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@@ -1834,412 +1834,411 @@ How Much Is Our Fairness Worth? The Effect of Raising Stakes on Offers by Propos
 "Excessive, Optimal, and Insufficient Fundraising among the Nonprofit Times 100",,"Jacobs, F.A.; Marudas, N.P.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1882
 Gender-biased expectations of altruism in adolescents,"Research suggests that women, but not men, manifest gender-biased expectations of altruism: while women expect other women to be more altruistic, men expect women to be as generous as men. Do adolescents expect women and men to behave differently regarding altruism? I analyse adolescents' gender beliefs about altruism using a modified Dictator Game. Results indicate that adolescents believe that others of same gender are more altruistic than others of the opposite gender. I also found that adolescents' agreement with the existence of different societal roles for men and women moderates the relationship between gender and gender beliefs. Although it was expected that adolescents who agree with different gender roles would expect women to be more generous, surprisingly, the results presented here confirm this only for male adolescents, but in the opposite direction: the more male adolescents agree with the existence of different gender roles, the more they seem to believe that men are more generous than women. Meanwhile, female adolescents believe that women are more altruistic unconditionally. Thus, the previously documented bias seems to be already in place during adolescence, above and beyond other confounding factors. Adolescents' in-group bias, and their socialization into different cultural values regarding gender roles are discussed as potential explanatory mechanisms for these gender beliefs. © 2018 Salgado.","Salgado, M.",Front. Psychol.,1883
 The Chicago Fire of 1871: A bottom-up approach to disaster relief,"Can bottom-up relief efforts lead to recovery after disasters? Conventional wisdom and contemporary public policy suggest that major crises require centralized authority to provide disaster relief goods. Using a novel set of comprehensive donation and expenditure data collected from archival records, this paper examines a bottom-up relief effort following one of the most devastating natural disasters of the nineteenth century: the Chicago Fire of 1871. Findings show that while there was no central government relief agency present, individuals, businesses, corporate entities and municipal governments were able to finance the relief effort though donations. The Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a voluntary association of agents with a stake in relief outcomes, leveraged organizational assets and constitutional rules to administer aid. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Skarbek, E.C.",Public Choice,1884
-,,,,1885
-On implementing the door-in-the-face compliance technique in a business context,,"Mowen, J.C.; Cialdini, R.B.",Journal of Marketing Research,1886
-Evaluating coding decisions,,"Orwin, R.G.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,1887
-GnRH Agonist Trigger and LH Activity Luteal Phase Support versus hCG Trigger and Conventional Luteal Phase Support in Fresh Embryo Transfer IVF/ICSI Cycles-A Systematic PRISMA Review and Meta-analysis,"INTRODUCTION: The use of GnRH agonist (GnRHa) for final oocyte maturation trigger in oocyte donation and elective frozen embryo transfer cycles is well established due to lower ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) rates as compared to hCG trigger. A recent Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that GnRHa trigger was associated with reduced live birth rates (LBRs) in fresh autologous IVF cycles compared to hCG trigger. However, the evidence is not unequivocal, and recent trials have found encouraging reproductive outcomes among couples undergoing GnRHa trigger and individualized luteal LH activity support. Thus, the aim was to compare GnRHa trigger followed by luteal LH activity support with hCG trigger in IVF patients undergoing fresh embryo transfer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials published until December 14, 2016. The population was infertile patients submitted to IVF/ICSI cycles with GnRH antagonist cotreatment who underwent fresh embryo transfer. The intervention was GnRHa trigger followed by LH activity luteal phase support (LPS). The comparator was hCG trigger followed by a standard LPS. The critical outcome measures were LBR and OHSS rate. The secondary outcome measures were number of oocytes retrieved, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates, and miscarriage rates. RESULTS: A total of five studies met the selection criteria comprising a total of 859 patients. The LBR was not significantly different between the GnRHa and hCG trigger groups (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62, 1.14). OHSS was reported in a total of 4/413 cases in the GnRHa group compared to 7/413 in the hCG group (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.15, 1.60). We observed a slight, but non-significant increase in miscarriage rate in the GnRHa triggered group compared to the hCG group (OR 1.85; 95% CI 0.97, 3.54). CONCLUSION: GnRHa trigger with LH activity LPS resulted in comparable LBRs compared to hCG trigger. The most recent trials reported LBRs close to unity indicating that individualization of the LH activity LPS improved the luteal phase deficiency reported in the first GnRHa trigger studies. However, LPS optimization is needed to further limit OHSS in the subgroup of normoresponder patients (<14 follicles ≥ 11 mm). PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016051091.","Haahr, Thor; Roque, Matheus; Esteves, Sandro C; Humaidan, Peter",Front. Endocrinol.,1888
-Do tax incentives affect charitable contributions? Evidence from public charities' reported revenues,"This paper estimates the effect of the charitable contribution tax deduction on charities' donation revenue from charities' tax filings. A one percent increase in the tax cost of giving causes charitable receipts to fall by about four percent, an effect three times larger the consensus in the literature. Further analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity in the tax response by subsector: health care and home care are more tax-sensitive than other charities, while higher education and arts are less tax-sensitive. The results are consistent with substantial tax response heterogeneity within the sample and between sampled and unsampled charities, implying that the mean tax elasticity of charitable contributions is a poor predictor of tax incentive effects for individual charities. © 2016 Elsevier B.V..","Duquette, N.J.",J. Public Econ.,1889
-Money and time donations to Spanish non-governmental organizations for development aid,,"Marcuello, C.; Salas, V.",Investigaciones Económicas,1890
-Market Orientations in the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector: A Meta-Analysis of Their Relationships With Organizational Performance,"In their effort to improve performance, many voluntary and nonorofit organizations (VNPOs) have turned to market mechanisms, hoping to learn and implement innovative ideas and methods that proved useful in the private sector. This article adopts the businesslike concept of ?marketing? into the arena of VNPOs by offering a meta-analysis to assess the marketing orientation (MO) in the VNPO sector. The article attempts to answer three questions: (a) What is the theoretical grounding and rationality for using MO strategies in the VNPO sector? (b) Can the VNPO sector benefit from an MO approach? (c) Is the MO perspective applicable for organizations without ?profit? as a main goal? The findings were compared with findings in the for-profit sector and were found to be stronger. Finally, using a second, methodological meta-analysis, boundary conditions on the MO-performance link were assessed. The implications for VNPOs are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.","Shoham, Aviv; Ruvio, Ayalla; Vigoda-Gadot, Eran; Schwabsky, Nitza",Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,1891
-The Effect of Matching Contribution Offers and Legitimization of Paltry Contributions On Compliance,"The use of a matching contribution offer in conjunction with legitimization of paltry contributions is examined in a door‐to‐door charitable solicitation context. Three hundred and twenty households were exposed to charitable contribution requests employing either legitimization of paltry contributions, a matching contribution offer, both, or a control. It was predicted that the matching funds offer, paired with legitimization of paltry donations, would increase both compliance rates and donation sizes and generate greater revenues than either tactic used singly. The results of a field experiment support this prediction. Copyright © 1989, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Fraser, C.; Hite, R.E.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1892
-Thou shalt not steal: Taking aversion with legal property claims,"Do people have an innate respect for property? In the literature, there is controversy about whether human subjects are taking averse. We implemented a dictator game with a symmetric action space to address potential misconceptions and framing and demand effects that may be responsible for the contradictory findings. Misconceptions can occur as a result of unclear property rights, while framing and demand effects can occur if anonymity is not preserved. Our paper is the first to implement both a strict double-blind anonymity protocol and clear property rights. We established clear property claims by asking subjects in our legal treatment to bring their own property to the experiment. In the effort treatment, the experimenter transferred the property publicly to subjects after they completed a real effort task. Our data suggest that without social enforcement, respect for property is low. Yet, the taking rate significantly differs from the theoretically predicted maximum. Consistent with the Lockean theory of property, respect for property grows when the entitlement is legitimized by the labor the owner had to invest to acquire it. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.","Faillo, M.; Rizzolli, M.; Tontrup, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1893
-"A Polyhedron Model of Wisdom: A Systematic Review of the Wisdom Studies in Psychology, Management and Leadership, and Education","No consensus on a definition of wisdom exists. Hence, 50 articles were systematically reviewed from the fields of psychology, management and leadership, and education to examine points of consensus among conceptions of wisdom. These articles were limited to the most cited peer-reviewed articles published between 2006 and 2018 that include wisdom in the title and key words. Based on the review, the Polyhedron Model of Wisdom was developed with components that characterize wisdom including knowledge management, self-regulation, altruism and moral maturity, openness and tolerance, sound judgment and decision making, intelligence and creative thinking, and dynamic balance and synthesis translated into action. This study is a step toward defining wisdom components upon which strategies to foster wisdom could be built. In the future, researchers should investigate ways of fostering wisdom through enhancing components of wisdom. © 2020 The Roeper Institute.","Karami, S.; Ghahremani, M.; Parra-Martinez, F.A.; Gentry, M.",Roeper Rev.,1894
-Affair of the Heart,,"Sullivan, A.",Barron's,1895
-Is a donor in hand better than two in the bush? Evidence from a natural field experiment,"This study examines why people initially give to charities, why they remain committed to the cause, and what factors attenuate these influences. Using an experimental design that links donations across distinct treatments separated in time, we present several results. For example, previous donors are more likely to give, and contribute more, than other donor types. Yet, how previous donors were acquired is critical: agents initially attracted by an economic mechanism are more likely to continue giving than agents attracted by a nonmechanism factor. From a methodological viewpoint, our study showcases the benefit of moving beyond an experimental design that focuses on short-run substitution effects.","Landry, C.E.; Lange, A.; List, J.A.; Price, M.K.; Rupp, N.G.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1896
-Reviewing existing knowledge prior to conducting animal studies,"Highly polarised viewpoints about animal experimentation have often prevented agreement. However, important common ground between advocates and opponents was demonstrated within a discussion forum hosted at www.research-methodology.org.uk in July-August 2008, by the independent charity, SABRE Research UK. Agreement existed that many animal studies have methodological flaws - such as inappropriate sample sizes, lack of randomised treatments, and unblinded outcome assessments - that may introduce bias and limit statistical validity. There was also agreement that systematic reviews of the human utility of animal models yield the highest quality of evidence, as their reliance on methodical and impartial methods to select significant numbers of animal studies for review, serves to minimise bias. Unfortunately, disagreement remained that animal experimental licence applications should reference systematic reviews of existing studies, before approval. The UK Medical Research Council requires that researchers planning human clinical trials must reference such reviews of related previous work. Existing knowledge is thereby fully and appropriately utilised, and redundant experimentation is avoided. However, objections were raised that a similar requirement would interfere with animal experimental licensing, because, to date, there have been very few systematic reviews of animal studies. In fact, the relative dearth of such reviews is a matter of considerable concern, and may partially explain the very poor human success rates of drugs that appear safe and/or efficacious in animal trials. Nevertheless, the disturbing number of human trials which have proceeded concurrently with, or prior to, animal studies, or have continued despite equivocal evidence of efficacy in animals, clearly demonstrate that many researchers fail to conduct adequate prior reviews of existing evidence. Where neither sufficient primary studies, nor systematic reviews of such studies, exist, for citation within a licence application, researchers should be able to provide evidence of this shortcoming, and, concurrently, demonstrate that the available literature and evidence have been adequately reviewed. This should also enable them to clearly demonstrate the need and scientific appropriateness of their proposed study, the validity of its design, and - importantly - that the benefits are reasonably likely to exceed the animal welfare, bioethical and financial costs. Invasive animal studies should never be permitted solely on the basis of less probable, speculative or intangible human benefits, or the mere satisfaction of scientific curiosity.","Knight, Andrew",Altern. Lab. Anim.,1897
-"More Is Better, But Fair Is Fair: Tipping in Dictator and Ultimatum Games","This paper examines Allocators' willingness to reward and punish their paired Recipients. Recipients only compete in a skill-testing contest, the outcome of which determines the size of the surplus. In the dictator game, Allocators reward skillful Recipients, but punish unskillful ones only modestly. The punishment effect is mitigated by the belief held by some Allocators thateffortis the appropriate measure of deservingness. The ultimatum game extension reveals offerers' ability to adapt to the strategic environment. Offers to skillful Recipients in the ultimatum game, however, are shown to be motivated by a taste for fairness, and not strategic considerations.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C70, C91, D63. © 1998 Academic Press.","Ruffle, B.J.",Games Econ. Behav.,1898
-Mediation of the Legitimization of Paltry Favors Technique: The Impact of Social Comparison and Nature of the Cause,"This experiment builds upon previous research on the legitimization of paltry favors (LPF) technique by probing the conditions that explain the effectiveness of the technique. Specifically, impression management as a potential mediator was explored. Subjects were randomly exposed to one of eight solicitation conditions where cause (highly prosocial, less prosocial) and social comparison (No C [confederate], C does not donate, C donated $1.00, C donated $10.00) were varied. The robustness of the LPF technique was assessed by examining the impact of the extent to which the cause was prosocial and by the magnitude of the pledge made by another on the probability of targets’ compliance as well as on the magnitude of the pledges. Results indicated that both factors influenced the effectiveness of the LPF technique. © 2015 Western States Communication Association.","Russell, J.; Boster, F.J.",Commun. Rep.,1899
-"Key stakeholder perceptions about consent to participate in acute illness research: a rapid, systematic review to inform epi/pandemic research preparedness","BACKGROUND: A rigorous research response is required to inform clinical and public health decision-making during an epi/pandemic. However, the ethical conduct of such research, which often involves critically ill patients, may be complicated by the diminished capacity to consent and an imperative to initiate trial therapies within short time frames. Alternative approaches to taking prospective informed consent may therefore be used. We aimed to rapidly review evidence on key stakeholder (patients, their proxy decision-makers, clinicians and regulators) views concerning the acceptability of various approaches for obtaining consent relevant to pandemic-related acute illness research. METHODS: We conducted a rapid evidence review, using the Internet, database and hand-searching for English language empirical publications from 1996 to 2014 on stakeholder opinions of consent models (prospective informed, third-party, deferred, or waived) used in acute illness research. We excluded research on consent to treatment, screening, or other such procedures, non-emergency research and secondary studies. Papers were categorised, and data summarised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We screened 689 citations, reviewed 104 full-text articles and included 52. Just one paper related specifically to pandemic research. In other emergency research contexts potential research participants, clinicians and research staff found third-party, deferred, and waived consent to be acceptable as a means to feasibly conduct such research. Acceptability to potential participants was motivated by altruism, trust in the medical community, and perceived value in medical research and decreased as the perceived risks associated with participation increased. Discrepancies were observed in the acceptability of the concept and application or experience of alternative consent models. Patients accepted clinicians acting as proxy-decision makers, with preference for two decision makers as invasiveness of interventions increased. Research regulators were more cautious when approving studies conducted with alternative consent models; however, their views were generally under-represented. CONCLUSIONS: Third-party, deferred, and waived consent models are broadly acceptable to potential participants, clinicians and/or researchers for emergency research. Further consultation with key stakeholders, particularly with regulators, and studies focused specifically on epi/pandemic research, are required. We highlight gaps and recommendations to inform set-up and protocol development for pandemic research and institutional review board processes. PROSPERO PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42014014000.","Gobat, Nina H; Gal, Micaela; Francis, Nick A; Hood, Kerenza; Watkins, Angela; Turner, Jill; Moore, Ronald; Webb, Steve A R; Butler, Christopher C; Nichol, Alistair",Trials,1900
-Effects of internet display advertising in the purchase funnel: Model-based insights from a randomized field experiment,,"Hoban, P.R.; Bucklin, R.E.",Journal of Marketing Research,1901
-"Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior","Previous research has shown that exposure to violent media increased aggression-related affect and thoughts, physiological arousal, and aggressive behavior as well as decreased prosocial tendencies. The present research examined the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial media promotes prosocial outcomes. Three studies revealed that listening to songs with prosocial (relative to neutral) lyrics increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. These results provide first evidence for the predictive validity of the General Learning Model [Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In P. Vorderer, & J. Bryant, (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives responses and consequences (pp. 363-378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] for the effects of media with prosocial content on prosocial thought, feeling, and behavior. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Greitemeyer, T.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1902
-The revealed objective functions of nonprofit firms,,"Steinberg, R.",Rand Journal of Economics,1903
-A general framework for modifying health-relevant behavior: Reducing undergraduate binge drinking by appealing to commitment and reciprocity,,"Conner, A.E.",Dissertation Abstracts International,1904
-How should charitable organisations motivate young professionals to give philanthropically?,,"Kottasz, R.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1905
-"Deliberation erodes cooperative behavior — Even towards competitive out-groups, even when using a control condition, and even when eliminating selection bias","By many accounts cooperation appears to be a default strategy in social interaction. There are, however, several documented instances in which reflexive responding favors aggressive behaviors: for example, interactions with out-group members. We conduct a rigorous test of potential boundary conditions of intuitive prosociality by looking at whether intuition favors cooperation even towards competitive out-group members, and even in losses frames. Moreover, we address three major methodological limitations of previous research in this area: a lack of an unconstrained control condition; non-compliance with time manipulations leading to high rates of exclusions and thus a selection bias; and non-comprehension of the structure of the game. Even after eliminating participant selection bias and non-comprehension, we find that deliberation decreases cooperation: even in competitive contexts towards out-groups and even in a losses frame, though the differences in cooperation between groups was consistent across conditions. People may be intuitive cooperators, but they are not intuitively impartial. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.","Everett, J.A.C.; Ingbretsen, Z.; Cushman, F.; Cikara, M.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1906
-Decision-making about broad- and narrowcasting: a neuroscientific perspective,"What differentiates sharing with few, well-defined others (narrowcasting) from sharing with loosely defined crowds (broadcasting)? One possibility involves a trade-off where broadcasting is self-focused and self-serving, and narrowcasting is based on other-oriented, altruistic motives. We present neuroimaging data consistent with a second, parallel-processes perspective. According to this account, both narrow- and broadcasting simultaneously involve self-related and social motives since these concepts are strongly intertwined both on a psychological and neural level. We recorded brain activity within regions that are meta-analytically associated with self-related and social cognition while participants made decisions to narrow- or broadcast New York Times articles on social media. Results show increased involvement of brain regions associated with both self-related and social processing in narrow- and broadcasting, compared to a control condition. However, both processes were involved with higher intensity during narrowcasting, compared to broadcasting. These data help to disambiguate a theoretical discussion in communication science and clarify the neuropsychological mechanisms that drive sharing decisions in different contexts. Specifically, we highlight that narrow- and broadcasting afford differing intensities of two psychological processes that are crucial to persuasion and population-level content virality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Scholz, Christin; Baek, Elisa C; Brook O’Donnell, Matthew; Falk, Emily B",Media Psychol.,1907
-When saying no leads to compliance: The door-in-the-face technique for changing attitudes and behaviors towards smoking at work,"Introduction The aim of this action research was to encourage workers to comply with an anti-smoking charter and get them to effectively reduce their tobacco use. Two change procedures were compared: a classic one based on an information campaign and an original one based on the door-in-the-face technique. Method Forty-three smoking workers participated in this study. They were assigned to one of the two groups: information campaign group or door-in-the-face group. Two types of measures were administered. The first assessed self-reported attitudes towards smoking, such as perceived dependence (Fagerström Test); the second assessed effective behavior, such as number of cigarettes smoked and physiological nicotine addiction. Conclusion Taken together, the results show that the door-in-the-face technique was more effective than the information campaign. These results are discussed in light of the social acceptability of the initial refusal. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Pansu, P.; Lima, L.; Fointiat, V.",Rev. Eur. Psychol. Appl.,1908
-The impact of mortality salience on the relative effectiveness of donation appeals,,"Cai, F.; Wyer, R.S.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1909
-Type and amount of help as predictors for impression of helpers,"Impression of helpers can vary as a function of the magnitude of helping (amount of help) and of situational and motivational aspects (type of help). Over three studies conducted in Sweden and the US, we manipulated both the amount and the type of help in ten diverse vignettes and measured participants’ impressions of the described helpers. Impressions were almost unaffected when increasing the amount of help by 500%, but clearly affected by several type of help-manipulations. Particularly, helpers were less positively evaluated if they had mixed motives for helping, did not experience intense emotions or empathy, or if helping involved no personal sacrifice. In line with the person-centered theory of moral judgment, people seem to form impressions of helpers primarily based on the presumed underlying processes and motives of prosociality rather than its consequences. © 2020 Erlandsson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Erlandsson, A.; Wingren, M.; Andersson, P.A.",PLoS ONE,1910
-The willingness to participate in biomedical research involving human beings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVES: To systematically review reasons for the willingness to participate in biomedical human subjects research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Five databases were systematically searched for articles published between 2000 and 2017 containing the domain of 'human subjects research' in 'LMICs' and determinant 'reasons for (non)participation'. Reasons mentioned were extracted, ranked and results narratively described. RESULTS: Ninety-four articles were included, 44 qualitative and 50 mixed-methods studies. Altruism, personal health benefits, access to health care, monetary benefit, knowledge, social support and trust were the most important reasons for participation. Primary reasons for non-participation were safety concerns, inconvenience, stigmatisation, lack of social support, confidentiality concerns, physical pain, efficacy concerns and distrust. Stigmatisation was a major concern in relation to HIV research. Reasons were similar across different regions, gender, non-patient or patient participants and real or hypothetical study designs. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing factors that affect (non-)participation in the planning process and during the conduct of research may enhance voluntary consent to participation and reduce barriers for potential participants.","Browne, Joyce L; Rees, Connie O; van Delden, Johannes J M; Agyepong, Irene; Grobbee, Diederick E; Edwin, Ama; Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin; van der Graaf, Rieke",Trop. Med. Int. Health,1911
-Meta-needs assessment,"Social service administrators rarely have the resources to perform an in-depth needs assessment of their community. One way human service organizations can garner a large amount of research with little financial investment is through a ‘meta-needs assessment’. Meta-needs assessment is a comprehensive analysis of existing human service needs assessments using secondary data conducted by public, non-profit, and private organizations in a particular community. In this paper I discuss the significance of my research in carrying-out a meta-needs assessment in Nebraska. The paper is divided into four sections: (1) description of the problems facing social planning organizations in regards to needs assessment; (2) review of the relevant research literature that supports the meta-needs assessment approach; (3) overview of a meta-needs assessment carried-out in Nebraska; and (4) discussion of some of the methodological pitfalls that were encountered with the study and how these problems can be overcome in future meta-needs assessment projects.","Gaber, J",Eval. Program Plann.,1912
-A theory of impact philanthropy,"This article develops a new model of altruism called impact philanthropy. An impact philanthropist is someone who wants to personally 'make a difference.' While that motive is straightforward, its logical implications are significantly different from other models of philanthropy. For example, the contributions of other donors can reduce an impact philanthropist's charitable fulfillment. As a result, cooperation among impact philanthropists can reduce aggregate giving. In addition, impact philanthropy can lead to a codependent relationship between givers and receivers in which both benefit from the other. Finally, the model suggests a conflict between charitable organizations and its donors concerning the allocation of charitable gifts. In particular, a charitable organization prefers to spread a donor's contribution across many goods, whereas a donor prefers to target his or her contribution at a specific good. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Duncan, B.",J. Public Econ.,1913
-Time is money: Choosing between charitable activities,"This paper analyzes the impact of a preferential tax-price for monetary donations on the joint decision to donate time (volunteer) and money. The methodological approach takes into account that consumption of each charitable good affects consumption of the other. Using data from a national survey on household charitable giving, the results show that donations of time and money are substitutes. However, a decrease in the tax-price of monetary donations also has a positive effect on donations of time that acts outside the change in relative prices. This more than offsets the substitution effect leading to an overall positive correlation between the two charitable goods.","Feldman, N.E.",Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy,1914
-The interactive effects of religiosity and recognition in increasing donation,,"Septianto, F.; Tjiptono, F.; Paramita, W.; Chiew, T.M.",European Journal of Marketing,1915
-Self-other overlap: A unique predictor of willingness to work with people with disability as part of one's career,"Background People with disability (PWD) often rely on others, both for direct support and for the creation of enabling environments to meet their needs. This need makes it crucial for professionals to be willing to work with PWD, and for people to pursue careers that focus on supporting PWD. Objectives To explore self-other overlap as a unique predictor of willingness to work with PWD as part of one's career, using three studies. Methods Studies 1 and 2 used cross-sectional surveys of college undergraduates to explore: 1. whether an association between self-other overlap and willingness to work with PWD exists, and 2. whether self-other overlap is a unique predictor, controlling for attitudes and empathy. Study 3 investigated whether self-other overlap is associated with the groups with whom the students indicated they want (and do not want) to work as part of their career. Results Across the three studies, self-other overlap was uniquely associated with students' willingness to work with PWD as part of one's profession, even when controlling for attitudes and empathy. Conclusions Self-other overlap may be an important additional factor to take into consideration when developing interventions targeted toward promoting working with PWD. © 2019 Ioerger et al.","Ioerger, M.; Machia, L.V.; Turk, M.A.",PLoS ONE,1916
-Two failed replications of the watching eyes effect,,"Matsugasaki, K.; Tsukamoto, W.; Ohtsubo, Y.",Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science,1917
-"A description of classroom help networks, individual network position, and their associations with academic achievement","This study examined how classroom peer relations can be described in terms of the network of help relations among students, and the positions students take up in this help network, and whether the structure of adolescent classroom help networks and individual network positions were associated with academic achievement. Help networks were based on the peer nomination question ""Who helps you with problems?"" Building on previous studies on classroom climate and individual network position, higher academic achievement was expected in classrooms with: a dense help network; no or a few network isolates (referring to students that did not give or receive help at all); less segmentation in help relations; equally distributed help nominations. In addition, higher achievement was expected for individuals with more helpers and a more central position in the help network. Using the Dutch SNARE data (54 classrooms; 1,144 students), the multilevel models suggested that lower achievement was related to an unequal distribution of help relations in a classroom. Moreover, the centrality of individuals in the help network was linked to higher achievement. Classrooms varied strongly on network dimensions, and networks that would theoretically be expected to be most beneficial for achievement (with high density, a few isolates, low segmentation, and high equality) turned out to be highly uncommon. The findings demonstrated that subtle network processes were relevant for academic success, and that classroom network characteristics are associated with classroom-level variation in academic achievement. Descriptive results underlined the complexity of the social context of classrooms, and the absence of’beneficial’ classrooms suggests that researchers should adjust their notion of what is a beneficial or detrimental classroom environment for adolescents. © 2018 van Rijsewijk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","van Rijsewijk, L.G.M.; Oldenburg, B.; Snijders, T.A.B.; Dijkstra, J.K.; Veenstra, R.",PLoS ONE,1918
-Estate taxation and charitable bequests,"Charitable bequests in the United States amount to $2 billion annually and account for a substantial share of the total resources devoted to education, health, science, culture, welfare and religion. The amount and composition of such bequests are affected by the rate structure and deductibility of charitable bequests in the estate tax. A model of charitable bequests is estimated on data from the 1957-1959 Treasury Special Study and the 1969 Estate Tax returns. The price elasticity of charitable bequests is considerably greater than one for all but the very largest estates. Hence, the deduction is efficient in the sense of stimulating at least as much additional giving to charity as revenue lost by the Treasury. A variety of alternative policies are simulated. Those policies raising the price of charitable bequests will substantially curtail charitable bequests. This decrease will come almost exclusively at the expense of the education-science and health-welfare sectors. © 1976.","Boskin, M.J.",J. Public Econ.,1919
-We can see inside: Accurate prediction of Prisoner's Dilemma decisions in announced games following a face-to-face interaction,"Humans form impressions and make social judgments about others based on information that is quickly and easily available, such as facial and vocal traits. The evolutionary function of impression formation and social judgment mechanisms have received limited attention in psychology research; we argue that their function is to accurately forecast the behavior of others. There is some evidence for the predictive accuracy of social judgments, but much of it comes from situations where there is little incentive to deceive, which limits applicability to questions of the function of such mechanisms. A classic experiment that avoids this problem was conducted by R. H. Frank, T. Gilovich, and D. T. Regan (1993); their participants predicted each other's Prisoner's Dilemma Game decisions with above-chance accuracy after a short interaction period, knowing the game would follow. We report three original studies that replicate these aspects of the methods of Frank et al. (1993) and reanalyze data from all known replications. Our meta-analysis of these studies confirms the original report: humans can predict each other's Prisoner's Dilemma decisions after a brief interaction with people who have incentive to deceive. © 2016 The Authors.","Sparks, A.; Burleigh, T.; Barclay, P.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1920
-Empathy as a mediator of the relations between parent and peer attachment and prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors in Mexican American college students,"Attachment and social support theories are normative developmental approaches that postulate positive social behavioral outcomes for individuals who develop strong relationships to parents and peers; however, research on positive aspects of Latinos in the United States is scarce. One hundred and forty-five Mexican American college students (M age = 23.05 years; 99 females) from state universities in the United States completed measures of parent and peer attachment, empathy, prosocial behaviors, and physical aggression. Structural equation models showed that both parent and peer attachments were associated with prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. In general, empathy mediated the relations between peer attachment and both types of social behaviors but mostly for men and not women. Discussion focuses on the importance of attachment relationships and empathy in understanding prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors among Mexican American college students. © SAGE Publications 2012.","Carlo, G.; McGinley, M.; Hayes, R.C.; Martinez, M.M.",J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.,1921
-Can supporting a cause decrease donations and happiness? The cause marketing paradox,,"Krishna, A.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1922
-Cross-cultural dataset for the evolution of religion and morality project,"A considerable body of research cross-culturally examines the evolution of religious traditions, beliefs and behaviors. The bulk of this research, however, draws from coded qualitative ethnographies rather than from standardized methods specifically designed to measure religious beliefs and behaviors. Psychological data sets that examine religious thought and behavior in controlled conditions tend to be disproportionately sampled from student populations. Some cross-national databases employ standardized methods at the individual level, but are primarily focused on fully market integrated, state-level societies. The Evolution of Religion and Morality Project sought to generate a data set that systematically probed individual level measures sampling across a wider range of human populations. The set includes data from behavioral economic experiments and detailed surveys of demographics, religious beliefs and practices, material security, and intergroup perceptions. This paper describes the methods and variables, briefly introduces the sites and sampling techniques, notes inconsistencies across sites, and provides some basic reporting for the data set. © The Author(s) 2016.","Purzycki, B.G.; Apicella, C.; Atkinson, Q.D.; Cohen, E.; McNamara, R.A.; Willard, A.K.; Xygalatas, D.; Norenzayan, A.; Henrich, J.",Sci. Data,1923
-Estimating the influence of fairness on bargaining behavior,"The strength of bargainers' preferences for fair settlements has important implications for predicting negotiation outcomes and guiding bargaining strategy. Existing literature reports a few calibration exercises for social utility models, but the predictive accuracy of these models for out-of-sample forecasting remains unknown. Therefore, we investigate whether fairness considerations are stable enough across bargaining situations to be quantified and used to forecast bargaining behavior accurately. We develop a model that embeds a preference for fair treatment in a quantal response framework to account for noise and experience. In addition, we estimate preference for fairness (willingness to pay) using the simplest, one-round version of sequential bargaining games and then employ it to perform out-of-sample forecasts of multiple-round games of various lengths, discount factors, pie sizes, and levels of bargainer experience. Except in circumstances in which the bargaining pie is very small, the fitted model has significant and substantial out-of-sample explanatory power. The stability we find implies that the model and techniques might ultimately be extended to estimates of the influence of fairness on field negotiations, as well as across subpopulations. © 2008 INFORMS.","Bruyn, A.D.; Bolton, G.E.",Manage Sci,1924
-The effect of nonprofits' taxable activities on the supply of private donations,"Prior research indicates that donations respond to price and income effects as well as to alternative sources of nonprofit financing. Using a database of confidential nonprofit tax returns, we examine the effects of nonprofits' taxable activities on the supply of donations. We find that each additional dollar of taxable revenues crowds-out approximately $0.55 of donations to arts, culture, and humanities organizations and human services and public benefit organizations, suggesting that the recent rapid expansion of nonprofits' taxable activities comes at a financial cost. We do not find that donations to educational or medical nonprofits are sensitive to taxable activities.","Yetman, M.H.; Yetman, R.J.",Natl. Tax J.,1925
-"Environmental enhancement of prosocial television content: Effects on interpersonal behavior, imaginative play, and self-regulation in a natural setting","Investigated whether (a) prosocial TV can affect the behavior of urban poor children and (b) environmental supports that stimulate rehearsal and labeling of TV content are effective in a field setting. The social, imaginative, and self-regulatory behavior of 141 children aged 2 yrs 4 mo-5 yrs 4 mo in Head Start centers was observed before and during 1 of the following 4 experimental treatments: (a) neutral films, (b) prosocial TV only, (c) prosocial TV plus related play materials, and (d) prosocial TV plus related materials plus teacher training for rehearsal using verbal labeling and role playing. Ss in each condition saw 20 films in 8 wks. Prosocial TV alone produced few behavioral differencs from the control group. When classrooms were otherwise comparable, Ss receiving TV plus related materials had high levels of positive social interaction with peers and adults, of imaginative play, and of assertiveness and aggression. Those whose teachers were trained as well showed high levels of positive social interaction with peers, imaginative play, and assertiveness, but did not increase in aggression. Self-regulatory behavior was unaffected. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.","Friedrich-Cofer, L.K.; Huston-Stein, A.; McBride Kipnis, D.; Susman, E.J.; Clewett, A.S.",Dev. Psychol.,1926
-Inducing compliance by a two-door-in-the-face procedure and a self-determination request,"The door-in-the-face (“face”) is a procedure for increasing compliance. An individual is first asked to carry out a difficult task, which is almost always refused, and this is followed by a more moderate second request, the one that was actually desired. The current study devised a two-door-in-the-face (“two-face”) procedure, where the moderate request is preceded by both an extremely hard and a hard request, and examined whether this “two-face” procedure increased compliance when compared to the typical “face” procedure. In addition, the study examined whether a “self-determination” request, where the individual decides the level of help to offer, would produce more compliance than a fixed request, which specifies the level of help wanted. The Ss, 192 persons randomly selected from the telephone directory, were called and asked to help a new radio station. The results showed that the “two-face” when compared to the typical “face” procedure, and the self-determination request when compared to the fixed request significantly increased compliance. © 1981 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Goldman, M.; Creason, C.R.",J. Soc. Psychol.,1927
-In praise of outsourcing,"What explains the context sensitivity of some (apparent) beliefs? Why, for example, do religious beliefs appear to control behaviour in some contexts but not others? Cases like this are heterogeneous, and we may require a matching heterogeneity of explanations, ranging over their contents, the attitudes of agents and features of the environment. In this paper, I put forward a hypothesis of the last kind. I argue that some beliefs (religious and non-religious) are coupled to cues, which either trigger an internal representation or even partially constitute the beliefs. I show that such coupling will give rise to the context-sensitivity, without entailing that religious believers take a different attitude to belief content. © 2018 by KONINKLIJKE BRILL NV, LEIDEN, The Netherlands.","Levy, N.",Contemp. Pragmatism,1928
-Does stake size matter in trust games?,"The proportion of money sent, which is typically assumed to reflect trust, decreased significantly as the stake size was increased in a trust game conducted in rural Bangladesh. Nevertheless, even with very large stakes, most senders and receivers sent substantial fractions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Johansson-Stenman, O.; Mahmud, M.; Martinsson, P.",Econ. Lett.,1929
-"Volunteer stereotypes, stigma, and relational identity projects",,"Ho, M.; O'Donohoe, S.",European Journal of Marketing,1930
-Should the MUHC approve the video capsule endoscopy system in the diagnosis of small bowel abnormalities?,"Based on the above considerations TAU, while recognizing the innovative characteristics of the capsule endoscopy does not feel that there is sufficient evidence to recommend either the hospital purchase of this technology or its incorporation into routine clinical practice.","Costa, Brophy J, V",,1931
-"""Levels of Personal Agency: Individual Variation in Action Identification""",,"Vallacher, R.R.; Wegner, D.M.",Psychological Review,1932
-Ten years of research on group size and helping,"Reviews research that attempts to replicate and extend B. Latané and J. M. Dabbs's (1970) discovery that the presence of other people inhibits an individual from intervening in an emergency. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the precipitating incident, the ambiguity of the helping situation, laboratory vs field settings, characteristics of the Ss, victims, and other bystanders, and the amount and kinds of communication among bystanders. It is concluded that, despite the diversity of styles, settings, and techniques among the studies, the social inhibition of helping is a remarkably consistent phenomenon; however, victims are more likely to receive assistance when only a single individual witnesses the emergency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1981 American Psychological Association.","Latané, B.; Nida, S.",Psychol. Bull.,1933
-Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism,"A meta-analytic review of past research evaluated the link between religiosity and racism in the United States since the Civil Rights Act. Religious racism partly reflects intergroup dynamics. That is, a strong religious in-group identity was associated with derogation of racial out-groups. Other races might be treated as out-groups because religion is practiced largely within race, because training in a religious in-group identity promotes general ethnocentrism, and because different others appear to be in competition for resources. In addition, religious racism is tied to basic life values of social conformity and respect for tradition. In support, individuals who were religious for reasons of conformity and tradition expressed racism that declined in recent years with the decreased societal acceptance of overt racial discrimination. The authors failed to find that racial tolerance arises from humanitarian values, consistent with the idea that religious humanitarianism is largely expressed to in-group members. Only religious agnostics were racially tolerant.","Hall, Deborah L; Matz, David C; Wood, Wendy",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.,1934
-Reconciliation Between Monetary Incentives and Motivation Crowding-Out: The Influence of Perceptions of Incentives on Research Performance,"Motivation crowding theories suggest that the influence of performance-based monetary incentives on performance may depend on how employees perceive the incentives. To examine the crowding-out effect, this article analyzed a panel dataset of faculty’s research published over 9 years in a Korean university, focusing on the moderating role of perceptions of incentives. We found that, as the university increased financial incentives for research performance, academic researchers who perceived the incentives as supportive published more papers in higher impact factor journals. In contrast, the quantity and quality of research performance of those who perceived such incentives as controlling were not significantly associated with the increase in the incentives. To improve the performance of the performance-incentive system with potential crowding-out effects, administrators should communicate with employees to help them perceive incentives as supportive and positive. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Kim, D.H.; Bak, H.-J.",Public Perform. Manage. Rev.,1935
-Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: a systematic review,"PE increases the rate of recovery and improves outcomes at 1 year in patients with GBS. There was insufficient evidence for IV Ig compared with no treatment, but IV Ig and PE appear to have similar effects. XCM: The review question was clear with respect to the participants, intervention and study design, although inclusion criteria were not explicitly defined. A number of studies that were included in the tables were not included in the review, and the reasons for this were unclear. It was not clear if the primary outcome was selected before or after reviewing potentially relevant studies. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication bias. It was not clear whether any language restrictions had been applied, so the potential for language bias could not be assessed. Only two validity criteria were assessed and the exact criteria on which these were assessed were unclear; this inadequate assessment makes it difficult to judge the reliability of the evidence presented. Methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias in the study selection and data extraction processes, but it was unclear whether similar steps were taken in the assessment of validity. Where possible, the data were pooled statistically and potential sources of heterogeneity were examined. It is difficult to assess the reliability of the conclusions given the limited definition of inclusion criteria, the diversity of the studies, the unknown extent to which the data represent all patients with GBS, and the absence of a quality assessment of the included studies. The recommendations for further research appear justified. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated the need for further research to identify more effective treatments for patients with GBS.","Hughes, R A; Swan, A V; Raphael, J C; Annane, D; van Koningsveld, R; van Doorn P, A",,1936
-The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies,"Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","Grabe, S.; Ward, L.M.; Hyde, J.S.",Psychol. Bull.,1937
-Practical meta-analysis,,"Lipsey, M.W.; Wilson, D.B.",Practical meta-analysis,1938
-The interpretation of econometric estimates of the tax incentive to engage in philanthropy,,"Christian, C.; Boatsman, J.; Reneau, J.H.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,1939
-How much are we willing to contribute for better educational outcomes? Evidence from a survey experiment,"We use a survey experiment on a sample of Argentine households to elicit willingness to contribute toward improving the performance of public school students in international educational assessments. Households are presented with a sequence of bids that they can accept or reject. Information is presented in vignettes that vary in the proportion of children who benefited from the gains in educational attainment. We find a higher willingness to contribute for larger gains. In total, households would be willing to contribute an additional 12.8% of current educational expenditure to guarantee improved education quality. © 2016 Western Economic Association International.","Berlinski, S.; Busso, M.",Econ. Inq.,1940
-The Role of Company-Cause Fit and Company Involvement in Consumer Responses to CSR Initiatives: A Meta-Analytic Review,"The marketing literature suggests that company-cause fit is of key importance to developing a successful socially responsible initiative. However, controversy exists regarding the level of this fit. While some studies report that high fit between a company and a cause has beneficial effects on consumer responses to such efforts, other research identifies negative impacts. This paper aims to obtain a deeper insight into this issue by examining the moderating role of company involvement in a cause. A meta-analysis of 51 experimental studies, yielding a total sample size of 11,335 subjects, shows that company-cause fit influences consumer responses to CSR initiatives most positively when a company with a positive reputation is highly involved in a cause, that is, when the company donates at least products. If such a company provides its beneficiary with only monetary contributions (i.e., low involvement), the effects of fit are significantly less influential. © 2017 by the author.","Zasuwa, Grzegorz",Sustainability (Switzerland),1941
-Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: The implied communality deficit,"In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers - in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability - was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions. Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association.","Heilman, M.E.; Okimoto, T.G.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1942
-Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior,"Background: Recent studies have shown that playing prosocial video games leads to greater subsequent prosocial behavior in the real world. However, immersive virtual reality allows people to occupy avatars that are different from them in a perceptually realistic manner. We examine how occupying an avatar with the superhero ability to fly increases helping behavior. Principal Findings: Using a two-by-two design, participants were either given the power of flight (their arm movements were tracked to control their flight akin to Superman's flying ability) or rode as a passenger in a helicopter, and were assigned one of two tasks, either to help find a missing diabetic child in need of insulin or to tour a virtual city. Participants in the ""super-flight"" conditions helped the experimenter pick up spilled pens after their virtual experience significantly more than those who were virtual passengers in a helicopter. Conclusion: The results indicate that having the ""superpower"" of flight leads to greater helping behavior in the real world, regardless of how participants used that power. A possible mechanism for this result is that having the power of flight primed concepts and prototypes associated with superheroes (e.g., Superman). This research illustrates the potential of using experiences in virtual reality technology to increase prosocial behavior in the physical world. © 2013 Rosenberg et al.","Rosenberg, R.S.; Baughman, S.L.; Bailenson, J.N.",PLoS ONE,1943
-Anonymity versus privacy in the dictator game: Revealing donor decisions to recipients does not substantially impact donor behavior,"Anonymity is often offered in economic experiments in order to eliminate observer effects and induce behavior that would be exhibited under private circumstances. However, anonymity differs from privacy in that interactants are only unaware of each others' identities, while having full knowledge of each others' actions. Such situations are rare outside the laboratory and anonymity might not meet the requirements of some participants to psychologically engage as if their actions were private. In order to explore the impact of a lack of privacy on prosocial behaviors, I expand on a study reported in Dana et al. (2006) in which recipients were left unaware of the Dictator Game and given donations as ''bonuses'' to their show-up fees for other tasks. In the current study, I explore whether differences between a private Dictator Game (sensu Dana et al. (2006)) and a standard anonymous one are due to a desire by dictators to avoid shame or to pursue prestige. Participants of a Dictator Game were randomly assigned to one of four categories-one in which the recipient knew of (1) any donation by an anonymous donor (including zero donations), (2) nothing at all, (3) only zero donations, and (4) and only non-zero donations. The results suggest that a lack of privacy increases the shame that selfish-acting participants experience, but that removing such a cost has only minimal effects on actual behavior. ©2014 Jeffrey winking.","Winking, J.",PLoS ONE,1944
-On the utility of alternative procedures for assessing psychological androgyny,"S. L. Bem's definition of psychological androgny as the integration of both masculinity and femininity within a single individual obscures a potentially important distinction between those individuals who score high on both masculinity and femininity and those who score low on both. To assess the importance of this distinction, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory was administered to 375 male and 290 female undergraduates, along with a variety of other pencil-and-paper questionnaires, and in addition, the results of Bem's earlier laboratory studies were reanalyzed with the low-low scorers separated out. High-high and low-low scorers did not differ significantly on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the Mach IV Scale, or the Attitudes Toward Problem-Solving Scale, nor did they differ significantly in 2 of Bem's 3 previous studies. Nevertheless, low-low scorers were significantly lower in self-esteem (Texas Social Behavior Inventory) than high-high scorers, they displayed significantly less responsiveness toward a kitten, and, among men, they reported significantly less self-disclosure (Jourard's Self-Disclosure Scale). Although the results are not consistent, it is concluded that a distinction between high-high and low-low scorers does seem to be warranted. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1977 American Psychological Association.","Bem, S.L.",J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.,1945
-Can Reminders of Rules Induce Compliance? Experimental Evidence from a Common Pool Resource Setting,"This paper presents results from an RCT exploring whether a behavioural intervention can improve the conservation of a common pool resource. The literature on common pool resource management suggests that the existence of rules and sanctions is important to resource conservation. However, behavioural science suggests that individuals have finite cognitive capacity and may not be attentive to these rules and sanctions. This paper investigates the impact of an SMS message intervention designed to improve users’ knowledge of and attentiveness to existing forest use rules. An RCT in Uganda explores the impact of these messages on forest use and compliance with the rules. This paper finds that SMS messages raise the perceived probability of sanctions for rule-breakers. However, SMS messages do not induce full compliance with forest use rules or systematically reduce forest use. © 2020, The Author(s).","Eisenbarth, S.; Graham, L.; Rigterink, A.S.",Environ. Resour. Econ.,1946
-Attitude–Behavior Relations: A Meta-Analysis of Attitudinal Relevance and Topic,Abstract. The difficulty of finding a relationship between attitudes and behavior is one of the greatest controversies in recent social science research. The p,"Kim, Min-Sun; Hunter, John E",J. Commun.,1947
-Parenting and prosocial behaviors: A meta-analysis,"Ascertaining whether and the extent to which different aspects of parenting are associated with prosocial behaviors could inform parenting programs in cultivating healthy development. Multilevel meta-analyses (k = 124) involving children and adolescents were conducted to examine associations between parenting and prosocial behaviors while accounting for demographic and study characteristics. Authoritative parenting (r =.174, p <.001) was associated positively whereas authoritarian parenting (r = −.107, p <.001) was associated negatively with prosocial behaviors. These associations remained robust across infancy, childhood, and adolescence in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. These associations also were invariant across child and parent gender. Moderating effects relevant to the type of prosocial behaviors under examination were identified. Authoritative parenting was associated positively with general, public, emotional, anonymous, dire, compliant, and other specific types of prosocial behaviors (e.g., sharing), but associated negatively with altruistic prosocial behaviors. Authoritarian parenting was associated negatively with general and altruistic prosocial behaviors, but not other specific types. Moderating effects relevant to study design and informant of parenting were found. No moderating effects were identified for the informant and target of prosocial behaviors. Associations of permissive (r = −.096, p <.01) and neglecting parenting (r = −.054, p =.543) remain unclear due to insufficient number of studies and publication biases. Implications for theories, research, and practice are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Wong, T.K.Y.; Konishi, C.; Kong, X.",Soc. Dev.,1948
-"Towards a branding framework for cause-, funding-and need-oriented charities",,"Tapp, A.; Lindsay, G.; Sorrell, R.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1949
-The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity,"The theory of indirect reciprocation explains the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals, engaging in one-shot interaction. Using reputation, a player acquires information on who are worth cooperating and who are not. In a previous paper, we formalized the reputation dynamics, a rule to assign a binary reputation (good or bad) to each player when his action, his current reputation, and the opponent's reputation are given. We then examined all the possible reputation dynamics, and found that there exist only eight reputation dynamics named ""leading eight"" that can maintain the ESS with a high level of cooperation, even if errors are included in executing intended cooperation and in reporting the observation to the public. In this paper, we study the nature of these successful social norms. First, we characterize the role of each pivot of the reputation dynamics common to all of the leading eight. We conclude that keys to the success in indirect reciprocity are to be nice (maintenance of cooperation among themselves), retaliatory (detection of defectors, punishment, and justification of punishment), apologetic, and forgiving. Second, we prove the two basic properties of the leading eight, which give a quantitative evaluation of the ESS condition and the level of cooperation maintained at the ESS. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.",J. Theor. Biol.,1950
-The dopaminergic reward system underpins gender differences in social preferences,"Women are known to have stronger prosocial preferences than men, but it remains an open question as to how these behavioural differences arise from differences in brain functioning. Here, we provide a neurobiological account for the hypothesized gender difference. In a pharmacological study and an independent neuroimaging study, we tested the hypothesis that the neural reward system encodes the value of sharing money with others more strongly in women than in men. In the pharmacological study, we reduced receptor type-specific actions of dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to reward processing, which resulted in more selfish decisions in women and more prosocial decisions in men. Converging findings from an independent neuroimaging study revealed gender-related activity in neural reward circuits during prosocial decisions. Thus, the neural reward system appears to be more sensitive to prosocial rewards in women than in men, providing a neurobiological account for why women often behave more prosocially than men. © 2017 The Author(s).","Soutschek, A.; Burke, C.J.; Raja Beharelle, A.; Schreiber, R.; Weber, S.C.; Karipidis, I.I.; Ten Velden, J.; Weber, B.; Haker, H.; Kalenscher, T.; Tobler, P.N.",Nat. Hum. Behav.,1951
-The evolution of gods’ minds in the Tyva Republic,"As appeals to what gods know and care about often motivate and rationalize human behavior, understanding shared models of gods’ minds is crucial for understanding religion’s contributions to human sociality. If religious systems function to minimize the effects of social and ecological problems, then models of gods’ concerns should coevolve with these problems. The present work assesses this prediction using data collected in the Tyva Republic. After briefly introducing the social and ecological history of ritual cairn piety in Inner Asia, I examine explicit representational models of morality, virtue, and gods’ concerns in Tyva. I show that (a) there is very little conceptual overlap between Tyvans’ models of morality and virtue and the things about which spirits care, (b) Tyvan spirit masters are primarily concerned with ritual and breaches of resourcemaintenance, and (c) among the emerging, salient factors that anger spirit masters are alcohol abuse and littering, very recent social problems in the region. This report provides support for the hypothesis that representational models of gods’ minds will evolve in accordance with ever-shifting local problems and offers the first formal treatment of empirically determining what constitutes a “moralistic” deity among living people. © 2016 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved.","Purzycki, B.G.",Curr. Anthropol.,1952
-Greater Male Variability in Cooperation: Meta-Analytic Evidence for an Evolutionary Perspective,"Do men and women differ systematically in their cooperation behaviors? Researchers have long grappled with this question, and studies have returned equivocal results. We developed an evolutionary perspective according to which men are characterized by greater intrasex variability in cooperation as a result of sex-differentiated psychological adaptations. We tested our hypothesis in two meta-analyses. The first involved the raw data of 40 samples from 23 social-dilemma studies with 8,123 participants. Findings provided strong support for our perspective. Whereas we found that the two sexes do not differ in average cooperation levels, men are much more likely to behave either selfishly or altruistically, whereas women are more likely to be moderately cooperative. We confirmed our findings in a second meta-analytic study of 28 samples from 23 studies of organizational citizenship behavior with 13,985 participants. Our results highlight the importance of taking intrasex variability into consideration when studying sex differences in cooperation and suggest important future research directions. © The Author(s) 2020.","Thöni, C.; Volk, S.; Cortina, J.M.",Psychol. Sci.,1953
-Altruistic food sharing behavior by human infants after a hunger manipulation,"Altruistic behavior entails giving valuable benefits to others while incurring a personal cost. A distinctively human form of altruistic behavior involves handing nutritious food to needy strangers, even when one desires the food. Engaging in altruistic food transfer, instead of keeping the food, is costly, because it reduces the caloric intake of the benefactor vis-à-vis the beneficiary. Human adults engage in this form of altruistic behavior during times of war and famine, when giving food to others threatens one’s own survival. Our closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), exhibit notable constraints on the proclivity to engage in such food transfer (particularly chimpanzees), although they share many social-cognitive commonalities with humans. Here we show that in a nonverbal test, 19-month-old human infants repeatedly and spontaneously transferred high-value, nutritious natural food to a stranger (Experiment 1) and more critically, did so after an experimental manipulation that imposed a feeding delay (Experiment 2), which increased their own motivation to eat the food. Social experience variables moderated the expression of this infant altruistic behavior, suggesting malleability. © 2020, The Author(s).","Barragan, R.C.; Brooks, R.; Meltzoff, A.N.",Sci. Rep.,1954
-Dealing with social desirability bias: An application to charitable giving,,"Lee, Z.; Sargeant, A.",European Journal of Marketing,1955
-MEDICINE. Cancer research centers pool tumor genome data,"Chemicals/CAS: DNA, 9007-49-2; epidermal growth factor receptor, 79079-06-4; imatinib, 152459-95-5, 220127-57-1; DNA","Kaiser, Jocelyn",Science,1956
-"The non-conscious aspects of ethical behavior: Not everything in the ""good"" organization is deliberate and intentional","With regard to the ethical organization, it is generally understood that ""good"" organizations 1) establish ethical standards; 2) regularly make those standards salient; 3) monitor behavior; and 4) reward and punish accordingly. While it is typical to think of these processes as occurring at conscious levels, I will discuss research that suggests that each process can, and does, occur at non-conscious levels-that an ethical culture exists and influences employees in ways that neither management nor employees likely recognize. Then I will discuss the expectations that should circumscribe a ""good"" organization. © 2014, Scott J. Reynolds.","Reynolds, S.J.",Am. Crim. Law Rev.,1957
-The unresponsive avenger: More evidence that disinterested third parties do not punish altruistically,"Many social scientists believe humans possess an evolved motivation to punish violations of norms-including norm violations that do not harm them directly. However, most empirical evidence for so-called altruistic punishment comes from experimental economics games that create experimental demand for third-party punishment, raising the possibility that the third-party punishment uncovered in these experiments has been motivated by a desire to appear concerned about social norms rather than by actual concern about upholding them. Here we present the results of five experiments in which we used an aggression paradigm to contrast second-party and third-party punishment with minimal experimental demand. We also summarize the results of these experiments meta-analytically. We found robust evidence that participants who were insulted by a stranger experienced anger and punished the insulter. To a lesser degree, participants who witnessed a friend receive an insult also became angry and punished the insulter. In contrast, we found robust evidence that participants who witnessed a stranger receive an insult did not punish the insulter, although they did experience modest amounts of anger. In only one experiment did we find any punishment on behalf of a stranger, and this result could plausibly be explained by the desire to escape the moral censure of other bystanders. Our results suggest that experimental designs that rely on demand-laden methods to test hypotheses about third-party punishment may have overstated the case for the existence of this trait. (PsycINFO Database Record","Pedersen, Eric J; McAuliffe, William H B; McCullough, Michael E",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,1958
-"Who is Left Behind? Altruism of Giving, Happiness and Mental Health during the Covid-19 Period in the UK","The UK government has decided to implement lockdown measures at the end of March 2020 as a response to the outbreak and spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. As a consequence, households have experienced job losses and a significant drop in their finances. During these unprecedented and difficult times, people provide financial assistance to those who are in need and have to cope with falls in their living standards. In this study we are interested to investigate the subjective well-being, which is expressed by mental health and components of general happiness, of the givers rather than of receivers. We apply a difference-in-differences framework to investigate the impact of altruism on the givers’ SWB in the UK. Altruism is denoted by transfers made to adult children, parents, siblings, and friends. Using the DiD estimator and the estimated coefficient of the household income we calculate the implicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for altruism. We perform various regressions by gender and racial-ethnic background using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). The analysis shows that altruistic behaviours impact different domains of SWB between men and women, as well as, among people with different racial-ethnic background. © 2020, The Author(s).","Giovanis, E.; Ozdamar, O.",Appl. Res. Qual. Life,1959
-Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting,"We examined the effect of an image of a pair of eyes on contributions to an honesty box used to collect money for drinks in a university coffee room. People paid nearly three times as much for their drinks when eyes were displayed rather than a control image. This finding provides the first evidence from a naturalistic setting of the importance of cues of being watched, and hence reputational concerns, on human cooperative behaviour. © 2006 The Royal Society.","Bateson, M.; Nettle, D.; Roberts, G.",Biol. Lett.,1960
-Do public subsidies leverage private philanthropy for the arts? Empirical evidence on symphony orchestras,"The relationship between public subsidies and private philanthropy is at the heart of a common claim that state subsidies ""leverage"" private donations to the arts. This claim might seem counterintuitive to some who find it more likely that state funding would crowd out private donations. This article empirically tests this question, using panel data on five major American symphony orchestras. The principal result of the statistical analysis is that neither claim is correct for these orchestras: The two funding sources are independent. This finding has significant managerial implications with respect to revenue-raising strategies for arts organizations as well as nonprofit firms in general. These implications and several related policy issues are discussed.","Brooks, A.C.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1961
-,,,"Tax Reform Act of 1985, 99th Cong., 1st Session",1962
-Tax evasion and tax rates: An analysis of individual returns,,"Clotfelter, C.T.",Review of Economics and Statistics,1963
-Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns Through Meta-Analysis,"A meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effects of mass communication campaigns on changes in behavior, knowledge, and self-efficacy in the general public. A review of the academic literature was undertaken and identified 1,638 articles from 1966 through 2012. Using strict inclusion criteria, we included 63 studies for coding and analyses. Results from these efforts indicated that campaigns produced positive effects in behavior change (r =.05, k = 61) and knowledge (r =.10, k = 26) but failed to produce significant increases in self-efficacy (r =.02, k = 14). Several moderators (e.g., health topic, the theory underlying the campaign) were examined in relation to campaign principles that are prescribed to increase campaign effects. The major findings are reviewed, and the implications for future campaign design are discussed. © Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Anker, A.E.; Feeley, T.H.; McCracken, B.; Lagoe, C.A.",J. Health Commun.,1964
-The role of the justice motive in economic decision making,"In two studies, a dictator game was used to investigate the hypotheses that two types of justice motives should be differentiated, the need to belief in a just world and a self-attributed justice motive, that both justice motives could explain the decision for equal allocations, and that the explicit justice motive could explain the avoidance of an egoistic allocation. In Study 1, both justice motives predicted equally well the decision for an equal allocation, whereas the explicit justice motive predicted the avoidance of an egoistic allocation. A similar pattern of results emerged in Study 2. Additionally, the explicit but not the implicit justice motive covaried with social desirability, and social desirability explained the decision for equality and the avoidance of an egoistic allocation just as well as the explicit justice motive. Finally, allocation decisions were better explained in Study 2, where real money was at stake. The findings support the idea that allocation decisions can best be understood by taking the just world justice motive and social desirability into account. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Dalbert, C.; Umlauft, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1965
-Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling,"Costly signaling theory (CST) offers an explanation of generosity and collective action that contrasts sharply with explanations based on conditional reciprocity. This makes it particularly relevant to situations involving widespread unconditional provisioning of collective goods. We provide a preliminary application of CST to ethnographic data on turtle hunting and public feasting among the Meriam of Torres Strait, Australia. Turtle hunting appears to meet the key conditions specified in CST: it is (1) an honest signal of underlying abilities such as strength, risk-taking, skill, and leadership; (2) costly in ways not subject to reciprocation; (3) an effective means of broadcasting signals, since the collective good (a feast) attracts a large audience; and (4) seems to provide benefits to signalers (turtle hunters) as well as recipients (audience). We conclude with some suggestions as to the broader implications of this research, and the costly signaling paradigm in general, for understanding collective action and generosity in human social groups. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Smith, E.A.; Bliege Bird, R.L.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1966
-The impact of self-construal and message frame valence on reactance: a cross-cultural study in charity advertising,,"Xu, J.",International Journal of Advertising,1967
-The effect of government grants on private giving to East Asian nonprofits: Implications for social work managers,"For effective financial management, social work managers must clearly grasp the relationship between government grants and private contributions, which is frequently characterized as crowding-out effects. Crowding-out effects have been investigated for various types of nonprofits in the U.S., and the results have been mixed. In spite of its popularity in nonprofit research, the theory has not been applied to nonprofits serving minority communities. This is the first pilot crowding-out study looking at East Asian nonprofit organizations, including Chinese, Korean, and Japanese-American nonprofits in the NY and NJ metropolitan area (n = 410). Through a panel analysis, the current study found a significant crowding-in effect for donations to East Asian-American nonprofits (p <.01). The relationship between government grants and private giving was different for each East Asian-American nonprofit organization. Particularly, donors of Chinese and Japanese-American nonprofit organizations donated more money when their charities received more government grants (p <.05). In contrast, we found crowding-out effects for Korean-American nonprofit organizations, but the result was not significant (p >.05). The estimated crowding-in effects of government grants on private giving by each of the East Asian countries were explicated based on each country’s social, political, and cultural background such as the quality of the charity, transparency, and political trust. Social work managers in ethnic nonprofit organizations should establish different strategies to help shape donor giving patterns according to the effect of government grants. © 2020 Authors.","Lee, L.H.; Kim, S.-J.",Adv. soc. Work,1968
-Patients or volunteers? The impact of motivation for trial participation on the efficacy of patient decision Aids: a secondary analysis of a Cochrane systematic review,"BACKGROUND: Efficacy of patient decision aids (PtDAs) may be influenced by trial participants' identity either as patients seeking to benefit personally from involvement or as volunteers supporting the research effort. AIM: To determine if study characteristics indicative of participants' trial identity might influence PtDA efficacy. METHODS: We undertook exploratory subgroup meta-analysis of the 2011 Cochrane review of PtDAs, including trials that compared PtDA with usual care for treatment decisions. We extracted data on whether participants initiated the care pathway, setting, practitioner interactions, and 6 outcome variables (knowledge, risk perception, decisional conflict, feeling informed, feeling clear about values, and participation). The main subgroup analysis categorized trials as ""volunteerism"" or ""patienthood"" on the basis of whether participants initiated the care pathway. A supplementary subgroup analysis categorized trials on the basis of whether any volunteerism factors were present (participants had not initiated the care pathway, had attended a research setting, or had a face-to-face interaction with a researcher). RESULTS: Twenty-nine trials were included. Compared with volunteerism trials, pooled effect sizes were higher in patienthood trials (where participants initiated the care pathway) for knowledge, decisional conflict, feeling informed, feeling clear, and participation. The subgroup difference was statistically significant for knowledge only (P = 0.03). When trials were compared on the basis of whether volunteerism factors were present, knowledge was significantly greater in patienthood trials (P < 0.001), but there was otherwise no consistent pattern of differences in effects across outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a tendency toward greater PtDA efficacy in trials in which participants initiate the pathway of care. Knowledge acquisition appears to be greater in trials where participants are predominantly patients rather than volunteers.","Brown, James G; Joyce, Kerry E; Stacey, Dawn; Thomson, Richard G",Med. Decis. Making,1969
-Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games,"Economic games such as the public goods game are increasingly being used to measure social behaviours in humans and non-human primates. The results of such games have been used to argue that people are pro-social, and that humans are uniquely altruistic, willingly sacrificing their own welfare in order to benefit others. However, an alternative explanation for the empirical observations is that individuals are mistaken, but learn, during the game, how to improve their personal payoff. We test between these competing hypotheses, by comparing the explanatory power of different behavioural rules, in public goods games, where individuals are given different amounts of information. We find: (i) that individual behaviour is best explained by a learning rule that is trying to maximize personal income; (ii) that conditional cooperation disappears when the consequences of cooperation are made clearer; and (iii) that social preferences, if they exist, are more anti-social than pro-social. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Burton-Chellew, M.N.; Nax, H.H.; West, S.A.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1970
-Corporate sponsorships may hurt nonprofits: Understanding their effects on charitable giving,,"Bennett, C.M.; Kim, H.; Loken, B.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1971
-Voluntary donations and public expenditures in a federalist system,,"Steinberg, R.",American Economic Review,1972
-When promoting a charity can hurt charitable giving: A metacognitive analysis,,"Smith, R.W.; Schwarz, N.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1973
-Use of meta-analysis for testing theory,"Within the context of the general superiority of meta-analytic reviews over qualitative reviews, we emphasize the fragility of meta-analytic outcomes, especially when the effects of moderator variables remain unexamined. We consider the contribution to increased theoretical understanding made by moderator analyses both of methodological and substantive variables in psychological, health, and medical research. The potential contribution of meta-analysis to understanding the process underlying established relationships and to assessment of the convergent and discriminative construct validity of previously used concepts is discussed.","Miller, N; Pollock, V E",Eval. Health Prof.,1974
-"The nonprofit sector in brief 2015: public charities, giving, and volunteering",,"McKeever, B.S.; Pettijohn, S.L.",The Nonprofit Sector in Brief 2014,1975
-In-hospital experiences of families of potential organ donors: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis,"Information and compassion assist families of potential organ donors to make informed decisions. However, psychological implications of the in-hospital process are not well described with past research focusing on decision-making. To enhance understanding and improve service delivery, a systematic review was conducted. Inductive analysis and synthesis utilised Grounded Theory Methodology within a systems theory framework and contributed to a model proposing that family and staff form a System of Systems with shared responsibility for process outcomes. This model can guide evaluation and improvement of care and will be tested by means of a longitudinal study of family experiences.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Ranse, Kristen; van Haren, Frank Mp; Boer, Douglas P",Health Psychol Open,1976
-What Is Ego Depletion? Toward a Mechanistic Revision of the Resource Model of Self-Control,"According to the resource model of self-control, overriding one's predominant response tendencies consumes and temporarily depletes a limited inner resource. Over 100 experiments have lent support to this model of ego depletion by observing that acts of self-control at Time 1 reduce performance on subsequent, seemingly unrelated self-control tasks at Time 2. The time is now ripe, therefore, not only to broaden the scope of the model but to start gaining a precise, mechanistic account of it. Accordingly, in the current article, the authors probe the particular cognitive, affective, and motivational mechanics of self-control and its depletion, asking, ""What is ego depletion?"" This study proposes a process model of depletion, suggesting that exerting self-control at Time 1 causes temporary shifts in both motivation and attention that undermine self-control at Time 2. The article highlights evidence in support of this model but also highlights where evidence is lacking, thus providing a blueprint for future research. Though the process model of depletion may sacrifice the elegance of the resource metaphor, it paints a more precise picture of ego depletion and suggests several nuanced predictions for future research. © The Author(s) 2012.","Inzlicht, M.; Schmeichel, B.J.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1977
-The Effects of Prosocial and Aggressive Videogames on Children’s Donating and Helping,"We investigated the effects of a prosocial and an aggressive videogame on children’s prosocial behavior. Third-, fourth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade boys and girls (N = 160) were randomly assigned to either a control condition or one of four treatment conditions. In two of the treatment conditions, children played a videogame with prosocial content either singly or cooperatively with another child. In the other two conditions, children played an aggressive videogame either singly or competitively. Subsequent levels of donating and helping were measured. A three-way analysis of variance indicated that older students donated significantly more than did younger students. Children who played either of the aggressive videogames donated significantly less than did those who played prosocial games by themselves. No significant effects were found for helping. Playing the prosocial videogame did not increase prosocial responding, but playing the aggressive videogame tended to suppress this behavior. The failure of the prosocial game to accelerate prosocial responding might be due to the relatively brief treatments used in this study and/or to the particular prosocial videogame utilized. © 1987 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Chambers, J.H.; Ascione, F.R.",J. Genet. Psychol.,1978
-Religiosity and prosocial behaviours in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values,"This study examined the hypothesis that religiosity would be differentially related to six types of adolescent prosocial behaviour, and that these relations would be mediated by the prosocial value of kindness. Self-report data were collected from 142 high school students (63 per cent female; 91 per cent White; M age=16.8, S=.80). Religiosity was a significant positive predictor of kindness, as well as compliant, anonymous and altruistic prosocial behaviour, but not public, dire and emotional prosocial behaviour. Associations between religiosity and both compliant and altruistic prosocial behaviours were mediated by kindness. Direct and indirect paths were found between religiosity and anonymous prosocial behaviour. Thus, partial support was found for the mediational hypothesis. Discussion focused on the utility of distinguishing among different types of prosocial behaviours and on the role of religion and values in promoting moral education. © 2005 Journal of Moral Education Ltd.","Hardy, S.A.; Carlo, G.",J. Moral Educ.,1979
-Response: Commentary: Greater emotional gain from giving in older adults: Age-related positivity bias in charitable giving,,"Bjälkebring, P.; Västfjäll, D.; Dickert, S.; Slovic, P.",Front. Psychol.,1980
-"Media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations: What do we know, what do we need to learn, and what should we do now","There was considerable evidence that media campaigns to promote smoking cessation at the overall population level were often less effective, sometimes equally effective and rarely more effective among disadvantaged populations relative to more advantaged populations. Many of these campaigns could have the unintended effect of increasing or maintaining existing disparities in smoking rates and the mortality burden of tobacco by socio-economic status. XCM: Inclusion criteria were clearly defined for intervention, participants and outcomes, but were not defined for study design. Some relevant sources were searched, but no attempts were made to reduce publication bias. It was unclear whether language limitations were applied. Methods used to select studies and extract data were not described and so it was not known whether efforts were made to reduce reviewer errors and bias. Some characteristics of the included studies were presented in tables; however, types of study designs used and validity of the studies were not reported, which made it difficult to assess the reliability of the data. Results were often reported without supporting data and assessments of statistical significance. The authors reported that due to their search strategy focusing particularly on African American and Hispanic smokers, other low socio-economic groups may have been excluded. Most included studies reported on media campaigns that were part of larger multi-component programs; therefore, the authors correctly commented on the difficulty of attribution of effects solely to media campaigns. A narrative review was appropriate given the differences between studies in terms of interventions, outcomes and participants. The authors' conclusions appear reasonable, but the interpretation and reliability of the findings was unclear due to the poor reporting of the review methods and included data. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that promotion of self-help materials or quit-to-win contests should not be conducted in isolation. Media campaigns should strive to ensure wide exposure, including paid media campaigns, earned media coverage, donated media time and direct marketing. These should be combined, where possible, with other tobacco control program components. In addition when designing messages, media campaigns should consider the literacy needs, language preferences and cultural values of low socio-economic smokers.Research: The authors stated that future research should compare effects of media campaigns for smoking cessation by socio-economic status and test for differences at multiple stages of response. There was also a need to develop theoretical frameworks to understand campaign effects among low socio-economic smokers. Research should be conducted to understand the media use preferences and health-related behaviour among low socio-economic smokers to understand motivation and ensure adequate exposure.","Niederdeppe, J; Kuang, X; Crock, B; Skelton, A",,1981
-A novel approach to increasing inventory with the current panel: Increasing donation frequency by asking for a different blood product,"BACKGROUND: Ongoing shortages of blood products may be addressed through additional donations. However, donation frequency rates are typically lower than medically possible. This preliminary study aims to determine voluntary nonremunerated whole blood (WB) and plasmapheresis donors' willingness, and subsequent facilitators and barriers, to make additional donations of a different type. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty individual telephone interviews were conducted posing two additional donation pattern scenarios: first, making a single and, second, making multiple plasmapheresis donations between WB donations. Stratified purposive sampling was conducted for four samples varying in donation experience: no-plasma, new-to-both-WB-and-plasma, new-to-plasma, and plasma donors. Interviews were analyzed yielding excellent (κ values > 0.81) interrater reliability. RESULTS: Facilitators were more endorsed than barriers for a single but not multiple plasmapheresis donation. More new-to-both donors (n = 5) were willing to make multiple plasma donations between WB donations than others (n = 1 each) and identified fewer barriers (n = 3) than those more experienced in donation (n = 8 no plasma, n = 10 new to both, n = 11 plasma). Donors in the plasma sample were concerned about the subsequent reduced time between plasma donations by adding WB donations (n = 3). The no-plasma and new-to-plasma donors were concerned about the time commitment required (n = 3). CONCLUSION: Current donors are willing to add different product donations but donation history influences their willingness to change. Early introduction of multiple donation types, variation in inventory levels, and addressing barriers will provide blood collection agencies with a novel and cost-effective inventory management strategy. © 2015 AABB.","Bagot, K.L.; Masser, B.M.; White, K.M.",Transfusion,1982
-Motivations of federal workers to volunteer in public sector special events,"Volunteers are considered a core component of special events and they have proved to be an asset to the execution of special events. Although motivations of volunteers have received a great deal of attention from many organizations and individuals in the private sector, little research has been done on motivations of volunteers in the public sector, or within the federal government. Therefore, this article identified motivational factors that prompt federal government workers to volunteer at a government-related special event. A survey was used to gather data from a volunteer sample of 263 individuals who had volunteered for public sector special events in recent years. Exploratory factor analysis and t test were employed to establish motivations that stimulate public sector employees to volunteer for special events and further determine the differences in motivation between females and males. The results showed that government workers mostly volunteer for purposive motive and external motive. In addition, gender played significant roles on egotistic and purposive motives. Thus, this research provides a unique theoretical contribution to research in event management by advancing our understanding of the process by which factors associated with motivation can lead to federal government workers volunteering at a government-related special event; subsequently, impacting how event planners and organizers of public sector special events market to and recruit volunteers. © 2020 Cognizant, LLC.","Artis, K.; Lee, S.H.",Event Manage.,1983
-Impact of indian soap opera on women's positive behavoiur,"Soap operas are some of the most popular television programs around the world. They have a huge fan base just for the fact that it touches the sentiments of the human beings. In the Indian context too, it has a wide reach and never ending popularity among the common people. Particularly among the women population in India, the soaps has achieved a legendary status. The present research is trying to study impact that it has among the women's behavior in the Indian context. Mainly the present paper tries to understand what are the positive effects of the soap operas upon the women's behavior. The present research is a comparative study of the women viewers of Kanyakumari and Trivandrum districts. The research revealed that, despite what people think, there are some positive effects of the soap operas among the women population. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)","Priyakumari, N.; Mariappan, S.",J. Crit. Rev.,1984
-An experimental test of the public-goods crowding-out hypothesis,,"Andreoni, J.",American Economic Review,1985
-When is administrative efficiency associated with charitable donations?,"Whether accounting measures of administrative efficiency affect donations is an important issue for nonprofit managers. Prior research is inconclusive. Some studies find a significant negative relation, whereas others find no significant relation. The authors investigate a variety of reasons for the prior divergent results. The evidence is consistent with donors reducing contributions to organizations reporting higher administrative expense ratios when the ratios are presumably most relevant and reliable. The authors suggest that certain prior studies failed to find significant associations largely because their samples contained many organizations for which the administrative ratios were unreliable or not helpful for donor needs. Model specification issues also affect prior studies but are less critical than sample composition. When the authors replicate prior studies on samples containing established, donation-dependent organizations with nontrivial amounts of fund-raising and administrative expenses, they generally detect a significant negative association. © 2007 Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action.","Tinkelman, D.; Mankaney, K.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1986
-Heritability of decisions and outcomes of public goods games,"Prosociality is one of the most distinctive features of human beings but there are individual differences in cooperative behavior. Employing the twin method, we examined the heritability of cooperativeness and its outcomes on public goods games using a strategy method. In two experiments (Study 1 and Study 2), twin participants were asked to indicate 1) how much they would contribute to a group when they did not know how much the other group members were contributing, and 2) how much they would contribute if they knew the contributions of others. Overall, the heritability estimates were relatively small for each type of decision, but heritability was greater when participants knew that the others had made larger contributions. Using registered decisions in Study 2, we conducted five Monte Carlo simulations to examine genetic and environmental influences on the expected game payoffs. For the simulated one-shot game, the heritability estimates were small, comparable to those of game decisions. For the simulated iterated games, we found that the genetic influences first decreased, then increased as the numbers of iterations grew. The implication for the evolution of individual differences in prosociality is discussed. © 2015 Hiraishi, Shikishima, Yamagata and Ando.","Hiraishi, K.; Shikishima, C.; Yamagata, S.; Ando, J.",Front. Psychol.,1987
-Temporal predictability promotes prosocial behavior in 5-year-old children,"Although interpersonal coordinative activities have been shown to produce prosocial effects in both adults and children, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. While most approaches focus on the effect of mimicry and synchronous behavioral matching, we hypothesize that temporal predictability might play a central role in producing prosocial effects, as it directs coordination and might therefore strengthen shared intentionality. In a percussion task with pairs of 5-year old children, we manipulated temporal predictability and movement similarity/predictability between the pair's movements. Temporal predictability was manipulated by instructing the pair to play the instruments either to beats that were evenly-spaced, and therefore predictable, or to beats that were random, and therefore unpredictable. Movement similarity/predictability was manipulated by having the pair play rhythmic patterns that were similar, predictable, or independent from each other. Children who played to predictable beats were more willing to solve problems cooperatively with their partners and to help when their partners had an accident. In contrast, there was no positive effect of rhythmic predictability or similarity. These results are the first to show that temporal predictability affects prosociality independent of movement similarity or predictability. We conclude that the predictable time frame commonly seen in coordinative activities may be key to strengthening shared intentionality and producing prosocial effects. © 2019 Wan, Fu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Wan, Y.; Fu, H.",PLoS ONE,1988
-"Revenue interactions: Crowding out, crowding in, or neither",,"Tinkelman, D.",Handb. of Res. on Nonprofit Econ. and Manage.,1989
-The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep Satisfaction Tool,"OBJECTIVES: The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) sought to test, refine, and add statistical rigor to its previously described provisional Sleep Satisfaction Tool (SST). The tool assesses the general population's sleep satisfaction. DESIGN: In 2017, NSF created a provisional tool through systematic literature review and an expert consensus panel process. This tool was expanded, refined, and tested through an open-ended survey, 2 rounds of cognitive testing, and a national survey of a random sample of Internet users (aged 18-90). Factor analysis and final consensus panel voting produced the robust SST. RESULTS: The exploratory, open-ended surveying for identifying additional factors important to the public led to question formulation around mind relaxation. Cognitive testing yielded significant refinement to question and response option formatting. Factor analysis of questions from field testing indicated loading on one construct identified as ""sleep satisfaction."" The final 9-item SST demonstrated strong reliability and internal validity with overall SST scores of 56/100 (higher scores indicating greater sleep satisfaction). Individual SST item mean scores ranged from 39 to 66, and overall SST scores varied substantially across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: NSF used a series of development and validation tests on its provisional SST, producing a novel and reliable research tool that measures the general population's sleep satisfaction. The SST is a short, reliable, nonclinical assessment that expands the set of tools available to researchers that implements the individual, social, and environmental factors related to sleep satisfaction. Further research will explore refined scoring methods along with factor weighting and use within different populations.","Ohayon, Maurice M; Paskow, Michael; Roach, Anita; Filer, Christine; Hillygus, D Sunshine; Chen, Michael C; Langer, Gary; Hirshkowitz, Max; National Sleep Foundation Sleep Satisfaction Consensus Panel",Sleep Health,1990
-,,"Marudas, N.P.",Effects of Large Non-Profit Organization Financial Disclosures on Private Donor Giving,1991
-Live donor liver transplantation - adult outcomes: a systematic review,"Recipient outcomes are similar for adult-adult live donor (AA LDLT) and cadaver liver transplantation (CLT). There are small, but real, risks for live liver donors. Although live donor liver transplantation has the potential to help address the demand for livers, its current impact on waiting lists is relatively small.On the basis of the evidence presented in this systematic review, the ASERNIP-S Review Group agreed on the following classifications and recommendations concerning the donor and recipient safety and recipient efficacy of live donor liver transplantation:Classifications: Evidence rating - The available evidence was assessed as poor; however it is recognised that most of the evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of LDLT has to be derived from case series and registries. Even so, there are particular concerns about under-reporting of mortality and morbidity for both donors and recipients, which also contributes to the classification of poor.Safety - Donors: There is some risk of mortality and morbidity for LDLT donors, and the long term risks are unknown. (Since there is no comparator (except not donating), safety can only be described in absolute terms.)Efficacy - Donors: Not applicable, although clearly donors incur costs in terms of lost time and need for additional resources (financial and other).Safety - Recipients: Cannot be determined.Efficacy - Recipients: Cannot be determined.The panel recommended that strict guidelines are necessary for the performance of AA LDLT, in particular with respect to the process of LDLT donor selection, and contraindications for donor selection, and to the process of listing potential LDLT recipients. The Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand has developed guidelines for the performance of AA LDLT, which can be accessed online at http://www.racp.edu.au/tsanz.Additionally, the panel acknowledged the poor evidence available for LDLT, and suggested that all LDLT procedures need to be submitted to a registry, and that any centres not prepared to submit data should not be authorised to be transplant centres.","Middleton, P; Duffield, M; Lynch, S; Verran, D; House, T; Stanton, P; Stitz, R; Padbury, R; Maddern, G",,1992
-Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially,,"Ariely, D.; Bracha, A.; Meier, S.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1993
-Intuition and Deliberation in the Stag Hunt Game,"We present an incentivized laboratory experiment where a random sample of individuals playing a series of stag hunt games are forced to make their choices under time constraints, while the rest of the players have no time limits to decide. We find that individuals under the time pressure treatment are more likely to play stag (vs. hare) than individuals in the control group: under time constraints 62.85% of players are stag-hunters as opposed to 52.32% when no time limits are imposed. These results offer the first experimental evidence on the role of intuition and deliberation in strategic situations that entail social coordination. In interpreting our findings, we provide a discussion on ruling social conventions in daily-life interactions. © 2019, The Author(s).","Belloc, M.; Bilancini, E.; Boncinelli, L.; D’Alessandro, S.",Sci. Rep.,1994
-Reconsidering the media priming effect on audiences' prosocial behavior: The effect of empathy as a mediating variable,,"Kim, Y.; Kim, N.",Paper presented at the NCA 94th Annual Convention,1995
-The cognitive foundations of cooperation,"We conducted an experiment causally manipulating reliance on more intuitive vs. more deliberative behavior through time pressure and time delay. Our design uses a novel manipulation which relies on gradual economic incentives and was devised to avoid the high degree of non-compliance observed in previous experiments. The “social heuristic hypothesis,” which claims that people are intuitively predisposed to cooperate, is not supported in our data. On the aggregate, subjects are not more cooperative under gradually-incentivized time pressure. We also measured individual attitudes on social values and attitudes toward interpersonal risk, and find that both correlate with the tendency to cooperate. A detailed analysis suggests that subjects with a stronger (resp. weaker) prosocial predisposition become more (resp. less) cooperative under time pressure compared to time delay, although the effect is only noticeable for extreme-enough predispositions. A possible interpretation is that relying on more intuitive behavior enhances individual heterogeneous predispositions, while relying on more deliberative behavior moderates them. This suggests that tendencies toward cooperation might not be universal, and rather be moderated by individual characteristics. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Alós-Ferrer, C.; Garagnani, M.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1996
-A content analysis of guilt appeals in popular magazine advertisements,,"Huhmann, B.A.; Brotherton, T.P.",Journal of Advertising,1997
-Acute stress and altruism in younger and older adults,"Recent studies of aging and decision making suggests that altruism increases with age. It is unclear, however, whether this pattern holds when choices are made under stress, as is often the case in real-world scenarios. The current study used an intertemporal choice task in which younger and older adults received a financial endowment before making a series of consequential intertemporal decisions involving gains, losses and charitable donations. Preceding the choice task, participants were exposed to a laboratory stressor. Physiological stress reactivity was a predictor of altruistic decision making in younger adults, such that individuals with higher stress reactivity made more generous choices. Older adults showed higher altruism than younger adults overall, with altruism unrelated to stress reactivity in older adults. These findings are consistent with an age-related change in the mechanisms underlying altruistic behavior. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Sparrow, E.P.; Armstrong, B.A.; Fiocco, A.J.; Spaniol, J.",Psychoneuroendocrinology,1998
-Meta-analysis of social personality psychological research,,"Johnson, B.T.; Eagly, A.H.",Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology,1999
-Altruistic behaviors relieve physical pain,"Engaging in altruistic behaviors is costly, but it contributes to the health and well-being of the performer of such behaviors. The present research offers a take on how this paradox can be understood. Across 2 pilot studies and 3 experiments, we showed a pain-relieving effect of performing altruistic behaviors. Acting altruistically relieved not only acutely induced physical pain among healthy adults but also chronic pain among cancer patients. Using functional MRI, we found that after individuals performed altruistic actions brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula in response to a painful shock was significantly reduced. This reduced pain-induced activation in the right insula was mediated by the neural activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), while the activation of the VMPFC was positively correlated with the performer's experienced meaningfulness from his or her altruistic behavior. Our findings suggest that incurring personal costs to help others may buffer the performers from unpleasant conditions. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.","Wang, Y.; Ge, J.; Zhang, H.; Wang, H.; Xie, X.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,2000
-,,"Mayr, E.",Animal Species and Evolution,2001
-Perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion does not cause adverse sequelae in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of unconfounded studies,"There is currently no evidence that allogeneic blood transfusion increases the risk of clinically important adverse sequelae (all-cause mortality, cancer recurrence and post-operative infection) in cancer patients undergoing surgery. More studies are required before a definitive statement can be made. XCM: The authors presented a well-defined review question and clear inclusion criteria.The validity of the included studies was thoroughly assessed by two investigators.The search strategy was very thorough and included an attempt to identify unpublished studies, although none were found. Sufficient details of the individual studies included were given, with the exception of the participants' gender and the length of follow-up.The authors examined sources of heterogeneity when it was present. The primary studies were summarised appropriately.The authors' conclusions follow logically from the results. XIM: The authors state that the most important conclusion to emerge from this meta-analysis is the need for more (and larger) RCTs comparing allogeneic blood products with appropriate active comparators, such as autologous or leucocyte depleted blood, in patients with cancer at time of operation.They also suggest that given the lack of evidence for increased risk from allogeneic blood transfusions, it seems appropriate to revisit the role of autologous blood donation programmes. This is particularly important given that almost half of the autologous blood donated before operation in the United States is discarded and formal economic analyses have questioned the cost effectiveness of these programmes.","McAlister, F A; Clark, H D; Wells, P S; Laupacis, A",,2002
-,,"Muthén, L.K.; Muthén, B.O.",Mplus User's Guide,2003
-The ultimatum game: raising the stakes,"This paper examines the motivation of players in the ultimatum game when the stakes involved are significant sums of money. A questionnaire approach is used to elicit matched pairs of offers and minimum acceptances from respondents for games in which the stake size increases from $10 to $10,000. Only 16% of our sample could be said to have selfish preferences, the rest of the sample behaved as if they were concerned with relative payoffs. There was some evidence that the concern with relativities was not as strong in the large stake games. Despite this observation, for 60% of the sample, the offer expressed as a proportion of the stake did not change as the stake increased, and 28% of the sample would have offered and accepted half the stake in the $10,000 game. © 1995.","Tompkinson, P.; Bethwaite, J.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2004
-Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and down syndrome risk: a meta-analysis from 34 studies,"BACKGROUND: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme of folate metabolic pathway which catalyzes the irreversible conversion of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate donates methyl group for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Several studies have investigated maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism as a risk factor for DS, but the results were controversial and inconclusive. To come into a conclusive estimate, authors performed a meta-analysis. AIM: A meta-analysis of published case control studies was performed to investigate the association between maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism and Down syndrome. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer Link databases were searched to select the eligible case control studies using appropriate keywords. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95%confidence interval were calculated for risk assessment. RESULTS: Thirty four studies with 3,098 DS case mothers and 4,852 control mothers were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled OR was estimated under five genetic models and significant association was found between maternal MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism and Down syndrome under four genetic models except recessive model (for T vs. C, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.09-1.46, p = 0.001; for TT vs. CC, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.13-1.97, p = 0.008; for CT vs. CC, OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10-1.51, p = 0.001; for TT+CT vs. CC, OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.13-1.60, p = 0.0008; for TT vs. CT+CC, OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60-0.94, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the present meta-analysis support that maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism is a risk factor for DS- affected pregnancy.","Rai, Vandana; Yadav, Upendra; Kumar, Pradeep; Yadav, Sushil Kumar; Mishra, Om Prakesh",PLoS One,2005
-Voluntary versus compulsory solidarity: Theory and experiment,"We present an overlapping-generations model with two interacting teams, where young team members earn an income, whereas old team members depend on either intrateam transfers from young members (voluntary solidarity) or tax-financed transfers (compulsory solidarity). We derive the individually and team-specifically optimal decisions and present further behavioral hypotheses, including the crowding out of voluntary by compulsory solidarity. We test our hypotheses in an experimental study and examine (1) whether raising taxes crowds out voluntary transfers, (2) how income distributions influence voluntary and compulsory solidarity, and (3) whether participants prefer more to less compulsory solidarity. © 2006 Mohr Siebeck.","Güth, W.; Sutter, M.; Verbon, H.",J. Inst. Theor. Econ.,2006
-A systematic review and meta-analysis of antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions,"This meta-analysis sought to identify the strongest antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions. It synthesized the results of 24 predictive correlational studies of donation behavior and 37 studies of donation intentions. The antecedents were grouped into six research programs: (1) the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and its extensions, (2) prosocial motivation, (3) affective expectations, (4) donor site experience, (5) past donation behavior, and (6) donor demographics. Antecedent categories were cross-validated by multiple coders, and combined effect sizes were analyzed using a random-effects model. For donation behavior, medium positive associations were found with five of the constructs from the extended TPB: intentions to donate, perceived behavioral control, attitude toward donation, self-efficacy and donor role identity. Other antecedents displaying a positive association with donation behavior included anticipated regret for not donating, number of past donations and donor age. Donor experiences at the collection site in the form of temporary deferral or adverse reactions had a medium negative association with behavior. For donation intentions, strong positive associations were observed for perceived behavioral control, attitude, self-efficacy, role identity and anticipated regret. Medium positive associations were observed for personal moral norm, subjective norm, satisfaction, and service quality. All other potential antecedents had weak or non-significant associations with behavior and intentions. Several of these associations were moderated by between-study differences, including donor experience, the period of data collection in which donation behavior was observed, and the use of a nominal (yes/no return) versus a ratio measure of donation behavior. Collectively, the results underscore the importance of enhancing donors' attitudes towards donation and building their perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy to donate. Further, minimizing the risk of adverse reactions and enacting re-recruitment policies for temporarily deferred donors will help protect future donation behavior. Implications of these findings for blood collection agencies and researchers are discussed.","Bednall, Timothy C; Bove, Liliana L; Cheetham, Ali; Murray, Andrea L",Soc. Sci. Med.,2007
-Cost-utility of living donor liver transplantation in a single Japanese center,"BACKGROUND/AIMS: Living donor liver transplantation is becoming increasingly important in the Western world, but the economic issues remain controversial. We conducted a cost-utility analysis to evaluate whether living donor liver transplantation is cost-effective. METHODOLOGY: Cost and utility analyses were performed in a longitudinal survey of a single center in Sapporo, Japan. Medical costs were derived from 11 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. Health utility was measured in quality-adjusted life year. Data for health utility scores were derived from 19 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. RESULTS: Median medical cost was U.S. dollars 154,626 from the first day of preoperative evaluation to 24 months post-transplantation. Cumulative quality-adjusted life years were 1.60 at 24 months after transplantation. Medical cost per quality-adjusted life year decreased progressively, leading to medical cost of U.S. dollars 605,131 per quality-adjusted life year at 3 months to U.S. dollars 94,169 at 24 months after transplantation. The results were sensitive to medical cost. CONCLUSIONS: Follow-up survey identified progressive increases in the cost-effectiveness of living donor liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver disease. Living donor liver transplantation appears to represent a cost-effective medical technology.","Ishida, Kozo; Imai, Hirohisa; Ogasawara, Katsuhiko; Hagiwara, Kuniko; Furukawa, Hiroyuki; Todo, Satoru; Fujita, Hiroyoshi; Sakurai, Tsunetaro; Tamashiro, Hiko",Hepatogastroenterology,2008
-The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment,"Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent than rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.","Haidt, J.",Psychol. Rev.,2009
-The effects of two sequential-request strategies on teachers' acceptability and use of a classroom intervention,"This study examined the effects of two sequential-request strategies - foot-in-the-door (FITD) and door-in-the-face (DITF)-on teachers' ratings of treatment acceptability and implementation of a classroom intervention. Sixty-one teachers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions in which they complied with a small initial request, failed to comply with a large initial request, or received no initial request. Teachers then rated the acceptability of a classroom intervention that they were asked to implement for 1 hr on each of 2 consecutive school days. Results showed the mean acceptability ratings for the DITF condition to be significantly lower than the control condition, but neither differed significantly from the FITD condition. Fewer teachers in the DITF condition implemented the intervention than controls. The implications of these results for applying social influence strategies to school consultation are discussed.","Martens, B.K.; Kelly, S.Q.; Diskin, M.T.",J. Educ. Psychol. Consult.,2010
-The Religious Orientation Scale: Review and Meta-Analysis of Social Desirability Effects,"Reliability and validity of scores on the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) are reviewed with respect to social desirability. ROS measures intrinsic religiousness (I; religion as an end unto itself) and extrinsic religiousness (E; religion as a means to some end, like friendship or solace). Development of the scale is briefly traced, including the modification of the E scale to include two subscales. Scores from the I scale have good internal consistency reliability (.83), but scores from E subscales (Social and Personal) have marginal internal consistency reliability (.63 and .64, respectively). I tends to correlate with desirable variables (mental health, altruism, religious commitment), and E correlates with that which is undesirable (prejudice, nonmarital sex). Meta-analysis revealed that I correlates .15 with social desirability but that E does not. Given the religious relevancy of social desirability measures, partialing out this variance is not recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Trimble, Douglas E",Educ. Psychol. Meas.,2011
-Cost effectiveness of a smoking cessation program in patients admitted for coronary heart disease,,"Quist-Paulsen, P; Lydersen, S; Bakke, P S; Gallefoss, F",,2012
-From receiving to achieving: The role of relationship and dependence for nonprofit organisations in corporate partnerships,,"Lefroy, K.; Tsarenko, Y.",European Journal of Marketing,2013
-An IMC approach to event marketing: The effects of sponsorship and experience on customer attitudes,,"Sneath, J.Z.; Finney, R.Z.; Close, A.G.",Journal of Advertising Research,2014
-"Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An experimental study",,"Roth, A.E.; Prasnikar, V.; Okuno-Fujiwara, M.; Zamir, S.",American Economic Review,2015
-More affected = more neglected: Amplification of bias in advice to the unidentified and many,"Professionals often give advice to many anonymous people. For example, financial analysts give public recommendations to trade stock, and medical experts formulate clinical guidelines that affect many patients. Normatively, awareness of the advice-recipient's identity should not influence the quality of advice, and when advice affects a larger number of people, if anything, greater care should be taken to ensure its accuracy. Yet, contrary to this logic and consistent with research on the identifiable victim effect, results from two experimental studies demonstrate that advisors confronting a financial conflict of interest give more biased advice to multiple than single recipients and to unidentified than identified single recipients. Increased intensity of feelings toward single identified recipients appears to drive this process; advisors experience more empathy and appear to have greater awareness and motivation to reduce bias in their advice when the recipient is single and identified. © The Author(s) 2012.","Sah, S.; Loewenstein, G.",Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci,2016
-Dictator games: A meta study,"Over the last 25 years, more than a hundred dictator game experiments have been published. This meta study summarises the evidence. Exploiting the fact that most experiments had to fix parameters they did not intend to test, in multiple regression the meta study is able to assess the effect of single manipulations, controlling for a host of alternative explanatory factors. The resulting rich dataset also provides a testbed for comparing alternative specifications of the statistical model for analysing dictator game data. It shows how Tobit models (assuming that dictators would even want to take money) and hurdle models (assuming that the decision to give a positive amount is separate from the choice of amount, conditional on giving) provide additional insights. © 2011 Economic Science Association.","Engel, C.",Exp. Econ.,2017
-Industry-funded versus non-profit-funded critical care research: a meta-epidemiological overview,"PURPOSE: To study the landscape of funding in intensive care research and assess whether the reported outcomes of industry-funded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more favorable. METHODS: We systematically assembled meta-analyses evaluating any type of intervention in the critical care setting and reporting the source of funding for each included RCT. Furthermore, when the intervention was a drug or biologic, we searched also the original RCT articles, when their funding information was unavailable in the meta-analysis. We then qualitatively summarized the sources of funding. For binary outcomes, separate summary odds ratios were calculated for trials with and without industry funding. We then calculated the ratio of odds ratios (RORs) and the summary ROR (sROR) across topics. ROR < 1 implies that the experimental intervention is relatively more favorable in trials with industry funding compared with trials without industry funding. For RCTs included in the ROR analysis, we also examined the conclusions of their abstract. RESULTS: Across 67 topics with 568 RCTs, 88 were funded by industry and another 73 had both industry and non-profit funding. Across 33 topics with binary outcomes, the sROR was 1.10 [95% CI (0.96-1.26), I2 = 1%]. Conclusions were not significantly more commonly unfavorable for the experimental arm interventions in industry-funded trials (21.3%) compared with trials without industry funding (18.2%). CONCLUSION: Industry-funded RCTs are the minority in intensive care. We found no evidence that industry-funded trials in intensive care yield more favorable results or are less likely to reach unfavorable conclusions.","Janiaud, Perrine; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Ioannidis, John P A",Intensive Care Med.,2018
-"Prosocial television and prosocial toddlers: A multi-method, longitudinal investigation","How screen use might affect early childhood outcomes is an important question for parents, but existing research is patchy. In particular, screen time is often examined in relation to sleep and aggression, but much less is known about its links with prosocial behaviour. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured observations and interviews / questionnaires with both mothers and fathers in a sample of 195 (predominantly affluent and educated) British families tracked across three time-points, when the first-born child was 14-, 24-, and 36-months old. We also applied an objective coding scheme to assess the relative frequency of prosocial behaviour in the programmes and films children were watching at age 24-months. While our results showed no overall associations between prosocial behaviour and either screen time or screen content, there were interaction effects. Specifically, children whose favourite programmes were slow-paced and rich in prosocial content were particularly likely to show developmental gains in sharing. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for parents, researchers, and policy makers. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.","McHarg, G.; Hughes, C.",Infant Behav. Dev.,2019
-Eye images increase charitable donations: Evidence from an opportunistic field experiment in a supermarket,,"Powell, K.L.; Roberts, G.; Nettle, D.",Ethology,2020
-Promoting health behaviours with door-in-the-face: The influence of the beneficiary of the request,"This study examined the ability of a door-in-the-face strategy to increase compliance with health related requests. To explore this question, participants received either a single or door-in-the-face request to perform a health-related behaviour. This request was characterized as either benefiting the person making the request, the person who was the target of the request, or a third party. After receiving the request the participants' verbal and behavioural compliance with the request were measured. The results indicated that the door-in-the-face procedure would be effective with requests to perform health-related behaviours.","Millar, M.G.",Psychol. Health Med.,2021
-The price of beauty: Differential effects of design elements with and without cost implications in nonprofit donor solicitations,,"Townsend, C.",Journal of Consumer Research,2022
-Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study,"In East Asian cultures, people maintain larger interpersonal distances than in European or American cultures. We investigated whether a preference for averted gaze might be responsible for this difference. Typically, when measuring interpersonal distance, participants are asked to maintain eye contact. This request might bias findings due to cultural differences in the interpretation of direct gaze. We had Japanese and German participants adjust preferred interpersonal distance in a standardized laboratory task, using averaged faces with straight-ahead or averted gaze direction. In line with previous findings, Japanese participants preferred overall larger interpersonal distances, and female–female dyads preferred the smallest distances. In contrast, there was no pervasive effect of gaze on interpersonal distance, as confirmed with Bayesian statistics. Thus, differences in the reactions to mutual gaze cannot explain the cultural preferences for interpersonal distance. © The Author(s) 2018.","Sicorello, M.; Stevanov, J.; Ashida, H.; Hecht, H.",J. Cross-Cult. Psychol.,2023
-The relationship among funding sources for art and history museums,"The decline and possible elimination of federal support of the arts in the United States is likely to have a major impact on museum finances. Using data from the 1989 Survey of Museums, we analyze the interactions among major categories of museum funding. The results indicate a strong, positive stimulus of federal funding on private contributions, with some possible displacement of state and local government contributions. The opportunity to generate funds from private sources shows some promise to offset the loss of funds from government sources. © 1999 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Hughes, P.N.; Luksetich, W.A.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2024
-,,"Batson, C.D.",The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-psychological Answer,2025
-Does government spending crowd out charitable contributions?,,"Schiff, J.",National Tax Journal,2026
-The marketing of philanthropy and the charitable contributions deduction: Integrating theories for the deduction and tax exemption,,"Colombo, J.D.",Wake Forest Law Review,2027
-Advertising to early trend propagators: Evidence from twitter,,"Lambrecht, A.; Tucker, C.; Wiertz, C.",Marketing Science,2028
-On the social nature of eyes: The effect of social cues in interaction and individual choice tasks,"In an experimental setting, we applied a dual strategy to better understand the effect of pictures of eyes on human behavior. First, we investigated whether the effect of eyes was limited to interaction tasks in which the subjects' decisions influenced the outcomes of other subjects. We expanded the range of tasks to include individual choice tasks in which the subjects' decisions only influenced their own outcomes. Second, we investigated whether pictures of eyes were one of many social cues or were unique in their effect. We compared the effect of pictures of eyes with the effect of a different condition in which we presented the subjects with pictures of other students (peers). Our results suggest that the effect of pictures of eyes is limited to interaction tasks and that eyes should be considered distinct from other social cues, such as reminders of peers. While pictures of eyes uniformly enhanced pro-social behavior in interaction tasks, this was not the case for reminders of peers. Furthermore, the reminders of peers led to more rational behavior in individual choice tasks, whereas the effect of pictures of eyes was limited to situations involving interaction. Combined, these findings are in line with the claim that the effect of pictures of eyes on behavior is caused by a social exchange heuristic that works to enhance mutual cooperative behavior. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Baillon, A.; Selim, A.; van Dolder, D.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,2029
-The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents,"The correlates and structure of prosocial behaviors in late adolescents were examined using a newly constructed multidimensional measure. In Study 1, 249 college students (145 women; M age = 19.9 years) were administered the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) which assesses 6 types of prosocial behaviors: altruistic, compliant, emotional, dire, public, and anonymous. Measures of sympathy, perspective taking, personal distress, social desirability, global prosocial behaviors, social responsibility, ascription of responsibility, vocabulary skills, and prosocial moral reasoning were also completed. Test-retest reliability and further validity of the PTM were demonstrated in Study 2 with a sample of 40 college students (28 women; M age = 22.9 years). Results from both studies yielded evidence of adequate reliability and validity of the PTM and support the notion of differentiated forms of helping.","Carlo, G.; Randall, B.A.",J. Youth Adolesc.,2030
-Criticisms of the satiety hypothesis as an explanation for within-session decreases in responding,"The authors of four papers recently reported that satiation provides a better explanation than habituation for within-session decreases in conditioned responding. Several arguments question this conclusion. First, the contribution of habituation to within-session changes in responding seems clearly established. Information that is consistent with habituation, but that is difficult to reconcile with satiation, is not adequately addressed. Second, the limited evidence offered in support of satiation is ambiguous because the results are just as compatible with habituation as with other satiety variables. Finally, the term satiation is used in an intuitive way that is sometimes contradicted by research about the termination of ingestion. Use of the technical term satiation in a way that differs from its conventional usage will only isolate operant psychology from other areas of psychological research.","McSweeney, F.K.; Murphy, E.S.",J. Exp. Anal. Behav.,2031
-"Reply to Myrseth and Wollbrant: Ourmodel is consistent with altruism, and helps to explain its evolution",,"Bear, A.; Rand, D.G.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,2032
-Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim: Altruism and Identifiability,"Although it has been claimed that people care more about identifiable than statistical victims, demonstrating this ""identifiable victim effect"" has proven difficult because identification usually provides information about a victim, and people may respond to the information rather than to identification per se. We show that a very weak form of identifiability - determining the victim without providing any personalizing information - increases caring. In the first, laboratory study, subjects were more willing to compensate others who lost money when the losers had already been determined than when they were about to be. In the second, field study, people contributed more to a charity when their contributions would benefit a family that had already been selected from a list than when told that the family would be selected from the same list.","Small, D.A.; Loewenstein, G.",J. Risk Uncertainty,2033
-Organ and tissue donation in clinical settings: a systematic review of the impact of interventions aimed at health professionals,,"Douville F, Godin G, Vezina-Im LA",,2034
-Beyond publication bias,"This review considers several meta-regression and graphical methods that can differentiate genuine empirical effect from publication bias. Publication selection exists when editors, reviewers, or researchers have a preference for statistically significant results. Because all areas of empirical research are susceptible to publication selection, any average or tally of significant/insignificant studies is likely to be biased and potentially misleading. Meta-regression analysis can see through the murk of random sampling error and selected misspecification bias to identify the underlying statistical structures that characterize genuine empirical effect. Meta-significance testing and precision-effect testing (PET) are offered as a means to identify empirical effect beyond publication bias and are applied to four areas of empirical economics research - minimum wage effects, union-productivity effects, price elasticities, and tests of the natural rate hypothesis. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2005.","Stanley, T.D.",J. Econ. Surv.,2035
-Cost-effectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model,"OBJECTIVES: To compare patient outcomes, resource use and costs to the NHS and NHS Blood Transfusion Authority (BTA) associated with cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases covering the period 1996-2004 for systematic reviews and 1994-2004 for economic evidence. REVIEW METHODS: Existing systematic reviews were updated with data from selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that involved adults scheduled for elective non-urgent surgery. Any resource use or cost data were extracted for potential use in populating an economic model. Relative risks or weighted mean difference of each outcome for each intervention were assessed, taking into account the number of RCTs included in each outcome and intervention and the presence of any heterogeneity. This allowed indirect comparison of the relative effectiveness of each intervention when the intervention is compared with allogeneic blood transfusion. A decision analytic model synthesised clinical and economic data from several sources, to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness of cell salvage for people undergoing elective surgery with moderate to major expected blood loss. The perspective of the NHS and patients and a time horizon of 1 month were used. The economic model was developed from reviews of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and clinical experts. Secondary analysis explored the robustness of the results to changes in the timing and costs of cell salvage equipment, surgical procedure, use of transfusion protocols and time horizon of analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 668 studies were identified electronically for the update of the two systematic reviews. This included five RCTs, of which two were cell salvage and three preoperative autologous donation (PAD). Five published systematic reviews were identified for antifibrinolytics, fibrin sealants and restrictive transfusion triggers, PAD plus erythropoietin, erythropoietin alone and acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH). Twelve published studies reported full economic evaluations. All but two of the transfusion strategies significantly reduced exposure to allogeneic blood. The relative risk of exposure to allogeneic blood was 0.59 for the pooled trials of cell salvage (95% confidence interval: 0.48 to 0.73). This varied by the type and timing of cell salvage and type of surgical procedure. For cell salvage, the relative risk of allogeneic blood transfusion was higher in cardiac surgery than in orthopaedic surgery. Cell salvage had lower costs and slightly higher quality-adjusted life years compared with all of the alternative transfusion strategies except ANH. The likelihood that cell salvage is cost-effective compared with strategies other than ANH is over 50%. Most of the secondary analyses indicated similar results to the primary analysis. However, the primary and secondary analyses indicated that ANH may be more cost-effective than cell salvage. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence indicates that cell salvage may be a cost-effective method to reduce exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion. However, ANH may be more cost-effective than cell salvage. The results of this analysis are subject to the low quality and reliability of the data used and the use of indirect comparisons. This may affect the reliability and robustness of the clinical and economic results. There is a need for further research that includes adequately powered high-quality RCTs to compare directly various blood transfusion strategies. These should include measures of health status, health-related quality of life and patient preferences for alternative transfusion strategies. Observational and tracking studies are needed to estimate reliably the incidence of adverse events and infections transmitted during blood transfusion and to identify the lifetime consequences of the serious hazards of transfusion on mortality, health status and health-related quality of life.","Davies, L; Brown, T J; Haynes, S; Payne, K; Elliott, R A; McCollum, C",Health Technol. Assess.,2036
-The effect of tax policy on charitable contributions: The case of nonitemizing taxpayers,,"Dunbar, A.; Phillips, J.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,2037
-"Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence","The authors adopt an interdependence analysis of social value orientation, proposing that prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations are (a) partially rooted in different patterns of social interaction as experienced during the periods spanning early childhood to young adulthood and (b) further shaped by different patterns of social interaction as experienced during early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age. Congruent with this analysis, results revealed that relative to individualists and competitors, prosocial individuals exhibited greater levels of secure attachment (Studies 1 and 2) and reported having more siblings, especially sisters (Study 3). Finally, the prevalence of prosocials increased - and the prevalence of individualists and competitors decreased - from early adulthood to middle adulthood and old age (Study 4). Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Van Lange, P.A.M.; De Bruin, E.M.N.; Otten, W.; Joireman, J.A.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2038
-How a smiley protects health: A pilot intervention to improve hand hygiene in hospitals by activating injunctive norms through emoticons,"Hand hygiene practice in hospitals is unfortunately still widely insufficient, even though it is known that transmitting pathogens via hands is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. Previous research has shown that improving knowledge, providing feedback on past behaviour and targeting social norms are promising approaches to improve hand hygiene practices. The present field experiment was designed to direct people on when to perform hand hygiene and prevent forgetfulness. This intervention is the first to examine the effect of inducing injunctive social norms via an emoticon-based feedback system on hand hygiene behaviour. Electronic monitoring and feedback devices were installed in hospital patient rooms on top of hand-rub dispensers, next to the doorway, for a period of 17 weeks. In the emoticon condition, screens at the devices activated whenever a person entered or exited the room. Before using the alcohol-based hand-rub dispenser, a frowny face was displayed, indicating that hand hygiene should be performed. If the dispenser was subsequently used, this picture changed to a smiley face to positively reinforce the correct behaviour. Hand hygiene behaviour in the emoticon rooms significantly outperformed the behaviour in three other tested conditions. The strong effect in this field experiment indicates that activating injunctive norms may be a promising approach to improve hand hygiene behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2018 Gaube et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Gaube, S.; Tsivrikos, D.; Dollinger, D.; Lermer, E.",PLoS ONE,2039
-"Tax incentives, Individual characteristics and charitable giving in Singapore","Previous studies conducted for developed countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have often found charitable giving by individuals to depend on income, the tax price of giving, and other variables. This article makes use of confidential tax file data to conduct a similar study for Singapore, a rapid-growing newly-industrializing country. The results indicate that disposable income, the tax price of giving, donor's age and educational attainment are important determinants of charitable giving by individuals. Donations are found to be income-inelastic but higly price-elastic. Thus, lowering the price of giving through tax incentives can be very effective in encouraging private donations to cliarity.","Chua, V.C.H.; Wong, C.M.",Int. J. Soc. Econ.,2040
-The impact of direct marketing appeals on charitable marketing effectiveness,,"Smith, G.E.; Berger, P.D.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2041
-Five rules for the evolution of cooperation,"Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.","Nowak, M.A.",Science,2042
-Gendered Help at the Workplace: Implications for Organizational Power Relations,"One of the most thoroughly studied aspects of prosocial workplace behavior is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Yet, the definition of OCB seems to overlook the fact that help-giving acts may be of different types with different consequences for both giver and recipient. The present research explores workplace help-giving behavior by investigating the importance of gender as a factor that facilitates or inhibits specific types of help that empower and disempower independent coping: autonomy- and dependency-oriented help, respectively. A pilot and two following studies were conducted. The pilot study empirically assessed which acts would be clearly perceived by participants as representing both types of help. Then, using the descriptions of these acts, Study 1 examined which type of help would be perceived as most likely to be given by a male or female employee to a male or female colleague in a sample of 226 participants (78% women). Study 2 explored which type of help participants perceived as one they would rather receive from a male or female helper in a sample of 170 participants (65% women). Our findings indicate that male and female respondents who rated men giving help were more likely to expect them to give autonomy-oriented help, especially to women. There were no significant differences in dependency-oriented help. Further, women preferred to receive more autonomy-oriented help than men did, regardless of the help-giver’s gender; no significant results were found for men. Implications for OCB and workplace power relations are discussed. © The Author(s) 2018.","Chernyak-Hai, L.; Waismel-Manor, R.",Psychol. Rep.,2043
-Changing behaviour through business-nonprofit collaboration?: Consumer responses to social alliances,,"Vock, M.; van Dolen, W.; Kolk, A.",European Journal of Marketing,2044
-Charitable contributions and intergenerational transfers,"This paper investigates the effects of bequest taxes and the income of children on the lifetime charitable contributions of parents. Using matched income tax records for parents and children, the results show a positive elasticity of 0.6 for contributions with respect to the tax price of bequests. The paper also finds that the income of children affects the amount that parents contribute to charity. The results show a positive elasticity of up to 0.14 for contributions by parents with respect to the income of children, implying that when children are better off, parents are likely to increase charitable giving.","Auten, G.; Joulfaian, D.",J. Public Econ.,2045
-How Did the Great Recession Affect Charitable Giving?,"A great deal of research has studied the effects of income and tax changes on charitable giving. However, little work has focused on how these relationships were affected by the Great Recession. This article estimates the tax and income effects using the 2009 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The estimates are notably different than the typical findings from before the recession. Most importantly, tax effects are higher and income effects are lower. These unusual patterns are more pronounced for secular giving than for religious giving, and the effects are muted when only considering tax itemizers. The estimates are used to develop policy analytic results, considering the effects of the 2013 personal income tax rate increases and possible tax deduction limits currently under consideration. I find the tax increases to have a moderately stimulative impact on giving but predict a cap on charitable deductions would have a large negative impact. © The Author(s) 2017.","Brooks, A.C.",Public Financ. Rev.,2046
-"Altruism, fast and slow? Evidence from a meta-analysis and a new experiment","Can we use the lens of dual-system theories to explain altruistic behavior? In recent years this question has attracted the interest of both economists and psychologists. We contribute to this emerging literature by reporting the results of a meta-study of the literature and a new experiment. Our meta-study is based on 22 experimental studies conducted with more than 12,000 subjects. We show that the overall effect of manipulating cognitive resources to promote the “intuitive” system at the expense of the “deliberative” system is very close to zero. One reason for this null result could be that promoting intuition has heterogeneous effects on altruism across different subgroups of subjects or contexts. Another reason could be that there simply is no real effect and that previously reported single results are false positives. We explore the role of heterogeneity both by performing a mediator analysis of the meta-analytic effect and by conducting a new experiment designed to circumvent the issue of potential heterogeneity in the direction of the effect of promoting intuition. In both cases, we find little evidence that heterogeneity explains the absence of an overall effect of intuition on altruism. Taken together, our results offer little support for dual-system theories of altruistic behavior. © 2020, The Author(s).","Fromell, H.; Nosenzo, D.; Owens, T.",Exp. Econ.,2047
-New evidence on the price elasticity of charitable contributions,,"Ricketts, R.C.; Westfall, P.H.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,2048
-Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Demand games,"The demand game is a noncooperative two-person ultimatum game with one-sided uncertainty in which the Sender knows the value of the shared surplus (pie) but the Receiver only knows its probability distribution (Mitzkewitz and Nagel, 1993). We study experimentally the effects of systematic changes in the variability of the pie distribution on the Sender's proposals and Receiver's (binary) responses. In accordance with a behavioral theory that we propose, we find that (i) the Sender's proportional share of the pie increases as the Receiver's uncertainty about the pie increases, and (ii) for a given pie distribution, the Sender's proportional share decreases as the actual pie size increases.","Rapoport, A.; Sundali, J.A.; Seale, D.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2049
-Motivators of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies,"HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) are important precursors to HIV vaccine trials. As well, they contribute to an understanding of motivators and barriers for participation in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials. Motivators can take the form of altruism and a desire for social benefits. Perceived personal benefits, including psychological, personal, and financial well-being, may also motivate participation. The authors performed a systematic review of HIV VPS using the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The authors independently searched the literature for individual HIV VPS that examined motivators of participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial, using the same search strategy. As the denominators employed in the literature varied across studies, the denominators were standardized to the number of respondents per survey item, regardless of their willingness to participate (WTP) in an HIV vaccine trial. The authors retrieved eight studies on social benefits (i.e., altruism) and 11 studies on personal benefits conducted in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, as well as 19 studies on social benefits and 20 studies on personal benefits in the non-OECD countries. Various different forms of altruism were found to be the major motivators for participation in an HIV vaccine trial in both the OECD and the non-OECD countries. In a large number of studies, protection from HIV was cited as a personal motivator for participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial in the OECD and the non-OECD countries. Knowledge of motivators can inform and target recruitment for HIV vaccine trials, although it must be remembered that hypothetical motivators may not always translate into motivators in an actual vaccine trial.","Dhalla, Shayesta; Poole, Gary",AIDS Care,2050
-Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval surgical cytoreduction for advanced ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis,"Compared with primary cytoreduction, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with reduced survival time in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Findings indicate that definitive surgery should be performed early in the course of treatment. XCM: The review stated a clear research question and inclusion criteria for the participants, intervention and outcomes were defined. Limiting the search strategy to English language publications listed in one electronic database and reference lists of identified studies might have resulted in the omission of other relevant studies and increased the potential for publication and language bias. The methods used to select the studies and extract the data were not described, so it is not known whether any efforts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias.Simple linear regression appeared an appropriate method of exploring potential predictors of median survival. However, this method could not provide definitive answers to the review question. One limitation that the authors acknowledged was the lack of sufficient data for a multivariate analysis through which relationships between the various potential predictors of survival could be examined. In the conclusion the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was compared with the effect of primary cytoreduction, but data were not provided in the review. In addition, the limited search and lack of reporting of review methods mean it is not possible to assess the reliability of these conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that findings suggest that definitive surgery should be performed early in the course of treatment.Research: The authors stated that additional studies on neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required to enable consistent identification of patients with surgically unresectable disease, and to determine the acceptable percentage of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that ought to be treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lieu of initial surgery.","Bristow R E, Chi D S",,2051
-"The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera","Eyespots are found in a variety of animals, in particular lepidopterans. The role of eyespots as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th Century, with two main hypotheses invoked to explain their occurrence. The first is that large, centrally located eyespots intimidate predators by resembling the eyes of the predators' own enemies; the second, though not necessarily conflicting, hypothesis is that small, peripherally located eyespots function as markers to deflect the attacks of predators to non-vital regions of the body. A third possibility is also proposed; that eyespots intimidate predators merely because they are novel or rarely encountered salient features. These hypotheses are reviewed, with special reference given to avian predators, since these are likely to be the principal visually hunting predators of the lepidopterans considered. Also highlighted is the necessity to consider the potential influence of sexual selection on lepidopteran wing patterns, and the genetics and development of eyespot formation. © 2005 Cambridge Philosophical Society.","Stevens, M.",Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc.,2052
-Social preferences under chronic stress,"Even though chronic stress is a pervasive problem in contemporary societies and is known to potentially precede both adverse psychological as well as physiological conditions, its effects on decision making have not been systematically investigated. In this paper, we focus on the relation between self-reported chronic stress and self-reported as well as behaviorally shown social preferences. We measured chronic stress with the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress. To determine social preferences, participants played a double anonymous dictator game. In order to control for the robustness of social preferences we employed a 2x2x2x2 design where we manipulated four variables: the frame (Give to Recipient vs. Take from Recipient), the decision maker’s gender (Female vs. Male), the recipient’s gender (Female vs. Male), and the nature of the reward (Real vs. Hypothetical). Results show that perceived chronic stress is not significantly related to social preferences in monetarily rewarded dictator decisions for either gender. However, women’s displayed preferences for hypothetical rewards are negatively correlated to chronic stress levels. This indicates that higher chronic stress in women is associated with lower hypothetical transfers but not with altered actual behavior as compared to non-stressed women. For men, we do not observe such effects. Our findings suggest that, while chronic stress leaves social preferences unaffected in an incentive compatible task, it might foster what could be interpreted as a decrease in self-image promotion in women. Thus, we conclude that in a thoroughly controlled behavioral task differences in reported chronic stress do not entail differences in social preferences, but relate to variation in hypothetical decisions for women. © 2018 Ceccato et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ceccato, S.; Kettner, S.E.; Kudielka, B.M.; Schwieren, C.; Voss, A.",PLoS ONE,2053
-Minimal social cues in the dictator game,"Giving to others is individually costly, yet generates benefits to the recipient. Such altruistic behavior has been well documented in experimental games between unrelated, anonymous individuals. Matters of social distance between giver and receiver, or between giver and a potential bystander, are also known to be relevant to giving behavior. This paper reports results of an experiment manipulating an extremely weak social cue in the dictator game. Prior to making their decision, we present dictators with a simple visual stimulus: either three dots in a ""watching-eyes"" configuration, or three dots in a neutral configuration. The watching-eyes configuration is suggestive of a schematic face - a stimuli that is known to weakly activate the fusiform face area of the brain. Our results demonstrate that such a weak social cue does increase giving behavior - even under a double-blind protocol - and this difference in behavior across treatments is entirely explained by differences in the dictator behavior of males. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Rigdon, M.; Ishii, K.; Watabe, M.; Kitayama, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,2054
-"Public subsidies and charitable giving: Crowding out, crowding in, or both?","Whether government subsidies to nonprofit organizations leverage (crowd in) private donations, or rather crowd them out has been actively debated for some time. A third hypothesis, explored theoretically and tested empirically in this paper, is that the two phenomena are actually not inconsistent with one another: At low levels of subsidies, government support may stimulate private giving whereas at high levels it could have just the opposite effect. The model presented is based on this idea, which yields implications relevant to nonprofit management and public policy, and tests it with data on symphony orchestras. The conclusion is that the maximization of private donations and total ""unearned"" revenues are not compatible goals. Further nonprofits that suffer from short-term liquidity problems or managerial short-sightedness may face a ""subsidy trap,"" in which they are forced to rely on suboptimal levels of subsidies in terms of maximizing the firm's revenues. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.","Brooks, A.C.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,2055
-Modifiable factors influencing relatives' decision to offer organ donation: systematic review,"Objective: To identify modifiable factors that influence relatives’ decision to allow organ donation. Design: Systematic review. Data sources Medline, Embase, and CINAHL, without language restriction, searched to April 2008. Review methods: Three authors independently assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. We excluded studies that examined only factors affecting consent that could not be altered, such as donor ethnicity. We extracted quantitative results to an electronic database. For data synthesis, we summarised the results of studies comparing similar themes. Results: We included 20 observational studies and audits. There were no randomised controlled trials. The main factors associated with reduced rates of refusal were the provision of adequate information on the process of organ donation and its benefits; high quality of care of potential organ donors; ensuring relatives had a clear understanding of brain stem death; separating the request for organ donation from notification that the patient had died; making the request in a private setting; and using trained and experienced individuals to make the request. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that there are modifiable factors in the process of requests for organ donation, in particular the skills of the individual making the request and the timing of this conversation, that might have a significant impact on rates of consent. Targeting these factors might have a greater and more immediate effect on the number of organs for donation than legislative or other long term strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Simpkin, A L; Robertson, L C; Barber, V S; Young, J D",BMJ,2056
-Individual giving behaviour: A multidisciplinary review,"In the USA, total giving to the nonprofit sector in 2004 stood at $248.52 billion, representing a 2 per cent increase over the previous year (AAFRC Trust 2005). A staggering 90 per cent of Americans offer donations to nonprofits with people giving on average 2 per cent of their income and contributing 76 per cent of the total income accruing to the sector (the balance coming from corporations, foundations and bequests) (AAFRC Trust 2005). © 2008 Adrian Sargeant and Walter Wymer for editorial matter and selection; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.","Sargeant, A.; Woodliffe, L.",The Routledge Companion to Nonprofit Marketing,2057
-"An accurate measurement of the crowd-out effect, income effect, and price effect for charitable contributions",,"Kingma, B.R.",Journal of Political Economy,2058
-Government free riding in the public provision of higher education: Panel data estimates of possible crowding out,"This article employs panel data on more than 1000 US public colleges and universities to investigate the effect of private giving on state government funding. Government free riding is at question and is found to be active in that private donations partially displace state government funding at the rate of 83 cents on the dollar. That compares to the 45 cents political substitution of the 1960s but is much diminished from the $1.07 of the 1980s. Those are aggregate comparisons for all public institutions. A disaggregated approach in this article additionally reveals that doctoral granting research universities are somewhat lesser victims of crowd out in experiencing a 71 cents cut. At master level colleges and universities and associate 2 year degree granting colleges, crowding out is estimated to be on the order 87 cents and $1.10, respectively. Relative to the academic year 2000 to 2001, publicly controlled colleges and universities are found to experience significant reductions in state appropriated funding in 2003 to 2004 and 2006 to 2007. Even accounting for changes in the business cycle and changes in possible government spending priorities over time, the overall findings support the persistent effect of this brand of crowding out. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.","Thomas Sav, G.",Appl. Econ.,2059
-Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims,,"Small, D.A.; Loewenstein, G.; Slovic, P.",Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2060
-,,"Möck, J.; Greitemeyer, T.",Why prosocial films influence behavior (Unpublished manuscript),2061
-Mapping the Field of Donation-Based Crowdfunding for Charitable Causes: Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework,"This study compiles the main findings in the field of academic research on pure donation-based crowdfunding (DCF) soliciting monetary contributions for charitable causes. To this purpose, a systematic literature review is conducted, resulting in 92 scientific publications analyzed for the first time in this field of research. The prevailing thematic dimensions and research gaps are identified and discussed. The incipient literature on DCF, with a majority of publications from 2015 onward in the form of empirical articles using quantitative methodologies, focuses on antecedents related to individual donors, organizational promoters as main actors, and online channels and design-related features of campaigns as enablers. However, the effects of DCF on relevant stakeholders (particularly beneficiaries and society in general) remain largely obscure. Based on this analysis, an integrated conceptual framework on DCF is proposed to guide future research. This framework, susceptible of empirical evaluation, allows characterizing the DCF as a distinct and emerging type of philanthropic funding model based on specific and novel antecedents, actors, enablers and effects. © 2020, International Society for Third-Sector Research.","Salido-Andres, N.; Rey-Garcia, M.; Alvarez-Gonzalez, L.I.; Vazquez-Casielles, R.",Voluntas,2062
-"The current landscape of US children’s television: violent, prosocial, educational, and fantastical content","The present study examined currently popular children’s television shows to determine the prevalence of violent, prosocial, educational, and fantastical content (including fantastical events and anthropomorphism). Network, style, and content ratings were collected for 88 shows using a combination of Common Sense Media and laboratory ratings applied to two randomly-selected episodes of each show. Overall, currently popular children’s television shows were most often animated and contained little violent, prosocial, or educational content, but a great deal of fantastical content. Interrelations among variables were also examined. Shows with fantastical events were both more violent and more prosocial than shows without, and shows with anthropomorphism were more prosocial than shows without. The network on which a show aired predicted violent, prosocial, and educational content, but not fantastical content. Children’s television today is not as violent as might be believed, but nor is it particularly prosocial or educational. It is highly fantastical. The implications of the landscape for children’s behavior, learning, and cognition are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Taggart, J.; Eisen, S.; Lillard, A.S.",J. Child. Media,2063
-Donor-conceived people's views and experiences of their genetic origins: A crical analysis of the research evidence,"This article reports on a systematic review of English language, peer reviewed publications from 13 empirical studies with donor-conceived children and adults regarding their experiences and perceptions of donor conception. A total of 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. These were identified by means of a bibliographic search of four electronic databases for the period 1990-2011 and supplemented by the authors' personal knowledge of work in this field. No reports from such studies appeared prior to 2000, and more than half have been published since 2008, demonstrating the relative novelty of research in this field. Much of the reviewed research evidence concerns individuals conceived through sperm donation conducted under a regime promoting both anonymity and nondisclosure. Consequently, there is little research that pertains to individuals conceived through other forms of collaborative reproduction, nor to those conceived under arrangements and regimes in which early parental disclosure is both advocated and practised and the identity of the donor and of other genetic relatives may be accessible to donor-conceived individuals. The studies consistently report that most donor-conceived people have an interest in securing information about their genetic and biographical heritage more information than most of them have been able to obtain. Although a number of methodological limitations in the research base are identified, the authors conclude that the evidence is sufficiently robust to promote the implementation of policies and practices that promote transparency and openness in collaborative reproduction, thus reflecting the importance of maximising future choices and opportunities for donor-conceived people.","Blyth, Eric; Crawshaw, Marilyn; Frith, Lucy; Jones, Caroline",J. Law Med.,2064
-These Eyes: A Rejoinder to Panagopoulos on Eyespots and Voter Mobilization,,"Matland, R.E.; Murray, G.R.",Polit. Psychol.,2065
-Is disney the nicest place on earth? A content analysis of prosocial behavior in animated disney films,"The purpose of this study was to examine the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior in Disney animated films. Characteristics of the target and initiator and context of each prosocial act were also examined. Prosocial behavior was portrayed at a rate of approximately 1 act per minute, rarely occurred in combination with aggression, targets were most prosocial toward friends, and tended to help those similar to themselves. This study views Disney in a more positive light than past studies by highlighting high levels of prosocial behavior, as well as portrayal that may facilitate imitation. This study also used a broad definition of prosocial behavior that provides a more nuanced picture of the nature of prosocial behavior in children's programming. © 2013 International Communication Association.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Coyne, S.M.; Fraser, A.M.; Stockdale, L.A.",J. Commun.,2066
-,,"Harrison, G.W.; Rutström, E.",,2067
-Total disc replacement for chronic low back pain: background and a systematic review of the literature,"There were insufficient data on safety and efficacy to assess the performance of total disc replacement adequately. XCM: The review question was reasonably clear, as were the inclusion criteria. The search was adequate, although the authors suggested that the failure to search EMBASE may have limited the number of studies found. The authors acknowledged that the fact that the review was limited to studies published in peer-reviewed journals may have led to the introduction of publication bias, which was not assessed. The authors applied procedures to minimise bias and error when selecting studies for the review and in the validity assessment, which was thorough. However, they did not report using such methods when extracting data for the review.Details of the primary studies were presented adequately in tabular format, with the results of the quality assessment tabulated separately. The decision to adopt a narrative synthesis of the results was appropriate given the heterogeneity between the studies' measurement of the outcomes. However, the synthesis was primarily contained in the 'Discussion' section of the study and was difficult to relate to the evidence table. The authors' conclusions reflect the paucity of evidence found by the review. The implications for practice which they draw from these conclusions were appropriate. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that total disc replacements should be considered experimental procedures and should be used only in strict clinical trials.Research: The authors stated that adequate studies are now in progress and that their long-term results should be awaited.","de Kleuver, M; Oner, F C; Jacobs, W C",,2068
-Financial Rewards Do Not Stimulate Coproduction: Evidence from Two Experiments,"Western governments are increasingly trying to stimulate citizens to coproduce public services by, among other strategies, offering them financial incentives. However, there are competing views on whether financial incentives stimulate coproduction. While some argue that financial incentives increase citizens' willingness to coproduce, others suggest that incentives decrease their willingness (i.e., crowding out). To test these competing expectations, the authors designed a set of experiments that offered subjects a financial incentive to assist municipalities in helping refugees integrate. The experiment was first conducted among university students within a laboratory setting. Then, the initial findings were replicated and extended among a general adult sample. Results suggest that small financial rewards have no effect: they neither increase nor decrease people's willingness to coproduce. When the offered amount is increased substantially, willingness to coproduce increases only marginally. Hence, financial incentives are not a very cost-efficient instrument to stimulate coproduction. © 2018 The Authors. Public Administration Review published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Society for Public Administration.","Voorberg, W.; Jilke, S.; Tummers, L.; Bekkers, V.",Public Adm. Rev.,2069
-Nonprofit branding: a bibliometric analysis,"Purpose: This study aims to examine articles on nonprofit branding over an 18-year time span to develop an overview and better understanding of the subject. Design/methodology/approach: This study used the Scopus database in a search for studies that deal, regardless of the approach, with branding in a nonprofit context. Subsequently, through a systematic review, a database with 84 articles was generated and 77 articles were submitted to bibliometric analysis. Findings: This study identified six main research areas (brand and donation, brand management, brand orientation, nonprofit and for-profit partnership, communication strategies and stakeholder management), which were analyzed and discussed, seeking to identify the relationship between research in each area. In addition, this study presents the limitations of the research and thus verify that, although this body of literature is growing, the complexity of the nonprofit sector offers several opportunities for future research, which are pointed out at the end of the study. Practical implications: This study contributes to the academic literature on the topic by providing a systematization of knowledge about branding in the nonprofit sector and also offers insights about nonprofit branding to institutions and managers in this industry. Originality/value: This is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, to evaluate and quantify the progress of brand literature in the nonprofit sector. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Sepulcri, L.M.C.B.; Mainardes, E.W.; Belchior, C.C.",J. Prod. Brand Manage.,2070
-How liberals and conservatives respond to equality-based and proportionality-based rewards in charity advertising,"The authors conduct two studies that show how liberals and conservatives in the United States and Korea respond to charity advertising that features equality-or proportionality-based rewards for charitable giving. The findings robustly demonstrate that in both countries, liberals respond more favorably to equality-based rewards, but conservatives respond more favorably to proportionality-based rewards. Study 1, conducted in the United States, finds that liberals perceive greater effectiveness in equality-based rewards based on random drawings, but conservatives perceive more effectiveness in proportionality-based rewards based on donation amounts. Study 2, conducted in Korea, shows that liberal (conservative) donors expect to be more (less) likely to receive rewards based on equality rather than proportionality. © 2018, American Marketing Association.","Lee, Y.; Yoon, S.; Lee, Y.W.; Royne, M.B.",J. Public Policy Mark.,2071
-Not fair but acceptable… for us! Group membership influences the tradeoff between equality and utility in a Third Party Ultimatum Game,"A substantial body of literature on economic games (e.g., the Ultimatum Game) has consistently demonstrated that individuals strongly reject unfairness even at the price of personal utility. In four experiments we investigated the influence of social categorization and membership on economic decision-making and inequality aversion. Specifically, we used a modified version of the Third Party Ultimatum Game, in which participants played the role of responder and were instructed to make decisions for themselves or another individual (i.e. the receiver of the economic offer) who was an ingroup or outgroup member. Experiments 1-2 (N = 173) showed that the participants were more likely to accept unequal-advantageous offers when the receivers were ingroup rather than outgroup members. Experiment 3 (N = 121) supported previous findings and suggested the intervening role played by perceived intergroup competition. Experiment 4 (N = 61) explored the effect boundary conditions. Findings revealed that, even when responder's utility is linked to the receiver's utility, the receiver's membership exerted its influence when the responders were highly identified with the ingroup. A final small-scale meta-analysis confirmed the robustness of our findings. Taken together, these results integrate research on economic decision-making and intergroup bias and suggest that the utility target's membership can resolve the conflict between inequality aversion and utility maximization.","Biella, Marco; Sacchi, Simona",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,2072
-Human aggression,"Research on human aggression has progressed a point at which a unifying framework is needed. Major domain-limited theories of aggression include cognitive neoassociation, social learning, social interaction, script, and excitation transfer theories. Using the general aggression model (GAM), this review posits cognition, affect, and arousal to mediate the effects of situational and personological variables on aggression. The review also organizes recent theories of the development and persistence of aggressive personality. Personality is conceptualized as a set of stable knowledge structures that individuals use to interpret events in their social world and to guide their behavior. In addition to organizing what is already known about human aggression, this review, using the GAM framework, also serves the heuristic function of suggesting what research is needed to fill in theoretical gaps and can be used to create and test interventions for reducing aggression.","Anderson, C.A.; Bushman, B.J.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,2073
-Money helps when money feels: Money anthropomorphism increases charitable giving,,"Zhou, X.; Kim, S.; Wang, L.",Journal of Consumer Research,2074
-An experimental test of the crowding out hypothesis: The nature of beneficent behavior,"An extensively studied model of public goods provision implies that government donations to charity crowd out private donations dollar-for-dollar. Field studies fail to verify this result. Several analysts argue that the problem lies with the specification of donor preferences. We report on a new experiment that provides a direct test of donor preferences free of the strategic factors that can confound tests in the field, and in other experimental settings. Our method involves the dictator game. We find extensive but incomplete crowding out - direct evidence that donor preferences are incorrectly specified by the standard model.","Bolton, G.E.; Katok, E.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2075
-The Effect of the Amount Reference in the Legitimizing Paltry Contribution Technique on Altruism,"Earlier research on the legitimizing paltry contribution (LPC) technique has found that the statement ""Even a penny will help..."" added to a request for charity donation increases compliance to the request. This study tested the effectiveness of the LPC technique with different statements. In bakeries, an opaque moneybox was placed near the cash register with a message explaining, on the first line, that the solicitation was for a humanitarian project for African children conducted by students. On the second line, the words ""Even a one centime coin will help..."" (amount LPC), ""Even the smallest coin will help..."" (no amount LPC), or no inscription (control no LPC) appeared. This second line was changed each day and for each bakery according to a random distribution. Results showed that more donations were made in the amount LPC condition compared to the two others, whereas the no amount LPC condition was different than the control no LPC condition. © 2013 Copyright Eastern Communication Association.","Guéguen, N.",Commun. Res. Rep.,2076
-An Evolutionary Process Model of Cause-Related Marketing and Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature: AN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CAUSE-RELATED MARKETING,"ABSTRACT Cause-related marketing (CRM) is almost ubiquitous as brands of all price points participate in this marketing strategy in the United States and internationally, as well. The value that CRM brings to the firm, the consumer, and the nonprofit organization has made it a popular and valuable tool for marketers. Academic research on CRM has gained momentum in recent years as the strategy has matured. However, insights have occurred without a framework to provide structure and direction for this body of research. Given CRM's continued popularity, the purpose of this article is to (1) propose an evolutionary process model (EPM) of CRM to explain the iterative process (2) utilize this model as a framework for (a) organizing the systematic review of the empirical literature on CRM and (b) for identifying some gaps in the literature. Propositions based on these gaps are provided for future research.","Lafferty, Barbara A; Lueth, Annika K; McCafferty, Ryan",Psychol. Mark.,2077
-Errors-in-Variables and Estimated Income and Price Elasticities of Charitable Giving,"Researchers often rely on self-reported tax data to gauge the effect of taxes on economic activity. These data, however, are subject to measurement errors in the presence of tax evasion. We find evidence that estimated income and tax price elasticities are biased due to errors-in-variables in self-reported tax data. We propose a method to diagnose whether the estimates are subject to measurement error bias and describe a methodology employing Two-Stage Least Squares to obtain consistent estimates.","Joulfaian, D.; Rider, M.",Natl. Tax J.,2078
-Do lab experiments misrepresent social preferences? The case of self-selected student samples,"Social preference research has received considerable attention among economists in recent years. However, the empirical foundation of social preferences is largely based on laboratory experiments with self-selected students as participants. This is potentially problematic as students participating in experiments may behave systematically different than nonparticipating students or nonstudents. In this paper we empirically investigate whether laboratory experiments with student samples misrepresent the importance of social preferences. Our first study shows that students who exhibit stronger prosocial inclinations in an unrelated field donation are not more likely to participate in experiments. This suggests that self-selection of more prosocial students into experiments is not a major issue. Our second study compares the behavior of students and participants recruited from the general population in a trust experiment. In general, we find very similar behavioral patterns for the two groups, but nonstudents make significantly more generous repayments suggesting that results from student samples might be seen as a lower bound for the importance of prosocial behavior. © 2013 by the European Economic Association.","Falk, A.; Meier, S.; Zehnder, C.",J. Eur. Econ. Assoc.,2079
-A latent growth curve analysis of prosocial behavior among rural adolescents,"The present study was designed to investigate stability and changes in prosocial behavior and the parent and peer correlates of prosocial behavior in rural adolescents. Participants were from a rural, low SES community in the Eastern United States. The participants were in 7th, 8th, and 9th grades at Time 1 and 10th, 11th, and 12th grades at Time 4, and completed measures of prosocial behavior and quality of parent and peer relationships. Latent growth curve modeling revealed that despite moderate stability in individual differences in prosocial behavior and slight increases in quality of peer and parent relationships, level of prosocial behavior declined until late high school with a slight rebound in grade 12. Furthermore, increases in the quality of peer relationships predicted decreases in prosocial behavior for girls but not boys. Discussion focuses on continuity and change in prosocial behavior and the gender-based relations between quality of parent and peer relationships and prosocial behaviors in adolescence. © Copyright © 2007, Society for Research on Adolescence.","Carlo, G.; Crockett, L.J.; Randall, B.A.; Roesch, S.C.",J. Res. Adolesc.,2080
-Are consumers’ reasons for and against behaviour distinct?,,"Chatzidakis, A.; Hibbert, S.; Winklhofer, H.",European Journal of Marketing,2081
-A meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,,"Donath, E; Chaudhry, A; Hernandez-Aya, L F; Lit, L",,2082
-Reassessing the tax-favored status of the charitable deduction for gifts of appreciated assets,"This paper analyzes the tax-favored status of charitable donations of appreciated assets using data from the 1985 Statistics of Income individual tax file. The efficiency of favored tax treatment of charitable donations is analyzed by estimating separate price elasticities for total, cash, and property contributions. The results indicate that wealthy donors (those whose positive income exceeds $200,000) are responsive to the tax-favored status of charitable donations of appreciated property, while taxpayers who are not considered wealthy are price inelastic. These findings indicate that the tax-favored status of property donations made by other than wealthy taxpayers should be reassessed.","O'Neil, C.J.; Steinberg, R.S.; Thompson, G.R.",Natl. Tax J.,2083
-Pain and preferences: Observed decisional conflict and the convergence of preferences,,"Schrift, R.Y.; Amar, M.",Journal of Consumer Research,2084
-Considering situational and dispositional approaches to rational self-interest: An extension and response to de Dreu (2006),"The authors respond to C. K. W. De Dreu's (2006; see record 2006-20695-004) critique of their article (B. M. Meglino & M. A. Korsgaard, 2004; see record 2004-21169-004) published in the special section on Theoretical Models and Conceptual Analyses of the Journal of Applied Psychology. They maintain that De Dreu misinterprets their definitions and the psychological processes they addressed and thus raises a number of issues that are not relevant to their model. Meglino and Korsgaard's model focuses on the distinction between rational self-interest and other orientation, whereas the approach taken by De Dreu focuses on the distinction between rational self-interest and collective rationality. In this response, the authors clarify this distinction, address discrepancies between these two approaches, consider the effect of goals and rationality on other orientated behavior, and suggest directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","Meglino, B.M.; Korsgaard, M.A.",J. Appl. Psychol.,2085
-Congruence Between the Target in Need and the Recipient of Aid: The One-Among-Others Effect,"We tested the hypothesis that people are more likely to offer aid when the beneficiary of help is congruent with the entity that initiates prosocial action. In 2 experiments conducted in 2 different countries, participants were approached in naturalistic settings with an appeal for help. The target in need (individual vs. individual among others with the same need) and the beneficiary of potential help (individual vs. group) were manipulated. Results revealed that participants were more likely to offer aid when the target in need and beneficiary of help were congruent. The present research offers insight into perceptual factors that affect prosocial behavior in situations involving more than one victim. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Oceja, L.; Stocks, E.; Lishner, D.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2086
-Anthocyanin Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies,"This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the association between anthocyanin consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. All relative articles were located on online databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library as of June 11, 2018. Risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated through the STATA 12.0 software package. A total of seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. A significant inverse association was found between total anthocyanin consumption and colorectal cancer risk (RR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.95). Likewise, there was significant evidence of a relationship between anthocyanin intake and colorectal cancer in the colon site (RR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92); men (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95), and case-control studies (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60-0.78). A dose-response relationship was not found in this meta-analysis. The Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation quality in our study was very low. This meta-analysis indicates that anthocyanin consumption is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Anthocyanins may play an active role in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Key teaching points: Some epidemiological studies found an inverse correlation between the high consumption of anthocyanins and low risk of colorectal cancer. Because of this structure, anthocyanins/anthocyanidins have a powerful capability of donating electrons, which can be characterized as antioxidant properties. Anthocyanins can also inhibit colon cancer by interfering in the cell cycle and inducing the effect of anti-proliferation and apoptosis. The formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells also indicates that anthocyanins may induce autophagy. From the findings of nonrandomized controlled trials, anthocyanins may play an active role in the prevention of colorectal cancer.","Wang, Xin; Yang, De-Yi; Yang, Liu-Qing; Zhao, Wen-Zhi; Cai, Li-Ya; Shi, Han-Ping",J. Am. Coll. Nutr.,2087
-The impact of prosocial television news on children’s prosocial behavior: An experimental study in the Netherlands,"The aim of this experimental study was to examine whether prosocial behavior in television news affects children’s prosocial intentions and behaviors. In this study, 372 Dutch children (9–13 years old) participated. Children in the experimental condition were exposed to prosocial news showing children organizing a fundraising action for UNICEF. In the control condition, children were exposed to news about UNICEF in which no prosocial behavior was included. Afterwards, children were given the opportunity to donate to UNICEF, which served as an index of prosocial behavior. Prosocial intentions were captured using paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Regression analysis demonstrated that, while controlling for important confounders, children exposed to prosocial news were significantly more willing to help with setting up a project for UNICEF and donated more to UNICEF compared to children who did not watch prosocial news. These findings highlight that prosocial television can function as a tool for positive social change among children. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","de Leeuw, R.N.H.; Kleemans, M.; Rozendaal, E.; Anschütz, D.J.; Buijzen, M.",J. Child. Media,2088
-The use of passive visual stimuli to enhance compliance with handwashing in a perioperative setting,"Background To encourage handwashing, we analyzed the effect that a passive visual stimulus in the form of a picture of a set of eyes had on self-directed hand hygiene among health care staff. Methods This was a prospective, single-blind study using a repeated measure design. Four dispensers of alcohol foam located in positions identified as #1, #2, #3, and #4 were used to deliver a single uniform volume of alcohol foam in an automated fashion. Pictures of eyes were placed on dispensers #1 and #3 but not dispensers #2 and #4 for 1 time period. The visual stimulus was rotated with each study time period. At the end of each study period, the volumes dispensed were examined to determine if the visual stimulus had a statistically significant influence on the volume dispensed. Results There were a total of 6 time periods. The average volume dispensed in stations with eyes was 279 cc versus that in the stations without eyes, which was 246 cc, and this was a statistically significant difference (P =.009). Conclusion The correct visual stimuli may enhance compliance with hand hygiene in health care settings. © 2016 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Beyfus, T.A.; Dawson, N.L.; Danner, C.H.; Rawal, B.; Gruber, P.E.; Petrou, S.P.",Am. J. Infect. Control,2089
-An evolutionary account of vigilance in grief,"Grief is characterized by a number of cardinal cognitive symptoms, including preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased and vigilance toward indications that the deceased is in the environment. Compared with emotional symptoms, little attention has been paid to the ultimate function of vigilance in grief. Drawing on signal-detection theory, we propose that the ultimate function of vigilance is to facilitate the reunification (where possible) with a viable relationship partner following separation. Preoccupation with thoughts about the missing person creates the cognitive conditions necessary to maintain a low baseline threshold for the detection of the agent-any information associated with the agent is highly salient, and attention is correspondingly readily deployed toward such cues. These patterns are adaptive in cases of an absent but living partner, but maladaptive in cases of the death of a partner. That they occur in the latter likely reflects the intersection of error-management considerations and the kludge-like configuration of the mind. We discuss results from two previous studies designed to test predictions concerning input conditions and individual differences based on this account, and consider the implications of these findings for mainstream bereavement theories and practices. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Foundation for Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.","White, C.; Fessler, D.M.T.",Evol. Med. Public,2090
-Scope (in)sensitivity in elicited valuations,,"Frederick, S.; Fischhoff, B.",Risk Decision and Policy,2091
-Is strong reciprocity a maladaptation? On the evolutionary foundations of human altruism,,"Fehr, E.; Henrich, J.",Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation,2092
-Altruistic and joy-of-giving motivations in charitable behavior,"This study theoretically and empirically examines altruistic and joy-of-giving motivations underlying contributions to charitable activities. The theoretical analysis shows that in an economy with an infinitely large number of donors, impurely altruistic preferences lead to either asymptotically zero or complete crowd-out. The paper then establishes conditions on preferences that are sufficient to yield zero crowd-out in the limit. These conditions are fairly weak and quite plausible. An empirical representation of the model is estimated using a new 1986-92 panel of donations and government funding from the United States to 125 international relief and development organizations. Besides directly linking sources of public and private support, the econometric analysis controls for unobserved institution-specific factors, institution-specific changes in leadership, year-to-year changes in need, and expenditures by related organizations. The estimates show little evidence of crowd-out from either direct public or related private sources. Thus, at the margin, donations to these organizations appear to be motivated solely by joy-of-giving preferences. In addition to addressing the basic question of motives behind charitable giving, the results help explain the existing disparity between econometric and experimental crowd-out estimates.","Ribar, D.C.; Wilhelm, M.O.",J. Polit. Econ.,2093
-The impact of increased duration of exercise therapy on functional recovery following stroke: what is the evidence?,"The authors concluded that increased duration of exercise therapy, when compared to standard exercise regimes, improved functional outcome, as measured by the Barthel Index, in patients with stroke both post-treatment and at six months follow-up. They also indicated that their findings supported a positive effect on lower extremity impairment and walking speed. XCM: This review had a clear aim and inclusion criteria and adequate details of studies included were provided. The literature search covered several databases but no attempt was made to uncover unpublished or non-English language studies, leaving the review open to possible publication and language bias. Only one reviewer assessed the references for retrieval, but full papers were screened by two reviewers, limiting possible reviewer bias. Quality assessment was performed independently by two reviewers, but it was not clear whether data extraction was performed in the same way. A relatively thorough quality assessment appeared to have been performed, although details of the process and criteria used to assess studies for the PEDro database would have added to this. The choice of statistical synthesis and method used was appropriate. Only results for trials reporting the same outcome measure were pooled, but given that results using different scales were converted to standardised mean differences, results could have been pooled across scales giving the analyses greater power, although this might have been at the expense of meaningful results if the scales were not assessing sufficiently similar outcomes. No details of the heterogeneity assessment were provided and no graphical presentation of trial results was given to allow the reader to assess the similarity of included trials. This was a reasonable well-conducted review and the authors' conclusions with respect to functional outcome are an accurate and reliable reflection of the results of the review, although the authors did not indicate that the actual observed effect was small in magnitude. The conclusions relating to lower extremity impairment and walking speed are not based on the results of the review and cannot be regarded as reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated that further research work is required to establish what particular type of patient gains optimum benefit from additional exercise therapy post-stroke, and on the number of minutes of additional exercise therapy that is needed to demonstrate a significant effect. Research should focus on novel ways of delivering increased exercise, perhaps in the form of family-mediated exercise therapy, in addition to methods to motivate ongoing participation in these programs.","Galvin, R; Murphy, B; Cusack, T; Stokes, E",,2094
-Massage therapy for the treatment of depression: a systematic review,"BACKGROUND: People with depressive disorders or subsyndromal symptoms of depression (SSD) often use complementary and alternative therapies, including massage therapy (MT). This systematic review evaluates the evidence, from randomised clinical trials (RCTs), for the effectiveness of multiple sessions of classical European (Swedish) MT for the treatment of depression. METHODS: Eligible RCTs were identified via eight electronic databases and manual searches of references. Two reviewers independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. RESULTS: Four RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Three of these RCTs compared MT with relaxation therapies, but provided insufficient data and analyses to contribute meaningfully to the evaluation of MT for depression. The fourth included RCT used MT as a control condition to evaluate a depression-specific acupuncture treatment. This trial provided limited evidence that, in the early stages of treatment, MT is less effective than acupuncture for treating depression, a treatment which itself is not accepted for this condition. CONCLUSIONS: Despite previous research suggesting that MT may be an effective treatment for depression, there is currently a lack of evidence to support this assertion from RCTs that have selected participants for depression or SSD.","Coelho, H F; Boddy, K; Ernst, E",Int. J. Clin. Pract.,2095
-"Private Donations, Government Grants, Commercial Activities, and Fundraising: Cointegration and Causality for NGOs in International Development Cooperation","NGOs could help scale up foreign aid efforts by mobilizing private donations. However, fundraising activities do not necessarily result in higher donations, and substitution effects between different sources of revenue may diminish the overall pool of NGOs' resources. This paper examines the long-run determinants of private donations to US-based NGOs engaged in international development cooperation using panel cointegration techniques. According to our results, a marginal dollar spent on fundraising yields almost five dollars in new donations in the long-run. Government grants crowd in private donations in the long-run, whereas commercial revenues crowd out donations in the long-run. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Herzer, D.; Nunnenkamp, P.",World Dev.,2096
-Testing the Effectiveness of Fundraiser Job Titles in Charitable Bequest and Complex Gift Planning,"Traditional fundraiser job titles are often institution centered, focusing on the benefits of fundraising as “institutional advancement” or “institutional development.” Such institution-centered job titles may not be as effective with donors given the modern shift toward donor-centered philanthropy. Alternative job titles can be gift centered (for example, “major gifts”) or donor centered (for example, “donor advising”). A survey of 3,188 respondents tested sixty-three job titles in four charitable scenarios: a charitable bequest gift, a gift of stock, a gift of real estate, and a charitable gift annuity. Measured by which person donors would be more likely to contact to discuss each donation, the worst-performing titles were the traditional institution-focused fundraiser job titles, in particular those using “advancement,” “institutional advancement,” or “development.” This was also true when examining only respondents who had made large gifts ($500+) to a charity. Traditional institution-focused job titles are both the most commonly used and the worst performing. Nonprofit managers may do well to consider the donor's perspective when selecting job titles for fundraisers rather than following traditional industry practices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","James, R.N., III",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2097
-Gene therapy as a novel therapeutic option in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis,"The available data suggested that gene therapy conferred no benefits in PWT, COT, or ABPI for patients with peripheral vascular disease. These results could be explained by excessive placebo response rates. XCM: The review question and trial eligibility criteria were clear. Relevant databases were searched and publication bias was assessed and no evidence found. It was unclear whether language restrictions were applied. The methods used to minimise reviewer bias and errors were incompletely reported. Quality assessment was performed using an appropriate scale and most of the trials were of high quality. The decision to combine trial results statistically was appropriate given the absence of statistical heterogeneity. Statistical data were reported for all the outcomes, but limited outcome data were reported for individual trials. Only a small number of trials were included and they had small samples that were insufficient to detect small treatment differences.The conclusions reflected the evidence presented, but their reliability is unclear given the potential for reviewer errors and bias and the small number of trials and participants considered. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that trials were needed to clarify the role of gene therapy for patients with peripheral vascular disease, particularly limb ischaemia. These trials should assess the effectiveness of gene delivery methods (intramuscular or intra-arterial) on PWTs in patients with peripheral vascular disease. They should also investigate the reasons for excessive placebo response rates, particularly on treadmill tests, using more objective methods of measurement, such as digital subtraction angiography.","Ghosh, R; Walsh, S R; Tang, T Y; Noorani, A; Hayes, P D",,2098
-Estate taxation and other determinants of charitable bequests,,"Barthold, T.; Plotnick, R.",National Tax Journal,2099
-Ultimatum decision-making: A test of reciprocal kindness,"While fairness is often mentioned as a determinant of ultimatum bargaining behavior, few data sets are available that can test theories that incorporate fairness considerations. This paper tests the reciprocal kindness theory in Rabin (1993 Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics, The American Economic Review 83: 1281-1302) as an application to the one-period ultimatum bargaining game. We report on data from 100 ultimatum games that vary the financial stakes of the game from $1 to $15. Responder behavior is strongly in support of the kindness theory and proposer behavior weakly in support of it. Offer percentages and past offers influence behavior the most, whereas the size of the pie has a marginally significant effect on offer percentages. The data is more in support of reciprocal kindness than alternative theories of equal-split or learning behavior, although the data also weakly support a minimum percentage threshold hypothesis. As a whole, our results together with existing studies suggest that, for smaller stakes games, fairness considerations dominate monetary considerations. This has implications for more complicated naturally occurring bargaining environments in which the financial stakes can vary widely.","Dickinson, D.L.",Theory Decis,2100
-"The study of prosocial behavior: Past, present, and future",,"Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Carlo, G.",Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach,2101
-Medical alternatives to oocyte donation in women with premature ovarian failure: a systematic review,,"Robles, A; Checa, M A; Prat, M; Carreras, R",,2102
-Public-private differences in incentive structures: a laboratory experiment on work motivation and performance,"In this study, we contribute to a longstanding research agenda on the distinctions between the public and private sectors by examining whether work effort differs between public and private settings, and by testing the ways that sector-specific incentives can address such differences. We extend existing research by developing an advanced psychomotor vigilance task that examines multi-dimensional performance (speed and accuracy) in a laboratory experiment. Drawing from a population that is similar along many dimensions, subjects are recruited into public and private settings on the basis of their motivation (majors they have chosen to study and the types of compensation they receive). Using a two-by-two factorial design of public (public job motivated and non-monetary motivated) and private (monetary-motivated) settings, with and without incentives, our findings indicate that public and private settings differ in performance and response to incentives. Methodologically, we show how the choices that experimental subjects make can be exploited for modeling sectoral differences in a more naturalistic way than with a short-term prime, while preserving the advantages of a controlled laboratory experiment. © 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Lee, M.J.; Petrovsky, N.; Walker, R.M.",Int. Public Manage. J.,2103
-No evidence that a range of artificial monitoring cues influence online donations to charity in an MTurk sample,"Monitoring cues, such as an image of a face or pair of eyes, have been found to increase prosocial behaviour in several studies. However, other studies have found little or no support for this effect. Here, we examined whether monitoring cues affect online donations to charity while manipulating the emotion displayed, the number of watchers and the cue type. We also include as statistical controls a range of likely covariates of prosocial behaviour. Using the crowdsourcing Internet marketplace, AmazonMechanical Turk (MTurk), 1535 participants completed our survey and were given the opportunity to donate to charity while being shown an image prime. None of the monitoring primes we tested had a significant effect on charitable giving. By contrast, the control variables of culture, age, sex and previous charity giving frequency did predict donations. This work supports the importance of cultural differences and enduring individual differences in prosocial behaviour and shows that a range of artificial monitoring cues do not reliably boost online charity donation on MTurk. © 2016 The Authors.","Saunders, T.J.; Taylor, A.H.; Atkinson, Q.D.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2104
-Computer Monitoring of Work Performance: Extending the Social Facilitation Framework to Electronic Presence,"This study demonstrated the utility of employing a social facilitation framework to the study of computer monitoring of work performance. The physical presence of an observer watching a subject work on a complex task (as a supervisor might “look over an employee's shoulder“) was contrasted with four conditions involving the electronic presence of computer‐based work monitoring (as a supervisor might monitor an employee's work remotely via computer) and a control condition of subjects working alone without any monitoring of their work. Task performance was severely impaired for participants who were monitored electronically as well as for those who were monitored “in person.” Two interventions, providing participants with a sense of control over their work conditions and monitoring participants as a group rather than as individuals, each reduced the negative impact of monitoring on task performance by almost 40%. Results also indicated that individuals with an external locus of control (who believe reinforcements received are primarily determined by factors outside of themselves, e. g., other people) experience greater anxiety than those with an internal locus of control under monitoring conditions. Implications of these findings for social facilitation and the rapidly expanding use of computer‐based work monitoring are discussed. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Aiello, J.R.; Svec, C.M.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2105
-Supplementation of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term infants,"BACKGROUND: Adequate growth is an important indicator of health and well-being in infants. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the effect of supplementing infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the growth of term infants. DESIGN: Using the methodology outlined by the Cochrane Collaboration, we reviewed all known randomized controlled trials that involved LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula fed to term infants. Outcome measures were weight, length, and head circumference. Original data obtained from the investigators of published trials were used. Outcomes were analyzed with fixed-effects or random-effects model meta-analyses and were reported as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs. RESULTS: We identified 14 eligible trials that had data available for meta-analysis (1846 infants). Trial quality was generally high. Meta-analysis showed no significant effect of LCPUFA supplementation on infant weight, length, or head circumference at any assessment age. Similarly, subgroup analyses showed that supplementation with only n-3 LCPUFAs (no arachidonic acid) had no significant effect on infant weight, length, or head circumference. The source of LCPUFA supplementation (phospholipid or triacylglycerol) also did not significantly affect infant growth. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula influences the growth of term infants in either a positive or a negative way.","Makrides, Maria; Gibson, Robert A; Udell, Tuesday; Ried, Karin; International LCPUFA Investigators",Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,2106
-Project financing models for toll road investments: A state-of-the-art literature review,"t In greenfield toll-road projects, financial sustainability has been a major issue. Many toll roads cannot be operated. Although most of Indonesia’s 24 toll road concessions have already been signed by the Toll Road Authority, most of them were caused by financing problems. Three problems have been identified as potential sources of this unsustainability, such as the uncertainty of long-term project revenues, budget constraints provided by the government, and inadequate government support for land acquisitions. This paper aims to investigate the state-of-the-art innovative financing models recently introduced to address financial problems by using a desk study and meta-analysis. The findings are an earmarked tax revenue system, deep discount bonds, take-out financing, tax increment financing, land leases, deferred debts, and private donations. ©2018 by authors, all rights reserved.","Sihombing, L B; Latief, Y; Rarasati, A D; Wibowo, A",Harbin Jianzhu Daxue Xuebao/J. Harbin Univ. Civ. Eng. Archit.,2107
-The current status of research on sequential-request compliance techniques,,"Dillard, J.P.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2108
-The development of a narrative describing the bereavement of families of potential organ donors: A systematic review,"Families of potential post-mortem organ donors face various challenges in the unfamiliar hospital context and after returning home. This review of sources published between 1968 and 2017 seeks to understand their journey as a bereavement experience with a number of unique features. Grief theory was used to identify ways that staff can assist family members to tolerate ambiguities and vulnerabilities while contributing to an environment characterised by compassion and social inclusion. Staff can guide families and create opportunities for meaningful participation, building resilience and developing bereavement-related skills that could assist them in the months that follow.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Ranse, Kristen; Northam, Holly; Boer, Douglas P; van Haren, Frank Mp",Health Psychol Open,2109
-Priority setting and policy advocacy by nursing associations: a scoping review and implications using a socio-ecological whole systems lens,"OBJECTIVE: We undertook an interpretative scoping review to examine organizational priority setting and policy advocacy and the factors that influence nursing associations' cross-sector public policy choices and actions. METHOD: Evidence was drawn from research, narrative, and theoretical sources that described priority setting and policy advocacy undertaken by non-governmental, non-profit, and nursing associations. Text was extracted from selected papers, imported into NVivo 8, coded, and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical narrative method. RESULTS: Many internal and external factors are shown to shape organizations' policy choices and actions including governance and governance structures, membership arrangements, legislative, professional, and jurisdictional mandates, perceived credibility, and external system disruptions. CONCLUSIONS: Internal and external factors are identified in the literature as critical to how organizations succeed or fail to set achievable priorities and advance their advocacy goals. Case comparisons and longitudinal research are needed to understand nursing associations' policy choices and actions for cross-sector public policy given their complex organizational structures and dynamic professional-legal-social-economic-political-ecological environments. A socio-ecological systems perspective can inform the development of theoretical frameworks and research to understand leverage points and blockages to guide nursing associations' public policy choices and actions at varying points in time.","MacDonald, Jo-Anne; Edwards, Nancy; Davies, Barbara; Marck, Patricia; Guernsey, Judith Read",Health Policy,2110
-The claiming effect: Why players are more generous in social dilemmas than in ultimatum games,"The term procedural frames is introduced and defined as different representations of structurally equivalent allocation processes. Study 1 compared 2 well-known games, sequential social dilemmas and ultimatum bargaining, that share the same structure: Player 1 creates an allocation of a resource and Player 2 decides whether to allow it or deny it. Study 1 found that Player 1 made more favorable allocations and Player 2 accepted more unfavorable allocations in a social dilemma frame than in an equivalent ultimatum bargaining frame. Study 2 revealed the critical determinant was whether Player 2 had to respond to an allocation by accepting or rejecting it (as in the ultimatum game) or by making a claim (as in the social dilemma). Two additional studies explored how these actions are perceived. The inconsistency of behavior across procedural frames raises methodological concerns but illuminates construal processes that guide allocation. Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Larrick, R.P.; Blount, S.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2111
-Conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret in the prediction of intention: implications for theory of planned behaviour research,"Moral norms and anticipated regret are widely used extensions to the theory of planned behaviour, yet there is some evidence to suggest that these constructs may conceptually overlap as predictors of intention. Two health-related behaviours with distinct moral implications (Study 1: organ donation registration, N = 352 and Study 2: condom usage, N = 1815) were therefore examined to ascertain whether moral norms and anticipated regret are indeed conceptually distinct. While evidence consistent with conceptual overlap was identified in Study 1, the evidence for such overlap in Study 2 was more ambiguous. In Study 3, a meta-analysis of existing literature revealed that the relationship between moral norms and anticipated regret was moderated by the extent of the moral implications arising from the behaviour under examination. Taken together, these findings suggest that conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret is more likely to occur among behaviours with obvious moral implications. Researchers wishing to examine the predictive utility of moral norms and anticipated regret among such behaviours would therefore be advised to aggregate these measures to form a composite variable (personal norms).","Newton, Joshua D; Newton, Fiona J; Ewing, Michael T; Burney, Sue; Hay, Margaret",Psychol. Health,2112
-Effectiveness and tolerability of combination treatment of chronic hepatitis C in illicit drug users: meta-analysis of prospective studies,"Using antiviral combinations to treat chronic hepatitis C was as efficacious and well tolerated in illicit drug users as in the general population. XCM: Inclusion criteria for the review were clearly defined and several relevant data sources were searched. The restriction to studies in English risked language bias (the authors considered the actual risk to be low). Publication bias was detected. Attempts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias throughout the review process. Quality assessment indicated that the quality of the studies was variable and most were deemed poor quality. The studies varied considerably in patient characteristics, interventions and study types, which the authors acknowledged. Several studies had small sample sizes. Trials were combined using standard statistical methods. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed and found to be significant for most outcomes, so the studies may not have been suitable for pooling. The studies of non-illicit drug users were not part of the systematic review and were not adequately described and so use of these results as a comparison may not have been appropriate. Differences between the studies, small sample sizes, methodological quality issues and potential for publication bias limits the reliability of the pooled results and caution appears warranted when interpreting the conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that larger prospective trials were needed to determine the most effective antiviral treatment regimens for hepatitis C virus infection in illicit drug users. The choice of opiate-substitution treatment to be associated with antiviral agents needed to be determined.","Zanini, B; Covolo, L; Donato, F; Lanzini, A",,2113
-Development and validation of scales to measure attitudes influencing monetary donations to charitable organizations,,"Webb, D.J.; Green, C.L.; Brashear, T.G.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2114
-Charitable contributions,,"Clotfelter, C.T.; Steuerle, C.E.",How Taxes Affect Economic Behavior,2115
-Cost-effectiveness of syringe exchange as an HIV prevention strategy,"OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of New York State-approved syringe exchange programs (SEPs) and estimate the cost-saving potential of these programs. DESIGN AND METHODS: The cost-effectiveness analysis used cost and process data provided by seven SEPs for the calendar year 1996 or the most recent 12-month period available at the time of the study. Alternative estimates of the number of HIV infections prevented were calculated using published data and a simplified circulation model. HIV treatment costs were taken from the literature. RESULTS: A cost-effectiveness ratio of $20,947 per HIV infection averted was calculated based on an estimated 87 HIV infections averted across the seven programs and total program costs of $1.82 million (all amounts given in US dollars). Sensitivity analyses were also performed. Using imputed costs for donated services and estimates of lifetime costs to treat an HIV infection, syringe exchange was demonstrated to be a cost-saving strategy from a societal perspective. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that syringe exchange is a cost-effective and cost-saving strategy for reducing HIV transmission.","Laufer, F N",J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.,2116
-Cause-related marketing in New Zealand,,"Chaney, I.; Dolli, N.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,2117
-Literature review: Philanthropic fundraising,,"Lindahl, W.E.; Conley, A.T.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2118
-Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Offer games,"In the ultimatum game with complete information a Sender proposes a division of a given amount of surplus (""pie""), which a Receiver can either accept (payoffs are distributed according to the Sender's proposal) or reject (both players earn nothing). We study another version of the ultimatum game under incomplete informaton in which the pie is drawn randomly from a commonly known distribution, the Sender knows the exact size of the pie, but the Receiver only knows her share of the pie, not the residual share requested by the Sender. The basic results are that (1) as the support of the pie distribution increases in a mean-preserving spread, the Senders make lower offers that the Receivers are less likely to reject, (2) for a given support, Senders tend to offer a lower proportion of the pie to the Receivers as the pie size grows larger, and (3) although knowing only their share of the pie, Receivers estimate its size quite accurately.","Rapoport, A.; Sundali, J.A.",Int. J. Game Theory,2119
-A comparative fMRI meta-analysis of altruistic and strategic decisions to give,"The decision to share resources is fundamental for cohesive societies. Humans can be motivated to give for many reasons. Some generosity incurs a definite cost, with no extrinsic reward to the act, but instead provides intrinsic satisfaction (labelled here as 'altruistic' giving). Other giving behaviours are done with the prospect of improving one's own situation via reciprocity, reputation, or public good (labelled here as 'strategic' giving). These contexts differ in the source, certainty, and timing of rewards as well as the inferences made about others' mental states. We executed a combined statistical map and coordinate-based fMRI meta-analysis of decisions to give (36 studies, 1150 participants). Methods included a novel approach for accommodating variable signal dropout between studies in meta-analysis. Results reveal consistent, cross-paradigm neural correlates of each decision type, commonalities, and informative differences. Relative to being selfish, altruistic and strategic giving activate overlapping reward networks. However, strategic decisions showed greater activity in striatal regions than altruistic choices. Altruistic giving, more than strategic, activated subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is consistently involved during generous decisions and processing across a posterior to anterior axis differentiates the altruistic/strategic context. Posterior vmPFC was preferentially recruited during altruistic decisions. Regions of the 'social brain' showed distinct patterns of activity between choice types, reflecting the different use of theory of mind in the two contexts. We provide the consistent neural correlates of decisions to give, and show that many will depend on the source of incentives.","Cutler, Jo; Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel",Neuroimage,2120
-Satisfaction in performing arts: The role of value?,,"Hume, M.; Mort, G.S.",European Journal of Marketing,2121
-"Four worlds of welfare state attitudes? A comparison of Germany, Norway, and the United States","This article examines the determinants of variations in welfare state attitudes between Germany, Norway, and the United States. Besides the influence of different 'welfare regime types' as discussed by Esping-Andersen and others, compositional effects of individual variables measuring people's socio-economic interests and socialization experiences and the interaction of aggregate-level (welfare regime) and individual-level (individual variables) determinants of welfare state attitudes are considered. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), results of our analysis show that remarkable between-country differences in welfare state attitudes exist. Our results suggest that these differences have to be explained both in terms of overall country effects and of the influence of country-specific economic interests and socialization experiences.","Andreß, H.-J.; Heien, T.",Eur. Sociol. Rev.,2122
-The robustness of Kingma's crowd-out estimate: Evidence from new data on contributions to public radio,"We revisit Kingma's (Kingma (1989). Journal of Political Economy, 97, 1197-1207) widely cited study of charitable contributions to public radio. Kingma's estimate of partial, but statistically significant crowd-out remains a benchmark in the literature because he was able to match household-level contributions data with station-level data on revenue, including revenue from government grants. To the best of our knowledge, no comparable data have become available until now. We replicate Kingma's estimates with the original data and then apply the same methodology to very similar data from 1996. Kingma's estimates are not robust to the use of the newer data. © Springer 2005.","Manzoor, S.H.; Straub, J.D.",Public Choice,2123
-Comparing GEE and robust standard errors for conditionally dependent data,"In recent years political scientists have become increasingly sensitive to questions of conditional dependence in their data. I outline and compare two general, widely-used approaches for addressing such dependence - robust variance estimators and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) - using data on votes in Supreme Court search and seizure decisions between 1963 and 1981. The results make clear that choices about the unit on which data are grouped, i.e., clustered, are typically of far greater significance than are decisions about which type estimator is used.","Zorn, C.",Polit. Res. Q.,2124
-The weight of the saddened soul: the bidirectionality between physical heaviness and sadness and its implications for sensory marketing,,"Hung, Y.; Zheng, X.; Carlson, J.; Giurge, L.M.",Journal of Marketing Management,2125
-Social well-being,"The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed.","Keyes, C.L.M.",Soc. Psychol. Q.,2126
-Increasing Compliance by Improving the Deal. The That's-Not-All Technique,"Seven experiments were conducted to demonstrate and explain the effectiveness of a compliance procedure dubbed the ""that's-not-all"" technique. The procedure consists of offering a product at a high price, not allowing the customer to respond for a few seconds, then offering a better deal by either adding another product or lowering the price. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated the effectiveness of this procedure over a control group that was given the better deal initially. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 suggested that this effectiveness may be partially explained through a norm of reciprocity that calls for the customer to respond to the seller's new offer. Experiment 5 results suggest that the effect also results from an altering of the anchor point subjects use to judge the new price. Experiment 6 results indicate the effectiveness of the procedure cannot be explained as the subject perceiving the lower price as a bargain. Finally, Experiment 7 examined the differences between the that's-not-all and the ""door-in-the-face"" procedures. © 1986 American Psychological Association.","Burger, J.M.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2127
-"Personalized charity advertising. Can personalized prosocial messages promote empathy, attitude change, and helping intentions toward stigmatized social groups?",,"Bartsch, A.; Kloß, A.",International Journal of Advertising,2128
-Contingent match incentives increase donations,,"Anik, L.; Norton, M.I.; Ariely, D.",Journal of Marketing Research,2129
-Influence of radio spokesperson gender and vocal pitch on advertising effectiveness: The role of listener gender,,"Martín-Santana, J.D.; Reinares-Lara, E.; Reinares-Lara, P.",Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC,2130
-"Who Takes the Floor and Why: Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations","Although past research has noted the importance of both power and gender for understanding volubility-the total amount of time spent talking-in organizations, to date, identifying the unique contributions of power and gender to volubility has been somewhat elusive. Using both naturalistic data sets and experiments, the present studies indicate that while power has a strong, positive effect on volubility for men, no such effect exists for women. Study 1 uses archival data to examine the relationship between the relative power of United States senators and their talking behavior on the Senate floor. Results indicate a strong positive relationship between power and volubility for male senators, but a non-significant relationship for female senators. Study 2 replicates this effect in an experimental setting by priming the concept of power and shows that though men primed with power talk more, women show no effect of power on volubility. Mediation analyses indicate that this difference is explained by women's concern that being highly voluble will result in negative consequences (i.e., backlash). Study 3 shows that powerful women are in fact correct in assuming that they will incur backlash as a result of talking more than others-an effect that is observed among both male and female perceivers. Implications for the literatures on volubility, power, and previous studies of backlash are discussed. © The Author(s) 2011.","Brescoll, V.L.",Adm. Sci. Q.,2131
-Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor,"The metafor package provides functions for conducting meta-analyses in R. The package includes functions for fitting the meta-analytic fixed- and random-effects models and allows for the inclusion of moderators variables (study-level covariates) in these models. Meta-regression analyses with continuous and categorical moderators can be conducted in this way. Functions for the Mantel-Haenszel and Peto's one-step method for metaanalyses of 2 × 2 table data are also available. Finally, the package provides various plot functions (for example, for forest, funnel, and radial plots) and functions for assessing the model fit, for obtaining case diagnostics, and for tests of publication bias.","Viechtbauer, W.",J. Stat. Software,2132
-"The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: a meta-analysis","Although ""evidence"" is often used as an important argument in persuasive health campaigns, it remains unclear what type of evidence has the strongest impact on particular outcome variables. We conducted a meta-analysis in which the effects of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention were separately compared. Statistical evidence was found to have a stronger influence than narrative evidence on beliefs and attitude, whereas narrative evidence had a stronger influence on intention. We explain these findings in terms of the match between the specific characteristics of the two types of evidence and those of the outcome variables. Statistical evidence, beliefs, and attitude all relate primarily to cognitive responses, whereas both narrative evidence and intention relate more specifically to affective responses. We conclude that communication professionals developing health campaigns should match the type of evidence to the main communication objectives.","Zebregs, Simon; van den Putte, Bas; Neijens, Peter; de Graaf, Anneke",Health Commun.,2133
-An empirical test of neutrality and the crowding-out hypothesis,"This paper tests Warr's neutrality hypothesis that the voluntary provision of a public good is independent of the distribution of income. Specifically, I test the null hypothesis of neutrality against the alternative that total contributions to a public good will be larger the less equally income is distributed. To test this hypothesis, a new data set is constructed by merging data on total voluntary contributions to individual public radio stations with 1990 Census data on the income distribution in each station's listening area. I find that voluntary contributions increase as income inequality rises.","Brunner, E.J.",Public Choice,2134
-An exploration of social work educators’ personal experiences of self-awareness,"Self-awareness as a core concept in professional development has captured the attention of social work educators and researchers over the past few decades. Although practicing professional self-awareness is highly recommended; some researchers argue that personal and professional self-awareness are intertwined, thereby, cognition and development of personal self-awareness is a prerequisite for professional self-awareness. Researchers have barely explored individuals’ personal experiences of self-awareness. This study aims to address this gap. Through convenience sampling, 35 social work educators from 27 colleges and universities across the United States agreed to participate in this research. The narrative approach, a qualitative method, was employed to analyze the participants’ experiences. The results revealed that five factors facilitate the process of self-awareness: nourished curiosity, marginality, transformation to invulnerability, disenchantment with society, and loss and death. These themes are covered by two “umbrella themes”, inquisitiveness and suffering. These findings can facilitate professional development. By considering the revealed themes, social work educators can emphasize and elaborate on the relationship between personal and professional experiences of self-awareness in social work practice. Educators can also activate students’ inner abilities and direct their attention toward environmental stimuli in order to raise their self-awareness. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Feize, L.",Soc. Work Educ.,2135
-Valproate in the treatment of PTSD: systematic review and meta analysis,"Limited evidence suggested that valproate may be effective for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Further research is required. XCM: The review question was clearly stated and inclusion criteria were defined for participants, outcome and intervention. The criteria for study design were broad, which appeared appropriate given the paucity of identified studies. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication and language bias. Study validity was assessed using defined criteria and, although results were mainly reported as an aggregate score, some methodological flaws were summarised in the discussion, including the problem of attrition bias when calculating before and after effect size from aggregate data. Appropriate methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias in the assessment of study validity, but it was not clear if similar methods were used to select studies for inclusion in the review or extract data. In view of the clinical heterogeneity among studies, particularly with respect to outcome measures, it was questionable if pooling data statistically was appropriate. There were limitations to this review, but overall the authors’ cautious conclusions reflected limited evidence from a small number of poor quality studies. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that in view of the limitations of the existing evidence, valproate cannot be recommended as monotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Research: The authors stated that there is a need for double-blind controlled studies to initially compare valproate with placebo and then compare valproate with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.","Adamou, M; Puchalska, S; Plummer, W; Hale, A S",,2136
-Intuitive Prosociality,"Prosocial behavior is a central feature of human life and a major focus of research across the natural and social sciences. Most theoretical models of prosociality share a common assumption: Humans are instinctively selfish, and prosocial behavior requires exerting reflective control over these basic instincts. However, findings from several scientific disciplines have recently contradicted this view. Rather than requiring control over instinctive selfishness, prosocial behavior appears to stem from processes that are intuitive, reflexive, and even automatic. These observations suggest that our understanding of prosociality should be revised to include the possibility that, in many cases, prosocial behavior-instead of requiring active control over our impulses-represents an impulse of its own. © The Author(s) 2013.","Zaki, J.; Mitchell, J.P.",Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci.,2137
-Acting prosocially reduces retaliation: Effects of prosocial video games on aggressive behavior,"Past research has provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggression and aggression-related variables. In contrast, little is known whether and why video game exposure may also decrease aggressive behavior. In fact, two experiments revealed that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game reduces aggressive behavior. Mediational analyses showed that differences in both aggressive cognition and aggressive affect underlie the effect of type of video game on aggressive behavior. These findings are in line with assumptions of the General Learning Model and point to the importance of the cognitive and affective routes in predicting how aggressive behavior is affected by exposure to video games. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Greitemeyer, T.; Agthe, M.; Turner, R.; Gschwendtner, C.",Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,2138
-The motivations and experiences of living kidney donors: a thematic synthesis,,"Tong, A; Chapman, J R; Wong, G; Kanellis, J; McCarthy, G; Craig, J C",,2139
-,,"Lipsey, M.W.; Wilson, D.B.",Practical Meta-Analysis,2140
-Organizational Capacity of Nonprofit Organizations in Rural Areas of the United States: A Scoping Review,"Rural America is facing a plethora of problems related to poverty, crime, health, and education. Nonprofit organizations serve a vital role in rural communities by providing services and advocacy to residents. Yet, it is unknown if rural nonprofits have the means to effectively address the complex issues before them. This study examines the results of scoping review which characterizes the state of empirical knowledge regarding the organizational capacity of rural nonprofits in the United States. Fifteen articles from the past decade uncovered challenges and strengths related to organizational capacity, though more research is necessary to inform funders and educators. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Walters, J.E.",Hum. Serv. Organ. Manag. leadersh. gov.,2141
-The cyclicality of government foreign-aid expenditure: voter awareness in “good” times and in “bad”,"While it has been argued that the cyclicality of government spending likely depends on the intensities of political pressure to increase expenditure, in economic upturns and downturns, it is important to explore the determinants of changes in the strengths of those pressures. This paper is the first (to our knowledge) to focus on the relevance of systematic changes in voter awareness of government spending. Predictions of the impact of changes in awareness are tested with reference to 23 OECD donor countries’ foreign aid expenditures over the 1999–2015 period. The evidence offers insights into the discretion governments exercise when “fiscal illusion” increases and into the policy implications of systematic changes in voter awareness (in “good” times and in “bad”). © 2019, The Author(s).","Abbott, A.; Jones, P.",Public Choice,2142
-Peter Drucker on marketing: An exploration of five tenets,,"Uslay, C.; Morgan, R.E.; Sheth, J.N.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2143
-,,"Cooper, H.; Hedges, L.V.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,2144
-Predicting altruistic behavior and assessing homophily: Evidence from the sisterhood,"The persistence of altruism throughout the evolutionary process has been explained by some on the basis of assortation, which requires the ability to detect dispositional altruism in others and voluntary interaction, resulting in altruism homophily. Numerous studies have identified the ability to detect dispositional altruism in strangers, but few have investigated this ability and altruism homophily in social networks. The purpose of this study is to provide additional evidence with regard to the ability to detect dispositional altruism among individuals who have repeated interactions in a collegiate social organization and the extent of altruism homophily. The results indicate that individuals possess an ability to predict dispositional altruism as measured by behavior in the dictator game and that this ability is a function of social closeness. However, the study does not support the hypothesis of an assortation process that results in altruism homophily. © 2016 The Author( s).","Vernarelli, M.J.",Sociol. Sci.,2145
-The television situation comedy and children's prosocial behavior,"The moral lessons of television situation comedies were explored as possible contributors to children's prosocial development. In order to determine if children comprehend the moral lessons of adult sitcoms, children in small groups watched sitcoms and then were individually interviewed to determine if they comprehended the moral lesson. An overwhelming majority of 1st, 3rd, and 5th graders understood moral lessons contained in an episode of The Cosby Show. Similarly, one third of the 1st graders and half of the 3rd graders were able to identify an overarching moral lesson in an episode of Full House. Finally, a correlational analysis was undertaken between the frequency with which the children viewed prosocial sitcoms and the frequency of their prosocial behavior. As anticipated, viewing emerged as a predictor variable, particularly for those subjects who evidenced understanding of the moral lessons of sitcoms.","Rosenkoetter, L.I.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2146
-Systematic review of the effects of interventions for people bereaved by suicide,"There is a lack of robust evidence to be able to provide clear implications for practice for interventions for people bereaved by suicide. XCM: The authors addressed a clear review question, supported by appropriate inclusion criteria. An extensive search was conducted without language restrictions, for both published and unpublished research. Each stage of the review was conducted in duplicate, reducing the potential for error and bias. Study quality was assessed using appropriate criteria, and the results considered during the review. The decision to combine the studies in a narrative synthesis seemed appropriate given the heterogeneity across studies. Several studies only had short-term follow-up. This was a well-conducted review, and the conclusions reflect the lack of evidence available and are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that clear implications for practice could not be provided due to the lack of robust evidence. However, they go on to say that the following interventions may be beneficial: psychologist-led group therapy for children who lost a parent; combined health professional and volunteer led group therapy for adults who lost a family member; and family cognitive behavioural therapy with a trained psychiatric nurse.Research: Studies of sufficient size, evaluating an agreed core set of outcome measures, are required, particularly in different ethnic groups. Preliminary work using qualitative or quantitative methods prior to the main trial were recommended. Process evaluation embedded within an RCT of complex interventions was identified as a method to distinguish interventions that have failed from those that were poorly implemented.",Centre for Reviews and Dissemination,,2147
-Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives,"Psychologists have long assumed that the motivation for all intentional action, including all action intended to benefit others, is egoistic. People benefit others because, ultimately, to do so benefits themselves. The empathy-altruism hypothesis challenges this assumption. It claims that empathic emotion evokes truly altruistic motivation, motivation with an ultimate goal of benefiting not the self but the person for whom empathy is felt. Logical and psychological distinctions between egoism and altruism are reviewed, providing a conceptual framework for empirical tests for the existence of altruism. Results of empirical tests to date are summarized; these results provide impressive support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis. We conclude that the popular and parsimonious explanation of prosocial motivation in terms of universal egoism must give way to a pluralistic explanation that includes altruism as well as egoism. Implications of such a pluralism are briefly noted, not only for our understanding of prosocial motivation but also for our understanding of human nature and of the emotion—motivation link. © 1991, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.","Batson, C.D.; Shaw, L.L.",Psychol. Inq.,2148
-Through the looking glass: Alice in meta-analysis,,"Mandell, M Susan; Tran, Zung V",Crit. Care Med.,2149
-Economic models and support for the arts,,"Seaman, B.A.",Economic Policy for the Arts,2150
-Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin or dabigatran in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation,,"Aryal, M R; Ukaigwe, A; Pandit, A; Karmacharya, P; Pradhan, R; Mainali, N R; Pathak, R; Jalota, L; Bhandari, Y; Donato, A",,2151
-Altruism predicts mating success in humans,"In order for non-kin altruism to evolve, altruists must receive fitness benefits for their actions that outweigh the costs. Several researchers have suggested that altruism is a costly signal of desirable qualities, such that it could have evolved by sexual selection. In two studies, we show that altruism is broadly linked with mating success. In Study 1, participants who scored higher on a self-report altruism measure reported they were more desirable to the opposite sex, as well as reported having more sex partners, more casual sex partners, and having sex more often within relationships. Sex moderated some of these relationships, such that altruism mattered more for men’s number of lifetime and casual sex partners. In Study 2, participants who were willing to donate potential monetary winnings (in a modified dictator dilemma) reported having more lifetime sex partners, more casual sex partners, and more sex partners over the past year. Men who were willing to donate also reported having more lifetime dating partners. Furthermore, these patterns persisted, even when controlling for narcissism, Big Five personality traits, and socially desirable responding. These results suggest that altruists have higher mating success than non-altruists and support the hypothesis that altruism is a sexually selected costly signal of difficult-to-observe qualities. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.","Arnocky, S.; Piché, T.; Albert, G.; Ouellette, D.; Barclay, P.",Br. J. Psychol.,2152
-Problem solving within professional services: evidence from the medical field,"Purpose – To test the validity of the presumed characteristics of professional services by studying their manifestation in the problem solving that occurs in service production. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses medical research as secondary data to study the existence of associations between the presumed characteristics of professional services and problem solving in the medical context. A systematic review of empirical studies concerning physicians' prescribing decisions is conducted. Findings – Supporting assumptions presented in the literature, specialist knowledge of professional and customer participation was found to influence prescribing decisions. The assumption regarding collegial control was partially supported. Some degree of contradiction was found with respect to the presumed professional autonomy and altruism. Whilst the professional services literature emphasises factors related to the client's problem, the service encounter and the profession, we conclude that problem solving is influenced also by factors embedded in the related organisational, market and institutional environments. Research limitations/implications – Further empirical validation of the presumed professional characteristics is needed. The results indicate that professional services research should pay more attention to the role of the wider context in professional problem solving. Medical researchers might also benefit from a broader perspective on patient participation. Practical implications – An holistic view of factors that influence physicians' prescribing decisions is of use to managers of health care organisations, marketers of pharmaceuticals, and policy makers and third-party payers. Originality/value – By using an interdisciplinary approach, the paper contributes to professional services research by providing empirical support for the often repeated characteristics of professional services and outlining factors that potentially influence problem solving within professional services. © 2006, Emerald Group Publishing Limited","Jaakkola, Elina; Halinen, Aino",International Journal of Service Industry Management,2153
-Under what circumstances is helping an impulse? Emergency and prosocial traits affect intuitive prosocial behavior,"While prosocial behavior is suggested to be a central feature of human life, there is an ongoing debate as to whether individuals have developed a general intuitive tendency to act prosocially or not. We show that prosocial behavior is better described as a person × situation interaction. In two studies (total N = 170), we tested the influence of processing mode on helping behavior in emergency and non-emergency situations and the moderating effect of prosocial traits (i.e., Honesty–Humility and social value orientation) using different experimental manipulations. These studies were conducted among Chinese samples, and provide evidence on prosocial behaviors beyond the “WEIRD” population. Consistent with the existing experimental literature on spontaneous cooperation, we consistently found intuitive processing led to more helping behavior. Moreover, this intuitive prosociality is context-dependent, moderated by the emergency and prosocial traits. Overall, we find clear evidence that the role of intuition and deliberation varies across both situations and individuals as predicted by the social heuristics hypothesis. Our findings reconcile previous diverging results by demonstrating these moderators, and extend our understanding of the model of intuitive prosociality based on social heuristics. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Shi, R.; Qi, W.G.; Ding, Y.; Liu, C.; Shen, W.",Pers. Individ. Differ.,2154
-Vividness effects: A resource-matching perspective,"The authors present a resource-matching perspective to explain the relationship between vividness and persuasion. Three experiments confirm the predicted inverted-U relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for vivid information, and a positive linear relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for nonvivid information when vivid information is less resource demanding than nonvivid information. This persuasion pattern is reversed in experiment 4, where nonvivid information is less resource demanding than vivid information; that is, there is an inverted-U relationship for nonvivid information, and a positive linear relationship for vivid information. The contrasting persuasion functions for vivid and nonvivid information can predict when vivid information will be more versus less persuasive than nonvivid information.","Keller, P.A.; Block, L.G.",J. Consum. Res.,2155
-Further evidence on the dynamic impact of taxes on charitable giving,"We estimate the impact of taxes on donations using a large panel of middle-class taxpayers. Our specification allows estimation of the effects of habits, time shifting, and consumption smoothing on the time path of adjustment and produces plausible simulated adjustment paths to permanent and temporary anticipated tax reforms. We find that taxes determine both the long-run level and the timing of donations, so that even though taxes appear to have long-run behavioral effects, estimates of these effects are exaggerated if one fails to estimate the rescheduling of giving in response to tax regime shifts. Our results challenge the view that tax deductions for charitable giving are efficient.","Barrett, K.S.; Mcguirk, A.M.; Steinberg, R.",Natl. Tax J.,2156
-Partner choice versus punishment in human Prisoner's Dilemmas,"Two factors that promote cooperation are partner choice and punishment of defectors, but which option do people actually prefer to use? Punishment is predicted to be more common when organisms cannot escape bad partners, whereas partner choice is useful when one can switch to a better partner. Here we use a modified iterated Prisoner's Dilemma to examine people's cooperation and punishment when partner choice was possible and when it was not. The results show that cooperation was higher when people could leave bad partners versus when they could not. When they could not switch partners, people preferred to actively punish defectors rather than withdraw. When they could switch, punishment and switching were equally preferred. Contrary to our predictions, punishment was higher when switching was possible, possibly because cooperators could then desert the defector they had just punished. Punishment did not increase defectors' subsequent cooperation. Our results support the importance of partner choice in promoting human cooperation and in changing the prevalence of punishment. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Barclay, P.; Raihani, N.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,2157
-Toward an Understanding of the Revenue of Nonprofit Organizations,,"Horne, C.S.",Toward an Understanding of the Revenue of Nonprofit Organizations,2158
-Compliance employing a combined foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face procedure,"The foot-in-the-door procedure increases compliance for a desired target request by making an easier first request. In the door-in-the-face procedure, compliance is increased by first making an extremely hard request and following this with a target request, the one actually desired. The current study combined both of these procedures and formulated a new compliance technique consisting of two initial requests to precede the target request. Three hundred and eighty subjects selected at random from the telephone directory were called to test the new compliance procedure. The results showed that compliance was significantly greater for the new combination method when compared with both other methods. The theoretical model developed to devise and explain the new method also received support. © 1986 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Goldman, M.",J. Soc. Psychol.,2159
-Does kindness always pay? The influence of recipient affection and generosity on young children’s allocation decisions in a resource distribution task,"The aim of the current study was to determine whether the level of generosity shown by 3- to 8-year-old children (N = 136; M age = 69 months) in a resource distribution task would vary according to whether the recipient had previously displayed kind (affection and generosity) and/or non-kind (non-affection and non-generosity) behavior towards a third party. We first asked whether donor children would show higher levels of generosity towards an affectionate than a non-affectionate recipient (condition 1), and a generous than a non-generous recipient (condition 2), before pitting the two forms of recipient kindness directly against each other (condition 3). Last, we asked whether donations to generous recipients would decrease if the recipient simultaneously displayed non-kind behavior through a lack of affection (condition 4). Here we show that children allocated a greater share of the available resource to generous and affectionate recipients than non-generous and non-affectionate recipients respectively. However, when asked to divide resources between a generous and an affectionate recipient, or two recipients who had each displayed a combination of kind and non-kind behavior, children allocated each recipient an equal share of the resource. These findings suggest that children donate selectively based on previous information regarding recipient generosity and affection, however when both forms of kindness are pitted directly against each other, children strive for equality, suggesting that kindness engenders donor generosity irrespective of the form of kindness previously displayed. © 2019, The Author(s).","Blakey, K.H.; Mason, E.; Cristea, M.; McGuigan, N.; Messer, E.J.E.",Curr. Psychol.,2160
-,,"Lindsey, L.; Steinberg, R.",Joint Crowdout: An Empirical Study of the Impact of Federal Grants on State Government Expenditures and Charitable Donations,2161
-Video games as virtual teachers: Prosocial video game use by children and adolescents from different socioeconomic groups is associated with increased empathy and prosocial behaviour,"Objective The main aim of this study was to determine if there was a positive relationship between prosocial video game use and prosocial behaviour in children and adolescents. Method This study had a cross-sectional correlational design. Data were collected from 538 9-15 year old children and adolescents between March and December 2014. Participants completed measures of empathy, prosocial behaviour and video game habits. Teachers rated the prosocial behaviour of participants. The socioeconomic status of participants was also gathered. Results Multiple linear regressions were conducted on these data. Prosocial video game use was positively associated with the tendency to maintain positive affective relationships, cooperation and sharing as well as empathy. This association remained significant after controlling for gender, age, school type (disadvantaged/non-disadvantaged), socioeconomic status, weekly game play and violent video game use. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that prosocial video game use could develop empathic concern and improve affective relationships in a diverse population of young people. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.","Harrington, B.; O'Connell, M.",Comput. Hum. Behav.,2162
-Magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: a meta-analysis,"AIM: To review the published literature comparing the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with and without gadolinium in diagnosing renal artery stenosis, using catheter angiography as reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of English language articles identified by computer search using PubMed/MEDLINE, followed by extensive bibliography review from 1985 to May 2001. Inclusion criteria were: (1) blinded comparison with catheter angiography; (2)indication for MRA stated; (3) clear descriptions of imaging techniques; and (4) interval between MRA and catheter angiography < 3 months and only the largest of all studies from one centre was selected in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies were identified, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. The number of patients included in the meta-analysis was 998: 499 with non-enhanced MRA and 499 with gadolinium-enhanced MRA. The sensitivity and specificity of non-enhanced MRA were 94% (95% CI: 90-97%) and 85% (95% CI: 82-87%), respectively. For gadolinium-enhanced MRA sensitivity was 97% (95% CI: 93-98%) and specificity was 93% (95% CI: 91-95%). Thus, specificity and positive predictive value were significantly better for gadolinium-enhanced MRA (P < 0.001). Accessory renal arteries were depicted better by gadolinium-enhanced MRA (82%; 95% CI: 75-87%) than non-gadolinium MRA (49%; 95% CI: 42-60%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gadolinium-enhanced MRA may replace arteriography in most patients with suspected renal artery stenosis, and has major advantages in that it is non-invasive, avoids ionizing radiation and uses a non-nephrotoxic contrast agent.","Tan, K T; van Beek, E J R; Brown, P W G; van Delden, O M; Tijssen, J; Ramsay, L E",Clin. Radiol.,2163
-Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process,,"Greenfield, J.M.",Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process,2164
-Heterogeneity in the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior: A multilevel regression approach,"Previous research offers mixed results regarding the association between environmental attitudes and behavior. To shed some light on this topic, this article undertakes the first investigation of whether the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior is heterogeneous or, more concretely, if the existence of this association depends on the intensity of environmental attitudes. Multilevel regressions were implemented with a nationally representative sample of Spanish people aged 18 years old and older. The results reveal a pattern of heterogeneity, such that pro-environmental behavior is only associated with strong environmental attitudes, as arise when people believe that the environment should be protected, even if this goal is expensive. This study also controls for the influence of socio-economic characteristics on pro-environmental behavior, which correlates positively with education and age. Women exhibit more pro-environmental behavior than men. On the basis of these findings, this article offers notable implications for policy makers and researchers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Casaló, L.V.; Escario, J.-J.",J. Clean. Prod.,2165
-"Pretty as a Princess: Longitudinal Effects of Engagement With Disney Princesses on Gender Stereotypes, Body Esteem, and Prosocial Behavior in Children","This study examined level of engagement with Disney Princess media/products as it relates to gender-stereotypical behavior, body esteem (i.e. body image), and prosocial behavior during early childhood. Participants consisted of 198 children (Mage = 58 months), who were tested at two time points (approximately 1 year apart). Data consisted of parent and teacher reports, and child observations in a toy preference task. Longitudinal results revealed that Disney Princess engagement was associated with more female gender-stereotypical behavior 1 year later, even after controlling for initial levels of gender-stereotypical behavior. Parental mediation strengthened associations between princess engagement and adherence to female gender-stereotypical behavior for both girls and boys, and for body esteem and prosocial behavior for boys only. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.","Coyne, S.M.; Linder, J.R.; Rasmussen, E.E.; Nelson, D.A.; Birkbeck, V.",Child Dev.,2166
-,,"Atkins, N.; Greitemeyer, T.",Effects of prosocial music on empathy and helping (Unpublished manuscript),2167
-Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial behavior: Further evidence and a mediating mechanism,"Previous research has shown that exposure to prosocial songs increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. However, inasmuch as cognition, affect, and behavior were measured in different studies, it remained unclear what variable constituted the mediating path from media exposure to action. This was tested in the present research. In four studies, listening to songs with prosocial, relative to neutral, lyrics increased helping behavior. This effect was mediated by interpersonal empathy. The results are consistent with the general learning model and point to the importance of the affective route in explaining how media exposure influences social behavior. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","Greitemeyer, T.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,2168
-The accuracy of risk scores in predicting preterm birth: a systematic review,"Antenatal scoring systems were poor at predicting pre-term spontaneous birth in late pregnancy. There is a need for better quality information from well-designed studies. XCM: The review question was clear in terms of the study design, index test, reference standard and participants. Several relevant sources were searched with no language restrictions, thus minimising the potential for publication and language bias. Methods were used to minimise bias in the study selection, validity assessment and data extraction processes. The validity of the studies was assessed using appropriate criteria.There was adequate information on the included studies. The methods used to combine the studies were appropriate, given the wide range of values and presence of statistically significant heterogeneity. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored. This was a well-conducted review and the authors' conclusions are likely to be robust. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that no recommendations for clinical practice could be made.Research: The authors stated that further well-designed studies are required. Future studies should use clinically important outcomes as the reference standard and use robust methods, including blinding and the consecutive enrolment of women.","Honest, H; Bachmann, L M; Sundaram, R; Gupta, J K; Kleijnen, J; Khan, K S",,2169
-The Impact of Revenue Diversification on Nonprofit Financial Health: A Meta-analysis,"This study reviews the influence of revenue stream diversification on financial health. It is a meta-analysis of previous studies that have studied the relationship. This literature variously demonstrates that nonprofit financial health is improved, not influenced or harmed by diversifying reliance on different revenue streams. Our analysis of 40 original studies reporting 296 statistical effects demonstrates a small, positive, yet statistically significant association between revenue diversification and nonprofit financial health. In addition, we show that granularity of measurement of revenue diversification influences effect size, that this effect has shifted over time, and that studies on U.S. nonprofits demonstrate weaker (or more negative) effects. However, few other prominent suspects, including diversity of financial health measure or methodology choices, explain variations in effects across the literature on revenue diversification. Overall, the study supports the contention that both analysts and practitioners should make strategic considerations that have generally escaped scholarship on revenue diversification or shift attention to revenue optimization considerations that have been raised by portfolio theory. © The Author(s) 2018.","Hung, C.; Hager, M.A.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,2170
-Adult criticism and vigilance diminish free riding by children in a social dilemma,"In cooperative situations, individual interests can be in conflict with those of the group, creating a social dilemma in which one must choose whether to cooperate or not. Sensitivity to social stimuli is an important factor influencing cooperative behavior in such dilemmas. The current study investigated the influence of verbal feedback and vigilance by adults on children's donating behavior in a public goods game. The participants were 739 public school children, between 5 and 12 years of age, who were divided into 34 groups. Each group was assigned to one of four experimental conditions: control, positive feedback (praise), negative feedback (criticism), or vigilance. Participants then played eight rounds of the game. The children's donations were greater in the feedback and vigilance conditions, but the effects were mediated by age and rounds. The results are most likely related to concerns about reputation, which tend to become stronger with age. Older children are better at self-presentation and understanding social norms. Thus, compared with younger children, they seemed more concerned with appearing to be generous, but only when they could get credit for it. Nevertheless, children's donations still decreased across the rounds. Although adult vigilance and feedback influence children's cooperation among peers, other mechanisms are necessary to stabilize their behavior over time. © 2017","Dutra, N.B.; Boccardi, N.C.; Silva, P.R.R.; Siqueira, J.D.O.; Hattori, W.T.; Yamamoto, M.E.; Alencar, A.I.D.",J. Exp. Child Psychol.,2171
-Beliefs about the controllability of social characteristics and children’s jealous responses to outsiders’ interference in friendship,"Although some jealous children respond to outsider interference in friendships with problem solving and discussion, others withdraw from the relationship or retaliate against the friends or others. Beliefs about the nature of social characteristics are proposed as an explanation for behavioral heterogeneity in response to jealous provocation. Based on learned helplessness theory and research on children’s implicit personality theories, children who subscribed strongly to the belief that social characteristics are fixed and that social outcomes are uncontrollable (high entity beliefs), were expected to more strongly endorse asocial and antisocial responses and less strongly endorse prosocial responses to outsider interference than children who did not have strong entity beliefs, depending on their internal versus external attributions of blame. Two hundred eighty-six children in sixth through eighth grades (primarily Caucasian) participated in an experimental test of this hypothesis. Although hypothesized interactions between beliefs and locus of blame were not supported, results indicated that children who believe social characteristics are changeable also believed they had more control in the internal condition than children who believe social characteristics are immutable. Further, pessimistic children were more likely to tend to endorse asocial and antisocial behavior and less likely to endorse prosocial behavior than optimistic children. © 2019 Lavallee, Parker. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lavallee, K.L.; Parker, J.G.",PLoS ONE,2172
-The nature of human altruism,"Some of the most fundamental questions concerning our evolutionary origins, our social relations, and the organization of society are centred around issues of altruism and selfishness. Experimental evidence indicates that human altruism is a powerful force and is unique in the animal world. However, there is much individual heterogeneity and the interaction between altruists and selfish individuals is vital to human cooperation. Depending on the environment, a minority of altruists can force a majority of selfish individuals to cooperate or, conversely, a few egoists can induce a large number of altruists to defect. Current gene-based evolutionary theories cannot explain important patterns of human altruism, pointing towards the importance of both theories of cultural evolution as well as gene-culture co-evolution.","Fehr, E.; Fischbacher, U.",Nature,2173
-,,"Feeley, T.H.",A meta-analysis if the ceiling effects in the door-in-the-face influence strategy,2174
-Corrigendum to Effects of alteplase for acute stroke according to criteria defining the European Union and United States marketing authorizations: Individual-patient- data meta-analysis of randomized trials,"The authors would like to highlight the following edits to the declaration of conflicting interests (edits in bold and blue): The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: KRL reports fees and expenses from American Stroke Association, Applied Clinical Intelligence, Atrium, Boehringer Ingelheim, EVER NeuroPharma, Hilicon, Nestleé, Novartis, Servier, and Stroke Academic Industry Roundtable, and research funding to the University of Glasgow and to the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive from Genentech, and is past president of the European Stroke Organisation. CB and JE have not accepted fees, honoraria, or paid consultancies but are, or have been, involved in clinical trials funded by Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, the Medicines Company, and Boehringer Ingelheim. GA has received fees for consultancy from Medtronic and iSchemaView, and owns stock in iSchemaView. EB is employed by Boehringer Ingelheim. SMD has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medtronic, and Pfizer. GAD is co-principal investigator for the EXTEND trial using alteplase and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Merk Sharp & Dohme. JCG has acted as a consultant for Frazer Ltd and Stryker, has received grant support from the American Heart Association, Genentech, and Behring and has received grant support within the past three years from Haemonetics and Medtronic. MKa reports fees and expenses from H. Lundbeck A/S, Mitsubishi Pharma Europe, Siemens AG. RvK reports fees from H. Lundbeck A/S, Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Brainsgate, Synarc, and Penumbra, Inc. RIL has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, and Pfizer. JMO has received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Servier. MP has received travel support from Boehringer Ingelheim. PAGS declares that he was the Chief Investigator of the IST-3 trial, funded by the Medical Research Council, the Stroke Association and the Health Foundation, the IST-3 pilot study was supported by a donation of drug and placebo from Boehringer Ingelheim, and PAGS has received Honoraria and Travel expenses paid to his Department from Boehringer Ingelheim. DT reports honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, and Pfizer. KT has received research grant support from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma. JMW declares trial funding from the Medical Research Council, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, Stroke Association, and Health Foundation. NW’s institution has received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Stryker, and Codman. WNW was funded by a Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship (G0902303). WH reports honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Bayer, receipt of an unrestricted research grant from Boehringer Ingelheim to perform the ECASS-4 EXTEND trial, and past chairmanship of the ECASS 1–3 thrombolysis trials. WH is also current president of the World Stroke Organisation. LB, TB, GC, GdZ, GH, MKo, MGL and PL declare no conflict of interest. © 2018, © 2018 World Stroke Organization.",,Int. J. Stroke,2175
-"Greener Than Thou: People who protect the environment are more cooperative, compete to be environmental, and benefit from reputation","Protecting the environment is a social dilemma: environmental protection benefits everyone but is individually costly. We propose that protecting the environment is similar to other types of cooperation, in that environmentalism functions as a signal of one's willingness to cooperate with others. We test several novel predictions from this hypothesis. We used a mathematical model to show that environmentalism can indicate one's valuation of others and thus one's cooperative intent. We found support for this prediction in two online studies, and then conducted two laboratory studies to extend the idea that environmentalism signals one's willingness to cooperate. Participants donated more to an environmental charity when donations were public than when anonymous, but they donated the most when competing to be chosen by an observer for a subsequent cooperative game. In other words, people competed to donate more to the environment. Bigger donors benefited, as they were subsequently chosen more often and received more cooperation from their partners. Partners benefited from choosing environmental donors: bigger donors cooperated more with subsequent partners, such that environmental donations were reliably informative about participants’ future cooperativeness. We compare multiple theories about why people behave environmentally (indirect reciprocity, signal of wealth, signal of cooperative intent), and find most support for our proposed theory of signaling cooperative intent. By understanding the function of environmental behaviour and stimulating competitive giving, we can increase people's support for environmental and other charitable causes. © 2020 The Authors","Barclay, P.; Barker, J.L.",J. Environ. Psychol.,2176
-Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis,,"Wolf, F.M.",Meta-analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis,2177
-Organ Donation for Social Change: A Systematic Review,"This chapter presents a critical review of the existing organ donation literature. The objective of this chapter is to identify the main gaps in the current body of literature on the organ donation context and the marketing discipline. This chapter initially discusses social marketing within the context of organ donation for social change. Following on, this chapter provides a systematic quantitative literature review of the existing organ donation studies from the period of 1985–2019. Then, this chapter details and discusses the review method. The literature review findings include the geographical distribution of 262 peer-reviewed organ donation studies around the world; the frequency of published articles over the period 1985–2019; the disciplinary scope of these studies; the sample characteristics; and the key theories and models used to inform organ donation studies. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of the main limitations of existing organ donation studies. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Alsalem, A.; Thaichon, P.; Weaven, S.",Contrib. Manag. Sci.,2178
-Community first responders and responder schemes in the United Kingdom: systematic scoping review,"BACKGROUND: Community First Responder (CFR) schemes support lay people to respond to medical emergencies, working closely with ambulance services. They operate widely in the UK. There has been no previous review of UK literature on these schemes. This is the first systematic scoping review of UK literature on CFR schemes, which identifies the reasons for becoming a CFR, requirements for training and feedback and confusion between the CFR role and that of ambulance service staff. This study also reveals gaps in the evidence base for CFR schemes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic scoping review of the published literature, in the English language from 2000 onwards using specific search terms in six databases. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse article content. RESULTS: Nine articles remained from the initial search of 15,969 articles after removing duplicates, title and abstract and then full text review. People were motivated to become CFRs through an altruistic desire to help others. They generally felt rewarded by their work but recognised that the help they provided was limited by their training compared with ambulance staff. There were concerns about the possible emotional impact on CFRs responding to incidents. CFRs felt that better feedback would enhance their learning. Ongoing training and support were viewed as essential to enable CFRs to progress. They perceived that public recognition of the CFR role was low, patients sometimes confusing them with ambulance staff. Relationships with the ambulance service were sometimes ambivalent due to confusion over roles. There was support for local autonomy of CFR schemes but with greater sharing of best practice. DISCUSSION: Most studies dated from 2005 and were descriptive rather than analytical. In the UK and Australia CFRs are usually lay volunteers equipped with basic skills for responding to medical emergencies, whereas in the US they include other emergency staff as well as lay people. CONCLUSION: Opportunities for future research include exploring experiences and perceptions of patients who have been treated by CFRs and other stakeholders, while also evaluating the effectiveness and costs of CFR schemes.","Phung, Viet-Hai; Trueman, Ian; Togher, Fiona; Orner, Roderick; Siriwardena, A Niroshan",Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med.,2179
-Priming in economics,"Conceptual priming has become an increasingly popular tool in economics. Here, we review the literature that uses priming in incentivized experiments to study economic questions. We mainly focus on the role of social identity, culture, and norms in shaping preferences and behavior. We also discuss recently raised objections to priming research and conclude with promising avenues for future research. © 2016.","Cohn, A.; Maréchal, M.A.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,2180
-Surveillance or Self-Surveillance? Behavioral Cues Can Increase the Rate of Drivers’ Pro-Environmental Behavior at a Long Wait Stop,"By leaving their engines idling for long periods, drivers contribute unnecessarily to air pollution, waste fuel, and produce noise and fumes that harm the environment. Railway level crossings are sites where many cars idle, many times a day. In this research, testing two psychological theories of influence, we examine the potential to encourage drivers to switch off their ignition while waiting at rail crossings. Two field studies presented different signs at a busy rail crossing site with a 2-min average wait. Inducing public self-focus (via a “Watching Eyes” stimulus) was not effective, even when accompanied by a written behavioral instruction. Instead, cueing a private-self focus (“think of yourself”) was more effective, doubling the level of behavioral compliance. These findings confirm the need to engage the self when trying to instigate self-regulatory action, but that cues evoking self-surveillance may sometimes be more effective than cues that imply external surveillance. © 2017, © 2017 The Author(s).","Meleady, R.; Abrams, D.; Van de Vyver, J.; Hopthrow, T.; Mahmood, L.; Player, A.; Lamont, R.; Leite, A.C.",Environ. Behav.,2181
-Healthy Selfishness and Pathological Altruism: Measuring Two Paradoxical Forms of Selfishness,"Selfishness is often regarded as an undesirable or even immoral characteristic, whereas altruism is typically considered universally desirable and virtuous. However, human history as well as the works of humanistic and psychodynamic psychologists point to a more complex picture: not all selfishness is necessarily bad, and not all altruism is necessarily good. Based on these writings, we introduce new scales for the assessment of individual differences in two paradoxical forms of selfishness that have lacked measurement in the field – healthy selfishness (HS) and pathological altruism (PA). In two studies (N1 = 370, N2 = 891), we constructed and validated the HS and PA scales. The scales showed good internal consistency and a clear two-dimensional structure across both studies. HS was related to higher levels of psychological well-being and adaptive psychological functioning as well as a genuine prosocial orientation. PA was associated with maladaptive psychological outcomes, vulnerable narcissism, and selfish motivations for helping others. These results underpin the paradoxical nature of both constructs. We discuss the implications for future research, including clinical implications. © Copyright © 2020 Kaufman and Jauk.","Kaufman, S.B.; Jauk, E.",Front. Psychol.,2182
-"Music, Pandas, and Muggers: On the Affective Psychology of Value","This research investigated the relationship between the magnitude or scope of a stimulus and its subjective value by contrasting 2 psychological processes that may be used to construct preferences: valuation by feeling and valuation by calculation. The results show that when people rely on feeling, they are sensitive to the presence or absence of a stimulus (i.e., the difference between 0 and some scope) but are largely insensitive to further variations of scope. In contrast, when people rely on calculation, they reveal relatively more constant sensitivity to scope. Thus, value is nearly a step function of scope when feeling predominates and is closer to a linear function when calculation predominates. These findings may allow for a novel interpretation of why most real-world value functions are concave and how the processes responsible for nonlinearity of value may also contribute to nonlinear probability weighting.","Hsee, C.K.; Rottenstreich, Y.",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,2183
-"Altruism on American television: Examining the amount of, and context surrounding, acts of helping and sharing","Using a representative sample of television content featuring 2,227 programs across different genres and 18 different channels, the frequency and context of altruistic actions were content analyzed. A social cognitive theory approach was taken to guide the selection of contextual variables. The results showed that 73% of the programs in the sample featured instances of helping/sharing at a rate of 2.92 incidents per hour. Further, the actions were most likely to be initiated by adult White males and many acts were depicted in a humorous, realistic, and rewarding context. In terms of channel differences, shows on children's basic cable featured not only the highest proportion of programs with one or more instances of altruism but also the highest rate per hour (4.02 acts). Differences in contextual features and channel type are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory below. © 2006 International Communication Association.","Smith, S.W.; Smith, S.L.; Pieper, K.M.; Yoo, J.H.; Ferris, A.L.; Downs, E.; Bowden, B.",J. Commun.,2184
-Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature,"BACKGROUND: Nowadays people are extensively encouraged to become more physically active. The Internet has been brought forward as an effective tool to change physical activity behavior. However, little is known about the evidence regarding such Internet-based interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to systematically assess the methodological quality and the effectiveness of interventions designed to promote physical activity by means of the Internet as evaluated by randomized controlled trials. METHODS: A literature search was conducted up to July 2006 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Only randomized controlled trials describing the effectiveness of an Internet-based intervention, with the promotion of physical activity among adults being one of its major goals, were included. Data extracted included source and year of publication, country of origin, targeted health behaviors, participants' characteristics, characteristics of the intervention, and effectiveness data. In addition, the methodological quality was assessed. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 10 eligible studies of which five met at least nine out of 13 general methodological criteria. The majority of the interventions were tailored to the characteristics of the participants and used interactive self-monitoring and feedback tools. Six studies used one or more theoretical models to compose the contents of the interventions. One study used an objective measure to assess the amount of physical activity (activity monitor), and six studies used multiple subjective measures of physical activity. Furthermore, half of the studies employed measures of physical fitness other than physical activity. In three studies, an Internet-based physical activity intervention was compared with a waiting list group. Of these three studies, two reported a significantly greater improvement in physical activity levels in the Internet-based intervention than in the control group. Seven studies compared two types of Internet-based physical activity interventions in which the main difference was either the intensity of contact between the participants and supervisors (4 studies) or the type of treatment procedures applied (3 studies). In one of these studies, a significant effect in favor of an intervention with more supervisor contact was seen. CONCLUSIONS: There is indicative evidence that Internet-based physical activity interventions are more effective than a waiting list strategy. The added value of specific components of Internet-based physical activity interventions such as increased supervisor contact, tailored information, or theoretical fidelity remains to be established. Methodological quality as well as the type of physical activity outcome measure varied, stressing the need for standardization of these measures.","van den Berg, Marleen H; Schoones, Johannes W; Vliet Vlieland, Theodora P M",J. Med. Internet Res.,2185
-Altruistic decisions are influenced by the allocation of monetary incentives in a pain-sharing game,"Background Altruistic behavior is essential to the sustainability of society, but our current understanding of its underlying motivation is limited. In addition to the intrinsic motives to help others, based on empathy, extrinsic motives such as monetary incentives and social reputation influence prosociality. The purpose of this study was to examine the underlying motivations of prosocial behavior under constant or increasing extrinsic motivation settings. Methods An experimental task, Altruistic Pain Sharing, was developed in which the participants were asked to share the other participants’ pain. In the session with monetary incentives, the incentives were given either constantly (CONSTANT condition) or proportionally (INCREASING condition), to the amount of shared pain. In addition, monetary incentives were not provided in the NO session. The participants experienced different amounts of mechanical pain at the beginning of the task and chose the number of pain stimulations to share, based on their experiences. Results Compared to the NO session, the INCREASING session exhibited a rise in the mean of shared pain, but not the CONSTANT session. Furthermore, there was a distinct tendency to receive less pain than the other participant in the CONSTANT session, and a tendency to receive more pain than the other participant in the INCREASING session. Conclusion Prosocial behavior was influenced by the presence, as well as the form, of the extrinsic monetary incentives. Our study shows that rewards incentivize individuals to demonstrate a higher level of prosocial behavior, implying that prosocial behavior is itself a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and that an effectively designed rewards system may function to enhance prosocial behavior. © 2019 Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lee, Y.-S.; Song, H.-S.; Kim, H.; Chae, Y.",PLoS ONE,2186
-Inspire me to donate: The use of strength emotion in donation appeals,,"Liang, J.; Chen, Z.; Lei, J.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2187
-Is social nudging too emotionally taxing? A field experiment of public utilities and electricity consumers in Denmark,"Appeals to act pro-socially are becoming an increasingly popular way for utilities and authorities to encourage environmental-friendly behavior because of lower financial costs than if price incentives were used. However, recent research suggests that these measures might be emotionally taxing for utility consumers. In this article, we present the results from a randomized field experiment conducted on a sample of 1967 customers serviced by a Danish electricity company. Our results support the suggestion that socially motivated appeals are significantly more emotionally taxing than monetary incentives. We find that this difference disappears when the pro-social appeal is supplemented with a monetary incentive. Finally, we suggest a strategy for reducing emotional ‘costs’ of pro-social appeals without increasing financial costs or reducing the effectiveness of the appeal. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Jensen, C.L.; Andersen, L.M.; Hansen, L.G.; Henningsen, G.",Energy Res. Soc. Sci.,2188
-The effects of self-perception and perceptual contrast upon compliance with socially undesirable requests,"The relative effects of self-perception and perceptual contrast upon rate of compliance with a counter-normative request were studied in a 5 by 2 by 2 design that combined five sizes of the initial request, two levels of authority, and sex. Increased compliance was obtained only when the initial requests were either moderately small or excessively large, but not when they were either very small or moderately large. © 1982, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.","Shanab, M.E.; O’neill, P.J.",Top. Catal.,2189
-Empathy and Its Discontents,"What role does the experience of feeling what you think others are feeling – often known as ‘empathy’ – have in moral deliberation and moral action? Empathy has many fans and there is abundant evidence that it can motivate prosocial behavior. However, empathy is narrow in its focus, rendering it innumerate and subject to bias. It can motivate cruelty and aggression and lead to burnout and exhaustion. Compassion is distinct from empathy in its neural instantiation and its behavioral consequences and is a better prod to moral action, particularly in the modern world we live in. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Bloom, P.",Trends Cogn. Sci.,2190
-Donors’ Responses to Profit Incentives in the Social Sector: The Entrepreneurial Orientation Reward and the Profit Penalty,"This study uses an online survey experiment to test whether the pairing of profit-seeking with mission-related programs in the social sector attracts or deters donations from individual donors. We test individuals’ response to three types of profit incentives allowed under current U.S. public policy: (1) non-distributed profit to an organization, which is allowed for nonprofit entities; (2) profit to the organization's equity investors and owners, which is allowed under for-profit social enterprise governance charters; and (3) profit to lending investors, which is introduced by social impact bonds, a pay-for-success policy tool. We test trust theory, under which profit incentives deter donors against entrepreneurial orientation (EO) theory, which suggests that donors are attracted to organizations that use innovative, market-driven programs. Findings indicate support for both theories, but the support depends on how the specific profit incentive is structured. Donors support organizations that use profit-generating social enterprise programs—but only when the profits are non-distributable; donors’ support is significantly lower for social enterprises in which owners and equity investors may profit. Importantly however, this negative effect is not found for pay-for-success policy tools where lending investors, rather than equity investors and owners, receive profits. © 2019 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management","Faulk, L.; Pandey, S.; Pandey, S.K.; Scott Kennedy, K.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,2191
-Economic evaluation of drug eluting stents,,"Mittmann, N; Brown, A; Seung, S J; Coyle, D; Cohen, D; Brophy, J; Title, L; Oh, P",,2192
-"Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment","Large-scale societies in which strangers regularly engage in mutually beneficial transactions are puzzling. The evolutionary mechanisms associated with kinship and reciprocity, which underpin much of primate sodality, do not readily extend to large unrelated groups. Theory suggests that the evolution of such societies may have required norms and institutions that sustain fairness in ephemeral exchanges. If that is true, then engagement in larger-scale institutions, such as markets and world religions, should be associated with greater fairness, and larger communities should punish unfairness more. Using three behavioral experiments administered across 15 diverse populations, we show that market integration (measured as the percentage of purchased calories) positively covaries with fairness while community size positively covaries with punishment. Participation in a world religion is associated with fairness, although not across all measures. These results suggest that modern prosociality is not solely the product of an innate psychology, but also reflects norms and institutions that have emerged over the course of human history.","Henrich, J.; Ensminger, J.; McElreath, R.; Barr, A.; Barrett, C.; Bolyanatz, A.; Cardenas, J.C.; Gurven, M.; Gwako, E.; Henrich, N.; Lesorogol, C.; Marlowe, F.; Tracer, D.; Ziker, J.",Science,2193
-Framing advertisements to elicit positive emotions and attract foster carers: An investigation into the effects of advertising on high-cognitive-elaboration donations,,"Randle, M.; Miller, L.; Stirling, J.; Dolnicar, S.",Journal of Advertising Research,2194
-A smile – the key to everybody’s heart?: The interactive effects of image and message in increasing charitable behavior,,"Pham, C.; Septianto, F.",European Journal of Marketing,2195
-Endogenous institutions and the possibility of reverse crowding out,,"Isaac, R.M.; Norton, D.A.",Public Choice,2196
-Dynamic customer interdependence,,"Zhang, J.Z.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2197
-Renal perfusion pump vs cold storage for donation after cardiac death kidneys: a systematic review,,"Bathini, Mcgregor T, V",,2198
-"Large-scale cooperation driven by reputation, not fear of divine punishment","Reputational considerations favour cooperation and thus we expect less cooperation in larger communities where people are less well known to each other. Some argue that institutions are, therefore, necessary to coordinate large-scale cooperation, including moralizing religions that promote cooperation through the fear of divine punishment. Here, we use community size as a proxy for reputational concerns, and test whether people in small, stable communities are more cooperative than people in large, less stable communities in both religious and non-religious contexts. We conducted a donation game on a large naturalistic sample of 501 people in 17 communities, with varying religions or none, ranging from small villages to large cities in northwestern China. We found that more money was donated by those in small, stable communities, where reputation should be more salient. Religious practice was also associated with higher donations, but fear of divine punishment was not. In a second game on the same sample, decisions were private, giving donors the opportunity to cheat. We found that donors to religious institutions were not less likely to cheat, and community size was not important in this game. Results from the donation game suggest donations to both religious and non-religious institutions are being motivated by reputational considerations, and results from both games suggest fear of divine punishment is not important. This chimes with other studies suggesting social benefits rather than fear of punishment may be the more salient motive for cooperative behaviour in real-world settings. © 2019 The Authors.","Ge, E.; Chen, Y.; Wu, J.; Mace, R.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2199
-Door-in-the-face and but-you-are-free: Testing the effect of combining two no-pressure compliance paradigms,"According to Howard’s proposal of chaining compliance techniques and based on the proximity of interpretation of their effects, this study aimed to test a combination of two paradigms: a door-in-the-face request that makes a high-cost request before the target request and the but-you-are-free request that adds an evocation of freedom to the request. Two experiments were conducted (N = 120 and 1,292) to promote donations to non-profit organizations. There were four conditions. Participants were approached according to the door-in-the-face procedure, to the but-you-are-free procedure, to a combination of both of them, or directly in a control condition. There was an increase of compliance rates in experimental conditions compared to the control condition and an increase in the average amount donated in the combination condition compared to the control condition in the second study. Results are discussed in terms of responsibility and guilt mechanisms, and future developments are proposed. © The Author(s) 2016.","Meineri, S.; Dupré, M.; Guéguen, N.; Vallée, B.",Psychol. Rep.,2200
-"Video Games Do Indeed Influence Children and Adolescents’ Aggression, Prosocial Behavior, and Academic Performance: A Clearer Reading of Ferguson (2015)","Psychological scientists have long sought to determine the relative impact of environmental influences over development and behavior in comparison with the impact of personal, dispositional, or genetic influences. This has included significant interest in the role played by media in children’s development with a good deal of emphasis on how violent media spark and shape aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. Despite a variety of methodological weaknesses in his meta-analysis, Ferguson (2015, this issue) presents evidence to support the positive association between violent media consumption and a number of poor developmental outcomes. In this Commentary we discuss this meta-analytic work and how it fits into a broader understanding of human development. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Boxer, P.; Groves, C.L.; Docherty, M.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,2201
-Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime,"In our attempts to understand crime, researchers typically focus on proximate factors such as the psychology of offenders, their developmental history, and the social structure in which they are embedded. While these factors are important, they dont tell the whole story. Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime explores how evolutionary biology adds to our understanding of why crime is committed, by whom, and our response to norm violations. This understanding is important both for a better understanding of what precipitates crime and to guide approaches for effectively managing criminal behavior. This book is divided into three parts. Part I reviews evolutionary biology concepts important for understanding human behavior, including crime. Part II focuses on theoretical approaches to explaining crime, including the evolution of cooperation, and the evolutionary history and function of violent crime, drug use, property offending, and white collar crime. The developmental origins of criminal behavior are described to account for the increase in offending during adolescence and early adulthood as well as to explain why some offenders are more likely to desist than others. Proximal causes of crime are examined, as well as cultural and structural processes influencing crime. Part III considers human motivation to punish norm violators and what this means for the development of a criminal justice system. This section also considers how an evolutionary approach contributes to our understanding of crime prevention and reduction. The section closes with an evolutionary approach to understanding offender rehabilitation and reintegration. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Durrant, R.; Ward, T.",Evol. Criminol.: Towards a Compr. Explan. of Crime,2202
-A second look at partisanship’s effect on receptivity to social pressure to vote,"Social pressure can exert a powerful, but sometimes counterproductive, influence on compliance with the social norm of voting. Scholars have tested several implicit social pressure techniques to reduce negative reactions to these methods. Among the most innovative is the use of ‘watching eyes’ in voter mobilization messages. Using three large randomized field experiments, this study attempts to reproduce Panagopoulos and van der Linden’s finding that political partisanship moderates the effect of watching eyes messages on voter turnout. Our findings diverge from previous findings statistically and substantively and indicate partisanship may have limited influence on the effectiveness of watching eyes in mobilizing voters. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Matland, R.E.; Murray, G.R.",Soc. Influ.,2203
-Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis,"Ever use of hormone therapy in non-smoking women may increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Data from RCTs suggest that oestrogen/progestin therapy increases the risk of lung cancer. XCM: The review addressed a focused question and inclusion criteria were clearly defined. Extensive literature searches were conducted and these included attempts to identify unpublished studies. Appropriate steps were taken to minimise bias and errors at all stages of the review process. Study quality was reported to have been assessed, but the exact items considered and results of the quality assessment were not reported and so the reliability of the included studies remained unclear. Very few details of the included studies (such as sample size and participant details) were reported, which made it difficult to determine the generalisability of the review findings. Data were pooled from studies that used different designs; the appropriateness of this was questionable. Only one of the analyses was reported separately for RCTs and the results from these studies were in the opposite direction to those from studies of other designs. The authors' primary conclusions were based on two non-RCT studies of unknown size and quality. The reliability of their conclusions is unclear. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that dedicated studies designed to more adequately delineate the role of menopausal hormone therapy were necessary to substantiate whether use of such therapy was a risk factor for adenocarcinoma or other types of lung cancer.","Greiser, C M; Greiser, E M; Doren, M",,2204
-Moral bargain hunters purchase moral righteousness when it is cheap: Within-individual effect of stake size in economic games,"Despite the repeatedly raised criticism that findings in economic games are specific to situations involving trivial incentives, most studies that have examined the stake-size effect have failed to find a strong effect. Using three prisoner's dilemma experiments, involving 479 non-student residents of suburban Tokyo and 162 students, we show here that stake size strongly affects a player's cooperation choices in prisoner's dilemma games when stake size is manipulated within each individual such that each player faces different stake sizes. Participants cooperated at a higher rate when stakes were lower than when they were higher, regardless of the absolute stake size. These findings suggest that participants were 'moral bargain hunters' who purchased moral righteousness at a low price when they were provided with a 'price list' of prosocial behaviours. In addition, the moral bargain hunters who cooperated at a lower stake but not at a higher stake did not cooperate in a single-stake one-shot game.","Yamagishi, T.; Li, Y.; Matsumoto, Y.; Kiyonari, T.",Sci. Rep.,2205
-Comparing outcomes of donation after cardiac death versus donation after brain death in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) using organs donated after cardiac death (DCD) is increasing due, in large part, to a shortage of organs. The outcome of using DCD organs in recipients with hepatits C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear due to the limited experience and number of publications addressing this issue. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of DCD versus donation after brain death (DBD) in HCV-positive patients undergoing LT. METHODS: Studies comparing DCD versus DBD LT in HCV-positive patients were identified based on systematic searches of seven electronic databases and multiple sources of gray literature. RESULTS: The search identified 58 citations, including three studies, with 324 patients meeting eligibility criteria. The use of DCD livers was associated with a significantly higher risk of primary nonfunction (RR 5.49 [95% CI 1.53 to 19.64]; P=0.009; I2=0%), while not associated with a significantly different patient survival (RR 0.89 [95% CI 0.37 to 2.11]; P=0.79; I2=51%), graft survival (RR 0.40 [95% CI 0.14 to 1.11]; P=0.08; I2=34%), rate of recurrence of severe HCV infection (RR 2.74 [95% CI 0.36 to 20.92]; P=0.33; I2=84%), retransplantation or liver disease-related death (RR 1.79 [95% CI 0.66 to 4.84]; P=0.25; I2=44%), and biliary complications. CONCLUSIONS: While the literature and quality of studies assessing DCD versus DBD grafts are limited, there was significantly more primary nonfunction and a trend toward decreased graft survival, but no significant difference in biliary complications or recipient mortality rates between DCD and DBD LT in patients with HCV infection. There is insufficient literature on the topic to draw any definitive conclusions.","Wells, Malcolm; Croome, Kris M; Janik, Toni; Hernandez-Alejandro, Roberto M; Chandok, Natasha M",Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2206
-The door-in-the-face technique: Reciprocal concessions vs. self-presentational explanations,,"Reeves, R.A.; Baker, G.A.; Boyd, J.G.; Cialdini, R.B.",Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,2207
-"Institutions, motivations and public goods: An experimental test of motivational crowding","Contributions to public goods can be motivated by intrinsic factors such as warm glow altruism and fairness, as well as extrinsic incentives such as sanctions and payments. However, psychological studies suggest that formal extrinsic incentives may crowd out intrinsic motivations. In an experimental study of individual contributions to a public good we find that suasion crowded in voluntary contributions, while an extrinsic incentive in the form of a regulation led to crowding out. This has implications for the design of public policy where ranges of motivations are present. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Reeson, A.F.; Tisdell, J.G.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2208
-The effectiveness of celebrity endorsements: a meta-analysis,"Celebrities frequently endorse products, brands, political candidates, or health campaigns. We investigated the effectiveness of such endorsements by meta-analyzing 46 studies published until April 2016 involving 10,357 participants. Applying multilevel meta-analysis, we analyzed celebrity endorsements in the context of for-profit and non-profit marketing. Findings revealed strong positive and negative effects when theoretically relevant moderators were included in the analysis. The most positive attitudinal effect appeared for male actors who match well with an implicitly endorsed object (d = .90). The most negative effect was found for female models not matching well with an explicitly endorsed object (d = −.96). Furthermore, celebrity endorsements performed worse compared to endorsements of quality seals, awards, or endorser brands. No publication bias was detected. The study has theoretical and practical implications, and provides an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Knoll, Johannes; Matthes, Jörg",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2209
-Signaling virtue: Charitable behavior under consumer elective pricing,,"Jung, M.H.; Nelson, L.D.; Gneezy, U.; Gneezy, A.",Marketing Science,2210
-Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: a systematic review,"The psychosocial health of most donors appears unchanged or improved by donation. The proportion who experience negative outcomes would appear to be small, and the majority of donors reported that they would repeat the experience. XCM: The review question was clear and was supported by appropriate inclusion criteria relating to the participants, intervention, study design and outcomes. Attempts were made to identify all the relevant literature by searching several electronic databases and reference lists, but the restriction to publications in English might have introduced language bias. It appears that the review was conducted with some efforts to minimise error and bias, but the methods applied at the study selection stage were unclear. The use of a narrative synthesis seems appropriate given the heterogeneity of the included studies. Some studies included in the review comprised small study samples and the majority of studies were conducted retrospectively, both of which could have introduced further biases. Under-reporting of the included studies precluded a full assessment of quality. The authors’ conclusion may be overestimated in terms of the evidence presented, and its reliability is unclear because of some methodological concerns about the review process, uncertainty regarding study quality, and the authors’ variable reporting of the results. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that prospective donors should be made aware of all potential outcomes. Further long-term, multidisciplinary support is recommended, including nurse-led follow-up and early counselling.Research: The authors stated that there is a need for large, multicentre, prospective cohort studies of sufficient duration to increase knowledge of the psychosocial implications of living kidney donation.","Clemens, K K; Thiessen-Philbrook, H; Parikh, C R; Yang, R C; Karley, M L; Boudville, N; V, Ramesh Prasad G; Garg, A X",,2211
-Cost-effectiveness of management strategies for acute urethritis in the developing world,"OBJECTIVE: To recommend a cost-effective approach for the management of acute male urethritis in the developing world, based on the findings of a theoretical study. METHODS: A model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of three urethritis management strategies in a theoretical cohort of 1000 men with urethral syndrome. (1) All patients were treated with cefixime and doxycycline for gonococcal urethritis (GU) and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), respectively, as recommended by WHO. (2) All patients were treated with doxycycline for NGU; treatment with cefixime was based on the result of direct microscopy of a urethral smear. (3) All patients were treated with cotrimoxazole or kanamycin for GU and doxycycline for NGU. Cefixime was kept for patients not responding to the first GU treatment. Strategy costs included consultations, laboratory diagnosis (where applicable) and drugs. The outcome was the rate of patients cured of urethritis. Cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of cost per cured urethritis. RESULTS: Strategy costs in our model depended largely on drug costs. The first strategy was confirmed as the most effective but also the most expensive approach. Cefixime should cost no more than US$ 1.5 for the strategy to be the most cost-effective. The second strategy saved money and drugs but proved a valuable alternative only when laboratory performance was optimal. The third strategy with cotrimoxazole was the least expensive but a low follow-up visit rate, poor treatment compliance or lower drug efficacy limited effectiveness. Maximizing compliance by replacing cotrimoxazole with single-dose kanamycin had the single greatest impact on the effectiveness of the third strategy. CONCLUSION: Our model suggested that a cost-effective approach would be to treat gonorrhoea with a single-dose antibiotic selected from locally available products that cost no more than US$ 1.5.","Crabbé, F; Vuylsteke, B; de Clerck, M; Laga, M",Trop. Med. Int. Health,2212
-Battling the Devolution in the Research on Corporate Philanthropy,"The conceptual literature increasingly portrays corporate philanthropy (CP) as an old-fashioned and ineffective operationalization of a firm’s corporate social responsibility. In contrast, empirical research indicates that corporations of all sizes, and both in developed and emerging economies, actively practice CP. This disadvantaged status of the concept, and research, on CP, complicates the advancement of our knowledge about the topic. In a systematic review of the literature containing 122 journal articles on CP, we show that this business practice is loaded with unique characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses, and both conceptual and practical challenges that require renewed attention. We identify six interrelated but distinctive research themes in the literature: concept, motives, determinants, practices, business outcomes, and social outcomes. Dividing the literature on CP into six research themes creates an insightful comprehensive map of this intellectual terrain. Moreover, we distinguish among the level at which CP is analyzed: individual, organizational, institutional, or any combination of these levels. The review reveals significant gaps in the knowledge on CP. Most importantly we find that the conceptualization is limited, the research is mostly quantitative, the effects of CP on society are severely under-researched, and there is a lack of multilevel analyses. A detailed future research agenda is offered, including specific suggestions for research designs and measurements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Liket, Kellie; Simaens, Ana",J. Bus. Ethics,2213
-"The influence of message appeal, social norms and donation social context on charitable giving: investigating the role of cultural tightness-looseness",,"Siemens, J.C.; Raymond, M.A.; Choi, Y.; Choi, J.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,2214
-Prosocial organizational behaviors,,"Brief, A.P.; Motowidlo, S.J.",Academy of Management Review,2215
-An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining,"There are many experimental studies of bargaining behavior, but suprisingly enough nearly no attempt has been made to investigate the so-called ultimatum bargaining behavior experimentally. The special property of ultimatum bargaining games is that on every stage of the bargaining process only one player has to decide and that before the last stage the set of outcomes is already restricted to only two results. To make the ultimatum aspect obvious we concentrated on situations with two players and two stages. In the 'easy games' a given amount c has to be distributed among the two players, whereas in the 'complicated games' the players have to allocate a bundle of black and white chips with different values for both players. We performed two main experiments for easy games as well as for complicated games. By a special experiment it was investigated how the demands of subjects as player 1 are related to their acceptance decisions as player 2. © 1982.","Güth, W.; Schmittberger, R.; Schwarze, B.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2216
-From boots to books: consumer attitudes toward veterans support by higher education institutions,,"Ward, C.B.; Srivastava, R.V.; Roy, D.; Matthews, L.M.; Edmondson, D.R.; Graeff, T.",Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,2217
-Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: a Literature Review and Analysis,"Today, people are moving from countryside to city, city to city, and country to country at one of the highest rates in human history. Globalization, poverty, war, persecution, and environmental crises—as well as the pursuit of safety and better economic opportunities—are propelling a mass migration of people from the Global South to the Global North. In response, some countries have limited immigration directly or restricted certain rights and privileges to discourage immigrants. Conversely, other countries have provided refuge and expanded pathways to rights and benefits out of altruism and humanity, economic self-interest, or both. As the pace of global migration has increased, the idea that political rights should follow or accompany immigrants has also grown and gained traction. Voting is one such right. Most countries typically limit voting rights to its citizens. However, during the past several decades, some have extended the franchise to noncitizen residents. In fact, at least forty-five countries presently allow noncitizen residents to vote in their local, regional, or even national elections. What is driving the expansion of noncitizen voting (NCV)? Where and to what ends are such policies being enacted? For this article, the authors conducted a systematic review to examine these questions and assess the implications of enfranchisement for advancing immigrant incorporation and democratic practice. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.","Ferris, D.; Hayduk, R.; Richards, A.; Schubert, E.S.; Acri, M.",J. Int. Migr. Integr.,2218
-Insensitivity to the Value of Human Life: A Study of Psychophysical Numbing,"A fundamental principle of psychophysics is that people's ability to discriminate change in a physical stimulus diminishes as the magnitude of the stimulus increases. We find that people also exhibit diminished sensitivity in valuing lifesaving interventions against a background of increasing numbers of lives at risk. We call this ""psychophysical numbing."" Studies 1 and 2 found that an intervention saving a fixed number of lives was judged significantly more beneficial when fewer lives were at risk overall. Study 3 found that respondents wanted the minimum number of lives a medical treatment would have to save to merit a fixed amount of funding to be much greater for a disease with a larger number of potential victims than for a disease with a smaller number. The need to better understand the dynamics of psychophysical numbing and to determine its effects on decision making is discussed.","Fetherstonhaugh, D.; Slovic, P.; Johnson, S.M.; Friedrich, J.",J. Risk Uncertainty,2219
-Effects of Sesame Street: A meta-analysis of children's learning in 15 countries,"Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Mares, M.-L.; Pan, Z.",J. Appl. Dev. Psychol.,2220
-A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest,"OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of consensus on how long circulation must cease for death to be determined after cardiac arrest. The lack of scientific evidence concerning autoresuscitation influences the practice of organ donation after cardiac death. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on the timing of autoresuscitation. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases were searched from date of first issue of each journal until July 2008. STUDY SELECTION: Any original study reporting autoresuscitation, as defined by the unassisted return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest, was considered eligible. Reports of electrocardiogram activity without signs of return of circulation were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: For each study case, we extracted patient characteristics, duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, terminal heart rhythms, time to unassisted return of spontaneous circulation, monitoring, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 1265 citations were identified and, of these, 27 articles describing 32 cases of autoresuscitation were included (n = 32; age, 27-94 yrs). The studies came from 16 different countries and were considered of very-low quality (case reports or letters to the editor). All 32 cases reported autoresuscitation after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with times ranging from a few seconds to 33 mins; however, continuity of observation and methods of monitoring were highly inconsistent. For the eight studies reporting continuous electrocardiogram monitoring and exact times, autoresuscitation did not occur beyond 7 mins after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No cases of autoresuscitation in the absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation were reported. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation may influence autoresuscitation. In the absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as may apply to controlled organ donation after cardiac death after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, autoresuscitation has not been reported. The provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as may apply to uncontrolled organ donation after cardiac death, may influence observation time. However, existing evidence is limited and is consequently insufficient to support or refute the recommended waiting period to determine death after a cardiac arrest, strongly supporting the need for prospective studies in dying patients.","Hornby, K; Hornby, L; Shemie, S D",Crit. Care Med.,2221
-Reciprocity reconsidered: Gouldner's ‘moral norm of reciprocity’ and social support,"In a classic statement three decades ago, Gouldner (1960) made an important analytic distinction between reciprocity as a pattern of social exchange and reciprocity as a general moral belief. Gouldner argued that the moral norm of reciprocity constitutes an important 'causal force' in social life. The reciprocity norm dictates that Ego should not end up gaining at the expense of Alter's beneficial acts towards him or her. In contrast to equity theory, which suggests that people will react equally negatively to under- and overbenefiting, the reciprocity norm suggests that people will, above all, attempt to avoid overbenefiting from their socially supportive interactions. While many studies of social support have incorporated the concepts of reciprocity and exchange, virtually none has examined the validity of Gouldner's distinction nor its potential implications for the dynamics of social support. This paper explores the evidence for Gouldner's claims from studies on support and reciprocity. Evidence is found suggesting that people feel obligated to return benefits they receive from others, appear to be more psychologically and emotionally averse to overbenefiting than underbenefiting from social support interactions, and tend to avoid placing themselves in the position of 'overbenefitors'. Alternative explanations for avoidance of overbenefiting are considered, and implications for the study of social support are explored. © 1995, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Uehara, E.S.",J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.,2222
-"Causal theories, models and evidence in economics—some reflections from the natural sciences","Models have been extensively analysed in economic methodology, notably their degree of ability to provide explanations. This paper takes a complementary, comparative approach, examining theory development in the natural sciences. Examples show how diverse types of evidence combine with causal hypotheses to generate empirically based causal theories—a cumulative process occurring over a long timescale. Models are typically nested within this broader theory. This could be a good model for research in economics, providing a methodology that ensures good correspondence with the target system—especially as economics research is largely empirical, and has effective methods for causal inference. This paper analyses the key features of three successful theories in the natural sciences, and draws out some lessons that may be useful to economists. Some examples of good practice in economics are noted, e.g. involving money and banking, and the growth of the state. On the other hand, the widespread pre-crisis use of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models that ignored the financial sector raises the question, how to realise what has been omitted? Nesting models in an empirically based causal theory could solve this. Furthermore, some phenomena have clear explanations, but mainstream theory obscures them, as with the Lucas puzzle about the direction of international capital flows. And, the prevailing theories about capitalist growth do not explain the basic evidence on its temporal and spatial distribution. Economics could beneficially learn from the natural sciences. © 2017 The Author(s).","Joffe, M.",Cogent Econ. Finance,2223
-Communal and exchange relationship perceptions as separate constructs and their role in motivations to donate,,"Johnson, J.W.; Grimm, P.E.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2224
-The bystander-effect: a meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies,"Research on bystander intervention has produced a great number of studies showing that the presence of other people in a critical situation reduces the likelihood that an individual will help. As the last systematic review of bystander research was published in 1981 and was not a quantitative meta-analysis in the modern sense, the present meta-analysis updates the knowledge about the bystander effect and its potential moderators. The present work (a) integrates the bystander literature from the 1960s to 2010, (b) provides statistical tests of potential moderators, and (c) presents new theoretical and empirical perspectives on the novel finding of non-negative bystander effects in certain dangerous emergencies as well as situations where bystanders are a source of physical support for the potentially intervening individual. In a fixed effects model, data from over 7,700 participants and 105 independent effect sizes revealed an overall effect size of g = -0.35. The bystander effect was attenuated when situations were perceived as dangerous (compared with non-dangerous), perpetrators were present (compared with non-present), and the costs of intervention were physical (compared with non-physical). This pattern of findings is consistent with the arousal-cost-reward model, which proposes that dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping. We also identified situations where bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when the bystanders were not strangers.","Fischer, Peter; Krueger, Joachim I; Greitemeyer, Tobias; Vogrincic, Claudia; Kastenmüller, Andreas; Frey, Dieter; Heene, Moritz; Wicher, Magdalena; Kainbacher, Martina",Psychol. Bull.,2225
-Sleep restriction and circadian effects on social decisions,"Our study examines how chronic sleep restriction and suboptimal times-of-day affect decisions in a classic set of social tasks. We experimentally manipulate and objectively measured sleep in 184 young-adult subjects, who were also randomly assigned an early morning or late evening experiment session during which decision tasks were administered. Sleep restriction and suboptimal time-of-day are both estimated to either directly or indirectly (via an impact on sleepiness) reduce altruism, trust, and trustworthiness. We conclude that commonly experienced adverse sleep states, most notably chronic sleep restriction, significantly reduce prosocial behaviors, and can therefore limit benefits from short-term social interactions. © 2017","Dickinson, D.L.; McElroy, T.",Eur. Econ. Rev.,2226
-The Contingent Value of Political Connections on Donations to Chinese Foundations: Exploring the Moderating Role of Transparency,"Existing studies assume that the value of political connections is homogeneous to different types of nonprofits and seldom consider their interplay with other accountability mechanisms. Based on a multilevel analysis of 2,085 foundations in China, this study builds and tests a theoretical framework of the contingent value of political connections to nonprofits, treating transparency as a moderator for the relationship between political connections and donations. Our findings suggest that while transparency is positively associated with the amount of donations obtained by foundations, political connections can help foundations obtain more donations only when their transparency score is higher than a certain threshold. © The Author(s) 2020.","Cheng, Y.; Wu, Z.",Adm. Soc.,2227
-Marketplace Donations: The Role of Moral Identity Discrepancy and Gender,,"Shang, J.; Reed, A.; Sargeant, A.; Carpenter, K.",Journal of Marketing Research,2228
-Inconsistencies in repeated refugee status decisions,"Consistency in civil servant decisions is paramount to upholding judicial equality for citizens and individuals seeking safety through governmental intervention. We investigated refugee status decisions made by a sample of civil servants at the Swedish Migration Agency. We hypothesized, based on the emotional demands such decisions bring with them, that participants would exhibit a compassion fade effect such that refugee status was less likely to be granted over time. To test this, we administered a questionnaire containing brief presentations of asylum seekers and asked participants to judge how likely they would be to give refugee status to the person. Crucially the first, middle, and final case presented were matched on decision relevant characteristics. Consistent with our hypothesis, we saw a significant decline in ratings. These effects were accentuated by the amount of time a participant had worked at the agency, consistent with depletion of affective resources, and attenuated in workers with greater responsibility and additional training. We conclude that active regulation of empathic and affective responses to asylum seekers may play a role in determining the outcome in refugee status decisions. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Pärnamets, P.; Tagesson, A.; Wallin, A.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,2229
-"Mental imagery, impact, and affect: A mediation model for charitable giving","One of the puzzling phenomena in philanthropy is that people can show strong compassion for identified individual victims but remain unmoved by catastrophes that affect large numbers of victims. Two prominent findings in research on charitable giving reflect this idiosyncrasy: The (1) identified victim and (2) victim number effects. The first of these suggests that identifying victims increases donations and the second refers to the finding that people's willingness to donate often decreases as the number of victims increases. While these effects have been documented in the literature, their underlying psychological processes need further study.We propose a model in which identified victim and victim number effects operate through different cognitive and affective mechanisms. In two experiments we present empirical evidence for such a model and show that different affective motivations (donor-focused vs. victim-focused feelings) are related to the cognitive processes of impact judgments and mental imagery. Moreover, we argue that different mediation pathways exist for identifiability and victim number effects. © 2016 Dickert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Dickert, S.; Kleber, J.; Västfjäll, D.; Slovic, P.",PLoS ONE,2230
-"How laws affect behavior: Obligations, incentives and cooperative behavior","Laws and other formal rules are 'obligations backed by incentives'.•In a series of experimental public good we isolate the impact of exogenously requested minimum contributions (obligations) from those of the marginal incentives backing them.•Obligations have a sizeable effect on cooperative behavior even in the absence of incentives.•In our experiments obligations and incentives are complementary, jointly supporting high levels of contributions.•We explore the behavioral channels of the previous results, finding that people's beliefs about others' contributions and the willingness to cooperate are both called into play. Laws and other formal rules are 'obligations backed by incentives'. In this paper we explore how formal rules affect cooperative behavior. Our analysis is based on a series of experimental public good games designed to isolate the impact of exogenously requested minimum contributions (obligations) from those of the marginal incentives backing them. We find that obligations have a sizeable effect on cooperative behavior even in the absence of incentives. When non-binding incentives are introduced, requested contributions strongly sustain cooperation. Therefore, in contrast with cases in which incentives crowd-out cooperative behavior, in our experiments obligations and incentives are complementary, jointly supporting high levels of contributions. Moreover, we find that variations in obligations affect behavior even when incentives are held constant. Finally, we explore the behavioral channels of the previous results, finding that people's beliefs about others' contributions and the willingness to cooperate are both called into play. © 2014.","Galbiati, R.; Vertova, P.",Int. Rev. Law. Econ.,2231
-Escaping Affect: How Motivated Emotion Regulation Creates Insensitivity to Mass Suffering,"As the number of people in need of help increases, the degree of compassion people feel for them ironically tends to decrease. This phenomenon is termed the collapse of compassion. Some researchers have suggested that this effect happens because emotions are not triggered by aggregates. We provide evidence for an alternative account. People expect the needs of large groups to be potentially overwhelming, and, as a result, they engage in emotion regulation to prevent themselves from experiencing overwhelming levels of emotion. Because groups are more likely than individuals to elicit emotion regulation, people feel less for groups than for individuals. In Experiment 1, participants displayed the collapse of compassion only when they expected to be asked to donate money to the victims. This suggests that the effect is motivated by self-interest. Experiment 2 showed that the collapse of compassion emerged only for people who were skilled at emotion regulation. In Experiment 3, we manipulated emotion regulation. Participants who were told to down-regulate their emotions showed the collapse of compassion, but participants who were told to experience their emotions did not. We examined the time course of these effects using a dynamic rating to measure affective responses in real time. The time course data suggested that participants regulate emotion toward groups proactively, by preventing themselves from ever experiencing as much emotion toward groups as toward individuals. These findings provide initial evidence that motivated emotion regulation drives insensitivity to mass suffering. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Cameron, C.D.; Payne, B.K.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2232
-Who volunteers?: An investigation into the characteristics of charity volunteers,,"Schlegelmilch, B.B.; Tynan, C.",Journal of Marketing Management,2233
-Is Empathy the Default Response to Suffering? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Perspective Taking’s Effect on Empathic Concern,"We conducted a series of meta-analytic tests on experiments in which participants read perspective-taking instructions—that is, written instructions to imagine a distressed persons’ point of view (“imagine-self” and “imagine-other” instructions), or to inhibit such actions (“remain-objective” instructions)—and afterwards reported how much empathic concern they experienced upon learning about the distressed person. If people spontaneously empathize with others, then participants who receive remain-objective instructions should report less empathic concern than do participants in a “no-instructions” control condition; if people can deliberately increase how much empathic concern they experience, then imagine-self and imagine-other instructions should increase empathic concern relative to not receiving any instructions. Random-effects models revealed that remain-objective instructions reduced empathic concern, but “imagine” instructions did not significantly increase it. The results were robust to most corrections for bias. Our conclusions were not qualified by the study characteristics we examined, but most relevant moderators have not yet been thoroughly studied. © 2019 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","McAuliffe, W.H.B.; Carter, E.C.; Berhane, J.; Snihur, A.C.; McCullough, M.E.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.,2234
-"Giving once, giving twice: A two-period field experiment on intertemporal crowding in charitable giving","We study intertemporal crowding between two fundraising campaigns for the same charitable organization by manipulating donors’ beliefs about the likelihood of future campaigns in two subsequent field experiments. The data shows that initial giving is decreasing in the likelihood of a future campaign while subsequent giving increases in initial giving. While this refutes the predictions of a simple expected utility model, the pattern is in line with a model that allows for (anticipated or unanticipated) habit formation provided that donations in the two periods are substitutes. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.","Adena, M.; Huck, S.",J. Public Econ.,2235
-Procedural fairness and nepotism among local traditional and democratic leaders in rural Namibia,"This study tests the common conception that democratically elected leaders behave in the interest of their constituents more than traditional chiefs do. Our sample includes 64 village leaders and 384 villagers in rural Namibia, where democratically elected leaders and traditional chiefs coexist. We analyze two main attributes of local political leaders: procedural fairness preferences and preferential treatment of relatives (nepotism). We also measure personality traits and social preferences, and conduct standardized surveys on local governance practices and villagers' perceptions of their leaders' performance. Our results indicate that traditional chiefs are as likely to implement fair, democratic decision-making procedures, and are as unlikely to be nepotistic. Moreover, elected leaders and chiefs express similar social preferences and personality traits. These findings align with villagers' perceptions of most leaders in our sample as being popular and fair, and villagers' responses reveal a discrepancy between planned and de facto implementation of democratic institutions. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).","Vollan, B.; Blanco, E.; Steimanis, I.; Petutschnig, F.; Prediger, S.",Sci. Adv.,2236
-Effects of aggressive and prosocial film material on altruistic behavior of children,,"Teachman, G.; Orme, M.",Psychological Reports,2237
-"Too smart to be selfish? Measures of cognitive ability, social preferences, and consistency","Although there is an increasing interest in examining the relationship between cognitive ability and economic behavior, less is known about the relationship between cognitive ability and social preferences. We investigate the relationship between consequential measures of cognitive ability and measures of social preferences. We have data on a series of small-stakes dictator-type decisions, known as Social Value Orientation (SVO), in addition to choices in a larger-stakes dictator game. We also have access to the grade point averages (GPA) and SAT (formerly referred to as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) outcomes of our subjects. We find that subjects who perform better on the Math portion of the SAT are more generous in both the dictator game and the SVO measure. By contrast we find that subjects with a higher GPA are more selfish in the dictator game and more generous according to the SVO. We also find some evidence that the subjects with higher GPA and higher SAT outcomes offer more consistent responses. Our results involving GPA and social preferences complement previous work which employ measures of cognitive ability which are sensitive to the intrinsic motivation of the subject. Our results involving SAT scores are without precedent in the literature and suggest that measures of cognitive ability, which are less sensitive to the intrinsic motivation of the subject, are positively related to generosity. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Chen, C.-C.; Chiu, I.-M.; Smith, J.; Yamada, T.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2238
-Times to key events in Zika virus infection and implications for blood donation: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVE: To estimate the timing of key events in the natural history of Zika virus infection. METHODS: In February 2016, we searched PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science for publications containing the term Zika. By pooling data, we estimated the incubation period, the time to seroconversion and the duration of viral shedding. We estimated the risk of Zika virus contaminated blood donations. FINDINGS: We identified 20 articles on 25 patients with Zika virus infection. The median incubation period for the infection was estimated to be 5.9 days (95% credible interval, CrI: 4.4-7.6), with 95% of people who developed symptoms doing so within 11.2 days (95% CrI: 7.6-18.0) after infection. On average, seroconversion occurred 9.1 days (95% CrI: 7.0-11.6) after infection. The virus was detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CrI: 6.9-21.4) on average. Without screening, the estimated risk that a blood donation would come from an infected individual increased by approximately 1 in 10 000 for every 1 per 100 000 person-days increase in the incidence of Zika virus infection. Symptom-based screening may reduce this rate by 7% (relative risk, RR: 0.93; 95% CrI: 0.89-0.99) and antibody screening, by 29% (RR: 0.71; 95% CrI: 0.28-0.88). CONCLUSION: Neither symptom- nor antibody-based screening for Zika virus infection substantially reduced the risk that blood donations would be contaminated by the virus. Polymerase chain reaction testing should be considered for identifying blood safe for use in pregnant women in high-incidence areas.","Lessler, Justin; Ott, Cassandra T; Carcelen, Andrea C; Konikoff, Jacob M; Williamson, Joe; Bi, Qifang; Kucirka, Lauren M; Cummings, Derek At; Reich, Nicholas G; Chaisson, Lelia H",Bull. World Health Organ.,2239
-A cross-cohort changepoint model for customer-base analysis,,"Gopalakrishnan, A.; Bradlow, E.T.; Fader, P.S.",Marketing Science,2240
-Reconceptualising product life-cycle theory as stakeholder engagement with non-profit organisations,,"Mitchell, S.-L.; Clark, M.",Journal of Marketing Management,2241
-"Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments","Publication bias is the tendency to decide to publish a study based on the results of the study, rather than on the basis of its theoretical or methodological quality. It can arise from selective publication of favorable results, or of statistically significant results. This threatens the validity of conclusions drawn from reviews of published scientific research. Meta-analysis is now used in numerous scientific disciplines, summarizing quantitative evidence from multiple studies. If the literature being synthesised has been affected by publication bias, this in turn biases the meta-analytic results, potentially producing overstated conclusions. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis examines the different types of publication bias, and presents the methods for estimating and reducing publication bias, or eliminating it altogether. Written by leading experts, adopting a practical and multidisciplinary approach. Provides comprehensive coverage of the topic including: • Different types of publication bias, • Mechanisms that may induce them, • Empirical evidence for their existence, • Statistical methods to address them, • Ways in which they can be avoided. • Features worked examples and common data sets throughout. • Explains and compares all available software used for analysing and reducing publication bias. • Accompanied by a website featuring software, data sets and further material. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis adopts an inter-disciplinary approach and will make an excellent reference volume for any researchers and graduate students who conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses. University and medical libraries, as well as pharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies, will also find this invaluable. © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Rothstein, H.R.; Sutton, A.J.; Borenstein, M.","Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prev., Assess. and Adjustments",2242
-,,"Hunter, J.E.; Schmidt, F.L.; Jackson, G.B.",Meta-analysis: Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies,2243
-Cooperation and decision time,"We review two fundamentally different ways that decision time is related to cooperation. First, studies have experimentally manipulated decision time to understand how cooperation is related to the use of intuition versus deliberation. Current evidence supports the claim that time pressure (and, more generally, intuition) favors cooperation. Second, correlational studies reveal that self-paced decision times are primarily related to decision conflict, not the use of intuition or deliberation. As a result, extreme cooperation decisions occur more quickly than intermediate decisions, and the relative speed of highly cooperative versus non-cooperative decisions depends on details of the design and participant pool. Finally, we discuss interpersonal consequences of decision time: people are judged based on how quickly they cooperate, and decision time is used as a cue to predict cooperation. © 2018","Evans, A.M.; Rand, D.G.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,2244
-Donors to charity gain in both indirect reciprocity and political reputation,"Darwinian evolution can explain human cooperative behaviour among non-kin by either direct or indirect reciprocity. In the latter case one does not expect a return for an altruistic act from the recipient as with direct reciprocity, but from another member of the social group. However, the widespread human behaviour of donating to poor people outside the social group, for example, to charity organizations, that are unlikely to reciprocate indirectly and thus are equivalent to defectors in the game is still an evolutionary puzzle. Here we show experimentally that donations made in public to a well-known relief organization resulted both in increased income (that the donors received from the members of their group) and in enhanced political reputation (they were elected to represent the interests of their group). Donations may thus function as an honest signal for one's social reliability.","Milinski, M.; Semmann, D.; Krambeck, H.-J.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,2245
-Is the Door-in-the-Face a Concession?,"The Door-in-the-Face (DITF) sequential message strategy was investigated in a three-study analysis of existing experimental findings. The current study predicted there would be a positive relationship between concession size and compliance rates in DITF studies. Study 1 included 25 comparisons where size of concession was quantifiable as measured by percentage reduction from initial to target request in the DITF condition. Study 2 data relied on a panel of undergraduate students to provide an index of concession size in 12 additional observations. A third study validated the panel procedure of rating concession size and also provided 9 additional independent observations from the pool of published studies on DITF. Results from each study indicated a positive relationship between concession size and effect size (r = 0.35, 0.55, 0.68, respectively). Study findings provide support for reciprocal concessions explanation for DITF effects. © 2017 Eastern Communication Association.","Feeley, T.; Fico, A.E.; Shaw, A.Z.; Lee, S.; Griffin, D.J.",Commun. Q.,2246
-"Masculinity, femininity, and leadership: Taking a closer look at the alpha female","An extensive review and textual analysis of the academic and popular literature of the human alpha female was conducted to examine the social construction and expression of the alpha female identity in a small non-random sample of North American women (N = 398). This review revealed 2 predominant alpha female representations in the literature–one more masculine versus one more feminine–and 21 alpha female variables. In this sample of women, the “alpha female” was found to be a recognized socially constructed female identity. Univariate analysis revealed positive and highly significant differences in self-reported mean scores between alpha (N = 94) and non-alpha (N = 304) females for 10 variables including, masculine traits, leadership, strength, low introversion, self-esteem, life satisfaction, sexual experience, initiates sex, enjoys sex and playing a dominant role in sexual encounters, with alpha females scoring higher than non-alphas. The measure of masculine traits was identified as the only predictor of alpha female status as per the multiple regression model. Interestingly, both alpha and non-alpha women scored the same for the measure of feminine traits. Further, both groups scored higher for feminine traits than masculine traits. The results also revealed that neither social dominance nor sexual dominance were predictors of alpha female status which challenge academic and popularized representations of this identity. The results suggest that although the alpha female is often regarded as an exceptional and, at times, an exoticized form of femininity, like other femininities, her identity is marked by contradictions and tensions © 2019 Monika K. Sumra. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Sumra, M.K.",PLoS ONE,2247
-"An update on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","OBJECTIVE: Even though cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the current treatment of choice for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is still unclear which components of its protocol are more important for clinical improvement. This study aims to replicate a previous review, updating findings on the efficacy of CBT, cognitive therapy (CT), and exposure therapy (ET) for PTSD when compared with other well-established treatments or conditions without active treatment. METHOD: The search was performed in the databases Cochrane, Embase, and Medline. Studies were required to be randomized controlled trials published between 2006 and 2012 comparing CBT, CT, or ET with (1) each other, (2) other active treatments (e.g., EMDR, counseling, supportive therapy), or (3) assessment-only conditions. The main outcome measures were diagnostic and symptomatic remission. RESULTS: The final sample contained 29 articles. CBT, CT, and ET were shown to be efficacious treatments individually when compared to assessment-only conditions, with no difference found between treatments. Comparison with other active treatments favored ET. Both included studies comparing CBT and EMDR favored the latter. CONCLUSIONS: CBT and its components still appear to be equally efficacious in improving PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Even so, a current tendency of researchers to focus on ET exists. EMDR shows interesting results compared to CBT. Further research should clarify the lasting effects, efficiency, and other comparative benefits of each protocol.","Mello, Patricia Gaspar; Silva, Gustavo Ramos; Donat, Julia Candia; Kristensen, Christian Haag",Int. J. Psychiatry Med.,2248
-Extending the theory of metaphor in marketing: The case of the art gallery,,"Rentschler, R.; Jogulu, U.; Kershaw, A.; Osborne, A.",Journal of Marketing Management,2249
-Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help,"Proposed that a distinction be made between 2 emotional responses to seeing another person suffer--personal distress and empathy--and that these 2 emotions lead to 2 different kinds of motivation to help: Personal distress leads to egoistic motivation; empathy, to altruistic motivation. These distinctions were tested in 3 studies, each using 10 male and 10 female undergraduates. Across the 3 studies, factor analysis of Ss' self-reported emotional response indicated that feelings of personal distress and empathy, although positively correlated, were experienced as qualitatively distinct. The pattern of helping in Studies 1 and 2 indicated that a predominance of personal distress led to egoistic motivation, whereas a predominance of empathy led to altruistic motivation. In Study 3, the cost of helping was made especially high. Results suggest an important qualification on the link between empathic emotion and altruistic motivation: Ss reporting a predominance of empathy displayed an egoistic pattern of helping. Apparently, making helping costly evoked self-concern, which overrode any altruistic impulse produced by feeling empathy. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.","Batson, C.D.; et al",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2250
-Does implicit bias predict dictator giving?,"Implicit associations and biases are carried without awareness or conscious direction, yet there is reason to believe they may be influenced by social pressures. In this paper, I study social pressure as a motive to give, as well as giving itself under conditions of implicit bias. In doing so, I pair the Implicit Association Test (IAT), commonplace in other social sciences, with a laboratory dictator game with sorting. I find that despite its popularity, the IAT does not predict dictator giving and social pressure does not explain acts of giving from biased dictators. These results are indicative of the meaningful difference between having an implicit bias and acting on one. As such, results can be thought of as a bound on the external validity of the IAT. © 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Lee, D.J.",Games,2251
-Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: Evidence from USA and India,"Groups make decisions on both the production and the distribution of resources. These decisions typically involve a tension between increasing the total level of group resources (i.e. social efficiency) and distributing these resources among group members (i.e. individuals’ relative shares). This is the case because the redistribution process may destroy part of the resources, thus resulting in socially inefficient allocations. Here we apply a dual-process approach to understand the cognitive underpinnings of this fundamental tension. We conducted a set of experiments to examine the extent to which different allocation decisions respond to intuition or deliberation. In a newly developed approach, we assess intuition and deliberation at both the trait level (using the Cognitive Reflection Test, henceforth CRT) and the state level (through the experimental manipulation of response times). To test for robustness, experiments were conducted in two countries: the USA and India. Despite absolute-level differences across countries, in both locations we show that: (i) time pressure and low CRT scores are associated with individuals’ concerns for their relative shares and (ii) time delay and high CRT scores are associated with individuals’ concerns for social efficiency. These findings demonstrate that deliberation favours social efficiency by overriding individuals’ intuitive tendency to focus on relative shares. © 2017 The Authors.","Capraro, V.; Corgnet, B.; Espín, A.M.; Hernán-González, R.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2252
-Lean services: a systematic review,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of Lean methodology through an exhaustive literature review, and its implications and application in the service industry right from its initiation in 1990s till date. Design/methodology/approach: The paper summarises the evolution of Lean in services and has systematically classified the reviewed literature in four dimensions, namely time, publisher, region and content. Further under “time” dimension, the literature is classified into Pre-Lean era, Lean awareness era, Lean Exploration era and Lean implementation era. Under the “content” dimension, the categories include theoretical foundation, frameworks/models and application/case studies. Findings: The analysis inferred; Lean is gaining roads in services, though the research is still at nascent stage. Lean is applicable in services though transfer of Lean manufacturing principles to services has certain limitations because of the characteristics of services. The need is to focus on process difference between services and manufacturing. Respect for people and employment engagement is critical to Lean in service. The authors identified the necessity to standardise the Lean service definition, principles, and tools and to develop guidelines for structured implementation in service industry. Research limitations/implications: Though multiple databases have been taken-up but that does not assume that the literature presented in this paper is by any means comprehensive. Development of a standard model/framework for Lean services is critical for future research. Rigorous industry-specific studies, specifically in developing nations are another area for future research. Future studies could analyse the impact of join applications and possible links between Lean service and other approaches like TQM, Six Sigma, etc., with an aim of process improvement. Practical implications: This paper would serve as a resource for Lean practitioners as well as researchers as a fundamental platform, contributing to Lean body of knowledge. Social implications: Service industry has special significance to the society in large. Many services including governments, public interest services, non-profit organisations, healthcare, banking, consulting, etc., has a significant share across markets. Lean being a proven methodology for successful process improvements has to be looked at from a services perspective. This paper helps in such interest. Originality/value: Publications reviewing the adoption of Lean in services is scarce in literature. This paper serves as an excellent resource for research on the subject and will facilitate academicians and practitioners to objectively understand Lean in service sector. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Gupta, Shradha; Sharma, Monica; Sunder M., Vijaya",International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,2253
-Can empathic concern be generalized from one person to others? Another positive side of the ‘one-among-others’ effect,"Previous research on the one-among-others effect has shown that inducing empathic concern towards a victim presented among other individuals in need enhances: (1) awareness of these others and (2) the willingness to help them individually. In this work, we test that these outcomes are linked by an additional process: the generalization of empathic concern felt for the victim towards the others in need. Study 1 revealed that inducing empathic concern for a victim presented as one-among-others led to see the others as separate and different individuals, not as a unitary group. Study 2 showed that the one-among-others presentation (vs. only-one-victim) increased empathic concern towards those presented along with the main victim. Study 3 showed that the one-among-others presentation (vs. a single-victim or a statistical presentation) increased the empathic concern felt for other individuals in need. Therefore, the one-among-others presentation does not weaken empathic concern but, instead, it leads to its generalization from one to others. © 2016 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Ambrona, T.; Oceja, L.; López-Pérez, B.; Carrera, P.",Scand. J. Psychol.,2254
-Exposure to fictional medical television and health: a systematic review,"Fictional medical television programs have long been a staple of television programming, and they remain popular today. We aimed to examine published literature assessing the influence of medical television programs on health outcomes. We conducted systematic literature searches in PubMed, PsychINFO and CINAHL. Selected studies had to be scholarly research, to involve exposure to fictionalized medical television programming, and to assess associations between exposures and outcomes. Of 3541 unique studies identified, nineteen met selection criteria. The most commonly studied programs were ER (73%), Grey's Anatomy (58%) and House M.D. (37%). Outcomes included knowledge, perceptions and behaviors related to topics as diverse as organ donation, cancer screening, sexually transmitted infections, and heart disease. Viewing fictional medical television programs had a negative influence on viewers' health-related knowledge, perceptions and/or behavior in 11% of studies, a positive influence in 32% of studies, and mixed influence in 58%. While most studies (58%) were characterized as having fair quality in terms of rigor of study design, 21% were classified as good and 21% were classified as poor. As such, medical television can affect health education and outcomes. Future work should utilize randomization, more longitudinal assessments, and more direct assessments of health education and behavioral outcomes.","Hoffman, Beth L; Shensa, Ariel; Wessel, Charles; Hoffman, Robert; Primack, Brian A",Health Educ. Res.,2255
-"Sex, violence, & rock n' roll: Longitudinal effects of music on aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior during adolescence","The current study examined longitudinal associations between listening to aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior in music on a number of behavioral outcomes across a one-year period during adolescence. Adolescents (N=548, M age=15.32, 52% female) completed a number of questionnaires on musical preferences, general media use, aggression, sexual outcomes, and prosocial behavior at two different time points separated by about one year. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the data, results revealed that listening to aggression in music was associated with increased aggression and decreased prosocial behavior over time, even when controlling for initial levels of these behaviors. Listening to sexual content in music was associated with earlier initiation of sexual intercourse and a trend for a higher number of sexual partners (reported at Time 2). Prosocial behavior in music was not associated with any behavioral outcome longitudinally. Collectively, these results suggest that listening to certain types of content in music can have a longitudinal effect on behavior during adolescence. © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Coyne, S.M.; Padilla-Walker, L.M.",J. Adolesc.,2256
-Preoperative Autologous Donation Decreases Allogeneic Transfusion but Increases Exposure to All Red Blood Cell Transfusion: Results of a Meta-analysis,"BackgroundConcern about risks associated with allogeneic red blood cell transfusion has led to interest in methods of decreasing patient exposure to perioperative transfusion.ObjectiveTo perform a meta-analysis to determine the degree to which predonation of autologous blood reduces patients' exposure to allogeneic blood and all transfusions of red blood cells (allogeneic or autologous).MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies, annual reports, press releases, newsletters from organizations with interests in the blood system, and personal files for randomized studies and concurrent control cohort studies in which the control groups were patients excluded for nonmedical reasons.ResultsPatients who predonated autologous blood were less likely to receive allogeneic blood in the 6 randomized studies (n=933) (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.32) and in the 9 cohort studies (n=2351) (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14-0.26). However, autologous donors were more likely to undergo transfusion with allogeneic and/or autologous blood (for randomized studies: OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.70-5.39 and for cohort studies: OR, 12.32; 95% CI, 5.90-25.40). Studies that reported use of transfusion protocols found less benefit with preoperative autologous donation, although the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsPreoperative autologous donation of blood decreases exposure to allogeneic blood but increases exposure to any transfusion (allogeneic and/or autologous). There is a direct relationship between the transfusion rate in the control group and the benefit derived from preoperative autologous donation. This suggests that other methods of decreasing blood transfusion, such as surgical technique and transfusion protocols, may be as important as preoperative autologous donation of blood.","Forgie, Melissa A; Wells, Philip S; Laupacis, Andreas; Fergusson, Dean",Arch. Intern. Med.,2257
-The influence of rewards on (sub-)optimal interleaving,"We investigate how the rewards of individual tasks dictate a priori how easy it is to interleave two discrete tasks efficiently, and whether people then interleave efficiently. Previous research found that people vary in their ability to interleave efficiently. Less attention has been given to whether it was realistic to expect efficient interleaving, given the reward rate of each of the involved tasks. Using a simulation model, we demonstrate how the rewards of individual tasks lead to different dual-task interleaving scenarios. We identify three unique dual-task scenarios. In easy scenarios, many strategies for time division between tasks can achieve optimal performance. This gives great opportunity to optimize performance, but also leads to variation in the applied strategies due to a lack of pressure to settle on a small set of optimal strategies. In difficult scenarios, the optimal strategy is hard to identify, therefore giving little opportunity to optimize. Finally, constrained scenarios have a well-defined prediction of the optimal strategy. It gives a narrow prediction, which limits the options to achieve optimal scores, yet given the structure people are able to optimize their strategies. These scenarios are therefore best to test people’s general capability of optimizing interleaving. We report three empirical studies that test these hypotheses. In each study, participants interleave between two identical discrete tasks, that differ only in the underlying reward functions and the combined result (easy, difficult, or constrained scenario). Empirical results match the theoretical pattern as predicted by simulation models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2019 Janssen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Janssen, C.P.; Everaert, E.; Hendriksen, H.M.A.; Mensing, G.L.; Tigchelaar, L.J.; Nunner, H.",PLoS ONE,2258
-Hiding behind a small cake' in a newspaper dictator game,"We conduct an Internet dictator game experiment in collaboration with the popular German Sunday paper ""Welt am Sonntag"", employing a wider and more representative subject pool than standard laboratory experiments. Recipients either knew or did not know the size of the cake distributed by the dictator. We find that, in case of incomplete information, some dictators 'hide behind the small cake', supporting the notion that some agents' second-order beliefs directly enter the social utility function. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Ockenfels, A.; Werner, P.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2259
-"Reward, punishment, and cooperation: a meta-analysis","How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there is no theoretical and/or quantitative review of rewards and punishments as incentives for cooperation in social dilemmas. Using a novel interdependence-theoretic framework, we propose that rewards and punishments should both promote cooperation, and we identify 2 variables—cost of incentives and source of incentives—that are predicted to magnify the effectiveness of these incentives in promoting cooperation.A meta-analysis involving 187 effect sizes revealed that rewards and punishments exhibited a statistically equivalent positive effect on cooperation (d =0.51 and 0.70, respectively). The effectiveness of incentives was stronger when the incentives were costly to administer, compared to free. Centralization of incentives did not moderate the effect size. Punishments were also more effective during iterated dilemmas when participants continued to interact in the same group, compared to both (a) iterated dilemmas with reassignment to a new group after each trial and (b) one-shot dilemmas. We also examine several other potential moderators, such as iterations, partner matching, group size, country, and participant payment. We discuss broad conclusions, consider implications for theory, and suggest directions for future research on rewards and punishment in social dilemmas.","Balliet, Daniel; Mulder, Laetitia B; Van Lange, Paul A M",Psychol. Bull.,2260
-A Meta-Analytic Review of Communication Campaigns to Promote Organ Donation,"The current study, using random-effects-meta-analysis, provides a review of communication campaigns designed to promote organ donation. Findings across 23 campaigns indicate an overall 5% increase in study outcomes (e.g., registry signing) compared to control groups (k = 23, N = 6,647,801). Several moderators were tested including publication bias, target audience, and type of campaign. Statistically significant differences were not found for any of the moderator factors tested. Results are discussed in terms of future campaigns designed to promote organ donation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Feeley, Thomas Hugh; Moon, Shin-Il",Communication Reports,2261
-Tournament group identity and performance: The moderating effect of winner proportion,"Tournament incentives are common in organizations, and how characteristics of the tournament group (e.g., tournament group identity) and the tournament incentives (e.g., winner proportion) affect tournament performance are of both practical and theoretical importance. We conduct two experiments in which participants compete for tournament rewards against others in their group. In both experiments, we manipulate the strength of participants' identity with their fellow group members and whether the tournament has a small winner proportion with a single reward or a large winner proportion with multiple rewards. In Experiment 1, we find increasing tournament group identity leads to higher other-regarding preference. We also find other-regarding preference decreases competitiveness more in a large winner proportion tournament compared to a small winner proportion tournament. In Experiment 2, we find increasing tournament group identity decreases performance in a real-effort task under a large winner proportion tournament, but it has no effect on performance under a small winner proportion tournament. Together, the two experiments suggest that increasing tournament group identity increases other-regarding preference, and other-regarding preference has a larger negative impact on competitiveness and hence, tournament performance when the winner proportion is large than when it is small. Our results highlight for managers the importance of considering group identity when determining tournament winner proportions. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Kelly, K.; Presslee, A.",Account. Organ. Soc.,2262
-The effect of moral intensity on ethical judgment,"Following an extensive review of the moral intensity literature, this article reports the findings of two studies (one between-subjects, the other within-subject) that examined the effect of manipulated and perceived moral intensity on ethical judgment. In the between-subjects study participants judged actions taken in manipulated high moral intensity scenarios to be more unethical than the same actions taken in manipulated low moral intensity scenarios. Findings were mixed for the effect of perceived moral intensity. Both probable magnitude of consequences (a factor consisting of magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, and temporal immediacy) and social consensus had a significant effect; proximity did not. In the within-subject study manipulated moral intensity had a significant effect on ethical judgment, but perceived moral intensity did not. Regression of ethical judgment on age, gender, major, and the three perceived moral intensity factors was significant between-subjects, but not within-subject. Ethical judgment was found to be a more robust predictor of intention than perceived moral intensity using a within-subject design. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","McMahon, J.M.; Harvey, R.J.",J. Bus. Ethics,2263
-Gender differences in yielding to social influence: An impunity experiment,"In impunity games proposers, like allocators in dictator games, can take what they want; however, responders can refuse offers deemed unsatisfactory at own cost. We modify the impunity game via allowing offers to condition of another participant’s counterfactual generosity intention. For a given pair of proposer candidates each states, via the strategy vector method, an intended and two adjusted offers: one (possibly) upward adjusted in case the intended offer of the other candidate is higher and one (possibly) downward adjusted in case it is lower. Additionally, each candidate determines an acceptance threshold for the responder role. Only one candidate in each pair is randomly selected and endowed as the actual proposer whose offer is either possibly upward or downward adjusted depending on the counterfactual offer of the other proposer candidate. The endowed proposer of one pair is matched with the non-endowed candidate of another pair in the responder role. The data confirm that counterfactual intentions of others often affect own generosity via substantial and significant average adjustments to the weakest social influence. Overall, offers seem correlated with acceptance thresholds. Furthermore, we find significant gender differences: female participants state lower intended and adjusted offers as well as acceptance thresholds and therefore appear to be less sensitive to social influence. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Di Cagno, D.; Galliera, A.; Güth, W.; Panaccione, L.",Games,2264
-A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games,,"Buckley, K.E.; Anderson, C.A.","Playing Video Games-Motives, Responses, and Consequences",2265
-The effects of recognition and group need on volunteerism: A social norm perspective,"The significance of volunteering for both individuals and society has lead to numerous studies on this behavior across the social sciences. However, virtually no prior research has evaluated how and to what extent organizations can effectively encourage individuals to contribute time to a worthy cause. The present research uses a social norm perspective to examine the conditions under which promotional appeals based on group need and promises of recognition affect volunteerism. The perspective suggests that norm compliance can be expected only when the prescribed behavior is both important to the group's welfare and subject to group-mediated rewards. Consequently, we hypothesize that promotional appeals based on group need and promised recognition are effective only when they are used in combination. Results of a laboratory and a field experiment are consistent with this hypothesis and provide insights into the process by which the appeals affect individuals' decisions to help. The results also have implications for understanding and promoting other socially desirable behaviors such as recycling, energy conservation, litter reduction, and the purchase of ""green"" products.","Fisher, R.J.; Ackerman, D.",J. Consum. Res.,2266
-Evaluations of a sequence of affective events presented simultaneously: An investigation of the peak-end rule,,"Thomas, D.; Olsen, D.; Murray, K.",European Journal of Marketing,2267
-Cost effectiveness of a community based research project to help women quit smoking,,"Secker-Walker, R H; Holland, R R; Lloyd, C M; Pelkey, D; Flynn, B S",,2268
-I've Got My Eyes on You: Implicit Social-Pressure Cues and Prosocial Behavior,"Explicit social pressure has been shown to be a powerful motivator of prosocial behavior-like voting in elections. In this study, I report the findings of a randomized field experiment designed to study the impact of more subtle, implicit social-pressure treatments. The results of the experiment, conducted in the October 2011 municipal elections in Key West, Florida, demonstrate that even subtle, implicit observability cues can effectively mobilize citizens to vote, perhaps as much as explicit surveillance cues. The findings speak more broadly to our understanding of human decision making, and even evolution, and provide fodder for the claim that humans are evolutionarily programmed to respond to certain stimuli. I interpret the evidence to support the notion that evolutionarily charged impulses, like exposure to images that implicitly signal the potential for surveillance and observability, are sufficient to overcome powerful collective action incentives to free ride. © 2013 International Society of Political Psychology.","Panagopoulos, C.",Polit. Psychol.,2269
-"A systematic review of clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for acute ischaemic stroke (1955-2008) that were completed, but not published in full","BACKGROUND: We assessed the prevalence, and potential impact of, trials of pharmacological agents for acute stroke that were completed but not published in full. Failure to publish trial data is to be deprecated as it sets aside the altruism of participants' consent to be exposed to the risks of experimental interventions, potentially biases the assessment of the effects of therapies, and may lead to premature discontinuation of research into promising treatments. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group's Specialised Register of Trials in June 2008 for completed trials of pharmacological interventions for acute ischaemic stroke, and searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (January 2007 - March 2009) for references to recent full publications. We assessed trial completion status from trial reports, online trials registers and correspondence with experts. RESULTS: We identified 940 trials. Of these, 125 (19.6%, 95% confidence interval 16.5-22.6) were completed but not published in full by the point prevalence date. They included 16,058 participants (16 trials had over 300 participants each) and tested 89 different interventions. Twenty-two trials with a total of 4,251 participants reported the number of deaths. In these trials, 636/4251 (15.0%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, at the point prevalence date, a substantial body of evidence that was of relevance both to clinical practice in acute stroke and future research in the field was not published in full. Over 16,000 patients had given informed consent and were exposed to the risks of therapy. Responsibility for non-publication lies with investigators, but pharmaceutical companies, research ethics committees, journals and governments can all encourage the timely publication of trial data.","Gibson, Lorna M; Brazzelli, Miriam; Thomas, Brenda M; Sandercock, Peter A G",Trials,2270
-How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?,"Appropriate methods for meta-regression applied to a set of clinical trials, and the limitations and pitfalls in interpretation, are insufficiently recognized. Here we summarize recent research focusing on these issues, and consider three published examples of meta-regression in the light of this work. One principal methodological issue is that meta-regression should be weighted to take account of both within-trial variances of treatment effects and the residual between-trial heterogeneity (that is, heterogeneity not explained by the covariates in the regression). This corresponds to random effects meta-regression. The associations derived from meta-regressions are observational, and have a weaker interpretation than the causal relationships derived from randomized comparisons. This applies particularly when averages of patient characteristics in each trial are used as covariates in the regression. Data dredging is the main pitfall in reaching reliable conclusions from meta-regression. It can only be avoided by prespecification of covariates that will be investigated as potential sources of heterogeneity. However, in practice this is not always easy to achieve. The examples considered in this paper show the tension between the scientific rationale for using meta-regression and the difficult interpretative problems to which such analyses are prone. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Thompson, S.G.; Higgins, J.P.T.",Stat. Med.,2271
-Tax incentives and charitable giving: Evidence from new survey data,,"Brown, E.",Public Finance Quarterly,2272
-Eyes on social norms: A field study on an honor system for newspaper sale,"Honor systems are a cheap and simple way for marketing low-price goods. These sale systems are dependent on the honesty of customers and can only tolerate a certain share of free-riders. In an experimental field study, we investigate a case where honesty has almost disappeared, namely an honor system for the sale of newspapers on weekends. In the chosen urban study area, only a minority of customers comply with payment norms. In this difficult setting, we tested the use of eye images and descriptive social norms as cues to improving payment morale over a period of 24 weeks. We find that interventions based on eye cues as well as normative appeals do not evoke a transition from low to high levels of honesty. However, our results suggest that such interventions might still have the potential to marginally increase mean payments and therefore be economically profitable for operators of large-scale honor systems. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Brudermann, T.; Bartel, G.; Fenzl, T.; Seebauer, S.",Theory Decis,2273
-From market orientation to brand orientation in the public sector,,"Gromark, J.; Melin, F.",Journal of Marketing Management,2274
-Stigma and compliance: A re-examination,"The study examined whether a female with a nonstigmatizing handicap would produce as much compliance to a request as a female with a stigmatizing handicap. In a field experiment, 60 male and 60 female Caucasian pedestrians were asked for money by a female confederate who appeared to have either a stigmatizing handicap, a nonstigmatizing handicap, or no handicap. A 3 × 2 analysis of variance examined the effects of Sex of Subject and Type of Handicap. A manipulation check was performed with a second group of pedestrians to determine the degree to which the two handicap conditions were perceived as permanent. There was no significant difference in the number of persons complying in the stigmatizing and nonstigmatizing handicap conditions. In addition, significantly more persons in the stigmatizing handicap condition (p <.01) and nonstigmatizing handicap conditions (p <.01) complied with the request than did persons in the no handicap condition. The manipulation check supported the conclusion that the stigmatizing handicap was perceived as relatively more permanent than the nonstigmatizing handicap. It was concluded that a handicap need not be stigmatizing in order to increase compliance. © 1977 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Levitt, L.; Kornhaber, R.C.",J. Soc. Psychol.,2275
-On the duty to give (and not to take): An experiment on moralistic punishment,"Organizations aim to influence—via their internal guidelines and corporate culture—how unfair treatment of other stakeholders is perceived and condemned by employees. To understand how different frames and forms of publicity influence moralistic punishment, that is, the willingness of employees to take costs in order to foster norm compliance, we employ a modified version of a dictator game. In our dictator game, a bystander observes a dictator’s behavior towards a recipient and can punish the dictator. We vary how the dictator’s action is framed (either as giving money to the recipient or taking money from the recipient) and whether or not the recipient, as a victim of unfair behavior, is informed about the punishment. Our results suggest that bystanders are more likely to punish dictators when their action is framed as giving rather than taking, although both lead to the same consequences. When bystanders cannot inform recipients about their punishment, less punishment can be observed. On average, dictators partially anticipate this effect and behave more generously when recipients are informed about the bystanders’ punishment. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Rilke, R.M.",J. Bus. Econ.,2276
-,,"Kogut, T.; Slovic, P.; Västfjäll, D.",,2277
-Don’t Stare at Me: The Impact of a Humanoid Robot’s Gaze upon Trust During a Cooperative Human–Robot Visual Task,"Gaze is an important tool for social communication. Gaze can influence trust, likability, and compliance. However, excessive gaze in some contexts can signal threat, dominance and aggression, and hence complex social rules govern the appropriate use of gaze. Using a between-subjects design we investigated the impact of three levels of robot gaze (averted, constant and “situational”) upon participants’ likelihood of trusting a humanoid robot’s opinion in a cooperative visual tracking task. The robot, acting as a confederate, would disagree with participants’ responses on certain trials, and suggest a different answer. As constant, staring gaze between strangers is associated with dominance and threat, and averted gaze is associated with lying, we predicted participants would be most likely to be persuaded by a robot which only gazed during disagreements (“situational gaze”). However, gender effects were found, with females least likely to trust a robot which stared at them, and no significant differences between averted gaze and situational gaze. Implications and future work are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","Stanton, C.J.; Stevens, C.J.",Int. J. Soc. Rob.,2278
-Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies,"Reports a meta-analysis of the effects of the presence of others on human task performance and physiology. In 241 studies involving nearly 24,000 Ss, the presence of others had small effects, accounting for .3% to 3% of the variance in the typical experiment. It is concluded that (a) the presence of others heightens an individual's physiological arousal only if the individual is performing a complex task; (b) the presence of others increases the speed of simple task performance and decreases the speed of complex task performance; (c) the presence of others impairs complex performance accuracy and slightly facilitates simple performance accuracy, although the facilitation is vulnerable to the ""file drawer problem"" of unreported null results; and (d) social facilitation effects are surprisingly unrelated to the performer's evaluation apprehension. These meta-analytic conclusions are contrasted with conclusions reached by narrative literature reviews, and implications for theories of social facilitation are discussed. A list of the studies analyzed is appended. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","Bond, C.F.; Titus, L.J.",Psychol. Bull.,2279
-Individual Differences In Contributions And Crowding-Out Of A Public Good,"This paper reports experimental results that link other-regarding preferences, personality, and demographic characteristics to contributions to a public good and the responsiveness of contributions to tax-financed contributions. Contribution levels are higher among those with cooperative preferences, those with Myers-Briggs personality types of introversion and intuition, females, and upperclassmen. However, the response to a tax-financed contribution is uniform. All player types reduce their contribution by an amount equal to the tax, a result known as complete crowd-out. © 2012 The Author. Scottish Journal of Political Economy © 2012 Scottish Economic Society.","Luccasen III, R.A.",Scott. J. Polit. Econ.,2280
-Altruistic behavior in cohesive social groups: The role of target identifiability,"People’s tendency to be more generous toward identifiable victims than toward unidentifiable or statistical victims is known as the Identifiable Victim Effect. Recent research has called the generality of this effect into question, showing that in cross-national contexts, identifiability mostly affects willingness to help victims of one’s own “in-group.” Furthermore, in inter-group conflict situations, identifiability increased generosity toward a member of the adversary group, but decreased generosity toward a member of one’s own group. In the present research we examine the role of group-cohesiveness as an underlying factor accounting for these divergent findings. In particular, we examined novel groups generated in the lab, using the minimal group paradigm, as well as natural groups of students in regular exercise sections. Allocation decisions in dictator games revealed that a group’s cohesiveness affects generosity toward in-group and out-group recipients differently, depending on their identifiability. In particular, in cohesive groups the identification of an in-group recipient decreased, rather than increased generosity. © 2017 Ritov, Kogut. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ritov, I.; Kogut, T.",PLoS ONE,2281
-The role of brand personality in charitable giving: An assessment and validation,,"Venable, B.T.; Rose, G.M.; Bush, V.D.; Gilbert, F.W.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2282
-Editorial,"This editorial seeks to problematize the global phenomena of charities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operating in almost all national contexts. The first article featured in this issue presents a theory of inclusive special education. The second article evaluates the appropriateness of a short version of the Illinois Loneliness and Social Satisfaction Scale with children with special educational needs. The third article presents a systematic review of qualitative research in order to elucidate the school-related experiences of parents of pupils diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The fourth article analyses School Administration Team Members’ (SATMs’) perceptions of inclusive education in general elementary schools in Israel. The fifth article investigates the social position of students with special educational needs and typically developing students studying in regular classroom environments in Italian primary and secondary schools. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hallett, Graham; Hallett, Fiona",British Journal of Special Education,2283
-Does the government crowd-out private donations? New evidence from a sample of non-profit firms,"During the 1980s, government grants to non-profit organizations declined dramatically and the price of private donations increased. Given there are different costs associated with government grants and private donations to non-profits, it is important to study the relationship between these two sources and determine whether government grants 'crowd-out' private donations. I take a fresh look at the issue of crowd-out and improve upon the literature by exploiting a panel data set that links private donations to non-profit firms with the government grants they received. I study 430 non-profit shelter, human services, and other similar types of organizations that were in operation between 1982 and 1992. I find private donations to these non-profits effectively do not change with changes in government grants after controlling for firm heterogeneity and political and economic factors under an OLS specification. In a 2SLS specification, after controlling for possible endogeneity of the government grants the estimated crowd-out is significantly different from zero and one dollar; on average, the estimated crowd-out is ~50 cents.","Payne, A.A.",J. Public Econ.,2284
-Social perception and interpersonal influence: Some consequences of the physical attractiveness stereotype in a personal selling setting,,"Reingen, P.H.; Kernan, J.B.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2285
-Fairness in simple bargaining experiments,"We present an experiment to test whether fairness alone can explain proposers′ willingness to make nontrivial offers in simple bargaining games. We examine two treatments: game (ultimatum or dictator) and pay (pay or no pay). The outcomes of the ultimatum and dictator games with pay are significantly different, implying that fairness, by itself, cannot explain the observed behavior. Doubling the amount of money available in games with pay does not affect these results. The outcomes of both games are replicable when players are paid, but the outcome of the ultimatum game is not replicable when players are not paid. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 026, 215. © 1994 by Academic Press, Inc.","Forsythe, R.; Horowitz, J.L.; Savin, N.E.; Sefton, M.",Games Econ. Behav.,2286
-Super Mario brothers and sisters: Associations between coplaying video games and sibling conflict and affection,"Video games can be played in many different contexts. This study examined associations between coplaying video games between siblings and levels of affection and conflict in the relationship. Participants were 508 adolescents (M age = 16.31 years of age, SD = 1.08) who completed questionnaires on video game use and sibling relationships. Participants were recruited from a large Northwestern city and a moderate city in the Mountain West of the United States. Video games played between siblings were coded by an independent sample to assess levels of physical aggression and prosocial behavior in each game. Playing video games with a sibling was associated with higher levels of sibling affection for both boys and girls, but higher levels of conflict for boys only. Playing a violent video game with a brother was associated with lower levels of conflict in the sibling relationship, whereas playing a prosocial video game was not related to any sibling outcome. The value of video games in sibling relationships will be discussed, with a focus on the type of game and the sex of the adolescent. © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Coyne, S.M.; Jensen, A.C.; Smith, N.J.; Erickson, D.H.",J. Adolesc.,2287
-[Do smoking bans really help: the effect of tobacco-control policy on patients in substance-abuse treatment],,"Donath, C; Metz, K; Kroger, C",,2288
-A Meta-Analytic Review of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance: The Moderating Effect of Contextual Factors,"The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has long been a central and contentious debate in the literature. However, prior empirical studies provide indefinite conclusions. The purpose of this study is to review systematically and quantify the CSR?CFP link in a meta-analytic framework. Based on 119 effect sizes from 42 studies, this study estimates that the overall effect size of the CSR?CFP relationship is positive and significant, thus endorsing the argument that CSR does enhance financial performance. Furthermore, this work sheds light on the causal relationship between CSR and CFP. Subsequent financial performance is associated with prior social responsibility, while the reverse direction is not supported. This finding supports the instrumental stakeholder theory. As predicted, the meta-analysis results indicate that the measurement strategies of the two key constructs of CSR and CFP explain some variations of the CSR?CFP relationship. Last, this study examines the moderating effect of the environmental context on the CSR?CFP link. This work proposes that CSR in the developed world, with a relatively mature institutional system and efficient market mechanism, will be more visible than CSR in the developing world. The results show that the CSR?CFP relationship is stronger for firms from advanced economies than for firms from developing economies.","Wang, Qian; Dou, Junsheng; Jia, Shenghua",Business & Society,2289
-Images of eyes enhance investments in a real-life public good,"A key issue in cooperation research is to determine the conditions under which individuals invest in a public good. Here, we tested whether cues of being watched increase investments in an anonymous public good situation in real life. We examined whether individuals would invest more by removing experimentally placed garbage (paper and plastic bottles) from bus stop benches in Geneva in the presence of images of eyes compared to controls (images of flowers). We provided separate bins for each of both types of garbage to investigate whether individuals would deposit more items into the appropriate bin in the presence of eyes. The treatment had no effect on the likelihood that individuals present at the bus stop would remove garbage. However, those individuals that engaged in garbage clearing, and were thus likely affected by the treatment, invested more time to do so in the presence of eyes. Images of eyes had a direct effect on behaviour, rather than merely enhancing attention towards a symbolic sign requesting removal of garbage. These findings show that simple images of eyes can trigger reputational effects that significantly enhance on non-monetary investments in anonymous public goods under real life conditions. We discuss our results in the light of previous findings and suggest that human social behaviour may often be shaped by relatively simple and potentially unconscious mechanisms instead of very complex cognitive capacities. © 2012 Francey, Bergmüller.","Francey, D.; Bergmüller, R.",PLoS ONE,2290
-Door-in-the-face: Is it really necessary that both requests be made by the same requester?,"The door-in-the-face technique increases the likelihood of individuals accepting a target request by confronting them, beforehand, with an extreme request. The present research tests a new door-in-the-face technique in which the two requests are formulated by two different requesters during the same interaction. 160 participants were asked to help a charity organization following a doorin-the-face procedure. According to the experimental conditions, requests were formulated by one or two requesters during the same or a different interaction. As predicted, the door-in-the-face effect was observed even if two requests are formulated by two requesters, but only if both are present during the interaction. Results are discussed in terms of a reciprocal concessions interpretation and a motivational interpretation. © Psychological Reports 2013.","Terrier, L.; Marfaing, B.; Boldi, M.-O.",Psychol. Rep.,2291
-THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MODES OF SUPERVISION ON VIGILANCE BEHAVIOUR,"Experiment I was run to determine if a closed‐circuit television and a one‐way window mode of supervision were as effective as the direct physical presence of an experimenter in inducing enhanced levels of signal detection in a Mackworth‐type vigilance task. A control condition of complete subject privacy was also examined. The results indicated that both the television and the window conditions had a positive effect on overall performance which was similar to that observed in the experimenter‐presence condition; however, the performance decrement over the 90 min. vigil was equivalent for the four modes. A second experiment involving the variable of camera position with an addition of a fourth 30 min. period yielded no significant differences between the camera positions, but overall performance in the television condition was again better than in the control condition. This study suggested that performance can be enhanced even without the physical presence of the experimenter. 1975 The British Psychological Society","PUTZ, V.R.",Br. J. Psychol.,2292
-Emotion and adaptation,,"Lazarus, R.S.",Emotion and Adaptation,2293
+On implementing the door-in-the-face compliance technique in a business context,,"Mowen, J.C.; Cialdini, R.B.",Journal of Marketing Research,1885
+Evaluating coding decisions,,"Orwin, R.G.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,1886
+GnRH Agonist Trigger and LH Activity Luteal Phase Support versus hCG Trigger and Conventional Luteal Phase Support in Fresh Embryo Transfer IVF/ICSI Cycles-A Systematic PRISMA Review and Meta-analysis,"INTRODUCTION: The use of GnRH agonist (GnRHa) for final oocyte maturation trigger in oocyte donation and elective frozen embryo transfer cycles is well established due to lower ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) rates as compared to hCG trigger. A recent Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that GnRHa trigger was associated with reduced live birth rates (LBRs) in fresh autologous IVF cycles compared to hCG trigger. However, the evidence is not unequivocal, and recent trials have found encouraging reproductive outcomes among couples undergoing GnRHa trigger and individualized luteal LH activity support. Thus, the aim was to compare GnRHa trigger followed by luteal LH activity support with hCG trigger in IVF patients undergoing fresh embryo transfer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials published until December 14, 2016. The population was infertile patients submitted to IVF/ICSI cycles with GnRH antagonist cotreatment who underwent fresh embryo transfer. The intervention was GnRHa trigger followed by LH activity luteal phase support (LPS). The comparator was hCG trigger followed by a standard LPS. The critical outcome measures were LBR and OHSS rate. The secondary outcome measures were number of oocytes retrieved, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates, and miscarriage rates. RESULTS: A total of five studies met the selection criteria comprising a total of 859 patients. The LBR was not significantly different between the GnRHa and hCG trigger groups (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62, 1.14). OHSS was reported in a total of 4/413 cases in the GnRHa group compared to 7/413 in the hCG group (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.15, 1.60). We observed a slight, but non-significant increase in miscarriage rate in the GnRHa triggered group compared to the hCG group (OR 1.85; 95% CI 0.97, 3.54). CONCLUSION: GnRHa trigger with LH activity LPS resulted in comparable LBRs compared to hCG trigger. The most recent trials reported LBRs close to unity indicating that individualization of the LH activity LPS improved the luteal phase deficiency reported in the first GnRHa trigger studies. However, LPS optimization is needed to further limit OHSS in the subgroup of normoresponder patients (<14 follicles ≥ 11 mm). PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016051091.","Haahr, Thor; Roque, Matheus; Esteves, Sandro C; Humaidan, Peter",Front. Endocrinol.,1887
+Do tax incentives affect charitable contributions? Evidence from public charities' reported revenues,"This paper estimates the effect of the charitable contribution tax deduction on charities' donation revenue from charities' tax filings. A one percent increase in the tax cost of giving causes charitable receipts to fall by about four percent, an effect three times larger the consensus in the literature. Further analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity in the tax response by subsector: health care and home care are more tax-sensitive than other charities, while higher education and arts are less tax-sensitive. The results are consistent with substantial tax response heterogeneity within the sample and between sampled and unsampled charities, implying that the mean tax elasticity of charitable contributions is a poor predictor of tax incentive effects for individual charities. © 2016 Elsevier B.V..","Duquette, N.J.",J. Public Econ.,1888
+Money and time donations to Spanish non-governmental organizations for development aid,,"Marcuello, C.; Salas, V.",Investigaciones Económicas,1889
+Market Orientations in the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector: A Meta-Analysis of Their Relationships With Organizational Performance,"In their effort to improve performance, many voluntary and nonorofit organizations (VNPOs) have turned to market mechanisms, hoping to learn and implement innovative ideas and methods that proved useful in the private sector. This article adopts the businesslike concept of ?marketing? into the arena of VNPOs by offering a meta-analysis to assess the marketing orientation (MO) in the VNPO sector. The article attempts to answer three questions: (a) What is the theoretical grounding and rationality for using MO strategies in the VNPO sector? (b) Can the VNPO sector benefit from an MO approach? (c) Is the MO perspective applicable for organizations without ?profit? as a main goal? The findings were compared with findings in the for-profit sector and were found to be stronger. Finally, using a second, methodological meta-analysis, boundary conditions on the MO-performance link were assessed. The implications for VNPOs are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.","Shoham, Aviv; Ruvio, Ayalla; Vigoda-Gadot, Eran; Schwabsky, Nitza",Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,1890
+The Effect of Matching Contribution Offers and Legitimization of Paltry Contributions On Compliance,"The use of a matching contribution offer in conjunction with legitimization of paltry contributions is examined in a door‐to‐door charitable solicitation context. Three hundred and twenty households were exposed to charitable contribution requests employing either legitimization of paltry contributions, a matching contribution offer, both, or a control. It was predicted that the matching funds offer, paired with legitimization of paltry donations, would increase both compliance rates and donation sizes and generate greater revenues than either tactic used singly. The results of a field experiment support this prediction. Copyright © 1989, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Fraser, C.; Hite, R.E.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1891
+Thou shalt not steal: Taking aversion with legal property claims,"Do people have an innate respect for property? In the literature, there is controversy about whether human subjects are taking averse. We implemented a dictator game with a symmetric action space to address potential misconceptions and framing and demand effects that may be responsible for the contradictory findings. Misconceptions can occur as a result of unclear property rights, while framing and demand effects can occur if anonymity is not preserved. Our paper is the first to implement both a strict double-blind anonymity protocol and clear property rights. We established clear property claims by asking subjects in our legal treatment to bring their own property to the experiment. In the effort treatment, the experimenter transferred the property publicly to subjects after they completed a real effort task. Our data suggest that without social enforcement, respect for property is low. Yet, the taking rate significantly differs from the theoretically predicted maximum. Consistent with the Lockean theory of property, respect for property grows when the entitlement is legitimized by the labor the owner had to invest to acquire it. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.","Faillo, M.; Rizzolli, M.; Tontrup, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1892
+"A Polyhedron Model of Wisdom: A Systematic Review of the Wisdom Studies in Psychology, Management and Leadership, and Education","No consensus on a definition of wisdom exists. Hence, 50 articles were systematically reviewed from the fields of psychology, management and leadership, and education to examine points of consensus among conceptions of wisdom. These articles were limited to the most cited peer-reviewed articles published between 2006 and 2018 that include wisdom in the title and key words. Based on the review, the Polyhedron Model of Wisdom was developed with components that characterize wisdom including knowledge management, self-regulation, altruism and moral maturity, openness and tolerance, sound judgment and decision making, intelligence and creative thinking, and dynamic balance and synthesis translated into action. This study is a step toward defining wisdom components upon which strategies to foster wisdom could be built. In the future, researchers should investigate ways of fostering wisdom through enhancing components of wisdom. © 2020 The Roeper Institute.","Karami, S.; Ghahremani, M.; Parra-Martinez, F.A.; Gentry, M.",Roeper Rev.,1893
+Affair of the Heart,,"Sullivan, A.",Barron's,1894
+Is a donor in hand better than two in the bush? Evidence from a natural field experiment,"This study examines why people initially give to charities, why they remain committed to the cause, and what factors attenuate these influences. Using an experimental design that links donations across distinct treatments separated in time, we present several results. For example, previous donors are more likely to give, and contribute more, than other donor types. Yet, how previous donors were acquired is critical: agents initially attracted by an economic mechanism are more likely to continue giving than agents attracted by a nonmechanism factor. From a methodological viewpoint, our study showcases the benefit of moving beyond an experimental design that focuses on short-run substitution effects.","Landry, C.E.; Lange, A.; List, J.A.; Price, M.K.; Rupp, N.G.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1895
+Reviewing existing knowledge prior to conducting animal studies,"Highly polarised viewpoints about animal experimentation have often prevented agreement. However, important common ground between advocates and opponents was demonstrated within a discussion forum hosted at www.research-methodology.org.uk in July-August 2008, by the independent charity, SABRE Research UK. Agreement existed that many animal studies have methodological flaws - such as inappropriate sample sizes, lack of randomised treatments, and unblinded outcome assessments - that may introduce bias and limit statistical validity. There was also agreement that systematic reviews of the human utility of animal models yield the highest quality of evidence, as their reliance on methodical and impartial methods to select significant numbers of animal studies for review, serves to minimise bias. Unfortunately, disagreement remained that animal experimental licence applications should reference systematic reviews of existing studies, before approval. The UK Medical Research Council requires that researchers planning human clinical trials must reference such reviews of related previous work. Existing knowledge is thereby fully and appropriately utilised, and redundant experimentation is avoided. However, objections were raised that a similar requirement would interfere with animal experimental licensing, because, to date, there have been very few systematic reviews of animal studies. In fact, the relative dearth of such reviews is a matter of considerable concern, and may partially explain the very poor human success rates of drugs that appear safe and/or efficacious in animal trials. Nevertheless, the disturbing number of human trials which have proceeded concurrently with, or prior to, animal studies, or have continued despite equivocal evidence of efficacy in animals, clearly demonstrate that many researchers fail to conduct adequate prior reviews of existing evidence. Where neither sufficient primary studies, nor systematic reviews of such studies, exist, for citation within a licence application, researchers should be able to provide evidence of this shortcoming, and, concurrently, demonstrate that the available literature and evidence have been adequately reviewed. This should also enable them to clearly demonstrate the need and scientific appropriateness of their proposed study, the validity of its design, and - importantly - that the benefits are reasonably likely to exceed the animal welfare, bioethical and financial costs. Invasive animal studies should never be permitted solely on the basis of less probable, speculative or intangible human benefits, or the mere satisfaction of scientific curiosity.","Knight, Andrew",Altern. Lab. Anim.,1896
+"More Is Better, But Fair Is Fair: Tipping in Dictator and Ultimatum Games","This paper examines Allocators' willingness to reward and punish their paired Recipients. Recipients only compete in a skill-testing contest, the outcome of which determines the size of the surplus. In the dictator game, Allocators reward skillful Recipients, but punish unskillful ones only modestly. The punishment effect is mitigated by the belief held by some Allocators thateffortis the appropriate measure of deservingness. The ultimatum game extension reveals offerers' ability to adapt to the strategic environment. Offers to skillful Recipients in the ultimatum game, however, are shown to be motivated by a taste for fairness, and not strategic considerations.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C70, C91, D63. © 1998 Academic Press.","Ruffle, B.J.",Games Econ. Behav.,1897
+Mediation of the Legitimization of Paltry Favors Technique: The Impact of Social Comparison and Nature of the Cause,"This experiment builds upon previous research on the legitimization of paltry favors (LPF) technique by probing the conditions that explain the effectiveness of the technique. Specifically, impression management as a potential mediator was explored. Subjects were randomly exposed to one of eight solicitation conditions where cause (highly prosocial, less prosocial) and social comparison (No C [confederate], C does not donate, C donated $1.00, C donated $10.00) were varied. The robustness of the LPF technique was assessed by examining the impact of the extent to which the cause was prosocial and by the magnitude of the pledge made by another on the probability of targets’ compliance as well as on the magnitude of the pledges. Results indicated that both factors influenced the effectiveness of the LPF technique. © 2015 Western States Communication Association.","Russell, J.; Boster, F.J.",Commun. Rep.,1898
+"Key stakeholder perceptions about consent to participate in acute illness research: a rapid, systematic review to inform epi/pandemic research preparedness","BACKGROUND: A rigorous research response is required to inform clinical and public health decision-making during an epi/pandemic. However, the ethical conduct of such research, which often involves critically ill patients, may be complicated by the diminished capacity to consent and an imperative to initiate trial therapies within short time frames. Alternative approaches to taking prospective informed consent may therefore be used. We aimed to rapidly review evidence on key stakeholder (patients, their proxy decision-makers, clinicians and regulators) views concerning the acceptability of various approaches for obtaining consent relevant to pandemic-related acute illness research. METHODS: We conducted a rapid evidence review, using the Internet, database and hand-searching for English language empirical publications from 1996 to 2014 on stakeholder opinions of consent models (prospective informed, third-party, deferred, or waived) used in acute illness research. We excluded research on consent to treatment, screening, or other such procedures, non-emergency research and secondary studies. Papers were categorised, and data summarised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We screened 689 citations, reviewed 104 full-text articles and included 52. Just one paper related specifically to pandemic research. In other emergency research contexts potential research participants, clinicians and research staff found third-party, deferred, and waived consent to be acceptable as a means to feasibly conduct such research. Acceptability to potential participants was motivated by altruism, trust in the medical community, and perceived value in medical research and decreased as the perceived risks associated with participation increased. Discrepancies were observed in the acceptability of the concept and application or experience of alternative consent models. Patients accepted clinicians acting as proxy-decision makers, with preference for two decision makers as invasiveness of interventions increased. Research regulators were more cautious when approving studies conducted with alternative consent models; however, their views were generally under-represented. CONCLUSIONS: Third-party, deferred, and waived consent models are broadly acceptable to potential participants, clinicians and/or researchers for emergency research. Further consultation with key stakeholders, particularly with regulators, and studies focused specifically on epi/pandemic research, are required. We highlight gaps and recommendations to inform set-up and protocol development for pandemic research and institutional review board processes. PROSPERO PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42014014000.","Gobat, Nina H; Gal, Micaela; Francis, Nick A; Hood, Kerenza; Watkins, Angela; Turner, Jill; Moore, Ronald; Webb, Steve A R; Butler, Christopher C; Nichol, Alistair",Trials,1899
+Effects of internet display advertising in the purchase funnel: Model-based insights from a randomized field experiment,,"Hoban, P.R.; Bucklin, R.E.",Journal of Marketing Research,1900
+"Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior","Previous research has shown that exposure to violent media increased aggression-related affect and thoughts, physiological arousal, and aggressive behavior as well as decreased prosocial tendencies. The present research examined the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial media promotes prosocial outcomes. Three studies revealed that listening to songs with prosocial (relative to neutral) lyrics increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. These results provide first evidence for the predictive validity of the General Learning Model [Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In P. Vorderer, & J. Bryant, (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives responses and consequences (pp. 363-378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] for the effects of media with prosocial content on prosocial thought, feeling, and behavior. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Greitemeyer, T.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1901
+The revealed objective functions of nonprofit firms,,"Steinberg, R.",Rand Journal of Economics,1902
+A general framework for modifying health-relevant behavior: Reducing undergraduate binge drinking by appealing to commitment and reciprocity,,"Conner, A.E.",Dissertation Abstracts International,1903
+How should charitable organisations motivate young professionals to give philanthropically?,,"Kottasz, R.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1904
+"Deliberation erodes cooperative behavior — Even towards competitive out-groups, even when using a control condition, and even when eliminating selection bias","By many accounts cooperation appears to be a default strategy in social interaction. There are, however, several documented instances in which reflexive responding favors aggressive behaviors: for example, interactions with out-group members. We conduct a rigorous test of potential boundary conditions of intuitive prosociality by looking at whether intuition favors cooperation even towards competitive out-group members, and even in losses frames. Moreover, we address three major methodological limitations of previous research in this area: a lack of an unconstrained control condition; non-compliance with time manipulations leading to high rates of exclusions and thus a selection bias; and non-comprehension of the structure of the game. Even after eliminating participant selection bias and non-comprehension, we find that deliberation decreases cooperation: even in competitive contexts towards out-groups and even in a losses frame, though the differences in cooperation between groups was consistent across conditions. People may be intuitive cooperators, but they are not intuitively impartial. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.","Everett, J.A.C.; Ingbretsen, Z.; Cushman, F.; Cikara, M.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1905
+Decision-making about broad- and narrowcasting: a neuroscientific perspective,"What differentiates sharing with few, well-defined others (narrowcasting) from sharing with loosely defined crowds (broadcasting)? One possibility involves a trade-off where broadcasting is self-focused and self-serving, and narrowcasting is based on other-oriented, altruistic motives. We present neuroimaging data consistent with a second, parallel-processes perspective. According to this account, both narrow- and broadcasting simultaneously involve self-related and social motives since these concepts are strongly intertwined both on a psychological and neural level. We recorded brain activity within regions that are meta-analytically associated with self-related and social cognition while participants made decisions to narrow- or broadcast New York Times articles on social media. Results show increased involvement of brain regions associated with both self-related and social processing in narrow- and broadcasting, compared to a control condition. However, both processes were involved with higher intensity during narrowcasting, compared to broadcasting. These data help to disambiguate a theoretical discussion in communication science and clarify the neuropsychological mechanisms that drive sharing decisions in different contexts. Specifically, we highlight that narrow- and broadcasting afford differing intensities of two psychological processes that are crucial to persuasion and population-level content virality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Scholz, Christin; Baek, Elisa C; Brook O’Donnell, Matthew; Falk, Emily B",Media Psychol.,1906
+When saying no leads to compliance: The door-in-the-face technique for changing attitudes and behaviors towards smoking at work,"Introduction The aim of this action research was to encourage workers to comply with an anti-smoking charter and get them to effectively reduce their tobacco use. Two change procedures were compared: a classic one based on an information campaign and an original one based on the door-in-the-face technique. Method Forty-three smoking workers participated in this study. They were assigned to one of the two groups: information campaign group or door-in-the-face group. Two types of measures were administered. The first assessed self-reported attitudes towards smoking, such as perceived dependence (Fagerström Test); the second assessed effective behavior, such as number of cigarettes smoked and physiological nicotine addiction. Conclusion Taken together, the results show that the door-in-the-face technique was more effective than the information campaign. These results are discussed in light of the social acceptability of the initial refusal. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Pansu, P.; Lima, L.; Fointiat, V.",Rev. Eur. Psychol. Appl.,1907
+The impact of mortality salience on the relative effectiveness of donation appeals,,"Cai, F.; Wyer, R.S.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1908
+Type and amount of help as predictors for impression of helpers,"Impression of helpers can vary as a function of the magnitude of helping (amount of help) and of situational and motivational aspects (type of help). Over three studies conducted in Sweden and the US, we manipulated both the amount and the type of help in ten diverse vignettes and measured participants’ impressions of the described helpers. Impressions were almost unaffected when increasing the amount of help by 500%, but clearly affected by several type of help-manipulations. Particularly, helpers were less positively evaluated if they had mixed motives for helping, did not experience intense emotions or empathy, or if helping involved no personal sacrifice. In line with the person-centered theory of moral judgment, people seem to form impressions of helpers primarily based on the presumed underlying processes and motives of prosociality rather than its consequences. © 2020 Erlandsson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Erlandsson, A.; Wingren, M.; Andersson, P.A.",PLoS ONE,1909
+The willingness to participate in biomedical research involving human beings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVES: To systematically review reasons for the willingness to participate in biomedical human subjects research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Five databases were systematically searched for articles published between 2000 and 2017 containing the domain of 'human subjects research' in 'LMICs' and determinant 'reasons for (non)participation'. Reasons mentioned were extracted, ranked and results narratively described. RESULTS: Ninety-four articles were included, 44 qualitative and 50 mixed-methods studies. Altruism, personal health benefits, access to health care, monetary benefit, knowledge, social support and trust were the most important reasons for participation. Primary reasons for non-participation were safety concerns, inconvenience, stigmatisation, lack of social support, confidentiality concerns, physical pain, efficacy concerns and distrust. Stigmatisation was a major concern in relation to HIV research. Reasons were similar across different regions, gender, non-patient or patient participants and real or hypothetical study designs. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing factors that affect (non-)participation in the planning process and during the conduct of research may enhance voluntary consent to participation and reduce barriers for potential participants.","Browne, Joyce L; Rees, Connie O; van Delden, Johannes J M; Agyepong, Irene; Grobbee, Diederick E; Edwin, Ama; Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin; van der Graaf, Rieke",Trop. Med. Int. Health,1910
+Meta-needs assessment,"Social service administrators rarely have the resources to perform an in-depth needs assessment of their community. One way human service organizations can garner a large amount of research with little financial investment is through a ‘meta-needs assessment’. Meta-needs assessment is a comprehensive analysis of existing human service needs assessments using secondary data conducted by public, non-profit, and private organizations in a particular community. In this paper I discuss the significance of my research in carrying-out a meta-needs assessment in Nebraska. The paper is divided into four sections: (1) description of the problems facing social planning organizations in regards to needs assessment; (2) review of the relevant research literature that supports the meta-needs assessment approach; (3) overview of a meta-needs assessment carried-out in Nebraska; and (4) discussion of some of the methodological pitfalls that were encountered with the study and how these problems can be overcome in future meta-needs assessment projects.","Gaber, J",Eval. Program Plann.,1911
+A theory of impact philanthropy,"This article develops a new model of altruism called impact philanthropy. An impact philanthropist is someone who wants to personally 'make a difference.' While that motive is straightforward, its logical implications are significantly different from other models of philanthropy. For example, the contributions of other donors can reduce an impact philanthropist's charitable fulfillment. As a result, cooperation among impact philanthropists can reduce aggregate giving. In addition, impact philanthropy can lead to a codependent relationship between givers and receivers in which both benefit from the other. Finally, the model suggests a conflict between charitable organizations and its donors concerning the allocation of charitable gifts. In particular, a charitable organization prefers to spread a donor's contribution across many goods, whereas a donor prefers to target his or her contribution at a specific good. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Duncan, B.",J. Public Econ.,1912
+Time is money: Choosing between charitable activities,"This paper analyzes the impact of a preferential tax-price for monetary donations on the joint decision to donate time (volunteer) and money. The methodological approach takes into account that consumption of each charitable good affects consumption of the other. Using data from a national survey on household charitable giving, the results show that donations of time and money are substitutes. However, a decrease in the tax-price of monetary donations also has a positive effect on donations of time that acts outside the change in relative prices. This more than offsets the substitution effect leading to an overall positive correlation between the two charitable goods.","Feldman, N.E.",Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy,1913
+The interactive effects of religiosity and recognition in increasing donation,,"Septianto, F.; Tjiptono, F.; Paramita, W.; Chiew, T.M.",European Journal of Marketing,1914
+Self-other overlap: A unique predictor of willingness to work with people with disability as part of one's career,"Background People with disability (PWD) often rely on others, both for direct support and for the creation of enabling environments to meet their needs. This need makes it crucial for professionals to be willing to work with PWD, and for people to pursue careers that focus on supporting PWD. Objectives To explore self-other overlap as a unique predictor of willingness to work with PWD as part of one's career, using three studies. Methods Studies 1 and 2 used cross-sectional surveys of college undergraduates to explore: 1. whether an association between self-other overlap and willingness to work with PWD exists, and 2. whether self-other overlap is a unique predictor, controlling for attitudes and empathy. Study 3 investigated whether self-other overlap is associated with the groups with whom the students indicated they want (and do not want) to work as part of their career. Results Across the three studies, self-other overlap was uniquely associated with students' willingness to work with PWD as part of one's profession, even when controlling for attitudes and empathy. Conclusions Self-other overlap may be an important additional factor to take into consideration when developing interventions targeted toward promoting working with PWD. © 2019 Ioerger et al.","Ioerger, M.; Machia, L.V.; Turk, M.A.",PLoS ONE,1915
+Two failed replications of the watching eyes effect,,"Matsugasaki, K.; Tsukamoto, W.; Ohtsubo, Y.",Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science,1916
+"A description of classroom help networks, individual network position, and their associations with academic achievement","This study examined how classroom peer relations can be described in terms of the network of help relations among students, and the positions students take up in this help network, and whether the structure of adolescent classroom help networks and individual network positions were associated with academic achievement. Help networks were based on the peer nomination question ""Who helps you with problems?"" Building on previous studies on classroom climate and individual network position, higher academic achievement was expected in classrooms with: a dense help network; no or a few network isolates (referring to students that did not give or receive help at all); less segmentation in help relations; equally distributed help nominations. In addition, higher achievement was expected for individuals with more helpers and a more central position in the help network. Using the Dutch SNARE data (54 classrooms; 1,144 students), the multilevel models suggested that lower achievement was related to an unequal distribution of help relations in a classroom. Moreover, the centrality of individuals in the help network was linked to higher achievement. Classrooms varied strongly on network dimensions, and networks that would theoretically be expected to be most beneficial for achievement (with high density, a few isolates, low segmentation, and high equality) turned out to be highly uncommon. The findings demonstrated that subtle network processes were relevant for academic success, and that classroom network characteristics are associated with classroom-level variation in academic achievement. Descriptive results underlined the complexity of the social context of classrooms, and the absence of’beneficial’ classrooms suggests that researchers should adjust their notion of what is a beneficial or detrimental classroom environment for adolescents. © 2018 van Rijsewijk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","van Rijsewijk, L.G.M.; Oldenburg, B.; Snijders, T.A.B.; Dijkstra, J.K.; Veenstra, R.",PLoS ONE,1917
+Estate taxation and charitable bequests,"Charitable bequests in the United States amount to $2 billion annually and account for a substantial share of the total resources devoted to education, health, science, culture, welfare and religion. The amount and composition of such bequests are affected by the rate structure and deductibility of charitable bequests in the estate tax. A model of charitable bequests is estimated on data from the 1957-1959 Treasury Special Study and the 1969 Estate Tax returns. The price elasticity of charitable bequests is considerably greater than one for all but the very largest estates. Hence, the deduction is efficient in the sense of stimulating at least as much additional giving to charity as revenue lost by the Treasury. A variety of alternative policies are simulated. Those policies raising the price of charitable bequests will substantially curtail charitable bequests. This decrease will come almost exclusively at the expense of the education-science and health-welfare sectors. © 1976.","Boskin, M.J.",J. Public Econ.,1918
+We can see inside: Accurate prediction of Prisoner's Dilemma decisions in announced games following a face-to-face interaction,"Humans form impressions and make social judgments about others based on information that is quickly and easily available, such as facial and vocal traits. The evolutionary function of impression formation and social judgment mechanisms have received limited attention in psychology research; we argue that their function is to accurately forecast the behavior of others. There is some evidence for the predictive accuracy of social judgments, but much of it comes from situations where there is little incentive to deceive, which limits applicability to questions of the function of such mechanisms. A classic experiment that avoids this problem was conducted by R. H. Frank, T. Gilovich, and D. T. Regan (1993); their participants predicted each other's Prisoner's Dilemma Game decisions with above-chance accuracy after a short interaction period, knowing the game would follow. We report three original studies that replicate these aspects of the methods of Frank et al. (1993) and reanalyze data from all known replications. Our meta-analysis of these studies confirms the original report: humans can predict each other's Prisoner's Dilemma decisions after a brief interaction with people who have incentive to deceive. © 2016 The Authors.","Sparks, A.; Burleigh, T.; Barclay, P.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1919
+Empathy as a mediator of the relations between parent and peer attachment and prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors in Mexican American college students,"Attachment and social support theories are normative developmental approaches that postulate positive social behavioral outcomes for individuals who develop strong relationships to parents and peers; however, research on positive aspects of Latinos in the United States is scarce. One hundred and forty-five Mexican American college students (M age = 23.05 years; 99 females) from state universities in the United States completed measures of parent and peer attachment, empathy, prosocial behaviors, and physical aggression. Structural equation models showed that both parent and peer attachments were associated with prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. In general, empathy mediated the relations between peer attachment and both types of social behaviors but mostly for men and not women. Discussion focuses on the importance of attachment relationships and empathy in understanding prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors among Mexican American college students. © SAGE Publications 2012.","Carlo, G.; McGinley, M.; Hayes, R.C.; Martinez, M.M.",J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.,1920
+Can supporting a cause decrease donations and happiness? The cause marketing paradox,,"Krishna, A.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1921
+Cross-cultural dataset for the evolution of religion and morality project,"A considerable body of research cross-culturally examines the evolution of religious traditions, beliefs and behaviors. The bulk of this research, however, draws from coded qualitative ethnographies rather than from standardized methods specifically designed to measure religious beliefs and behaviors. Psychological data sets that examine religious thought and behavior in controlled conditions tend to be disproportionately sampled from student populations. Some cross-national databases employ standardized methods at the individual level, but are primarily focused on fully market integrated, state-level societies. The Evolution of Religion and Morality Project sought to generate a data set that systematically probed individual level measures sampling across a wider range of human populations. The set includes data from behavioral economic experiments and detailed surveys of demographics, religious beliefs and practices, material security, and intergroup perceptions. This paper describes the methods and variables, briefly introduces the sites and sampling techniques, notes inconsistencies across sites, and provides some basic reporting for the data set. © The Author(s) 2016.","Purzycki, B.G.; Apicella, C.; Atkinson, Q.D.; Cohen, E.; McNamara, R.A.; Willard, A.K.; Xygalatas, D.; Norenzayan, A.; Henrich, J.",Sci. Data,1922
+Estimating the influence of fairness on bargaining behavior,"The strength of bargainers' preferences for fair settlements has important implications for predicting negotiation outcomes and guiding bargaining strategy. Existing literature reports a few calibration exercises for social utility models, but the predictive accuracy of these models for out-of-sample forecasting remains unknown. Therefore, we investigate whether fairness considerations are stable enough across bargaining situations to be quantified and used to forecast bargaining behavior accurately. We develop a model that embeds a preference for fair treatment in a quantal response framework to account for noise and experience. In addition, we estimate preference for fairness (willingness to pay) using the simplest, one-round version of sequential bargaining games and then employ it to perform out-of-sample forecasts of multiple-round games of various lengths, discount factors, pie sizes, and levels of bargainer experience. Except in circumstances in which the bargaining pie is very small, the fitted model has significant and substantial out-of-sample explanatory power. The stability we find implies that the model and techniques might ultimately be extended to estimates of the influence of fairness on field negotiations, as well as across subpopulations. © 2008 INFORMS.","Bruyn, A.D.; Bolton, G.E.",Manage Sci,1923
+The effect of nonprofits' taxable activities on the supply of private donations,"Prior research indicates that donations respond to price and income effects as well as to alternative sources of nonprofit financing. Using a database of confidential nonprofit tax returns, we examine the effects of nonprofits' taxable activities on the supply of donations. We find that each additional dollar of taxable revenues crowds-out approximately $0.55 of donations to arts, culture, and humanities organizations and human services and public benefit organizations, suggesting that the recent rapid expansion of nonprofits' taxable activities comes at a financial cost. We do not find that donations to educational or medical nonprofits are sensitive to taxable activities.","Yetman, M.H.; Yetman, R.J.",Natl. Tax J.,1924
+"Environmental enhancement of prosocial television content: Effects on interpersonal behavior, imaginative play, and self-regulation in a natural setting","Investigated whether (a) prosocial TV can affect the behavior of urban poor children and (b) environmental supports that stimulate rehearsal and labeling of TV content are effective in a field setting. The social, imaginative, and self-regulatory behavior of 141 children aged 2 yrs 4 mo-5 yrs 4 mo in Head Start centers was observed before and during 1 of the following 4 experimental treatments: (a) neutral films, (b) prosocial TV only, (c) prosocial TV plus related play materials, and (d) prosocial TV plus related materials plus teacher training for rehearsal using verbal labeling and role playing. Ss in each condition saw 20 films in 8 wks. Prosocial TV alone produced few behavioral differencs from the control group. When classrooms were otherwise comparable, Ss receiving TV plus related materials had high levels of positive social interaction with peers and adults, of imaginative play, and of assertiveness and aggression. Those whose teachers were trained as well showed high levels of positive social interaction with peers, imaginative play, and assertiveness, but did not increase in aggression. Self-regulatory behavior was unaffected. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.","Friedrich-Cofer, L.K.; Huston-Stein, A.; McBride Kipnis, D.; Susman, E.J.; Clewett, A.S.",Dev. Psychol.,1925
+Inducing compliance by a two-door-in-the-face procedure and a self-determination request,"The door-in-the-face (“face”) is a procedure for increasing compliance. An individual is first asked to carry out a difficult task, which is almost always refused, and this is followed by a more moderate second request, the one that was actually desired. The current study devised a two-door-in-the-face (“two-face”) procedure, where the moderate request is preceded by both an extremely hard and a hard request, and examined whether this “two-face” procedure increased compliance when compared to the typical “face” procedure. In addition, the study examined whether a “self-determination” request, where the individual decides the level of help to offer, would produce more compliance than a fixed request, which specifies the level of help wanted. The Ss, 192 persons randomly selected from the telephone directory, were called and asked to help a new radio station. The results showed that the “two-face” when compared to the typical “face” procedure, and the self-determination request when compared to the fixed request significantly increased compliance. © 1981 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Goldman, M.; Creason, C.R.",J. Soc. Psychol.,1926
+In praise of outsourcing,"What explains the context sensitivity of some (apparent) beliefs? Why, for example, do religious beliefs appear to control behaviour in some contexts but not others? Cases like this are heterogeneous, and we may require a matching heterogeneity of explanations, ranging over their contents, the attitudes of agents and features of the environment. In this paper, I put forward a hypothesis of the last kind. I argue that some beliefs (religious and non-religious) are coupled to cues, which either trigger an internal representation or even partially constitute the beliefs. I show that such coupling will give rise to the context-sensitivity, without entailing that religious believers take a different attitude to belief content. © 2018 by KONINKLIJKE BRILL NV, LEIDEN, The Netherlands.","Levy, N.",Contemp. Pragmatism,1927
+Does stake size matter in trust games?,"The proportion of money sent, which is typically assumed to reflect trust, decreased significantly as the stake size was increased in a trust game conducted in rural Bangladesh. Nevertheless, even with very large stakes, most senders and receivers sent substantial fractions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Johansson-Stenman, O.; Mahmud, M.; Martinsson, P.",Econ. Lett.,1928
+"Volunteer stereotypes, stigma, and relational identity projects",,"Ho, M.; O'Donohoe, S.",European Journal of Marketing,1929
+Should the MUHC approve the video capsule endoscopy system in the diagnosis of small bowel abnormalities?,"Based on the above considerations TAU, while recognizing the innovative characteristics of the capsule endoscopy does not feel that there is sufficient evidence to recommend either the hospital purchase of this technology or its incorporation into routine clinical practice.","Costa, Brophy J, V",,1930
+"""Levels of Personal Agency: Individual Variation in Action Identification""",,"Vallacher, R.R.; Wegner, D.M.",Psychological Review,1931
+Ten years of research on group size and helping,"Reviews research that attempts to replicate and extend B. Latané and J. M. Dabbs's (1970) discovery that the presence of other people inhibits an individual from intervening in an emergency. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the precipitating incident, the ambiguity of the helping situation, laboratory vs field settings, characteristics of the Ss, victims, and other bystanders, and the amount and kinds of communication among bystanders. It is concluded that, despite the diversity of styles, settings, and techniques among the studies, the social inhibition of helping is a remarkably consistent phenomenon; however, victims are more likely to receive assistance when only a single individual witnesses the emergency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1981 American Psychological Association.","Latané, B.; Nida, S.",Psychol. Bull.,1932
+Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism,"A meta-analytic review of past research evaluated the link between religiosity and racism in the United States since the Civil Rights Act. Religious racism partly reflects intergroup dynamics. That is, a strong religious in-group identity was associated with derogation of racial out-groups. Other races might be treated as out-groups because religion is practiced largely within race, because training in a religious in-group identity promotes general ethnocentrism, and because different others appear to be in competition for resources. In addition, religious racism is tied to basic life values of social conformity and respect for tradition. In support, individuals who were religious for reasons of conformity and tradition expressed racism that declined in recent years with the decreased societal acceptance of overt racial discrimination. The authors failed to find that racial tolerance arises from humanitarian values, consistent with the idea that religious humanitarianism is largely expressed to in-group members. Only religious agnostics were racially tolerant.","Hall, Deborah L; Matz, David C; Wood, Wendy",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.,1933
+Reconciliation Between Monetary Incentives and Motivation Crowding-Out: The Influence of Perceptions of Incentives on Research Performance,"Motivation crowding theories suggest that the influence of performance-based monetary incentives on performance may depend on how employees perceive the incentives. To examine the crowding-out effect, this article analyzed a panel dataset of faculty’s research published over 9 years in a Korean university, focusing on the moderating role of perceptions of incentives. We found that, as the university increased financial incentives for research performance, academic researchers who perceived the incentives as supportive published more papers in higher impact factor journals. In contrast, the quantity and quality of research performance of those who perceived such incentives as controlling were not significantly associated with the increase in the incentives. To improve the performance of the performance-incentive system with potential crowding-out effects, administrators should communicate with employees to help them perceive incentives as supportive and positive. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Kim, D.H.; Bak, H.-J.",Public Perform. Manage. Rev.,1934
+Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: a systematic review,"PE increases the rate of recovery and improves outcomes at 1 year in patients with GBS. There was insufficient evidence for IV Ig compared with no treatment, but IV Ig and PE appear to have similar effects. XCM: The review question was clear with respect to the participants, intervention and study design, although inclusion criteria were not explicitly defined. A number of studies that were included in the tables were not included in the review, and the reasons for this were unclear. It was not clear if the primary outcome was selected before or after reviewing potentially relevant studies. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication bias. It was not clear whether any language restrictions had been applied, so the potential for language bias could not be assessed. Only two validity criteria were assessed and the exact criteria on which these were assessed were unclear; this inadequate assessment makes it difficult to judge the reliability of the evidence presented. Methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias in the study selection and data extraction processes, but it was unclear whether similar steps were taken in the assessment of validity. Where possible, the data were pooled statistically and potential sources of heterogeneity were examined. It is difficult to assess the reliability of the conclusions given the limited definition of inclusion criteria, the diversity of the studies, the unknown extent to which the data represent all patients with GBS, and the absence of a quality assessment of the included studies. The recommendations for further research appear justified. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated the need for further research to identify more effective treatments for patients with GBS.","Hughes, R A; Swan, A V; Raphael, J C; Annane, D; van Koningsveld, R; van Doorn P, A",,1935
+The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies,"Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","Grabe, S.; Ward, L.M.; Hyde, J.S.",Psychol. Bull.,1936
+Practical meta-analysis,,"Lipsey, M.W.; Wilson, D.B.",Practical meta-analysis,1937
+The interpretation of econometric estimates of the tax incentive to engage in philanthropy,,"Christian, C.; Boatsman, J.; Reneau, J.H.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,1938
+How much are we willing to contribute for better educational outcomes? Evidence from a survey experiment,"We use a survey experiment on a sample of Argentine households to elicit willingness to contribute toward improving the performance of public school students in international educational assessments. Households are presented with a sequence of bids that they can accept or reject. Information is presented in vignettes that vary in the proportion of children who benefited from the gains in educational attainment. We find a higher willingness to contribute for larger gains. In total, households would be willing to contribute an additional 12.8% of current educational expenditure to guarantee improved education quality. © 2016 Western Economic Association International.","Berlinski, S.; Busso, M.",Econ. Inq.,1939
+The Role of Company-Cause Fit and Company Involvement in Consumer Responses to CSR Initiatives: A Meta-Analytic Review,"The marketing literature suggests that company-cause fit is of key importance to developing a successful socially responsible initiative. However, controversy exists regarding the level of this fit. While some studies report that high fit between a company and a cause has beneficial effects on consumer responses to such efforts, other research identifies negative impacts. This paper aims to obtain a deeper insight into this issue by examining the moderating role of company involvement in a cause. A meta-analysis of 51 experimental studies, yielding a total sample size of 11,335 subjects, shows that company-cause fit influences consumer responses to CSR initiatives most positively when a company with a positive reputation is highly involved in a cause, that is, when the company donates at least products. If such a company provides its beneficiary with only monetary contributions (i.e., low involvement), the effects of fit are significantly less influential. © 2017 by the author.","Zasuwa, Grzegorz",Sustainability (Switzerland),1940
+Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: The implied communality deficit,"In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers - in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability - was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions. Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association.","Heilman, M.E.; Okimoto, T.G.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1941
+Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior,"Background: Recent studies have shown that playing prosocial video games leads to greater subsequent prosocial behavior in the real world. However, immersive virtual reality allows people to occupy avatars that are different from them in a perceptually realistic manner. We examine how occupying an avatar with the superhero ability to fly increases helping behavior. Principal Findings: Using a two-by-two design, participants were either given the power of flight (their arm movements were tracked to control their flight akin to Superman's flying ability) or rode as a passenger in a helicopter, and were assigned one of two tasks, either to help find a missing diabetic child in need of insulin or to tour a virtual city. Participants in the ""super-flight"" conditions helped the experimenter pick up spilled pens after their virtual experience significantly more than those who were virtual passengers in a helicopter. Conclusion: The results indicate that having the ""superpower"" of flight leads to greater helping behavior in the real world, regardless of how participants used that power. A possible mechanism for this result is that having the power of flight primed concepts and prototypes associated with superheroes (e.g., Superman). This research illustrates the potential of using experiences in virtual reality technology to increase prosocial behavior in the physical world. © 2013 Rosenberg et al.","Rosenberg, R.S.; Baughman, S.L.; Bailenson, J.N.",PLoS ONE,1942
+Anonymity versus privacy in the dictator game: Revealing donor decisions to recipients does not substantially impact donor behavior,"Anonymity is often offered in economic experiments in order to eliminate observer effects and induce behavior that would be exhibited under private circumstances. However, anonymity differs from privacy in that interactants are only unaware of each others' identities, while having full knowledge of each others' actions. Such situations are rare outside the laboratory and anonymity might not meet the requirements of some participants to psychologically engage as if their actions were private. In order to explore the impact of a lack of privacy on prosocial behaviors, I expand on a study reported in Dana et al. (2006) in which recipients were left unaware of the Dictator Game and given donations as ''bonuses'' to their show-up fees for other tasks. In the current study, I explore whether differences between a private Dictator Game (sensu Dana et al. (2006)) and a standard anonymous one are due to a desire by dictators to avoid shame or to pursue prestige. Participants of a Dictator Game were randomly assigned to one of four categories-one in which the recipient knew of (1) any donation by an anonymous donor (including zero donations), (2) nothing at all, (3) only zero donations, and (4) and only non-zero donations. The results suggest that a lack of privacy increases the shame that selfish-acting participants experience, but that removing such a cost has only minimal effects on actual behavior. ©2014 Jeffrey winking.","Winking, J.",PLoS ONE,1943
+On the utility of alternative procedures for assessing psychological androgyny,"S. L. Bem's definition of psychological androgny as the integration of both masculinity and femininity within a single individual obscures a potentially important distinction between those individuals who score high on both masculinity and femininity and those who score low on both. To assess the importance of this distinction, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory was administered to 375 male and 290 female undergraduates, along with a variety of other pencil-and-paper questionnaires, and in addition, the results of Bem's earlier laboratory studies were reanalyzed with the low-low scorers separated out. High-high and low-low scorers did not differ significantly on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the Mach IV Scale, or the Attitudes Toward Problem-Solving Scale, nor did they differ significantly in 2 of Bem's 3 previous studies. Nevertheless, low-low scorers were significantly lower in self-esteem (Texas Social Behavior Inventory) than high-high scorers, they displayed significantly less responsiveness toward a kitten, and, among men, they reported significantly less self-disclosure (Jourard's Self-Disclosure Scale). Although the results are not consistent, it is concluded that a distinction between high-high and low-low scorers does seem to be warranted. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1977 American Psychological Association.","Bem, S.L.",J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.,1944
+Can Reminders of Rules Induce Compliance? Experimental Evidence from a Common Pool Resource Setting,"This paper presents results from an RCT exploring whether a behavioural intervention can improve the conservation of a common pool resource. The literature on common pool resource management suggests that the existence of rules and sanctions is important to resource conservation. However, behavioural science suggests that individuals have finite cognitive capacity and may not be attentive to these rules and sanctions. This paper investigates the impact of an SMS message intervention designed to improve users’ knowledge of and attentiveness to existing forest use rules. An RCT in Uganda explores the impact of these messages on forest use and compliance with the rules. This paper finds that SMS messages raise the perceived probability of sanctions for rule-breakers. However, SMS messages do not induce full compliance with forest use rules or systematically reduce forest use. © 2020, The Author(s).","Eisenbarth, S.; Graham, L.; Rigterink, A.S.",Environ. Resour. Econ.,1945
+Attitude–Behavior Relations: A Meta-Analysis of Attitudinal Relevance and Topic,Abstract. The difficulty of finding a relationship between attitudes and behavior is one of the greatest controversies in recent social science research. The p,"Kim, Min-Sun; Hunter, John E",J. Commun.,1946
+Parenting and prosocial behaviors: A meta-analysis,"Ascertaining whether and the extent to which different aspects of parenting are associated with prosocial behaviors could inform parenting programs in cultivating healthy development. Multilevel meta-analyses (k = 124) involving children and adolescents were conducted to examine associations between parenting and prosocial behaviors while accounting for demographic and study characteristics. Authoritative parenting (r =.174, p <.001) was associated positively whereas authoritarian parenting (r = −.107, p <.001) was associated negatively with prosocial behaviors. These associations remained robust across infancy, childhood, and adolescence in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. These associations also were invariant across child and parent gender. Moderating effects relevant to the type of prosocial behaviors under examination were identified. Authoritative parenting was associated positively with general, public, emotional, anonymous, dire, compliant, and other specific types of prosocial behaviors (e.g., sharing), but associated negatively with altruistic prosocial behaviors. Authoritarian parenting was associated negatively with general and altruistic prosocial behaviors, but not other specific types. Moderating effects relevant to study design and informant of parenting were found. No moderating effects were identified for the informant and target of prosocial behaviors. Associations of permissive (r = −.096, p <.01) and neglecting parenting (r = −.054, p =.543) remain unclear due to insufficient number of studies and publication biases. Implications for theories, research, and practice are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Wong, T.K.Y.; Konishi, C.; Kong, X.",Soc. Dev.,1947
+"Towards a branding framework for cause-, funding-and need-oriented charities",,"Tapp, A.; Lindsay, G.; Sorrell, R.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1948
+The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity,"The theory of indirect reciprocation explains the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals, engaging in one-shot interaction. Using reputation, a player acquires information on who are worth cooperating and who are not. In a previous paper, we formalized the reputation dynamics, a rule to assign a binary reputation (good or bad) to each player when his action, his current reputation, and the opponent's reputation are given. We then examined all the possible reputation dynamics, and found that there exist only eight reputation dynamics named ""leading eight"" that can maintain the ESS with a high level of cooperation, even if errors are included in executing intended cooperation and in reporting the observation to the public. In this paper, we study the nature of these successful social norms. First, we characterize the role of each pivot of the reputation dynamics common to all of the leading eight. We conclude that keys to the success in indirect reciprocity are to be nice (maintenance of cooperation among themselves), retaliatory (detection of defectors, punishment, and justification of punishment), apologetic, and forgiving. Second, we prove the two basic properties of the leading eight, which give a quantitative evaluation of the ESS condition and the level of cooperation maintained at the ESS. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.",J. Theor. Biol.,1949
+The dopaminergic reward system underpins gender differences in social preferences,"Women are known to have stronger prosocial preferences than men, but it remains an open question as to how these behavioural differences arise from differences in brain functioning. Here, we provide a neurobiological account for the hypothesized gender difference. In a pharmacological study and an independent neuroimaging study, we tested the hypothesis that the neural reward system encodes the value of sharing money with others more strongly in women than in men. In the pharmacological study, we reduced receptor type-specific actions of dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to reward processing, which resulted in more selfish decisions in women and more prosocial decisions in men. Converging findings from an independent neuroimaging study revealed gender-related activity in neural reward circuits during prosocial decisions. Thus, the neural reward system appears to be more sensitive to prosocial rewards in women than in men, providing a neurobiological account for why women often behave more prosocially than men. © 2017 The Author(s).","Soutschek, A.; Burke, C.J.; Raja Beharelle, A.; Schreiber, R.; Weber, S.C.; Karipidis, I.I.; Ten Velden, J.; Weber, B.; Haker, H.; Kalenscher, T.; Tobler, P.N.",Nat. Hum. Behav.,1950
+The evolution of gods’ minds in the Tyva Republic,"As appeals to what gods know and care about often motivate and rationalize human behavior, understanding shared models of gods’ minds is crucial for understanding religion’s contributions to human sociality. If religious systems function to minimize the effects of social and ecological problems, then models of gods’ concerns should coevolve with these problems. The present work assesses this prediction using data collected in the Tyva Republic. After briefly introducing the social and ecological history of ritual cairn piety in Inner Asia, I examine explicit representational models of morality, virtue, and gods’ concerns in Tyva. I show that (a) there is very little conceptual overlap between Tyvans’ models of morality and virtue and the things about which spirits care, (b) Tyvan spirit masters are primarily concerned with ritual and breaches of resourcemaintenance, and (c) among the emerging, salient factors that anger spirit masters are alcohol abuse and littering, very recent social problems in the region. This report provides support for the hypothesis that representational models of gods’ minds will evolve in accordance with ever-shifting local problems and offers the first formal treatment of empirically determining what constitutes a “moralistic” deity among living people. © 2016 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved.","Purzycki, B.G.",Curr. Anthropol.,1951
+Greater Male Variability in Cooperation: Meta-Analytic Evidence for an Evolutionary Perspective,"Do men and women differ systematically in their cooperation behaviors? Researchers have long grappled with this question, and studies have returned equivocal results. We developed an evolutionary perspective according to which men are characterized by greater intrasex variability in cooperation as a result of sex-differentiated psychological adaptations. We tested our hypothesis in two meta-analyses. The first involved the raw data of 40 samples from 23 social-dilemma studies with 8,123 participants. Findings provided strong support for our perspective. Whereas we found that the two sexes do not differ in average cooperation levels, men are much more likely to behave either selfishly or altruistically, whereas women are more likely to be moderately cooperative. We confirmed our findings in a second meta-analytic study of 28 samples from 23 studies of organizational citizenship behavior with 13,985 participants. Our results highlight the importance of taking intrasex variability into consideration when studying sex differences in cooperation and suggest important future research directions. © The Author(s) 2020.","Thöni, C.; Volk, S.; Cortina, J.M.",Psychol. Sci.,1952
+Altruistic food sharing behavior by human infants after a hunger manipulation,"Altruistic behavior entails giving valuable benefits to others while incurring a personal cost. A distinctively human form of altruistic behavior involves handing nutritious food to needy strangers, even when one desires the food. Engaging in altruistic food transfer, instead of keeping the food, is costly, because it reduces the caloric intake of the benefactor vis-à-vis the beneficiary. Human adults engage in this form of altruistic behavior during times of war and famine, when giving food to others threatens one’s own survival. Our closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), exhibit notable constraints on the proclivity to engage in such food transfer (particularly chimpanzees), although they share many social-cognitive commonalities with humans. Here we show that in a nonverbal test, 19-month-old human infants repeatedly and spontaneously transferred high-value, nutritious natural food to a stranger (Experiment 1) and more critically, did so after an experimental manipulation that imposed a feeding delay (Experiment 2), which increased their own motivation to eat the food. Social experience variables moderated the expression of this infant altruistic behavior, suggesting malleability. © 2020, The Author(s).","Barragan, R.C.; Brooks, R.; Meltzoff, A.N.",Sci. Rep.,1953
+Dealing with social desirability bias: An application to charitable giving,,"Lee, Z.; Sargeant, A.",European Journal of Marketing,1954
+MEDICINE. Cancer research centers pool tumor genome data,"Chemicals/CAS: DNA, 9007-49-2; epidermal growth factor receptor, 79079-06-4; imatinib, 152459-95-5, 220127-57-1; DNA","Kaiser, Jocelyn",Science,1955
+"The non-conscious aspects of ethical behavior: Not everything in the ""good"" organization is deliberate and intentional","With regard to the ethical organization, it is generally understood that ""good"" organizations 1) establish ethical standards; 2) regularly make those standards salient; 3) monitor behavior; and 4) reward and punish accordingly. While it is typical to think of these processes as occurring at conscious levels, I will discuss research that suggests that each process can, and does, occur at non-conscious levels-that an ethical culture exists and influences employees in ways that neither management nor employees likely recognize. Then I will discuss the expectations that should circumscribe a ""good"" organization. © 2014, Scott J. Reynolds.","Reynolds, S.J.",Am. Crim. Law Rev.,1956
+The unresponsive avenger: More evidence that disinterested third parties do not punish altruistically,"Many social scientists believe humans possess an evolved motivation to punish violations of norms-including norm violations that do not harm them directly. However, most empirical evidence for so-called altruistic punishment comes from experimental economics games that create experimental demand for third-party punishment, raising the possibility that the third-party punishment uncovered in these experiments has been motivated by a desire to appear concerned about social norms rather than by actual concern about upholding them. Here we present the results of five experiments in which we used an aggression paradigm to contrast second-party and third-party punishment with minimal experimental demand. We also summarize the results of these experiments meta-analytically. We found robust evidence that participants who were insulted by a stranger experienced anger and punished the insulter. To a lesser degree, participants who witnessed a friend receive an insult also became angry and punished the insulter. In contrast, we found robust evidence that participants who witnessed a stranger receive an insult did not punish the insulter, although they did experience modest amounts of anger. In only one experiment did we find any punishment on behalf of a stranger, and this result could plausibly be explained by the desire to escape the moral censure of other bystanders. Our results suggest that experimental designs that rely on demand-laden methods to test hypotheses about third-party punishment may have overstated the case for the existence of this trait. (PsycINFO Database Record","Pedersen, Eric J; McAuliffe, William H B; McCullough, Michael E",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,1957
+"Who is Left Behind? Altruism of Giving, Happiness and Mental Health during the Covid-19 Period in the UK","The UK government has decided to implement lockdown measures at the end of March 2020 as a response to the outbreak and spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. As a consequence, households have experienced job losses and a significant drop in their finances. During these unprecedented and difficult times, people provide financial assistance to those who are in need and have to cope with falls in their living standards. In this study we are interested to investigate the subjective well-being, which is expressed by mental health and components of general happiness, of the givers rather than of receivers. We apply a difference-in-differences framework to investigate the impact of altruism on the givers’ SWB in the UK. Altruism is denoted by transfers made to adult children, parents, siblings, and friends. Using the DiD estimator and the estimated coefficient of the household income we calculate the implicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for altruism. We perform various regressions by gender and racial-ethnic background using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). The analysis shows that altruistic behaviours impact different domains of SWB between men and women, as well as, among people with different racial-ethnic background. © 2020, The Author(s).","Giovanis, E.; Ozdamar, O.",Appl. Res. Qual. Life,1958
+Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting,"We examined the effect of an image of a pair of eyes on contributions to an honesty box used to collect money for drinks in a university coffee room. People paid nearly three times as much for their drinks when eyes were displayed rather than a control image. This finding provides the first evidence from a naturalistic setting of the importance of cues of being watched, and hence reputational concerns, on human cooperative behaviour. © 2006 The Royal Society.","Bateson, M.; Nettle, D.; Roberts, G.",Biol. Lett.,1959
+Do public subsidies leverage private philanthropy for the arts? Empirical evidence on symphony orchestras,"The relationship between public subsidies and private philanthropy is at the heart of a common claim that state subsidies ""leverage"" private donations to the arts. This claim might seem counterintuitive to some who find it more likely that state funding would crowd out private donations. This article empirically tests this question, using panel data on five major American symphony orchestras. The principal result of the statistical analysis is that neither claim is correct for these orchestras: The two funding sources are independent. This finding has significant managerial implications with respect to revenue-raising strategies for arts organizations as well as nonprofit firms in general. These implications and several related policy issues are discussed.","Brooks, A.C.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1960
+,,,"Tax Reform Act of 1985, 99th Cong., 1st Session",1961
+Tax evasion and tax rates: An analysis of individual returns,,"Clotfelter, C.T.",Review of Economics and Statistics,1962
+Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns Through Meta-Analysis,"A meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effects of mass communication campaigns on changes in behavior, knowledge, and self-efficacy in the general public. A review of the academic literature was undertaken and identified 1,638 articles from 1966 through 2012. Using strict inclusion criteria, we included 63 studies for coding and analyses. Results from these efforts indicated that campaigns produced positive effects in behavior change (r =.05, k = 61) and knowledge (r =.10, k = 26) but failed to produce significant increases in self-efficacy (r =.02, k = 14). Several moderators (e.g., health topic, the theory underlying the campaign) were examined in relation to campaign principles that are prescribed to increase campaign effects. The major findings are reviewed, and the implications for future campaign design are discussed. © Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Anker, A.E.; Feeley, T.H.; McCracken, B.; Lagoe, C.A.",J. Health Commun.,1963
+The role of the justice motive in economic decision making,"In two studies, a dictator game was used to investigate the hypotheses that two types of justice motives should be differentiated, the need to belief in a just world and a self-attributed justice motive, that both justice motives could explain the decision for equal allocations, and that the explicit justice motive could explain the avoidance of an egoistic allocation. In Study 1, both justice motives predicted equally well the decision for an equal allocation, whereas the explicit justice motive predicted the avoidance of an egoistic allocation. A similar pattern of results emerged in Study 2. Additionally, the explicit but not the implicit justice motive covaried with social desirability, and social desirability explained the decision for equality and the avoidance of an egoistic allocation just as well as the explicit justice motive. Finally, allocation decisions were better explained in Study 2, where real money was at stake. The findings support the idea that allocation decisions can best be understood by taking the just world justice motive and social desirability into account. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Dalbert, C.; Umlauft, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1964
+Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling,"Costly signaling theory (CST) offers an explanation of generosity and collective action that contrasts sharply with explanations based on conditional reciprocity. This makes it particularly relevant to situations involving widespread unconditional provisioning of collective goods. We provide a preliminary application of CST to ethnographic data on turtle hunting and public feasting among the Meriam of Torres Strait, Australia. Turtle hunting appears to meet the key conditions specified in CST: it is (1) an honest signal of underlying abilities such as strength, risk-taking, skill, and leadership; (2) costly in ways not subject to reciprocation; (3) an effective means of broadcasting signals, since the collective good (a feast) attracts a large audience; and (4) seems to provide benefits to signalers (turtle hunters) as well as recipients (audience). We conclude with some suggestions as to the broader implications of this research, and the costly signaling paradigm in general, for understanding collective action and generosity in human social groups. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Smith, E.A.; Bliege Bird, R.L.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1965
+The impact of self-construal and message frame valence on reactance: a cross-cultural study in charity advertising,,"Xu, J.",International Journal of Advertising,1966
+The effect of government grants on private giving to East Asian nonprofits: Implications for social work managers,"For effective financial management, social work managers must clearly grasp the relationship between government grants and private contributions, which is frequently characterized as crowding-out effects. Crowding-out effects have been investigated for various types of nonprofits in the U.S., and the results have been mixed. In spite of its popularity in nonprofit research, the theory has not been applied to nonprofits serving minority communities. This is the first pilot crowding-out study looking at East Asian nonprofit organizations, including Chinese, Korean, and Japanese-American nonprofits in the NY and NJ metropolitan area (n = 410). Through a panel analysis, the current study found a significant crowding-in effect for donations to East Asian-American nonprofits (p <.01). The relationship between government grants and private giving was different for each East Asian-American nonprofit organization. Particularly, donors of Chinese and Japanese-American nonprofit organizations donated more money when their charities received more government grants (p <.05). In contrast, we found crowding-out effects for Korean-American nonprofit organizations, but the result was not significant (p >.05). The estimated crowding-in effects of government grants on private giving by each of the East Asian countries were explicated based on each country’s social, political, and cultural background such as the quality of the charity, transparency, and political trust. Social work managers in ethnic nonprofit organizations should establish different strategies to help shape donor giving patterns according to the effect of government grants. © 2020 Authors.","Lee, L.H.; Kim, S.-J.",Adv. soc. Work,1967
+Patients or volunteers? The impact of motivation for trial participation on the efficacy of patient decision Aids: a secondary analysis of a Cochrane systematic review,"BACKGROUND: Efficacy of patient decision aids (PtDAs) may be influenced by trial participants' identity either as patients seeking to benefit personally from involvement or as volunteers supporting the research effort. AIM: To determine if study characteristics indicative of participants' trial identity might influence PtDA efficacy. METHODS: We undertook exploratory subgroup meta-analysis of the 2011 Cochrane review of PtDAs, including trials that compared PtDA with usual care for treatment decisions. We extracted data on whether participants initiated the care pathway, setting, practitioner interactions, and 6 outcome variables (knowledge, risk perception, decisional conflict, feeling informed, feeling clear about values, and participation). The main subgroup analysis categorized trials as ""volunteerism"" or ""patienthood"" on the basis of whether participants initiated the care pathway. A supplementary subgroup analysis categorized trials on the basis of whether any volunteerism factors were present (participants had not initiated the care pathway, had attended a research setting, or had a face-to-face interaction with a researcher). RESULTS: Twenty-nine trials were included. Compared with volunteerism trials, pooled effect sizes were higher in patienthood trials (where participants initiated the care pathway) for knowledge, decisional conflict, feeling informed, feeling clear, and participation. The subgroup difference was statistically significant for knowledge only (P = 0.03). When trials were compared on the basis of whether volunteerism factors were present, knowledge was significantly greater in patienthood trials (P < 0.001), but there was otherwise no consistent pattern of differences in effects across outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a tendency toward greater PtDA efficacy in trials in which participants initiate the pathway of care. Knowledge acquisition appears to be greater in trials where participants are predominantly patients rather than volunteers.","Brown, James G; Joyce, Kerry E; Stacey, Dawn; Thomson, Richard G",Med. Decis. Making,1968
+Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games,"Economic games such as the public goods game are increasingly being used to measure social behaviours in humans and non-human primates. The results of such games have been used to argue that people are pro-social, and that humans are uniquely altruistic, willingly sacrificing their own welfare in order to benefit others. However, an alternative explanation for the empirical observations is that individuals are mistaken, but learn, during the game, how to improve their personal payoff. We test between these competing hypotheses, by comparing the explanatory power of different behavioural rules, in public goods games, where individuals are given different amounts of information. We find: (i) that individual behaviour is best explained by a learning rule that is trying to maximize personal income; (ii) that conditional cooperation disappears when the consequences of cooperation are made clearer; and (iii) that social preferences, if they exist, are more anti-social than pro-social. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Burton-Chellew, M.N.; Nax, H.H.; West, S.A.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1969
+Corporate sponsorships may hurt nonprofits: Understanding their effects on charitable giving,,"Bennett, C.M.; Kim, H.; Loken, B.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1970
+Voluntary donations and public expenditures in a federalist system,,"Steinberg, R.",American Economic Review,1971
+When promoting a charity can hurt charitable giving: A metacognitive analysis,,"Smith, R.W.; Schwarz, N.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1972
+Use of meta-analysis for testing theory,"Within the context of the general superiority of meta-analytic reviews over qualitative reviews, we emphasize the fragility of meta-analytic outcomes, especially when the effects of moderator variables remain unexamined. We consider the contribution to increased theoretical understanding made by moderator analyses both of methodological and substantive variables in psychological, health, and medical research. The potential contribution of meta-analysis to understanding the process underlying established relationships and to assessment of the convergent and discriminative construct validity of previously used concepts is discussed.","Miller, N; Pollock, V E",Eval. Health Prof.,1973
+"The nonprofit sector in brief 2015: public charities, giving, and volunteering",,"McKeever, B.S.; Pettijohn, S.L.",The Nonprofit Sector in Brief 2014,1974
+In-hospital experiences of families of potential organ donors: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis,"Information and compassion assist families of potential organ donors to make informed decisions. However, psychological implications of the in-hospital process are not well described with past research focusing on decision-making. To enhance understanding and improve service delivery, a systematic review was conducted. Inductive analysis and synthesis utilised Grounded Theory Methodology within a systems theory framework and contributed to a model proposing that family and staff form a System of Systems with shared responsibility for process outcomes. This model can guide evaluation and improvement of care and will be tested by means of a longitudinal study of family experiences.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Ranse, Kristen; van Haren, Frank Mp; Boer, Douglas P",Health Psychol Open,1975
+What Is Ego Depletion? Toward a Mechanistic Revision of the Resource Model of Self-Control,"According to the resource model of self-control, overriding one's predominant response tendencies consumes and temporarily depletes a limited inner resource. Over 100 experiments have lent support to this model of ego depletion by observing that acts of self-control at Time 1 reduce performance on subsequent, seemingly unrelated self-control tasks at Time 2. The time is now ripe, therefore, not only to broaden the scope of the model but to start gaining a precise, mechanistic account of it. Accordingly, in the current article, the authors probe the particular cognitive, affective, and motivational mechanics of self-control and its depletion, asking, ""What is ego depletion?"" This study proposes a process model of depletion, suggesting that exerting self-control at Time 1 causes temporary shifts in both motivation and attention that undermine self-control at Time 2. The article highlights evidence in support of this model but also highlights where evidence is lacking, thus providing a blueprint for future research. Though the process model of depletion may sacrifice the elegance of the resource metaphor, it paints a more precise picture of ego depletion and suggests several nuanced predictions for future research. © The Author(s) 2012.","Inzlicht, M.; Schmeichel, B.J.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1976
+The Effects of Prosocial and Aggressive Videogames on Children’s Donating and Helping,"We investigated the effects of a prosocial and an aggressive videogame on children’s prosocial behavior. Third-, fourth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade boys and girls (N = 160) were randomly assigned to either a control condition or one of four treatment conditions. In two of the treatment conditions, children played a videogame with prosocial content either singly or cooperatively with another child. In the other two conditions, children played an aggressive videogame either singly or competitively. Subsequent levels of donating and helping were measured. A three-way analysis of variance indicated that older students donated significantly more than did younger students. Children who played either of the aggressive videogames donated significantly less than did those who played prosocial games by themselves. No significant effects were found for helping. Playing the prosocial videogame did not increase prosocial responding, but playing the aggressive videogame tended to suppress this behavior. The failure of the prosocial game to accelerate prosocial responding might be due to the relatively brief treatments used in this study and/or to the particular prosocial videogame utilized. © 1987 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Chambers, J.H.; Ascione, F.R.",J. Genet. Psychol.,1977
+Religiosity and prosocial behaviours in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values,"This study examined the hypothesis that religiosity would be differentially related to six types of adolescent prosocial behaviour, and that these relations would be mediated by the prosocial value of kindness. Self-report data were collected from 142 high school students (63 per cent female; 91 per cent White; M age=16.8, S=.80). Religiosity was a significant positive predictor of kindness, as well as compliant, anonymous and altruistic prosocial behaviour, but not public, dire and emotional prosocial behaviour. Associations between religiosity and both compliant and altruistic prosocial behaviours were mediated by kindness. Direct and indirect paths were found between religiosity and anonymous prosocial behaviour. Thus, partial support was found for the mediational hypothesis. Discussion focused on the utility of distinguishing among different types of prosocial behaviours and on the role of religion and values in promoting moral education. © 2005 Journal of Moral Education Ltd.","Hardy, S.A.; Carlo, G.",J. Moral Educ.,1978
+Response: Commentary: Greater emotional gain from giving in older adults: Age-related positivity bias in charitable giving,,"Bjälkebring, P.; Västfjäll, D.; Dickert, S.; Slovic, P.",Front. Psychol.,1979
+"Media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations: What do we know, what do we need to learn, and what should we do now","There was considerable evidence that media campaigns to promote smoking cessation at the overall population level were often less effective, sometimes equally effective and rarely more effective among disadvantaged populations relative to more advantaged populations. Many of these campaigns could have the unintended effect of increasing or maintaining existing disparities in smoking rates and the mortality burden of tobacco by socio-economic status. XCM: Inclusion criteria were clearly defined for intervention, participants and outcomes, but were not defined for study design. Some relevant sources were searched, but no attempts were made to reduce publication bias. It was unclear whether language limitations were applied. Methods used to select studies and extract data were not described and so it was not known whether efforts were made to reduce reviewer errors and bias. Some characteristics of the included studies were presented in tables; however, types of study designs used and validity of the studies were not reported, which made it difficult to assess the reliability of the data. Results were often reported without supporting data and assessments of statistical significance. The authors reported that due to their search strategy focusing particularly on African American and Hispanic smokers, other low socio-economic groups may have been excluded. Most included studies reported on media campaigns that were part of larger multi-component programs; therefore, the authors correctly commented on the difficulty of attribution of effects solely to media campaigns. A narrative review was appropriate given the differences between studies in terms of interventions, outcomes and participants. The authors' conclusions appear reasonable, but the interpretation and reliability of the findings was unclear due to the poor reporting of the review methods and included data. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that promotion of self-help materials or quit-to-win contests should not be conducted in isolation. Media campaigns should strive to ensure wide exposure, including paid media campaigns, earned media coverage, donated media time and direct marketing. These should be combined, where possible, with other tobacco control program components. In addition when designing messages, media campaigns should consider the literacy needs, language preferences and cultural values of low socio-economic smokers.Research: The authors stated that future research should compare effects of media campaigns for smoking cessation by socio-economic status and test for differences at multiple stages of response. There was also a need to develop theoretical frameworks to understand campaign effects among low socio-economic smokers. Research should be conducted to understand the media use preferences and health-related behaviour among low socio-economic smokers to understand motivation and ensure adequate exposure.","Niederdeppe, J; Kuang, X; Crock, B; Skelton, A",,1980
+A novel approach to increasing inventory with the current panel: Increasing donation frequency by asking for a different blood product,"BACKGROUND: Ongoing shortages of blood products may be addressed through additional donations. However, donation frequency rates are typically lower than medically possible. This preliminary study aims to determine voluntary nonremunerated whole blood (WB) and plasmapheresis donors' willingness, and subsequent facilitators and barriers, to make additional donations of a different type. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty individual telephone interviews were conducted posing two additional donation pattern scenarios: first, making a single and, second, making multiple plasmapheresis donations between WB donations. Stratified purposive sampling was conducted for four samples varying in donation experience: no-plasma, new-to-both-WB-and-plasma, new-to-plasma, and plasma donors. Interviews were analyzed yielding excellent (κ values > 0.81) interrater reliability. RESULTS: Facilitators were more endorsed than barriers for a single but not multiple plasmapheresis donation. More new-to-both donors (n = 5) were willing to make multiple plasma donations between WB donations than others (n = 1 each) and identified fewer barriers (n = 3) than those more experienced in donation (n = 8 no plasma, n = 10 new to both, n = 11 plasma). Donors in the plasma sample were concerned about the subsequent reduced time between plasma donations by adding WB donations (n = 3). The no-plasma and new-to-plasma donors were concerned about the time commitment required (n = 3). CONCLUSION: Current donors are willing to add different product donations but donation history influences their willingness to change. Early introduction of multiple donation types, variation in inventory levels, and addressing barriers will provide blood collection agencies with a novel and cost-effective inventory management strategy. © 2015 AABB.","Bagot, K.L.; Masser, B.M.; White, K.M.",Transfusion,1981
+Motivations of federal workers to volunteer in public sector special events,"Volunteers are considered a core component of special events and they have proved to be an asset to the execution of special events. Although motivations of volunteers have received a great deal of attention from many organizations and individuals in the private sector, little research has been done on motivations of volunteers in the public sector, or within the federal government. Therefore, this article identified motivational factors that prompt federal government workers to volunteer at a government-related special event. A survey was used to gather data from a volunteer sample of 263 individuals who had volunteered for public sector special events in recent years. Exploratory factor analysis and t test were employed to establish motivations that stimulate public sector employees to volunteer for special events and further determine the differences in motivation between females and males. The results showed that government workers mostly volunteer for purposive motive and external motive. In addition, gender played significant roles on egotistic and purposive motives. Thus, this research provides a unique theoretical contribution to research in event management by advancing our understanding of the process by which factors associated with motivation can lead to federal government workers volunteering at a government-related special event; subsequently, impacting how event planners and organizers of public sector special events market to and recruit volunteers. © 2020 Cognizant, LLC.","Artis, K.; Lee, S.H.",Event Manage.,1982
+Impact of indian soap opera on women's positive behavoiur,"Soap operas are some of the most popular television programs around the world. They have a huge fan base just for the fact that it touches the sentiments of the human beings. In the Indian context too, it has a wide reach and never ending popularity among the common people. Particularly among the women population in India, the soaps has achieved a legendary status. The present research is trying to study impact that it has among the women's behavior in the Indian context. Mainly the present paper tries to understand what are the positive effects of the soap operas upon the women's behavior. The present research is a comparative study of the women viewers of Kanyakumari and Trivandrum districts. The research revealed that, despite what people think, there are some positive effects of the soap operas among the women population. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)","Priyakumari, N.; Mariappan, S.",J. Crit. Rev.,1983
+An experimental test of the public-goods crowding-out hypothesis,,"Andreoni, J.",American Economic Review,1984
+When is administrative efficiency associated with charitable donations?,"Whether accounting measures of administrative efficiency affect donations is an important issue for nonprofit managers. Prior research is inconclusive. Some studies find a significant negative relation, whereas others find no significant relation. The authors investigate a variety of reasons for the prior divergent results. The evidence is consistent with donors reducing contributions to organizations reporting higher administrative expense ratios when the ratios are presumably most relevant and reliable. The authors suggest that certain prior studies failed to find significant associations largely because their samples contained many organizations for which the administrative ratios were unreliable or not helpful for donor needs. Model specification issues also affect prior studies but are less critical than sample composition. When the authors replicate prior studies on samples containing established, donation-dependent organizations with nontrivial amounts of fund-raising and administrative expenses, they generally detect a significant negative association. © 2007 Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action.","Tinkelman, D.; Mankaney, K.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1985
+Heritability of decisions and outcomes of public goods games,"Prosociality is one of the most distinctive features of human beings but there are individual differences in cooperative behavior. Employing the twin method, we examined the heritability of cooperativeness and its outcomes on public goods games using a strategy method. In two experiments (Study 1 and Study 2), twin participants were asked to indicate 1) how much they would contribute to a group when they did not know how much the other group members were contributing, and 2) how much they would contribute if they knew the contributions of others. Overall, the heritability estimates were relatively small for each type of decision, but heritability was greater when participants knew that the others had made larger contributions. Using registered decisions in Study 2, we conducted five Monte Carlo simulations to examine genetic and environmental influences on the expected game payoffs. For the simulated one-shot game, the heritability estimates were small, comparable to those of game decisions. For the simulated iterated games, we found that the genetic influences first decreased, then increased as the numbers of iterations grew. The implication for the evolution of individual differences in prosociality is discussed. © 2015 Hiraishi, Shikishima, Yamagata and Ando.","Hiraishi, K.; Shikishima, C.; Yamagata, S.; Ando, J.",Front. Psychol.,1986
+Temporal predictability promotes prosocial behavior in 5-year-old children,"Although interpersonal coordinative activities have been shown to produce prosocial effects in both adults and children, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. While most approaches focus on the effect of mimicry and synchronous behavioral matching, we hypothesize that temporal predictability might play a central role in producing prosocial effects, as it directs coordination and might therefore strengthen shared intentionality. In a percussion task with pairs of 5-year old children, we manipulated temporal predictability and movement similarity/predictability between the pair's movements. Temporal predictability was manipulated by instructing the pair to play the instruments either to beats that were evenly-spaced, and therefore predictable, or to beats that were random, and therefore unpredictable. Movement similarity/predictability was manipulated by having the pair play rhythmic patterns that were similar, predictable, or independent from each other. Children who played to predictable beats were more willing to solve problems cooperatively with their partners and to help when their partners had an accident. In contrast, there was no positive effect of rhythmic predictability or similarity. These results are the first to show that temporal predictability affects prosociality independent of movement similarity or predictability. We conclude that the predictable time frame commonly seen in coordinative activities may be key to strengthening shared intentionality and producing prosocial effects. © 2019 Wan, Fu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Wan, Y.; Fu, H.",PLoS ONE,1987
+"Revenue interactions: Crowding out, crowding in, or neither",,"Tinkelman, D.",Handb. of Res. on Nonprofit Econ. and Manage.,1988
+The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep Satisfaction Tool,"OBJECTIVES: The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) sought to test, refine, and add statistical rigor to its previously described provisional Sleep Satisfaction Tool (SST). The tool assesses the general population's sleep satisfaction. DESIGN: In 2017, NSF created a provisional tool through systematic literature review and an expert consensus panel process. This tool was expanded, refined, and tested through an open-ended survey, 2 rounds of cognitive testing, and a national survey of a random sample of Internet users (aged 18-90). Factor analysis and final consensus panel voting produced the robust SST. RESULTS: The exploratory, open-ended surveying for identifying additional factors important to the public led to question formulation around mind relaxation. Cognitive testing yielded significant refinement to question and response option formatting. Factor analysis of questions from field testing indicated loading on one construct identified as ""sleep satisfaction."" The final 9-item SST demonstrated strong reliability and internal validity with overall SST scores of 56/100 (higher scores indicating greater sleep satisfaction). Individual SST item mean scores ranged from 39 to 66, and overall SST scores varied substantially across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: NSF used a series of development and validation tests on its provisional SST, producing a novel and reliable research tool that measures the general population's sleep satisfaction. The SST is a short, reliable, nonclinical assessment that expands the set of tools available to researchers that implements the individual, social, and environmental factors related to sleep satisfaction. Further research will explore refined scoring methods along with factor weighting and use within different populations.","Ohayon, Maurice M; Paskow, Michael; Roach, Anita; Filer, Christine; Hillygus, D Sunshine; Chen, Michael C; Langer, Gary; Hirshkowitz, Max; National Sleep Foundation Sleep Satisfaction Consensus Panel",Sleep Health,1989
+,,"Marudas, N.P.",Effects of Large Non-Profit Organization Financial Disclosures on Private Donor Giving,1990
+Live donor liver transplantation - adult outcomes: a systematic review,"Recipient outcomes are similar for adult-adult live donor (AA LDLT) and cadaver liver transplantation (CLT). There are small, but real, risks for live liver donors. Although live donor liver transplantation has the potential to help address the demand for livers, its current impact on waiting lists is relatively small.On the basis of the evidence presented in this systematic review, the ASERNIP-S Review Group agreed on the following classifications and recommendations concerning the donor and recipient safety and recipient efficacy of live donor liver transplantation:Classifications: Evidence rating - The available evidence was assessed as poor; however it is recognised that most of the evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of LDLT has to be derived from case series and registries. Even so, there are particular concerns about under-reporting of mortality and morbidity for both donors and recipients, which also contributes to the classification of poor.Safety - Donors: There is some risk of mortality and morbidity for LDLT donors, and the long term risks are unknown. (Since there is no comparator (except not donating), safety can only be described in absolute terms.)Efficacy - Donors: Not applicable, although clearly donors incur costs in terms of lost time and need for additional resources (financial and other).Safety - Recipients: Cannot be determined.Efficacy - Recipients: Cannot be determined.The panel recommended that strict guidelines are necessary for the performance of AA LDLT, in particular with respect to the process of LDLT donor selection, and contraindications for donor selection, and to the process of listing potential LDLT recipients. The Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand has developed guidelines for the performance of AA LDLT, which can be accessed online at http://www.racp.edu.au/tsanz.Additionally, the panel acknowledged the poor evidence available for LDLT, and suggested that all LDLT procedures need to be submitted to a registry, and that any centres not prepared to submit data should not be authorised to be transplant centres.","Middleton, P; Duffield, M; Lynch, S; Verran, D; House, T; Stanton, P; Stitz, R; Padbury, R; Maddern, G",,1991
+Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially,,"Ariely, D.; Bracha, A.; Meier, S.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1992
+Intuition and Deliberation in the Stag Hunt Game,"We present an incentivized laboratory experiment where a random sample of individuals playing a series of stag hunt games are forced to make their choices under time constraints, while the rest of the players have no time limits to decide. We find that individuals under the time pressure treatment are more likely to play stag (vs. hare) than individuals in the control group: under time constraints 62.85% of players are stag-hunters as opposed to 52.32% when no time limits are imposed. These results offer the first experimental evidence on the role of intuition and deliberation in strategic situations that entail social coordination. In interpreting our findings, we provide a discussion on ruling social conventions in daily-life interactions. © 2019, The Author(s).","Belloc, M.; Bilancini, E.; Boncinelli, L.; D’Alessandro, S.",Sci. Rep.,1993
+Reconsidering the media priming effect on audiences' prosocial behavior: The effect of empathy as a mediating variable,,"Kim, Y.; Kim, N.",Paper presented at the NCA 94th Annual Convention,1994
+The cognitive foundations of cooperation,"We conducted an experiment causally manipulating reliance on more intuitive vs. more deliberative behavior through time pressure and time delay. Our design uses a novel manipulation which relies on gradual economic incentives and was devised to avoid the high degree of non-compliance observed in previous experiments. The “social heuristic hypothesis,” which claims that people are intuitively predisposed to cooperate, is not supported in our data. On the aggregate, subjects are not more cooperative under gradually-incentivized time pressure. We also measured individual attitudes on social values and attitudes toward interpersonal risk, and find that both correlate with the tendency to cooperate. A detailed analysis suggests that subjects with a stronger (resp. weaker) prosocial predisposition become more (resp. less) cooperative under time pressure compared to time delay, although the effect is only noticeable for extreme-enough predispositions. A possible interpretation is that relying on more intuitive behavior enhances individual heterogeneous predispositions, while relying on more deliberative behavior moderates them. This suggests that tendencies toward cooperation might not be universal, and rather be moderated by individual characteristics. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Alós-Ferrer, C.; Garagnani, M.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1995
+A content analysis of guilt appeals in popular magazine advertisements,,"Huhmann, B.A.; Brotherton, T.P.",Journal of Advertising,1996
+Acute stress and altruism in younger and older adults,"Recent studies of aging and decision making suggests that altruism increases with age. It is unclear, however, whether this pattern holds when choices are made under stress, as is often the case in real-world scenarios. The current study used an intertemporal choice task in which younger and older adults received a financial endowment before making a series of consequential intertemporal decisions involving gains, losses and charitable donations. Preceding the choice task, participants were exposed to a laboratory stressor. Physiological stress reactivity was a predictor of altruistic decision making in younger adults, such that individuals with higher stress reactivity made more generous choices. Older adults showed higher altruism than younger adults overall, with altruism unrelated to stress reactivity in older adults. These findings are consistent with an age-related change in the mechanisms underlying altruistic behavior. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Sparrow, E.P.; Armstrong, B.A.; Fiocco, A.J.; Spaniol, J.",Psychoneuroendocrinology,1997
+Meta-analysis of social personality psychological research,,"Johnson, B.T.; Eagly, A.H.",Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology,1998
+Altruistic behaviors relieve physical pain,"Engaging in altruistic behaviors is costly, but it contributes to the health and well-being of the performer of such behaviors. The present research offers a take on how this paradox can be understood. Across 2 pilot studies and 3 experiments, we showed a pain-relieving effect of performing altruistic behaviors. Acting altruistically relieved not only acutely induced physical pain among healthy adults but also chronic pain among cancer patients. Using functional MRI, we found that after individuals performed altruistic actions brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula in response to a painful shock was significantly reduced. This reduced pain-induced activation in the right insula was mediated by the neural activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), while the activation of the VMPFC was positively correlated with the performer's experienced meaningfulness from his or her altruistic behavior. Our findings suggest that incurring personal costs to help others may buffer the performers from unpleasant conditions. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.","Wang, Y.; Ge, J.; Zhang, H.; Wang, H.; Xie, X.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,1999
+,,"Mayr, E.",Animal Species and Evolution,2000
+Perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion does not cause adverse sequelae in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of unconfounded studies,"There is currently no evidence that allogeneic blood transfusion increases the risk of clinically important adverse sequelae (all-cause mortality, cancer recurrence and post-operative infection) in cancer patients undergoing surgery. More studies are required before a definitive statement can be made. XCM: The authors presented a well-defined review question and clear inclusion criteria.The validity of the included studies was thoroughly assessed by two investigators.The search strategy was very thorough and included an attempt to identify unpublished studies, although none were found. Sufficient details of the individual studies included were given, with the exception of the participants' gender and the length of follow-up.The authors examined sources of heterogeneity when it was present. The primary studies were summarised appropriately.The authors' conclusions follow logically from the results. XIM: The authors state that the most important conclusion to emerge from this meta-analysis is the need for more (and larger) RCTs comparing allogeneic blood products with appropriate active comparators, such as autologous or leucocyte depleted blood, in patients with cancer at time of operation.They also suggest that given the lack of evidence for increased risk from allogeneic blood transfusions, it seems appropriate to revisit the role of autologous blood donation programmes. This is particularly important given that almost half of the autologous blood donated before operation in the United States is discarded and formal economic analyses have questioned the cost effectiveness of these programmes.","McAlister, F A; Clark, H D; Wells, P S; Laupacis, A",,2001
+,,"Muthén, L.K.; Muthén, B.O.",Mplus User's Guide,2002
+The ultimatum game: raising the stakes,"This paper examines the motivation of players in the ultimatum game when the stakes involved are significant sums of money. A questionnaire approach is used to elicit matched pairs of offers and minimum acceptances from respondents for games in which the stake size increases from $10 to $10,000. Only 16% of our sample could be said to have selfish preferences, the rest of the sample behaved as if they were concerned with relative payoffs. There was some evidence that the concern with relativities was not as strong in the large stake games. Despite this observation, for 60% of the sample, the offer expressed as a proportion of the stake did not change as the stake increased, and 28% of the sample would have offered and accepted half the stake in the $10,000 game. © 1995.","Tompkinson, P.; Bethwaite, J.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2003
+Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and down syndrome risk: a meta-analysis from 34 studies,"BACKGROUND: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme of folate metabolic pathway which catalyzes the irreversible conversion of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate donates methyl group for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Several studies have investigated maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism as a risk factor for DS, but the results were controversial and inconclusive. To come into a conclusive estimate, authors performed a meta-analysis. AIM: A meta-analysis of published case control studies was performed to investigate the association between maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism and Down syndrome. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer Link databases were searched to select the eligible case control studies using appropriate keywords. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95%confidence interval were calculated for risk assessment. RESULTS: Thirty four studies with 3,098 DS case mothers and 4,852 control mothers were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled OR was estimated under five genetic models and significant association was found between maternal MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism and Down syndrome under four genetic models except recessive model (for T vs. C, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.09-1.46, p = 0.001; for TT vs. CC, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.13-1.97, p = 0.008; for CT vs. CC, OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10-1.51, p = 0.001; for TT+CT vs. CC, OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.13-1.60, p = 0.0008; for TT vs. CT+CC, OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60-0.94, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the present meta-analysis support that maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism is a risk factor for DS- affected pregnancy.","Rai, Vandana; Yadav, Upendra; Kumar, Pradeep; Yadav, Sushil Kumar; Mishra, Om Prakesh",PLoS One,2004
+Voluntary versus compulsory solidarity: Theory and experiment,"We present an overlapping-generations model with two interacting teams, where young team members earn an income, whereas old team members depend on either intrateam transfers from young members (voluntary solidarity) or tax-financed transfers (compulsory solidarity). We derive the individually and team-specifically optimal decisions and present further behavioral hypotheses, including the crowding out of voluntary by compulsory solidarity. We test our hypotheses in an experimental study and examine (1) whether raising taxes crowds out voluntary transfers, (2) how income distributions influence voluntary and compulsory solidarity, and (3) whether participants prefer more to less compulsory solidarity. © 2006 Mohr Siebeck.","Güth, W.; Sutter, M.; Verbon, H.",J. Inst. Theor. Econ.,2005
+A systematic review and meta-analysis of antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions,"This meta-analysis sought to identify the strongest antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions. It synthesized the results of 24 predictive correlational studies of donation behavior and 37 studies of donation intentions. The antecedents were grouped into six research programs: (1) the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and its extensions, (2) prosocial motivation, (3) affective expectations, (4) donor site experience, (5) past donation behavior, and (6) donor demographics. Antecedent categories were cross-validated by multiple coders, and combined effect sizes were analyzed using a random-effects model. For donation behavior, medium positive associations were found with five of the constructs from the extended TPB: intentions to donate, perceived behavioral control, attitude toward donation, self-efficacy and donor role identity. Other antecedents displaying a positive association with donation behavior included anticipated regret for not donating, number of past donations and donor age. Donor experiences at the collection site in the form of temporary deferral or adverse reactions had a medium negative association with behavior. For donation intentions, strong positive associations were observed for perceived behavioral control, attitude, self-efficacy, role identity and anticipated regret. Medium positive associations were observed for personal moral norm, subjective norm, satisfaction, and service quality. All other potential antecedents had weak or non-significant associations with behavior and intentions. Several of these associations were moderated by between-study differences, including donor experience, the period of data collection in which donation behavior was observed, and the use of a nominal (yes/no return) versus a ratio measure of donation behavior. Collectively, the results underscore the importance of enhancing donors' attitudes towards donation and building their perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy to donate. Further, minimizing the risk of adverse reactions and enacting re-recruitment policies for temporarily deferred donors will help protect future donation behavior. Implications of these findings for blood collection agencies and researchers are discussed.","Bednall, Timothy C; Bove, Liliana L; Cheetham, Ali; Murray, Andrea L",Soc. Sci. Med.,2006
+Cost-utility of living donor liver transplantation in a single Japanese center,"BACKGROUND/AIMS: Living donor liver transplantation is becoming increasingly important in the Western world, but the economic issues remain controversial. We conducted a cost-utility analysis to evaluate whether living donor liver transplantation is cost-effective. METHODOLOGY: Cost and utility analyses were performed in a longitudinal survey of a single center in Sapporo, Japan. Medical costs were derived from 11 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. Health utility was measured in quality-adjusted life year. Data for health utility scores were derived from 19 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. RESULTS: Median medical cost was U.S. dollars 154,626 from the first day of preoperative evaluation to 24 months post-transplantation. Cumulative quality-adjusted life years were 1.60 at 24 months after transplantation. Medical cost per quality-adjusted life year decreased progressively, leading to medical cost of U.S. dollars 605,131 per quality-adjusted life year at 3 months to U.S. dollars 94,169 at 24 months after transplantation. The results were sensitive to medical cost. CONCLUSIONS: Follow-up survey identified progressive increases in the cost-effectiveness of living donor liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver disease. Living donor liver transplantation appears to represent a cost-effective medical technology.","Ishida, Kozo; Imai, Hirohisa; Ogasawara, Katsuhiko; Hagiwara, Kuniko; Furukawa, Hiroyuki; Todo, Satoru; Fujita, Hiroyoshi; Sakurai, Tsunetaro; Tamashiro, Hiko",Hepatogastroenterology,2007
+The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment,"Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent than rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.","Haidt, J.",Psychol. Rev.,2008
+The effects of two sequential-request strategies on teachers' acceptability and use of a classroom intervention,"This study examined the effects of two sequential-request strategies - foot-in-the-door (FITD) and door-in-the-face (DITF)-on teachers' ratings of treatment acceptability and implementation of a classroom intervention. Sixty-one teachers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions in which they complied with a small initial request, failed to comply with a large initial request, or received no initial request. Teachers then rated the acceptability of a classroom intervention that they were asked to implement for 1 hr on each of 2 consecutive school days. Results showed the mean acceptability ratings for the DITF condition to be significantly lower than the control condition, but neither differed significantly from the FITD condition. Fewer teachers in the DITF condition implemented the intervention than controls. The implications of these results for applying social influence strategies to school consultation are discussed.","Martens, B.K.; Kelly, S.Q.; Diskin, M.T.",J. Educ. Psychol. Consult.,2009
+The Religious Orientation Scale: Review and Meta-Analysis of Social Desirability Effects,"Reliability and validity of scores on the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) are reviewed with respect to social desirability. ROS measures intrinsic religiousness (I; religion as an end unto itself) and extrinsic religiousness (E; religion as a means to some end, like friendship or solace). Development of the scale is briefly traced, including the modification of the E scale to include two subscales. Scores from the I scale have good internal consistency reliability (.83), but scores from E subscales (Social and Personal) have marginal internal consistency reliability (.63 and .64, respectively). I tends to correlate with desirable variables (mental health, altruism, religious commitment), and E correlates with that which is undesirable (prejudice, nonmarital sex). Meta-analysis revealed that I correlates .15 with social desirability but that E does not. Given the religious relevancy of social desirability measures, partialing out this variance is not recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Trimble, Douglas E",Educ. Psychol. Meas.,2010
+Cost effectiveness of a smoking cessation program in patients admitted for coronary heart disease,,"Quist-Paulsen, P; Lydersen, S; Bakke, P S; Gallefoss, F",,2011
+From receiving to achieving: The role of relationship and dependence for nonprofit organisations in corporate partnerships,,"Lefroy, K.; Tsarenko, Y.",European Journal of Marketing,2012
+An IMC approach to event marketing: The effects of sponsorship and experience on customer attitudes,,"Sneath, J.Z.; Finney, R.Z.; Close, A.G.",Journal of Advertising Research,2013
+"Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An experimental study",,"Roth, A.E.; Prasnikar, V.; Okuno-Fujiwara, M.; Zamir, S.",American Economic Review,2014
+More affected = more neglected: Amplification of bias in advice to the unidentified and many,"Professionals often give advice to many anonymous people. For example, financial analysts give public recommendations to trade stock, and medical experts formulate clinical guidelines that affect many patients. Normatively, awareness of the advice-recipient's identity should not influence the quality of advice, and when advice affects a larger number of people, if anything, greater care should be taken to ensure its accuracy. Yet, contrary to this logic and consistent with research on the identifiable victim effect, results from two experimental studies demonstrate that advisors confronting a financial conflict of interest give more biased advice to multiple than single recipients and to unidentified than identified single recipients. Increased intensity of feelings toward single identified recipients appears to drive this process; advisors experience more empathy and appear to have greater awareness and motivation to reduce bias in their advice when the recipient is single and identified. © The Author(s) 2012.","Sah, S.; Loewenstein, G.",Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci,2015
+Dictator games: A meta study,"Over the last 25 years, more than a hundred dictator game experiments have been published. This meta study summarises the evidence. Exploiting the fact that most experiments had to fix parameters they did not intend to test, in multiple regression the meta study is able to assess the effect of single manipulations, controlling for a host of alternative explanatory factors. The resulting rich dataset also provides a testbed for comparing alternative specifications of the statistical model for analysing dictator game data. It shows how Tobit models (assuming that dictators would even want to take money) and hurdle models (assuming that the decision to give a positive amount is separate from the choice of amount, conditional on giving) provide additional insights. © 2011 Economic Science Association.","Engel, C.",Exp. Econ.,2016
+Industry-funded versus non-profit-funded critical care research: a meta-epidemiological overview,"PURPOSE: To study the landscape of funding in intensive care research and assess whether the reported outcomes of industry-funded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more favorable. METHODS: We systematically assembled meta-analyses evaluating any type of intervention in the critical care setting and reporting the source of funding for each included RCT. Furthermore, when the intervention was a drug or biologic, we searched also the original RCT articles, when their funding information was unavailable in the meta-analysis. We then qualitatively summarized the sources of funding. For binary outcomes, separate summary odds ratios were calculated for trials with and without industry funding. We then calculated the ratio of odds ratios (RORs) and the summary ROR (sROR) across topics. ROR < 1 implies that the experimental intervention is relatively more favorable in trials with industry funding compared with trials without industry funding. For RCTs included in the ROR analysis, we also examined the conclusions of their abstract. RESULTS: Across 67 topics with 568 RCTs, 88 were funded by industry and another 73 had both industry and non-profit funding. Across 33 topics with binary outcomes, the sROR was 1.10 [95% CI (0.96-1.26), I2 = 1%]. Conclusions were not significantly more commonly unfavorable for the experimental arm interventions in industry-funded trials (21.3%) compared with trials without industry funding (18.2%). CONCLUSION: Industry-funded RCTs are the minority in intensive care. We found no evidence that industry-funded trials in intensive care yield more favorable results or are less likely to reach unfavorable conclusions.","Janiaud, Perrine; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Ioannidis, John P A",Intensive Care Med.,2017
+"Prosocial television and prosocial toddlers: A multi-method, longitudinal investigation","How screen use might affect early childhood outcomes is an important question for parents, but existing research is patchy. In particular, screen time is often examined in relation to sleep and aggression, but much less is known about its links with prosocial behaviour. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured observations and interviews / questionnaires with both mothers and fathers in a sample of 195 (predominantly affluent and educated) British families tracked across three time-points, when the first-born child was 14-, 24-, and 36-months old. We also applied an objective coding scheme to assess the relative frequency of prosocial behaviour in the programmes and films children were watching at age 24-months. While our results showed no overall associations between prosocial behaviour and either screen time or screen content, there were interaction effects. Specifically, children whose favourite programmes were slow-paced and rich in prosocial content were particularly likely to show developmental gains in sharing. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for parents, researchers, and policy makers. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.","McHarg, G.; Hughes, C.",Infant Behav. Dev.,2018
+Eye images increase charitable donations: Evidence from an opportunistic field experiment in a supermarket,,"Powell, K.L.; Roberts, G.; Nettle, D.",Ethology,2019
+Promoting health behaviours with door-in-the-face: The influence of the beneficiary of the request,"This study examined the ability of a door-in-the-face strategy to increase compliance with health related requests. To explore this question, participants received either a single or door-in-the-face request to perform a health-related behaviour. This request was characterized as either benefiting the person making the request, the person who was the target of the request, or a third party. After receiving the request the participants' verbal and behavioural compliance with the request were measured. The results indicated that the door-in-the-face procedure would be effective with requests to perform health-related behaviours.","Millar, M.G.",Psychol. Health Med.,2020
+The price of beauty: Differential effects of design elements with and without cost implications in nonprofit donor solicitations,,"Townsend, C.",Journal of Consumer Research,2021
+Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study,"In East Asian cultures, people maintain larger interpersonal distances than in European or American cultures. We investigated whether a preference for averted gaze might be responsible for this difference. Typically, when measuring interpersonal distance, participants are asked to maintain eye contact. This request might bias findings due to cultural differences in the interpretation of direct gaze. We had Japanese and German participants adjust preferred interpersonal distance in a standardized laboratory task, using averaged faces with straight-ahead or averted gaze direction. In line with previous findings, Japanese participants preferred overall larger interpersonal distances, and female–female dyads preferred the smallest distances. In contrast, there was no pervasive effect of gaze on interpersonal distance, as confirmed with Bayesian statistics. Thus, differences in the reactions to mutual gaze cannot explain the cultural preferences for interpersonal distance. © The Author(s) 2018.","Sicorello, M.; Stevanov, J.; Ashida, H.; Hecht, H.",J. Cross-Cult. Psychol.,2022
+The relationship among funding sources for art and history museums,"The decline and possible elimination of federal support of the arts in the United States is likely to have a major impact on museum finances. Using data from the 1989 Survey of Museums, we analyze the interactions among major categories of museum funding. The results indicate a strong, positive stimulus of federal funding on private contributions, with some possible displacement of state and local government contributions. The opportunity to generate funds from private sources shows some promise to offset the loss of funds from government sources. © 1999 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Hughes, P.N.; Luksetich, W.A.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2023
+,,"Batson, C.D.",The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-psychological Answer,2024
+Does government spending crowd out charitable contributions?,,"Schiff, J.",National Tax Journal,2025
+The marketing of philanthropy and the charitable contributions deduction: Integrating theories for the deduction and tax exemption,,"Colombo, J.D.",Wake Forest Law Review,2026
+Advertising to early trend propagators: Evidence from twitter,,"Lambrecht, A.; Tucker, C.; Wiertz, C.",Marketing Science,2027
+On the social nature of eyes: The effect of social cues in interaction and individual choice tasks,"In an experimental setting, we applied a dual strategy to better understand the effect of pictures of eyes on human behavior. First, we investigated whether the effect of eyes was limited to interaction tasks in which the subjects' decisions influenced the outcomes of other subjects. We expanded the range of tasks to include individual choice tasks in which the subjects' decisions only influenced their own outcomes. Second, we investigated whether pictures of eyes were one of many social cues or were unique in their effect. We compared the effect of pictures of eyes with the effect of a different condition in which we presented the subjects with pictures of other students (peers). Our results suggest that the effect of pictures of eyes is limited to interaction tasks and that eyes should be considered distinct from other social cues, such as reminders of peers. While pictures of eyes uniformly enhanced pro-social behavior in interaction tasks, this was not the case for reminders of peers. Furthermore, the reminders of peers led to more rational behavior in individual choice tasks, whereas the effect of pictures of eyes was limited to situations involving interaction. Combined, these findings are in line with the claim that the effect of pictures of eyes on behavior is caused by a social exchange heuristic that works to enhance mutual cooperative behavior. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Baillon, A.; Selim, A.; van Dolder, D.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,2028
+The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents,"The correlates and structure of prosocial behaviors in late adolescents were examined using a newly constructed multidimensional measure. In Study 1, 249 college students (145 women; M age = 19.9 years) were administered the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) which assesses 6 types of prosocial behaviors: altruistic, compliant, emotional, dire, public, and anonymous. Measures of sympathy, perspective taking, personal distress, social desirability, global prosocial behaviors, social responsibility, ascription of responsibility, vocabulary skills, and prosocial moral reasoning were also completed. Test-retest reliability and further validity of the PTM were demonstrated in Study 2 with a sample of 40 college students (28 women; M age = 22.9 years). Results from both studies yielded evidence of adequate reliability and validity of the PTM and support the notion of differentiated forms of helping.","Carlo, G.; Randall, B.A.",J. Youth Adolesc.,2029
+Criticisms of the satiety hypothesis as an explanation for within-session decreases in responding,"The authors of four papers recently reported that satiation provides a better explanation than habituation for within-session decreases in conditioned responding. Several arguments question this conclusion. First, the contribution of habituation to within-session changes in responding seems clearly established. Information that is consistent with habituation, but that is difficult to reconcile with satiation, is not adequately addressed. Second, the limited evidence offered in support of satiation is ambiguous because the results are just as compatible with habituation as with other satiety variables. Finally, the term satiation is used in an intuitive way that is sometimes contradicted by research about the termination of ingestion. Use of the technical term satiation in a way that differs from its conventional usage will only isolate operant psychology from other areas of psychological research.","McSweeney, F.K.; Murphy, E.S.",J. Exp. Anal. Behav.,2030
+"Reply to Myrseth and Wollbrant: Ourmodel is consistent with altruism, and helps to explain its evolution",,"Bear, A.; Rand, D.G.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,2031
+Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim: Altruism and Identifiability,"Although it has been claimed that people care more about identifiable than statistical victims, demonstrating this ""identifiable victim effect"" has proven difficult because identification usually provides information about a victim, and people may respond to the information rather than to identification per se. We show that a very weak form of identifiability - determining the victim without providing any personalizing information - increases caring. In the first, laboratory study, subjects were more willing to compensate others who lost money when the losers had already been determined than when they were about to be. In the second, field study, people contributed more to a charity when their contributions would benefit a family that had already been selected from a list than when told that the family would be selected from the same list.","Small, D.A.; Loewenstein, G.",J. Risk Uncertainty,2032
+Organ and tissue donation in clinical settings: a systematic review of the impact of interventions aimed at health professionals,,"Douville F, Godin G, Vezina-Im LA",,2033
+Beyond publication bias,"This review considers several meta-regression and graphical methods that can differentiate genuine empirical effect from publication bias. Publication selection exists when editors, reviewers, or researchers have a preference for statistically significant results. Because all areas of empirical research are susceptible to publication selection, any average or tally of significant/insignificant studies is likely to be biased and potentially misleading. Meta-regression analysis can see through the murk of random sampling error and selected misspecification bias to identify the underlying statistical structures that characterize genuine empirical effect. Meta-significance testing and precision-effect testing (PET) are offered as a means to identify empirical effect beyond publication bias and are applied to four areas of empirical economics research - minimum wage effects, union-productivity effects, price elasticities, and tests of the natural rate hypothesis. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2005.","Stanley, T.D.",J. Econ. Surv.,2034
+Cost-effectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model,"OBJECTIVES: To compare patient outcomes, resource use and costs to the NHS and NHS Blood Transfusion Authority (BTA) associated with cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases covering the period 1996-2004 for systematic reviews and 1994-2004 for economic evidence. REVIEW METHODS: Existing systematic reviews were updated with data from selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that involved adults scheduled for elective non-urgent surgery. Any resource use or cost data were extracted for potential use in populating an economic model. Relative risks or weighted mean difference of each outcome for each intervention were assessed, taking into account the number of RCTs included in each outcome and intervention and the presence of any heterogeneity. This allowed indirect comparison of the relative effectiveness of each intervention when the intervention is compared with allogeneic blood transfusion. A decision analytic model synthesised clinical and economic data from several sources, to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness of cell salvage for people undergoing elective surgery with moderate to major expected blood loss. The perspective of the NHS and patients and a time horizon of 1 month were used. The economic model was developed from reviews of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and clinical experts. Secondary analysis explored the robustness of the results to changes in the timing and costs of cell salvage equipment, surgical procedure, use of transfusion protocols and time horizon of analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 668 studies were identified electronically for the update of the two systematic reviews. This included five RCTs, of which two were cell salvage and three preoperative autologous donation (PAD). Five published systematic reviews were identified for antifibrinolytics, fibrin sealants and restrictive transfusion triggers, PAD plus erythropoietin, erythropoietin alone and acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH). Twelve published studies reported full economic evaluations. All but two of the transfusion strategies significantly reduced exposure to allogeneic blood. The relative risk of exposure to allogeneic blood was 0.59 for the pooled trials of cell salvage (95% confidence interval: 0.48 to 0.73). This varied by the type and timing of cell salvage and type of surgical procedure. For cell salvage, the relative risk of allogeneic blood transfusion was higher in cardiac surgery than in orthopaedic surgery. Cell salvage had lower costs and slightly higher quality-adjusted life years compared with all of the alternative transfusion strategies except ANH. The likelihood that cell salvage is cost-effective compared with strategies other than ANH is over 50%. Most of the secondary analyses indicated similar results to the primary analysis. However, the primary and secondary analyses indicated that ANH may be more cost-effective than cell salvage. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence indicates that cell salvage may be a cost-effective method to reduce exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion. However, ANH may be more cost-effective than cell salvage. The results of this analysis are subject to the low quality and reliability of the data used and the use of indirect comparisons. This may affect the reliability and robustness of the clinical and economic results. There is a need for further research that includes adequately powered high-quality RCTs to compare directly various blood transfusion strategies. These should include measures of health status, health-related quality of life and patient preferences for alternative transfusion strategies. Observational and tracking studies are needed to estimate reliably the incidence of adverse events and infections transmitted during blood transfusion and to identify the lifetime consequences of the serious hazards of transfusion on mortality, health status and health-related quality of life.","Davies, L; Brown, T J; Haynes, S; Payne, K; Elliott, R A; McCollum, C",Health Technol. Assess.,2035
+The effect of tax policy on charitable contributions: The case of nonitemizing taxpayers,,"Dunbar, A.; Phillips, J.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,2036
+"Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence","The authors adopt an interdependence analysis of social value orientation, proposing that prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations are (a) partially rooted in different patterns of social interaction as experienced during the periods spanning early childhood to young adulthood and (b) further shaped by different patterns of social interaction as experienced during early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age. Congruent with this analysis, results revealed that relative to individualists and competitors, prosocial individuals exhibited greater levels of secure attachment (Studies 1 and 2) and reported having more siblings, especially sisters (Study 3). Finally, the prevalence of prosocials increased - and the prevalence of individualists and competitors decreased - from early adulthood to middle adulthood and old age (Study 4). Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Van Lange, P.A.M.; De Bruin, E.M.N.; Otten, W.; Joireman, J.A.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2037
+How a smiley protects health: A pilot intervention to improve hand hygiene in hospitals by activating injunctive norms through emoticons,"Hand hygiene practice in hospitals is unfortunately still widely insufficient, even though it is known that transmitting pathogens via hands is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. Previous research has shown that improving knowledge, providing feedback on past behaviour and targeting social norms are promising approaches to improve hand hygiene practices. The present field experiment was designed to direct people on when to perform hand hygiene and prevent forgetfulness. This intervention is the first to examine the effect of inducing injunctive social norms via an emoticon-based feedback system on hand hygiene behaviour. Electronic monitoring and feedback devices were installed in hospital patient rooms on top of hand-rub dispensers, next to the doorway, for a period of 17 weeks. In the emoticon condition, screens at the devices activated whenever a person entered or exited the room. Before using the alcohol-based hand-rub dispenser, a frowny face was displayed, indicating that hand hygiene should be performed. If the dispenser was subsequently used, this picture changed to a smiley face to positively reinforce the correct behaviour. Hand hygiene behaviour in the emoticon rooms significantly outperformed the behaviour in three other tested conditions. The strong effect in this field experiment indicates that activating injunctive norms may be a promising approach to improve hand hygiene behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2018 Gaube et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Gaube, S.; Tsivrikos, D.; Dollinger, D.; Lermer, E.",PLoS ONE,2038
+"Tax incentives, Individual characteristics and charitable giving in Singapore","Previous studies conducted for developed countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have often found charitable giving by individuals to depend on income, the tax price of giving, and other variables. This article makes use of confidential tax file data to conduct a similar study for Singapore, a rapid-growing newly-industrializing country. The results indicate that disposable income, the tax price of giving, donor's age and educational attainment are important determinants of charitable giving by individuals. Donations are found to be income-inelastic but higly price-elastic. Thus, lowering the price of giving through tax incentives can be very effective in encouraging private donations to cliarity.","Chua, V.C.H.; Wong, C.M.",Int. J. Soc. Econ.,2039
+The impact of direct marketing appeals on charitable marketing effectiveness,,"Smith, G.E.; Berger, P.D.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2040
+Five rules for the evolution of cooperation,"Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.","Nowak, M.A.",Science,2041
+Gendered Help at the Workplace: Implications for Organizational Power Relations,"One of the most thoroughly studied aspects of prosocial workplace behavior is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Yet, the definition of OCB seems to overlook the fact that help-giving acts may be of different types with different consequences for both giver and recipient. The present research explores workplace help-giving behavior by investigating the importance of gender as a factor that facilitates or inhibits specific types of help that empower and disempower independent coping: autonomy- and dependency-oriented help, respectively. A pilot and two following studies were conducted. The pilot study empirically assessed which acts would be clearly perceived by participants as representing both types of help. Then, using the descriptions of these acts, Study 1 examined which type of help would be perceived as most likely to be given by a male or female employee to a male or female colleague in a sample of 226 participants (78% women). Study 2 explored which type of help participants perceived as one they would rather receive from a male or female helper in a sample of 170 participants (65% women). Our findings indicate that male and female respondents who rated men giving help were more likely to expect them to give autonomy-oriented help, especially to women. There were no significant differences in dependency-oriented help. Further, women preferred to receive more autonomy-oriented help than men did, regardless of the help-giver’s gender; no significant results were found for men. Implications for OCB and workplace power relations are discussed. © The Author(s) 2018.","Chernyak-Hai, L.; Waismel-Manor, R.",Psychol. Rep.,2042
+Changing behaviour through business-nonprofit collaboration?: Consumer responses to social alliances,,"Vock, M.; van Dolen, W.; Kolk, A.",European Journal of Marketing,2043
+Charitable contributions and intergenerational transfers,"This paper investigates the effects of bequest taxes and the income of children on the lifetime charitable contributions of parents. Using matched income tax records for parents and children, the results show a positive elasticity of 0.6 for contributions with respect to the tax price of bequests. The paper also finds that the income of children affects the amount that parents contribute to charity. The results show a positive elasticity of up to 0.14 for contributions by parents with respect to the income of children, implying that when children are better off, parents are likely to increase charitable giving.","Auten, G.; Joulfaian, D.",J. Public Econ.,2044
+How Did the Great Recession Affect Charitable Giving?,"A great deal of research has studied the effects of income and tax changes on charitable giving. However, little work has focused on how these relationships were affected by the Great Recession. This article estimates the tax and income effects using the 2009 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The estimates are notably different than the typical findings from before the recession. Most importantly, tax effects are higher and income effects are lower. These unusual patterns are more pronounced for secular giving than for religious giving, and the effects are muted when only considering tax itemizers. The estimates are used to develop policy analytic results, considering the effects of the 2013 personal income tax rate increases and possible tax deduction limits currently under consideration. I find the tax increases to have a moderately stimulative impact on giving but predict a cap on charitable deductions would have a large negative impact. © The Author(s) 2017.","Brooks, A.C.",Public Financ. Rev.,2045
+"Altruism, fast and slow? Evidence from a meta-analysis and a new experiment","Can we use the lens of dual-system theories to explain altruistic behavior? In recent years this question has attracted the interest of both economists and psychologists. We contribute to this emerging literature by reporting the results of a meta-study of the literature and a new experiment. Our meta-study is based on 22 experimental studies conducted with more than 12,000 subjects. We show that the overall effect of manipulating cognitive resources to promote the “intuitive” system at the expense of the “deliberative” system is very close to zero. One reason for this null result could be that promoting intuition has heterogeneous effects on altruism across different subgroups of subjects or contexts. Another reason could be that there simply is no real effect and that previously reported single results are false positives. We explore the role of heterogeneity both by performing a mediator analysis of the meta-analytic effect and by conducting a new experiment designed to circumvent the issue of potential heterogeneity in the direction of the effect of promoting intuition. In both cases, we find little evidence that heterogeneity explains the absence of an overall effect of intuition on altruism. Taken together, our results offer little support for dual-system theories of altruistic behavior. © 2020, The Author(s).","Fromell, H.; Nosenzo, D.; Owens, T.",Exp. Econ.,2046
+New evidence on the price elasticity of charitable contributions,,"Ricketts, R.C.; Westfall, P.H.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,2047
+Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Demand games,"The demand game is a noncooperative two-person ultimatum game with one-sided uncertainty in which the Sender knows the value of the shared surplus (pie) but the Receiver only knows its probability distribution (Mitzkewitz and Nagel, 1993). We study experimentally the effects of systematic changes in the variability of the pie distribution on the Sender's proposals and Receiver's (binary) responses. In accordance with a behavioral theory that we propose, we find that (i) the Sender's proportional share of the pie increases as the Receiver's uncertainty about the pie increases, and (ii) for a given pie distribution, the Sender's proportional share decreases as the actual pie size increases.","Rapoport, A.; Sundali, J.A.; Seale, D.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2048
+Motivators of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies,"HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) are important precursors to HIV vaccine trials. As well, they contribute to an understanding of motivators and barriers for participation in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials. Motivators can take the form of altruism and a desire for social benefits. Perceived personal benefits, including psychological, personal, and financial well-being, may also motivate participation. The authors performed a systematic review of HIV VPS using the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The authors independently searched the literature for individual HIV VPS that examined motivators of participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial, using the same search strategy. As the denominators employed in the literature varied across studies, the denominators were standardized to the number of respondents per survey item, regardless of their willingness to participate (WTP) in an HIV vaccine trial. The authors retrieved eight studies on social benefits (i.e., altruism) and 11 studies on personal benefits conducted in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, as well as 19 studies on social benefits and 20 studies on personal benefits in the non-OECD countries. Various different forms of altruism were found to be the major motivators for participation in an HIV vaccine trial in both the OECD and the non-OECD countries. In a large number of studies, protection from HIV was cited as a personal motivator for participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial in the OECD and the non-OECD countries. Knowledge of motivators can inform and target recruitment for HIV vaccine trials, although it must be remembered that hypothetical motivators may not always translate into motivators in an actual vaccine trial.","Dhalla, Shayesta; Poole, Gary",AIDS Care,2049
+Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval surgical cytoreduction for advanced ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis,"Compared with primary cytoreduction, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with reduced survival time in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Findings indicate that definitive surgery should be performed early in the course of treatment. XCM: The review stated a clear research question and inclusion criteria for the participants, intervention and outcomes were defined. Limiting the search strategy to English language publications listed in one electronic database and reference lists of identified studies might have resulted in the omission of other relevant studies and increased the potential for publication and language bias. The methods used to select the studies and extract the data were not described, so it is not known whether any efforts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias.Simple linear regression appeared an appropriate method of exploring potential predictors of median survival. However, this method could not provide definitive answers to the review question. One limitation that the authors acknowledged was the lack of sufficient data for a multivariate analysis through which relationships between the various potential predictors of survival could be examined. In the conclusion the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was compared with the effect of primary cytoreduction, but data were not provided in the review. In addition, the limited search and lack of reporting of review methods mean it is not possible to assess the reliability of these conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that findings suggest that definitive surgery should be performed early in the course of treatment.Research: The authors stated that additional studies on neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required to enable consistent identification of patients with surgically unresectable disease, and to determine the acceptable percentage of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that ought to be treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lieu of initial surgery.","Bristow R E, Chi D S",,2050
+"The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera","Eyespots are found in a variety of animals, in particular lepidopterans. The role of eyespots as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th Century, with two main hypotheses invoked to explain their occurrence. The first is that large, centrally located eyespots intimidate predators by resembling the eyes of the predators' own enemies; the second, though not necessarily conflicting, hypothesis is that small, peripherally located eyespots function as markers to deflect the attacks of predators to non-vital regions of the body. A third possibility is also proposed; that eyespots intimidate predators merely because they are novel or rarely encountered salient features. These hypotheses are reviewed, with special reference given to avian predators, since these are likely to be the principal visually hunting predators of the lepidopterans considered. Also highlighted is the necessity to consider the potential influence of sexual selection on lepidopteran wing patterns, and the genetics and development of eyespot formation. © 2005 Cambridge Philosophical Society.","Stevens, M.",Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc.,2051
+Social preferences under chronic stress,"Even though chronic stress is a pervasive problem in contemporary societies and is known to potentially precede both adverse psychological as well as physiological conditions, its effects on decision making have not been systematically investigated. In this paper, we focus on the relation between self-reported chronic stress and self-reported as well as behaviorally shown social preferences. We measured chronic stress with the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress. To determine social preferences, participants played a double anonymous dictator game. In order to control for the robustness of social preferences we employed a 2x2x2x2 design where we manipulated four variables: the frame (Give to Recipient vs. Take from Recipient), the decision maker’s gender (Female vs. Male), the recipient’s gender (Female vs. Male), and the nature of the reward (Real vs. Hypothetical). Results show that perceived chronic stress is not significantly related to social preferences in monetarily rewarded dictator decisions for either gender. However, women’s displayed preferences for hypothetical rewards are negatively correlated to chronic stress levels. This indicates that higher chronic stress in women is associated with lower hypothetical transfers but not with altered actual behavior as compared to non-stressed women. For men, we do not observe such effects. Our findings suggest that, while chronic stress leaves social preferences unaffected in an incentive compatible task, it might foster what could be interpreted as a decrease in self-image promotion in women. Thus, we conclude that in a thoroughly controlled behavioral task differences in reported chronic stress do not entail differences in social preferences, but relate to variation in hypothetical decisions for women. © 2018 Ceccato et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ceccato, S.; Kettner, S.E.; Kudielka, B.M.; Schwieren, C.; Voss, A.",PLoS ONE,2052
+Minimal social cues in the dictator game,"Giving to others is individually costly, yet generates benefits to the recipient. Such altruistic behavior has been well documented in experimental games between unrelated, anonymous individuals. Matters of social distance between giver and receiver, or between giver and a potential bystander, are also known to be relevant to giving behavior. This paper reports results of an experiment manipulating an extremely weak social cue in the dictator game. Prior to making their decision, we present dictators with a simple visual stimulus: either three dots in a ""watching-eyes"" configuration, or three dots in a neutral configuration. The watching-eyes configuration is suggestive of a schematic face - a stimuli that is known to weakly activate the fusiform face area of the brain. Our results demonstrate that such a weak social cue does increase giving behavior - even under a double-blind protocol - and this difference in behavior across treatments is entirely explained by differences in the dictator behavior of males. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Rigdon, M.; Ishii, K.; Watabe, M.; Kitayama, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,2053
+"Public subsidies and charitable giving: Crowding out, crowding in, or both?","Whether government subsidies to nonprofit organizations leverage (crowd in) private donations, or rather crowd them out has been actively debated for some time. A third hypothesis, explored theoretically and tested empirically in this paper, is that the two phenomena are actually not inconsistent with one another: At low levels of subsidies, government support may stimulate private giving whereas at high levels it could have just the opposite effect. The model presented is based on this idea, which yields implications relevant to nonprofit management and public policy, and tests it with data on symphony orchestras. The conclusion is that the maximization of private donations and total ""unearned"" revenues are not compatible goals. Further nonprofits that suffer from short-term liquidity problems or managerial short-sightedness may face a ""subsidy trap,"" in which they are forced to rely on suboptimal levels of subsidies in terms of maximizing the firm's revenues. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.","Brooks, A.C.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,2054
+Modifiable factors influencing relatives' decision to offer organ donation: systematic review,"Objective: To identify modifiable factors that influence relatives’ decision to allow organ donation. Design: Systematic review. Data sources Medline, Embase, and CINAHL, without language restriction, searched to April 2008. Review methods: Three authors independently assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. We excluded studies that examined only factors affecting consent that could not be altered, such as donor ethnicity. We extracted quantitative results to an electronic database. For data synthesis, we summarised the results of studies comparing similar themes. Results: We included 20 observational studies and audits. There were no randomised controlled trials. The main factors associated with reduced rates of refusal were the provision of adequate information on the process of organ donation and its benefits; high quality of care of potential organ donors; ensuring relatives had a clear understanding of brain stem death; separating the request for organ donation from notification that the patient had died; making the request in a private setting; and using trained and experienced individuals to make the request. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that there are modifiable factors in the process of requests for organ donation, in particular the skills of the individual making the request and the timing of this conversation, that might have a significant impact on rates of consent. Targeting these factors might have a greater and more immediate effect on the number of organs for donation than legislative or other long term strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Simpkin, A L; Robertson, L C; Barber, V S; Young, J D",BMJ,2055
+Individual giving behaviour: A multidisciplinary review,"In the USA, total giving to the nonprofit sector in 2004 stood at $248.52 billion, representing a 2 per cent increase over the previous year (AAFRC Trust 2005). A staggering 90 per cent of Americans offer donations to nonprofits with people giving on average 2 per cent of their income and contributing 76 per cent of the total income accruing to the sector (the balance coming from corporations, foundations and bequests) (AAFRC Trust 2005). © 2008 Adrian Sargeant and Walter Wymer for editorial matter and selection; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.","Sargeant, A.; Woodliffe, L.",The Routledge Companion to Nonprofit Marketing,2056
+"An accurate measurement of the crowd-out effect, income effect, and price effect for charitable contributions",,"Kingma, B.R.",Journal of Political Economy,2057
+Government free riding in the public provision of higher education: Panel data estimates of possible crowding out,"This article employs panel data on more than 1000 US public colleges and universities to investigate the effect of private giving on state government funding. Government free riding is at question and is found to be active in that private donations partially displace state government funding at the rate of 83 cents on the dollar. That compares to the 45 cents political substitution of the 1960s but is much diminished from the $1.07 of the 1980s. Those are aggregate comparisons for all public institutions. A disaggregated approach in this article additionally reveals that doctoral granting research universities are somewhat lesser victims of crowd out in experiencing a 71 cents cut. At master level colleges and universities and associate 2 year degree granting colleges, crowding out is estimated to be on the order 87 cents and $1.10, respectively. Relative to the academic year 2000 to 2001, publicly controlled colleges and universities are found to experience significant reductions in state appropriated funding in 2003 to 2004 and 2006 to 2007. Even accounting for changes in the business cycle and changes in possible government spending priorities over time, the overall findings support the persistent effect of this brand of crowding out. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.","Thomas Sav, G.",Appl. Econ.,2058
+Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims,,"Small, D.A.; Loewenstein, G.; Slovic, P.",Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2059
+,,"Möck, J.; Greitemeyer, T.",Why prosocial films influence behavior (Unpublished manuscript),2060
+Mapping the Field of Donation-Based Crowdfunding for Charitable Causes: Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework,"This study compiles the main findings in the field of academic research on pure donation-based crowdfunding (DCF) soliciting monetary contributions for charitable causes. To this purpose, a systematic literature review is conducted, resulting in 92 scientific publications analyzed for the first time in this field of research. The prevailing thematic dimensions and research gaps are identified and discussed. The incipient literature on DCF, with a majority of publications from 2015 onward in the form of empirical articles using quantitative methodologies, focuses on antecedents related to individual donors, organizational promoters as main actors, and online channels and design-related features of campaigns as enablers. However, the effects of DCF on relevant stakeholders (particularly beneficiaries and society in general) remain largely obscure. Based on this analysis, an integrated conceptual framework on DCF is proposed to guide future research. This framework, susceptible of empirical evaluation, allows characterizing the DCF as a distinct and emerging type of philanthropic funding model based on specific and novel antecedents, actors, enablers and effects. © 2020, International Society for Third-Sector Research.","Salido-Andres, N.; Rey-Garcia, M.; Alvarez-Gonzalez, L.I.; Vazquez-Casielles, R.",Voluntas,2061
+"The current landscape of US children’s television: violent, prosocial, educational, and fantastical content","The present study examined currently popular children’s television shows to determine the prevalence of violent, prosocial, educational, and fantastical content (including fantastical events and anthropomorphism). Network, style, and content ratings were collected for 88 shows using a combination of Common Sense Media and laboratory ratings applied to two randomly-selected episodes of each show. Overall, currently popular children’s television shows were most often animated and contained little violent, prosocial, or educational content, but a great deal of fantastical content. Interrelations among variables were also examined. Shows with fantastical events were both more violent and more prosocial than shows without, and shows with anthropomorphism were more prosocial than shows without. The network on which a show aired predicted violent, prosocial, and educational content, but not fantastical content. Children’s television today is not as violent as might be believed, but nor is it particularly prosocial or educational. It is highly fantastical. The implications of the landscape for children’s behavior, learning, and cognition are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Taggart, J.; Eisen, S.; Lillard, A.S.",J. Child. Media,2062
+Donor-conceived people's views and experiences of their genetic origins: A crical analysis of the research evidence,"This article reports on a systematic review of English language, peer reviewed publications from 13 empirical studies with donor-conceived children and adults regarding their experiences and perceptions of donor conception. A total of 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. These were identified by means of a bibliographic search of four electronic databases for the period 1990-2011 and supplemented by the authors' personal knowledge of work in this field. No reports from such studies appeared prior to 2000, and more than half have been published since 2008, demonstrating the relative novelty of research in this field. Much of the reviewed research evidence concerns individuals conceived through sperm donation conducted under a regime promoting both anonymity and nondisclosure. Consequently, there is little research that pertains to individuals conceived through other forms of collaborative reproduction, nor to those conceived under arrangements and regimes in which early parental disclosure is both advocated and practised and the identity of the donor and of other genetic relatives may be accessible to donor-conceived individuals. The studies consistently report that most donor-conceived people have an interest in securing information about their genetic and biographical heritage more information than most of them have been able to obtain. Although a number of methodological limitations in the research base are identified, the authors conclude that the evidence is sufficiently robust to promote the implementation of policies and practices that promote transparency and openness in collaborative reproduction, thus reflecting the importance of maximising future choices and opportunities for donor-conceived people.","Blyth, Eric; Crawshaw, Marilyn; Frith, Lucy; Jones, Caroline",J. Law Med.,2063
+These Eyes: A Rejoinder to Panagopoulos on Eyespots and Voter Mobilization,,"Matland, R.E.; Murray, G.R.",Polit. Psychol.,2064
+Is disney the nicest place on earth? A content analysis of prosocial behavior in animated disney films,"The purpose of this study was to examine the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior in Disney animated films. Characteristics of the target and initiator and context of each prosocial act were also examined. Prosocial behavior was portrayed at a rate of approximately 1 act per minute, rarely occurred in combination with aggression, targets were most prosocial toward friends, and tended to help those similar to themselves. This study views Disney in a more positive light than past studies by highlighting high levels of prosocial behavior, as well as portrayal that may facilitate imitation. This study also used a broad definition of prosocial behavior that provides a more nuanced picture of the nature of prosocial behavior in children's programming. © 2013 International Communication Association.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Coyne, S.M.; Fraser, A.M.; Stockdale, L.A.",J. Commun.,2065
+,,"Harrison, G.W.; Rutström, E.",,2066
+Total disc replacement for chronic low back pain: background and a systematic review of the literature,"There were insufficient data on safety and efficacy to assess the performance of total disc replacement adequately. XCM: The review question was reasonably clear, as were the inclusion criteria. The search was adequate, although the authors suggested that the failure to search EMBASE may have limited the number of studies found. The authors acknowledged that the fact that the review was limited to studies published in peer-reviewed journals may have led to the introduction of publication bias, which was not assessed. The authors applied procedures to minimise bias and error when selecting studies for the review and in the validity assessment, which was thorough. However, they did not report using such methods when extracting data for the review.Details of the primary studies were presented adequately in tabular format, with the results of the quality assessment tabulated separately. The decision to adopt a narrative synthesis of the results was appropriate given the heterogeneity between the studies' measurement of the outcomes. However, the synthesis was primarily contained in the 'Discussion' section of the study and was difficult to relate to the evidence table. The authors' conclusions reflect the paucity of evidence found by the review. The implications for practice which they draw from these conclusions were appropriate. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that total disc replacements should be considered experimental procedures and should be used only in strict clinical trials.Research: The authors stated that adequate studies are now in progress and that their long-term results should be awaited.","de Kleuver, M; Oner, F C; Jacobs, W C",,2067
+Financial Rewards Do Not Stimulate Coproduction: Evidence from Two Experiments,"Western governments are increasingly trying to stimulate citizens to coproduce public services by, among other strategies, offering them financial incentives. However, there are competing views on whether financial incentives stimulate coproduction. While some argue that financial incentives increase citizens' willingness to coproduce, others suggest that incentives decrease their willingness (i.e., crowding out). To test these competing expectations, the authors designed a set of experiments that offered subjects a financial incentive to assist municipalities in helping refugees integrate. The experiment was first conducted among university students within a laboratory setting. Then, the initial findings were replicated and extended among a general adult sample. Results suggest that small financial rewards have no effect: they neither increase nor decrease people's willingness to coproduce. When the offered amount is increased substantially, willingness to coproduce increases only marginally. Hence, financial incentives are not a very cost-efficient instrument to stimulate coproduction. © 2018 The Authors. Public Administration Review published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Society for Public Administration.","Voorberg, W.; Jilke, S.; Tummers, L.; Bekkers, V.",Public Adm. Rev.,2068
+Nonprofit branding: a bibliometric analysis,"Purpose: This study aims to examine articles on nonprofit branding over an 18-year time span to develop an overview and better understanding of the subject. Design/methodology/approach: This study used the Scopus database in a search for studies that deal, regardless of the approach, with branding in a nonprofit context. Subsequently, through a systematic review, a database with 84 articles was generated and 77 articles were submitted to bibliometric analysis. Findings: This study identified six main research areas (brand and donation, brand management, brand orientation, nonprofit and for-profit partnership, communication strategies and stakeholder management), which were analyzed and discussed, seeking to identify the relationship between research in each area. In addition, this study presents the limitations of the research and thus verify that, although this body of literature is growing, the complexity of the nonprofit sector offers several opportunities for future research, which are pointed out at the end of the study. Practical implications: This study contributes to the academic literature on the topic by providing a systematization of knowledge about branding in the nonprofit sector and also offers insights about nonprofit branding to institutions and managers in this industry. Originality/value: This is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, to evaluate and quantify the progress of brand literature in the nonprofit sector. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Sepulcri, L.M.C.B.; Mainardes, E.W.; Belchior, C.C.",J. Prod. Brand Manage.,2069
+How liberals and conservatives respond to equality-based and proportionality-based rewards in charity advertising,"The authors conduct two studies that show how liberals and conservatives in the United States and Korea respond to charity advertising that features equality-or proportionality-based rewards for charitable giving. The findings robustly demonstrate that in both countries, liberals respond more favorably to equality-based rewards, but conservatives respond more favorably to proportionality-based rewards. Study 1, conducted in the United States, finds that liberals perceive greater effectiveness in equality-based rewards based on random drawings, but conservatives perceive more effectiveness in proportionality-based rewards based on donation amounts. Study 2, conducted in Korea, shows that liberal (conservative) donors expect to be more (less) likely to receive rewards based on equality rather than proportionality. © 2018, American Marketing Association.","Lee, Y.; Yoon, S.; Lee, Y.W.; Royne, M.B.",J. Public Policy Mark.,2070
+Not fair but acceptable… for us! Group membership influences the tradeoff between equality and utility in a Third Party Ultimatum Game,"A substantial body of literature on economic games (e.g., the Ultimatum Game) has consistently demonstrated that individuals strongly reject unfairness even at the price of personal utility. In four experiments we investigated the influence of social categorization and membership on economic decision-making and inequality aversion. Specifically, we used a modified version of the Third Party Ultimatum Game, in which participants played the role of responder and were instructed to make decisions for themselves or another individual (i.e. the receiver of the economic offer) who was an ingroup or outgroup member. Experiments 1-2 (N = 173) showed that the participants were more likely to accept unequal-advantageous offers when the receivers were ingroup rather than outgroup members. Experiment 3 (N = 121) supported previous findings and suggested the intervening role played by perceived intergroup competition. Experiment 4 (N = 61) explored the effect boundary conditions. Findings revealed that, even when responder's utility is linked to the receiver's utility, the receiver's membership exerted its influence when the responders were highly identified with the ingroup. A final small-scale meta-analysis confirmed the robustness of our findings. Taken together, these results integrate research on economic decision-making and intergroup bias and suggest that the utility target's membership can resolve the conflict between inequality aversion and utility maximization.","Biella, Marco; Sacchi, Simona",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,2071
+Human aggression,"Research on human aggression has progressed a point at which a unifying framework is needed. Major domain-limited theories of aggression include cognitive neoassociation, social learning, social interaction, script, and excitation transfer theories. Using the general aggression model (GAM), this review posits cognition, affect, and arousal to mediate the effects of situational and personological variables on aggression. The review also organizes recent theories of the development and persistence of aggressive personality. Personality is conceptualized as a set of stable knowledge structures that individuals use to interpret events in their social world and to guide their behavior. In addition to organizing what is already known about human aggression, this review, using the GAM framework, also serves the heuristic function of suggesting what research is needed to fill in theoretical gaps and can be used to create and test interventions for reducing aggression.","Anderson, C.A.; Bushman, B.J.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,2072
+Money helps when money feels: Money anthropomorphism increases charitable giving,,"Zhou, X.; Kim, S.; Wang, L.",Journal of Consumer Research,2073
+An experimental test of the crowding out hypothesis: The nature of beneficent behavior,"An extensively studied model of public goods provision implies that government donations to charity crowd out private donations dollar-for-dollar. Field studies fail to verify this result. Several analysts argue that the problem lies with the specification of donor preferences. We report on a new experiment that provides a direct test of donor preferences free of the strategic factors that can confound tests in the field, and in other experimental settings. Our method involves the dictator game. We find extensive but incomplete crowding out - direct evidence that donor preferences are incorrectly specified by the standard model.","Bolton, G.E.; Katok, E.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2074
+The Effect of the Amount Reference in the Legitimizing Paltry Contribution Technique on Altruism,"Earlier research on the legitimizing paltry contribution (LPC) technique has found that the statement ""Even a penny will help..."" added to a request for charity donation increases compliance to the request. This study tested the effectiveness of the LPC technique with different statements. In bakeries, an opaque moneybox was placed near the cash register with a message explaining, on the first line, that the solicitation was for a humanitarian project for African children conducted by students. On the second line, the words ""Even a one centime coin will help..."" (amount LPC), ""Even the smallest coin will help..."" (no amount LPC), or no inscription (control no LPC) appeared. This second line was changed each day and for each bakery according to a random distribution. Results showed that more donations were made in the amount LPC condition compared to the two others, whereas the no amount LPC condition was different than the control no LPC condition. © 2013 Copyright Eastern Communication Association.","Guéguen, N.",Commun. Res. Rep.,2075
+An Evolutionary Process Model of Cause-Related Marketing and Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature: AN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CAUSE-RELATED MARKETING,"ABSTRACT Cause-related marketing (CRM) is almost ubiquitous as brands of all price points participate in this marketing strategy in the United States and internationally, as well. The value that CRM brings to the firm, the consumer, and the nonprofit organization has made it a popular and valuable tool for marketers. Academic research on CRM has gained momentum in recent years as the strategy has matured. However, insights have occurred without a framework to provide structure and direction for this body of research. Given CRM's continued popularity, the purpose of this article is to (1) propose an evolutionary process model (EPM) of CRM to explain the iterative process (2) utilize this model as a framework for (a) organizing the systematic review of the empirical literature on CRM and (b) for identifying some gaps in the literature. Propositions based on these gaps are provided for future research.","Lafferty, Barbara A; Lueth, Annika K; McCafferty, Ryan",Psychol. Mark.,2076
+Errors-in-Variables and Estimated Income and Price Elasticities of Charitable Giving,"Researchers often rely on self-reported tax data to gauge the effect of taxes on economic activity. These data, however, are subject to measurement errors in the presence of tax evasion. We find evidence that estimated income and tax price elasticities are biased due to errors-in-variables in self-reported tax data. We propose a method to diagnose whether the estimates are subject to measurement error bias and describe a methodology employing Two-Stage Least Squares to obtain consistent estimates.","Joulfaian, D.; Rider, M.",Natl. Tax J.,2077
+Do lab experiments misrepresent social preferences? The case of self-selected student samples,"Social preference research has received considerable attention among economists in recent years. However, the empirical foundation of social preferences is largely based on laboratory experiments with self-selected students as participants. This is potentially problematic as students participating in experiments may behave systematically different than nonparticipating students or nonstudents. In this paper we empirically investigate whether laboratory experiments with student samples misrepresent the importance of social preferences. Our first study shows that students who exhibit stronger prosocial inclinations in an unrelated field donation are not more likely to participate in experiments. This suggests that self-selection of more prosocial students into experiments is not a major issue. Our second study compares the behavior of students and participants recruited from the general population in a trust experiment. In general, we find very similar behavioral patterns for the two groups, but nonstudents make significantly more generous repayments suggesting that results from student samples might be seen as a lower bound for the importance of prosocial behavior. © 2013 by the European Economic Association.","Falk, A.; Meier, S.; Zehnder, C.",J. Eur. Econ. Assoc.,2078
+A latent growth curve analysis of prosocial behavior among rural adolescents,"The present study was designed to investigate stability and changes in prosocial behavior and the parent and peer correlates of prosocial behavior in rural adolescents. Participants were from a rural, low SES community in the Eastern United States. The participants were in 7th, 8th, and 9th grades at Time 1 and 10th, 11th, and 12th grades at Time 4, and completed measures of prosocial behavior and quality of parent and peer relationships. Latent growth curve modeling revealed that despite moderate stability in individual differences in prosocial behavior and slight increases in quality of peer and parent relationships, level of prosocial behavior declined until late high school with a slight rebound in grade 12. Furthermore, increases in the quality of peer relationships predicted decreases in prosocial behavior for girls but not boys. Discussion focuses on continuity and change in prosocial behavior and the gender-based relations between quality of parent and peer relationships and prosocial behaviors in adolescence. © Copyright © 2007, Society for Research on Adolescence.","Carlo, G.; Crockett, L.J.; Randall, B.A.; Roesch, S.C.",J. Res. Adolesc.,2079
+Are consumers’ reasons for and against behaviour distinct?,,"Chatzidakis, A.; Hibbert, S.; Winklhofer, H.",European Journal of Marketing,2080
+A meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,,"Donath, E; Chaudhry, A; Hernandez-Aya, L F; Lit, L",,2081
+Reassessing the tax-favored status of the charitable deduction for gifts of appreciated assets,"This paper analyzes the tax-favored status of charitable donations of appreciated assets using data from the 1985 Statistics of Income individual tax file. The efficiency of favored tax treatment of charitable donations is analyzed by estimating separate price elasticities for total, cash, and property contributions. The results indicate that wealthy donors (those whose positive income exceeds $200,000) are responsive to the tax-favored status of charitable donations of appreciated property, while taxpayers who are not considered wealthy are price inelastic. These findings indicate that the tax-favored status of property donations made by other than wealthy taxpayers should be reassessed.","O'Neil, C.J.; Steinberg, R.S.; Thompson, G.R.",Natl. Tax J.,2082
+Pain and preferences: Observed decisional conflict and the convergence of preferences,,"Schrift, R.Y.; Amar, M.",Journal of Consumer Research,2083
+Considering situational and dispositional approaches to rational self-interest: An extension and response to de Dreu (2006),"The authors respond to C. K. W. De Dreu's (2006; see record 2006-20695-004) critique of their article (B. M. Meglino & M. A. Korsgaard, 2004; see record 2004-21169-004) published in the special section on Theoretical Models and Conceptual Analyses of the Journal of Applied Psychology. They maintain that De Dreu misinterprets their definitions and the psychological processes they addressed and thus raises a number of issues that are not relevant to their model. Meglino and Korsgaard's model focuses on the distinction between rational self-interest and other orientation, whereas the approach taken by De Dreu focuses on the distinction between rational self-interest and collective rationality. In this response, the authors clarify this distinction, address discrepancies between these two approaches, consider the effect of goals and rationality on other orientated behavior, and suggest directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","Meglino, B.M.; Korsgaard, M.A.",J. Appl. Psychol.,2084
+Congruence Between the Target in Need and the Recipient of Aid: The One-Among-Others Effect,"We tested the hypothesis that people are more likely to offer aid when the beneficiary of help is congruent with the entity that initiates prosocial action. In 2 experiments conducted in 2 different countries, participants were approached in naturalistic settings with an appeal for help. The target in need (individual vs. individual among others with the same need) and the beneficiary of potential help (individual vs. group) were manipulated. Results revealed that participants were more likely to offer aid when the target in need and beneficiary of help were congruent. The present research offers insight into perceptual factors that affect prosocial behavior in situations involving more than one victim. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Oceja, L.; Stocks, E.; Lishner, D.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2085
+Anthocyanin Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies,"This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the association between anthocyanin consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. All relative articles were located on online databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library as of June 11, 2018. Risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated through the STATA 12.0 software package. A total of seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. A significant inverse association was found between total anthocyanin consumption and colorectal cancer risk (RR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.95). Likewise, there was significant evidence of a relationship between anthocyanin intake and colorectal cancer in the colon site (RR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92); men (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95), and case-control studies (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60-0.78). A dose-response relationship was not found in this meta-analysis. The Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation quality in our study was very low. This meta-analysis indicates that anthocyanin consumption is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Anthocyanins may play an active role in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Key teaching points: Some epidemiological studies found an inverse correlation between the high consumption of anthocyanins and low risk of colorectal cancer. Because of this structure, anthocyanins/anthocyanidins have a powerful capability of donating electrons, which can be characterized as antioxidant properties. Anthocyanins can also inhibit colon cancer by interfering in the cell cycle and inducing the effect of anti-proliferation and apoptosis. The formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells also indicates that anthocyanins may induce autophagy. From the findings of nonrandomized controlled trials, anthocyanins may play an active role in the prevention of colorectal cancer.","Wang, Xin; Yang, De-Yi; Yang, Liu-Qing; Zhao, Wen-Zhi; Cai, Li-Ya; Shi, Han-Ping",J. Am. Coll. Nutr.,2086
+The impact of prosocial television news on children’s prosocial behavior: An experimental study in the Netherlands,"The aim of this experimental study was to examine whether prosocial behavior in television news affects children’s prosocial intentions and behaviors. In this study, 372 Dutch children (9–13 years old) participated. Children in the experimental condition were exposed to prosocial news showing children organizing a fundraising action for UNICEF. In the control condition, children were exposed to news about UNICEF in which no prosocial behavior was included. Afterwards, children were given the opportunity to donate to UNICEF, which served as an index of prosocial behavior. Prosocial intentions were captured using paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Regression analysis demonstrated that, while controlling for important confounders, children exposed to prosocial news were significantly more willing to help with setting up a project for UNICEF and donated more to UNICEF compared to children who did not watch prosocial news. These findings highlight that prosocial television can function as a tool for positive social change among children. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","de Leeuw, R.N.H.; Kleemans, M.; Rozendaal, E.; Anschütz, D.J.; Buijzen, M.",J. Child. Media,2087
+The use of passive visual stimuli to enhance compliance with handwashing in a perioperative setting,"Background To encourage handwashing, we analyzed the effect that a passive visual stimulus in the form of a picture of a set of eyes had on self-directed hand hygiene among health care staff. Methods This was a prospective, single-blind study using a repeated measure design. Four dispensers of alcohol foam located in positions identified as #1, #2, #3, and #4 were used to deliver a single uniform volume of alcohol foam in an automated fashion. Pictures of eyes were placed on dispensers #1 and #3 but not dispensers #2 and #4 for 1 time period. The visual stimulus was rotated with each study time period. At the end of each study period, the volumes dispensed were examined to determine if the visual stimulus had a statistically significant influence on the volume dispensed. Results There were a total of 6 time periods. The average volume dispensed in stations with eyes was 279 cc versus that in the stations without eyes, which was 246 cc, and this was a statistically significant difference (P =.009). Conclusion The correct visual stimuli may enhance compliance with hand hygiene in health care settings. © 2016 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Beyfus, T.A.; Dawson, N.L.; Danner, C.H.; Rawal, B.; Gruber, P.E.; Petrou, S.P.",Am. J. Infect. Control,2088
+An evolutionary account of vigilance in grief,"Grief is characterized by a number of cardinal cognitive symptoms, including preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased and vigilance toward indications that the deceased is in the environment. Compared with emotional symptoms, little attention has been paid to the ultimate function of vigilance in grief. Drawing on signal-detection theory, we propose that the ultimate function of vigilance is to facilitate the reunification (where possible) with a viable relationship partner following separation. Preoccupation with thoughts about the missing person creates the cognitive conditions necessary to maintain a low baseline threshold for the detection of the agent-any information associated with the agent is highly salient, and attention is correspondingly readily deployed toward such cues. These patterns are adaptive in cases of an absent but living partner, but maladaptive in cases of the death of a partner. That they occur in the latter likely reflects the intersection of error-management considerations and the kludge-like configuration of the mind. We discuss results from two previous studies designed to test predictions concerning input conditions and individual differences based on this account, and consider the implications of these findings for mainstream bereavement theories and practices. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Foundation for Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.","White, C.; Fessler, D.M.T.",Evol. Med. Public,2089
+Scope (in)sensitivity in elicited valuations,,"Frederick, S.; Fischhoff, B.",Risk Decision and Policy,2090
+Is strong reciprocity a maladaptation? On the evolutionary foundations of human altruism,,"Fehr, E.; Henrich, J.",Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation,2091
+Altruistic and joy-of-giving motivations in charitable behavior,"This study theoretically and empirically examines altruistic and joy-of-giving motivations underlying contributions to charitable activities. The theoretical analysis shows that in an economy with an infinitely large number of donors, impurely altruistic preferences lead to either asymptotically zero or complete crowd-out. The paper then establishes conditions on preferences that are sufficient to yield zero crowd-out in the limit. These conditions are fairly weak and quite plausible. An empirical representation of the model is estimated using a new 1986-92 panel of donations and government funding from the United States to 125 international relief and development organizations. Besides directly linking sources of public and private support, the econometric analysis controls for unobserved institution-specific factors, institution-specific changes in leadership, year-to-year changes in need, and expenditures by related organizations. The estimates show little evidence of crowd-out from either direct public or related private sources. Thus, at the margin, donations to these organizations appear to be motivated solely by joy-of-giving preferences. In addition to addressing the basic question of motives behind charitable giving, the results help explain the existing disparity between econometric and experimental crowd-out estimates.","Ribar, D.C.; Wilhelm, M.O.",J. Polit. Econ.,2092
+The impact of increased duration of exercise therapy on functional recovery following stroke: what is the evidence?,"The authors concluded that increased duration of exercise therapy, when compared to standard exercise regimes, improved functional outcome, as measured by the Barthel Index, in patients with stroke both post-treatment and at six months follow-up. They also indicated that their findings supported a positive effect on lower extremity impairment and walking speed. XCM: This review had a clear aim and inclusion criteria and adequate details of studies included were provided. The literature search covered several databases but no attempt was made to uncover unpublished or non-English language studies, leaving the review open to possible publication and language bias. Only one reviewer assessed the references for retrieval, but full papers were screened by two reviewers, limiting possible reviewer bias. Quality assessment was performed independently by two reviewers, but it was not clear whether data extraction was performed in the same way. A relatively thorough quality assessment appeared to have been performed, although details of the process and criteria used to assess studies for the PEDro database would have added to this. The choice of statistical synthesis and method used was appropriate. Only results for trials reporting the same outcome measure were pooled, but given that results using different scales were converted to standardised mean differences, results could have been pooled across scales giving the analyses greater power, although this might have been at the expense of meaningful results if the scales were not assessing sufficiently similar outcomes. No details of the heterogeneity assessment were provided and no graphical presentation of trial results was given to allow the reader to assess the similarity of included trials. This was a reasonable well-conducted review and the authors' conclusions with respect to functional outcome are an accurate and reliable reflection of the results of the review, although the authors did not indicate that the actual observed effect was small in magnitude. The conclusions relating to lower extremity impairment and walking speed are not based on the results of the review and cannot be regarded as reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated that further research work is required to establish what particular type of patient gains optimum benefit from additional exercise therapy post-stroke, and on the number of minutes of additional exercise therapy that is needed to demonstrate a significant effect. Research should focus on novel ways of delivering increased exercise, perhaps in the form of family-mediated exercise therapy, in addition to methods to motivate ongoing participation in these programs.","Galvin, R; Murphy, B; Cusack, T; Stokes, E",,2093
+Massage therapy for the treatment of depression: a systematic review,"BACKGROUND: People with depressive disorders or subsyndromal symptoms of depression (SSD) often use complementary and alternative therapies, including massage therapy (MT). This systematic review evaluates the evidence, from randomised clinical trials (RCTs), for the effectiveness of multiple sessions of classical European (Swedish) MT for the treatment of depression. METHODS: Eligible RCTs were identified via eight electronic databases and manual searches of references. Two reviewers independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. RESULTS: Four RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Three of these RCTs compared MT with relaxation therapies, but provided insufficient data and analyses to contribute meaningfully to the evaluation of MT for depression. The fourth included RCT used MT as a control condition to evaluate a depression-specific acupuncture treatment. This trial provided limited evidence that, in the early stages of treatment, MT is less effective than acupuncture for treating depression, a treatment which itself is not accepted for this condition. CONCLUSIONS: Despite previous research suggesting that MT may be an effective treatment for depression, there is currently a lack of evidence to support this assertion from RCTs that have selected participants for depression or SSD.","Coelho, H F; Boddy, K; Ernst, E",Int. J. Clin. Pract.,2094
+"Private Donations, Government Grants, Commercial Activities, and Fundraising: Cointegration and Causality for NGOs in International Development Cooperation","NGOs could help scale up foreign aid efforts by mobilizing private donations. However, fundraising activities do not necessarily result in higher donations, and substitution effects between different sources of revenue may diminish the overall pool of NGOs' resources. This paper examines the long-run determinants of private donations to US-based NGOs engaged in international development cooperation using panel cointegration techniques. According to our results, a marginal dollar spent on fundraising yields almost five dollars in new donations in the long-run. Government grants crowd in private donations in the long-run, whereas commercial revenues crowd out donations in the long-run. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Herzer, D.; Nunnenkamp, P.",World Dev.,2095
+Testing the Effectiveness of Fundraiser Job Titles in Charitable Bequest and Complex Gift Planning,"Traditional fundraiser job titles are often institution centered, focusing on the benefits of fundraising as “institutional advancement” or “institutional development.” Such institution-centered job titles may not be as effective with donors given the modern shift toward donor-centered philanthropy. Alternative job titles can be gift centered (for example, “major gifts”) or donor centered (for example, “donor advising”). A survey of 3,188 respondents tested sixty-three job titles in four charitable scenarios: a charitable bequest gift, a gift of stock, a gift of real estate, and a charitable gift annuity. Measured by which person donors would be more likely to contact to discuss each donation, the worst-performing titles were the traditional institution-focused fundraiser job titles, in particular those using “advancement,” “institutional advancement,” or “development.” This was also true when examining only respondents who had made large gifts ($500+) to a charity. Traditional institution-focused job titles are both the most commonly used and the worst performing. Nonprofit managers may do well to consider the donor's perspective when selecting job titles for fundraisers rather than following traditional industry practices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","James, R.N., III",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2096
+Gene therapy as a novel therapeutic option in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis,"The available data suggested that gene therapy conferred no benefits in PWT, COT, or ABPI for patients with peripheral vascular disease. These results could be explained by excessive placebo response rates. XCM: The review question and trial eligibility criteria were clear. Relevant databases were searched and publication bias was assessed and no evidence found. It was unclear whether language restrictions were applied. The methods used to minimise reviewer bias and errors were incompletely reported. Quality assessment was performed using an appropriate scale and most of the trials were of high quality. The decision to combine trial results statistically was appropriate given the absence of statistical heterogeneity. Statistical data were reported for all the outcomes, but limited outcome data were reported for individual trials. Only a small number of trials were included and they had small samples that were insufficient to detect small treatment differences.The conclusions reflected the evidence presented, but their reliability is unclear given the potential for reviewer errors and bias and the small number of trials and participants considered. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that trials were needed to clarify the role of gene therapy for patients with peripheral vascular disease, particularly limb ischaemia. These trials should assess the effectiveness of gene delivery methods (intramuscular or intra-arterial) on PWTs in patients with peripheral vascular disease. They should also investigate the reasons for excessive placebo response rates, particularly on treadmill tests, using more objective methods of measurement, such as digital subtraction angiography.","Ghosh, R; Walsh, S R; Tang, T Y; Noorani, A; Hayes, P D",,2097
+Estate taxation and other determinants of charitable bequests,,"Barthold, T.; Plotnick, R.",National Tax Journal,2098
+Ultimatum decision-making: A test of reciprocal kindness,"While fairness is often mentioned as a determinant of ultimatum bargaining behavior, few data sets are available that can test theories that incorporate fairness considerations. This paper tests the reciprocal kindness theory in Rabin (1993 Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics, The American Economic Review 83: 1281-1302) as an application to the one-period ultimatum bargaining game. We report on data from 100 ultimatum games that vary the financial stakes of the game from $1 to $15. Responder behavior is strongly in support of the kindness theory and proposer behavior weakly in support of it. Offer percentages and past offers influence behavior the most, whereas the size of the pie has a marginally significant effect on offer percentages. The data is more in support of reciprocal kindness than alternative theories of equal-split or learning behavior, although the data also weakly support a minimum percentage threshold hypothesis. As a whole, our results together with existing studies suggest that, for smaller stakes games, fairness considerations dominate monetary considerations. This has implications for more complicated naturally occurring bargaining environments in which the financial stakes can vary widely.","Dickinson, D.L.",Theory Decis,2099
+"The study of prosocial behavior: Past, present, and future",,"Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Carlo, G.",Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach,2100
+Medical alternatives to oocyte donation in women with premature ovarian failure: a systematic review,,"Robles, A; Checa, M A; Prat, M; Carreras, R",,2101
+Public-private differences in incentive structures: a laboratory experiment on work motivation and performance,"In this study, we contribute to a longstanding research agenda on the distinctions between the public and private sectors by examining whether work effort differs between public and private settings, and by testing the ways that sector-specific incentives can address such differences. We extend existing research by developing an advanced psychomotor vigilance task that examines multi-dimensional performance (speed and accuracy) in a laboratory experiment. Drawing from a population that is similar along many dimensions, subjects are recruited into public and private settings on the basis of their motivation (majors they have chosen to study and the types of compensation they receive). Using a two-by-two factorial design of public (public job motivated and non-monetary motivated) and private (monetary-motivated) settings, with and without incentives, our findings indicate that public and private settings differ in performance and response to incentives. Methodologically, we show how the choices that experimental subjects make can be exploited for modeling sectoral differences in a more naturalistic way than with a short-term prime, while preserving the advantages of a controlled laboratory experiment. © 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Lee, M.J.; Petrovsky, N.; Walker, R.M.",Int. Public Manage. J.,2102
+No evidence that a range of artificial monitoring cues influence online donations to charity in an MTurk sample,"Monitoring cues, such as an image of a face or pair of eyes, have been found to increase prosocial behaviour in several studies. However, other studies have found little or no support for this effect. Here, we examined whether monitoring cues affect online donations to charity while manipulating the emotion displayed, the number of watchers and the cue type. We also include as statistical controls a range of likely covariates of prosocial behaviour. Using the crowdsourcing Internet marketplace, AmazonMechanical Turk (MTurk), 1535 participants completed our survey and were given the opportunity to donate to charity while being shown an image prime. None of the monitoring primes we tested had a significant effect on charitable giving. By contrast, the control variables of culture, age, sex and previous charity giving frequency did predict donations. This work supports the importance of cultural differences and enduring individual differences in prosocial behaviour and shows that a range of artificial monitoring cues do not reliably boost online charity donation on MTurk. © 2016 The Authors.","Saunders, T.J.; Taylor, A.H.; Atkinson, Q.D.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2103
+Computer Monitoring of Work Performance: Extending the Social Facilitation Framework to Electronic Presence,"This study demonstrated the utility of employing a social facilitation framework to the study of computer monitoring of work performance. The physical presence of an observer watching a subject work on a complex task (as a supervisor might “look over an employee's shoulder“) was contrasted with four conditions involving the electronic presence of computer‐based work monitoring (as a supervisor might monitor an employee's work remotely via computer) and a control condition of subjects working alone without any monitoring of their work. Task performance was severely impaired for participants who were monitored electronically as well as for those who were monitored “in person.” Two interventions, providing participants with a sense of control over their work conditions and monitoring participants as a group rather than as individuals, each reduced the negative impact of monitoring on task performance by almost 40%. Results also indicated that individuals with an external locus of control (who believe reinforcements received are primarily determined by factors outside of themselves, e. g., other people) experience greater anxiety than those with an internal locus of control under monitoring conditions. Implications of these findings for social facilitation and the rapidly expanding use of computer‐based work monitoring are discussed. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Aiello, J.R.; Svec, C.M.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2104
+Supplementation of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term infants,"BACKGROUND: Adequate growth is an important indicator of health and well-being in infants. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the effect of supplementing infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the growth of term infants. DESIGN: Using the methodology outlined by the Cochrane Collaboration, we reviewed all known randomized controlled trials that involved LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula fed to term infants. Outcome measures were weight, length, and head circumference. Original data obtained from the investigators of published trials were used. Outcomes were analyzed with fixed-effects or random-effects model meta-analyses and were reported as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs. RESULTS: We identified 14 eligible trials that had data available for meta-analysis (1846 infants). Trial quality was generally high. Meta-analysis showed no significant effect of LCPUFA supplementation on infant weight, length, or head circumference at any assessment age. Similarly, subgroup analyses showed that supplementation with only n-3 LCPUFAs (no arachidonic acid) had no significant effect on infant weight, length, or head circumference. The source of LCPUFA supplementation (phospholipid or triacylglycerol) also did not significantly affect infant growth. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula influences the growth of term infants in either a positive or a negative way.","Makrides, Maria; Gibson, Robert A; Udell, Tuesday; Ried, Karin; International LCPUFA Investigators",Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,2105
+Project financing models for toll road investments: A state-of-the-art literature review,"t In greenfield toll-road projects, financial sustainability has been a major issue. Many toll roads cannot be operated. Although most of Indonesia’s 24 toll road concessions have already been signed by the Toll Road Authority, most of them were caused by financing problems. Three problems have been identified as potential sources of this unsustainability, such as the uncertainty of long-term project revenues, budget constraints provided by the government, and inadequate government support for land acquisitions. This paper aims to investigate the state-of-the-art innovative financing models recently introduced to address financial problems by using a desk study and meta-analysis. The findings are an earmarked tax revenue system, deep discount bonds, take-out financing, tax increment financing, land leases, deferred debts, and private donations. ©2018 by authors, all rights reserved.","Sihombing, L B; Latief, Y; Rarasati, A D; Wibowo, A",Harbin Jianzhu Daxue Xuebao/J. Harbin Univ. Civ. Eng. Archit.,2106
+The current status of research on sequential-request compliance techniques,,"Dillard, J.P.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2107
+The development of a narrative describing the bereavement of families of potential organ donors: A systematic review,"Families of potential post-mortem organ donors face various challenges in the unfamiliar hospital context and after returning home. This review of sources published between 1968 and 2017 seeks to understand their journey as a bereavement experience with a number of unique features. Grief theory was used to identify ways that staff can assist family members to tolerate ambiguities and vulnerabilities while contributing to an environment characterised by compassion and social inclusion. Staff can guide families and create opportunities for meaningful participation, building resilience and developing bereavement-related skills that could assist them in the months that follow.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Ranse, Kristen; Northam, Holly; Boer, Douglas P; van Haren, Frank Mp",Health Psychol Open,2108
+Priority setting and policy advocacy by nursing associations: a scoping review and implications using a socio-ecological whole systems lens,"OBJECTIVE: We undertook an interpretative scoping review to examine organizational priority setting and policy advocacy and the factors that influence nursing associations' cross-sector public policy choices and actions. METHOD: Evidence was drawn from research, narrative, and theoretical sources that described priority setting and policy advocacy undertaken by non-governmental, non-profit, and nursing associations. Text was extracted from selected papers, imported into NVivo 8, coded, and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical narrative method. RESULTS: Many internal and external factors are shown to shape organizations' policy choices and actions including governance and governance structures, membership arrangements, legislative, professional, and jurisdictional mandates, perceived credibility, and external system disruptions. CONCLUSIONS: Internal and external factors are identified in the literature as critical to how organizations succeed or fail to set achievable priorities and advance their advocacy goals. Case comparisons and longitudinal research are needed to understand nursing associations' policy choices and actions for cross-sector public policy given their complex organizational structures and dynamic professional-legal-social-economic-political-ecological environments. A socio-ecological systems perspective can inform the development of theoretical frameworks and research to understand leverage points and blockages to guide nursing associations' public policy choices and actions at varying points in time.","MacDonald, Jo-Anne; Edwards, Nancy; Davies, Barbara; Marck, Patricia; Guernsey, Judith Read",Health Policy,2109
+The claiming effect: Why players are more generous in social dilemmas than in ultimatum games,"The term procedural frames is introduced and defined as different representations of structurally equivalent allocation processes. Study 1 compared 2 well-known games, sequential social dilemmas and ultimatum bargaining, that share the same structure: Player 1 creates an allocation of a resource and Player 2 decides whether to allow it or deny it. Study 1 found that Player 1 made more favorable allocations and Player 2 accepted more unfavorable allocations in a social dilemma frame than in an equivalent ultimatum bargaining frame. Study 2 revealed the critical determinant was whether Player 2 had to respond to an allocation by accepting or rejecting it (as in the ultimatum game) or by making a claim (as in the social dilemma). Two additional studies explored how these actions are perceived. The inconsistency of behavior across procedural frames raises methodological concerns but illuminates construal processes that guide allocation. Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Larrick, R.P.; Blount, S.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2110
+Conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret in the prediction of intention: implications for theory of planned behaviour research,"Moral norms and anticipated regret are widely used extensions to the theory of planned behaviour, yet there is some evidence to suggest that these constructs may conceptually overlap as predictors of intention. Two health-related behaviours with distinct moral implications (Study 1: organ donation registration, N = 352 and Study 2: condom usage, N = 1815) were therefore examined to ascertain whether moral norms and anticipated regret are indeed conceptually distinct. While evidence consistent with conceptual overlap was identified in Study 1, the evidence for such overlap in Study 2 was more ambiguous. In Study 3, a meta-analysis of existing literature revealed that the relationship between moral norms and anticipated regret was moderated by the extent of the moral implications arising from the behaviour under examination. Taken together, these findings suggest that conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret is more likely to occur among behaviours with obvious moral implications. Researchers wishing to examine the predictive utility of moral norms and anticipated regret among such behaviours would therefore be advised to aggregate these measures to form a composite variable (personal norms).","Newton, Joshua D; Newton, Fiona J; Ewing, Michael T; Burney, Sue; Hay, Margaret",Psychol. Health,2111
+Effectiveness and tolerability of combination treatment of chronic hepatitis C in illicit drug users: meta-analysis of prospective studies,"Using antiviral combinations to treat chronic hepatitis C was as efficacious and well tolerated in illicit drug users as in the general population. XCM: Inclusion criteria for the review were clearly defined and several relevant data sources were searched. The restriction to studies in English risked language bias (the authors considered the actual risk to be low). Publication bias was detected. Attempts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias throughout the review process. Quality assessment indicated that the quality of the studies was variable and most were deemed poor quality. The studies varied considerably in patient characteristics, interventions and study types, which the authors acknowledged. Several studies had small sample sizes. Trials were combined using standard statistical methods. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed and found to be significant for most outcomes, so the studies may not have been suitable for pooling. The studies of non-illicit drug users were not part of the systematic review and were not adequately described and so use of these results as a comparison may not have been appropriate. Differences between the studies, small sample sizes, methodological quality issues and potential for publication bias limits the reliability of the pooled results and caution appears warranted when interpreting the conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that larger prospective trials were needed to determine the most effective antiviral treatment regimens for hepatitis C virus infection in illicit drug users. The choice of opiate-substitution treatment to be associated with antiviral agents needed to be determined.","Zanini, B; Covolo, L; Donato, F; Lanzini, A",,2112
+Development and validation of scales to measure attitudes influencing monetary donations to charitable organizations,,"Webb, D.J.; Green, C.L.; Brashear, T.G.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2113
+Charitable contributions,,"Clotfelter, C.T.; Steuerle, C.E.",How Taxes Affect Economic Behavior,2114
+Cost-effectiveness of syringe exchange as an HIV prevention strategy,"OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of New York State-approved syringe exchange programs (SEPs) and estimate the cost-saving potential of these programs. DESIGN AND METHODS: The cost-effectiveness analysis used cost and process data provided by seven SEPs for the calendar year 1996 or the most recent 12-month period available at the time of the study. Alternative estimates of the number of HIV infections prevented were calculated using published data and a simplified circulation model. HIV treatment costs were taken from the literature. RESULTS: A cost-effectiveness ratio of $20,947 per HIV infection averted was calculated based on an estimated 87 HIV infections averted across the seven programs and total program costs of $1.82 million (all amounts given in US dollars). Sensitivity analyses were also performed. Using imputed costs for donated services and estimates of lifetime costs to treat an HIV infection, syringe exchange was demonstrated to be a cost-saving strategy from a societal perspective. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that syringe exchange is a cost-effective and cost-saving strategy for reducing HIV transmission.","Laufer, F N",J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.,2115
+Cause-related marketing in New Zealand,,"Chaney, I.; Dolli, N.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,2116
+Literature review: Philanthropic fundraising,,"Lindahl, W.E.; Conley, A.T.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2117
+Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Offer games,"In the ultimatum game with complete information a Sender proposes a division of a given amount of surplus (""pie""), which a Receiver can either accept (payoffs are distributed according to the Sender's proposal) or reject (both players earn nothing). We study another version of the ultimatum game under incomplete informaton in which the pie is drawn randomly from a commonly known distribution, the Sender knows the exact size of the pie, but the Receiver only knows her share of the pie, not the residual share requested by the Sender. The basic results are that (1) as the support of the pie distribution increases in a mean-preserving spread, the Senders make lower offers that the Receivers are less likely to reject, (2) for a given support, Senders tend to offer a lower proportion of the pie to the Receivers as the pie size grows larger, and (3) although knowing only their share of the pie, Receivers estimate its size quite accurately.","Rapoport, A.; Sundali, J.A.",Int. J. Game Theory,2118
+A comparative fMRI meta-analysis of altruistic and strategic decisions to give,"The decision to share resources is fundamental for cohesive societies. Humans can be motivated to give for many reasons. Some generosity incurs a definite cost, with no extrinsic reward to the act, but instead provides intrinsic satisfaction (labelled here as 'altruistic' giving). Other giving behaviours are done with the prospect of improving one's own situation via reciprocity, reputation, or public good (labelled here as 'strategic' giving). These contexts differ in the source, certainty, and timing of rewards as well as the inferences made about others' mental states. We executed a combined statistical map and coordinate-based fMRI meta-analysis of decisions to give (36 studies, 1150 participants). Methods included a novel approach for accommodating variable signal dropout between studies in meta-analysis. Results reveal consistent, cross-paradigm neural correlates of each decision type, commonalities, and informative differences. Relative to being selfish, altruistic and strategic giving activate overlapping reward networks. However, strategic decisions showed greater activity in striatal regions than altruistic choices. Altruistic giving, more than strategic, activated subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is consistently involved during generous decisions and processing across a posterior to anterior axis differentiates the altruistic/strategic context. Posterior vmPFC was preferentially recruited during altruistic decisions. Regions of the 'social brain' showed distinct patterns of activity between choice types, reflecting the different use of theory of mind in the two contexts. We provide the consistent neural correlates of decisions to give, and show that many will depend on the source of incentives.","Cutler, Jo; Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel",Neuroimage,2119
+Satisfaction in performing arts: The role of value?,,"Hume, M.; Mort, G.S.",European Journal of Marketing,2120
+"Four worlds of welfare state attitudes? A comparison of Germany, Norway, and the United States","This article examines the determinants of variations in welfare state attitudes between Germany, Norway, and the United States. Besides the influence of different 'welfare regime types' as discussed by Esping-Andersen and others, compositional effects of individual variables measuring people's socio-economic interests and socialization experiences and the interaction of aggregate-level (welfare regime) and individual-level (individual variables) determinants of welfare state attitudes are considered. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), results of our analysis show that remarkable between-country differences in welfare state attitudes exist. Our results suggest that these differences have to be explained both in terms of overall country effects and of the influence of country-specific economic interests and socialization experiences.","Andreß, H.-J.; Heien, T.",Eur. Sociol. Rev.,2121
+The robustness of Kingma's crowd-out estimate: Evidence from new data on contributions to public radio,"We revisit Kingma's (Kingma (1989). Journal of Political Economy, 97, 1197-1207) widely cited study of charitable contributions to public radio. Kingma's estimate of partial, but statistically significant crowd-out remains a benchmark in the literature because he was able to match household-level contributions data with station-level data on revenue, including revenue from government grants. To the best of our knowledge, no comparable data have become available until now. We replicate Kingma's estimates with the original data and then apply the same methodology to very similar data from 1996. Kingma's estimates are not robust to the use of the newer data. © Springer 2005.","Manzoor, S.H.; Straub, J.D.",Public Choice,2122
+Comparing GEE and robust standard errors for conditionally dependent data,"In recent years political scientists have become increasingly sensitive to questions of conditional dependence in their data. I outline and compare two general, widely-used approaches for addressing such dependence - robust variance estimators and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) - using data on votes in Supreme Court search and seizure decisions between 1963 and 1981. The results make clear that choices about the unit on which data are grouped, i.e., clustered, are typically of far greater significance than are decisions about which type estimator is used.","Zorn, C.",Polit. Res. Q.,2123
+The weight of the saddened soul: the bidirectionality between physical heaviness and sadness and its implications for sensory marketing,,"Hung, Y.; Zheng, X.; Carlson, J.; Giurge, L.M.",Journal of Marketing Management,2124
+Social well-being,"The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed.","Keyes, C.L.M.",Soc. Psychol. Q.,2125
+Increasing Compliance by Improving the Deal. The That's-Not-All Technique,"Seven experiments were conducted to demonstrate and explain the effectiveness of a compliance procedure dubbed the ""that's-not-all"" technique. The procedure consists of offering a product at a high price, not allowing the customer to respond for a few seconds, then offering a better deal by either adding another product or lowering the price. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated the effectiveness of this procedure over a control group that was given the better deal initially. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 suggested that this effectiveness may be partially explained through a norm of reciprocity that calls for the customer to respond to the seller's new offer. Experiment 5 results suggest that the effect also results from an altering of the anchor point subjects use to judge the new price. Experiment 6 results indicate the effectiveness of the procedure cannot be explained as the subject perceiving the lower price as a bargain. Finally, Experiment 7 examined the differences between the that's-not-all and the ""door-in-the-face"" procedures. © 1986 American Psychological Association.","Burger, J.M.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2126
+"Personalized charity advertising. Can personalized prosocial messages promote empathy, attitude change, and helping intentions toward stigmatized social groups?",,"Bartsch, A.; Kloß, A.",International Journal of Advertising,2127
+Contingent match incentives increase donations,,"Anik, L.; Norton, M.I.; Ariely, D.",Journal of Marketing Research,2128
+Influence of radio spokesperson gender and vocal pitch on advertising effectiveness: The role of listener gender,,"Martín-Santana, J.D.; Reinares-Lara, E.; Reinares-Lara, P.",Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC,2129
+"Who Takes the Floor and Why: Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations","Although past research has noted the importance of both power and gender for understanding volubility-the total amount of time spent talking-in organizations, to date, identifying the unique contributions of power and gender to volubility has been somewhat elusive. Using both naturalistic data sets and experiments, the present studies indicate that while power has a strong, positive effect on volubility for men, no such effect exists for women. Study 1 uses archival data to examine the relationship between the relative power of United States senators and their talking behavior on the Senate floor. Results indicate a strong positive relationship between power and volubility for male senators, but a non-significant relationship for female senators. Study 2 replicates this effect in an experimental setting by priming the concept of power and shows that though men primed with power talk more, women show no effect of power on volubility. Mediation analyses indicate that this difference is explained by women's concern that being highly voluble will result in negative consequences (i.e., backlash). Study 3 shows that powerful women are in fact correct in assuming that they will incur backlash as a result of talking more than others-an effect that is observed among both male and female perceivers. Implications for the literatures on volubility, power, and previous studies of backlash are discussed. © The Author(s) 2011.","Brescoll, V.L.",Adm. Sci. Q.,2130
+Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor,"The metafor package provides functions for conducting meta-analyses in R. The package includes functions for fitting the meta-analytic fixed- and random-effects models and allows for the inclusion of moderators variables (study-level covariates) in these models. Meta-regression analyses with continuous and categorical moderators can be conducted in this way. Functions for the Mantel-Haenszel and Peto's one-step method for metaanalyses of 2 × 2 table data are also available. Finally, the package provides various plot functions (for example, for forest, funnel, and radial plots) and functions for assessing the model fit, for obtaining case diagnostics, and for tests of publication bias.","Viechtbauer, W.",J. Stat. Software,2131
+"The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: a meta-analysis","Although ""evidence"" is often used as an important argument in persuasive health campaigns, it remains unclear what type of evidence has the strongest impact on particular outcome variables. We conducted a meta-analysis in which the effects of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention were separately compared. Statistical evidence was found to have a stronger influence than narrative evidence on beliefs and attitude, whereas narrative evidence had a stronger influence on intention. We explain these findings in terms of the match between the specific characteristics of the two types of evidence and those of the outcome variables. Statistical evidence, beliefs, and attitude all relate primarily to cognitive responses, whereas both narrative evidence and intention relate more specifically to affective responses. We conclude that communication professionals developing health campaigns should match the type of evidence to the main communication objectives.","Zebregs, Simon; van den Putte, Bas; Neijens, Peter; de Graaf, Anneke",Health Commun.,2132
+An empirical test of neutrality and the crowding-out hypothesis,"This paper tests Warr's neutrality hypothesis that the voluntary provision of a public good is independent of the distribution of income. Specifically, I test the null hypothesis of neutrality against the alternative that total contributions to a public good will be larger the less equally income is distributed. To test this hypothesis, a new data set is constructed by merging data on total voluntary contributions to individual public radio stations with 1990 Census data on the income distribution in each station's listening area. I find that voluntary contributions increase as income inequality rises.","Brunner, E.J.",Public Choice,2133
+An exploration of social work educators’ personal experiences of self-awareness,"Self-awareness as a core concept in professional development has captured the attention of social work educators and researchers over the past few decades. Although practicing professional self-awareness is highly recommended; some researchers argue that personal and professional self-awareness are intertwined, thereby, cognition and development of personal self-awareness is a prerequisite for professional self-awareness. Researchers have barely explored individuals’ personal experiences of self-awareness. This study aims to address this gap. Through convenience sampling, 35 social work educators from 27 colleges and universities across the United States agreed to participate in this research. The narrative approach, a qualitative method, was employed to analyze the participants’ experiences. The results revealed that five factors facilitate the process of self-awareness: nourished curiosity, marginality, transformation to invulnerability, disenchantment with society, and loss and death. These themes are covered by two “umbrella themes”, inquisitiveness and suffering. These findings can facilitate professional development. By considering the revealed themes, social work educators can emphasize and elaborate on the relationship between personal and professional experiences of self-awareness in social work practice. Educators can also activate students’ inner abilities and direct their attention toward environmental stimuli in order to raise their self-awareness. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Feize, L.",Soc. Work Educ.,2134
+Valproate in the treatment of PTSD: systematic review and meta analysis,"Limited evidence suggested that valproate may be effective for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Further research is required. XCM: The review question was clearly stated and inclusion criteria were defined for participants, outcome and intervention. The criteria for study design were broad, which appeared appropriate given the paucity of identified studies. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication and language bias. Study validity was assessed using defined criteria and, although results were mainly reported as an aggregate score, some methodological flaws were summarised in the discussion, including the problem of attrition bias when calculating before and after effect size from aggregate data. Appropriate methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias in the assessment of study validity, but it was not clear if similar methods were used to select studies for inclusion in the review or extract data. In view of the clinical heterogeneity among studies, particularly with respect to outcome measures, it was questionable if pooling data statistically was appropriate. There were limitations to this review, but overall the authors’ cautious conclusions reflected limited evidence from a small number of poor quality studies. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that in view of the limitations of the existing evidence, valproate cannot be recommended as monotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Research: The authors stated that there is a need for double-blind controlled studies to initially compare valproate with placebo and then compare valproate with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.","Adamou, M; Puchalska, S; Plummer, W; Hale, A S",,2135
+Intuitive Prosociality,"Prosocial behavior is a central feature of human life and a major focus of research across the natural and social sciences. Most theoretical models of prosociality share a common assumption: Humans are instinctively selfish, and prosocial behavior requires exerting reflective control over these basic instincts. However, findings from several scientific disciplines have recently contradicted this view. Rather than requiring control over instinctive selfishness, prosocial behavior appears to stem from processes that are intuitive, reflexive, and even automatic. These observations suggest that our understanding of prosociality should be revised to include the possibility that, in many cases, prosocial behavior-instead of requiring active control over our impulses-represents an impulse of its own. © The Author(s) 2013.","Zaki, J.; Mitchell, J.P.",Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci.,2136
+Acting prosocially reduces retaliation: Effects of prosocial video games on aggressive behavior,"Past research has provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggression and aggression-related variables. In contrast, little is known whether and why video game exposure may also decrease aggressive behavior. In fact, two experiments revealed that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game reduces aggressive behavior. Mediational analyses showed that differences in both aggressive cognition and aggressive affect underlie the effect of type of video game on aggressive behavior. These findings are in line with assumptions of the General Learning Model and point to the importance of the cognitive and affective routes in predicting how aggressive behavior is affected by exposure to video games. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Greitemeyer, T.; Agthe, M.; Turner, R.; Gschwendtner, C.",Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,2137
+The motivations and experiences of living kidney donors: a thematic synthesis,,"Tong, A; Chapman, J R; Wong, G; Kanellis, J; McCarthy, G; Craig, J C",,2138
+,,"Lipsey, M.W.; Wilson, D.B.",Practical Meta-Analysis,2139
+Organizational Capacity of Nonprofit Organizations in Rural Areas of the United States: A Scoping Review,"Rural America is facing a plethora of problems related to poverty, crime, health, and education. Nonprofit organizations serve a vital role in rural communities by providing services and advocacy to residents. Yet, it is unknown if rural nonprofits have the means to effectively address the complex issues before them. This study examines the results of scoping review which characterizes the state of empirical knowledge regarding the organizational capacity of rural nonprofits in the United States. Fifteen articles from the past decade uncovered challenges and strengths related to organizational capacity, though more research is necessary to inform funders and educators. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Walters, J.E.",Hum. Serv. Organ. Manag. leadersh. gov.,2140
+The cyclicality of government foreign-aid expenditure: voter awareness in “good” times and in “bad”,"While it has been argued that the cyclicality of government spending likely depends on the intensities of political pressure to increase expenditure, in economic upturns and downturns, it is important to explore the determinants of changes in the strengths of those pressures. This paper is the first (to our knowledge) to focus on the relevance of systematic changes in voter awareness of government spending. Predictions of the impact of changes in awareness are tested with reference to 23 OECD donor countries’ foreign aid expenditures over the 1999–2015 period. The evidence offers insights into the discretion governments exercise when “fiscal illusion” increases and into the policy implications of systematic changes in voter awareness (in “good” times and in “bad”). © 2019, The Author(s).","Abbott, A.; Jones, P.",Public Choice,2141
+Peter Drucker on marketing: An exploration of five tenets,,"Uslay, C.; Morgan, R.E.; Sheth, J.N.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2142
+,,"Cooper, H.; Hedges, L.V.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,2143
+Predicting altruistic behavior and assessing homophily: Evidence from the sisterhood,"The persistence of altruism throughout the evolutionary process has been explained by some on the basis of assortation, which requires the ability to detect dispositional altruism in others and voluntary interaction, resulting in altruism homophily. Numerous studies have identified the ability to detect dispositional altruism in strangers, but few have investigated this ability and altruism homophily in social networks. The purpose of this study is to provide additional evidence with regard to the ability to detect dispositional altruism among individuals who have repeated interactions in a collegiate social organization and the extent of altruism homophily. The results indicate that individuals possess an ability to predict dispositional altruism as measured by behavior in the dictator game and that this ability is a function of social closeness. However, the study does not support the hypothesis of an assortation process that results in altruism homophily. © 2016 The Author( s).","Vernarelli, M.J.",Sociol. Sci.,2144
+The television situation comedy and children's prosocial behavior,"The moral lessons of television situation comedies were explored as possible contributors to children's prosocial development. In order to determine if children comprehend the moral lessons of adult sitcoms, children in small groups watched sitcoms and then were individually interviewed to determine if they comprehended the moral lesson. An overwhelming majority of 1st, 3rd, and 5th graders understood moral lessons contained in an episode of The Cosby Show. Similarly, one third of the 1st graders and half of the 3rd graders were able to identify an overarching moral lesson in an episode of Full House. Finally, a correlational analysis was undertaken between the frequency with which the children viewed prosocial sitcoms and the frequency of their prosocial behavior. As anticipated, viewing emerged as a predictor variable, particularly for those subjects who evidenced understanding of the moral lessons of sitcoms.","Rosenkoetter, L.I.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2145
+Systematic review of the effects of interventions for people bereaved by suicide,"There is a lack of robust evidence to be able to provide clear implications for practice for interventions for people bereaved by suicide. XCM: The authors addressed a clear review question, supported by appropriate inclusion criteria. An extensive search was conducted without language restrictions, for both published and unpublished research. Each stage of the review was conducted in duplicate, reducing the potential for error and bias. Study quality was assessed using appropriate criteria, and the results considered during the review. The decision to combine the studies in a narrative synthesis seemed appropriate given the heterogeneity across studies. Several studies only had short-term follow-up. This was a well-conducted review, and the conclusions reflect the lack of evidence available and are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that clear implications for practice could not be provided due to the lack of robust evidence. However, they go on to say that the following interventions may be beneficial: psychologist-led group therapy for children who lost a parent; combined health professional and volunteer led group therapy for adults who lost a family member; and family cognitive behavioural therapy with a trained psychiatric nurse.Research: Studies of sufficient size, evaluating an agreed core set of outcome measures, are required, particularly in different ethnic groups. Preliminary work using qualitative or quantitative methods prior to the main trial were recommended. Process evaluation embedded within an RCT of complex interventions was identified as a method to distinguish interventions that have failed from those that were poorly implemented.",Centre for Reviews and Dissemination,,2146
+Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives,"Psychologists have long assumed that the motivation for all intentional action, including all action intended to benefit others, is egoistic. People benefit others because, ultimately, to do so benefits themselves. The empathy-altruism hypothesis challenges this assumption. It claims that empathic emotion evokes truly altruistic motivation, motivation with an ultimate goal of benefiting not the self but the person for whom empathy is felt. Logical and psychological distinctions between egoism and altruism are reviewed, providing a conceptual framework for empirical tests for the existence of altruism. Results of empirical tests to date are summarized; these results provide impressive support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis. We conclude that the popular and parsimonious explanation of prosocial motivation in terms of universal egoism must give way to a pluralistic explanation that includes altruism as well as egoism. Implications of such a pluralism are briefly noted, not only for our understanding of prosocial motivation but also for our understanding of human nature and of the emotion—motivation link. © 1991, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.","Batson, C.D.; Shaw, L.L.",Psychol. Inq.,2147
+Through the looking glass: Alice in meta-analysis,,"Mandell, M Susan; Tran, Zung V",Crit. Care Med.,2148
+Economic models and support for the arts,,"Seaman, B.A.",Economic Policy for the Arts,2149
+Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin or dabigatran in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation,,"Aryal, M R; Ukaigwe, A; Pandit, A; Karmacharya, P; Pradhan, R; Mainali, N R; Pathak, R; Jalota, L; Bhandari, Y; Donato, A",,2150
+Altruism predicts mating success in humans,"In order for non-kin altruism to evolve, altruists must receive fitness benefits for their actions that outweigh the costs. Several researchers have suggested that altruism is a costly signal of desirable qualities, such that it could have evolved by sexual selection. In two studies, we show that altruism is broadly linked with mating success. In Study 1, participants who scored higher on a self-report altruism measure reported they were more desirable to the opposite sex, as well as reported having more sex partners, more casual sex partners, and having sex more often within relationships. Sex moderated some of these relationships, such that altruism mattered more for men’s number of lifetime and casual sex partners. In Study 2, participants who were willing to donate potential monetary winnings (in a modified dictator dilemma) reported having more lifetime sex partners, more casual sex partners, and more sex partners over the past year. Men who were willing to donate also reported having more lifetime dating partners. Furthermore, these patterns persisted, even when controlling for narcissism, Big Five personality traits, and socially desirable responding. These results suggest that altruists have higher mating success than non-altruists and support the hypothesis that altruism is a sexually selected costly signal of difficult-to-observe qualities. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.","Arnocky, S.; Piché, T.; Albert, G.; Ouellette, D.; Barclay, P.",Br. J. Psychol.,2151
+Problem solving within professional services: evidence from the medical field,"Purpose – To test the validity of the presumed characteristics of professional services by studying their manifestation in the problem solving that occurs in service production. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses medical research as secondary data to study the existence of associations between the presumed characteristics of professional services and problem solving in the medical context. A systematic review of empirical studies concerning physicians' prescribing decisions is conducted. Findings – Supporting assumptions presented in the literature, specialist knowledge of professional and customer participation was found to influence prescribing decisions. The assumption regarding collegial control was partially supported. Some degree of contradiction was found with respect to the presumed professional autonomy and altruism. Whilst the professional services literature emphasises factors related to the client's problem, the service encounter and the profession, we conclude that problem solving is influenced also by factors embedded in the related organisational, market and institutional environments. Research limitations/implications – Further empirical validation of the presumed professional characteristics is needed. The results indicate that professional services research should pay more attention to the role of the wider context in professional problem solving. Medical researchers might also benefit from a broader perspective on patient participation. Practical implications – An holistic view of factors that influence physicians' prescribing decisions is of use to managers of health care organisations, marketers of pharmaceuticals, and policy makers and third-party payers. Originality/value – By using an interdisciplinary approach, the paper contributes to professional services research by providing empirical support for the often repeated characteristics of professional services and outlining factors that potentially influence problem solving within professional services. © 2006, Emerald Group Publishing Limited","Jaakkola, Elina; Halinen, Aino",International Journal of Service Industry Management,2152
+Under what circumstances is helping an impulse? Emergency and prosocial traits affect intuitive prosocial behavior,"While prosocial behavior is suggested to be a central feature of human life, there is an ongoing debate as to whether individuals have developed a general intuitive tendency to act prosocially or not. We show that prosocial behavior is better described as a person × situation interaction. In two studies (total N = 170), we tested the influence of processing mode on helping behavior in emergency and non-emergency situations and the moderating effect of prosocial traits (i.e., Honesty–Humility and social value orientation) using different experimental manipulations. These studies were conducted among Chinese samples, and provide evidence on prosocial behaviors beyond the “WEIRD” population. Consistent with the existing experimental literature on spontaneous cooperation, we consistently found intuitive processing led to more helping behavior. Moreover, this intuitive prosociality is context-dependent, moderated by the emergency and prosocial traits. Overall, we find clear evidence that the role of intuition and deliberation varies across both situations and individuals as predicted by the social heuristics hypothesis. Our findings reconcile previous diverging results by demonstrating these moderators, and extend our understanding of the model of intuitive prosociality based on social heuristics. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Shi, R.; Qi, W.G.; Ding, Y.; Liu, C.; Shen, W.",Pers. Individ. Differ.,2153
+Vividness effects: A resource-matching perspective,"The authors present a resource-matching perspective to explain the relationship between vividness and persuasion. Three experiments confirm the predicted inverted-U relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for vivid information, and a positive linear relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for nonvivid information when vivid information is less resource demanding than nonvivid information. This persuasion pattern is reversed in experiment 4, where nonvivid information is less resource demanding than vivid information; that is, there is an inverted-U relationship for nonvivid information, and a positive linear relationship for vivid information. The contrasting persuasion functions for vivid and nonvivid information can predict when vivid information will be more versus less persuasive than nonvivid information.","Keller, P.A.; Block, L.G.",J. Consum. Res.,2154
+Further evidence on the dynamic impact of taxes on charitable giving,"We estimate the impact of taxes on donations using a large panel of middle-class taxpayers. Our specification allows estimation of the effects of habits, time shifting, and consumption smoothing on the time path of adjustment and produces plausible simulated adjustment paths to permanent and temporary anticipated tax reforms. We find that taxes determine both the long-run level and the timing of donations, so that even though taxes appear to have long-run behavioral effects, estimates of these effects are exaggerated if one fails to estimate the rescheduling of giving in response to tax regime shifts. Our results challenge the view that tax deductions for charitable giving are efficient.","Barrett, K.S.; Mcguirk, A.M.; Steinberg, R.",Natl. Tax J.,2155
+Partner choice versus punishment in human Prisoner's Dilemmas,"Two factors that promote cooperation are partner choice and punishment of defectors, but which option do people actually prefer to use? Punishment is predicted to be more common when organisms cannot escape bad partners, whereas partner choice is useful when one can switch to a better partner. Here we use a modified iterated Prisoner's Dilemma to examine people's cooperation and punishment when partner choice was possible and when it was not. The results show that cooperation was higher when people could leave bad partners versus when they could not. When they could not switch partners, people preferred to actively punish defectors rather than withdraw. When they could switch, punishment and switching were equally preferred. Contrary to our predictions, punishment was higher when switching was possible, possibly because cooperators could then desert the defector they had just punished. Punishment did not increase defectors' subsequent cooperation. Our results support the importance of partner choice in promoting human cooperation and in changing the prevalence of punishment. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Barclay, P.; Raihani, N.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,2156
+Toward an Understanding of the Revenue of Nonprofit Organizations,,"Horne, C.S.",Toward an Understanding of the Revenue of Nonprofit Organizations,2157
+Compliance employing a combined foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face procedure,"The foot-in-the-door procedure increases compliance for a desired target request by making an easier first request. In the door-in-the-face procedure, compliance is increased by first making an extremely hard request and following this with a target request, the one actually desired. The current study combined both of these procedures and formulated a new compliance technique consisting of two initial requests to precede the target request. Three hundred and eighty subjects selected at random from the telephone directory were called to test the new compliance procedure. The results showed that compliance was significantly greater for the new combination method when compared with both other methods. The theoretical model developed to devise and explain the new method also received support. © 1986 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Goldman, M.",J. Soc. Psychol.,2158
+Does kindness always pay? The influence of recipient affection and generosity on young children’s allocation decisions in a resource distribution task,"The aim of the current study was to determine whether the level of generosity shown by 3- to 8-year-old children (N = 136; M age = 69 months) in a resource distribution task would vary according to whether the recipient had previously displayed kind (affection and generosity) and/or non-kind (non-affection and non-generosity) behavior towards a third party. We first asked whether donor children would show higher levels of generosity towards an affectionate than a non-affectionate recipient (condition 1), and a generous than a non-generous recipient (condition 2), before pitting the two forms of recipient kindness directly against each other (condition 3). Last, we asked whether donations to generous recipients would decrease if the recipient simultaneously displayed non-kind behavior through a lack of affection (condition 4). Here we show that children allocated a greater share of the available resource to generous and affectionate recipients than non-generous and non-affectionate recipients respectively. However, when asked to divide resources between a generous and an affectionate recipient, or two recipients who had each displayed a combination of kind and non-kind behavior, children allocated each recipient an equal share of the resource. These findings suggest that children donate selectively based on previous information regarding recipient generosity and affection, however when both forms of kindness are pitted directly against each other, children strive for equality, suggesting that kindness engenders donor generosity irrespective of the form of kindness previously displayed. © 2019, The Author(s).","Blakey, K.H.; Mason, E.; Cristea, M.; McGuigan, N.; Messer, E.J.E.",Curr. Psychol.,2159
+,,"Lindsey, L.; Steinberg, R.",Joint Crowdout: An Empirical Study of the Impact of Federal Grants on State Government Expenditures and Charitable Donations,2160
+Video games as virtual teachers: Prosocial video game use by children and adolescents from different socioeconomic groups is associated with increased empathy and prosocial behaviour,"Objective The main aim of this study was to determine if there was a positive relationship between prosocial video game use and prosocial behaviour in children and adolescents. Method This study had a cross-sectional correlational design. Data were collected from 538 9-15 year old children and adolescents between March and December 2014. Participants completed measures of empathy, prosocial behaviour and video game habits. Teachers rated the prosocial behaviour of participants. The socioeconomic status of participants was also gathered. Results Multiple linear regressions were conducted on these data. Prosocial video game use was positively associated with the tendency to maintain positive affective relationships, cooperation and sharing as well as empathy. This association remained significant after controlling for gender, age, school type (disadvantaged/non-disadvantaged), socioeconomic status, weekly game play and violent video game use. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that prosocial video game use could develop empathic concern and improve affective relationships in a diverse population of young people. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.","Harrington, B.; O'Connell, M.",Comput. Hum. Behav.,2161
+Magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: a meta-analysis,"AIM: To review the published literature comparing the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with and without gadolinium in diagnosing renal artery stenosis, using catheter angiography as reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of English language articles identified by computer search using PubMed/MEDLINE, followed by extensive bibliography review from 1985 to May 2001. Inclusion criteria were: (1) blinded comparison with catheter angiography; (2)indication for MRA stated; (3) clear descriptions of imaging techniques; and (4) interval between MRA and catheter angiography < 3 months and only the largest of all studies from one centre was selected in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies were identified, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. The number of patients included in the meta-analysis was 998: 499 with non-enhanced MRA and 499 with gadolinium-enhanced MRA. The sensitivity and specificity of non-enhanced MRA were 94% (95% CI: 90-97%) and 85% (95% CI: 82-87%), respectively. For gadolinium-enhanced MRA sensitivity was 97% (95% CI: 93-98%) and specificity was 93% (95% CI: 91-95%). Thus, specificity and positive predictive value were significantly better for gadolinium-enhanced MRA (P < 0.001). Accessory renal arteries were depicted better by gadolinium-enhanced MRA (82%; 95% CI: 75-87%) than non-gadolinium MRA (49%; 95% CI: 42-60%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gadolinium-enhanced MRA may replace arteriography in most patients with suspected renal artery stenosis, and has major advantages in that it is non-invasive, avoids ionizing radiation and uses a non-nephrotoxic contrast agent.","Tan, K T; van Beek, E J R; Brown, P W G; van Delden, O M; Tijssen, J; Ramsay, L E",Clin. Radiol.,2162
+Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process,,"Greenfield, J.M.",Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process,2163
+Heterogeneity in the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior: A multilevel regression approach,"Previous research offers mixed results regarding the association between environmental attitudes and behavior. To shed some light on this topic, this article undertakes the first investigation of whether the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior is heterogeneous or, more concretely, if the existence of this association depends on the intensity of environmental attitudes. Multilevel regressions were implemented with a nationally representative sample of Spanish people aged 18 years old and older. The results reveal a pattern of heterogeneity, such that pro-environmental behavior is only associated with strong environmental attitudes, as arise when people believe that the environment should be protected, even if this goal is expensive. This study also controls for the influence of socio-economic characteristics on pro-environmental behavior, which correlates positively with education and age. Women exhibit more pro-environmental behavior than men. On the basis of these findings, this article offers notable implications for policy makers and researchers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Casaló, L.V.; Escario, J.-J.",J. Clean. Prod.,2164
+"Pretty as a Princess: Longitudinal Effects of Engagement With Disney Princesses on Gender Stereotypes, Body Esteem, and Prosocial Behavior in Children","This study examined level of engagement with Disney Princess media/products as it relates to gender-stereotypical behavior, body esteem (i.e. body image), and prosocial behavior during early childhood. Participants consisted of 198 children (Mage = 58 months), who were tested at two time points (approximately 1 year apart). Data consisted of parent and teacher reports, and child observations in a toy preference task. Longitudinal results revealed that Disney Princess engagement was associated with more female gender-stereotypical behavior 1 year later, even after controlling for initial levels of gender-stereotypical behavior. Parental mediation strengthened associations between princess engagement and adherence to female gender-stereotypical behavior for both girls and boys, and for body esteem and prosocial behavior for boys only. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.","Coyne, S.M.; Linder, J.R.; Rasmussen, E.E.; Nelson, D.A.; Birkbeck, V.",Child Dev.,2165
+,,"Atkins, N.; Greitemeyer, T.",Effects of prosocial music on empathy and helping (Unpublished manuscript),2166
+Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial behavior: Further evidence and a mediating mechanism,"Previous research has shown that exposure to prosocial songs increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. However, inasmuch as cognition, affect, and behavior were measured in different studies, it remained unclear what variable constituted the mediating path from media exposure to action. This was tested in the present research. In four studies, listening to songs with prosocial, relative to neutral, lyrics increased helping behavior. This effect was mediated by interpersonal empathy. The results are consistent with the general learning model and point to the importance of the affective route in explaining how media exposure influences social behavior. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","Greitemeyer, T.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,2167
+The accuracy of risk scores in predicting preterm birth: a systematic review,"Antenatal scoring systems were poor at predicting pre-term spontaneous birth in late pregnancy. There is a need for better quality information from well-designed studies. XCM: The review question was clear in terms of the study design, index test, reference standard and participants. Several relevant sources were searched with no language restrictions, thus minimising the potential for publication and language bias. Methods were used to minimise bias in the study selection, validity assessment and data extraction processes. The validity of the studies was assessed using appropriate criteria.There was adequate information on the included studies. The methods used to combine the studies were appropriate, given the wide range of values and presence of statistically significant heterogeneity. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored. This was a well-conducted review and the authors' conclusions are likely to be robust. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that no recommendations for clinical practice could be made.Research: The authors stated that further well-designed studies are required. Future studies should use clinically important outcomes as the reference standard and use robust methods, including blinding and the consecutive enrolment of women.","Honest, H; Bachmann, L M; Sundaram, R; Gupta, J K; Kleijnen, J; Khan, K S",,2168
+The Impact of Revenue Diversification on Nonprofit Financial Health: A Meta-analysis,"This study reviews the influence of revenue stream diversification on financial health. It is a meta-analysis of previous studies that have studied the relationship. This literature variously demonstrates that nonprofit financial health is improved, not influenced or harmed by diversifying reliance on different revenue streams. Our analysis of 40 original studies reporting 296 statistical effects demonstrates a small, positive, yet statistically significant association between revenue diversification and nonprofit financial health. In addition, we show that granularity of measurement of revenue diversification influences effect size, that this effect has shifted over time, and that studies on U.S. nonprofits demonstrate weaker (or more negative) effects. However, few other prominent suspects, including diversity of financial health measure or methodology choices, explain variations in effects across the literature on revenue diversification. Overall, the study supports the contention that both analysts and practitioners should make strategic considerations that have generally escaped scholarship on revenue diversification or shift attention to revenue optimization considerations that have been raised by portfolio theory. © The Author(s) 2018.","Hung, C.; Hager, M.A.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,2169
+Adult criticism and vigilance diminish free riding by children in a social dilemma,"In cooperative situations, individual interests can be in conflict with those of the group, creating a social dilemma in which one must choose whether to cooperate or not. Sensitivity to social stimuli is an important factor influencing cooperative behavior in such dilemmas. The current study investigated the influence of verbal feedback and vigilance by adults on children's donating behavior in a public goods game. The participants were 739 public school children, between 5 and 12 years of age, who were divided into 34 groups. Each group was assigned to one of four experimental conditions: control, positive feedback (praise), negative feedback (criticism), or vigilance. Participants then played eight rounds of the game. The children's donations were greater in the feedback and vigilance conditions, but the effects were mediated by age and rounds. The results are most likely related to concerns about reputation, which tend to become stronger with age. Older children are better at self-presentation and understanding social norms. Thus, compared with younger children, they seemed more concerned with appearing to be generous, but only when they could get credit for it. Nevertheless, children's donations still decreased across the rounds. Although adult vigilance and feedback influence children's cooperation among peers, other mechanisms are necessary to stabilize their behavior over time. © 2017","Dutra, N.B.; Boccardi, N.C.; Silva, P.R.R.; Siqueira, J.D.O.; Hattori, W.T.; Yamamoto, M.E.; Alencar, A.I.D.",J. Exp. Child Psychol.,2170
+Beliefs about the controllability of social characteristics and children’s jealous responses to outsiders’ interference in friendship,"Although some jealous children respond to outsider interference in friendships with problem solving and discussion, others withdraw from the relationship or retaliate against the friends or others. Beliefs about the nature of social characteristics are proposed as an explanation for behavioral heterogeneity in response to jealous provocation. Based on learned helplessness theory and research on children’s implicit personality theories, children who subscribed strongly to the belief that social characteristics are fixed and that social outcomes are uncontrollable (high entity beliefs), were expected to more strongly endorse asocial and antisocial responses and less strongly endorse prosocial responses to outsider interference than children who did not have strong entity beliefs, depending on their internal versus external attributions of blame. Two hundred eighty-six children in sixth through eighth grades (primarily Caucasian) participated in an experimental test of this hypothesis. Although hypothesized interactions between beliefs and locus of blame were not supported, results indicated that children who believe social characteristics are changeable also believed they had more control in the internal condition than children who believe social characteristics are immutable. Further, pessimistic children were more likely to tend to endorse asocial and antisocial behavior and less likely to endorse prosocial behavior than optimistic children. © 2019 Lavallee, Parker. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lavallee, K.L.; Parker, J.G.",PLoS ONE,2171
+The nature of human altruism,"Some of the most fundamental questions concerning our evolutionary origins, our social relations, and the organization of society are centred around issues of altruism and selfishness. Experimental evidence indicates that human altruism is a powerful force and is unique in the animal world. However, there is much individual heterogeneity and the interaction between altruists and selfish individuals is vital to human cooperation. Depending on the environment, a minority of altruists can force a majority of selfish individuals to cooperate or, conversely, a few egoists can induce a large number of altruists to defect. Current gene-based evolutionary theories cannot explain important patterns of human altruism, pointing towards the importance of both theories of cultural evolution as well as gene-culture co-evolution.","Fehr, E.; Fischbacher, U.",Nature,2172
+,,"Feeley, T.H.",A meta-analysis if the ceiling effects in the door-in-the-face influence strategy,2173
+Corrigendum to Effects of alteplase for acute stroke according to criteria defining the European Union and United States marketing authorizations: Individual-patient- data meta-analysis of randomized trials,"The authors would like to highlight the following edits to the declaration of conflicting interests (edits in bold and blue): The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: KRL reports fees and expenses from American Stroke Association, Applied Clinical Intelligence, Atrium, Boehringer Ingelheim, EVER NeuroPharma, Hilicon, Nestleé, Novartis, Servier, and Stroke Academic Industry Roundtable, and research funding to the University of Glasgow and to the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive from Genentech, and is past president of the European Stroke Organisation. CB and JE have not accepted fees, honoraria, or paid consultancies but are, or have been, involved in clinical trials funded by Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, the Medicines Company, and Boehringer Ingelheim. GA has received fees for consultancy from Medtronic and iSchemaView, and owns stock in iSchemaView. EB is employed by Boehringer Ingelheim. SMD has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medtronic, and Pfizer. GAD is co-principal investigator for the EXTEND trial using alteplase and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Merk Sharp & Dohme. JCG has acted as a consultant for Frazer Ltd and Stryker, has received grant support from the American Heart Association, Genentech, and Behring and has received grant support within the past three years from Haemonetics and Medtronic. MKa reports fees and expenses from H. Lundbeck A/S, Mitsubishi Pharma Europe, Siemens AG. RvK reports fees from H. Lundbeck A/S, Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Brainsgate, Synarc, and Penumbra, Inc. RIL has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, and Pfizer. JMO has received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Servier. MP has received travel support from Boehringer Ingelheim. PAGS declares that he was the Chief Investigator of the IST-3 trial, funded by the Medical Research Council, the Stroke Association and the Health Foundation, the IST-3 pilot study was supported by a donation of drug and placebo from Boehringer Ingelheim, and PAGS has received Honoraria and Travel expenses paid to his Department from Boehringer Ingelheim. DT reports honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, and Pfizer. KT has received research grant support from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma. JMW declares trial funding from the Medical Research Council, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, Stroke Association, and Health Foundation. NW’s institution has received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Stryker, and Codman. WNW was funded by a Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship (G0902303). WH reports honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Bayer, receipt of an unrestricted research grant from Boehringer Ingelheim to perform the ECASS-4 EXTEND trial, and past chairmanship of the ECASS 1–3 thrombolysis trials. WH is also current president of the World Stroke Organisation. LB, TB, GC, GdZ, GH, MKo, MGL and PL declare no conflict of interest. © 2018, © 2018 World Stroke Organization.",,Int. J. Stroke,2174
+"Greener Than Thou: People who protect the environment are more cooperative, compete to be environmental, and benefit from reputation","Protecting the environment is a social dilemma: environmental protection benefits everyone but is individually costly. We propose that protecting the environment is similar to other types of cooperation, in that environmentalism functions as a signal of one's willingness to cooperate with others. We test several novel predictions from this hypothesis. We used a mathematical model to show that environmentalism can indicate one's valuation of others and thus one's cooperative intent. We found support for this prediction in two online studies, and then conducted two laboratory studies to extend the idea that environmentalism signals one's willingness to cooperate. Participants donated more to an environmental charity when donations were public than when anonymous, but they donated the most when competing to be chosen by an observer for a subsequent cooperative game. In other words, people competed to donate more to the environment. Bigger donors benefited, as they were subsequently chosen more often and received more cooperation from their partners. Partners benefited from choosing environmental donors: bigger donors cooperated more with subsequent partners, such that environmental donations were reliably informative about participants’ future cooperativeness. We compare multiple theories about why people behave environmentally (indirect reciprocity, signal of wealth, signal of cooperative intent), and find most support for our proposed theory of signaling cooperative intent. By understanding the function of environmental behaviour and stimulating competitive giving, we can increase people's support for environmental and other charitable causes. © 2020 The Authors","Barclay, P.; Barker, J.L.",J. Environ. Psychol.,2175
+Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis,,"Wolf, F.M.",Meta-analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis,2176
+Organ Donation for Social Change: A Systematic Review,"This chapter presents a critical review of the existing organ donation literature. The objective of this chapter is to identify the main gaps in the current body of literature on the organ donation context and the marketing discipline. This chapter initially discusses social marketing within the context of organ donation for social change. Following on, this chapter provides a systematic quantitative literature review of the existing organ donation studies from the period of 1985–2019. Then, this chapter details and discusses the review method. The literature review findings include the geographical distribution of 262 peer-reviewed organ donation studies around the world; the frequency of published articles over the period 1985–2019; the disciplinary scope of these studies; the sample characteristics; and the key theories and models used to inform organ donation studies. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of the main limitations of existing organ donation studies. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Alsalem, A.; Thaichon, P.; Weaven, S.",Contrib. Manag. Sci.,2177
+Community first responders and responder schemes in the United Kingdom: systematic scoping review,"BACKGROUND: Community First Responder (CFR) schemes support lay people to respond to medical emergencies, working closely with ambulance services. They operate widely in the UK. There has been no previous review of UK literature on these schemes. This is the first systematic scoping review of UK literature on CFR schemes, which identifies the reasons for becoming a CFR, requirements for training and feedback and confusion between the CFR role and that of ambulance service staff. This study also reveals gaps in the evidence base for CFR schemes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic scoping review of the published literature, in the English language from 2000 onwards using specific search terms in six databases. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse article content. RESULTS: Nine articles remained from the initial search of 15,969 articles after removing duplicates, title and abstract and then full text review. People were motivated to become CFRs through an altruistic desire to help others. They generally felt rewarded by their work but recognised that the help they provided was limited by their training compared with ambulance staff. There were concerns about the possible emotional impact on CFRs responding to incidents. CFRs felt that better feedback would enhance their learning. Ongoing training and support were viewed as essential to enable CFRs to progress. They perceived that public recognition of the CFR role was low, patients sometimes confusing them with ambulance staff. Relationships with the ambulance service were sometimes ambivalent due to confusion over roles. There was support for local autonomy of CFR schemes but with greater sharing of best practice. DISCUSSION: Most studies dated from 2005 and were descriptive rather than analytical. In the UK and Australia CFRs are usually lay volunteers equipped with basic skills for responding to medical emergencies, whereas in the US they include other emergency staff as well as lay people. CONCLUSION: Opportunities for future research include exploring experiences and perceptions of patients who have been treated by CFRs and other stakeholders, while also evaluating the effectiveness and costs of CFR schemes.","Phung, Viet-Hai; Trueman, Ian; Togher, Fiona; Orner, Roderick; Siriwardena, A Niroshan",Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med.,2178
+Priming in economics,"Conceptual priming has become an increasingly popular tool in economics. Here, we review the literature that uses priming in incentivized experiments to study economic questions. We mainly focus on the role of social identity, culture, and norms in shaping preferences and behavior. We also discuss recently raised objections to priming research and conclude with promising avenues for future research. © 2016.","Cohn, A.; Maréchal, M.A.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,2179
+Surveillance or Self-Surveillance? Behavioral Cues Can Increase the Rate of Drivers’ Pro-Environmental Behavior at a Long Wait Stop,"By leaving their engines idling for long periods, drivers contribute unnecessarily to air pollution, waste fuel, and produce noise and fumes that harm the environment. Railway level crossings are sites where many cars idle, many times a day. In this research, testing two psychological theories of influence, we examine the potential to encourage drivers to switch off their ignition while waiting at rail crossings. Two field studies presented different signs at a busy rail crossing site with a 2-min average wait. Inducing public self-focus (via a “Watching Eyes” stimulus) was not effective, even when accompanied by a written behavioral instruction. Instead, cueing a private-self focus (“think of yourself”) was more effective, doubling the level of behavioral compliance. These findings confirm the need to engage the self when trying to instigate self-regulatory action, but that cues evoking self-surveillance may sometimes be more effective than cues that imply external surveillance. © 2017, © 2017 The Author(s).","Meleady, R.; Abrams, D.; Van de Vyver, J.; Hopthrow, T.; Mahmood, L.; Player, A.; Lamont, R.; Leite, A.C.",Environ. Behav.,2180
+Healthy Selfishness and Pathological Altruism: Measuring Two Paradoxical Forms of Selfishness,"Selfishness is often regarded as an undesirable or even immoral characteristic, whereas altruism is typically considered universally desirable and virtuous. However, human history as well as the works of humanistic and psychodynamic psychologists point to a more complex picture: not all selfishness is necessarily bad, and not all altruism is necessarily good. Based on these writings, we introduce new scales for the assessment of individual differences in two paradoxical forms of selfishness that have lacked measurement in the field – healthy selfishness (HS) and pathological altruism (PA). In two studies (N1 = 370, N2 = 891), we constructed and validated the HS and PA scales. The scales showed good internal consistency and a clear two-dimensional structure across both studies. HS was related to higher levels of psychological well-being and adaptive psychological functioning as well as a genuine prosocial orientation. PA was associated with maladaptive psychological outcomes, vulnerable narcissism, and selfish motivations for helping others. These results underpin the paradoxical nature of both constructs. We discuss the implications for future research, including clinical implications. © Copyright © 2020 Kaufman and Jauk.","Kaufman, S.B.; Jauk, E.",Front. Psychol.,2181
+"Music, Pandas, and Muggers: On the Affective Psychology of Value","This research investigated the relationship between the magnitude or scope of a stimulus and its subjective value by contrasting 2 psychological processes that may be used to construct preferences: valuation by feeling and valuation by calculation. The results show that when people rely on feeling, they are sensitive to the presence or absence of a stimulus (i.e., the difference between 0 and some scope) but are largely insensitive to further variations of scope. In contrast, when people rely on calculation, they reveal relatively more constant sensitivity to scope. Thus, value is nearly a step function of scope when feeling predominates and is closer to a linear function when calculation predominates. These findings may allow for a novel interpretation of why most real-world value functions are concave and how the processes responsible for nonlinearity of value may also contribute to nonlinear probability weighting.","Hsee, C.K.; Rottenstreich, Y.",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,2182
+"Altruism on American television: Examining the amount of, and context surrounding, acts of helping and sharing","Using a representative sample of television content featuring 2,227 programs across different genres and 18 different channels, the frequency and context of altruistic actions were content analyzed. A social cognitive theory approach was taken to guide the selection of contextual variables. The results showed that 73% of the programs in the sample featured instances of helping/sharing at a rate of 2.92 incidents per hour. Further, the actions were most likely to be initiated by adult White males and many acts were depicted in a humorous, realistic, and rewarding context. In terms of channel differences, shows on children's basic cable featured not only the highest proportion of programs with one or more instances of altruism but also the highest rate per hour (4.02 acts). Differences in contextual features and channel type are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory below. © 2006 International Communication Association.","Smith, S.W.; Smith, S.L.; Pieper, K.M.; Yoo, J.H.; Ferris, A.L.; Downs, E.; Bowden, B.",J. Commun.,2183
+Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature,"BACKGROUND: Nowadays people are extensively encouraged to become more physically active. The Internet has been brought forward as an effective tool to change physical activity behavior. However, little is known about the evidence regarding such Internet-based interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to systematically assess the methodological quality and the effectiveness of interventions designed to promote physical activity by means of the Internet as evaluated by randomized controlled trials. METHODS: A literature search was conducted up to July 2006 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Only randomized controlled trials describing the effectiveness of an Internet-based intervention, with the promotion of physical activity among adults being one of its major goals, were included. Data extracted included source and year of publication, country of origin, targeted health behaviors, participants' characteristics, characteristics of the intervention, and effectiveness data. In addition, the methodological quality was assessed. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 10 eligible studies of which five met at least nine out of 13 general methodological criteria. The majority of the interventions were tailored to the characteristics of the participants and used interactive self-monitoring and feedback tools. Six studies used one or more theoretical models to compose the contents of the interventions. One study used an objective measure to assess the amount of physical activity (activity monitor), and six studies used multiple subjective measures of physical activity. Furthermore, half of the studies employed measures of physical fitness other than physical activity. In three studies, an Internet-based physical activity intervention was compared with a waiting list group. Of these three studies, two reported a significantly greater improvement in physical activity levels in the Internet-based intervention than in the control group. Seven studies compared two types of Internet-based physical activity interventions in which the main difference was either the intensity of contact between the participants and supervisors (4 studies) or the type of treatment procedures applied (3 studies). In one of these studies, a significant effect in favor of an intervention with more supervisor contact was seen. CONCLUSIONS: There is indicative evidence that Internet-based physical activity interventions are more effective than a waiting list strategy. The added value of specific components of Internet-based physical activity interventions such as increased supervisor contact, tailored information, or theoretical fidelity remains to be established. Methodological quality as well as the type of physical activity outcome measure varied, stressing the need for standardization of these measures.","van den Berg, Marleen H; Schoones, Johannes W; Vliet Vlieland, Theodora P M",J. Med. Internet Res.,2184
+Altruistic decisions are influenced by the allocation of monetary incentives in a pain-sharing game,"Background Altruistic behavior is essential to the sustainability of society, but our current understanding of its underlying motivation is limited. In addition to the intrinsic motives to help others, based on empathy, extrinsic motives such as monetary incentives and social reputation influence prosociality. The purpose of this study was to examine the underlying motivations of prosocial behavior under constant or increasing extrinsic motivation settings. Methods An experimental task, Altruistic Pain Sharing, was developed in which the participants were asked to share the other participants’ pain. In the session with monetary incentives, the incentives were given either constantly (CONSTANT condition) or proportionally (INCREASING condition), to the amount of shared pain. In addition, monetary incentives were not provided in the NO session. The participants experienced different amounts of mechanical pain at the beginning of the task and chose the number of pain stimulations to share, based on their experiences. Results Compared to the NO session, the INCREASING session exhibited a rise in the mean of shared pain, but not the CONSTANT session. Furthermore, there was a distinct tendency to receive less pain than the other participant in the CONSTANT session, and a tendency to receive more pain than the other participant in the INCREASING session. Conclusion Prosocial behavior was influenced by the presence, as well as the form, of the extrinsic monetary incentives. Our study shows that rewards incentivize individuals to demonstrate a higher level of prosocial behavior, implying that prosocial behavior is itself a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and that an effectively designed rewards system may function to enhance prosocial behavior. © 2019 Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lee, Y.-S.; Song, H.-S.; Kim, H.; Chae, Y.",PLoS ONE,2185
+Inspire me to donate: The use of strength emotion in donation appeals,,"Liang, J.; Chen, Z.; Lei, J.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2186
+Is social nudging too emotionally taxing? A field experiment of public utilities and electricity consumers in Denmark,"Appeals to act pro-socially are becoming an increasingly popular way for utilities and authorities to encourage environmental-friendly behavior because of lower financial costs than if price incentives were used. However, recent research suggests that these measures might be emotionally taxing for utility consumers. In this article, we present the results from a randomized field experiment conducted on a sample of 1967 customers serviced by a Danish electricity company. Our results support the suggestion that socially motivated appeals are significantly more emotionally taxing than monetary incentives. We find that this difference disappears when the pro-social appeal is supplemented with a monetary incentive. Finally, we suggest a strategy for reducing emotional ‘costs’ of pro-social appeals without increasing financial costs or reducing the effectiveness of the appeal. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Jensen, C.L.; Andersen, L.M.; Hansen, L.G.; Henningsen, G.",Energy Res. Soc. Sci.,2187
+The effects of self-perception and perceptual contrast upon compliance with socially undesirable requests,"The relative effects of self-perception and perceptual contrast upon rate of compliance with a counter-normative request were studied in a 5 by 2 by 2 design that combined five sizes of the initial request, two levels of authority, and sex. Increased compliance was obtained only when the initial requests were either moderately small or excessively large, but not when they were either very small or moderately large. © 1982, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.","Shanab, M.E.; O’neill, P.J.",Top. Catal.,2188
+Empathy and Its Discontents,"What role does the experience of feeling what you think others are feeling – often known as ‘empathy’ – have in moral deliberation and moral action? Empathy has many fans and there is abundant evidence that it can motivate prosocial behavior. However, empathy is narrow in its focus, rendering it innumerate and subject to bias. It can motivate cruelty and aggression and lead to burnout and exhaustion. Compassion is distinct from empathy in its neural instantiation and its behavioral consequences and is a better prod to moral action, particularly in the modern world we live in. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Bloom, P.",Trends Cogn. Sci.,2189
+Donors’ Responses to Profit Incentives in the Social Sector: The Entrepreneurial Orientation Reward and the Profit Penalty,"This study uses an online survey experiment to test whether the pairing of profit-seeking with mission-related programs in the social sector attracts or deters donations from individual donors. We test individuals’ response to three types of profit incentives allowed under current U.S. public policy: (1) non-distributed profit to an organization, which is allowed for nonprofit entities; (2) profit to the organization's equity investors and owners, which is allowed under for-profit social enterprise governance charters; and (3) profit to lending investors, which is introduced by social impact bonds, a pay-for-success policy tool. We test trust theory, under which profit incentives deter donors against entrepreneurial orientation (EO) theory, which suggests that donors are attracted to organizations that use innovative, market-driven programs. Findings indicate support for both theories, but the support depends on how the specific profit incentive is structured. Donors support organizations that use profit-generating social enterprise programs—but only when the profits are non-distributable; donors’ support is significantly lower for social enterprises in which owners and equity investors may profit. Importantly however, this negative effect is not found for pay-for-success policy tools where lending investors, rather than equity investors and owners, receive profits. © 2019 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management","Faulk, L.; Pandey, S.; Pandey, S.K.; Scott Kennedy, K.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,2190
+Economic evaluation of drug eluting stents,,"Mittmann, N; Brown, A; Seung, S J; Coyle, D; Cohen, D; Brophy, J; Title, L; Oh, P",,2191
+"Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment","Large-scale societies in which strangers regularly engage in mutually beneficial transactions are puzzling. The evolutionary mechanisms associated with kinship and reciprocity, which underpin much of primate sodality, do not readily extend to large unrelated groups. Theory suggests that the evolution of such societies may have required norms and institutions that sustain fairness in ephemeral exchanges. If that is true, then engagement in larger-scale institutions, such as markets and world religions, should be associated with greater fairness, and larger communities should punish unfairness more. Using three behavioral experiments administered across 15 diverse populations, we show that market integration (measured as the percentage of purchased calories) positively covaries with fairness while community size positively covaries with punishment. Participation in a world religion is associated with fairness, although not across all measures. These results suggest that modern prosociality is not solely the product of an innate psychology, but also reflects norms and institutions that have emerged over the course of human history.","Henrich, J.; Ensminger, J.; McElreath, R.; Barr, A.; Barrett, C.; Bolyanatz, A.; Cardenas, J.C.; Gurven, M.; Gwako, E.; Henrich, N.; Lesorogol, C.; Marlowe, F.; Tracer, D.; Ziker, J.",Science,2192
+Framing advertisements to elicit positive emotions and attract foster carers: An investigation into the effects of advertising on high-cognitive-elaboration donations,,"Randle, M.; Miller, L.; Stirling, J.; Dolnicar, S.",Journal of Advertising Research,2193
+A smile – the key to everybody’s heart?: The interactive effects of image and message in increasing charitable behavior,,"Pham, C.; Septianto, F.",European Journal of Marketing,2194
+Endogenous institutions and the possibility of reverse crowding out,,"Isaac, R.M.; Norton, D.A.",Public Choice,2195
+Dynamic customer interdependence,,"Zhang, J.Z.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2196
+Renal perfusion pump vs cold storage for donation after cardiac death kidneys: a systematic review,,"Bathini, Mcgregor T, V",,2197
+"Large-scale cooperation driven by reputation, not fear of divine punishment","Reputational considerations favour cooperation and thus we expect less cooperation in larger communities where people are less well known to each other. Some argue that institutions are, therefore, necessary to coordinate large-scale cooperation, including moralizing religions that promote cooperation through the fear of divine punishment. Here, we use community size as a proxy for reputational concerns, and test whether people in small, stable communities are more cooperative than people in large, less stable communities in both religious and non-religious contexts. We conducted a donation game on a large naturalistic sample of 501 people in 17 communities, with varying religions or none, ranging from small villages to large cities in northwestern China. We found that more money was donated by those in small, stable communities, where reputation should be more salient. Religious practice was also associated with higher donations, but fear of divine punishment was not. In a second game on the same sample, decisions were private, giving donors the opportunity to cheat. We found that donors to religious institutions were not less likely to cheat, and community size was not important in this game. Results from the donation game suggest donations to both religious and non-religious institutions are being motivated by reputational considerations, and results from both games suggest fear of divine punishment is not important. This chimes with other studies suggesting social benefits rather than fear of punishment may be the more salient motive for cooperative behaviour in real-world settings. © 2019 The Authors.","Ge, E.; Chen, Y.; Wu, J.; Mace, R.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2198
+Door-in-the-face and but-you-are-free: Testing the effect of combining two no-pressure compliance paradigms,"According to Howard’s proposal of chaining compliance techniques and based on the proximity of interpretation of their effects, this study aimed to test a combination of two paradigms: a door-in-the-face request that makes a high-cost request before the target request and the but-you-are-free request that adds an evocation of freedom to the request. Two experiments were conducted (N = 120 and 1,292) to promote donations to non-profit organizations. There were four conditions. Participants were approached according to the door-in-the-face procedure, to the but-you-are-free procedure, to a combination of both of them, or directly in a control condition. There was an increase of compliance rates in experimental conditions compared to the control condition and an increase in the average amount donated in the combination condition compared to the control condition in the second study. Results are discussed in terms of responsibility and guilt mechanisms, and future developments are proposed. © The Author(s) 2016.","Meineri, S.; Dupré, M.; Guéguen, N.; Vallée, B.",Psychol. Rep.,2199
+"Video Games Do Indeed Influence Children and Adolescents’ Aggression, Prosocial Behavior, and Academic Performance: A Clearer Reading of Ferguson (2015)","Psychological scientists have long sought to determine the relative impact of environmental influences over development and behavior in comparison with the impact of personal, dispositional, or genetic influences. This has included significant interest in the role played by media in children’s development with a good deal of emphasis on how violent media spark and shape aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. Despite a variety of methodological weaknesses in his meta-analysis, Ferguson (2015, this issue) presents evidence to support the positive association between violent media consumption and a number of poor developmental outcomes. In this Commentary we discuss this meta-analytic work and how it fits into a broader understanding of human development. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Boxer, P.; Groves, C.L.; Docherty, M.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,2200
+Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime,"In our attempts to understand crime, researchers typically focus on proximate factors such as the psychology of offenders, their developmental history, and the social structure in which they are embedded. While these factors are important, they dont tell the whole story. Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime explores how evolutionary biology adds to our understanding of why crime is committed, by whom, and our response to norm violations. This understanding is important both for a better understanding of what precipitates crime and to guide approaches for effectively managing criminal behavior. This book is divided into three parts. Part I reviews evolutionary biology concepts important for understanding human behavior, including crime. Part II focuses on theoretical approaches to explaining crime, including the evolution of cooperation, and the evolutionary history and function of violent crime, drug use, property offending, and white collar crime. The developmental origins of criminal behavior are described to account for the increase in offending during adolescence and early adulthood as well as to explain why some offenders are more likely to desist than others. Proximal causes of crime are examined, as well as cultural and structural processes influencing crime. Part III considers human motivation to punish norm violators and what this means for the development of a criminal justice system. This section also considers how an evolutionary approach contributes to our understanding of crime prevention and reduction. The section closes with an evolutionary approach to understanding offender rehabilitation and reintegration. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Durrant, R.; Ward, T.",Evol. Criminol.: Towards a Compr. Explan. of Crime,2201
+A second look at partisanship’s effect on receptivity to social pressure to vote,"Social pressure can exert a powerful, but sometimes counterproductive, influence on compliance with the social norm of voting. Scholars have tested several implicit social pressure techniques to reduce negative reactions to these methods. Among the most innovative is the use of ‘watching eyes’ in voter mobilization messages. Using three large randomized field experiments, this study attempts to reproduce Panagopoulos and van der Linden’s finding that political partisanship moderates the effect of watching eyes messages on voter turnout. Our findings diverge from previous findings statistically and substantively and indicate partisanship may have limited influence on the effectiveness of watching eyes in mobilizing voters. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Matland, R.E.; Murray, G.R.",Soc. Influ.,2202
+Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis,"Ever use of hormone therapy in non-smoking women may increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Data from RCTs suggest that oestrogen/progestin therapy increases the risk of lung cancer. XCM: The review addressed a focused question and inclusion criteria were clearly defined. Extensive literature searches were conducted and these included attempts to identify unpublished studies. Appropriate steps were taken to minimise bias and errors at all stages of the review process. Study quality was reported to have been assessed, but the exact items considered and results of the quality assessment were not reported and so the reliability of the included studies remained unclear. Very few details of the included studies (such as sample size and participant details) were reported, which made it difficult to determine the generalisability of the review findings. Data were pooled from studies that used different designs; the appropriateness of this was questionable. Only one of the analyses was reported separately for RCTs and the results from these studies were in the opposite direction to those from studies of other designs. The authors' primary conclusions were based on two non-RCT studies of unknown size and quality. The reliability of their conclusions is unclear. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that dedicated studies designed to more adequately delineate the role of menopausal hormone therapy were necessary to substantiate whether use of such therapy was a risk factor for adenocarcinoma or other types of lung cancer.","Greiser, C M; Greiser, E M; Doren, M",,2203
+Moral bargain hunters purchase moral righteousness when it is cheap: Within-individual effect of stake size in economic games,"Despite the repeatedly raised criticism that findings in economic games are specific to situations involving trivial incentives, most studies that have examined the stake-size effect have failed to find a strong effect. Using three prisoner's dilemma experiments, involving 479 non-student residents of suburban Tokyo and 162 students, we show here that stake size strongly affects a player's cooperation choices in prisoner's dilemma games when stake size is manipulated within each individual such that each player faces different stake sizes. Participants cooperated at a higher rate when stakes were lower than when they were higher, regardless of the absolute stake size. These findings suggest that participants were 'moral bargain hunters' who purchased moral righteousness at a low price when they were provided with a 'price list' of prosocial behaviours. In addition, the moral bargain hunters who cooperated at a lower stake but not at a higher stake did not cooperate in a single-stake one-shot game.","Yamagishi, T.; Li, Y.; Matsumoto, Y.; Kiyonari, T.",Sci. Rep.,2204
+Comparing outcomes of donation after cardiac death versus donation after brain death in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) using organs donated after cardiac death (DCD) is increasing due, in large part, to a shortage of organs. The outcome of using DCD organs in recipients with hepatits C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear due to the limited experience and number of publications addressing this issue. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of DCD versus donation after brain death (DBD) in HCV-positive patients undergoing LT. METHODS: Studies comparing DCD versus DBD LT in HCV-positive patients were identified based on systematic searches of seven electronic databases and multiple sources of gray literature. RESULTS: The search identified 58 citations, including three studies, with 324 patients meeting eligibility criteria. The use of DCD livers was associated with a significantly higher risk of primary nonfunction (RR 5.49 [95% CI 1.53 to 19.64]; P=0.009; I2=0%), while not associated with a significantly different patient survival (RR 0.89 [95% CI 0.37 to 2.11]; P=0.79; I2=51%), graft survival (RR 0.40 [95% CI 0.14 to 1.11]; P=0.08; I2=34%), rate of recurrence of severe HCV infection (RR 2.74 [95% CI 0.36 to 20.92]; P=0.33; I2=84%), retransplantation or liver disease-related death (RR 1.79 [95% CI 0.66 to 4.84]; P=0.25; I2=44%), and biliary complications. CONCLUSIONS: While the literature and quality of studies assessing DCD versus DBD grafts are limited, there was significantly more primary nonfunction and a trend toward decreased graft survival, but no significant difference in biliary complications or recipient mortality rates between DCD and DBD LT in patients with HCV infection. There is insufficient literature on the topic to draw any definitive conclusions.","Wells, Malcolm; Croome, Kris M; Janik, Toni; Hernandez-Alejandro, Roberto M; Chandok, Natasha M",Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2205
+The door-in-the-face technique: Reciprocal concessions vs. self-presentational explanations,,"Reeves, R.A.; Baker, G.A.; Boyd, J.G.; Cialdini, R.B.",Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,2206
+"Institutions, motivations and public goods: An experimental test of motivational crowding","Contributions to public goods can be motivated by intrinsic factors such as warm glow altruism and fairness, as well as extrinsic incentives such as sanctions and payments. However, psychological studies suggest that formal extrinsic incentives may crowd out intrinsic motivations. In an experimental study of individual contributions to a public good we find that suasion crowded in voluntary contributions, while an extrinsic incentive in the form of a regulation led to crowding out. This has implications for the design of public policy where ranges of motivations are present. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Reeson, A.F.; Tisdell, J.G.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2207
+The effectiveness of celebrity endorsements: a meta-analysis,"Celebrities frequently endorse products, brands, political candidates, or health campaigns. We investigated the effectiveness of such endorsements by meta-analyzing 46 studies published until April 2016 involving 10,357 participants. Applying multilevel meta-analysis, we analyzed celebrity endorsements in the context of for-profit and non-profit marketing. Findings revealed strong positive and negative effects when theoretically relevant moderators were included in the analysis. The most positive attitudinal effect appeared for male actors who match well with an implicitly endorsed object (d = .90). The most negative effect was found for female models not matching well with an explicitly endorsed object (d = −.96). Furthermore, celebrity endorsements performed worse compared to endorsements of quality seals, awards, or endorser brands. No publication bias was detected. The study has theoretical and practical implications, and provides an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Knoll, Johannes; Matthes, Jörg",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2208
+Signaling virtue: Charitable behavior under consumer elective pricing,,"Jung, M.H.; Nelson, L.D.; Gneezy, U.; Gneezy, A.",Marketing Science,2209
+Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: a systematic review,"The psychosocial health of most donors appears unchanged or improved by donation. The proportion who experience negative outcomes would appear to be small, and the majority of donors reported that they would repeat the experience. XCM: The review question was clear and was supported by appropriate inclusion criteria relating to the participants, intervention, study design and outcomes. Attempts were made to identify all the relevant literature by searching several electronic databases and reference lists, but the restriction to publications in English might have introduced language bias. It appears that the review was conducted with some efforts to minimise error and bias, but the methods applied at the study selection stage were unclear. The use of a narrative synthesis seems appropriate given the heterogeneity of the included studies. Some studies included in the review comprised small study samples and the majority of studies were conducted retrospectively, both of which could have introduced further biases. Under-reporting of the included studies precluded a full assessment of quality. The authors’ conclusion may be overestimated in terms of the evidence presented, and its reliability is unclear because of some methodological concerns about the review process, uncertainty regarding study quality, and the authors’ variable reporting of the results. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that prospective donors should be made aware of all potential outcomes. Further long-term, multidisciplinary support is recommended, including nurse-led follow-up and early counselling.Research: The authors stated that there is a need for large, multicentre, prospective cohort studies of sufficient duration to increase knowledge of the psychosocial implications of living kidney donation.","Clemens, K K; Thiessen-Philbrook, H; Parikh, C R; Yang, R C; Karley, M L; Boudville, N; V, Ramesh Prasad G; Garg, A X",,2210
+Cost-effectiveness of management strategies for acute urethritis in the developing world,"OBJECTIVE: To recommend a cost-effective approach for the management of acute male urethritis in the developing world, based on the findings of a theoretical study. METHODS: A model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of three urethritis management strategies in a theoretical cohort of 1000 men with urethral syndrome. (1) All patients were treated with cefixime and doxycycline for gonococcal urethritis (GU) and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), respectively, as recommended by WHO. (2) All patients were treated with doxycycline for NGU; treatment with cefixime was based on the result of direct microscopy of a urethral smear. (3) All patients were treated with cotrimoxazole or kanamycin for GU and doxycycline for NGU. Cefixime was kept for patients not responding to the first GU treatment. Strategy costs included consultations, laboratory diagnosis (where applicable) and drugs. The outcome was the rate of patients cured of urethritis. Cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of cost per cured urethritis. RESULTS: Strategy costs in our model depended largely on drug costs. The first strategy was confirmed as the most effective but also the most expensive approach. Cefixime should cost no more than US$ 1.5 for the strategy to be the most cost-effective. The second strategy saved money and drugs but proved a valuable alternative only when laboratory performance was optimal. The third strategy with cotrimoxazole was the least expensive but a low follow-up visit rate, poor treatment compliance or lower drug efficacy limited effectiveness. Maximizing compliance by replacing cotrimoxazole with single-dose kanamycin had the single greatest impact on the effectiveness of the third strategy. CONCLUSION: Our model suggested that a cost-effective approach would be to treat gonorrhoea with a single-dose antibiotic selected from locally available products that cost no more than US$ 1.5.","Crabbé, F; Vuylsteke, B; de Clerck, M; Laga, M",Trop. Med. Int. Health,2211
+Battling the Devolution in the Research on Corporate Philanthropy,"The conceptual literature increasingly portrays corporate philanthropy (CP) as an old-fashioned and ineffective operationalization of a firm’s corporate social responsibility. In contrast, empirical research indicates that corporations of all sizes, and both in developed and emerging economies, actively practice CP. This disadvantaged status of the concept, and research, on CP, complicates the advancement of our knowledge about the topic. In a systematic review of the literature containing 122 journal articles on CP, we show that this business practice is loaded with unique characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses, and both conceptual and practical challenges that require renewed attention. We identify six interrelated but distinctive research themes in the literature: concept, motives, determinants, practices, business outcomes, and social outcomes. Dividing the literature on CP into six research themes creates an insightful comprehensive map of this intellectual terrain. Moreover, we distinguish among the level at which CP is analyzed: individual, organizational, institutional, or any combination of these levels. The review reveals significant gaps in the knowledge on CP. Most importantly we find that the conceptualization is limited, the research is mostly quantitative, the effects of CP on society are severely under-researched, and there is a lack of multilevel analyses. A detailed future research agenda is offered, including specific suggestions for research designs and measurements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Liket, Kellie; Simaens, Ana",J. Bus. Ethics,2212
+"The influence of message appeal, social norms and donation social context on charitable giving: investigating the role of cultural tightness-looseness",,"Siemens, J.C.; Raymond, M.A.; Choi, Y.; Choi, J.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,2213
+Prosocial organizational behaviors,,"Brief, A.P.; Motowidlo, S.J.",Academy of Management Review,2214
+An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining,"There are many experimental studies of bargaining behavior, but suprisingly enough nearly no attempt has been made to investigate the so-called ultimatum bargaining behavior experimentally. The special property of ultimatum bargaining games is that on every stage of the bargaining process only one player has to decide and that before the last stage the set of outcomes is already restricted to only two results. To make the ultimatum aspect obvious we concentrated on situations with two players and two stages. In the 'easy games' a given amount c has to be distributed among the two players, whereas in the 'complicated games' the players have to allocate a bundle of black and white chips with different values for both players. We performed two main experiments for easy games as well as for complicated games. By a special experiment it was investigated how the demands of subjects as player 1 are related to their acceptance decisions as player 2. © 1982.","Güth, W.; Schmittberger, R.; Schwarze, B.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2215
+From boots to books: consumer attitudes toward veterans support by higher education institutions,,"Ward, C.B.; Srivastava, R.V.; Roy, D.; Matthews, L.M.; Edmondson, D.R.; Graeff, T.",Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,2216
+Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: a Literature Review and Analysis,"Today, people are moving from countryside to city, city to city, and country to country at one of the highest rates in human history. Globalization, poverty, war, persecution, and environmental crises—as well as the pursuit of safety and better economic opportunities—are propelling a mass migration of people from the Global South to the Global North. In response, some countries have limited immigration directly or restricted certain rights and privileges to discourage immigrants. Conversely, other countries have provided refuge and expanded pathways to rights and benefits out of altruism and humanity, economic self-interest, or both. As the pace of global migration has increased, the idea that political rights should follow or accompany immigrants has also grown and gained traction. Voting is one such right. Most countries typically limit voting rights to its citizens. However, during the past several decades, some have extended the franchise to noncitizen residents. In fact, at least forty-five countries presently allow noncitizen residents to vote in their local, regional, or even national elections. What is driving the expansion of noncitizen voting (NCV)? Where and to what ends are such policies being enacted? For this article, the authors conducted a systematic review to examine these questions and assess the implications of enfranchisement for advancing immigrant incorporation and democratic practice. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.","Ferris, D.; Hayduk, R.; Richards, A.; Schubert, E.S.; Acri, M.",J. Int. Migr. Integr.,2217
+Insensitivity to the Value of Human Life: A Study of Psychophysical Numbing,"A fundamental principle of psychophysics is that people's ability to discriminate change in a physical stimulus diminishes as the magnitude of the stimulus increases. We find that people also exhibit diminished sensitivity in valuing lifesaving interventions against a background of increasing numbers of lives at risk. We call this ""psychophysical numbing."" Studies 1 and 2 found that an intervention saving a fixed number of lives was judged significantly more beneficial when fewer lives were at risk overall. Study 3 found that respondents wanted the minimum number of lives a medical treatment would have to save to merit a fixed amount of funding to be much greater for a disease with a larger number of potential victims than for a disease with a smaller number. The need to better understand the dynamics of psychophysical numbing and to determine its effects on decision making is discussed.","Fetherstonhaugh, D.; Slovic, P.; Johnson, S.M.; Friedrich, J.",J. Risk Uncertainty,2218
+Effects of Sesame Street: A meta-analysis of children's learning in 15 countries,"Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Mares, M.-L.; Pan, Z.",J. Appl. Dev. Psychol.,2219
+A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest,"OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of consensus on how long circulation must cease for death to be determined after cardiac arrest. The lack of scientific evidence concerning autoresuscitation influences the practice of organ donation after cardiac death. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on the timing of autoresuscitation. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases were searched from date of first issue of each journal until July 2008. STUDY SELECTION: Any original study reporting autoresuscitation, as defined by the unassisted return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest, was considered eligible. Reports of electrocardiogram activity without signs of return of circulation were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: For each study case, we extracted patient characteristics, duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, terminal heart rhythms, time to unassisted return of spontaneous circulation, monitoring, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 1265 citations were identified and, of these, 27 articles describing 32 cases of autoresuscitation were included (n = 32; age, 27-94 yrs). The studies came from 16 different countries and were considered of very-low quality (case reports or letters to the editor). All 32 cases reported autoresuscitation after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with times ranging from a few seconds to 33 mins; however, continuity of observation and methods of monitoring were highly inconsistent. For the eight studies reporting continuous electrocardiogram monitoring and exact times, autoresuscitation did not occur beyond 7 mins after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No cases of autoresuscitation in the absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation were reported. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation may influence autoresuscitation. In the absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as may apply to controlled organ donation after cardiac death after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, autoresuscitation has not been reported. The provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as may apply to uncontrolled organ donation after cardiac death, may influence observation time. However, existing evidence is limited and is consequently insufficient to support or refute the recommended waiting period to determine death after a cardiac arrest, strongly supporting the need for prospective studies in dying patients.","Hornby, K; Hornby, L; Shemie, S D",Crit. Care Med.,2220
+Reciprocity reconsidered: Gouldner's ‘moral norm of reciprocity’ and social support,"In a classic statement three decades ago, Gouldner (1960) made an important analytic distinction between reciprocity as a pattern of social exchange and reciprocity as a general moral belief. Gouldner argued that the moral norm of reciprocity constitutes an important 'causal force' in social life. The reciprocity norm dictates that Ego should not end up gaining at the expense of Alter's beneficial acts towards him or her. In contrast to equity theory, which suggests that people will react equally negatively to under- and overbenefiting, the reciprocity norm suggests that people will, above all, attempt to avoid overbenefiting from their socially supportive interactions. While many studies of social support have incorporated the concepts of reciprocity and exchange, virtually none has examined the validity of Gouldner's distinction nor its potential implications for the dynamics of social support. This paper explores the evidence for Gouldner's claims from studies on support and reciprocity. Evidence is found suggesting that people feel obligated to return benefits they receive from others, appear to be more psychologically and emotionally averse to overbenefiting than underbenefiting from social support interactions, and tend to avoid placing themselves in the position of 'overbenefitors'. Alternative explanations for avoidance of overbenefiting are considered, and implications for the study of social support are explored. © 1995, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Uehara, E.S.",J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.,2221
+"Causal theories, models and evidence in economics—some reflections from the natural sciences","Models have been extensively analysed in economic methodology, notably their degree of ability to provide explanations. This paper takes a complementary, comparative approach, examining theory development in the natural sciences. Examples show how diverse types of evidence combine with causal hypotheses to generate empirically based causal theories—a cumulative process occurring over a long timescale. Models are typically nested within this broader theory. This could be a good model for research in economics, providing a methodology that ensures good correspondence with the target system—especially as economics research is largely empirical, and has effective methods for causal inference. This paper analyses the key features of three successful theories in the natural sciences, and draws out some lessons that may be useful to economists. Some examples of good practice in economics are noted, e.g. involving money and banking, and the growth of the state. On the other hand, the widespread pre-crisis use of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models that ignored the financial sector raises the question, how to realise what has been omitted? Nesting models in an empirically based causal theory could solve this. Furthermore, some phenomena have clear explanations, but mainstream theory obscures them, as with the Lucas puzzle about the direction of international capital flows. And, the prevailing theories about capitalist growth do not explain the basic evidence on its temporal and spatial distribution. Economics could beneficially learn from the natural sciences. © 2017 The Author(s).","Joffe, M.",Cogent Econ. Finance,2222
+Communal and exchange relationship perceptions as separate constructs and their role in motivations to donate,,"Johnson, J.W.; Grimm, P.E.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2223
+The bystander-effect: a meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies,"Research on bystander intervention has produced a great number of studies showing that the presence of other people in a critical situation reduces the likelihood that an individual will help. As the last systematic review of bystander research was published in 1981 and was not a quantitative meta-analysis in the modern sense, the present meta-analysis updates the knowledge about the bystander effect and its potential moderators. The present work (a) integrates the bystander literature from the 1960s to 2010, (b) provides statistical tests of potential moderators, and (c) presents new theoretical and empirical perspectives on the novel finding of non-negative bystander effects in certain dangerous emergencies as well as situations where bystanders are a source of physical support for the potentially intervening individual. In a fixed effects model, data from over 7,700 participants and 105 independent effect sizes revealed an overall effect size of g = -0.35. The bystander effect was attenuated when situations were perceived as dangerous (compared with non-dangerous), perpetrators were present (compared with non-present), and the costs of intervention were physical (compared with non-physical). This pattern of findings is consistent with the arousal-cost-reward model, which proposes that dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping. We also identified situations where bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when the bystanders were not strangers.","Fischer, Peter; Krueger, Joachim I; Greitemeyer, Tobias; Vogrincic, Claudia; Kastenmüller, Andreas; Frey, Dieter; Heene, Moritz; Wicher, Magdalena; Kainbacher, Martina",Psychol. Bull.,2224
+Sleep restriction and circadian effects on social decisions,"Our study examines how chronic sleep restriction and suboptimal times-of-day affect decisions in a classic set of social tasks. We experimentally manipulate and objectively measured sleep in 184 young-adult subjects, who were also randomly assigned an early morning or late evening experiment session during which decision tasks were administered. Sleep restriction and suboptimal time-of-day are both estimated to either directly or indirectly (via an impact on sleepiness) reduce altruism, trust, and trustworthiness. We conclude that commonly experienced adverse sleep states, most notably chronic sleep restriction, significantly reduce prosocial behaviors, and can therefore limit benefits from short-term social interactions. © 2017","Dickinson, D.L.; McElroy, T.",Eur. Econ. Rev.,2225
+The Contingent Value of Political Connections on Donations to Chinese Foundations: Exploring the Moderating Role of Transparency,"Existing studies assume that the value of political connections is homogeneous to different types of nonprofits and seldom consider their interplay with other accountability mechanisms. Based on a multilevel analysis of 2,085 foundations in China, this study builds and tests a theoretical framework of the contingent value of political connections to nonprofits, treating transparency as a moderator for the relationship between political connections and donations. Our findings suggest that while transparency is positively associated with the amount of donations obtained by foundations, political connections can help foundations obtain more donations only when their transparency score is higher than a certain threshold. © The Author(s) 2020.","Cheng, Y.; Wu, Z.",Adm. Soc.,2226
+Marketplace Donations: The Role of Moral Identity Discrepancy and Gender,,"Shang, J.; Reed, A.; Sargeant, A.; Carpenter, K.",Journal of Marketing Research,2227
+Inconsistencies in repeated refugee status decisions,"Consistency in civil servant decisions is paramount to upholding judicial equality for citizens and individuals seeking safety through governmental intervention. We investigated refugee status decisions made by a sample of civil servants at the Swedish Migration Agency. We hypothesized, based on the emotional demands such decisions bring with them, that participants would exhibit a compassion fade effect such that refugee status was less likely to be granted over time. To test this, we administered a questionnaire containing brief presentations of asylum seekers and asked participants to judge how likely they would be to give refugee status to the person. Crucially the first, middle, and final case presented were matched on decision relevant characteristics. Consistent with our hypothesis, we saw a significant decline in ratings. These effects were accentuated by the amount of time a participant had worked at the agency, consistent with depletion of affective resources, and attenuated in workers with greater responsibility and additional training. We conclude that active regulation of empathic and affective responses to asylum seekers may play a role in determining the outcome in refugee status decisions. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Pärnamets, P.; Tagesson, A.; Wallin, A.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,2228
+"Mental imagery, impact, and affect: A mediation model for charitable giving","One of the puzzling phenomena in philanthropy is that people can show strong compassion for identified individual victims but remain unmoved by catastrophes that affect large numbers of victims. Two prominent findings in research on charitable giving reflect this idiosyncrasy: The (1) identified victim and (2) victim number effects. The first of these suggests that identifying victims increases donations and the second refers to the finding that people's willingness to donate often decreases as the number of victims increases. While these effects have been documented in the literature, their underlying psychological processes need further study.We propose a model in which identified victim and victim number effects operate through different cognitive and affective mechanisms. In two experiments we present empirical evidence for such a model and show that different affective motivations (donor-focused vs. victim-focused feelings) are related to the cognitive processes of impact judgments and mental imagery. Moreover, we argue that different mediation pathways exist for identifiability and victim number effects. © 2016 Dickert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Dickert, S.; Kleber, J.; Västfjäll, D.; Slovic, P.",PLoS ONE,2229
+"How laws affect behavior: Obligations, incentives and cooperative behavior","Laws and other formal rules are 'obligations backed by incentives'.•In a series of experimental public good we isolate the impact of exogenously requested minimum contributions (obligations) from those of the marginal incentives backing them.•Obligations have a sizeable effect on cooperative behavior even in the absence of incentives.•In our experiments obligations and incentives are complementary, jointly supporting high levels of contributions.•We explore the behavioral channels of the previous results, finding that people's beliefs about others' contributions and the willingness to cooperate are both called into play. Laws and other formal rules are 'obligations backed by incentives'. In this paper we explore how formal rules affect cooperative behavior. Our analysis is based on a series of experimental public good games designed to isolate the impact of exogenously requested minimum contributions (obligations) from those of the marginal incentives backing them. We find that obligations have a sizeable effect on cooperative behavior even in the absence of incentives. When non-binding incentives are introduced, requested contributions strongly sustain cooperation. Therefore, in contrast with cases in which incentives crowd-out cooperative behavior, in our experiments obligations and incentives are complementary, jointly supporting high levels of contributions. Moreover, we find that variations in obligations affect behavior even when incentives are held constant. Finally, we explore the behavioral channels of the previous results, finding that people's beliefs about others' contributions and the willingness to cooperate are both called into play. © 2014.","Galbiati, R.; Vertova, P.",Int. Rev. Law. Econ.,2230
+Escaping Affect: How Motivated Emotion Regulation Creates Insensitivity to Mass Suffering,"As the number of people in need of help increases, the degree of compassion people feel for them ironically tends to decrease. This phenomenon is termed the collapse of compassion. Some researchers have suggested that this effect happens because emotions are not triggered by aggregates. We provide evidence for an alternative account. People expect the needs of large groups to be potentially overwhelming, and, as a result, they engage in emotion regulation to prevent themselves from experiencing overwhelming levels of emotion. Because groups are more likely than individuals to elicit emotion regulation, people feel less for groups than for individuals. In Experiment 1, participants displayed the collapse of compassion only when they expected to be asked to donate money to the victims. This suggests that the effect is motivated by self-interest. Experiment 2 showed that the collapse of compassion emerged only for people who were skilled at emotion regulation. In Experiment 3, we manipulated emotion regulation. Participants who were told to down-regulate their emotions showed the collapse of compassion, but participants who were told to experience their emotions did not. We examined the time course of these effects using a dynamic rating to measure affective responses in real time. The time course data suggested that participants regulate emotion toward groups proactively, by preventing themselves from ever experiencing as much emotion toward groups as toward individuals. These findings provide initial evidence that motivated emotion regulation drives insensitivity to mass suffering. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Cameron, C.D.; Payne, B.K.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2231
+Who volunteers?: An investigation into the characteristics of charity volunteers,,"Schlegelmilch, B.B.; Tynan, C.",Journal of Marketing Management,2232
+Is Empathy the Default Response to Suffering? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Perspective Taking’s Effect on Empathic Concern,"We conducted a series of meta-analytic tests on experiments in which participants read perspective-taking instructions—that is, written instructions to imagine a distressed persons’ point of view (“imagine-self” and “imagine-other” instructions), or to inhibit such actions (“remain-objective” instructions)—and afterwards reported how much empathic concern they experienced upon learning about the distressed person. If people spontaneously empathize with others, then participants who receive remain-objective instructions should report less empathic concern than do participants in a “no-instructions” control condition; if people can deliberately increase how much empathic concern they experience, then imagine-self and imagine-other instructions should increase empathic concern relative to not receiving any instructions. Random-effects models revealed that remain-objective instructions reduced empathic concern, but “imagine” instructions did not significantly increase it. The results were robust to most corrections for bias. Our conclusions were not qualified by the study characteristics we examined, but most relevant moderators have not yet been thoroughly studied. © 2019 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","McAuliffe, W.H.B.; Carter, E.C.; Berhane, J.; Snihur, A.C.; McCullough, M.E.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.,2233
+"Giving once, giving twice: A two-period field experiment on intertemporal crowding in charitable giving","We study intertemporal crowding between two fundraising campaigns for the same charitable organization by manipulating donors’ beliefs about the likelihood of future campaigns in two subsequent field experiments. The data shows that initial giving is decreasing in the likelihood of a future campaign while subsequent giving increases in initial giving. While this refutes the predictions of a simple expected utility model, the pattern is in line with a model that allows for (anticipated or unanticipated) habit formation provided that donations in the two periods are substitutes. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.","Adena, M.; Huck, S.",J. Public Econ.,2234
+Procedural fairness and nepotism among local traditional and democratic leaders in rural Namibia,"This study tests the common conception that democratically elected leaders behave in the interest of their constituents more than traditional chiefs do. Our sample includes 64 village leaders and 384 villagers in rural Namibia, where democratically elected leaders and traditional chiefs coexist. We analyze two main attributes of local political leaders: procedural fairness preferences and preferential treatment of relatives (nepotism). We also measure personality traits and social preferences, and conduct standardized surveys on local governance practices and villagers' perceptions of their leaders' performance. Our results indicate that traditional chiefs are as likely to implement fair, democratic decision-making procedures, and are as unlikely to be nepotistic. Moreover, elected leaders and chiefs express similar social preferences and personality traits. These findings align with villagers' perceptions of most leaders in our sample as being popular and fair, and villagers' responses reveal a discrepancy between planned and de facto implementation of democratic institutions. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).","Vollan, B.; Blanco, E.; Steimanis, I.; Petutschnig, F.; Prediger, S.",Sci. Adv.,2235
+Effects of aggressive and prosocial film material on altruistic behavior of children,,"Teachman, G.; Orme, M.",Psychological Reports,2236
+"Too smart to be selfish? Measures of cognitive ability, social preferences, and consistency","Although there is an increasing interest in examining the relationship between cognitive ability and economic behavior, less is known about the relationship between cognitive ability and social preferences. We investigate the relationship between consequential measures of cognitive ability and measures of social preferences. We have data on a series of small-stakes dictator-type decisions, known as Social Value Orientation (SVO), in addition to choices in a larger-stakes dictator game. We also have access to the grade point averages (GPA) and SAT (formerly referred to as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) outcomes of our subjects. We find that subjects who perform better on the Math portion of the SAT are more generous in both the dictator game and the SVO measure. By contrast we find that subjects with a higher GPA are more selfish in the dictator game and more generous according to the SVO. We also find some evidence that the subjects with higher GPA and higher SAT outcomes offer more consistent responses. Our results involving GPA and social preferences complement previous work which employ measures of cognitive ability which are sensitive to the intrinsic motivation of the subject. Our results involving SAT scores are without precedent in the literature and suggest that measures of cognitive ability, which are less sensitive to the intrinsic motivation of the subject, are positively related to generosity. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Chen, C.-C.; Chiu, I.-M.; Smith, J.; Yamada, T.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2237
+Times to key events in Zika virus infection and implications for blood donation: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVE: To estimate the timing of key events in the natural history of Zika virus infection. METHODS: In February 2016, we searched PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science for publications containing the term Zika. By pooling data, we estimated the incubation period, the time to seroconversion and the duration of viral shedding. We estimated the risk of Zika virus contaminated blood donations. FINDINGS: We identified 20 articles on 25 patients with Zika virus infection. The median incubation period for the infection was estimated to be 5.9 days (95% credible interval, CrI: 4.4-7.6), with 95% of people who developed symptoms doing so within 11.2 days (95% CrI: 7.6-18.0) after infection. On average, seroconversion occurred 9.1 days (95% CrI: 7.0-11.6) after infection. The virus was detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CrI: 6.9-21.4) on average. Without screening, the estimated risk that a blood donation would come from an infected individual increased by approximately 1 in 10 000 for every 1 per 100 000 person-days increase in the incidence of Zika virus infection. Symptom-based screening may reduce this rate by 7% (relative risk, RR: 0.93; 95% CrI: 0.89-0.99) and antibody screening, by 29% (RR: 0.71; 95% CrI: 0.28-0.88). CONCLUSION: Neither symptom- nor antibody-based screening for Zika virus infection substantially reduced the risk that blood donations would be contaminated by the virus. Polymerase chain reaction testing should be considered for identifying blood safe for use in pregnant women in high-incidence areas.","Lessler, Justin; Ott, Cassandra T; Carcelen, Andrea C; Konikoff, Jacob M; Williamson, Joe; Bi, Qifang; Kucirka, Lauren M; Cummings, Derek At; Reich, Nicholas G; Chaisson, Lelia H",Bull. World Health Organ.,2238
+A cross-cohort changepoint model for customer-base analysis,,"Gopalakrishnan, A.; Bradlow, E.T.; Fader, P.S.",Marketing Science,2239
+Reconceptualising product life-cycle theory as stakeholder engagement with non-profit organisations,,"Mitchell, S.-L.; Clark, M.",Journal of Marketing Management,2240
+"Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments","Publication bias is the tendency to decide to publish a study based on the results of the study, rather than on the basis of its theoretical or methodological quality. It can arise from selective publication of favorable results, or of statistically significant results. This threatens the validity of conclusions drawn from reviews of published scientific research. Meta-analysis is now used in numerous scientific disciplines, summarizing quantitative evidence from multiple studies. If the literature being synthesised has been affected by publication bias, this in turn biases the meta-analytic results, potentially producing overstated conclusions. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis examines the different types of publication bias, and presents the methods for estimating and reducing publication bias, or eliminating it altogether. Written by leading experts, adopting a practical and multidisciplinary approach. Provides comprehensive coverage of the topic including: • Different types of publication bias, • Mechanisms that may induce them, • Empirical evidence for their existence, • Statistical methods to address them, • Ways in which they can be avoided. • Features worked examples and common data sets throughout. • Explains and compares all available software used for analysing and reducing publication bias. • Accompanied by a website featuring software, data sets and further material. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis adopts an inter-disciplinary approach and will make an excellent reference volume for any researchers and graduate students who conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses. University and medical libraries, as well as pharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies, will also find this invaluable. © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Rothstein, H.R.; Sutton, A.J.; Borenstein, M.","Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prev., Assess. and Adjustments",2241
+,,"Hunter, J.E.; Schmidt, F.L.; Jackson, G.B.",Meta-analysis: Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies,2242
+Cooperation and decision time,"We review two fundamentally different ways that decision time is related to cooperation. First, studies have experimentally manipulated decision time to understand how cooperation is related to the use of intuition versus deliberation. Current evidence supports the claim that time pressure (and, more generally, intuition) favors cooperation. Second, correlational studies reveal that self-paced decision times are primarily related to decision conflict, not the use of intuition or deliberation. As a result, extreme cooperation decisions occur more quickly than intermediate decisions, and the relative speed of highly cooperative versus non-cooperative decisions depends on details of the design and participant pool. Finally, we discuss interpersonal consequences of decision time: people are judged based on how quickly they cooperate, and decision time is used as a cue to predict cooperation. © 2018","Evans, A.M.; Rand, D.G.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,2243
+Donors to charity gain in both indirect reciprocity and political reputation,"Darwinian evolution can explain human cooperative behaviour among non-kin by either direct or indirect reciprocity. In the latter case one does not expect a return for an altruistic act from the recipient as with direct reciprocity, but from another member of the social group. However, the widespread human behaviour of donating to poor people outside the social group, for example, to charity organizations, that are unlikely to reciprocate indirectly and thus are equivalent to defectors in the game is still an evolutionary puzzle. Here we show experimentally that donations made in public to a well-known relief organization resulted both in increased income (that the donors received from the members of their group) and in enhanced political reputation (they were elected to represent the interests of their group). Donations may thus function as an honest signal for one's social reliability.","Milinski, M.; Semmann, D.; Krambeck, H.-J.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,2244
+Is the Door-in-the-Face a Concession?,"The Door-in-the-Face (DITF) sequential message strategy was investigated in a three-study analysis of existing experimental findings. The current study predicted there would be a positive relationship between concession size and compliance rates in DITF studies. Study 1 included 25 comparisons where size of concession was quantifiable as measured by percentage reduction from initial to target request in the DITF condition. Study 2 data relied on a panel of undergraduate students to provide an index of concession size in 12 additional observations. A third study validated the panel procedure of rating concession size and also provided 9 additional independent observations from the pool of published studies on DITF. Results from each study indicated a positive relationship between concession size and effect size (r = 0.35, 0.55, 0.68, respectively). Study findings provide support for reciprocal concessions explanation for DITF effects. © 2017 Eastern Communication Association.","Feeley, T.; Fico, A.E.; Shaw, A.Z.; Lee, S.; Griffin, D.J.",Commun. Q.,2245
+"Masculinity, femininity, and leadership: Taking a closer look at the alpha female","An extensive review and textual analysis of the academic and popular literature of the human alpha female was conducted to examine the social construction and expression of the alpha female identity in a small non-random sample of North American women (N = 398). This review revealed 2 predominant alpha female representations in the literature–one more masculine versus one more feminine–and 21 alpha female variables. In this sample of women, the “alpha female” was found to be a recognized socially constructed female identity. Univariate analysis revealed positive and highly significant differences in self-reported mean scores between alpha (N = 94) and non-alpha (N = 304) females for 10 variables including, masculine traits, leadership, strength, low introversion, self-esteem, life satisfaction, sexual experience, initiates sex, enjoys sex and playing a dominant role in sexual encounters, with alpha females scoring higher than non-alphas. The measure of masculine traits was identified as the only predictor of alpha female status as per the multiple regression model. Interestingly, both alpha and non-alpha women scored the same for the measure of feminine traits. Further, both groups scored higher for feminine traits than masculine traits. The results also revealed that neither social dominance nor sexual dominance were predictors of alpha female status which challenge academic and popularized representations of this identity. The results suggest that although the alpha female is often regarded as an exceptional and, at times, an exoticized form of femininity, like other femininities, her identity is marked by contradictions and tensions © 2019 Monika K. Sumra. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Sumra, M.K.",PLoS ONE,2246
+"An update on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","OBJECTIVE: Even though cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the current treatment of choice for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is still unclear which components of its protocol are more important for clinical improvement. This study aims to replicate a previous review, updating findings on the efficacy of CBT, cognitive therapy (CT), and exposure therapy (ET) for PTSD when compared with other well-established treatments or conditions without active treatment. METHOD: The search was performed in the databases Cochrane, Embase, and Medline. Studies were required to be randomized controlled trials published between 2006 and 2012 comparing CBT, CT, or ET with (1) each other, (2) other active treatments (e.g., EMDR, counseling, supportive therapy), or (3) assessment-only conditions. The main outcome measures were diagnostic and symptomatic remission. RESULTS: The final sample contained 29 articles. CBT, CT, and ET were shown to be efficacious treatments individually when compared to assessment-only conditions, with no difference found between treatments. Comparison with other active treatments favored ET. Both included studies comparing CBT and EMDR favored the latter. CONCLUSIONS: CBT and its components still appear to be equally efficacious in improving PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Even so, a current tendency of researchers to focus on ET exists. EMDR shows interesting results compared to CBT. Further research should clarify the lasting effects, efficiency, and other comparative benefits of each protocol.","Mello, Patricia Gaspar; Silva, Gustavo Ramos; Donat, Julia Candia; Kristensen, Christian Haag",Int. J. Psychiatry Med.,2247
+Extending the theory of metaphor in marketing: The case of the art gallery,,"Rentschler, R.; Jogulu, U.; Kershaw, A.; Osborne, A.",Journal of Marketing Management,2248
+Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help,"Proposed that a distinction be made between 2 emotional responses to seeing another person suffer--personal distress and empathy--and that these 2 emotions lead to 2 different kinds of motivation to help: Personal distress leads to egoistic motivation; empathy, to altruistic motivation. These distinctions were tested in 3 studies, each using 10 male and 10 female undergraduates. Across the 3 studies, factor analysis of Ss' self-reported emotional response indicated that feelings of personal distress and empathy, although positively correlated, were experienced as qualitatively distinct. The pattern of helping in Studies 1 and 2 indicated that a predominance of personal distress led to egoistic motivation, whereas a predominance of empathy led to altruistic motivation. In Study 3, the cost of helping was made especially high. Results suggest an important qualification on the link between empathic emotion and altruistic motivation: Ss reporting a predominance of empathy displayed an egoistic pattern of helping. Apparently, making helping costly evoked self-concern, which overrode any altruistic impulse produced by feeling empathy. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.","Batson, C.D.; et al",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2249
+Does implicit bias predict dictator giving?,"Implicit associations and biases are carried without awareness or conscious direction, yet there is reason to believe they may be influenced by social pressures. In this paper, I study social pressure as a motive to give, as well as giving itself under conditions of implicit bias. In doing so, I pair the Implicit Association Test (IAT), commonplace in other social sciences, with a laboratory dictator game with sorting. I find that despite its popularity, the IAT does not predict dictator giving and social pressure does not explain acts of giving from biased dictators. These results are indicative of the meaningful difference between having an implicit bias and acting on one. As such, results can be thought of as a bound on the external validity of the IAT. © 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Lee, D.J.",Games,2250
+Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: Evidence from USA and India,"Groups make decisions on both the production and the distribution of resources. These decisions typically involve a tension between increasing the total level of group resources (i.e. social efficiency) and distributing these resources among group members (i.e. individuals’ relative shares). This is the case because the redistribution process may destroy part of the resources, thus resulting in socially inefficient allocations. Here we apply a dual-process approach to understand the cognitive underpinnings of this fundamental tension. We conducted a set of experiments to examine the extent to which different allocation decisions respond to intuition or deliberation. In a newly developed approach, we assess intuition and deliberation at both the trait level (using the Cognitive Reflection Test, henceforth CRT) and the state level (through the experimental manipulation of response times). To test for robustness, experiments were conducted in two countries: the USA and India. Despite absolute-level differences across countries, in both locations we show that: (i) time pressure and low CRT scores are associated with individuals’ concerns for their relative shares and (ii) time delay and high CRT scores are associated with individuals’ concerns for social efficiency. These findings demonstrate that deliberation favours social efficiency by overriding individuals’ intuitive tendency to focus on relative shares. © 2017 The Authors.","Capraro, V.; Corgnet, B.; Espín, A.M.; Hernán-González, R.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2251
+Lean services: a systematic review,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of Lean methodology through an exhaustive literature review, and its implications and application in the service industry right from its initiation in 1990s till date. Design/methodology/approach: The paper summarises the evolution of Lean in services and has systematically classified the reviewed literature in four dimensions, namely time, publisher, region and content. Further under “time” dimension, the literature is classified into Pre-Lean era, Lean awareness era, Lean Exploration era and Lean implementation era. Under the “content” dimension, the categories include theoretical foundation, frameworks/models and application/case studies. Findings: The analysis inferred; Lean is gaining roads in services, though the research is still at nascent stage. Lean is applicable in services though transfer of Lean manufacturing principles to services has certain limitations because of the characteristics of services. The need is to focus on process difference between services and manufacturing. Respect for people and employment engagement is critical to Lean in service. The authors identified the necessity to standardise the Lean service definition, principles, and tools and to develop guidelines for structured implementation in service industry. Research limitations/implications: Though multiple databases have been taken-up but that does not assume that the literature presented in this paper is by any means comprehensive. Development of a standard model/framework for Lean services is critical for future research. Rigorous industry-specific studies, specifically in developing nations are another area for future research. Future studies could analyse the impact of join applications and possible links between Lean service and other approaches like TQM, Six Sigma, etc., with an aim of process improvement. Practical implications: This paper would serve as a resource for Lean practitioners as well as researchers as a fundamental platform, contributing to Lean body of knowledge. Social implications: Service industry has special significance to the society in large. Many services including governments, public interest services, non-profit organisations, healthcare, banking, consulting, etc., has a significant share across markets. Lean being a proven methodology for successful process improvements has to be looked at from a services perspective. This paper helps in such interest. Originality/value: Publications reviewing the adoption of Lean in services is scarce in literature. This paper serves as an excellent resource for research on the subject and will facilitate academicians and practitioners to objectively understand Lean in service sector. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Gupta, Shradha; Sharma, Monica; Sunder M., Vijaya",International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,2252
+Can empathic concern be generalized from one person to others? Another positive side of the ‘one-among-others’ effect,"Previous research on the one-among-others effect has shown that inducing empathic concern towards a victim presented among other individuals in need enhances: (1) awareness of these others and (2) the willingness to help them individually. In this work, we test that these outcomes are linked by an additional process: the generalization of empathic concern felt for the victim towards the others in need. Study 1 revealed that inducing empathic concern for a victim presented as one-among-others led to see the others as separate and different individuals, not as a unitary group. Study 2 showed that the one-among-others presentation (vs. only-one-victim) increased empathic concern towards those presented along with the main victim. Study 3 showed that the one-among-others presentation (vs. a single-victim or a statistical presentation) increased the empathic concern felt for other individuals in need. Therefore, the one-among-others presentation does not weaken empathic concern but, instead, it leads to its generalization from one to others. © 2016 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Ambrona, T.; Oceja, L.; López-Pérez, B.; Carrera, P.",Scand. J. Psychol.,2253
+Exposure to fictional medical television and health: a systematic review,"Fictional medical television programs have long been a staple of television programming, and they remain popular today. We aimed to examine published literature assessing the influence of medical television programs on health outcomes. We conducted systematic literature searches in PubMed, PsychINFO and CINAHL. Selected studies had to be scholarly research, to involve exposure to fictionalized medical television programming, and to assess associations between exposures and outcomes. Of 3541 unique studies identified, nineteen met selection criteria. The most commonly studied programs were ER (73%), Grey's Anatomy (58%) and House M.D. (37%). Outcomes included knowledge, perceptions and behaviors related to topics as diverse as organ donation, cancer screening, sexually transmitted infections, and heart disease. Viewing fictional medical television programs had a negative influence on viewers' health-related knowledge, perceptions and/or behavior in 11% of studies, a positive influence in 32% of studies, and mixed influence in 58%. While most studies (58%) were characterized as having fair quality in terms of rigor of study design, 21% were classified as good and 21% were classified as poor. As such, medical television can affect health education and outcomes. Future work should utilize randomization, more longitudinal assessments, and more direct assessments of health education and behavioral outcomes.","Hoffman, Beth L; Shensa, Ariel; Wessel, Charles; Hoffman, Robert; Primack, Brian A",Health Educ. Res.,2254
+"Sex, violence, & rock n' roll: Longitudinal effects of music on aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior during adolescence","The current study examined longitudinal associations between listening to aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior in music on a number of behavioral outcomes across a one-year period during adolescence. Adolescents (N=548, M age=15.32, 52% female) completed a number of questionnaires on musical preferences, general media use, aggression, sexual outcomes, and prosocial behavior at two different time points separated by about one year. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the data, results revealed that listening to aggression in music was associated with increased aggression and decreased prosocial behavior over time, even when controlling for initial levels of these behaviors. Listening to sexual content in music was associated with earlier initiation of sexual intercourse and a trend for a higher number of sexual partners (reported at Time 2). Prosocial behavior in music was not associated with any behavioral outcome longitudinally. Collectively, these results suggest that listening to certain types of content in music can have a longitudinal effect on behavior during adolescence. © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Coyne, S.M.; Padilla-Walker, L.M.",J. Adolesc.,2255
+Preoperative Autologous Donation Decreases Allogeneic Transfusion but Increases Exposure to All Red Blood Cell Transfusion: Results of a Meta-analysis,"BackgroundConcern about risks associated with allogeneic red blood cell transfusion has led to interest in methods of decreasing patient exposure to perioperative transfusion.ObjectiveTo perform a meta-analysis to determine the degree to which predonation of autologous blood reduces patients' exposure to allogeneic blood and all transfusions of red blood cells (allogeneic or autologous).MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies, annual reports, press releases, newsletters from organizations with interests in the blood system, and personal files for randomized studies and concurrent control cohort studies in which the control groups were patients excluded for nonmedical reasons.ResultsPatients who predonated autologous blood were less likely to receive allogeneic blood in the 6 randomized studies (n=933) (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.32) and in the 9 cohort studies (n=2351) (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14-0.26). However, autologous donors were more likely to undergo transfusion with allogeneic and/or autologous blood (for randomized studies: OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.70-5.39 and for cohort studies: OR, 12.32; 95% CI, 5.90-25.40). Studies that reported use of transfusion protocols found less benefit with preoperative autologous donation, although the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsPreoperative autologous donation of blood decreases exposure to allogeneic blood but increases exposure to any transfusion (allogeneic and/or autologous). There is a direct relationship between the transfusion rate in the control group and the benefit derived from preoperative autologous donation. This suggests that other methods of decreasing blood transfusion, such as surgical technique and transfusion protocols, may be as important as preoperative autologous donation of blood.","Forgie, Melissa A; Wells, Philip S; Laupacis, Andreas; Fergusson, Dean",Arch. Intern. Med.,2256
+The influence of rewards on (sub-)optimal interleaving,"We investigate how the rewards of individual tasks dictate a priori how easy it is to interleave two discrete tasks efficiently, and whether people then interleave efficiently. Previous research found that people vary in their ability to interleave efficiently. Less attention has been given to whether it was realistic to expect efficient interleaving, given the reward rate of each of the involved tasks. Using a simulation model, we demonstrate how the rewards of individual tasks lead to different dual-task interleaving scenarios. We identify three unique dual-task scenarios. In easy scenarios, many strategies for time division between tasks can achieve optimal performance. This gives great opportunity to optimize performance, but also leads to variation in the applied strategies due to a lack of pressure to settle on a small set of optimal strategies. In difficult scenarios, the optimal strategy is hard to identify, therefore giving little opportunity to optimize. Finally, constrained scenarios have a well-defined prediction of the optimal strategy. It gives a narrow prediction, which limits the options to achieve optimal scores, yet given the structure people are able to optimize their strategies. These scenarios are therefore best to test people’s general capability of optimizing interleaving. We report three empirical studies that test these hypotheses. In each study, participants interleave between two identical discrete tasks, that differ only in the underlying reward functions and the combined result (easy, difficult, or constrained scenario). Empirical results match the theoretical pattern as predicted by simulation models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2019 Janssen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Janssen, C.P.; Everaert, E.; Hendriksen, H.M.A.; Mensing, G.L.; Tigchelaar, L.J.; Nunner, H.",PLoS ONE,2257
+Hiding behind a small cake' in a newspaper dictator game,"We conduct an Internet dictator game experiment in collaboration with the popular German Sunday paper ""Welt am Sonntag"", employing a wider and more representative subject pool than standard laboratory experiments. Recipients either knew or did not know the size of the cake distributed by the dictator. We find that, in case of incomplete information, some dictators 'hide behind the small cake', supporting the notion that some agents' second-order beliefs directly enter the social utility function. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Ockenfels, A.; Werner, P.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2258
+"Reward, punishment, and cooperation: a meta-analysis","How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there is no theoretical and/or quantitative review of rewards and punishments as incentives for cooperation in social dilemmas. Using a novel interdependence-theoretic framework, we propose that rewards and punishments should both promote cooperation, and we identify 2 variables—cost of incentives and source of incentives—that are predicted to magnify the effectiveness of these incentives in promoting cooperation.A meta-analysis involving 187 effect sizes revealed that rewards and punishments exhibited a statistically equivalent positive effect on cooperation (d =0.51 and 0.70, respectively). The effectiveness of incentives was stronger when the incentives were costly to administer, compared to free. Centralization of incentives did not moderate the effect size. Punishments were also more effective during iterated dilemmas when participants continued to interact in the same group, compared to both (a) iterated dilemmas with reassignment to a new group after each trial and (b) one-shot dilemmas. We also examine several other potential moderators, such as iterations, partner matching, group size, country, and participant payment. We discuss broad conclusions, consider implications for theory, and suggest directions for future research on rewards and punishment in social dilemmas.","Balliet, Daniel; Mulder, Laetitia B; Van Lange, Paul A M",Psychol. Bull.,2259
+A Meta-Analytic Review of Communication Campaigns to Promote Organ Donation,"The current study, using random-effects-meta-analysis, provides a review of communication campaigns designed to promote organ donation. Findings across 23 campaigns indicate an overall 5% increase in study outcomes (e.g., registry signing) compared to control groups (k = 23, N = 6,647,801). Several moderators were tested including publication bias, target audience, and type of campaign. Statistically significant differences were not found for any of the moderator factors tested. Results are discussed in terms of future campaigns designed to promote organ donation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Feeley, Thomas Hugh; Moon, Shin-Il",Communication Reports,2260
+Tournament group identity and performance: The moderating effect of winner proportion,"Tournament incentives are common in organizations, and how characteristics of the tournament group (e.g., tournament group identity) and the tournament incentives (e.g., winner proportion) affect tournament performance are of both practical and theoretical importance. We conduct two experiments in which participants compete for tournament rewards against others in their group. In both experiments, we manipulate the strength of participants' identity with their fellow group members and whether the tournament has a small winner proportion with a single reward or a large winner proportion with multiple rewards. In Experiment 1, we find increasing tournament group identity leads to higher other-regarding preference. We also find other-regarding preference decreases competitiveness more in a large winner proportion tournament compared to a small winner proportion tournament. In Experiment 2, we find increasing tournament group identity decreases performance in a real-effort task under a large winner proportion tournament, but it has no effect on performance under a small winner proportion tournament. Together, the two experiments suggest that increasing tournament group identity increases other-regarding preference, and other-regarding preference has a larger negative impact on competitiveness and hence, tournament performance when the winner proportion is large than when it is small. Our results highlight for managers the importance of considering group identity when determining tournament winner proportions. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Kelly, K.; Presslee, A.",Account. Organ. Soc.,2261
+The effect of moral intensity on ethical judgment,"Following an extensive review of the moral intensity literature, this article reports the findings of two studies (one between-subjects, the other within-subject) that examined the effect of manipulated and perceived moral intensity on ethical judgment. In the between-subjects study participants judged actions taken in manipulated high moral intensity scenarios to be more unethical than the same actions taken in manipulated low moral intensity scenarios. Findings were mixed for the effect of perceived moral intensity. Both probable magnitude of consequences (a factor consisting of magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, and temporal immediacy) and social consensus had a significant effect; proximity did not. In the within-subject study manipulated moral intensity had a significant effect on ethical judgment, but perceived moral intensity did not. Regression of ethical judgment on age, gender, major, and the three perceived moral intensity factors was significant between-subjects, but not within-subject. Ethical judgment was found to be a more robust predictor of intention than perceived moral intensity using a within-subject design. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","McMahon, J.M.; Harvey, R.J.",J. Bus. Ethics,2262
+Gender differences in yielding to social influence: An impunity experiment,"In impunity games proposers, like allocators in dictator games, can take what they want; however, responders can refuse offers deemed unsatisfactory at own cost. We modify the impunity game via allowing offers to condition of another participant’s counterfactual generosity intention. For a given pair of proposer candidates each states, via the strategy vector method, an intended and two adjusted offers: one (possibly) upward adjusted in case the intended offer of the other candidate is higher and one (possibly) downward adjusted in case it is lower. Additionally, each candidate determines an acceptance threshold for the responder role. Only one candidate in each pair is randomly selected and endowed as the actual proposer whose offer is either possibly upward or downward adjusted depending on the counterfactual offer of the other proposer candidate. The endowed proposer of one pair is matched with the non-endowed candidate of another pair in the responder role. The data confirm that counterfactual intentions of others often affect own generosity via substantial and significant average adjustments to the weakest social influence. Overall, offers seem correlated with acceptance thresholds. Furthermore, we find significant gender differences: female participants state lower intended and adjusted offers as well as acceptance thresholds and therefore appear to be less sensitive to social influence. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Di Cagno, D.; Galliera, A.; Güth, W.; Panaccione, L.",Games,2263
+A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games,,"Buckley, K.E.; Anderson, C.A.","Playing Video Games-Motives, Responses, and Consequences",2264
+The effects of recognition and group need on volunteerism: A social norm perspective,"The significance of volunteering for both individuals and society has lead to numerous studies on this behavior across the social sciences. However, virtually no prior research has evaluated how and to what extent organizations can effectively encourage individuals to contribute time to a worthy cause. The present research uses a social norm perspective to examine the conditions under which promotional appeals based on group need and promises of recognition affect volunteerism. The perspective suggests that norm compliance can be expected only when the prescribed behavior is both important to the group's welfare and subject to group-mediated rewards. Consequently, we hypothesize that promotional appeals based on group need and promised recognition are effective only when they are used in combination. Results of a laboratory and a field experiment are consistent with this hypothesis and provide insights into the process by which the appeals affect individuals' decisions to help. The results also have implications for understanding and promoting other socially desirable behaviors such as recycling, energy conservation, litter reduction, and the purchase of ""green"" products.","Fisher, R.J.; Ackerman, D.",J. Consum. Res.,2265
+Evaluations of a sequence of affective events presented simultaneously: An investigation of the peak-end rule,,"Thomas, D.; Olsen, D.; Murray, K.",European Journal of Marketing,2266
+Cost effectiveness of a community based research project to help women quit smoking,,"Secker-Walker, R H; Holland, R R; Lloyd, C M; Pelkey, D; Flynn, B S",,2267
+I've Got My Eyes on You: Implicit Social-Pressure Cues and Prosocial Behavior,"Explicit social pressure has been shown to be a powerful motivator of prosocial behavior-like voting in elections. In this study, I report the findings of a randomized field experiment designed to study the impact of more subtle, implicit social-pressure treatments. The results of the experiment, conducted in the October 2011 municipal elections in Key West, Florida, demonstrate that even subtle, implicit observability cues can effectively mobilize citizens to vote, perhaps as much as explicit surveillance cues. The findings speak more broadly to our understanding of human decision making, and even evolution, and provide fodder for the claim that humans are evolutionarily programmed to respond to certain stimuli. I interpret the evidence to support the notion that evolutionarily charged impulses, like exposure to images that implicitly signal the potential for surveillance and observability, are sufficient to overcome powerful collective action incentives to free ride. © 2013 International Society of Political Psychology.","Panagopoulos, C.",Polit. Psychol.,2268
+"A systematic review of clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for acute ischaemic stroke (1955-2008) that were completed, but not published in full","BACKGROUND: We assessed the prevalence, and potential impact of, trials of pharmacological agents for acute stroke that were completed but not published in full. Failure to publish trial data is to be deprecated as it sets aside the altruism of participants' consent to be exposed to the risks of experimental interventions, potentially biases the assessment of the effects of therapies, and may lead to premature discontinuation of research into promising treatments. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group's Specialised Register of Trials in June 2008 for completed trials of pharmacological interventions for acute ischaemic stroke, and searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (January 2007 - March 2009) for references to recent full publications. We assessed trial completion status from trial reports, online trials registers and correspondence with experts. RESULTS: We identified 940 trials. Of these, 125 (19.6%, 95% confidence interval 16.5-22.6) were completed but not published in full by the point prevalence date. They included 16,058 participants (16 trials had over 300 participants each) and tested 89 different interventions. Twenty-two trials with a total of 4,251 participants reported the number of deaths. In these trials, 636/4251 (15.0%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, at the point prevalence date, a substantial body of evidence that was of relevance both to clinical practice in acute stroke and future research in the field was not published in full. Over 16,000 patients had given informed consent and were exposed to the risks of therapy. Responsibility for non-publication lies with investigators, but pharmaceutical companies, research ethics committees, journals and governments can all encourage the timely publication of trial data.","Gibson, Lorna M; Brazzelli, Miriam; Thomas, Brenda M; Sandercock, Peter A G",Trials,2269
+How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?,"Appropriate methods for meta-regression applied to a set of clinical trials, and the limitations and pitfalls in interpretation, are insufficiently recognized. Here we summarize recent research focusing on these issues, and consider three published examples of meta-regression in the light of this work. One principal methodological issue is that meta-regression should be weighted to take account of both within-trial variances of treatment effects and the residual between-trial heterogeneity (that is, heterogeneity not explained by the covariates in the regression). This corresponds to random effects meta-regression. The associations derived from meta-regressions are observational, and have a weaker interpretation than the causal relationships derived from randomized comparisons. This applies particularly when averages of patient characteristics in each trial are used as covariates in the regression. Data dredging is the main pitfall in reaching reliable conclusions from meta-regression. It can only be avoided by prespecification of covariates that will be investigated as potential sources of heterogeneity. However, in practice this is not always easy to achieve. The examples considered in this paper show the tension between the scientific rationale for using meta-regression and the difficult interpretative problems to which such analyses are prone. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Thompson, S.G.; Higgins, J.P.T.",Stat. Med.,2270
+Tax incentives and charitable giving: Evidence from new survey data,,"Brown, E.",Public Finance Quarterly,2271
+Eyes on social norms: A field study on an honor system for newspaper sale,"Honor systems are a cheap and simple way for marketing low-price goods. These sale systems are dependent on the honesty of customers and can only tolerate a certain share of free-riders. In an experimental field study, we investigate a case where honesty has almost disappeared, namely an honor system for the sale of newspapers on weekends. In the chosen urban study area, only a minority of customers comply with payment norms. In this difficult setting, we tested the use of eye images and descriptive social norms as cues to improving payment morale over a period of 24 weeks. We find that interventions based on eye cues as well as normative appeals do not evoke a transition from low to high levels of honesty. However, our results suggest that such interventions might still have the potential to marginally increase mean payments and therefore be economically profitable for operators of large-scale honor systems. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Brudermann, T.; Bartel, G.; Fenzl, T.; Seebauer, S.",Theory Decis,2272
+From market orientation to brand orientation in the public sector,,"Gromark, J.; Melin, F.",Journal of Marketing Management,2273
+Stigma and compliance: A re-examination,"The study examined whether a female with a nonstigmatizing handicap would produce as much compliance to a request as a female with a stigmatizing handicap. In a field experiment, 60 male and 60 female Caucasian pedestrians were asked for money by a female confederate who appeared to have either a stigmatizing handicap, a nonstigmatizing handicap, or no handicap. A 3 × 2 analysis of variance examined the effects of Sex of Subject and Type of Handicap. A manipulation check was performed with a second group of pedestrians to determine the degree to which the two handicap conditions were perceived as permanent. There was no significant difference in the number of persons complying in the stigmatizing and nonstigmatizing handicap conditions. In addition, significantly more persons in the stigmatizing handicap condition (p <.01) and nonstigmatizing handicap conditions (p <.01) complied with the request than did persons in the no handicap condition. The manipulation check supported the conclusion that the stigmatizing handicap was perceived as relatively more permanent than the nonstigmatizing handicap. It was concluded that a handicap need not be stigmatizing in order to increase compliance. © 1977 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Levitt, L.; Kornhaber, R.C.",J. Soc. Psychol.,2274
+On the duty to give (and not to take): An experiment on moralistic punishment,"Organizations aim to influence—via their internal guidelines and corporate culture—how unfair treatment of other stakeholders is perceived and condemned by employees. To understand how different frames and forms of publicity influence moralistic punishment, that is, the willingness of employees to take costs in order to foster norm compliance, we employ a modified version of a dictator game. In our dictator game, a bystander observes a dictator’s behavior towards a recipient and can punish the dictator. We vary how the dictator’s action is framed (either as giving money to the recipient or taking money from the recipient) and whether or not the recipient, as a victim of unfair behavior, is informed about the punishment. Our results suggest that bystanders are more likely to punish dictators when their action is framed as giving rather than taking, although both lead to the same consequences. When bystanders cannot inform recipients about their punishment, less punishment can be observed. On average, dictators partially anticipate this effect and behave more generously when recipients are informed about the bystanders’ punishment. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Rilke, R.M.",J. Bus. Econ.,2275
+,,"Kogut, T.; Slovic, P.; Västfjäll, D.",,2276
+Don’t Stare at Me: The Impact of a Humanoid Robot’s Gaze upon Trust During a Cooperative Human–Robot Visual Task,"Gaze is an important tool for social communication. Gaze can influence trust, likability, and compliance. However, excessive gaze in some contexts can signal threat, dominance and aggression, and hence complex social rules govern the appropriate use of gaze. Using a between-subjects design we investigated the impact of three levels of robot gaze (averted, constant and “situational”) upon participants’ likelihood of trusting a humanoid robot’s opinion in a cooperative visual tracking task. The robot, acting as a confederate, would disagree with participants’ responses on certain trials, and suggest a different answer. As constant, staring gaze between strangers is associated with dominance and threat, and averted gaze is associated with lying, we predicted participants would be most likely to be persuaded by a robot which only gazed during disagreements (“situational gaze”). However, gender effects were found, with females least likely to trust a robot which stared at them, and no significant differences between averted gaze and situational gaze. Implications and future work are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","Stanton, C.J.; Stevens, C.J.",Int. J. Soc. Rob.,2277
+Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies,"Reports a meta-analysis of the effects of the presence of others on human task performance and physiology. In 241 studies involving nearly 24,000 Ss, the presence of others had small effects, accounting for .3% to 3% of the variance in the typical experiment. It is concluded that (a) the presence of others heightens an individual's physiological arousal only if the individual is performing a complex task; (b) the presence of others increases the speed of simple task performance and decreases the speed of complex task performance; (c) the presence of others impairs complex performance accuracy and slightly facilitates simple performance accuracy, although the facilitation is vulnerable to the ""file drawer problem"" of unreported null results; and (d) social facilitation effects are surprisingly unrelated to the performer's evaluation apprehension. These meta-analytic conclusions are contrasted with conclusions reached by narrative literature reviews, and implications for theories of social facilitation are discussed. A list of the studies analyzed is appended. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","Bond, C.F.; Titus, L.J.",Psychol. Bull.,2278
+Individual Differences In Contributions And Crowding-Out Of A Public Good,"This paper reports experimental results that link other-regarding preferences, personality, and demographic characteristics to contributions to a public good and the responsiveness of contributions to tax-financed contributions. Contribution levels are higher among those with cooperative preferences, those with Myers-Briggs personality types of introversion and intuition, females, and upperclassmen. However, the response to a tax-financed contribution is uniform. All player types reduce their contribution by an amount equal to the tax, a result known as complete crowd-out. © 2012 The Author. Scottish Journal of Political Economy © 2012 Scottish Economic Society.","Luccasen III, R.A.",Scott. J. Polit. Econ.,2279
+Altruistic behavior in cohesive social groups: The role of target identifiability,"People’s tendency to be more generous toward identifiable victims than toward unidentifiable or statistical victims is known as the Identifiable Victim Effect. Recent research has called the generality of this effect into question, showing that in cross-national contexts, identifiability mostly affects willingness to help victims of one’s own “in-group.” Furthermore, in inter-group conflict situations, identifiability increased generosity toward a member of the adversary group, but decreased generosity toward a member of one’s own group. In the present research we examine the role of group-cohesiveness as an underlying factor accounting for these divergent findings. In particular, we examined novel groups generated in the lab, using the minimal group paradigm, as well as natural groups of students in regular exercise sections. Allocation decisions in dictator games revealed that a group’s cohesiveness affects generosity toward in-group and out-group recipients differently, depending on their identifiability. In particular, in cohesive groups the identification of an in-group recipient decreased, rather than increased generosity. © 2017 Ritov, Kogut. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ritov, I.; Kogut, T.",PLoS ONE,2280
+The role of brand personality in charitable giving: An assessment and validation,,"Venable, B.T.; Rose, G.M.; Bush, V.D.; Gilbert, F.W.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2281
+Editorial,"This editorial seeks to problematize the global phenomena of charities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operating in almost all national contexts. The first article featured in this issue presents a theory of inclusive special education. The second article evaluates the appropriateness of a short version of the Illinois Loneliness and Social Satisfaction Scale with children with special educational needs. The third article presents a systematic review of qualitative research in order to elucidate the school-related experiences of parents of pupils diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The fourth article analyses School Administration Team Members’ (SATMs’) perceptions of inclusive education in general elementary schools in Israel. The fifth article investigates the social position of students with special educational needs and typically developing students studying in regular classroom environments in Italian primary and secondary schools. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hallett, Graham; Hallett, Fiona",British Journal of Special Education,2282
+Does the government crowd-out private donations? New evidence from a sample of non-profit firms,"During the 1980s, government grants to non-profit organizations declined dramatically and the price of private donations increased. Given there are different costs associated with government grants and private donations to non-profits, it is important to study the relationship between these two sources and determine whether government grants 'crowd-out' private donations. I take a fresh look at the issue of crowd-out and improve upon the literature by exploiting a panel data set that links private donations to non-profit firms with the government grants they received. I study 430 non-profit shelter, human services, and other similar types of organizations that were in operation between 1982 and 1992. I find private donations to these non-profits effectively do not change with changes in government grants after controlling for firm heterogeneity and political and economic factors under an OLS specification. In a 2SLS specification, after controlling for possible endogeneity of the government grants the estimated crowd-out is significantly different from zero and one dollar; on average, the estimated crowd-out is ~50 cents.","Payne, A.A.",J. Public Econ.,2283
+Social perception and interpersonal influence: Some consequences of the physical attractiveness stereotype in a personal selling setting,,"Reingen, P.H.; Kernan, J.B.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2284
+Fairness in simple bargaining experiments,"We present an experiment to test whether fairness alone can explain proposers′ willingness to make nontrivial offers in simple bargaining games. We examine two treatments: game (ultimatum or dictator) and pay (pay or no pay). The outcomes of the ultimatum and dictator games with pay are significantly different, implying that fairness, by itself, cannot explain the observed behavior. Doubling the amount of money available in games with pay does not affect these results. The outcomes of both games are replicable when players are paid, but the outcome of the ultimatum game is not replicable when players are not paid. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 026, 215. © 1994 by Academic Press, Inc.","Forsythe, R.; Horowitz, J.L.; Savin, N.E.; Sefton, M.",Games Econ. Behav.,2285
+Super Mario brothers and sisters: Associations between coplaying video games and sibling conflict and affection,"Video games can be played in many different contexts. This study examined associations between coplaying video games between siblings and levels of affection and conflict in the relationship. Participants were 508 adolescents (M age = 16.31 years of age, SD = 1.08) who completed questionnaires on video game use and sibling relationships. Participants were recruited from a large Northwestern city and a moderate city in the Mountain West of the United States. Video games played between siblings were coded by an independent sample to assess levels of physical aggression and prosocial behavior in each game. Playing video games with a sibling was associated with higher levels of sibling affection for both boys and girls, but higher levels of conflict for boys only. Playing a violent video game with a brother was associated with lower levels of conflict in the sibling relationship, whereas playing a prosocial video game was not related to any sibling outcome. The value of video games in sibling relationships will be discussed, with a focus on the type of game and the sex of the adolescent. © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Coyne, S.M.; Jensen, A.C.; Smith, N.J.; Erickson, D.H.",J. Adolesc.,2286
+[Do smoking bans really help: the effect of tobacco-control policy on patients in substance-abuse treatment],,"Donath, C; Metz, K; Kroger, C",,2287
+A Meta-Analytic Review of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance: The Moderating Effect of Contextual Factors,"The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has long been a central and contentious debate in the literature. However, prior empirical studies provide indefinite conclusions. The purpose of this study is to review systematically and quantify the CSR?CFP link in a meta-analytic framework. Based on 119 effect sizes from 42 studies, this study estimates that the overall effect size of the CSR?CFP relationship is positive and significant, thus endorsing the argument that CSR does enhance financial performance. Furthermore, this work sheds light on the causal relationship between CSR and CFP. Subsequent financial performance is associated with prior social responsibility, while the reverse direction is not supported. This finding supports the instrumental stakeholder theory. As predicted, the meta-analysis results indicate that the measurement strategies of the two key constructs of CSR and CFP explain some variations of the CSR?CFP relationship. Last, this study examines the moderating effect of the environmental context on the CSR?CFP link. This work proposes that CSR in the developed world, with a relatively mature institutional system and efficient market mechanism, will be more visible than CSR in the developing world. The results show that the CSR?CFP relationship is stronger for firms from advanced economies than for firms from developing economies.","Wang, Qian; Dou, Junsheng; Jia, Shenghua",Business & Society,2288
+Images of eyes enhance investments in a real-life public good,"A key issue in cooperation research is to determine the conditions under which individuals invest in a public good. Here, we tested whether cues of being watched increase investments in an anonymous public good situation in real life. We examined whether individuals would invest more by removing experimentally placed garbage (paper and plastic bottles) from bus stop benches in Geneva in the presence of images of eyes compared to controls (images of flowers). We provided separate bins for each of both types of garbage to investigate whether individuals would deposit more items into the appropriate bin in the presence of eyes. The treatment had no effect on the likelihood that individuals present at the bus stop would remove garbage. However, those individuals that engaged in garbage clearing, and were thus likely affected by the treatment, invested more time to do so in the presence of eyes. Images of eyes had a direct effect on behaviour, rather than merely enhancing attention towards a symbolic sign requesting removal of garbage. These findings show that simple images of eyes can trigger reputational effects that significantly enhance on non-monetary investments in anonymous public goods under real life conditions. We discuss our results in the light of previous findings and suggest that human social behaviour may often be shaped by relatively simple and potentially unconscious mechanisms instead of very complex cognitive capacities. © 2012 Francey, Bergmüller.","Francey, D.; Bergmüller, R.",PLoS ONE,2289
+Door-in-the-face: Is it really necessary that both requests be made by the same requester?,"The door-in-the-face technique increases the likelihood of individuals accepting a target request by confronting them, beforehand, with an extreme request. The present research tests a new door-in-the-face technique in which the two requests are formulated by two different requesters during the same interaction. 160 participants were asked to help a charity organization following a doorin-the-face procedure. According to the experimental conditions, requests were formulated by one or two requesters during the same or a different interaction. As predicted, the door-in-the-face effect was observed even if two requests are formulated by two requesters, but only if both are present during the interaction. Results are discussed in terms of a reciprocal concessions interpretation and a motivational interpretation. © Psychological Reports 2013.","Terrier, L.; Marfaing, B.; Boldi, M.-O.",Psychol. Rep.,2290
+THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MODES OF SUPERVISION ON VIGILANCE BEHAVIOUR,"Experiment I was run to determine if a closed‐circuit television and a one‐way window mode of supervision were as effective as the direct physical presence of an experimenter in inducing enhanced levels of signal detection in a Mackworth‐type vigilance task. A control condition of complete subject privacy was also examined. The results indicated that both the television and the window conditions had a positive effect on overall performance which was similar to that observed in the experimenter‐presence condition; however, the performance decrement over the 90 min. vigil was equivalent for the four modes. A second experiment involving the variable of camera position with an addition of a fourth 30 min. period yielded no significant differences between the camera positions, but overall performance in the television condition was again better than in the control condition. This study suggested that performance can be enhanced even without the physical presence of the experimenter. 1975 The British Psychological Society","PUTZ, V.R.",Br. J. Psychol.,2291
+Emotion and adaptation,,"Lazarus, R.S.",Emotion and Adaptation,2292