparked a major outbreak. The scientific response included early publication of the pathogen genome and rapid development of diagnostics. This article reviews new knowledge of SARS-CoV-2

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted dermatological practice, leading to a decrease in face-to-face consultations and an increase in teledermatology. The outcome of COVID-19 infection in patients with inflammatory disorders like psoriasis or atopic dermatitis on immunosuppressive therapies is uncertain. The role of skin lesions and the skin barrier in SARS-CoV-

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted dermatological practice, leading to a decrease in face-to-face consultations and an increase in teledermatology. Uncertainties exist regarding the effects of COVID-19 infection on common inflammatory disorders like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis under immunosuppressive therapy. Dermatologists are also involved in COVID-19 patient care and research

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread worldwide since its emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Mortality rates vary between countries, possibly due to differences in healthcare responses. No proven effective therapies exist for COVID-19, and drugs currently being tested lack sufficient clinical trial data. A global effort is underway to develop a vaccine, but it will take at least a year

The passage discusses the ongoing mutation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, and the potential implications for the transmission, duration, and severity of the disease. While the extent of adaptation is uncertain, continued analysis is essential for informing public health measures.

The D614G mutation in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which rapidly outcompeted other subtypes during the COVID-19 pandemic, is linked to a single nucleotide deletion (delC) in a cis-eQTL of the TMPRSS2 gene. This delC allele is common in Europeans and North Americans but rare in East Asians. The delC allele leads to overexpression of

The passage discusses a study aiming to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and dynamics simulation. The researchers targeted FDA-approved antiviral drugs for screening and identified the top three, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Tipranavir, and Raltegravir, through molecular docking studies. These drugs were further investigated for binding affinity and stability through molecular dynamics simulation

The passage discusses a study aiming to identify potential inhibitors for the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and dynamics simulation. The researchers targeted FDA-approved antiviral drugs for screening and performed molecular docking studies, revealing the top three drugs, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Tipranavir, and Raltegravir, as having good binding affinities. These drugs underwent molecular

The passage discusses a study on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and its interaction with Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2 (BST-2), also known as tetherin. BST-2 is a host cell protein that restricts the release of various viruses, including SARS-CoV, by tethering budding virions to the cell membrane. SAR

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the need for effective anti-viral drugs against severe human coronaviruses (HCoV), but current research has not led to commercially successful anti-HCoV drugs. In this context, drug repurposing and database screening are the fastest options for developing anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This study aims to provide a medicinal chemist's perspective on the current research on S

The passage summarizes the lack of reported cases of intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 or other respiratory RNA viruses, including SARS, MERS, influenza, RSV, HPIV, and hMPV, to fetuses. While these viruses can cause severe maternal respiratory infections and systemic complications, there have been no confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission for any of them. Influenza, which

The passage summarizes the lack of reported intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 or other respiratory RNA viruses, including SARS, MERS, influenza, RSV, HPIV, and hMPV, to fetuses. While these viruses can cause severe maternal respiratory infections and systemic complications, there have been no confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission for any of them. Influenza, which causes approximately

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in numerous deaths worldwide. To prevent long-term costs of controlling the virus, elimination of SARS-CoV-2 through vaccination is desirable. Historical influenza pandemics led to the elimination of three influenza viruses through mass vaccination and herd immunity. China successfully eliminated clade 7.2 of H5N1 and H7N9 avian

Pregnancy is not linked to more severe COVID-19 infections, and the risk of antenatal vertical transmission is low. Epidural analgesia is recommended for labor analgesia if platelet counts are normal. Droplet precautions are necessary for women suspected of having COVID-19, and airborne precautions are suggested for general anesthesia or higher risk procedures.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has been detected in faeces of infected patients. The viral load in faeces ranges from 5.103 to 107.6 copies/mL. In sewage, viral load decreases significantly, ranging from 2 copies/100 mL to 3.103 copies/mL. Monitoring SARS-CoV-

SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has been detected in feces, with viral loads estimated between 5.103 to 107.6 copies/mL. In sewage, viral loads decrease significantly, ranging from 2 copies/100 mL to 3.103 copies/mL. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in sewage could serve as an

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in numerous deaths worldwide. To prevent long-term costs and potential guerrilla warfare between SARS-CoV-2 and humans, elimination of the virus through vaccination is desirable. Historical influenza pandemics in 1957, 1968, and 2009 led to global herd immunity and elimination of three influenza vir

Fifteen (4.4%) of 342 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic. Their median time from exposure to diagnosis was 7.0 days (IQR: 1.0-15.0 days). Thirteen patients were diagnosed through throat swabs, one through anal swabs. One patient developed lymphopenia during hospitalization. Chest computed tomography abnormalities were detected in 8 (

Fifteen (4.4%) of 342 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic. Their median time from exposure to diagnosis was 7.0 days (IQR: 1.0-15.0 days). Thirteen were diagnosed through throat swabs, one through anal swabs. One (6.7%) developed lymphopenia. Chest CT abnormalities were present in 8 (53

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has been identified as a severe and life-threatening virus with a unique structure that strongly binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) protein, allowing it to enter host cells. Recent reports suggest that the virus may also target the human brain, causing neurological manifestations ranging from mild (anosmia and ageus

The passage suggests that SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, may trigger autoimmunity in hosts through molecular mimicry. This hypothesis is based on the virus's ability to generate cross-reactive antibodies that may attack host antigens, leading to autoimmune phenomena and potential damage to various tissues and organs. If proven true through further research, this could lead to the discovery of effective treatments against the virus.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to numerous hospitalizations, deaths, and economic hardships. While respiratory involvement is well-known, less understood are the potential cardiovascular and cerebrovascular manifestations. The virus binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is highly concentrated in the lungs and cardiovascular tissue, raising concerns for cardiov

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causes the viral disease COVID-19, which has significantly disrupted normal life worldwide. The symptoms include dry cough, frequent fevers, and in severe cases, pneumonia. Older individuals and those with underlying health conditions are at higher risk of death.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a significant association between acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The initial data suggest an underestimation of ACS cases but it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. There is no consensus on the best healthcare management policy for ACS during the pandemic. Differences exist between treatment approaches in China during


Question: What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?

This review discusses the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on antibody responses and the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 patients offer insights into vaccine design. Recombinant proteins are the most immunogenic vaccine candidates but are not part of the initial "Warp Speed" efforts. Adverse events are a concern,

This review discusses the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on antibody responses to infection and the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates. Recombinant proteins are the most immunogenic but not part of the initial "Warp Speed" vaccines. Adverse events are a concern, with past experiences from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV vaccines considered. Out

A study was conducted to identify FDA-approved drugs that could be repurposed as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro, using virtual screening. Twelve drugs were proposed as potential candidates, including antiviral drugs like ribavirin and symptom-relieving drugs like codeine. The most promising candidate was oxytetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which outperformed other selected comp

A study was conducted to map the immunodominant sites of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using sera samples from recovered COVID-19 patients. The identified nine linearized B cell epitopes, four of which were in the receptor-binding domain. These sites are potential high-affinity binding sites for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Peptides containing two of the sites were tested as vaccine candidates in mice,

A systematic review of clinical trials for potential vaccines and therapeutic agents against COVID-19 was conducted between January and March 2020. Out of 249 identified trials, 56 interventional studies were included, with the majority focusing on chloroquine (10 trials) and traditional Chinese medications (10 trials). Other categories included antivirals (8 trials), anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressants (

The passage emphasizes the urgency for COVID-19 treatments and vaccines to address the economic crisis caused by lockdowns. It mentions the rapid development of vaccines in clinical trials without preclinical testing, but stresses the importance of safety evaluations for candidate vaccines.

The passage discusses the accelerated timeline for moving COVID-19 medical research from discovery to application, contrasting the typical 17-year timeframe. The authors of the passage introduced a matrix in 2015 to analyze research translation stages and identified four approaches to reducing time-lags: increasing resources, working in parallel, starting or working at risk, and improving processes. The global response to developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, the virus

COVID-19, caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is a pandemic-level RNA virus with a spike protein as its major surface antigen. The spike protein interacts with human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and is the target for vaccine development. Multiple candidate vaccines are in development using innovative technologies, with global cooperation for delivery. No therapeutic interventions exist currently.

A summarization of the passage: COVID-19, caused by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2, has become a pandemic through droplet transmission. The virus interacts with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 through its spike protein, which is the antigenic determinant for an immune response. Multiple candidate vaccines are under development using innovative technologies based on the virus's genetic features. Global cooperation aims to deliver these vacc

The passage discusses the accelerated timeline for moving COVID-19 medical research from discovery to application, contrasting the typical 17-year timeframe. The authors of the study, who developed a matrix to analyze research translation stages, highlight four approaches to reducing time-lags: increasing resources, working in parallel, starting or working at risk, and improving processes. The global response to developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-1

The passage discusses several coronavirus vaccine candidates using new technologies, specifically the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) platform. The Yale team behind this technology developed a promising SARS coronavirus vaccine and is now using it for SARS-CoV-2. Another connection of theirs is CaroGen, a spinoff company with an engineered virus platform also being used against SARS-CoV-2. Both projects are aiming for F

A consensus summary report from a CEPI/BC meeting in March 2020 discussed the concern of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines. With over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and six in clinical trials, rapid development poses safety challenges. Disease enhancement, where vaccinated individuals experience increased severity or death upon encountering the virus, has been observed with some viral vaccines. Animal models have been used to understand the underlying mechanisms and design new vaccine candidates for Res

A consensus summary report from a CEPI/BC meeting in March 2020 discussed the risk of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines. With over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and six in clinical trials, rapid development poses safety challenges. Disease enhancement, where vaccinated individuals experience increased severity or death upon encountering the virus, is a concern due to past instances with RSV, MERS, and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines. The

A pandemic-induced surge in medical product development, from test kits to vaccines, raises legal questions regarding liability under the European Product Liability Directive. Existing concepts like defect, causation, and defenses may need adjustment to account for the pandemic's impact on production. The article explores these issues and proposes alternative responses, such as government indemnities, liability exemptions, and no-fault compensation schemes.

The passage discusses the molecular pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus, which emerged in 2012 and is primarily transmitted to humans from camels. Limited studies have been conducted on the virus, with most research focusing on ectopic expression of viral proteins in human cells. New antiviral molecules that disrupt virus-receptor interactions are being developed, and a camel vaccine is being tested. Support

A review article examines potential drug therapies for COVID-19, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and lenzilumab. However, the authors conclude that there is currently no high-quality evidence to support the use of any of these drugs as effective treatments for COVID-1

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 4.9 million people and resulted in over 300,000 deaths. Urgent development of diagnostic methods, treatments, and vaccines is necessary. Nucleic acid amplification tests are the main diagnostic method, while serological antibody tests aid contact tracing and vaccine evaluation studies. No effective drug or vaccine is currently available. Some candidate drugs targeting different stages of human

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has infected over 4.9 million people and resulted in over 300,000 deaths. Urgent development of diagnostic methods, treatments, and vaccines is necessary. Nucleic acid amplification tests are the main diagnostic method, while serological antibody tests aid contact tracing and vaccine evaluation studies. No effective drug or vaccine is currently available. Some candidate drugs

The passage discusses the potential use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as therapeutic agents against COVID-19, despite being originally developed as antimalarial drugs. The review highlights the various modes of action these drugs may have against viral infections, including altering the acidic environment inside lysosomes and endosomes, inhibiting endocytosis, and suppressing cytokine storms in host cells. Given the

A new vaccine candidate, ShaCoVacc, for COVID-19 was developed using spike-encoding mRNA inside and spike protein on the surface of virus simulating particles (VSPs) derived from lentiviral particles. The vaccine induced strong humoral immune responses and potent neutralizing activities after a single injection. The epitopes of spike-specific antibodies were identified using peptide microarray, revealing susceptible neutralizing epitopes.

The passage discusses the potential of plant-based vaccines in the fight against COVID-19. With the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the pandemic, there is a need for the development of drugs and vaccines. Plant-based vaccines, which have shown promise in clinical trials, could contribute to this effort. Injectable vaccines can be produced using transient expression systems, which offer high protein yields and are already used in industry. St

Researchers are actively looking for antiviral treatments for COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, to alleviate symptoms and save lives. This mini-review discusses the structure and features of SARS-CoV-2 that could be exploited for antiviral therapy and vaccine development. It also covers some antiviral agents and supportive therapies being repurposed or tested as potential treatments for COVID-19.

Researchers are actively looking for antiviral treatments for COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, to alleviate severe symptoms and potential life-threatening complications. This mini-review summarizes the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2's structure and features, which could be exploited for antiviral therapy and vaccine development. The article also highlights some antiviral agents and supportive therapies being repurposed or tested

In this study, the antiviral efficacies of lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed in ferrets. While these drugs marginally improved clinical symptoms, they did not significantly reduce in vivo virus titers. Only emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment led to lower virus tit

This study examines the relationship between COVID-19 death rates and the use of antimalarial drugs, specifically chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, as treatments. The analysis compares death rate dynamics in countries using these drugs versus those not using them during the initial stages of the pandemic. The results suggest that countries using antimalarial drugs experienced much slower death rate increases than those not using them during the first 13 days. However, the study

The passage suggests the hypothesis that Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, may limit the severity and progression of COVID-19. Reasons include CBD's ability to downregulate key receptors for the virus in human epithelia, its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, its direct antiviral activity as a PPARγ agonist, and its potential to

The passage suggests the hypothesis that Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, may limit the severity and progression of COVID-19 due to its ability to downregulate key receptors for the virus, exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, display direct antiviral activity, and inhibit the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Preclinical evidence supports these potential

A pandemic alert was issued by WHO in 2003 due to a highly virulent avian H5N1 influenza virus, A/Hong Kong/213/03, which caused fatal pneumonia in humans. Traditional vaccine production methods were not viable, so a reference vaccine virus was produced using reverse genetics in less than 4 weeks. The virus was non-pathogenic in chickens and ferrets and stable after multiple passages in

Neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies were isolated from Covid-19 convalescent patients for potential therapeutic and prophylactic interventions against SARS-CoV-2 infection. From over 1,100 memory B cells, 17 antibodies were identified that could neutralize the virus in vitro.

Animal models play a crucial role in the development of vaccines by allowing assessment of immune response, optimal delivery and formulation, protection from infection and disease transmission, and safety and toxicity. Choosing the right animal model is important due to each model's unique advantages and disadvantages, and this review discusses the criteria for selection, advantages and disadvantages, and future needs.

A SARS coronavirus (CoV) causing severe acute respiratory disease and high mortality was identified. Various SARS-CoV vaccines, including nonreplicative and vectored ones, have shown promise but require improvement. Live attenuated viruses, such as those with E gene deletion, have proven effective against viral infections. Our lab developed a promising vaccine candidate based on E gene deletion or removal of six additional nonessential

This passage aims to update mental health professionals on the changing definition of COVID-19 diagnosis, focusing on available tests for diagnosis and antibody detection. It also provides information about the disease, risks, and ongoing treatment developments. The article concludes with resources for further information.

Zika is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has expanded geographically and become a global health concern due to its association with neurological disorders in adults and severe abnormalities in fetuses and newborns. In the last three years, numerous studies have been conducted on the structure of the virus, transmission, and effects on human cells. Animal models have been developed, and several vaccine candidates are in preclinical development and clinical trials. Various compounds target

The passage discusses the ongoing global efforts to develop vaccines and drugs for COVID-19, with a focus on the debate over bypassing animal trials. While some researchers are using animal models for challenge studies, others have moved directly to human clinical trials due to the urgency of the pandemic. However, the absence of animal studies can make it difficult to predict outcomes in humans and understand transmission dynamics. The passage also raises ethical concerns regarding the use of animals in research and compares different animal

The passage discusses the ongoing global efforts to develop vaccines and drugs for COVID-19, with a focus on the debate over bypassing animal trials in favor of human clinical trials. While some progress has been made with repurposed drugs and viral protein vaccine candidates, the absence of animal studies raises concerns about potential outcomes in humans. The passage also explores the importance of animal models for vaccine development and the ethical considerations of using animals for research.

A small number of studies have identified SARS-CoV-2 in urine samples, despite the virus primarily spreading through air. Of the 187 urine samples tested, six were positive, with one case showing persistence for up to 42 days. This raises concerns for Endourologists, who perform many urine-exposed procedures, as they could potentially be exposed perioperatively. The type of PPE Endourologists should use remains un

A new outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 and had spread to over 178 countries by March 2020. No vaccine or antiviral treatment is currently available for the disease. Several investigational drugs and vaccines are being tested for their potential effectiveness against COVID-19. This review provides a brief overview of some of these treatments and their potential drawbacks.

The passage discusses the importance of testing and contact tracing in containing the spread of COVID-19 as the US economy reopens without a vaccine or effective therapy. The authors evaluated potential at-home diagnostic solutions, focusing on antigen and serology-based tests, and identified 24 promising products for further laboratory evaluation. The passage also explores the limitations of manual contact tracing and the potential of electronic solutions, including ePRO platforms, wearable sensors, and electronic-based contact tracing,

The article defends the ethicality of human challenge trials for testing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, despite the risks of severe adverse events. The ethical assessment should be comparative, considering the trials' potential benefits, such as saving time and lives, versus the risks. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, challenge trials may be more ethical than standard efficacy testing due to their ability to provide faster results.

The article defends the ethicality of human challenge trials for testing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, despite the risk of severe adverse events. The ethical assessment should be comparative, considering the trials' potential benefits against standard efficacy testing. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, challenge trials may save time and lives by providing quicker results and contributing to the global effort to contain the virus.

This review article discusses the progress of candidate COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on the types of biotechnological vaccines under development, their protective capabilities, and the disease's pathophysiology. The article also explores the data basis for vaccine development and the importance of technological infrastructure. The eventual goal is to mainstream the use of a safe, reliable, and effective COVID-19 vaccine following extensive phase studies. Vaccines developed using recombinant DNA

A study was conducted to determine the most suitable infectious dose of SARS-CoV-2 for use in the ferret model. Six animals were challenged with a low (5×102 pfu), medium (5×104 pfu), or high (5×106 pfu) dose. Upper respiratory tract viral RNA shedding was consistent in high and medium dose groups, lasting up to 21 days. Mild mult

A novel coronavirus, COVID-19, caused a global pandemic starting at the end of 2019. Clinical evidence and guidelines for treating COVID-19 are lacking, leading to numerous treatments being evaluated. Antiviral drugs, including remdesivir, are being used, but their effectiveness is not definitive. Corticosteroids and tocilizumab show promise in selected patients, but the optimal timing and therapeutic schemes are unclear. The eff

The COVID-19 outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is spreading globally, and there is an urgent need for effective treatments or vaccines. This review discusses potential therapeutic agents currently being investigated, including lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon, ribavirin, tociliz

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat with 10 million active cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2018. The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to reduce morbidity and mortality by 90% and 95% respectively, between 2015 and 2035. While vaccines like BCG offer some protection, new and more effective vaccines are needed. These new vaccines must

This passage includes articles by Iwata Kentaro on various aspects of COVID-19, including its nature, testing and diagnosis, drug candidates for treatment, infection control, and response to the virus. Other contributors include Satoshi Kutsuna, Yu Kurahara, Hideaki Oka, Ayako Shibata, Yuki Uehara, and Kazunori Yamada, who also discuss COVID-19-related topics. The articles cover topics such as frontline infection

The passage discusses the importance of identifying epitopes, which are parts of a virus that stimulate an immune response, for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccines. Due to the large size of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it's not feasible to test all potential epitopes in vitro. Instead, researchers use prediction tools to identify epitopes that are likely to bind to the HLA complex and stimulate an immune response. The

The world is experiencing a major viral outbreak, and while vaccine development is ongoing, researchers are exploring passive immunization as a quick alternative to treat and contain the infection. IgY, a type of immunoglobulin, has been researched for over 20 years for passive immunization against acute respiratory tract infections. IgY has various applications in human and animal health due to its unique molecular properties. Obtaining specific Ig

A systematic review was conducted to assess the potential of rapid diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), as well as Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV. A total of 27 studies were identified through a search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane

A study using the contingent valuation approach in a Chilean online survey of 566 individuals estimated their willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. Factors influencing WTP include preexisting chronic disease, COVID-19 knowledge, personal experience with COVID-19, government performance, employment status, income, healthcare access, and adapting to quarantine with children. The estimated individual WTP was US

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread worldwide since its emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Mortality rates vary between countries, possibly due to differences in healthcare responses. No proven effective therapies exist for COVID-19, and drugs currently being tested lack sufficient clinical trial data. A global effort is underway to develop a vaccine, but it will take at least a year

A literature and clinical trial survey was conducted to develop an effective and safe vaccine against COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. The N protein was found to be conserved in more pathogenic strains and six proteins, including the S protein and five non-structural proteins, were predicted to be adhesins using reverse vaccinology and machine learning tools. The S, nsp3, and nsp8 proteins were predicted to induce

A study was conducted using in-silico analysis and reverse vaccinology to identify potential vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2, the virulent strain causing COVID-19, in the USA. The researchers collected the sequence of the virus from publicly available databases and identified two leader proteins as potential vaccine candidates. The results of this study can provide further direction for researchers in developing vaccines and immune responses against COVID-19. The study also aims to promote the use

A proposal is made for a new topical respiratory vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 using an avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOaV-1) strain. The engineered avirulent AOaV-1 strain expresses the full-length spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. In vitro characterization shows efficient co-expression of HN protein of AOaV-1

This research aimed to estimate individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and identify determining factors using the contingent valuation approach. The study surveyed 566 individuals from Chile and found that WTP depends on chronic disease, COVID-19 knowledge, sickness, government performance, employment status, income, healthcare, quarantine adaptation, and recovery from COVID-19. The estimated individual WTP was US$18

The Forbes article by Bill Haseltine raises concerns about the Oxford group's coronavirus vaccine candidate data, specifically the claim that rhesus monkeys were protected from infection after exposure to the virus. Haseltine questions the Oxford team's findings based on Figure 3 in the preprint, which shows that unvaccinated animals had coronavirus genomic and subgenomic RNA in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) several days after exposure,

A new multi-peptide subunit-based epitope vaccine against COVID-19 is proposed as an alternative to mRNA vaccines due to the need for effective control measures against the disease. The vaccine construct consists of adjuvant, CTL, HTL, and B-cell epitopes linked together. Computational data suggest the vaccine is non-toxic, non-allergenic, thermostable, and capable of eliciting both humoral and

A new multi-peptide subunit-based epitope vaccine against COVID-19 is proposed as an alternative to mRNA vaccines due to the need for effective control measures against the disease. The vaccine construct consists of an adjuvant, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, helper T-lymphocyte, and B-cell epitopes joined by linkers. The vaccine is predicted to be non-toxic, non-aller

Clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines are advancing rapidly with five experimental vaccines currently in testing in China, the US, and the UK. At least 70 COVID-19 vaccines are in development, and Moderna was the first to begin clinical testing, only 66 days after obtaining the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The World Health Organization and CEPI report 115 vaccine projects in progress.

A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is anticipated to help control the COVID-19 pandemic, restore economies, and normalize healthcare systems. However, ethical concerns surround the current vaccine development, testing, and production methods. Moral dilemmas include potential risks to human test subjects and recipients, economic and political pressures to bypass regulatory oversight, and unequal distribution goals. The public needs to be informed to make informed decisions about the safety and efficacy

A SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine is eagerly anticipated to restore normalcy, but the current development, testing, and production methods may raise ethical concerns. Moral dilemmas include potential risks to human test subjects and recipients, as well as economic and political pressures to bypass regulatory oversight. The public needs to be informed to make informed decisions about the safety and efficacy of the vaccines.

A new inactivated vaccine candidate called PiCoVacc for SARS-CoV-2 was developed and tested on mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. The vaccine induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies that neutralized 10 representative strains, suggesting potential broader neutralizing ability. In macaques, three immunizations provided partial or complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge without observable

At least 68 vaccine candidates are under development for SARS-CoV-2, with various designs such as whole killed virus, subunit, attenuated, viral vector, DNA, and mRNA. The vaccine development process, which typically takes 10-15 years, has been accelerated, with the first candidate reaching clinical testing in just over 9 weeks after the viral genetic sequence was published. This has been achieved through the use of existing technological

The passage provides an overview of COVID-19, a global health concern caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus. Susceptible populations include those with liver disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. Diagnosis is being done using RT-PCR, and there are 15 potential vaccine candidates and several clinically approved drugs being tested. Due to the absence of effective treatment or vaccines, preventative measures according to WHO's objectives

Coronavirus is a family of viruses that infect mammals and birds, with three new strains emerging in the past two decades, including SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. These viruses have a long, positive sense RNA genome and replicate by hijacking cellular machinery. No approved vaccine or antiviral exists for coronaviruses, but several potential treatments are being investigated for COVID-19.

A global consensus exists that a COVID-19 vaccine is the best solution to control the pandemic. Rapid development and human trials are underway for 10 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2. However, challenges in developing and deploying a new vaccine on a global scale should be noted, and expectations for the timeline should be cautious.

A global consensus exists that a COVID-19 vaccine is the best solution for controlling the pandemic. Rapid development and human trials are underway for 10 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2. However, challenges in vaccine production and global deployment call for caution regarding the expected timeline.

The passage discusses the global medical emergency of COVID-19 and the need for effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The study used hierarchically weighted principal component analysis to identify the interaction between the physicochemical properties and antiviral activity of different potential and clinically approved antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV. Representative drugs from various classes were examined, and their pharmacologic classification and biological activity were described

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus presents a major public health challenge with no effective vaccine available. Clinical management is limited to infection prevention and control measures, and research is ongoing to find treatments that inhibit virus replication, mitigate symptoms, increase survival, and decrease mortality. Several classes of drugs, including antivirals (chloroquine, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, hydroxych

This study investigated genetic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homologue-5 (PfRH5) in Nigerian isolates of P. falciparum. Three haplotypes with negative Tajima's D and low dN/dS values were identified, revealing a negative selection in the pfrh5 gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism leading to an amino

The study examines the correlation between TB prevalence and Covid-19 mortality. Countries were grouped based on BCG vaccination status, and the results showed a significant inverse relationship between TB prevalence and Covid-19 deaths in all groups except for those with only one BCG vaccination and no previous booster. The overall slope value was highly significant, indicating a strong association between TB prevalence and Covid-19 mortality, with the relationship being more

Subclinical African green monkeys infected with SARS-CoV-2 shed infectious virus from respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts for an extended period.

A DNA vaccine candidate named INO-4800, which targets the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, has been developed based on previous experience with a MERS coronavirus DNA vaccine. The vaccine expresses the S protein robustly in vitro and elicits antigen-specific T cell responses, neutralizing antibodies, and antibodies that block Spike protein binding to the ACE2 receptor in mice and guinea pigs. These

The passage discusses the importance of determining COVID-19 prevalence through representative population testing for policy decisions. However, all laboratory tests have imperfect sensitivity and specificity, leading to biased prevalence estimates. The article proposes methods for adjusting prevalence estimates for testing error, both prospectively in study planning and retrospectively in conducted studies. These adjustments would improve accuracy and harmonize results, leading to better policy decisions.

A live-attenuated YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV2 vaccine candidate named YF-S0, using the yellow fever 17D vaccine as a vector to express the SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen, induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies and Th1 cell-mediated immune response in mice. In hamster challenge model, YF-S0 prevents infection with SARS-

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is unprecedented in its impact on healthcare systems and societies. In contrast, the first cases of AIDS were reported in 1981 and diagnostic testing helped identify high-risk groups and the global burden. With COVID-19, diagnostic testing for active and past infections needs to expand rapidly, ideally using rapid tests. Most fatalities are among the elderly, often due to inadequate

Molecular modeling techniques were used to identify potential drugs from a database that could inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, which is responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak and for which there is currently no vaccine. The S-protein was first solvated in water for molecular dynamics simulation, revealing an "up" to "down" conformation transition in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with angles of 54.3 and

The passage discusses the global threat of COVID-19, which had infected over 6.9 million people and caused over 400,000 deaths as of June 8, 2020. The first case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and it has since spread to over 200 countries. With no approved cure, there are concerns about the disease's origin, first-line therapies,

A review of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) research over the past 55 years discusses potential vaccines against the virus, which can transform cells in vitro and is linked to various malignancies. Recombinant viral vectors, virus-like particles, and viral envelope glycoprotein formulations are being explored. While cell-mediated immune responses protect healthy carriers from malignancies, antibodies could prevent symptomatic primary in

An ethical dilemma arises when researchers seek to test a new vaccine for an epidemic disease, such as COVID-19, when an effective vaccine already exists. It would be unethical to withhold an effective vaccine from patients, particularly in less-resourced health systems where the trial could disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. However, there may be justification for a trial if the new vaccine is expected to have advantages over the existing product based on immunological

A proposed in silico vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 is presented in the article. The vaccine's effectiveness and safety were evaluated using in silico tools and servers, revealing no allergenicity and successful binding with Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein to elicit an immune response. The Normal Mode Analysis confirmed the stability and functionality of the vaccine-TLR protein binding interface. The in silico cloning model demonstrated the vaccine's efficacy

COVID-19, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread globally and is now classified as a pandemic. The disease affects people of all ages but those with comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, are at higher risk for severe forms and poor outcomes. The relationship between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease is not fully understood, but it's believed to have both direct and indirect effects. Angiotensin-con

The passage discusses the use of in silico trials, specifically the Universal Immune System Simulator (UISS) platform, to design and test COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. With no existing vaccines for coronaviruses and the urgent need for preventive interventions during the pandemic, in silico trials can help speed up the vaccine discovery pipeline and predict therapeutic failure and undesired effects. The UISS platform has shown agreement

The passage discusses the use of in silico trials, specifically the UISS platform, to design and test COVID-19 candidate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. With no existing vaccines for coronaviruses and the urgent need for preventative and therapeutic interventions during the pandemic, in silico trials can help speed up the vaccine discovery pipeline and predict therapeutic failure and undesired effects. The UISS platform has shown agreement with the latest

The passage discusses an attempt to identify a potential peptide vaccine candidate against COVID-19 using an immunoinformatics approach. The authors focused on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as a vaccine target due to its role in initiating viral infection. A 9-mer peptide was predicted as a representative of both B-cell and T-cell epitopic regions, with desirable properties such as antigenicity and non-aller

A study was conducted to develop improved rabies vaccines using the glycoprotein G of the prototype rabies virus in monomer (RABV-mG) and trimeric (RABV-tG) configurations, with or without Matrix-M™ adjuvant. Outbred mice were used to test the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the candidate vaccines. RABV-tG proved superior, inducing high levels of

The passage highlights the overall low methodological quality of COVID-19 research, using hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin studies as an example. The flawed methodology and sub-optimal reporting could lead to biased estimates of effect, potentially harming patients with ineffective or harmful treatment decisions. Researchers must focus on improving methodology and reporting, including considering harms to patients, to increase confidence in research findings.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic is related to the betacoronavirus that caused the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003. Insights gained from SARS vaccine development and two evaluated human vaccines may inform the design, testing, and implementation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic is related to the betacoronavirus that caused the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003. Insights from SARS vaccine development and two evaluated human vaccines can inform the design, testing, and implementation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Regulators worldwide need to make urgent and informed decisions on clinical trials and marketing authorizations for COVID-19 candidate drugs and vaccines, balancing flexibility with risk assessment and public safety. Eight "pandemic best regulatory practices" are suggested to support public health and ensure timely access to effective, safe, quality products during the crisis.

The passage discusses the potential use of the antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as therapeutics against COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. With the world in a global health crisis and no preventative or curative vaccine available, there is interest in repurposing these age-old drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. The passage

The passage discusses the importance of testing rates in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the rate of tests per detected case (Tests/Case) being the key variable. A higher Tests/Case rate is causally linked to effective contact tracing and isolation, resulting in a lower death rate. In contrast, per capita testing rate is a poor predictor of policy performance and can be misleading, as high testing rates in some cases may only indicate an out-of-

A study was conducted to design a novel multi-epitope vaccine against COVID-19 using bioinformatics approaches. Three antigenic proteins (Nucleocapsid, ORF3a, and Membrane protein) from the virus were analyzed for potential immunogenic B and T-cell epitopes. Five rich-epitope domains were identified and a multi-epitope vaccine candidate (NOM) was constructed. The protein candidate was

A study used bioinformatics approaches to design a novel multi-epitope vaccine against COVID-19 caused by 2019-nCoV. Three antigenic proteins (Nucleocapsid, ORF3a, and Membrane protein) were analyzed for potential immunogenic B and T-cell epitopes. Five rich-epitope domains were identified and a multi-epitope vaccine candidate (NOM) was

The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing COVID-19 has resulted in over 7 million cases and nearly 413,000 deaths worldwide as of June 11, 2020. The virus shares significant sequence similarities with SARS-CoV, making its spike protein a potential drug and vaccine candidate. However, individual responses to the virus vary due to genetic differences in the human population, particularly in Angiot

The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing COVID-19 has resulted in over 7 million cases and almost 413,000 deaths worldwide as of June 11, 2020. The virus shares significant sequence similarities with SARS-CoV, making its spike protein a potential drug and vaccine candidate. However, individual responses to the virus vary due to genetic differences in the human population, particularly in Angiot

A study was conducted to develop a COVID-19 vaccine using the measles virus as a backbone, expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Two variants were generated with different S protein expression levels. The one with lower expression levels was stable and induced high Th1-biased antibody and T cell responses in mice, including neutralizing IgG antibodies and S protein-specific CD8+ and CD4+

A new review discusses the ongoing research into pharmaceutical treatments for COVID-19, with a focus on drugs that inhibit viral replication or prevent the virus from binding to ACE2 receptors. Several supplements are also being explored as potential treatments. While some drugs show promise, further investigation is required before they can be admitted for use. The review examines various drugs and their mechanisms of action that are currently being tested or may be used in the future for COVID-