Nigerian Hate Speech Superset

This dataset is a superset (N=38,686) of posts annotated as hateful or not. It results from the preprocessing and merge of all available hate speech datasets grounded geographically in Nigeria in April 2024. These datasets were identified through a systematic survey of hate speech datasets conducted in mid 2024. We only kept datasets that:

are documented
are publicly available or could be retrieved with the Twitter API
focus on hate speech, defined broadly as "any kind of communication in speech, writing or behavior, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, color, descent, gender or other identity factor" (UN, 2019)

The survey procedure is further detailed in our paper.

Data access and intended use

Please send an access request detailing how you plan to use the data. The main purpose of this dataset is to train and evaluate hate speech detection models, as well as study hateful discourse online. This dataset is NOT intended to train generative LLMs to produce hateful content.

Columns

The dataset contains six columns:

text: the annotated post
labels: annotation of whether the post is hateful (== 1) or not (==0). As datasets have different annotation schemes, we systematically binarized the labels.
source: origin of the data (e.g., Twitter)
dataset: dataset the data is from (see "Datasets" part below)
nb_annotators: number of annotators by post

Datasets

The datasets that compose this superset are:

NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Data (NaijaHate in the dataset column)
- paper link
- raw data link
HERDPhobia: A Dataset for Hate Speech against Fulani in Nigeria (Herdphobia in the dataset column)
- paper link
- raw data link
EkoHate: Abusive Language and Hate Speech Detection for Code-switched Political Discussions on Nigerian Twitter (ekohate)
- paper link
- raw data link

Additional datasets on demand

In our survey, we identified one additional dataset that is not public but can be requested to the authors:

Detection of Hate Speech Code Mix Involving English and other Nigerian Languages
- paper link

Preprocessing

We drop duplicates. In case of non-binary labels, the labels are binarized (hate speech or not). We replace all usernames and links by fixed tokens to maximize user privacy.

Citation

Please cite our paper if you use this dataset.

@article{tonneau2024hateday,
  title={HateDay: Insights from a Global Hate Speech Dataset Representative of a Day on Twitter},
  author={Tonneau, Manuel and Liu, Diyi and Malhotra, Niyati and Hale, Scott A and Fraiberger, Samuel P and Orozco-Olvera, Victor and R{\"o}ttger, Paul},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.15462},
  year={2024}
}

Datasets:

manueltonneau
/

nigeria-hate-speech-superset

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