Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Santa Clara, California
Denver Broncos
gold
"golden anniversary"
February 7, 2016
American Football Conference
"golden anniversary"
American Football Conference
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara
Super Bowl L
2015
2015
Santa Clara
Levi's Stadium
24–10
February 7, 2016
2015
Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Denver Broncos
2015
Denver Broncos
Santa Clara, California.
Super Bowl
Denver Broncos
Cam Newton
8
1995
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
four
Cam Newton
15–1
Cam Newton
12–4
4
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
2
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
1995.
Von Miller
2
Broncos
linebacker Von Miller
five solo tackles
Newton was limited by Denver's defense
seven
Von Miller
three
two
Von Miller
linebacker
5
2
Von Miller
5
seven
three
a fumble
Von Miller
linebacker
seven
three
Von Miller
five
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVII
CBS
$5 million
Beyoncé
Bruno Mars
Coldplay
CBS
$5 million
Bruno Mars
third
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
CBS
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVII
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Bruno Mars
Roger Goodell
the 50th Super Bowl
2012
Roger Goodell
early 2012
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
spectacular
spectacular
2012
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Miami's Sun Life Stadium
San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
three
New Orleans
Sun Life Stadium
San Francisco
Levi's Stadium.
Sun Life Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Levi's Stadium.
October 16, 2012
10
Super Bowl XLIV
2010
1985
Sun Life Stadium
October 16, 2012
Stanford Stadium
May 3, 2013
2010
two
Super Bowl XLIV
two
Florida legislature
1985
New Orleans
October 16, 2012
10.
New Orleans
1985
Florida legislature
May 21, 2013
NFL owners
2014
$1.2 billion
San Diego
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XXXVII
San Diego
2013
2014
$1.2 billion
1985
Super Bowl XXXVII
May 21, 2013
2014
2003
Boston
May 21, 2013
2014.
$1.2 billion
2003.
John Fox
ten
six
Carolina Panthers
Super Bowl XLVIII
John Fox
eight
ten
Super Bowl XXXVIII
six
number one
number one
Super Bowl XLVIII
Super Bowl XXXVIII.
six
one
four
John Fox
DeAngelo Williams
Kelvin Benjamin
7
1978
Carolina Panthers
Ten
eight
Kelvin Benjamin
1978
2009
2011
torn ACL
Kelvin Benjamin
DeAngelo Williams
1978
Ten
Carolina Panthers
1978.
Carolina Panthers
Ten
six
45
10
27
Greg Olsen
45
99.4
77 passes
receivers
Jonathan Stewart
six
Cam Newton
3,837
45
six
500
3,837
45
99.4.
39
308
136
118
four
Kawann Short
24
Kawann Short
four
four
Kurt Coleman
24
Kony Ealy
Luke Kuechly.
two.
Gary Kubiak
Brock Osweiler
Indianapolis Colts
San Diego Chargers
Wade Phillips
four
Gary Kubiak
Indianapolis Colts
39
plantar fasciitis
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
a plantar fasciitis injury
39
four
John Fox
Peyton Manning
Gary Kubiak
left foot.
Wade Phillips
67.9
17
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
10
67.9
2,249
nine
Demaryius Thomas
receiver
67.9
17
Demaryius Thomas
5
67.9
17
Emmanuel Sanders
C. J. Anderson
4.7
4,530
5½
Brandon Marshall
three
Linebacker
Linebacker
Defensive ends
296
Von Miller
Brandon Marshall
three.
Von Miller
Linebacker Brandon Marshall
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
487
seven
31–24
Seattle Seahawks
31–24
487
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
seven
Seattle Seahawks
49–15
Arizona Cardinals
487
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
New England Patriots
20–18
17 seconds
Broncos
23–16
New England Patriots
17
Manning
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
New England Patriots
Pittsburgh Steelers
New England Patriots
17
Thomas Davis
a broken arm
three
11
ACL tears
arm
11
Super Bowl
three
broken arm
11
Thomas Davis
39
John Elway
38
Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Broncos
Broncos
John Elway
38
Peyton Manning
two
two
Peyton Manning
John Elway
Super Bowl XXXIII
Peyton Manning
39.
John Elway
1998
2011
26
13 years and 48 days
Von Miller
Manning
Newton
26
quarterback
1998
2011
Von Miller
2011.
26
13 years and 48 days
Super Bowl XX
Chicago Bears
linebacker
Elway
Broncos
linebacker
Elway
Rivera
Super Bowl XX
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419
Ed Mangan
Baltimore Ravens
kicker
Justin Tucker
kicker
hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
Justin Tucker
a new playing surface
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
their cleats
Justin Tucker
natural grass
Broncos
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
white
Super Bowl XXXIII
Super Bowl XXXIII
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
white
road white jerseys
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XXXIII
blue
orange
black jerseys with silver pants.
San Jose State
Stanford University
San Jose
Santa Clara
San Jose Marriott
Santa Clara Marriott
San Jose State practice facility
Stanford University
San Jose State practice facility
San Jose Marriott.
Stanford University
Santa Clara Marriott.
San Jose
San Jose Marriott.
Stanford University
Santa Clara Marriott.
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl V
Jaime Weston
Super Bowl XLV
Vince Lombardi
2014
Super Bowl LI
L
gold
June 4, 2014
Arabic numerals
L.
gold
Super Bowl LI.
Arabic
LI.
gold
week 7
50
gold
gold
Golden Super Bowl
Gold footballs
the 50-yard line
gold
Moscone Center
San Francisco
Ed Lee
Jane Kim
January 30
1 million
Ed Lee
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Ed Lee
Super Bowl City
More than 1 million
mayor Ed Lee
$5 million.
The annual NFL Experience
Santa Clara University
$2 million
a week
$2 million
pep rally
city council
Bellomy Field
A professional fundraiser
city council
$2 million
city council
Monday
Tuesday
SAP Center
San Jose
the Golden Gate Bridge
Tuesday
Monday
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center
San Jose
the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
the Golden Gate Bridge.
Monday
Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
Golden Gate Bridge.
February 1, 2016
Business Connect
$40 million
Dignity Health
Gap
Chevron
Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
over $40 million
sponsors
Business Connect
Business Connect
over $40 million
25
the 50 fund
25 percent
50 fund
the most giving Super Bowl ever
25 percent
the 50 fund
25 percent
50 fund
Vince Lombardi
18
66
Tiffany & Co.
Tiffany & Co.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
18-karat gold-plated
Tiffany & Co
the Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co.
CBS
Phil Simms
Tracy Wolfson
36
5K
three
sidelines
360-degree
5K resolution
sidelines
CBS
three
CBS
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
5K
cameras
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe
Alvaro Martin
December 28, 2015
Spanish
CBS
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe.
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
John Sutcliffe.
NFL Mobile
WatchESPN
CBSSports.com
Xbox One
10
CBSSports.com
Xbox One
Verizon Wireless customers
NFL Mobile service
Verizon
NFL Mobile service.
digital streams of the game
Verizon
WatchESPN.
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
The Late Late Show with James Corden
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
The Late Late Show with James Corden
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
late local programming
The Late Late Show with James Corden.
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
20th
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo
The Pokémon Company
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Crash the Super Bowl
"Small Business Big Game"
Death Wish Coffee
30-second
nine
Death Wish Coffee
nine
QuickBooks.
Death Wish Coffee
ten
QuickBooks.
Death Wish Coffee
Jason Bourne
Gods of Egypt
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
Resurgence
Gods of Egypt
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
Jason Bourne
Captain America: Civil War
Independence Day
Universal
Fox
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Boomer Esiason
James Lofton
two
Kevin Harlan
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
James Lofton and Mark Malone
pre-game and halftime coverage.
North America
KRFX
Dave Logan
1110 AM
Chester, South Carolina
Mick Mixon
Dave Logan
Ed McCaffrey
WBT
Mick Mixon
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
BBC Radio 5
5 Live Sports Extra
Darren Fletcher
BBC
Greg Brady
Bart Starr
Chuck Howley
Peyton Manning
2001
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
43
39
Bart Starr
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
Six
the national anthem
Academy Award
the national anthem
American Sign Language
Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Lady Gaga
Six
Marlee Matlin
December 3
British
Super Bowl XLVII
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Super Bowl XLVIII
Coldplay.
Pepsi
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Coldplay.
Beyoncé
Hymn for the Weekend
Bruno Mars
Denver
Andre Caldwell
Ronnie Hillman
Brandon McManus
C. J. Anderson
18
Shaq Thompson
Brandon McManus
a deficit.
Denver
Owen Daniels
C. J. Anderson
Brandon McManus
a deficit.
Mike Carey
Cam Newton
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Jerricho Cotchery
Mike Carey
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
1993
Mike Carey
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Jonathan Stewart
Brad Nortman
28
61
33
51
Jonathan Stewart
11:28
Jordan Norwood
33
Jonathan Stewart
field goal
Darian Stewart
linebacker
Kony Ealy
Newton
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
19
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Danny Trevathan
Kony Ealy
punt
DeMarcus Ware
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
44
McManus
T. J. Ward
Ted Ginn Jr.
the uprights
T. J. Ward.
Trevathan
Ted Ginn Jr.
26-yard line
Graham Gano
Emmanuel Sanders
Ealy
39
Devin Funchess
Stewart
41-yard line.
Ealy
50-yard line.
punts.
Ealy
50-yard line.
39-yard
three
24
Newton
Josh Norman
Anderson
Bennie Fowler
Miller
wards
Newton
Josh Norman
3:08
4:51
Miller
wards
three
Anderson
five
zero
four
Thomas Davis
one
one
zero
Anderson
Sanders
Thomas Davis
Sanders
Anderson
all four
one
four
194
11
Baltimore Ravens
Jordan Norwood
Manning
194
11
Chicago Bears
Broncos
21
11
The Broncos
Chicago Bears
two
Nobel Prize
1745
Maria Skłodowska-Curie
Famous musicians
seven months old
100
Krasiński Palace Garden
The Saxon Garden
east end
Łazienki
15 kilometres
otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
13
several
to clean them
city
833,500
around 34%
Jewish
migration and urbanisation
Warsaw University of Technology
2,000
Medical University of Warsaw
1816
Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
1816
over two million
architects
Irena Bajerska
10,000 m2
infrastructure
Three-Year Plan
solid economic growth
improved markedly
Warsaw
Children's Memorial Health Institute
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
700
developed
musical
events and festivals
in the Palace of Culture and Science
Warsaw
festivals
Ogród Saski
Saxon Garden
1870 to 1939
Momus
Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre
Wianki
thousands
Midsummer’s Night
when they would be married
the fern
art posters
60
prestigious
some paintings
arms
Warsaw Uprising Museum
Katyń
stereoscopic
Museum of Independence
60
Royal Ujazdów Castle
about 500
Zachęta National Gallery of Art
Polish and international artists
last weekend of September
Polonia Warsaw
1946
twice
at Konwiktorska Street
disastrous financial situation
syrenka
The mermaid
since at least the mid-14th century
1390
a sword
legend
depths of the oceans and seas
coast of Denmark
Warszowa
captured
Warsaw
1916
the Art Deco style
poet
Isaac Bashevis Singer
Economist Intelligence Unit
2012
wide variety of industries
Stock
Frontex
1313
Kraków
1596
King Sigismund III Vasa
survived many wars, conflicts and invasions
Roman Catholic
Polish Academy of Sciences
a UNESCO World Heritage Site
architectural
luxurious parks and royal gardens
Warszawa
belonging to Warsz
12th/13th-century nobleman
a village
miasto stołeczne Warszawa
Jazdów
The Prince of Płock
1300
1413
1526
General Sejm
1569
religious freedom
Due to its central location
1596
until 1796
Prussia
Napoleon's
1815
1816
from 4 August 1915 until November 1918
areas controlled by Russia in 1914
underground leader Piłsudski
1920
the Red Army
September 1939
a German Nazi colonial administration
some 30% of the city
April 1943
almost a month
the Red Army
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
August 1944
63 days
between 150,000 and 200,000
"Bricks for Warsaw"
prefabricated
an Eastern Bloc city
Palace of Culture and Science
UNESCO's World Heritage list
John Paul II
growing anti-communist fervor
less than a year
Victory Square
incentive for the democratic changes
about 300
325
Vistula River
452.8 ft
at the right bank of the Vistula
two
Vistula Valley
moraine
Vistula River
Warsaw Escarpment
moraine
former flooded terraces
valleys
plain Vistula terraces
pine
turbulent history of the city
During the Second World War
After liberation
Leopold Kronenberg Palace
typical of Eastern bloc countries
Gothic
14th century
Masovian gothic
Renaissance
mannerist architecture
17th century
1688–1692
rococo
neoclassical architecture
1775–1795
bourgeois
not restored by the communist authorities
socialist realism
Warsaw University of Technology building
the most distinctive buildings
many places
Pawiak
The Warsaw Citadel
children
Warsaw Uprising Monument
green
New Orangery
Pole Mokotowskie
Park Ujazdowski
1927
location of Warsaw
within the borders of Warsaw
Masovian Primeval Forest
Kabaty
two
1,300,000
420,000
1951
as better
residency registration
multi-cultural
711,988
56.2%
2.8%
1944
a commune
counties or powiats
Kraków
Warsaw City Council
60
every four years
committees
30 days
President
Jan Andrzej Menich
1695–1696
the City council
Centrum
Śródmieście
304,016
emerging market
12%
191.766 billion PLN
1817
World War II
April 1991
374
Polish United Workers' Party
1951
Polonez
Daewoo
AvtoZAZ
Chevrolet Aveo
Warszawa
Warsaw
Vistula River
2.666 million residents
9th
Warsaw
Vistula
roughly 260 kilometres
2.666 million
9th
France
10th and 11th centuries
Denmark, Iceland and Norway
Rollo
10th century
William the Conqueror
Richard I
Catholic
Viking
9th century
911
King Charles III
Seine
Rollo
Catholicism
north
fighting horsemen
999
Archangel Michael
Monte Gargano
Drogo
William Iron Arm
Saracens
1130
Squillace
Kitab Rudjdjar
The Book of Roger
meritocratic
Seljuk Turks
1050s
1060s
Alexius Komnenos
Afranji
Oursel
Turkish forces
Norman mercenary
Robert Guiscard
1082
30,000
Deabolis
Bohemond
Deabolis
1185
Dyrrachium
the Adriatic
King Ethelred II
Duke Richard II
Normandy
Sweyn Forkbeard
Harthacnut
1041
Robert of Jumièges
Battle of Hastings
William II
1066
Anglo-Saxons
Modern English
1169
Ireland
Irish
Edgar
King Malcolm III of Scotland
1072
Duncan
Sybilla of Normandy
Norman
Hereford
the Welsh
Edward the Confessor
Wales
1018
William of Montreuil
1097
Tancred
Jerusalem
380 years
a storm
Berengaria
1191
Isaac Komnenos
Conrad of Montferrat
silver
Guy de Lusignan
Richard the Lion-Heart
12 May 1191
double coronation
1489
Knights Templar
Africa
Bethencourt
Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
Maciot de Bethencourt
Channel Islands
two
Romanesque
rounded
Early Gothic
Anglo-Saxon
Sicily
early 11th century
dukes
16th century
embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Odo
mosaics
11th
William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
southern Italy
Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.
Robert Guiscard
singing
1856
Serbian
1943
1856
1943
Serbian
alternating current
1884
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
New York City
War of Currents
1884
Thomas Edison
New York City
George Westinghouse
transformer
1893
high-voltage
mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
Colorado Springs
1893
boat
Wardenclyffe Tower project
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density
New York hotels
mad scientist
patents
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density
1990s
showmanship
Croatia
priest
eidetic
his mother's genetics
priest
Milutin Tesla
Đuka Tesla
making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
his mother's genetics and influence
four
German
1862
Dane
Milka, Angelina and Marica
killed in a horse-riding accident
Gospić, Austrian Empire
pastor
Martin Sekulić
German
integral calculus
cheating
1873
1870
to attend school
Martin Sekulić
German
1873
cholera
nine months
the best engineering school
enter the priesthood
Smiljan
1873
cholera
nine months
enter the priesthood
to send him to the best engineering school
Tomingaj
Mark Twain
the mountains
1874
hunter's garb
being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army
1874
he explored the mountains in hunter's garb
Mark Twain
1875
Austrian Polytechnic
1879
gambling
no
Graz, Austria
1875
1879
gambled
Tesla would be killed through overwork
left Graz
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
a draftsman
return home
nervous breakdown
1878
that he dropped out of school
His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.
draftsman
nervous breakdown
not having a residence permit
March 1879
60
a stroke
taught
for not having a residence permit.
1879
Higher Real Gymnasium
stroke
Prague
arrived too late
as an auditor
Charles-Ferdinand University
Prague
1880
Charles-Ferdinand University
two of Tesla's uncles
Budapest
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
a telephone repeater or amplifier
draftsman
1881
a telegraph company
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
1882
France
New York City
Thomas Edison
Edison Machine Works
Continental Edison Company
France
1884
Thomas Edison
Manhattan's lower east side
fifty thousand dollars
$10 a week raise
months
fifty thousand dollars
American humor.
US$10 a week raise
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla
patents
dynamo electric machine commutators
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
1886
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
Tesla
forced Tesla out
penniless
ditch digger
1886/1887
assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
ditch digger
various electrical repair jobs
a Western Union superintendent
April 1887
⅓ to Tesla, ⅓ to Peck and Brown, and ⅓ to fund development
Manhattan
1886
Western Union superintendent
Charles F. Peck
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
Tesla Electric Company
an induction motor
May 1888
a commutator
sparking
self-starting
1887
because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
mechanical brushes
1888
editor of Electrical World magazine
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1888
decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
Thomas Commerford Martin
Thomas Commerford Martin
George Westinghouse
Galileo Ferraris
physicist
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
1888
$60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
George Westinghouse
consultant
$60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
1888
$2,000
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
system to power the city's streetcars
60-cycle
DC traction motor
to power the city's streetcars.
a DC traction motor
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
lighting systems
AC development
General Electric
AC
Thomas Edison
1888
financial strain
General Electric
George Westinghouse
Chicago
General Electric
Tesla Polyphase System
Tesla Polyphase System
George Westinghouse
Chicago
1893
AC power
Richard Dean Adams
Niagara Falls
Westinghouse Electric
General Electric
a two-phased system
Richard Dean Adams
1893
two-phased system
most reliable
1896
$216,000
$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
$200,000
J. P. Morgan
an estimated $200,000
$216,000
35
New York
electric lamps
Tesla coil
1891
the Tesla coil.
35
wireless
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1894
vice president
1892 to 1894
the Institute of Radio Engineers
he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895
December 1895
the metal locking screw on the camera lens
1894
X-Rays
lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895
X-ray image
Mark Twain
X-ray imaging
March 1896
radiography
X-rays
Tesla Coil
1896
Tesla Coil
Roentgen rays
X-rays were longitudinal waves
damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin
skin damage
his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
force-free magnetic fields
ozone generated in contact with the skin
longitudinal waves
force-free magnetic fields
In his many notes
Benjamin Lamme
1893
Westinghouse Electric
Egg of Columbus
Tesla
1934
physically strike him
he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
bits of metal
National Electric Light Association
Tesla Coil
the Franklin Institute
1898
teleautomaton
Madison Square Garden
an electrical exhibition
monkey
1900
Marconi
1901
1943
Supreme Court of the United States
1899
Paris
15 June 1899
five inches
atmospheric
stationary
that the earth had a resonant frequency.
lightning
135 feet
15 miles
glowed even when turned off
Butterflies were electrified
power outage
repeatedly burned out
powerful high frequency currents
destroy
communications from another planet
Mars
Collier's Weekly
intercepted Marconi's European experiments
July 1899
$100,000
for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system
to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.
1899
1900
His lab was torn down
1904
sold
Wardenclyffe
trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
near Shoreham, Long Island
Morgan
Panic of 1901
shocked
over 50 letters
to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe.
Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
187 feet
200
16,000 rpm
1906
100–5,000 hp
steam
Houston Street lab
the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
World Today
eventually split the earth in two
application of electricity
saturating them unconsciously with electricity
William H. Maxwell
superintendent of New York City schools
overseas
lost
sold
$20,000
the Edison Medal.
Electrical Experimenter
fluorescent screen
radar
Émile Girardeau
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
announced a winner
animosity toward each other
38
Edison
1937
U.S. Patent 1,655,114
VTOL aircraft
less than $1,000
turbine engines
$125 per month
rent at the Hotel New Yorker
for the rest of Tesla's life
bad publicity
mechanical energy
over any terrestrial distance
minimal
mineral deposits
1935
feed the pigeons
a doctor
broken
early 1938
the fall of 1937
"teleforce" weapon
Van de Graaff generator
infantry
anti-aircraft purposes
death ray
1937
at a luncheon in his honor
tungsten
high voltage
Only a little
charged particle beam weapons
Nikola Tesla Museum archive
Belgrade
millions
all war
steal the invention
in his mind.
his papers
86
7 January 1943
maid Alice Monaghan
"do not disturb" sign
coronary thrombosis
FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings
John G. Trump
nothing
Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia
Louis Adamic
12 January
two thousand
the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
Belgrade
Sava Kosanović
Charlotte Muzar
Belgrade
Nikola Tesla Museum
around 300
26
Canada
patent archives
8:10 p.m
9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
3:00 a.m
headwaiter
between 8 to 10 miles per day
exercise
squished his toes
brain cells
telepathy
newspaper editor
one
pigeons
over $2,000
broken wing and leg
the park
hotel room
142 pounds
6 feet 2 inches
1888 to about 1926
New York City
eight
visions
picture thinking
blinding flashes of light
photographic memory
more than 48 hours
84 hours
Graz
Kenneth Swezey
journalist
chastity
women
toward the end of his life
Dorothy Skerrit
Robert Underwood Johnson
seclude himself
asocial
friend
Mark Twain
lab
late 1920s
overweight people
secretary
her weight
go home and change
electron
ether
transmitted electrical energy
19th
Einstein's
antagonistic
relativity
gravity
1892
curved
81
eugenics
ruthless
pity
1937
women
1926
Queen Bees
post-World War I
Science and Discovery
20 December 1914
League of Nations
Orthodox Christian
fanaticism
Buddhism and Christianity
"A Machine to End War"
uncertain
War
books and articles
magazines and journals
Ben Johnston
the web
1900
Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla.
science fiction
books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
several
Time magazine
75th birthday
electrical power generation
Einstein
more than 70
Computational complexity theory
inherent difficulty
computational problems
if its solution requires significant resources
mathematical models of computation
time and storage
number of gates in a circuit
determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
analysis of algorithms and computability theory
analysis of algorithms
computational complexity theory
computability theory
problem instance
the problem
concrete
instances
solution
2000
round trip through all sites in Milan
computational problems
problem instance
binary alphabet
bitstrings
binary notation
adjacency matrices
Decision problems
yes or no
1 or 0
yes
yes
arbitrary graph
formal language
how graphs are encoded as binary strings
a computational problem
a single output
A function problem
the integer factorization problem
complex
decision problems
set of triples
how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
the instance
as a function of the size of the instance
bits
an increase in the input size
Cobham's thesis
the time taken
worst-case time complexity
T(n)
polynomial time algorithm
A Turing machine
an algorithm
the Turing machine
symbols
A deterministic Turing machine
rules
A probabilistic Turing machine
A non-deterministic Turing machine
randomized algorithms
complexity classes
time or space
probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
random access machines
computational power
time and memory
the machines operate deterministically
non-deterministic
unusual resources
mathematical models
time
state transitions
difficulty
DTIME(f(n))
time
complexity resources
computational resource
Blum complexity axioms
Complexity measures
Complexity measures
best, worst and average
complexity measure
time
inputs
deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
worst-case
O(n2)
the most efficient algorithm
analysis of algorithms
lower bounds
upper bound
all possible algorithms
big O notation
constant factors and smaller terms
T(n) = O(n2)
the computational model
complexity classes
framework
complicated definitions
chosen machine model
linear time
single-tape Turing machines
Cobham-Edmonds thesis
complexity class P
time or space
bounding
complexity classes
BPP, ZPP and RP
Boolean
quantum
#P
Interactive
computation time
DTIME(n2)
time and space hierarchy theorems
a proper hierarchy on the classes defined
quantitative statements
time and space hierarchy theorems
EXPTIME
PSPACE
reduction
another problem
reduces
Karp reductions and Levin reductions
the bound on the complexity of reductions
polynomial-time reduction
multiplying two integers
polynomial time
input
multiplication
the type of reduction being used
if every problem in C can be reduced to X
solve any problem in C
NP-hard
NP-complete
NP
there is no known polynomial-time solution
NP
P
Cobham–Edmonds thesis
NP
Boolean satisfiability problem
Turing machines
more efficient solutions
protein structure prediction
$1,000,000
Ladner
NP-intermediate problems
graph isomorphism problem
The graph isomorphism problem
NP-complete
polynomial time hierarchy
second level
Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
The integer factorization problem
k
modern cryptographic systems
the general number field sieve
suspected to be unequal
P ⊆ NP ⊆ PP ⊆ PSPACE
between P and PSPACE
Proving that any of these classes are unequal
co-NP
reversed
not equal
P is not equal to NP
L
strictly contained in P or equal to P
complexity classes
NL and NC
if they are distinct or equal classes
intractable problems
exponential-time algorithms
NP-complete problems
Presburger arithmetic
algorithms have been written
NP-complete knapsack problem
in less than quadratic time
NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
foundations were laid out
Alan Turing
Turing machines
1936
a computer
On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
time and space
1965
John Myhill
1961
Hisao Yamada
input encoding
encoding
Manuel Blum
speed-up theorem
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
21
the curriculum.
pedagogy
university or college.
lesson plan
school
cultures
numeracy
craftsmanship
life skills
family member
home schooling
formal
transient
knowledge or skills
spiritual
religious
the Quran, Torah or Bible
Religious and spiritual teachers
homeschooling
paid professionals.
Chartered
the wider community
paid professionals.
school functions
extracurricular
study halls
teachers
teacher's colleges
to serve and protect the public interest
the public
teachers
standards of practice
members
allegations of professional misconduct
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
outdoors
tutor
academy
facilitate student learning
informal
pedagogy
field trips
increasing use of technology
the internet
skill
the relevant authority
learning
infants
standardized
particular skills
self-study and problem solving
encourage
deflate
a coach
the relationship between teachers and children
the whole curriculum
different subject specialists
primary school
surrogate
alternative
platoon
staying with the same group of peers for all classes
knowledgeable
United States
Co-teaching
two or more
learning
harmoniously
social networking support
corporal punishment
substitute parent
all the normal forms of parental discipline
the most common
While a child was in school
one of the most common
Most Western countries
United States
Supreme Court
physical pain
30
the South
declining
a specially made wooden paddle
privately in the principal's office
caning
some Asian, African and Caribbean countries
see School corporal punishment.
detention
detention
in schools
quietly
lines or a punishment essay
assertive
immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
firm, clear boundaries
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
respect
some teachers and parents
East Asia
weakness in school discipline
a more assertive and confrontational style
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
40 to 50 students
instruction
motivated students
attention-seeking and disruptive students
motivated students
popularly based authority
governments
persuasion and negotiation
easier and more efficient
good, clear laws
enthusiasm
passion
teach by rote
higher
teacher enthusiasm
read lecture material
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
Controlled, experimental studies
higher
self-determined
enthusiasm
emotional contagion
Teacher enthusiasm
student-teacher relationships
beneficial
the goals he receives from his superior.
aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
student motivation and attitudes towards school
friendly and supportive
friendly and supportive
interacting and working directly with students
effective
enthusiasm about the students
enthusiastic
in the student
very influential
teaching
sexual misconduct
9.6%
United States
sometime during their educational career.
American Association of University Women
England
priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
2,869
The AAUW study
United States
increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
Chris Keates
child protection and parental rights groups
a shortage of male teachers
the sex offenders register
occupational stress
long hours
occupational burnout
stress
occupational stress
42%
UK
twice the figure for the average profession
2012
average workers
several
Organizational interventions
Individual-level interventions
occupational stress among teachers
Organizational interventions
a university or college
certification by a recognized body
elementary school education certificate
a background check and psychiatric evaluation
US
the individual states and territories
three
tertiary education
universities and/or TAFE colleges
primary
a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree
a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education
the private sector, businesses and sponsors
civil servants
Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
Grundschule
civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
Gymnasium
Extra pay
27,814
53,423
90,000
the Teaching Council
Section 30
2001
Oireachtas funds
2006
new entrants to the teaching profession
on a phased basis
those who refuse vetting
41,004
experience and extra responsibilities
20,980
a bachelor's degree
September 2007
alternative licensing programs
hard-to-fill positions
vary
Excellent job opportunities
secondary school teachers
the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
Teaching
seven
Provisional Registration
after a year
April 2008
20,427
32,583
earn Chartered Teacher Status
trade unions
Wales
Welsh
until the age of 16
22
all age groups
trade unions
falling
between 2005 and 2010
trade unions
concern
each state
ten years
a bachelor's degree
charter schools
No Child Left Behind
relatively low salaries
average teacher salaries
more experience and higher education
elementary school teachers
TeachersPayTeachers.com
many
Protestant
not always
(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
LDS Church
many individuals
spiritual
the husband and father
the father of the house
guru
extremely high
their disciples
the West
a Lama
be reborn
Tulku
often many times
through phowa and siddhi
ulemas
ulemas
Sufism
actions-oriented
Qutb
German
18 February 1546
Catholic Church.
God's punishment
excommunication
gift of God's grace
faith in Jesus Christ
the Pope
Bible
holy priesthood
Bible
standard version
Tyndale Bible
singing in churches
Protestant clergy to marry.
10 November 1483
Eisleben, Saxony
Holy Roman Empire
Catholic
lawyer
University of Erfurt
beerhouse and whorehouse
at four
rote learning
1505
law
uncertainty
theology and philosophy
by experience
God
death and divine judgment,
2 July 1505
Augustinian cloister in Erfurt
deaths of two friends
Luther's education
Augustinian order
deep spiritual despair
jailer and hangman
Johann von Staupitz
a change of heart
1507
von Staupitz
1508
9 March 1508
Sentences by Peter Lombard
19 October 1512
21 October 1512
Doctor in Bible
University of Wittenberg
Doctor of Theology
1516
rebuild St. Peter's Basilica
Roman Catholic
charity and good works
charity and good works
31 October 1517
Albert of Mainz
The Ninety-Five Theses
Hans Hillerbrand
Thesis 86
Johann Tetzel
coin in the coffer
Luther
Johann Tetzel
God
salvation
punishments
false assurances
Christ
Tetzel
capacity to exaggerate
indulgences for the dead,
indulgences for the living
the posting on the door
posting on the door
Philipp Melanchthon
not in Wittenberg
little foundation in truth
January 1518
printing press
friends of Luther
two weeks
two months
1519
Students
early part
1520
On the Freedom of a Christian
lectured
penance and righteousness
corrupt in its ways
central truths of Christianity
doctrine of justification
God
1525
gift from God
Smalcald Articles
lives by faith
Christ and His salvation
Christ and His salvation
sale of indulgences
two points
Archbishop Albrecht
Rome
papal dispensation
one half
December 1517
Pope Leo X
papal theologians and envoys
October 1518
papacy was the Antichrist
arrest Luther
January 1519
remain silent
Johann Eck
Matthew 16:18
new Jan Hus
15 June 1520
recanted 41 sentences
60 days
Karl von Miltitz
3 January 1521
secular authorities
18 April 1521
estates of the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
Prince Frederick III
Johann Eck
Archbishop of Trier
stood by their contents
next day
confirmed
raised his arm
knight winning a bout
Michael Mullett
epoch-making oratory
recant his writings
Luther
not recorded
more dramatic form
private conferences
25 May 1521
Emperor
his arrest
kill Luther
Luther's disappearance
Wartburg Castle
my Patmos
New Testament
shamed
a sin
cannot be earned
1 August 1521
trust in Christ
justice
summer of 1521
condemned as idolatry
a gift
private confession and absolution
break their vows
prophetic faith
1521
Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
the Little Horn
antichrist
Gabriel Zwilling
June 1521
disturbances
Zwickau prophets
town council
6 March 1522
personal presence
preached eight sermons
Invocavit Sermons
trust God's word
immediate
Jerome Schurf
After the sixth sermon
joy
misguided
public order
conservative
Zwickau prophets
unrest and violence.
established Church
Zwickau prophet
German Peasants' War
1524–25
support an attack
upper classes
temporal authorities
tour of Thuringia
mad dogs
the devil's work
the nobles
on three grounds
ignoring Christ's counsel
God
Divine Right of Kings
in body and soul
backing for the uprising
Swabian League
15 May 1525
Müntzer's execution
the secular powers
Katharina von Bora
in herring barrels
26 years old
41 years old
April 1523
13 June 1525
evening
wedding banquet
27 June
Johannes Bugenhagen
seal of approval
clerical marriage
on Biblical grounds
death of a heretic
reckless
The Black Cloister
former monastery
six children
riches of Croesus
farming the land
choosing their own ministers
supervisory church body
new form
two catechisms
revolutionary
extreme change
Electorate of Saxony
adviser
John the Steadfast
under the temporal sovereign
early 1526
1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass
simple people
sacrifice
freedom of ceremony
1527
visitation of the Electorate
Christian education
Christian doctrine
incapable of teaching
catechism
1529
pastors and teachers
the people
questions and answers
The catechism
writings in volumes
the Catechism
Small Catechism
the Bible
Small Catechism
Larger Catechism
German vernacular
as persons
with the Father
1522
1534
the translation
alone
Faith alone
Saxon chancellery
northern and southern
everyday Germans
read it without hindrance
impediments and difficulties
German-language publications
Bible translation
evolution of the German language
Lucas Cranach
William Tyndale
authoring hymns
high art and folk music
singing of German hymns
lute
waldzither
events in his life
for Lutheran views
Ein neues Lied wir heben an
John C. Messenger
Flung to the Heedless Winds
1524
Apostles' Creed
Small Catechism
German creedal hymn
difficulty of its tune
1538
Small Catechism
specific catechism questions
multiple revisions
Luther's tune
1523
Psalm 130
write psalm-hymns
Achtliederbuch
Reformation doctrine
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Veni redemptor gentium
main hymn
two hymns
German Te Deum
baptism
Johann Walter
prayer for grace
J. S. Bach
Halle
early Lutheran hymnals
four
18
24
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
Johann Sebastian Bach
chorale cantatas
1707
1724 to 1725
1735
sleeps
idea of torments
sleep in peace
rejected the existence
Smalcald Articles
Franz Pieper
Johann Gerhard
Gerhard. Lessing
1755
Commentary on Genesis
Francis Blackburne
1765
Gottfried Fritschel
dreams
October 1529
Landgrave of Hesse
doctrinal unity
fourteen points
nature of the Eucharist
words spoken by Jesus
body and blood of Christ
sacramental union
symbolically present
confrontational
1530
Marburg Colloquy
Schmalkaldic League
The Swiss cities
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
antithetical
reason
no way contributes
reason
different epistemological spheres.
Jesus Christ was born a Jew
Jewish conversion to Christianity
Jews
Anabaptists
1543
as a scourge
to punish Christians
destroy the antichrist
the papacy
secular war
Qur'an
critical pamphlets on Islam
Islam
tool of the devil
exposed to scrutiny.
God's wrath to Christians
Johannes Agricola
city hall
theses against Agricola
On the Councils and the Church
second use of the law
work sorrow over sin
everything
eliminate the accusing law
essentially holy people
ought to live
Ten Commandments
third use of the law
illustration of the Ten Commandments
Ten Commandments
baptism
Ten Commandments
service to the neighbor
wanted to marry
bigamy
one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
holds Luther accountable
lasting damage
expelled Jews
Jews
murder of Christ
divinity of Jesus
convert them to Christianity.
Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen
1543
three years before
the devil's people
sanction for murder
the Jews
Martin Luther
doomed to perdition
Luther's anti-Jewish works
Throughout the 1580s
Luther
anti-Jewish rhetoric
attacks on Jews
Luther
radically anti-Semitic
17 December 1941
Luther
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Bishop Martin Sasse
greatest antisemite
opportunistic
misguided agitation
modern hatred of the Jews
18th and 19th centuries
religious and in no respect racial
violence
Ronald Berger
hysterical and demonizing mentality
Lutheran clergy and theologians
Luther's hostile publications
declining state of mind
his health
vulgarity and violence
Muslims) and Catholics
Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
Since the 1980s
least prejudiced
Richard (Dick) Geary
1928-1933
his health deteriorated
bigamy of the Philip of Hesse
kidney and bladder stones
arthritis, and an ear infection
angina
poor physical health
writings and comments
harsher
His wife Katharina
three times
Eisleben
15 February 1546
Jews
all German territory
that they convert
Mansfeld
negotiations
late 1545
early 1546
his siblings' families
17 February 1546
chest pains
Ps. 31:5
prayer of the dying
1 a.m
apoplectic stroke
2:45 a.m
18 February 1546
in the Castle Church
Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
his last statement
Latin
"We are beggars,"
monumental
frail Catholic saints
physically imposing
religious orders
1530s and 1540s
18 February
Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
31 October
Church of England's Calendar of Saints
Luther is honoured
SoCal
10 counties
economic center
demographics and economic ties
historical political divisions
Southern California Megaregion
11
Nevada
Mexican
Tijuana
Pacific
seven
12 million
San Diego
17.5 million
Colorado River
Colorado Desert
Mojave Desert
Mexico–United States border
California
3,792,621
Los Angeles
San Diego
south
Los Angeles
United States
counties
15
counties
Hollywood
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
music
Sony
skateboard
Tony Hawk
Shaun White
Oahu
Transpac
Palm Springs
beaches
southern
open spaces
37° 9' 58.23"
11
ten
Tehachapi Mountains
northern
Mexico
Alta California
Monterey
the Missouri Compromise
free
inequitable taxes
Cow Counties
three
75
Milton Latham
Los Angeles Times
1900
1999
Imperial
seven
regional tourism groups
California State Automobile Association
three-region
Tehachapis
southern
third
vast areas
suburban
highways
international metropolitan
Camp Pendleton
Inland Empire
United States Census Bureau
Orange
1990s
Mediterranean
infrequent rain
60's
very rare
70
Pacific Ocean
varied
topographic
Peninsular
valleys
10,000
small
6.7
property damage
$20 billion
San Andreas
6.7
Puente Hills
USGS
occurrence
economically
global
economic
2010
high growth rates
10.0%
tech-oriented
Greater Sacramento
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
two
five million
Southern Border Region
17,786,419
Los Angeles
1.3 million
twelve
100,000
Riverside
petroleum
Hollywood
the housing bubble
diverse
heavily impacted
1920s
richest
citrus
cattle
aerospace
business
Central business districts
South Coast Metro
business
Los Angeles Area
San Fernando Valley
Los Angeles
business
Riverside
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
Orange
University of California, Irvine
West Irvine
South Coast Metro
rapidly
Downtown San Diego
Northern San Diego
North County
San Diego
Los Angeles International Airport
passenger volume
third
San Diego International Airport
Van Nuys Airport
Metrolink
seven
Six
Orange
Port of Los Angeles
Port of San Diego
Southern
The Tech Coast
research
private
5
12
NFL
NBA
MLB
Los Angeles Kings
LA Galaxy
Chivas USA
two
2014
StubHub Center
2018
College
UCLA
Trojans
Pac-12
Division I
Rugby
high school
an official school sport
BSkyB
BSkyB
2014
Sky plc
Sky UK Limited
2006
two
Sky
£1.3bn
ONdigital
Freeview
three
Sky Three
Pick TV
Sky+ PVR
September 2007
monthly fee
January 2010
Sky+HD Box
VideoGuard
NDS
Cisco Systems
BSkyB
Sky+
basic channels
2007
substantially increased the asking price
Video On Demand
HD channels
July 2013
2013
OneDrive
OneDrive for Business
cloud storage
Sam Chisholm
Astra
27 September 2001
Sky Digital
3.5 million
BSkyB
telecommunications
11 million
Freeview
Sky Q Hub
Sky Q Silver set top boxes
share recordings
2016
2016
DVB-compliant MPEG-2
Dolby Digital
MPEG-4
OpenTV
DVB-S2
1998
Astra 2A
Eutelsat's Eurobird 1
hundreds
28.5°E
22 May 2006
40,000
Thomson
17,000
4,222,000
8 February 2007
March
digital terrestrial
Virgin Media
English Premier League Football
free-to-view
monthly subscription
VideoGuard UK
Ku band
Sky
1991
ITV
£34m
BBC
£304m
Ofcom
£15–100,000
no
not
not
1 October 1998
Sky Digital
Sky Active
ONdigital
100,000
2007
Virgin Media
Video On Demand
BBC HD
Channel 4 HD
10 million
25m
August 2004
36%
flattened
Welfare Cash Card
essentials
often damaging
Sky TV bills
a man's presence
£30m
no
Virgin Media
BSkyB
basic channels
diversified
second
fourth
Melbourne
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Bendigo
New South Wales
Buckland Valley
over 1,000
cramped and unsanitary
multi-member proportional
eight
five
four years
every four years
Australian Labor Party
Liberal Party
National Party
The Greens
Labor
61.1%
26.7%
Buddhism
168,637
20%
south-east
most densely populated
second
Melbourne
second-largest
Koori
1788
New South Wales
Sullivan Bay
1803
26,000 square kilometres
50%
6,000 square kilometres
90%
270,000
1975
1855 colonial constitution
Parliament of Victoria
"entrenched" provisions
Victoria Constitution Act 1855
warmest regions
32 °C
15 °C
48.8 °C
2009
state or government
Victoria Department of Education
some extra costs
Roman Catholic Church
curriculum
major car brands
2017
May 2013
October 2016
Ford
2,000 m
Mount Bogong
1,986 m
river systems
helmeted honeyeater
Victorian Alps
Great Dividing Range
east-west
below 0 °C
−11.7 °C
government-owned
Metro Trains Melbourne
Victorian Government
freight services
passenger
37
12
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
Linda Dessau
1 July 1851
1851
gold rush
sevenfold
20 million ounces
1,548
489
540,800
63,519
61
Victoria
3 million
60%
two-thirds
Asia
1,600 mm
1,435 mm
760 mm
mountainous areas
five
1788
New South Wales
New Holland
Sydney
1854
British troops
Eureka Stockade
mining licence fees
Colony of Victoria Act
most seats
Premier
representatives
Daniel Andrews
elected
$8.7 billion
17%
32,463
136,000 square kilometres
60%
tourism
sports
Melbourne
regional cities
SurfClassic
the southern and central parts of France
about one-eighth the number
from 1562 to 1598
the Edict of Nantes
granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
derision
Geneva
Besançon Hugues
Amboise plot
1560
availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
Around 1294
Guyard de Moulin
1487
Paris
villes de sûreté
Montpellier
Edict of Alès
1622
1629
at the Cape of Good Hope
Cape Town
Maria de la Queillerie
Dutch East India Company
1700
1624
Jessé de Forest
L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
Brooklyn
the Charleston Orange district
the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
Pons
1697
Charleston, South Carolina
William III of Orange
King of England
League of Augsburg
Dutch Republic
1672
Edict of Fontainebleau
1685
Louis XIV
500,000
Catholic Church in France
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
5,000 to 30,000
their own militia
some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
between 1621 and 1629
southwestern France
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Huguenot rebellions
one million
2%
Alsace
Cévennes
Australia
New Rochelle
New Paltz
"Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz
the oldest street in the United States of America
Staten Island
the Dutch Republic
an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people
ca. 2 million
Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Tours
Huguon
the ghost of le roi Huguet
prétendus réformés
night
Canterbury
The Weavers
economic separation
Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
a restaurant
Cork City
Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
Dublin
a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland
1696
brain drain
New France
non-Catholics
Seven Years' War
1759-60
Henry of Navarre
1598
granted the Protestants equality with Catholics
the founding of new Protestant churches
Protestantism
education of children as Catholics
prohibited emigration
Four thousand
"new converts"
Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
Switzerland and the Netherlands
1555
France Antarctique
1560
the Guanabara Confession of Faith
Afrikaans
wine industry
Western Cape province
surnames
Paul Revere
Henry Laurens
Charleston, South Carolina
Manakin Episcopal Church
Texas
lace
'Bucks Point'
twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
first half of the eighteenth century
Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
one-fifth
in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
1806-07
Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
Prussia
Cévennes
Camisards
the Catholic Church in the region
1702 and 1709
Jacksonville
Jean Ribault
Fort Caroline
Spanish
1565
Charlesfort
Parris Island
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1562
The Wars of Religion
Virginia
Lower Norfolk County
Manakin Town
390
12 May 1705
1568–1609
Spain
"Apologie"
William the Silent
Calvinist
Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
1708
50,000
Andrew Lortie
the doctrine of transubstantiation
Williamite war
William of Orange
Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
flax cultivation
Irish linen industry
Prince Louis de Condé
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
glass-making
1890s
1604
Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
Protestant
Quebec
Dutch Cape Colony
they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
Hugues Capet
The "Hugues hypothesis"
Janet Gray
little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
double or triple non-French linguistic origins
Jacques Lefevre
University of Paris
1530
William Farel
Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
24 August – 3 October 1572
Catholics
Nearly 3,000
1573
almost 25,000
Louis XIV
acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert
he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts
closed Huguenot schools
dragonnades
Westchester
"Bauffet's Point"
John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
La Rochelle
Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
affiliated with other Protestant denominations
married outside their immediate French communities
E.I. du Pont
into the nineteenth century
Eleutherian gunpowder mills
Pierre Bayle
Rotterdam
Historical and Critical Dictionary
US Library of Congress
Saint Nicolas
The French Protestant Church of London
1550
Soho Square
Shoreditch
1724
Lutheran and Reformed
Germany and Scandinavia
Edict of Potsdam
Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
Huguenots furnished two new regiments
Frederick William
Theodor Fontane
Adolf Galland
Lothar de Maizière
Federal Minister of the Interior
solar
Rankine
steam
high
external combustion
atmospheric engine
Thomas Newcomen
1712
steam pump
Papin
United Kingdom
21 February 1804
Abercynon
Wales
south
water pump
multi-stage centrifugal
1850s
steam locomotives
lower-pressure boiler feed water
three
quadruple expansion engines
19th
marine triple expansion
Olympic
Corliss
Joy
lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
Lead fusible plugs
melts
steam escapes
manually suppress the fire
dampening the fire
James Watt
rotary
ten
1883
Industrial Revolution
first
Hero of Alexandria
Greek
Giovanni Branca
1606
compound
expansions
shipping
internal combustion engines
coal
steam turbines
late
several hundred
90
electric
burning combustible materials
combustion chamber
solar
electric
steam engine indicator
1851
Charles Porter
Charles Richard
London Exhibition
90
180
90
counterflow
two
one
four
expansion
Quasiturbine
counterflow
port
oscillating cylinder
trunnion
models
ships
recycled continuously
open loop
Mercury
water
working fluid
565
stainless steel
63%
30 °C
Steam engines
steamboats
Stanley Steamer
factories
increase in the land available for cultivation
Catch Me Who Can
Matthew Murray
twin-cylinder
Middleton Railway
Stockton and Darlington
Arthur Woolf
British
torque variability
cylinder volume
90
reciprocating steam engines
gas turbines
steam turbines
reduction
Rankine cycle
removed in a condenser
1990s
biomass
Scottish
duty
17
7 million
94
Watt
steam turbines
Reciprocating piston
turbine
internal combustion
Thomas Savery
water pump
1698
Bento de Moura Portugal
John Smeaton
Richard Trevithick
Oliver Evans
1802
transport
power
Energiprojekt AB
Sweden
5
8.8
27-30
surface condensers
automobile radiator
where water is costly
wet
3600
centrifugal governor
Boulton
flour mill
cotton spinning
hold a set speed
1880
railway locomotives
complicated
1930
road engines
shortening the cutoff
kick back
evacuate the cylinder
fixed
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
Spanish
1606
1698
1712
rotating discs
drive shaft
static discs
turbine casing
3600 revolutions per minute
lower
electric motors
steam turbine
Advanced Steam
pollution
Wankel
cylinders and valve gear
thermal expansion
1775
condenser
half
Newcomen's
piston
two
plug valve
adjustable spring-loaded
seal
more power
Corliss steam engine
1849
30%
four
Rumford medal
thermodynamic
Watt
condenser
Joseph Black
latent heat
during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
liquid
1% to 3%
1500 °C
injector
recover the latent heat of vaporisation
superheaters
bunker
stoking
feed water
British
dreadnought battleships
ocean liners
1905
water
turbine
electrical generator
turbo-electric transmission
Britain
practical Carnot cycle
in the condenser
constant pressure
isothermal
liquid
8
helium
two atoms
almost half
Diatomic oxygen
20.8%
Oxygen
8
monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend
By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium
8
chalcogen
oxides
third
dioxygen
photosynthesis
sunlight
high-altitude ozone layer
oxygen
water
photosynthesis
water
ozone
Robert Boyle
John Mayow
nitroaereus
1679
Robert Boyle
nitroaereus
17th century
respiration
John Mayow
Joseph Priestley
clergyman
HgO
mercuric oxide (HgO)
mercuric oxide
dephlogisticated air
1775
published his findings first
active
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo of Byzantium
2nd century BCE
incorrectly
Philo of Byzantium
fire
Pneumatica
Leonardo da Vinci
air
heat or a spark
Oxygen is the oxidant
compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative
Oxygen
ignition event
oxidant
rapid combustion
chemical energy
compounds of oxygen
pure O
oxygen
1⁄3
special training
combustion
storage vessels
special training
Apollo 1 crew
oxides of silicon
carbon dioxide
mantle
carbon dioxide
Earth's crustal rock
Earth's mantle
mantle
complex silicates
monatomic
simplest
HO
hydrogen
Avogadro's law
phlogiston
non-combustible
Air
metals
become lighter
covalent double bond
two
Aufbau
chemically
molecular orbitals
1773
1774
work was published first
Antoine Lavoisier
phlogiston theory
spin triplet state
triplet oxygen
unpaired electrons
spontaneous
antibonding
air
weight
weight
1777
azote
ozone
allotrope
lung tissue
protective radiation shield
UV
dioxygen
O2
major
energy content
cellular respiration
James Dewar
1891
1895
oxyacetylene
Oxygen
temperature
6.04 milliliters
seawater
twice
most abundant
third
0.9%
world's oceans
ultraviolet radiation
late 19th
compressing and cooling
Raoul Pierre Pictet
few drops
March 29, 1883
Sun
oxygen-16
Genesis spacecraft
unknown
Earth
Singlet
organic molecules
photosynthesis
photolysis of ozone
Carotenoids
Paleoclimatologists
climate
12%
oxygen-18
lower global temperatures
687 and 760 nm
carbon cycle
satellite platform
global
remote sensing
paramagnetic
Liquid oxygen
unpaired electrons
magnetic field
powerful magnet
dangerous by-products
destroy invading microbes
pathogen attack
anaerobic
2.5 billion years ago
90.20 K
clear
liquefied air
liquid nitrogen
combustible materials
water
lower
higher oxygen content
algae
biochemical oxygen demand
3.5 billion years ago
Paleoproterozoic
banded iron formations
1.7 billion years ago
3–2.7 billion years ago
oxygen cycle
biogeochemical
three
photosynthesis
oxygen
zeolite molecular sieves
90% to 93%
nitrogen
non-cryogenic
major method
water
oxygen and hydrogen
DC
oxides and oxoacids
Chemical
recreational
mild euphoric
performance
placebo
aerobic
Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine
carbon monoxide
anaerobic bacteria
Decompression sickness
Oxygen therapy
heart
oxygen supplementation
respiration
gaseous oxygen.
electronegativity
oxides
FeO
oxide
corrosion
cabin depressurization
chemical
exothermic
oxygen gas
storage
insulated tankers
liquid
compressed gas
hospitals
organic solvents
organic compounds
feeder materials
Epoxides
important
biomolecules
Only a few
carbohydrates
proteins
bones
Oxygen toxicity
pulmonary fibrosis
160 kPa
Acute oxygen toxicity
seizures
low total pressures
30 kPa
1.4 times normal
no damage
only marginally more
at elevated partial pressures
50 kilopascals
50% oxygen
mechanical ventilators
30%–50%
October 1973
nearly $12
1979
first oil shock
members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
to avoid being targeted by the boycott
They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
January 18, 1974,
March 1974
On August 15, 1971
to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
industrialized nations increased their reserves
In September 1971
oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
risen by less than two percent per year
After 1971
1973–1974
Until the oil shock
On October 6, 1973
Iran
ten times more
Iran
renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict
In response to American aid to Israel
October 16, 1973,
until their economic and political objectives were met
$2.2 billion
American aid to Israel
over 100 billion dollars
Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
Middle East
shrinking Western demand
Wahhabism
distribution and price disruptions
USSR
1973
Kissinger
The embargo
automobiles
Macroeconomic problems
Arctic
five to ten years
Netherlands
America
UK
Israel
Ted Heath
UK
a series of strikes
winter of 1973–74
Germany
Sweden
Price controls
encourage investment
Price controls
rationing
William E. Simon
In 1973
coordinate the response to the embargo
last week of February 1974,
55 mph
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Bill Clinton
November 28, 1995
1977
energy crisis
market and technology realities
congresses and presidents
U.S
British Prime Minister Edward Heath
10 years
Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
Japan
71%
5% production cut
November 22
December 25
USSR's invasion
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi Arabia
January 1979
November 1979
large cars
Japanese imports
V8 and six cylinder engines
Japan
A decade after the 1973
Toyota Corona Mark II
power steering
Lexus
Toyota Hilux
Dodge D-50
Ford, Chrysler, and GM
captive import policy
An increase in imported cars
at least four passengers
1985
Lincoln Continental,
Chevrolet Bel Air
1979
1981
Mustang I
1981
1980s
recover market share
nearly $40 per barrel
Project Mercury
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1968
Dwight D. Eisenhower
two
1961 to 1972
Gemini program
Soviet Union
Skylab
1967
prelaunch test
Budget cuts
Five
oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
Apollo 8
Apollo 17
382 kg
avionics, telecommunications, and computers
one
three
Abe Silverstein
manned lunar landings
early 1960
1960
Maxime Faget
three
Hugh L. Dryden
John F. Kennedy
Soviet Union
massive financial commitment
James E. Webb
missile gap
Yuri Gagarin
Soviet Union
one day
refusing to make a commitment
April 20
Lyndon B. Johnson
approximately one week
neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
Robert R. Gilruth
NASA's Langley Research Center
Houston, Texas
Rice University
Florida
Merritt Island
Kurt H. Debus
Director
Kennedy
three
Apollo spacecraft
250,000 feet
130 million cubic foot
Dr. George E. Mueller
July 23, 1963
D. Brainerd Holmes
Mueller
Air Force missile projects
United States Air Force
General Samuel C. Phillips
January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969
Apollo Program Director
a rendezvous —let alone a docking
1961
Robert Seamans
Nicholas E. Golovin
July 1961
Manned Spacecraft Center
Joseph Shea
Marshall Space Flight Center
Jerome Wiesner
Golovin
NASA
July 11, 1962
Wiesner
"No, that's no good"
Lunar Excursion Module
Grumman
spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
Apollo 13
propulsion, electrical power and life support
1964
cone-shaped
Command/Service Module
two
three
ocean
ablative heat shield
Parachutes
5,560 kg
Service Module (SM)
high-gain S-band antenna
discarded
51,300 pounds
orbital scientific instrument package
North American Aviation
twice the thrust
1964
Saturn V
two
Not
15,100 kg
3 days
Wernher von Braun
Army
June 11, 1962
dummy upper stages filled with water
1964 and 1965
Pegasus satellites
frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
Saturn IB
200,000 lbf
third stage
40,000 pounds
three-stage Saturn V
33 feet
three
burned liquid hydrogen
Mercury and Gemini
All missions
Dr. Harrison Schmitt
Apollo 17
last mission
32
Distinguished Service Medal
1969
discipline problems
Apollo 8
1966
265.7 nautical miles
25,700 km
heat shield
unmanned
new Apollo spacesuit
traditional visor helmet
a water-cooled undergarment
Lunar Module Pilot
Deke Slayton
Mercury
1966
Donn F. Eisele
AS-205
canceled
August 1967
AS-205/208
Apollo 1 backup crew
Samuel Phillips
"tiger team"
1967
George Mueller
altitude chamber
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
launch countdown
North American
strange odor in their spacesuits
January 27, 1967
electrical fire
asphyxiated
100% oxygen
both houses of Congress
deficiencies
George Low
immediately
nitrogen/oxygen mixture
flammable cabin and space suit materials
quick-release, outward opening door
discontinued
fire-resistant Block II
sequence
successful
letters
AS-501
heat shield
April 4, 1968
third unmanned test
Apollo 5
pad 37
Grumman
success
"fire-in-the-hole"
two Saturn IBs
Zond 5
Christmas Eve
orbit the Moon
human cosmonauts
Gemini
July 1969
black-and-white television
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
July 24
Apollo 12
Surveyor 3
returned to Earth
the Sun
Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)
Block II spacesuit
eight
over three days
mass
liquid oxygen tank exploded
rookies
grounded
oxygen tank
April 1970
Apollo 20
began to shrink
museum exhibits
1971
extremely old
4.6 billion years
KREEP
Genesis Rock
micrometeoroid impact craters
impact process effects
materials melted near an impact crater.
$170 billion
15
$20.4 billion
Apollo X
Apollo Applications Program
Venus
1973
on the ground
February 8, 1974
Apollo Telescope Mount
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Apollo 11
unknown
Apollo 8
Book of Genesis
one-quarter
inspiring end
special Apollo TV camera
incompatible
magnetic tape shortage
newer satellite data
Stan Lebar
Nafzger
without destroying historical legitimacy
kinescope recordings
Lowry Digital
black and white
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
a body of treaties and legislation
Treaties establishing the European Union
regulations and directives
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
a body of treaties and legislation
direct effect or indirect effect
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
the Treaties establishing the European Union
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
three
courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
courts of member states
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
international law
courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
international law
the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the courts of member states
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Commission
citizens
The European Court of Justice
The "European Council"
Treaty on European Union (TEU)
the Faroe Islands
can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity
if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Gibraltar and the Åland islands
Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
1985
in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
Greenland
common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
1992
1986
1972
1985
Following the Nice Treaty
referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
very similar
an amending treaty
altered the existing treaties
there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
this would have also produced a single constitutional document
the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
the Lisbon Treaty
The European Commission
the Commission
The Commission's President
one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
Federica Mogherini
Article 17(3)
The Commission's President
simple majority vote
Ireland
Commissioners
the Santer Commission
did in fact not break any law
Committee of Independent Experts
European Council
do not have voting rights
1999
Commission v Edith Cresson
a Committee of Independent Experts
the European Anti-fraud Office
2012
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
every five years
two-thirds majority
the Commission and Council
the Commission
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
1979
every five years
the conservative European People's Party
different ministers of the member states
Donald Tusk
inversely
352
260
the Council
each six months
352
at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU
a majority
qualified majority
harder
TEU articles 4 and 5
Court of Justice
TFEU article 294
legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
TEU articles 4 and 5
Conciliation Committee
judicial branch
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
28
member state courts
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
the Court of Justice of the European Union
Civil Service Tribunal
three years
to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
EU law
nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958
1964 and 1968
the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
1964
the Court of Justice
EU law
foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
1972
the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
administrative law
1986
All actions
constitutional law
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
article 30
a postal company
Treaty provisions
Directives
4 weeks
28 days
early 1990s
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company
10 years
British Gas plc
women retire at age 60 and men at 65
national courts
incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
6 million Lira
the European Court of Justice
fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
since the 1950s
in Article 5
the least onerous
since the 1960s
international law and public law
a proper legal basis
the principles of legal certainty and good faith
from the constitutional traditions common to the member states
fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
None
member states
1950
European Court of Human Rights.
1999
2007
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
European Union law
European Court of Justice
1997 Treaty of Amsterdam
1997
1989
30
40
11 of the then 12 member states
The UK
the "Social Chapter"
1992
the election of the UK Labour Party to government
1997
Works Council Directive
1996
workforce consultation in businesses
France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
1951
cartels
article 66
1957
Article 101(1)
the abuse of dominant position
Articles 106 and 107
Article 102
2007
1957
consumer prices
free trade
the Court of Justice
a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination
parallel importers like Mr Dassonville
private actors
Commission v France
a protest that blocked heavy traffic
25
France
2003
cocoa butter
motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers
Keck and Mithouard
cut throat competition
Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
the European Community
citizenship
Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
articles 1 to 7
Jean-Marc Bosman
Gaelic
Hendrix v Employee
between 3 and 14 hours a week
Citizenship of the EU
the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
Commission v Austria
higher education
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
if they were non-discriminatory
Reyners v Belgium
article 49
Commission v Italy
2006
shipping toxic waste
October 2007
2005
to people who give services "for remuneration"
because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
narcotic drugs
the treatment
the Daily Mail
£1
200,000 Danish krone
creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle,
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
This region includes territory belonging to nine nations.
States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.
The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
Amazoneregenwoud
The Amazon rainforest
Brazil
over half
16,000
moist broadleaf forest
7,000,000 square kilometres (2,70
nine nations
Brazil
16,000 species
the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
45
Climate fluctuations
Oligocene
It expanded
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
66–34 Mya
Middle Miocene
last glacial maximum
34 million years
During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.
Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic,
Solimões Basin
Within the last 5–10 million years
joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
During the mid-Eocene
the Atlantic
the Pacific
Amazonas Basin
the Solimões Basin
the mid-Eocene
Purus Arch
the Atlantic
the Pacific
Solimões Basin
Last Glacial Maximum
rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
This debate has proved difficult
explanations are reasonably well supported
21,000
the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
sediment deposits
reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
21,000
sediment deposits
moist tropical vegetation cover
open forest and grassland
data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
CALIPSO
182 million tons
1,600 miles
Amazon basin
132 million tons
NASA's CALIPSO satellite
182 million tons
27.7 million tons
132 million tons
43 million tons
CALIPSO
NASA
182 million tons
1,600 miles
27.7 million tons
Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.52/sq mi
agriculture
anthropological
5 million
the poor soil
Betty Meggers
0.2
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
Betty Meggers
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
5 million people
200,000.
Francisco de Orellana
1540s
diseases from Europe
1970s
AD 0–1250
Francisco de Orellana
1542
AD 0–1250
Ondemar Dias
11,000 years
black earth
large areas
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida
Terra preta (black earth)
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger and colleagues
roads, bridges and large plazas
2.5 million
One in five
40,000
one in five
96,660 and 128,843
2.5 million
2,000
40,000
378
One in five
62 acres
1,100
90,790
356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
438,000
highest on Earth
1,100
90,790 tonnes
356 ± 47 tonnes
438,000
electric eels
black caiman
piranha
lipophilic alkaloid toxins
Vampire bats
Deforestation
the early 1960s
slash and burn method
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye
415,000
587,000
pasture for cattle
second-largest global producer
91%
soy farmers
increased settlement and deforestation
8,646 sq mi
deforestation has declined
18% higher
loss of biodiversity
destruction of the forest
carbon contained within the vegetation
10% of the carbon stores
1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes
reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
greenhouse gas emissions
2100
though the 21st century
climate change in addition to deforestation
indigenous territories
community-based conservation
deforestation and ecocide
Urarina
lowland South American
remote sensing
Trio Tribe
southern Suriname
to help strengthen their territorial claims
to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
tree growth
carbon related emissions
Tatiana Kuplich
2006
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
2005
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
deforestation
savanna or desert
Woods Hole Research Center
2010
1,160,000
three epicenters
2005
1.5 gigatons
comb jellies
marine waters worldwide.
a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
phylum of animals that live in marine waters
‘combs’ – groups of cilia
water flow through the body cavity
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
‘combs’ – groups of cilia
comb jellies
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
water flow through the body cavity
κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'
marine waters
ten times their own weight
100–150
possibly another 25
100–150 species
tentilla
ten times their own weight
tentacles
groups of large, stiffened cilia
ten times their own weight
tentilla
groups of large, stiffened cilia
colloblasts
100–150 species
Most species are hermaphrodites
miniature cydippids
In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size
can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
sequential
platyctenids
hermaphroditism and early reproduction
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
the eggs and sperm mature at different times
platyctenids
beroids
the Black Sea
Mnemiopsis
over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
other ctenophores
Mnemiopsis
fish larvae and organisms
In bays
In bays
planktonic plants
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
introduction of Beroe
66 million years ago
monophyletic
515 million years
tentacles
515 million years
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
monophyletic
tentacles
cnidarians
by having colloblasts
bilaterians
Ctenophores
colloblasts
cnidarians
colloblasts
colloblasts
ctenophores and cnidarians
bilaterians
mesoglea
diploblastic
sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores
sponges
cilia
method of locomotion
ctenes
comb-bearing
Pleurobrachia
oceanic species
to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
epithelium
bioluminescence
pharynx
a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.
the mouth and pharynx;
swimming-plates
also called "ctenes" or "comb plates
supporting function
in the direction in which the mouth is pointing,
2 millimeters (0.079 in)
osmotic pressure
the mesoglea
increase its bulk and decrease its density
pump water out of the mesoglea
aboral organ
at the opposite end from the mouth
a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
a statocyst
a balance sensor
sea gooseberry
a pair of long, slender tentacles
more or less rounded
a sheath
at the narrow end
tentilla
specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
they contain striated muscle,
three types of movement
capturing prey
eight rows
from near the mouth to the opposite end
evenly round the body
ciliary groove
lobes
gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents
four
help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
suspended planktonic prey
by clapping their lobes
jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
nerves
water disturbances created by the cilia
Nuda
The Beroida
zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,
"zip" the mouth shut
large pharynx
The Cestida
Cestum veneris
belt animals
by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
Velamen parallelum
a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles
cling to and creep on surfaces
comb-rows
on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
via pores in the epidermis
internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
Mnemiopsis
in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
external
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
among the plankton
after dropping to the sea-floor
more like true larvae
Beroe
they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce
are disturbed,
ink
Juveniles will luminesce more brightly
Almost all ctenophores are predators
jellyfish
incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.
Lampea
their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
chum salmon
ctenophores
the Red Sea
ctenophores,
ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
via the ballast tanks of ships
by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,
in the late 1980s
significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
comb jelly.
Cambrian period.
Three additional putative species
lacked tentacles
515 million years
Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris
Stromatoveris
Vendobionta
Ediacaran period
all other animals
Porifera
beroids
monophyletic
65.5 million years ago
Richard Harbison
Fresno
220 miles (350 km)
ash tree
ash leaf
(/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh)
1872
the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
1885
47 streetcars
store
2.7%
Chinatown
Pinedale
an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
an assembly center
BankAmericard
BankAmericard
to revolve a balance
1976
Visa Inc.
Bill Aken
Bob Gallion
Madera
The Fresno Barn
Lupe Mayorga
three
Roeding Park
Kearney Park
Shinzen Japanese Gardens
Kearney Park
Between the 1880s and World War II
Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
Hughes Hotel
1964
Fulton Mall
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
near their current locations
wide sidewalks
Fresno's far southeast side
Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
1950s through the 1970s
Sunnyside
William P. Bell
Tower Theatre
1939
water tower
Fresno Normal School
one-half mile
late 1970s
second and third run movies, along with classic films
1978
Fresno
Evita and The Wiz
live theater
all within a few hundred feet of each other
Tower District
Tower District
Tower District
early twentieth century homes
Storybook houses
contrasts
in recent decades
Huntington Boulevard
William Stranahan
1914
267
Fresno Traction Company
"Southwest Fresno"
southwest
African-American
Hmong or Laotian
"West Side"
M. Theo Kearney
tall palm trees
Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
Brookhaven
The isolated subdivision
between the 1960s and 1990s
Fresno and B streets
Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
the West Side
very little
Ralph Woodward
300 acres
2,500
22 miles
April through October
1946
William Smilie
Sierra Sky Park
automobiles
there are now numerous such communities across the United States
hot and dry
July
around 11.5 inches
northwest
December, January and February
115 °F
January 6, 1913
1885
2.2 inches
3.55 inches
494,665
49.6%
8,525
30.0%
4,404.5 people
68,511
19.3%
1,388
3.62
3.07
427,652
149,025
8.4%
a third
4,097.9 people per square mile
To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations
KMJ-TV
June 1, 1953
NBC affiliate KSEE
KGPE
State Route 99
the Sierra Freeway
State Route 41
west
Fresno
1950s
99
rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
Amtrak San Joaquins
Downtown Fresno
Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
Fresno
Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
circuit switching
circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time
by a fee per unit of information transmitted
circuit switching
a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth
by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching
survivable communications networks
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks
delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
by store and forward switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets
independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran
packet switching
proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK
use in the ARPANET
Donald Davies
packet switching
suggested it for use in the ARPANET
each packet includes complete addressing information
individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery
Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number
The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number
Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking
a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer
supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted
A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS
1969
Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host
User Datagram Protocol
a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985
that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
a plug-n-play system
CYCLADES packet switching network
to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
later ARPANET architecture
a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux
a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers
the world's first commercial online service
They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around
that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable
as a means to help the state's educational and economic development
an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State
Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
Larry Roberts
making ARPANET technology public
host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29
Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE
an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks
private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC
DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research
A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra
supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications
Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom
Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines
public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049
use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
The Computer Science Network
to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET
role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet
a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest
Abilene
a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network
Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network
The National Science Foundation Network
advanced research and education networking in the United States
it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone
The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3
vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c
the arid plains of Central Asia
merchant ships.
30–60% of Europe's total population
the 17th century
until the 19th century
commonly present
dating to 1338–39
China
1331
an estimated 25 million
Genoese traders
Jani Beg
infected corpses
Sicily
war, famine, and weather
northwest across Europe
northwestern Russia
parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours
Germany and Scandinavia
1349
serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
autumn 1347
y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
The city's residents fled to the north
Gasquet
atra mors
J.I. Pontanus
1823
Scandinavia
the heavens
the king of France
That the plague was caused by bad air
Miasma theory
Yersinia pestis
Hong Kong in 1894
French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin
The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
two populations of rodents
Francis Aidan Gasquet
some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague
1908
rats and fleas
the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.
30–75%
100–106 °F
80 percent
90 to 95 percent
purple skin patches
In October 2010
a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
from the tooth sockets in human skeletons
unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague
genetic branches
Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
through the port of Marseille around November 1347
spring of 1349
confirmed and amended
East Smithfield
may no longer exist
October 2011
British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury
rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
contemporary accounts were exaggerations
the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
epidemiological account of the plague
the lack of reliable statistics from this period
by over 100%
the clergy
between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377
the rat population was insufficient
of marginal significance
temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
5 to 15 years
a form of anthrax
a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
(a type of "blood poisoning"
25
about a third.
Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people
at least some pre-planning and Christian burials
as much as 50%
most isolated areas
throughout the 14th to 17th centuries
the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
almost a million people
propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
By the end of 1350
10–15% of the population
1665
40,000
Russia
the Italian Plague of 1629–1631
The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.
22 times between 1361 and 1528
some 1.7 million victims
about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
reduced the population of Seville by half
Sweden v. Russia and allies
1720 in Marseille.
between 1500 and 1850
30 to 50 thousand inhabitants
until the second quarter of the 19th century.
two-thirds of its population
melt (magma and/or lava)
metamorphic rock
new magma
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
heat and pressure
seafloor spreading
the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
the convecting mantle
the 1960s
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
Alfred Wegener
the convecting mantle
seismic waves
crust
the mantle
wave speeds
the outer core and inner core
second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale
Quaternary
The Holocene
the Quaternary period
The principle of cross-cutting relationships
younger than the fault
the key bed
older than the fault
xenoliths
magma or lava flows
clasts
The principle of inclusions and components
gravel
The principle of faunal succession
William Smith
complex
organisms
Charles Darwin
At the beginning of the 20th century
stratigraphic correlation
absolute ages
to one another
fossil sequences
Thermochemical techniques
particular closure temperature
isotope ratios of radioactive elements
Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
horizontal compression
In the shallow crust
antiforms
synforms
anticlines and synclines
Extension
boudins
within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
metamorphosed
normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
Dikes
in areas that are being actively deformed
topographic gradients
Continual motion along the fault
Deformational events
layered basaltic lava flows
Acasta gneiss
sedimentary rocks
Cambrian time
Slave craton in northwestern Canada
the study of rocks
the study of sedimentary layers
the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
modern soils
identifying rocks
birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties
geochemical evolution of rock units
the laboratory
petrographic microscope
pressure physical experiments
physical experiments
metamorphic processes
Structural geologists
microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections
plot and combine
analog and numerical experiments
orogenic wedges
those involving orogenic wedges
sand
all angles remain the same
Numerical models
stratigraphers
geophysical surveys
well logs
computer programs
water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
biostratigraphers
Magnetic stratigraphers
Geochronologists
Persia
Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
Shen Kuo
Ibn Sina
his observation of fossil animal shells
James Hutton
Theory of the Earth
1795
Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
William Maclure
1809
1807
Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
the American Philosophical Society
Principles of Geology
uniformitarianism
uniformitarianism
catastrophism
Charles Darwin
103 miles
8.5 mi
Eurocities
Northumberland
Geordie
Robert Curthose
wool
coal
16th century
the Great North Run
Pons Aelius
Tyne
2,000
Hadrian's
Pictish
England's
Elizabeth
25-foot
William the Lion
three times
coal
the Hostmen
a pointless pursuit
an eccentric
ruin him
their families
boats
7,000
47%
devastating loss
the King
the Scots
drummes
Triumphing by a brave defence
Charles I
urbanization
the Maling company
electric lighting
prosperity
the steam turbine
medieval
Narrow alleys
Stairs
modern
a restaurant
Tyneside Classical
England's best-looking city
Grey Street
in the 1960s
Shopping Centre
Town Moor
graze
The Hoppings funfair
June
freemen
Large-scale regeneration
Gateshead Council
Norman Foster
tourist promotion
ten
the Grainger Town area
between 1835 and 1842
four stories
244
the Butcher Market
1835
2000
a painting
English Heritage
oceanic
warming
rain
January 1982
the British Isles
2010
Eldon Square Shopping Centre,
Bainbridge's
by department
2007
shopping
suburban
Tesco
the MetroCentre
Gateshead
The Tyneside flat
terraces
the Ouseburn valley
Architects
high density
7.8%
5.9%
overinflated
authorities
Tunbridge Wells.
2001
metropolitan
student
Universities
student populations
37.8
ancestors
Border Reiver
500
1%
Geordie
Anglo-Saxon populations
many elements
strong
stream
Scandinavia
Northern United Kingdom
Scots
Many words
Dutch
a report
noisiest
80.4
negative
a motorway underpass
Collingwood Street
indoor complex
12
'The Pink Triangle'
bars, cafés and clubs
theatre
Stephen Kemble
many celebrated seasons
1788
Grey Street
theatres
the Theatre Royal
Royal Shakespeare
local talent
arts capital of the UK
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle
8000
Green
lecture theatre
Joseph Swan
The Newcastle Beer Festival
May
biennial
EAT!
2
The Hoppings
every June
Temperance
a cycling festival
The Northern Pride Festival
Newcastle Mela
Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
Design Event festival
East Asian
NewcastleGateshead
folk-rock
1971
Venom
Skyclad
Duran Duran
November 2006 and May 2008
Old Town Hall
three
Classic
roof
Centre for Life
life on Tyneside
shipbuilding
2009
Seven Stories
On the Night of the Fire
Get Carter
gangster
Mike Figgis
Sting
Gosforth Park
the Newcastle Eagles
Newcastle Diamonds
Brough Park
Blaydon Race
6 miles
Metro Light Rail system
20 minutes
over five million
over 90
Victorian architecture
six
Victoria
Robert Stephenson.
Manors
half-hourly
about three
Edinburgh
CrossCountry
Northern Rail
Tyne and Wear Metro
five
deep-level
A bridge
over 37 million
Metro: All Change.'
smart ticketing
tracks, signalling and overhead wires
an entirely new fleet of trains
trams
the A1
the A696
the old "Great North Road"
the roads
the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel
3
two
Stagecoach
the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
Go-Ahead
1998
highlighting the usage of cycling
healthy
one way
national networks
Danish DFDS Seaways
end of October 2006
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
late 2008
Thomson
eleven
seven
the Royal Grammar School
Newcastle College
Catholic
two
Newcastle University
Sunday Times University of the Year award
polytechnics became new universities
Northumbria University
three
1474
Coptic
Thomas
parish churches
The Parish Church of St Andrew
1726
the main porch
ancient churchyards
The church tower
City Road
a new facility
The entrance to studio 5
result of its colouring
BBC Radio Newcastle
NE1fm
Newcastle Student Radio
since 1951
Radio Lollipop
Newcastle University's student's union building
1770
Archbishop of Westminster
George Stephenson
the incandescent light bulb
Thailand
Rutherford Grammar School
international footballers
Nobel Prize
keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
Newcastle
The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
It was founded in 1852
named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
2001
12.5
145
5,000
Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
post-classical sculpture
Great Exhibition of 1851
Henry Cole
Museum of Manufactures
Somerset House
Gottfried Semper
Queen Victoria
22 June 1857
George Wallis
late night openings
1949
between September and November 1946
nearly a million and a half
Festival of Britain (1951)
Festival of Britain
1948
a rock concert
Gryphon
Roy Strong
mediaeval music
Dundee
£76 million
on the city's waterfront
fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
within five years
Brompton Park House
Sheepshanks Gallery
Captain Francis Fowke
Secretariat Wing
offices and board room
Oriental Courts
Italian Renaissance
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
Isaac Newton
Titian
Philip Webb and William Morris
Edward Burne-Jones
James Gamble
Alfred Stevens
Sir Edward Poynter
Henry Young Darracott Scott
School for Naval Architects
Cadeby stone
prints and architectural drawings
2008
sgraffito
Starkie Gardner
southeast of the garden
Art Library
Reuben Townroe
Aston Webb
red brick and Portland stone
720 feet
a statue of fame
top row of windows
Alfred Drury
four
Alfred Drury
marble
Queen Victoria
Art Library
Henry Cole wing
a new entrance building
Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
the Spiral
main silverware gallery
mosaic floors
FuturePlan
South Kensington
McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
Kim Wilkie
John Madejski Garden
elliptical
receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
American Sweetgum
2004
Royal Institute of British Architects
over 600,000
RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
over 700,000
Andrea Palladio
Zaha Hadid
over 330
Sir Christopher Wren
Sir Edwin Lutyens
Bishopsgate
Great Fire of London
c1600
Montal
Alhambra
over 19,000
2006
Ardabil Carpet
Spain
1909
nearly 60,000
about 10,000
6000
1991
Jawaharlal Nehru
more than 70,000
China, Japan and Korea
The T. T. Tsui Gallery
1991
Ming and Qing
Toshiba
1986
13th
from 1550 to 1900
bronze
from the 14th to the 19th century
Sri Lanka
Hindu and Buddhist sculptures
mother-of-pearl
ivory
Leonardo da Vinci
Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
over 14,000
1869
1876
Charles Dickens
Beatrix Potter
from the 12th to 16th
the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc
Lucas Horenbout
Word and Image Department
MODES
Encoded Archival Description
newly accessioned into the collection
Search the Collections
2007
Factory Project
Andy Warhol
15,000
to catalog everything
British patrons
Asia
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Horace Walpole
porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
increase in tea drinking
increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure
John Ruskin
the growth of mass production
Arts and Crafts
Trajan's Column
cut in half
David
sculptures, friezes and tombs
in a glass case
1731
Frederick II the Great
1762
1909
Chinese and Japanese ceramics
Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
Britain and Holland
ceramic stoves
from the 16th and 17th centuries
Germany and Switzerland
4000
over 6000
Ancient Egypt
René Lalique
Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
1994
Danny Lane
2004
Dale Chihuly
13th
over 10,000
2,000
Dürer
Rembrandt
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
over 14,000
Word and Image department
Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
1913
Harrods
2002
Vivienne Westwood
178
Costiff
modern
Italian and French Renaissance
between 1859 and 1865
French 18th-century art and furnishings
1882
£250,000
1580
Hans Vredeman de Vries
c1750
Germany
Charles and Ray Eames
over 6000
Ancient Egypt
1869
154
William and Judith Bollinger
secular and sacred
1496–97
8
Sir George Gilbert Scott
over 10,000
c1110
gilt bronze
St Thomas Becket
c1180
gilt copper
over 5,100
Bryan Davies
Horniman Museum
35
2010
1130
650
6800
Queen Elizabeth II
Andrés Marzal De Sax
1857
233
forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'
The Hay Wain
British
continental art 1600–1800
Madame de Pompadour
Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
François, Duc d'Alençon
Eadweard Muybridge
1887
781
animals and humans performimg various actions
James Lafayette
post-classical European
22,000
from about 400 AD to 1914
All
National Galleries of Scotland
Neptune and Triton
Chancel Chapel
Giuliano da Sangallo
1493–1500
more than 20
the sculptor
1914
World War I
St John the Baptist
George Frampton
Thomas Brock
Sir Francis Chantrey
Europeans who were based in Britain
Dorothy and Michael Hintze
1950
by theme
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
Tate Britain
more than 53,000
all populated continents
from the 1st century AD to the present
western Europe
by technique
Cloth of St Gereon
15th
the Netherlands
hunting of various animals
John Vanderbank's workshop
late 14th-century
William Morris
1887
Marion Dorn
Serge Chermayeff
Theatre Museum
2009
material about live performance
Shakespeare
research, exhibitions and other shows
Conservation
temperature and light
interventive
V&A Museum of Childhood
preventive
The Walt Disney Company
1957
Manhattan
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
Disney Media Networks
October 12, 1943
radio network
1948
ESPN
Capital Cities Communications
232
Citadel Broadcasting
eight
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Citadel Broadcasting
Radio Corporation of America
NBC Blue and NBC Red
major cities
drama series
NBC Blue
Mutual
1938
1940
NBC Red Network
NBC Blue
Mark Woods
NBC Blue Network
Dillon, Read & Co.
David Sarnoff
$7.5 million
Life Savers candy
October 12, 1943
George B. Storer
president and CEO
June 30, 1951
Magnetophon tape recorder
Paul Whiteman
ABC
Bing Crosby
public service
$155 million
ABC1
September 8, 2007
ABC International
United States
1959
satellite television
Japan and Latin America
legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Beirut
Mainichi Broadcasting System
flight delays
technical problems
Peanuts
Emmy Awards
1965
the Academy Awards
It's the Great Pumpkin
1974
Ryan Seacrest
1954
Times Square
TLC
General Hospital
1975
The Edge of Night
The View and The Chew
1963
X Games
2006
12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time
NBA
The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
Frank Marx
channels 2 through 6
1947
VHF channel 7
108
two
DuMont Television Network
CBS and NBC
U.S. Supreme Court
Paramount Pictures
nine
CBS
Prudential Insurance Company of America
Leonard Goldenson
William S. Paley
June 6, 1951
1952
February 9, 1953
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
the Paramount Building
August 10, 1948
October 1948
Mount Wilson
The Prospect Studios
September 30, 1960
1960s
William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
1960s
1959
NBC
1961
1985
circle logo
Troika Design Group
black-and-yellow
the dot
Pittard Sullivan
2015
"We Love TV" image campaign
ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
1993–94 season
1995–96 season
1983
That Special Feeling
1977
black background
glossy gold
Paul Rand
Bauhaus typeface
Herbert Bayer
1963–64 season
ABC Radio
October 19, 2005
six divisions
2004
Grey's Anatomy
Anne Sweeney
NASCAR
2002
Michael Eisner
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
Time Warner Cable
ABC
ABC
afternoon of May 2.
2000
The WB
CBS
August 1999
Regis Philbin
Buena Vista Television
Meredith Vieira
July 31, 1995
ABC Inc.
Knight Ridder
Robert Iger
Sports Night
1965–66 season
third place
Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
May 1, 1953
7 West 66th Street
Baltimore
Robert Kintner
DuMont Television Network
ABC-DuMont
$5 million in cash
Paramount Pictures
The Lone Ranger
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Cheyenne
Sugarfoot
Walt Disney
Warner Bros. Presents
Roy
$500,000
1954
Disneyland
Allen Shaw
Harold L. Neal
LOVE Radio
seven
1969
Duel
1971
$400,000–$450,000
early 1970s
ABC
behavioral and demographic data
Monday Night Football
2006
ESPN
15%–16%
1970
1972
Worldvision Enterprises
cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
January 2, 1971
Henry Plitt
Elton Rule
1966
Happy Days
youth-oriented programming
Paramount Pictures
Fred Pierce
Fred Silverman
S.W.A.T
November 3, 1975
president of NBC's entertainment division
Laverne & Shirley
jiggle TV
Alex Haley
Aaron Spelling
nine seasons
1976–77 season
Soap
Roone Arledge
ABC Sports
7 Lincoln Square
June 1979
June 1978
Hugh Downs
Barbara Walters
MCA Inc.
ABC Cable News
ABC News Now
WJRT-TV
WTVG
Writers Guild of America
Duel
Caris & Co.
ABC Entertainment
ABC Entertainment Group
Citadel Media
iTunes
2010
2004
Fridays
Wednesdays
1970
Worldvision Enterprises
ABC Circle Films
Turner Broadcasting System
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista International Television
Selznick library
WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
eight
235 additional television stations
96.26%
1946
the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
1957
2011
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
HD
Litton's Weekend Aventure
720p high definition
1080i HD
11
720p high definition
Body of Proof
Happy Endings
NBC
V
All My Children and One Life to Live
Prospect Park
Hulu
The Revolution
18–49 demographic
2004
CBS
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
The Neighbors
The Middle and Modern Family
Dragon's Den
Sundays
Tim Allen
Daniel Burke
Thomas Murphy
NYPD Blue
Steven Bochco
ten seasons
1993
DIC Entertainment
Time Warner Cable
23.63% of American households
WLS
May 9, 1960
John Bassett
CFTO-TV
Wide World of Sports
Edgar Scherick
Roone Arledge
Sports Programs, Inc.
American Broadcasting Companies
The Dating Game
The Newlywed Game
1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
90%
Dynasty
Mork & Mindy
Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
Getty Oil
The Entertainment Channel
Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
Daniel B. Burke
chairman and CEO
$465 million
America's Funniest Home Videos
Home Improvement
General Hospital
The View and The Chew
7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays
Jimmy Kimmel
New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
WBMA-LD
WBND-LD
WLQP-LP
ABC Circle Films
ABC Studios
ABC Television Center
ABC Television Center, East
Times Square Studios
Good Morning America and Nightline
Peter Jennings
World News Tonight
ABC on Demand
Hulu
July 6, 2009
27% ownership stake
the day after their original broadcast
eight
fast forwarding of accessed content
January 7, 2014
LoyalKaspar
four variants
ABC Modern
ESPN
14
74
All-Channel Receiver Act
UHF tuning
Youngstown
five times lower viewership
WTRF-TV
1980s
Walt Disney Presents
Desilu Productions
its use of violence
April 1959
ABC Sunday Night Movie
$15.5 million
Hanna-Barbera
The Jetsons
April 1, 1963
ITT
Donald F. Turner
Department of Justice
January 1, 1968
Capital Cities Communications
$3.5 billion
Warren Buffett
E. W. Scripps Company
12 television stations
September 5, 1985
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.
president of ABC's broadcasting division
Michael P. Millardi
Roone Arledge
Laverne & Shirley
Three's Company
NBC
The Love Boat
comedies and family-oriented series
the "TGIF" block
Thank Goodness It's Funny
Miller-Boyett Productions
Warner Bros.
seven radio stations
Charly
Ralph Nelson
1985
Redwood City, California
westerns and detective series
500%
between 10% and 18%
Ollie Treiz
Dick Clark
counterprogramming
Zorro
Life
detective shows
WATCH ABC
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
Hearst Television
WatchESPN
Sinclair Broadcast Group
WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market
E. W. Scripps Company
28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
15
Start Here
Troika
the entertainment division
ABC News
WFTS-TV and WWSB
KMBC-TV and KQTV
WZZM and WOTV
WTSP
the Mongol Empire
many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia
Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
a substantial portion of Central Asia and China
the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
Ögedei Khan
1227
Western Xia
his sons and grandsons
somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
Delüün Boldog
Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad
1162
a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured
Temülen
Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
Börte
Khongirad
Dai Setsen
Begter
Hoelun
Temüjin and his brother Khasar
during one hunting excursion
the Tayichi'ud
with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks
Chilaun
Jelme and Bo'orchu
a river crevice
arranged marriages
Temüjin's mother Hoelun
the Chinese dynasties to the south
the need for alliances
the Onggirat
the Merkits
Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
Jochi
1185
three
Chagatai
1241
Tolui
six
sworn brother or blood brother
Toghrul
the Keraites
20,000
Jamukha
the traditional Mongolian aristocracy
Kokochu
1186
Battle of Dalan Balzhut
Qara Khitai
the Yassa code
wealth from future possible war spoils
orphans from the conquered tribe
his protection
Jochi
Jamukha
Jamukha
the Keraite
the Naimans
1201
universal ruler
Subutai
1206
his friendship
he did not want disloyal men in his army
a noble death
breaking the back
the Chinese
Jamukha
Khasar
Yam route systems
Wang Khan
1206
Khuruldai
Khagan
Ögedei
a council of Mongol chiefs
the Jin dynasty
Ming-Tan
1215
Kaifeng
Ögedei Khan
Kuchlug
the Liao dynasty
20,000
Jebe
The Arrow
inciting internal revolt
west of Kashgar
Lake Balkhash
Khwarezmid Empire
a Muslim state
Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Inalchuq
the Muslim
100,000
the Silk Road
Tien Shan
three
the southeast
Tolui
Samarkand
fragmentation
Otrar
silver
fled
Subutai and Jebe
Samarkand
Bukhara
a river
captured enemies
reneged
pyramids of severed heads
opened the gates
a unit of Turkish defenders
artisans and craftsmen
the flail of God
young men who had not fought
1220
Subutai
near the Black Sea
Kalka River
Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
Batu
the Golden Horde
Subutai and Jebe
1225
on the road back to Samarkand
1226
autumn
the Mongols
the Yellow River
a line of five stars arranged in the sky
Ning Hia
Ma Jianlong
arrows
Liupanshan
executed
Jochi
Chagatai
invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire
Ögedei
Chagatai and Jochi
Chagatai
Tolui
Ögedei
1226
Khorasan
Urgench
Sultan Muhammad
Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
Yinchuan
hunting
arrow
Western Xia
Oirads
without markings
Khentii Aimag
Onon River
The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
Edsen Khoroo
Dongshan Dafo Dian
Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining
1954
Red Guards
October 6, 2004
a river
Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
horses
Genghis Khan
Yassa
meritocracy
Genghis Khan and his family
Muhammad Khan
tax exemptions
Ong Khan
a personal concept
Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
Töregene Khatun
the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
the Chinese
legal equality of all individuals, including women
Chu'Tsai
they were nomads
Jin
Khitan rulers
his generals
Karakorum
Muqali
Subutai and Jebe
unwavering loyalty
rivers
Muslim and Chinese
feigned retreat
driving them in front of the army
Sea of Japan
Caspian Sea
Ögedei Khan
1279
the Silk Road
Turkey
tolerant
increased
1990s
uniting warring tribes
Genghis Khan's children
his brutality
unfairly biased
tögrög
Genghis Khan
Chinggis Khaan International Airport
to avoid trivialization
Ulaanbaatar
Ikh Zasag
corruption and bribery
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
traditional Mongolian script
Inner Mongolia region
5 million
Kublai Khan
Yuan
grandson
Iran
three-fourths
10 to 15 million
Hulagu Khan
the Mamluks of Egypt
Ghazan Khan
1237
Novgorod and Pskov
Mughal emperors
Timur
Nishapur
tenggis
Lake Baikal
"right", "just", or "true"
Zhèng
Chinggis
Chinggis Khaan
Cengiz Han
Tiěmùzhēn
Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
Chéngjísī Hán
its root word pharma
ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines
sorcery or even poison
outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
many other herbs not listed
healthcare professionals
optimal health outcomes
optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
small-business proprietors
specialised education and training
other senior pharmacy technicians
the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
health care professional
manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
writing a five volume book in his native Greek
De Materia Medica
materia medica
Diocles of Carystus
many middle eastern scientists
highly respected
the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718)
the pre-Heian Imperial court
status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists
ranked above
botany and chemistry
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Al-Muwaffaq
sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
1317
Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy
museum
albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs
1221
pharmacy legislation
within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications
automation
patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
a pharmacy practice residency
various disciplines of pharmacy
effectiveness of treatment regimens
pharmacists practicing in hospitals
within the premises of the hospital
unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
The high cost of medications and drug-related technology
Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications
optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
inside hospitals and clinics
physicians and other healthcare professionals
patient care rounds drug product selection
all health care settings
creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
full independent prescribing authority
North Carolina and New Mexico
2011
Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
medication regimen review
nursing homes
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
about the year 2000
brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
online pharmacies
another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
the method by which the medications are requested and received
to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
dispensing substandard products
sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
to ensure that the prescription is valid
individual state laws
Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone
to reduce consumer costs
Canada
international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
There is no known case
to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
pharmacy practice science and applied information science
information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
medication management system development, deployment and optimization
quickly
specialty pharmacies
19
cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
separately from physicians
only pharmacists
the American Medical Association (AMA)
7 to 10 percent
form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
Austria
In some rural areas in the United Kingdom
1.6 kilometres
more than 4 kilometers
the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.
exaggerating their seriousness
in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
expected to become more integral within the health care system
increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills
clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Alberta and British Columbia
the Australian Government
medicine use reviews
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character
The show globe
the Netherlands
Germany and Austria
France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
the neuroimmune system
biological structures and processes within an organism
pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
disease
pathogens
neuroimmune system
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
pathogens
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
neuroimmune system
Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
eukaryotes
creates immunological memory
bacteriophage
defensins
vaccination
Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
when the immune system is less active than normal
recurring and life-threatening infections
genetic disease
rheumatoid arthritis
Immunodeficiency
autoimmunity
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
plague of Athens in 430 BC
scorpion
Louis Pasteur
Walter Reed
Robert Koch
microorganisms
yellow fever virus
Athens in 430 BC
immunological memory
the innate immune system
the adaptive immune system
Innate immune systems
adaptive immune system
immunological memory
physical barriers
self and non-self
self molecules
non-self molecules
antigens
specific immune receptors
pattern recognition receptors
innate immune system
microorganisms
non-specific
exoskeleton
The waxy cuticle
coughing and sneezing
mucus
tears
β-defensins
lysozyme and phospholipase A2
defensins and zinc
gastric acid and proteases
menarche
commensal flora
fungi
lactobacilli
pH or available iron
Inflammation
increased blood flow into tissue
eicosanoids and cytokines
prostaglandins
interleukins
phagocytes
cytokines
phagosome
phagolysosome
acquiring nutrients
Neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils
50% to 60%
chemotaxis
interleukin 1
Leukocytes
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
adaptive immune system
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
neuronal dendrites
T cells
T cells
missing self
Natural killer cells
MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)
killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
vertebrates
antigen presentation
pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
killer T cell and the helper T cell
regulatory T cells
Class I MHC molecules
Class II MHC molecules
γδ T cells
Killer T cells
CD8
T cell receptor (TCR)
granulysin
perforin
CD4 co-receptor
around 200–300
a single MHC:antigen molecule
cytokines
CD40 ligand
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
alternative T cell receptor (TCR)
γδ T cells
receptor diversity
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells
B cell
proteolysis
lymphokines
long-lived memory cells
adaptive
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
specific pathogen
microbes
IgG
Breast milk or colostrum
passive immunity
immunomodulators
adaptive and innate immune responses
lupus erythematosus
immunosuppressive
NFIL3
heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
sleep deprivation
decline in hormone levels with age
vitamin D
hormones
cholecalciferol
killer T cells
MHC class I molecules
viral antigens
antibodies
phagocytic cells
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
apoptosis
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
RNA silencing mechanisms
autoimmune disorders
self and non-self
thymus and bone marrow
"self" peptides
Immunodeficiencies
the young and the elderly
around 50 years of age
obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
malnutrition
vaccination
immunization
an antigen from a pathogen
natural specificity of the immune system
enzymes
type III secretion system
shut down host defenses
elude host immune responses
Frank Burnet
pathogens, an allograft
histocompatibility
Niels Jerne
Glucocorticoids
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
methotrexate or azathioprine
cyclosporin
cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
cortisol and catecholamines
melatonin
free radical production
a vitamin D receptor
calcitriol
symbiotic relationship
gene CYP27B1
dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
Pattern recognition receptors
defensins
phagocytic cells
RNA interference pathway
immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
the lamprey and hagfish
Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)
adaptive immune system
lymphocytes
the restriction modification system
bacteriophages
CRISPR
"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
Elie Metchnikoff
phagocytes
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
soluble components (molecules)
cancers
MHC class I molecules
cytokine TGF-β
macrophages and lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity
four classes (Type I – IV)
Type I
IgE
Type II hypersensitivity
intracellular pathogenesis
Salmonella
Plasmodium falciparum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
protein A
antigenic variation
HIV
Trypanosoma brucei
antigens
immune surveillance
human papillomavirus
tyrosinase
melanomas
melanocytes
>500 Da
hydrophilic amino acids
Immunoproteomics
B cells
immunoinformatics
leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
APCs
Th1
Th1 immune responses
carbohydrates
disrupting their plasma membrane
signal amplification
catalytic cascade
Civil disobedience
apartheid
Singing Revolution
Ukraine
Georgia
Egyptians
the British
nonviolent resistance
unfair laws
American Civil Rights Movement
Antigone
former King of Thebes
Creon
Oedipus
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
Antigone
Sophocles
Creon, the current King of Thebes
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
obey her conscience rather than human law
Percy Shelley
nonviolent
Satyagraha
free India
Henry David Thoreau
Percy Shelley
unjust forms of authority
principle of nonviolent protest
doctrine of Satyagraha
Gandhi
muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
utterly debased
become utterly debased
Marshall Cohen
code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders
Vice President Agnew
ambiguity
LeGrande
impossible
lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
semantical
specific
LeGrande
voluminous literature
semantical problems and grammatical niceties
nonviolent civil disobedience
violent civil disobedience
constitutional impasse
citizen's
to the state and its laws
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
Civil disobedience
the state and its laws
refuse to enforce a decision
head of government
private citizen
sovereign branches of government
Thoreau
imprisonment
not necessarily right
Resign
elite politicians
The individual
individuals
Thoreau
Resign
not necessarily right
governmental entities
trade unions, banks, and private universities
legal system
international organizations and foreign governments
Brownlee
a larger challenge to the legal system
only justified against governmental entities
universities
civil disobedience
covert lawbreaking
hiding a Jew in their house
(Exodus 1: 15-19)
Shiphrah and Puah
must be publicly announced
rules that conflict with morality
fabricating evidence or committing perjury
the dilemma faced by German citizens
Book of Exodus
non-violence
Black's Law
civil rebellion
tolerance
violence
non-violent
civil rebellion
destructive
help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
Revolutionary civil disobedience
Hungarians
Ferenc Deák
Gandhi's
cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
disobedience of laws
judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
render certain laws ineffective
Revolutionary civil disobedience
Gandhi
during the Roman Empire
gathered in the streets
was not covered in any newspapers
rose to higher political office
after the end of the Mexican War
during the Roman Empire
prevent the installation of pagan images
refuse to sign bail
jail solidarity
until after the end of the Mexican War
illegal
propaganda
Voice in the Wilderness
738 days
successfully preventing it from being cut down
illegal acts
trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
entirely symbolic
social goal
Julia Butterfly Hill
sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors
"Wise up or die."
criminalized behavior
Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
1978
pure speech
broadcasting
Threatening government officials
sending an email
system to function
by padlocking the gates
using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
limited coercion
coercive
refusals to pay taxes
coercion
engage in moral dialogue
padlocking the gates
criminal investigations
not to grant a consent search
suspect's talking to criminal investigators
lack of understanding of the legal ramifications,
use the arrest as an opportunity
accept punishment
validity of the social contract
legitimacy of a particular law
anarchists
does not infringe the rights of others
whether or not to plead guilty
submit to the punishment prescribed by law
I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
Guilt implies wrong-doing
creative plea
Camp Mercury nuclear test site
tempted to enter the test site
arrested
nolo contendere
suspended sentences
a way of continuing their protest
reminding their countrymen of injustice
protest should be maintained all the way
accept jail penitently
plea bargain
no jail time
solidarity tactics
blind plea
Mohandas Gandhi
defiant speech
explaining their actions
lack of remorse
likelihood of repeating
mistreatment from government officials
acquittal and avoid imprisonment
use the proceedings as a forum
inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances
Vietnam War
jury nullification
general disobedience
neither conscientious nor of social benefit
breaking the law for self-gratification
not being a civil disobedient
avoiding attribution
Indirect civil disobedience
direct civil disobedience
Vietnam War
competing harms defense
the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
incapacitation
would do more harm than good
the state
moral reasons to follow this law
Construction
manufacturing
six to nine percent
planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
a known client
An architect
a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
effective planning
megaprojects
Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure
buildings, infrastructure and industrial
residential and non-residential
heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
Infrastructure
Industrial
a trade magazine for the construction industry
ENR
2014
transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers
The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
Building construction
small renovations
the owner of the property
structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
Materials readily available in the area
a lot of waste
Cost of construction
3D printing technology
around 20 hours
Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
designs into reality
the property owner
a quantity surveyor
the most cost efficient bidder
previously separated specialties
entirely separate companies
"one-stop shopping"
"design build" contract
design-build, partnering and construction management
architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
preventable financial problems
when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
Fraud
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
the mortgage banker
Accountants
identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
Cost engineers and estimators
zoning and building code requirements
the owner
the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad
things that are a matter of custom or expectation
An attorney
A construction project
A contract
that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive
that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
poorly drafted contracts
relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship
Public-Private Partnering
private finance initiatives (PFIs)
co-operation
the architect or engineer
the project coordinator
the architect's client and the main contractor
the main contractor
the building is ready to occupy.
The owner
D&B contractors
The owner
a consortium of several contractors
they design phase 2
contractors
damage
electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
the municipal building inspector
an occupancy permit
$960 billion
$680 billion
667,000 firms
fewer than 10 employees
828,000
£42,090
£26,719
US/Canada
Construction
Falls
electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
independent
academic
tuition
to select their students
$45,000
'tuition-free
Australia
North America
lower sixth
upper sixth
prep schools
peer tuitions
teachers
Roman Catholic
Orthodox Christians
religious
expulsion
blazer
more expensive
Presbyterian
Catholic
Sydney
girls
7
second Gleichschaltung
7.8
11.1
0.5
Sonderungsverbot
Ersatzschulen
very low
Ergänzungsschulen
vocational
tuition
religious
independent
CBSE
30
union government
societies
India
Annual Status of Education Report
evaluates learning levels in rural India
English
scoil phríobháideach
teacher's salaries are paid by the State
€5,000
Society of Jesus
€25,000 per year
1957
Chinese
English
National School
60
aided
fully funded by private parties
Kathmandu
English
Nepali
88
28,000
3.7
Catholic
Auckland
Anglican
Wellington
Presbyterian
Christchurch
Society of St Pius X
7.5
32
80
August 1992
natural science
Education Service Contracting
Tuition Fee Supplement
Private Education Student Financial Assistance
South African Schools Act
1996
independent
traditional private
nineteenth
government schools formerly reserved for white children
better
higher
10
10,000
700
The Knowledge School
voucher
13
public
9
13
£21,000
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
segregation academies
South
white
African-American
endowments
First
Blaine
charter
Massachusetts
1852
1972
268 U.S. 510
McCrary
$40,000
$50,000
Groton School
fundraising
John Harvard
1977
James Bryant Conant
Association of American Universities
Charles W. Eliot
Harvard Library
79 individual libraries
18 million volumes
eight U.S. presidents
150 Nobel laureates
Boston metropolitan area
$37.6 billion
Charles River
eleven separate academic units
Harvard Yard
1636
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1638
1639
1650
Puritan ministers
English university model
It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
1804
Samuel Webber
1805
Louis Agassiz
intuition
Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
Charles W. Eliot
Transcendentalist Unitarian
William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
James Bryant Conant
identify, recruit
1945
about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
1977
the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
3 miles
twelve residential Houses
Charles River
half a mile northwest of the Yard
Allston
The John W. Weeks Bridge
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
approximately fifty percent
new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.
enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.
2,400
7,200
14,000
1875
1858
$32 billion
30% loss
Allston Science Complex
$4.093 million
$159 million
late 1980s
South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
$230 million
accepted 5.3% of applicants
2007
disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants
2016
core curriculum of seven classes
eight General Education categories
reliance on teaching fellows
beginning in early September and ending in mid-May
four-course rate average
summa cum laude
60%
$38,000
$57,000
nothing for their children to attend, including room and board
$414 million
88%
Widener Library
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
Pusey Library
18 million volumes
three museums.
Western art from the Middle Ages to the present
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2003
2011
second most commonly
42
Yale University
every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team
1875
1903
1906
former captain of the Yale football team
Lavietes Pavilion
Malkin Athletic Center
three weight rooms
23 years
Thames River
strong rivalry against Cornell
2003
General Ban Ki-moon
Juan Manuel Santos
José María Figueres
Benjamin Netanyahu
Conan O'Brien
Leonard Bernstein
Yo Yo Ma
W. E. B. Du Bois
Shing-Tung Yau
Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
Stephen Greenblatt
Jacksonville
1,345,596
12th
Duval
1968
St. Johns
340 miles
Fort Caroline
the Timucua
Andrew Jackson
third largest
golf
two
"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
thousands
a University of North Florida team
Timucua
the historical era
Ossachite
Jean Ribault
France
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
San Mateo
Fort Caroline
French and Indian War
constructed the King's Road
cattle were brought across the river there.
Spain
February 9, 1832
Confederate
The Skirmish of the Brick Church
Battle of Olustee
Warfare and the long occupation
Battle of Cedar Creek
Gilded Age
Grover Cleveland
yellow fever outbreaks
extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south
railroad
Spanish moss
over 2,000
declare martial law
Great Fire of 1901
New York–based filmmakers
silent film
Winter Film Capital of the World
Hollywood
highways
55.1%
"white flight"
Mayor W. Haydon Burns
World War II
Much of the city's tax base dissipated
unincorporated suburbs
annexing outlying communities
Voters outside the city limits
old boy network
11
Jacksonville Consolidation
public high schools lost their accreditation
voters approved the plan
Hans Tanzler
"Bold New City of the South"
Better Jacksonville Plan
authorized a half-penny sales tax
874.3 square miles
The St. Johns River
The Trout River
13.34%
Baldwin
tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville
Barnett Center
617 ft
28
its distinctive flared base
subtropical
May through September
mild
low latitude
104 °F
thunderstorms
high humidity
July
Hurricane Dora
110 mph
Tropical Storm Beryl
Saffir-Simpson Scale
2008
Arab
821,784
largest
Filipino
29.7%
23.9%
females
91.3
40%
about 3.5 billion people
$759,900
the methodology used
a diversion
40%
financial assets
nearly $41 trillion
half
greater tendency to take on debts
400
New York Times
Inherited wealth
grew up in substantial privilege
wealth
richest 1 percent
Inherited wealth
over 60 percent
Institute for Policy Studies
Neoclassical economics
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
different classifications of workers
productivity gap
marginal value added of each economic actor
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
value added by different classifications of workers
wages and profits
worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
reduce costs and maximize profits
less workers are required
increasing unemployment
rising levels of property income
labor inputs
reduce costs and maximize profits
substitute capital equipment
productivity
stagnant
workers wages
supply and demand
business is chronically understaffed
offering a higher wage
unfair
the market
prices
wages
markets
unfair
Competition amongst workers
low demand
high wages
collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
Professional and labor organizations
low wage
competition between workers
expendable nature of the worker
high
employers
entrepreneurship rates
Necessity-based entrepreneurship
push
pull
opportunity-based entrepreneurship
higher economic inequality
necessity
Necessity-based
achievement-oriented
positive
progressive tax
top tax rate
social spending
tax system
the tax rate
level of the top tax rate
steeper tax
the Gini index
access to education
optional education
lower wages
poor
savings and investment
access to education
high wages
lower
lower incomes
education
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
Standard & Poor
2014
2008-2009
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
1910–1940
increase
decrease
gender inequality in education
period of compression
from 1910–1940
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
Education
gender inequality in education
unions
continental European countries
little
continental European liberalism
economic inequality
social exclusion
CEPR
little
lower
Scandinavia
high inequality
decline of organized labor
technological changes and globalization
Sociologist
University of Washington
decline of organized labor
high
weak labor movements
reduced wages
increased wages
technological innovation
machine labor
global
workers in the poor countries
trade liberalisation
minor
machine labor
53%
-40%
less willing to travel or relocate
males
Gender
males in the labor market
women
Thomas Sowell
a difference
social welfare
relatively equal
more capital
redistribution mechanisms
Economist
levels of economic inequality
more capital
more wealth
lower levels of inequality
1910 to 1940
1970s
service
manufacturing
Kuznets
Kuznets curve
very weak
eventually decrease
effect
Wealth concentration
means to invest
greater return of capital
larger fortunes
the possession of already-wealthy individuals
those who already hold wealth
wealth condensation
Thomas Piketty
higher returns
market
Economist
rare and desired
political power generated by wealth
rent-seeking
inequality
human capital is neglected
life expectancy
inequality
life expectancy is lower
2013
rising inequality
negative
Unemployment
economic
British
higher
lower
23
equality
better health and longer lives
poorer countries
life expectancy
Americans
more equally
income inequality
authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
nine
among states in the US with larger income inequalities
greater equality
inequality
homicides
fifty
differences in the amount of inequality
tenfold
the greatest good
distributive efficiency
a great deal of utility
decreases
higher aggregate utility
consumption
libertarian
2001
Thomas B. Edsall
journalist
economist
systematic economic inequalities
the Financial crisis of 2007–08
easier credit
easier credit
inequality in wealth and income
quality of a country's institutions
declines
higher GDP growth
The poor and the middle class
economists
economic growth
subsequent long-run economic growth
because it is a waste of resources
inequality-associated effects
evidence
by limiting aggregate demand
Economist
increasing importance of human capital in development
widespread education
1993
detrimental
channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
redistributive taxation
politically and socially unstable
reduce
encourage
growth and investment
Harvard
between 1960 and 2000
Kuznets curve hypothesis
first increases
Thomas Piketty
Economist
wars and "violent economic and political shocks"
the 1970s
reduced consumer demand
risen with increased income inequality
several years
more equality in the income distribution
special efforts
existing level of inequality
reduction
the United Nations
reducing poverty
much land and housing
through various associations and other arrangements
extra-legal
200
government land
a shortage of affordable housing
quality rental units
demand for higher quality housing increased
residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
ad valorem property tax policy
by everyone
their finances
aspirational consumption
taking on debt
economic instability
created
emissions per person
environmental degradation
If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
private ownership of the means of production
a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income
wage or salary
socially
reflective
Robert Nozick
taxation
force
forceful taking of property
when they improve society as a whole
capability deprivation
the end itself
to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
through increasing functionings
the ability to pursue valued goals
deprived of earning as much
earn as much as a healthy young man
gender roles and customs
for fear of their lives
a better relevant income.
BBC
1963
TARDIS
a blue British police box
science-fiction
1963 to 1989
Russell T Davies
K-9 and Company
BBC Wales
Christopher Eccleston
Twelve
Peter Capaldi
The Time of the Doctor
after sustaining an injury
new personality
Gallifrey
Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
Time and Relative Dimension in Space
chameleon circuit
due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
rarely
the Master
regenerate
humans
Time Lord
23 November 1963
The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
Terry Nation
25 minutes of transmission length
26
Jonathan Powell
Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
the series would return
BBC 1
relaunch the show
Philip Segal
the Fox Network
9.1 million
the United States
Rose
2005
2009
Chris Chibnall
Christmas Day specials
1963–1989
The 2005 version
1996
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
Mission Impossible,
30 November 1963
eighty seconds
ten minutes
the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
a series of power blackouts across the country
Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
the Museum of the Moving Image
Behind the Sofa
scariest TV show of all time
Digital Spy
Doctor Who
3%
Philip Howard
Monopoly
The Times newspaper
the TARDIS
blue police box
time machine
the Metropolitan Police Authority
2002
26
6 December 1989
12
The Master
Black Guardian Trilogy
2005
60 minutes
Christmas Day
Journey's End
2010
826
25-minute
eight
72 minutes
2009
William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
97
3, 4, & 5
1978
Between about 1964 and 1973
bought prints for broadcast
fans
Mission to the Unknown
8 mm cine film
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
the BBC
Cosgrove Hall
1968
Theta-Sigma
November 2006
regeneration
the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
William Hartnell's poor health
renewal
change of appearance
12
13
The Time of the Doctor
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
1996
John Hurt
The Day of the Doctor
Michael Jayston
The Trial of a Time Lord
McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
the War Doctor
The Three Doctors
Peter Davison
The Space Museum
The Day of the Doctor
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
Zagreus
Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
2003
The Time of the Doctor
The Brain of Morbius
Mawdryn Undead
The Lodger
1983
An Unearthly Child
Susan Foreman
2005
destroyed
Smith and Jones
a human
The Deadly Assassin
his granddaughter Susan Foreman
teachers
Romana
female
Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
The Eleventh
Pearl Mackie as Bill
Catherine Tate
Russell T Davies
series 1
Cybermen
3
Zygons
The Dalek race
Skaro
to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
Davros
their eyestalk
The Master
Time Lord
Eric Roberts
Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
Roger Delgado
Derek Jacobi
Utopia
2014
Missy
Michelle Gomez
Ron Grainer
the BBC Radiophonic Workshop
musique concrète
17
Did I write that?
Peter Howell
Dominic Glynn
Seventh
Murray Gold
The Christmas Invasion
Voyage of the Damned
Classic FM's Hall of Fame
2010
228
Gold
Jon Pertwee
Mankind
number 24
Doctorin' the Tardis
Doctorin' the Tardis
Dudley Simpson
Planet of Giants
the 1960s and 1970s
The Horns of Nimon
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
the BBC National Orchestra of Wales
the BBC National Orchestra of Wales
27 July 2008
Music of the Spheres
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Six
the first two series
music from the 2008–2010 specials
A Christmas Carol
8 November 2010
The original logo
The logo for the Twelfth Doctor
the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors
The logo from 1973–80
the Eleventh Doctor
the assassination of John F. Kennedy
on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
the late 1970s
circa 1964–1965
BBC Three
During the ITV network strike of 1979
Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers
Coronation Street
the most popular show at the time
After the series' revival in 2005
PBS
New Zealand
Edmonton, Canada
15 days
23 November
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
partial funding
SyFy
weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
ABC1
1976
The Three Doctors
Space
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Judith Merril
Christopher Eccleston
excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary
The Christmas Invasion
9 October 2006
Thanksgiving
the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
Eight original series serials
The Infinite Quest
Spearhead from Space
from 2009 onwards
Trevor Martin
Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
The Curse of the Daleks
Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday
David Banks
Torchwood
22 October 2006
2008
Children of Earth
Torchwood: Miracle Day
Elisabeth Sladen
24 September 2007
2009
2010
due to the death of Elisabeth Sladen
Dimensions in Time
Children in Need
EastEnders
glasses with one darkened lens
the Pulfrich effect
Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
four
Rowan Atkinson
Joanna Lumley
head writer and executive producer
The Neutral Zone
"Blue Harvest" and "420"
Queer as Folk
Oliver
Brisingr and High Wizardry,
The Chase
21-minute
Doctor Who and the Pescatons
1981
Slipback
the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
Destiny of the Doctor
Big Finish Productions
1999
2012
1991
the mid-sixties
since 1979
Panini
BBC Books
the early 1960s
BBC Television
producers of the show
the BBC
2006
2005–2010
2011
Michelle Gomez
Best Supporting Actress
Guinness World Records
Doctor Who
electronic
2013
50th anniversary special
Season 11
Doctor Who
third
SFX magazine
eight
Best Drama Series
five
25
2009
a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards
six
over 200
over a hundred
Matt Smith
The Waters of Mars
Spike Milligan
Jon Culshaw
a soap sponge
Doctor Who fandom
BBC Dead Ringers
a private research university
1890
seven
four
5,000
various academic disciplines
Chicago's physics department
beneath the university's Stagg Field
University of Chicago Press
2020
the American Baptist Education Society
John D. Rockefeller
William Rainey Harper
1891
1892
Marshall Field
Silas B. Cobb
Cobb Lecture Hall
$100,000
Charles L. Hutchinson
several regional colleges and universities
1896
made a grade of A for all four years
passed
1910
Robert Maynard Hutchins
the Common Core
to emphasize academics over athletics
24-year tenure
1929
1950s
a result of increasing crime and poverty
after their second year
Hyde Park
allowed very young students to attend college
1962
the university's off-campus rental policies.
1967
a two-page statement
social and political action
mid-2000s
Milton Friedman Institute
around $200 million
the Chicago Theological Seminary
David G. Booth
the Main Quadrangles
six
Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche,
Oxford's Magdalen Tower
Christ Church Hall
the 1940s
Eero Saarinen
School of Social Service Administration
Harris School of Public Policy Studies
2003
Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
Seine
2010
Renmin University
2015
a board of trustees
50
fourteen
Andrew Alper
Robert Zimmer
The Higher Learning Commission
four
seven
50
28
five
the New Collegiate Division
the Common Core
17
the most rigorous, intense
Uni in the USA
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
four
four public charter schools
the University of Chicago campus
six
9.8 million
the Regenstein Library
2011
more than 1.3 million
12
113
the Oriental Institute
Fermilab
Sunspot, New Mexico
shaping ideas about the free market
Chicago Pile-1
Miller–Urey experiment
1953
1933
2000
1996
2002
Several thousand
5,792
3,468
5,984
15,244
international students
the University Athletic Association
NCAA's Division III
the Big Ten Conference
Jay Berwanger
Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics
over 400
Recognized Student Organizations
the University of Chicago College Bowl Team
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
graduate and undergraduate students
an Executive Committee
two
greater than $2 million
fifteen
seven
Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega
ten
May
1987
Festival of the Arts
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Summer Breeze
Satya Nadella
Larry Ellison
Larry Ellison
Jon Corzine
James O. McKinsey
Saul Alinsky
David Axelrod
Robert Bork
Masaaki Shirakawa
Eliot Ness
Allan Bloom
Kurt Vonnegut
Lauren Oliver
Studs Terkel
Philip Roth
Philip Glass
Alex Seropian
Halo
Ed Asner
Mike Nichols
Carl Sagan
John M. Grunsfeld
David Suzuki,
John B. Goodenough
Clair Cameron Patterson
Milton Friedman
George Stigler
Paul Samuelson
Eugene Fama
David Graeber and Donald Johanson
Samuel Reshevsky
Samuel P. Huntington
A. A. Michelson
Arthur H. Compton
Enrico Fermi
Edward Teller
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
James Henry Breasted
Alberto Calderón
Ted Fujita
Yuan T. Lee
Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
Raghuram Rajan
Goldman Sachs
David Bevington
John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
Yuán Cháo
the Great Yuan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1271
Mongol Empire
Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Genghis Khan
1271
the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching)
Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
Great Mongol State
Great Khan
Mongol and Turkic tribes
1206
Ögedei Khan
1251
nephew
the Jin
Xiao Zhala
Shi Tianze, Liu Heima
10,000
3
Han Chinese
Jin dynasty
between Han and Jurchen
Shi Bingzhi
Song dynasty
Möngke Khan
southern China
1259
Ariq Böke
Zhongtong
Ogedei
south
Wonjong
northeast
1262
preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties
Han Chinese
three, later four
salt and iron
Karakorum
Khanbaliq
1264
Zhongdu
Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
commercial, scientific, and cultural
Mongol peace
southern China
Daidu in the north
Marco Polo
the Song Emperor
1115
1234
Kong Duancao
30,000
northern China
between 1268 and 1273
Yangzi River basin
Hangzhou
drowned
after 1279
an inauspicious typhoon
Annam (Dai Viet)
Battle of Bạch Đằng
1288
1253
his eldest son, Zhenjin
before Kublai in 1285
Emperor Chengzong
1294 to 1307
Buyantu Khan
actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture
Li Meng
the Department of State Affairs
1313
Gegeen Khan
1321 to 1323
Baiju
"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
five
Shangdu
the War of the Two Capitals
four days
El Temür
Tugh Temür
his cultural contribution
Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
spring of 1329
Jingshi Dadian
supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism
1332
Emperor Ningzong
13
nine
Liao, Jin, and Song
struggle, famine, and bitterness
Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese
both the army and the populace
Outlaws ravaged the country
administration
From the late 1340s onwards
the Red Turban Rebellion
fear of betrayal
the Red Turban rebels
1368–1644
The political unity of China and much of central Asia
The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
the Ilkhanate
carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
Western
Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
Taoism
Confucian
travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
Marco Polo
Cambaluc
Travels of Marco Polo
Il milione
through contact with Persian traders
Guo Shoujing
26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Beijing
sorghum
non-native Chinese people
the Eternal Heaven
Song
Ming
a period of foreign domination
Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
tripartite
civil, military, and censorial offices
the Privy Council
since the Sui and Tang dynasties
Mongols and Semuren
the Ministry of War
1269
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well
Tugh Temur
Emperor Wenzong
1290
1291
income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants
painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
painting, poetry, and calligraphy
Song
the qu
zaju
western
Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants
Tibetan Buddhism
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Sakya
1249
1314
matrices
polynomial algebra
1303
applied mathematics to the construction of calendars
a cubic interpolation formula
Shoushi Li
Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
1281
non-Mongol physicians
herbal remedies
spiritual cures
Imperial Academy of Medicine
it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
four
inherited from the Jin dynasty
Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols
acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
1347
Muslim medicine
Jesus the Interpreter
1263
its humoral system
yin-yang and wuxing
through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
Wang Zhen
in the 12th century
Töregene Khatun
1273
chao
bark of mulberry trees
1275
woodblocks
1294
patrimonial feudalism
traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire
colonial
Ilkhanate
Central Asian Muslims
Han Chinese and Khitans
Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
artisans and farmers
a Qara-Khitay (Khitan
restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision
Kosher butchering
Zhu Yuanzhang
thanks
Muslims in the semu class
Frederick W. Mote
degrees of privilege
rich and well socially standing
lived in poverty and were ill treated
Northern
Southern
southern China withstood and fought to the last
The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed
private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
Uighurs
the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
the Korean King
the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
The Central Region
the Central Secretariat
Khanbaliq
Beijing
Zhongshu Sheng
in Africa
East African Community
Nairobi
Tanzania
45 million people
a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline
The climate is cooler
Mount Kenya
Somalia and Ethiopia
its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
Lower Paleolithic period
By the first millennium AD
Bantu and Nilotic
19th century
December 1963
Mount Kenya
Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
God's resting place
both Kenia and Kegnia
a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
Joseph Thompsons
1862
The "Big Five"
lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
Masai Mara
between June and September
2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
more than 20 million years ago
in the Pleistocene epoch
Richard Leakey
.6-million-year-old
Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
The Swahili
Mombasa
Duarte Barbosa
the Kenyan Coast
City of Malindi
14th century
August 1914
governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa
Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated
Northern Rhodesia
The central highlands
as itinerant farmers
banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
80,000
15 January 1954
the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure
24 April 1954
4,686 Mau Mau
the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.
1957
Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta
12 December 1963
1963
Republic of Kenya
where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
agitation for constitutional reform
Daniel arap Moi
a presidential representative democratic republic
the head of state and head of government
exercised by the government
both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
The Judiciary
low
gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
139th out of 176 total countries
the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
Party of National Unity
the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later
Odinga
programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process
28 February 2008
Prime Minister
both PNU and ODM camps
depending on each party's strength in Parliament
until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete
the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House
29 February 2008
the two political parties would share power equally
eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
August 2010
delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
27 August 2010
the Second Republic
December 2014
to guard against armed groups
Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries
it infringed on democratic freedoms
of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
h International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
US President Barack Obama
China
In July 2015
in peacekeeping missions around the world
violence that subsequently engulfed the country
human rights violations
Kenya’s armed forces
Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers
, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
0.519, ranked 145 out of 186 in the world
Kenya
less than $1.25 a day
a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity
food security
Industry and manufacturing
75% of the labour force
61%
tourism
steady growth
the coastal beaches and the game reserves
Germany and the United Kingdom
24%
tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
Agriculture
weather-related fluctuations
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Pigeon peas are very drought resistant,
by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25%
enabling some farmers to buy assets
the fertile highlands
Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
the semi-arid savanna to the north and east
53% of the population
Kenyans for Kenya
Kenya
14%
Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
2000
hydroelectric stations at dams
Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam
1997
in Turkana
around 10 billion barrels.
Exploration
r 20% to 25%
$474 million
Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment
support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda
Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia
environmental and social problems
Vision 2030
an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030
National Climate Change Action Plan
having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight
climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
in agriculture
up to 30%
9–18.
poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities
English and Swahili
in commerce, schooling and government
in the country
Christian
Protestant
3 million followers
Nairobi
2.4%
Sixty percent
mostly Christian
around 300,000
Nurses
clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
65,000
7,000 doctors
Diseases of poverty
Half
diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector
15 million
British colonists.
12 December 1963
Ominde Commission
focused on identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted
look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
8–4–4 system
8–4–4 system
1992
January 1985
vocational subjects
the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
January 2003
increased by about 70%.
age six years
eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years
85%
age three to five
a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade)
those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
the Kenya National Library Service
establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
a peoples university
it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
Morocco and Ethiopia
six gold
Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics
IAAF Golden League jackpot
the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
economic or financial factors
women's volleyball within Africa
Cricket
2003
Rakep Patel
March 2007
the world famous Safari Rally
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
three meals in a day
10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm tea
tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
the United Nations
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Resolution 43/53
Hoesung Lee
Korean
Ismail El Gizouli
Bert Bolin
February 2015
representatives appointed by governments and organizations
350
government officials and climate change experts
about seven-eighths
1989
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
United Nations Environment Programme
the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
World Meteorological Organization
does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
available information about climate change based on published sources
non-peer-reviewed sources
model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
two
ten to fifteen
a somewhat larger number
The coordinating lead authors
the Working Group chairs
substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
additional warming of the Earth's surface
over half
"business as usual" (BAU)
increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C
2001
16 national science academies
Science
at least 90%
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
Richard Lindzen
does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
John Houghton
a co-chair of TAR WGI
scientific evidence
the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports
2011
2011
requested by governments
the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
default emission factors
fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
the date
"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
the WWF report
"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
IPCC chairman
making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
co-chair of the IPCC working group II
Himalayan glaciers
"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
1999
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
the "hockey stick graph"
Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
between 1000 and 1900
Fred Singer
Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
18 July 2000
United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
Rep. Joe Barton
Ed Whitfield
23 June 2005
Sherwood Boehlert
Sherwood Boehlert
2001
2007
Ten
divergence
14
1 February 2007
temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates
actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given
actual sea level rise was above the top of the range
projected rises in sea levels
9–88 cm
50–140 cm
2001
coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report
Science Magazine
concurring, smaller assessments of special problems
the Montreal Protocol
Climate Change
states and governments
Sheldon Ungar
varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
regional burden sharing conflicts
the UK government
other scientific bodies
significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
IPCC
five
the journal Nature
turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC
remove government oversight from its processes
to conduct photosynthesis
energy
energy
the Calvin cycle
1
pinch in two
environmental factors like light color and intensity
contain their own DNA
a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
plants and algae
Russian
biologist
1905
Andreas Schimper
Cyanobacteria
prokaryotes
they have two cell membranes
peptidoglycan
blue-green algae
eukaryotic
around a billion years ago
two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
phagosomal
many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
almost the same thing as chloroplast
three
red algal chloroplast
green chloroplast
the green chloroplast lineage
glaucophyte
alga
glaucophyte chloroplasts
a carboxysome
icosahedral
chlorophyll a and phycobilins
phycobilisomes
the phycobilin phycoerytherin
catch more sunlight in deep water
a form of starch
phycobilisomes
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
the peptidoglycan wall
chloroplast division
chlorophyll b
double
additional membranes outside of the original two
a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it
sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
chloroplasts derived from a green alga
common flagellated
stacked in groups of three
Starch
the membrane of the primary endosymbiont
cryptomonads
red-algal derived chloroplast
nucleomorph
in granules found in the periplastid space
stacks of two
helicosproidia
chromalveolates
the malaria parasite
a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters
apicomplexan-related diseases
isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
four
Peridinin
peridinin-type chloroplast
triplet-stacked
the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
fucoxanthin dinophyte
fucoxanthin dinophyte
four
a six membraned chloroplast
a cryptophyte
its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
a phycobilin-containing chloroplast
a two-membraned chloroplast
heterokontophyte
a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
up to five
the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
the dinophyte nucleus
Lepidodinium
their original peridinin chloroplast
a green algal derived chloroplast
a green algal derived chloroplast
first set of endosymbiotic events
acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
about a million
around 850
three million
ctDNA, or cpDNA
the plastome
1962
1986
two Japanese research teams
The inverted repeat regions
direct repeats
stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
electron microscopy
two
a theta intermediary form
a Cairns replication intermediate
with a rolling circle mechanism
A → G deamination
when it is single stranded
linear
homologous recombination
in branched, linear, or other complex structures
bacteriophage T4
linear
circular
via a D loop mechanism
Endosymbiotic gene transfer
the lost chloroplast's existence
a red algal derived chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
nonfunctional pseudogenes
around half
participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
the cell membrane
a ribosome
in the cytosol
helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
keeping it from folding prematurely
lens-shaped
5–8 μm in diameter
1–3 μm
a net
a cup
a double membrane
the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
homologous
the mitochondrial double membrane
run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
generate ATP energy
the internal thylakoid system
the inner chloroplast membrane
Stromules
stroma-containing tubule
to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
1962
in the chloroplasts of C4 plants
in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms
The chloroplast peripheral reticulum
increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
the thylakoids and intermembrane space
synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
17 nm
25 nm
motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)
spherical bubbles
lipids and proteins
45–60 nanometers across
a lipid monolayer
either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
the thylakoid network
singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid
In old or stressed chloroplasts
The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae
roughly spherical
highly refractive
starch
divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
the helical thylakoid model
flattened circular
anywhere from two to a hundred
10–20
helicoid stromal thylakoids
light energy
light energy
energize electrons
pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
a dam turbine
two
are arranged in grana
are in contact with the stroma
pancake-shaped circular disks
about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
about thirty
help transfer and dissipate excess energy
their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green
a bright red-orange carotenoid
orange-red zeaxanthin
e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
red
red algae
relatively large protein complexes
about 40 nanometers across
an enzyme called rubisco
it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
the Calvin cycle
ATP energy
light reactions
rubisco
normal grana and thylakoids
a four-carbon compound
to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
All green parts
the chlorophyll in them
parenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue
A plant cell which contains chloroplasts
in the stems
concentrated in the leaves
8–15 per cell
half a million
the mesophyll layers
low-light conditions
Under intense light
photooxidative damage
to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
Mitochondria
two
infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
reactive oxygen species
salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
After detecting stress in a cell
pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule
signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
food in the form of sugars
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
sugar and oxygen (O2)
generate ATP energy
into the thylakoid space
up to a thousand times
phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate
adenosine triphosphate
NADP+
cyclic photophosphorylation
in C4 plants
more ATP than NADPH
The Calvin cycle
unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down
three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid
one out of every six
glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together
Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
distorting the grana and thylakoids
Waterlogged roots
another photosynthesis-depressing factor
add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP
when the oxygen concentration is too high
it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
in their stroma
cysteine and methionine
it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
Chloroplasts
undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg
in an adult plant's apical meristems
the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts
proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
a yellow chlorophyll precursor
Gymnosperms
chromoplasts
pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
chromoplasts
chromoplasts
chloroplasts and other plastids
filaments
proteins
a structure called a Z-ring
within the chloroplast's stroma
The Min system
plastid-dividing rings
two
about 5 nanometers across
6.4 nanometers
chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring
Light
bright white light
large dumbbell-shaped
poor quality green light
transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen
environmental risks
3 in 1,000,000
transplastomic
itself
composite number
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
a product of primes
because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
primality
trial division
the Miller–Rabin primality test
the AKS primality test
22,338,618 decimal digits
infinitely many
Euclid
the statistical behaviour
the prime number theorem
at the end of the 19th century
Goldbach's conjecture
the twin prime conjecture
algebraic aspects
public-key cryptography
prime ideals
2
1, 2, and n
odd prime
9
even numbers
1
Christian Goldbach
Leonhard Euler
10,006,721
its own special category as a "unit"
Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
if 1 were considered a prime
Euler's totient function
the sum of divisors function
only the single number 1
the Rhind papyrus
the Ancient Greeks
Euclid's Elements
Euclid
compute primes
In 1640
Euler
22n + 1
2p − 1
up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
trial division
if a complete list of primes up to is known
greater than 1
only three divisions
less than or equal to the square root of n
two main classes
probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo")
deterministic
deterministic
1/(1-p)n
the Fermat primality test,
np≡n (mod p)
composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)
Baillie-PSW
Solovay-Strassen tests
2p + 1
2p − 1
The Lucas–Lehmer test
primorial primes
Fermat primes
distributed computing
In 2009
US$100,000
The Electronic Frontier Foundation
[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]
the floor function
Chebyshev
any natural number n > 3
n < p < 2n − 2
Wilson's theorem
their greatest common divisor is one
Dirichlet's theorem
1/6
at most one prime number
infinitely many prime numbers
The zeta function
a finite value
diverges
exceeds any given number
identity
1859
s = −2, −4, ...,
random noise
asymptotic distribution
asymptotic distribution
Goldbach's conjecture
1912
all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017
Vinogradov's theorem
Chen's theorem
twin prime conjecture
pairs of primes with difference 2
Polignac's conjecture
n2 + 1
Brocard's conjecture
number theory
G. H. Hardy
the 1970s
hash tables
pseudorandom number generators
a recurring decimal
p − 1
(p − 1)! + 1
(n − 1)!
p is not a prime factor of q
RSA
the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
512-bit
modular exponentiation
1024-bit
cicadas
as grubs underground
17 years
make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators
up to 2% higher
indecomposability
the smallest subfield
as a connected sum of prime knots
any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
commutative ring R
prime elements
irreducible elements
it is neither zero nor a unit
cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
the Gaussian integers Z[i]
a + bi
arbitrary integers
4k + 3
In ring theory
Prime ideals
algebraic number theory
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
a Noetherian commutative ring
Prime ideals
ramification in geometry
ring of integers of quadratic number fields
the solvability of quadratic equations
norm gets smaller
completed (or local) fields
the absolute value
local-global principle
Olivier Messiaen
La Nativité du Seigneur
Quatre études de rythme
the third étude
the movements of nature
Swiss canton
North Sea
Cologne, Germany
Danube
1,230 km (760 mi)
Europe
Netherlands
1,230 km
Gaulish name Rēnos
Rhin
Rīnaz
1st century BC
Gaulish name Rēnos
Rhin
Rijn
Rīnaz
Rhijn
Rhine-kilometers
1939
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
Hoek van Holland
canalisation projects
Rhine-kilometers"
1939
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
canalisation projects
Hoek van Holland
north
86 km long,
Rhine Valley
Sargans
Austria
Chur
86 km
599 m
Rhine Valley
Switzerland
Lake Constance
Alter Rhein
modern canalized section
Isel
Donkey
Lake Constance
modern canalized section
Alter Rhein
small islands
Isel
Diepoldsau
Fußach
strong sedimentation
parallel to the canalized Rhine
silt
Fußach
constant flooding
Diepoldsau
Dornbirner Ach
continuous input of sediment
three
lower lake
Lake Rhine
Swiss-Austrian border
upper lake
three
Austria
Alps
47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650; 9.317.
Baden-Württemberg
greater density of cold water
Lake Überlingen
Rheinbrech
entire length
Lindau
Rheinbrech
Lindau
Lake Überlingen
Rhine Gutter
water level
westward
river Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Finsteraarhorn
Basel
westward
Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s),
Finsteraarhorn
German
Basel
Rhine knee
Central Bridge
300 km long
40 km wide
Basel
Rhine knee
North
High Rhine
Central Bridge
19th Century
increased
fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
large compensation pools
Upper Rhine
19th Century
increased
fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
Germany
300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
Rhine
Moselle
400 m (1,300 ft).
Germany
Germany
Moselle
France
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
erosion
the Romantic Rhine
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
castles
Romantic Rhine
plants and factories
Duisburg
Ruhr
drinking water
Switzerland
pollution
Lower Rhine
Switzerland
Duisburg
Ruhr
tourism
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
Middle Rhine Valley
tourism
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
Sankt Goarshausen
Duisburg
Wesel-Datteln Canal
Lippe
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m
Lower Rhine
Rhine-Ruhr
Duisport
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m wide
Meuse
Rijn
Two thirds
west
Waal
Meuse
The Oude Maas
Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
Lek
Noord River
Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
one ninth
Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
Rijn
draining the surrounding land
Kromme Rijn
Bent Rhine
Old Rhine
Rhine-Meuse
Millingen aan de Rijn,
Rhine Delta
Nederrijn at Angeren
three
Waal
Old Meuse
the Rip
St. Elizabeth's
1421
Merwede-Oude Maas
1421 to 1904
archipelago-like estuary
drainage channels
construction of Delta Works
dammed
20th Century
tidal delta
tidal currents
tear huge areas of land into the sea.
Zaltbommel
Tethys sea
Jurassic Period
Mediterranean geography
Mesozoic Era
Iberia
N–S
Upper Rhine Graben
Miocene
Danube
stream capture
Pliocene period
Vosges Mountains
Ice Ages
six
120 m
northwest
Brest
74,000 (BP
11,600 BP
west
120 m
English Channel
glacier
tundra
22,000–14,000 yr BP
ice-sheets
loess
22,000 years ago
thaw
Rhine
13,000 BP
9000 BP
7500 yr ago
Rates of sea-level rise
last 7000 years
tectonic subsidence
1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century
11,700 years ago
8,000 years ago
Late-Glacial valley
Netherlands
3000 yr BP
increased flooding and sedimentation
sediment load
11–13th century
80
North Sea
Meuse estuary
IJsselmeer
freshwater lake
three
1st century BC
Germania
6th century BC
Maurus Servius Honoratus
AD 14
Danube
the empire fell
eastwards
southern
eight
army of Germania Inferior
Ubiorum
threat of war
town of the Ubii
5th century
kingdoms
dragons rock
Siegfried
Hagen
6th century
10th century
Lower Lorraine
Archduke Sigismund
1469
Peace of Westphalia
Establishing "natural borders"
Napoleon
1806
1840
end of World War I
1935
German army
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1936
Arnhem
formidable natural obstacle
September 1944
Ludendorff Bridge
Seven Days to the River Rhine
1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
Knaurs Lexikon
typographical error
1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
2010
Following a referendum in 1997
Scotland Act 1998
in which it can make laws
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Westminster
lack of a Parliament of Scotland
three hundred
First World War.
the late 1960s
directly elected Scottish Assembly
North
"It's Scotland's oil"
1974
not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
1978
Edinburgh
majority
51.6%
failed
32.9%
a Scottish Parliament
the Conservative Party
1989
blueprint
Scottish Parliament Building
Enric Miralles
Spanish
leaf-shaped
Queen Elizabeth II
meeting of the Church's General Assembly
General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
courtyard
University of Aberdeen
former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
City of Edinburgh Council
Lothian Regional Council
demolished
Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh
main
one MSP
Tricia Marwick
secret
129
A vote clerk
Presiding Officer
the Parliamentary Bureau
five
The Presiding Officer
hemicycle
encourage consensus amongst elected members
131
2
vote
Scottish rivers
silver
the Queen
Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
a glass case suspended from the lid
April
debating chamber
the public
free
the Official Report
Wednesdays
up to four minutes
Presiding Officer
religious beliefs
nominate speakers
The Presiding Officer
amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
different viewpoints
ministers or party leaders
Gaelic
5 pm
"Decision Time"
vote
electronic consoles on their desks
seconds
votes
political parties
whips
moral
deselected as official party candidates during future elections
Immediately after Decision Time
not a Scottish minister
45 minutes
other members
winds up
committee
stronger
no revising chamber
principal role
other locations throughout Scotland
a small number of MSPs
balance of parties
functions
Mandatory
fourth
beginning of each parliamentary session
one
current Subject Committees
Session
type of committee
large-scale development projects
Scottish Government.
Private Bill
Scotland Act 1998
Queen Elizabeth II
devolved competencies
Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
Scottish Parliament
Schedule 5
Scottish Parliament
automatically devolved
up to 3 pence in the pound
2012 Act
Reserved
Scottish Parliament
Westminster
UK Government ministers
Bills
the Scottish Government
a private member
an outside proposer
in a number of stages
introductory
accompanying documents
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
in the relevant committee or committees
Stage 2
Stage 3
two
final
wrecking
Decision Time
the Monarch
royal assent
a 4-week period
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
[Date]
hold the majority of seats
Any member
First Minister
elected MSPs
the Sovereign
Thursday
May
the Monarch
supplant it.
28
Several procedures
MSPs
legislative programme for the forthcoming year
issues related to the substance of the statement
Parliamentary time
Thursday
any member of the Scottish Government
issues under their jurisdiction
four
73
2005
one
dispersed population and distance
55,000
proportionally to the number of votes received
the d'Hondt method
quotient
constituency seats
iteratively
a number of qualifications
1981
over the age of 18
police and the armed forces
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
Labour
151 votes
eight
Scottish independence
the Conservatives
Edinburgh Pentlands
five seats
Annabel Goldie
Cameron
able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
West Lothian question
the Conservative
England
Islamism
all spheres of life.
reordering
poles
revolution or invasion
democratic
Palestine
abolish the state of Israel
democracy
religious
major division
Sunni pan-Islamism
sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
democracy
to maintain their legitimacy
political
Islam
its supporters
illiberal Islamic regimes
religion from politics
Muslims
Americans
a historical fluke
between 1945 and 1970
non-political Islam
dangerous enemies
During the 1970s
considerable impact
the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan
leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
considerable impact
Anwar Sadat
peace
political support
1975
assassinated
conservative
hate
wars
infidels
Saudi
Islamist
incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful
housing
rhetoric
avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands
law and philosophy
the All India Muslim League
the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress
1908
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
secularism and secular nationalism
crowd out
nationalist differences
1930
Pakistan movement
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
1941
through his writing
in a modern context
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
through his writing
a modern context
Sharia
an Islamic state
unity of God
gradual
an educational process
1928
Ismailiyah, Egypt
Hassan al Banna
the Qur'an
imperialist
violence
1949
Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
1948
Gamal Abdul Nasser
one of the most influential movements
75% of the total seats
"semi-legal"
field candidates
Mohamed Morsi
quick and decisive
a pivotal event
economic
A steep and steady decline
anti-democratic Islamist movements
ideological
Ali Shariati
somewhere between
the Prophet Mohammad
conspiracy
Islamic
Shia terrorist
economic
During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
the Soviet Union
an Islamic rebellion
send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
marginal
16,000 to 35,000
worked to radicalize the Islamist movement
Saddam Hussein
Islamist
Saudi
the west
conservative Muslims
domestic Islamists
in the kingdom
Algeria
Osama bin Laden
Qutb's
1966
the Brotherhood
Fringe or splinter
By the 1970s
Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
1981
apostate
promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
violence
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
in 2003
unsuccessful
political figures
quiescent
HAMAS
destruction of Israel
alcohol
Palestine
Hamas
542
majority of the seats,
2007
driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi
National Islamic Front
money from foreign Islamist banking systems
university and military academy
1985
with the help of the military
sharia law
Osama bin Laden
American attack on Iraq
staying home
1989
Algeria
Front Islamique de Salut
a military coup d'état
justice and prosperity
vicious and destructive
1992
one of the poorest countries on earth
80%
The Taliban
Pakistan
neofundamentalist
Sharia
Osama bin Laden
July 1977
alcohol and nightclubs
Islamism
his means of seizing power
1988
Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant
Sunni Arabs
ten million
recognition
a caliphate
2004
2003
notorious intransigence
March 2011
a terrorist organisation
a different view
7th century
1924
true Islamic
ended the true Islamic system
armed
ideological struggle
elites
Egypt
terrorist groups
over 900,000
strong Islamist
2007
Londonistan
incitement to terrorism
since 2001
State
Christian Whiton
U.S. Defense Secretary
undermining the communist ideology
Latin
military force
Japan
technologies and ideas
influence
"Formal imperialism"
othering
direct
"informal" imperialism
"formal"
aggressiveness
ownership of private industries
informal
distinction
the world systems theory
Lenin
empires
seaborne
colonialism
political focus
ideological
Ottoman
person or group of people
Imperialism and colonialism
taking physical control of another
conquering the other state's lands
exploitation
characteristics
empire-building
imperialism
highest 'social efficiency'
theory of races
whiteness
Germany
Britain
Political
geographical societies in Europe
fund
environmental determinism
temperate
Orientalism
uncivilized
superior
Terra nullius
the eighteenth century
the British Empire
Aboriginal
empty land
an imaginative geography
irrational and backward
inferior
Orientalism
progressive
nineteenth-century maps
blank spaces on contemporary maps
unexplored territory
nineteenth-century cartographic techniques
French
the pre-Columbian era
Genghis Khan
dozens
Ethiopian Empire
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cultural imperialism
soft power
Dallas
Roman
bans
around 1700
colonizing
thousands
middle of the 20th century
Open Door Policy
1919
1999
historians
the world's economy
many imperial powers
economic growth
mid-18th century
colonies
the Mughal state
communication
deadly explosives
the machine gun
arrows, swords, and leather shields
European
British
in the late 1870s
philanthropy
to constantly expand investment
aristocracy
the 1950s
before World War I
disease
taxation
environmental determinism
the environment in which they lived
less civilized
Africa
orientalism and tropicality
geographic scholars
Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
guidance
orientalism
colonizing empires
the sixteenth century
1599
Queen Elizabeth
exploitation
the Portuguese
1830
1850
Catholicism
Africa
when Germany started to build her own
civilize the inferior
assimilation
small numbers of settlers
Christianity and French culture
Algeria
overseas colonies
anti-colonial movements
Vietnam
Algeria
1960
Scandinavia
Muslim Iberia
middle period of classical antiquity
800 CE
central Europe
late 19th century
1862
after the Franco-German War
Napoleon
Europe
the South Pacific
prestige
1884
New Guinea
Hamburg merchants and traders
Japan took part of Sakhalin Island
1894
Thailand
Manchuria
China
1932
Lenin
Eastern Europe
Bolshevik leaders
a world revolution
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
socialism in one country
mercantilism
1776
free trade
about 1820
1815
The British Empire
pseudo-sciences
The British spirit of imperialism
Middle East
the Monroe Doctrine
interventionism
a war erupted
the Philippines
a "racket"
Isiah Bowman
1917
American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference
U.S authorship of a 'new world'
Wilson's geographer
internal strife
"internal colonialism"
12 to 15 million
the contemporary Orient
1923
Suleiman the Magnificent
32
Europe
During the 16th and 17th centuries
Istanbul
Germany
World War I
Turkey
United Methodist Church
mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
1968
union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
Wesleyan
United Methodist Church
80 million
mainline Protestant denomination
3.6%
mid-18th century
within the Church of England
being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study
1735
colony of Georgia
American Indians
salvation by God's grace
American Revolution
1784
Thomas Coke
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
1767
sail loft on Dock Street
1784
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
St. George's Church
1784
1830
issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
1844
because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
April 23, 1968
constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas
Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
holy catholic (or universal) church
The Book of Discipline
meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
result of the American Revolution
Dr. Thomas Coke
Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
1968
John Wesley and Charles Wesley
Albert C. Outler
Albert C. Outler
Prevenient grace
Prevenient grace
the grace that "goes before" us
Prevenient grace
Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace
justifying grace
conversion
conversion
New Birth
grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection
Sanctifying Grace
a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
Christian Perfection
Wesleyan theology
prima scriptura
UMC
Book of Discipline
2008
pro-choice
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
all women
the mother
Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (
2012
Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
temperance movement
2011 and 2012
The Use of Money
unfermented grape juice
capital punishment
John 8:7.
Matthew 5:38-39
The General Conference
same-sex unions
1999
2016
Connectional Table
LGBT
same-gender marriages with resolutions
1987
2005
Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
conscription
the way of military action
all war
Christ's message and teachings
instrument of national foreign policy
general and complete disarmament
The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church
violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
girls and women
IVF
stem cells
research
Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
The Book of Common Prayer
Africa
Book of Common Prayer
anointing with oil
Methodist institutions
William Booth
John Wesley
United Methodist Church
General Conference
The Book of Discipline
General Conference
every four years
five
seven
to elect and appoint bishops
bishops
Episcopal Areas
Mission Council
church bishops
36
for the George W. Bush Presidential Library
Southern Methodist University
nine
Judicial Council
eight-year term
twice a year
various locations throughout the world
The Annual Conference
geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
their Annual Conference
The Book of Discipline
three
nine
church conference
church conference
one hundred
three hundred sixty
International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
John Wesley
pastors
Annual Conference Order of Elders
Annual Conference Order of Deacons
Annual Conference Cabinet
one year at a time
bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
Elders
the local church
2–3 years
District Superintendents
2–3 years
Deacons
Deacons
granted sacramental authority
1996
The provisional elder/deacon
1996 General Conference
Licensed Local Pastor
licensed local pastor
five
Associate Membership
Baptized Members
confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
transfer from another Christian denomination
Baptism
confirmation and membership preparation classes
The Book of Discipline
Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
lay servants
they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant
annually
at least one advanced course every three years
United Methodist Church
observer status
blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
2000
May 2012
1985
11 million
42,000
8 million
34,000
Texas
11.4 million
7.9 million
3.5 million
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
World Methodist Council
July 18, 2006
1754–1763
colonies of British America and New France
roughly 60,000 European settlers
2 million
primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio
Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754,
1755
disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela
combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
Fort Beauséjour
expulsion of the Acadians
William Pitt
unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
Sainte Foy in Quebec
territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain
French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain
confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
1740s
Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War
much larger conflict between France and Great Britain
Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763
six years
1760
Battle of Jumonville Glen
about 75,000
heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia
St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women
20 to 1
from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior
native tribes
Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements
Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
western portions of the Great Lakes region
Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee
no French regular army troops were stationed in North America
few British troops
mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.
about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
village of Pickawillany
threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
ignored the warning.
very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English
proposing that action be taken
British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
1749
Ohio Company of Virginia
Christopher Gist
Treaty of Logstown
mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
King George's War
1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
conflicting territorial claims between British and French
Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
Marquis de la Jonquière
300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton
Paul Marin de la Malgue
Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania
Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania
protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
Tanaghrisson
British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things."
colonel of the Iroquois
Mohawk Chief Hendrick
Ohio Company
Major George Washington
Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson
December 12
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754
early months of 1754
Fort Duquesne.
with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen
killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
dislodge the French
plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure
dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755
Albany Congress
formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal
The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence
Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops
The expedition was a disaster
Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
Washington and Thomas Gage
Shirley and Johnson.
efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience
planned to attack Fort Niagara
garrisons
Marquis de Vaudreuil.
sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field
Fort William Henry
Ticonderoga Point,
Colonel Monckton
deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757
William Shirley
Albany
capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario
through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec
Major General James Abercrombie
Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
May 18, 1756
Oneida Carry
Battle of Fort Bull
45,000 pounds
hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison
Abercrombie
Ticonderoga
Oswego
disposition of prisoners' personal effects
attack on New France's capital, Quebec
to distract Montcalm
William Pitt
returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.
French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians)
Lake George
attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
poor harvest
St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,
British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
Loudoun
three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
3,600
18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies
sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac
recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France
Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
James Wolfe
cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
Battle of Sainte-Foy
naval Battle of the Restigouche
Governor Vaudreuil
freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property,
General Amherst.
signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763
Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763
continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
80,000
1755
throughout its North American provinces
New Orleans
King George III
outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
west of the Appalachian Mountains
Most went to Cuba,
military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes
1769
Choctaw and the Creek
disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
force
fundamental error
Sir Isaac Newton
nearly three hundred years
Einstein
Standard Model
gauge bosons
strong
gravitational
electroweak interaction
Aristotle
Aristotelian cosmology
four
on the ground
unnatural
17th century
Galileo Galilei
impetus
Galileo
friction
Newton
lack of net force
Newton
Newton's First
the same
laws of physics
parabolic
at rest
Inertia
inertia
rotational inertia of planet
Albert Einstein
weightlessness
principle of equivalence
Newton's Second Law
kinematic
General relativity
General relativity
fixed
Newton's Third
Newton's Third
unidirectional
magnitude
center of mass
closed
mass of the system
intuitive understanding
standard measurement scale
Newtonian mechanics
experimentation
vector quantities
denoted scalar quantities
Associating forces with vectors
ambiguous
Associating forces with vectors
static equilibrium
magnitude and direction
net force
respective lines of application
parallelogram
independent components
two
the original force
orthogonal
three-dimensional
static friction
static friction
applied
applied force
forces
spring reaction force
gravity
gravity
Isaac Newton
Galileo
rest
Galileo
behind the foot of the mast
foot of the mast
dynamic equilibrium
kinetic friction force
kinetic friction
Aristotle
Schrödinger
Newtonian
classical position variables
quantized
force
spin
Pauli
spin
antiparallel
parallel
mathematical by-product
force
conservation of momentum
Feynman
straight
four
strong and weak
electromagnetic
masses
Pauli exclusion principle
Isaac Newton
20th
unification
self-consistent unification
Isaac Newton
Galileo
about 9.81 meters per second squared
sea level
force of gravity
at larger distances.
the Moon
mass
radius () of the Earth
Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,
Henry Cavendish
1798
Newton
Mercury
Vulcan
theory of general relativity
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
general relativity
ballistic trajectory
gravitational force
global
electric current
unified electromagnetic
Lorentz's Law
electrostatic force
James Clerk Maxwell
1864
20
4
Maxwell
electromagnetic theory
quantum mechanics
quantum electrodynamics
photons
quantum electrodynamics
repulsion of like charges
the Pauli exclusion principle
energy
as a structural force
repulsion of like charges
the Pauli exclusion principle
energy
as a structural force
elementary particles
residual of the force
nuclear
as gluons
color confinement
weak force
beta decay
radioactivity
1013
approximately 1015 kelvins
normal force
Pauli repulsion
fermionic nature of electrons
normal
ideal strings
ideal pulleys
action-reaction pairs
conservation of mechanical energy
movable pulleys
idealized point particles
three-dimensional objects
extended
other parts
extended structure
stress tensor
pressure terms
pressure terms
formalism
rotational equivalent for position
unbalanced torque
Newton's Second Law of Motion
toward the center of the curving path
perpendicular
centripetal
radial
tangential force
kinetic
potential
net mechanical energy
difference in potential energy
artifact
forces
gradient of potentials
friction
Nonconservative
statistical mechanics
nonconservative forces
nonconservative forces
Second
nonconservative forces
kilogram-force
kilopond
slug
kip
sthène