--- layout: default title: Home nav_order: 1 has_children: false annotations_creators: - no-annotation language: - en language_creators: - found license: - cc0-1.0 multilinguality: - multilingual pretty_name: DiffusionDB size_categories: - n>1T source_datasets: - original tags: - stable diffusion - prompt engineering - prompts - research paper task_categories: - text-to-image - image-to-text task_ids: - image-captioning --- # DiffusionDB ## Table of Contents - [Dataset Description](#dataset-description) - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary) - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards) - [Languages](#languages) - [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure) - [Data Instances](#data-instances) - [Data Fields](#data-fields) - [Data Splits](#data-splits) - [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation) - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale) - [Source Data](#source-data) - [Annotations](#annotations) - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information) - [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data) - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset) - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases) - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations) - [Additional Information](#additional-information) - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators) - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information) - [Citation Information](#citation-information) - [Contributions](#contributions) ## Dataset Description - **Homepage:** [DiffusionDB homepage](https://poloclub.github.io/diffusiondb) - **Repository:** [DiffusionDB repository](https://github.com/poloclub/diffusiondb) - **Distribution:** [DiffusionDB Hugging Face Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/poloclub/diffusiondb) - **Paper:** [DiffusionDB: A Large-scale Prompt Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Image Generative Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14896) - **Point of Contact:** [Jay Wang](mailto:jayw@gatech.edu) ### Dataset Summary DiffusionDB is the first large-scale text-to-image prompt dataset. It contains 2 million images generated by Stable Diffusion using prompts and hyperparameters specified by real users. DiffusionDB is publicly available at [🤗 Hugging Face Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/poloclub/diffusiondb). ### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards The unprecedented scale and diversity of this human-actuated dataset provide exciting research opportunities in understanding the interplay between prompts and generative models, detecting deepfakes, and designing human-AI interaction tools to help users more easily use these models. ### Languages The text in the dataset is mostly English. It also contains other languages such as Spanish, Chinese, and Russian. ## Dataset Structure We use a modularized file structure to distribute DiffusionDB. The 2 million images in DiffusionDB are split into 2,000 folders, where each folder contains 1,000 images and a JSON file that links these 1,000 images to their prompts and hyperparameters. ``` ./ ├── images │   ├── part-000001 │   │   ├── 3bfcd9cf-26ea-4303-bbe1-b095853f5360.png │   │   ├── 5f47c66c-51d4-4f2c-a872-a68518f44adb.png │   │   ├── 66b428b9-55dc-4907-b116-55aaa887de30.png │   │   ├── 99c36256-2c20-40ac-8e83-8369e9a28f32.png │   │   ├── f3501e05-aef7-4225-a9e9-f516527408ac.png │   │   ├── [...] │   │   └── part-000001.json │   ├── part-000002 │   ├── part-000003 │   ├── part-000004 │   ├── [...] │   └── part-002000 └── metadata.parquet ``` These sub-folders have names `part-00xxxx`, and each image has a unique name generated by [UUID Version 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier). The JSON file in a sub-folder has the same name as the sub-folder. Each image is a PNG file. The JSON file contains key-value pairs mapping image filenames to their prompts and hyperparameters. ### Data Instances For example, below is the image of `f3501e05-aef7-4225-a9e9-f516527408ac.png` and its key-value pair in `part-000001.json`. ```json { "f3501e05-aef7-4225-a9e9-f516527408ac.png": { "p": "geodesic landscape, john chamberlain, christopher balaskas, tadao ando, 4 k, ", "se": 38753269, "c": 12.0, "st": 50, "sa": "k_lms" }, } ``` ### Data Fields - key: Unique image name - `p`: Prompt - `se`: Random seed - `c`: CFG Scale (guidance scale) - `st`: Steps - `sa`: Sampler ### Data Splits We split 2 million images into 2,000 folders where each folder contains 1,000 images and a JSON file. ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale Recent diffusion models have gained immense popularity by enabling high-quality and controllable image generation based on text prompts written in natural language. Since the release of these models, people from different domains have quickly applied them to create awardwinning artworks, synthetic radiology images, and even hyper-realistic videos. However, generating images with desired details is difficult, as it requires users to write proper prompts specifying the exact expected results. Developing such prompts requires trial and error, and can often feel random and unprincipled. Simon Willison analogizes writing prompts to wizards learning “magical spells”: users do not understand why some prompts work, but they will add these prompts to their “spell book.” For example, to generate highly-detailed images, it has become a common practice to add special keywords such as “trending on artstation” and “unreal engine” in the prompt. Prompt engineering has become a field of study in the context of text-to-text generation, where researchers systematically investigate how to construct prompts to effectively solve different down-stream tasks. As large text-to-image models are relatively new, there is a pressing need to understand how these models react to prompts, how to write effective prompts, and how to design tools to help users generate images. To help researchers tackle these critical challenges, we create DiffusionDB, the first large-scale prompt dataset with 2 million real prompt-image pairs. ### Source Data #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization We construct DiffusionDB by scraping user-generated images on the official Stable Diffusion Discord server. We choose Stable Diffusion because it is currently the only open-source large text-to-image generative model, and all generated images have a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication license that waives all copyright and allows uses for any purpose. We choose the official [Stable Diffusion Discord server](https://discord.gg/stablediffusion) because it is public, and it has strict rules against generating and sharing illegal, hateful, or NSFW (not suitable for work, such as sexual and violent content) images. The server also disallows users to write or share prompts with personal information. #### Who are the source language producers? The language producers are users of the official [Stable Diffusion Discord server](https://discord.gg/stablediffusion). ### Annotations The dataset does not contain any additional annotations. #### Annotation process [N/A] #### Who are the annotators? [N/A] ### Personal and Sensitive Information The authors removed the discord usernames from the dataset. We decide to anonymize the dataset because some prompts might include sensitive information: explicitly linking them to their creators can cause harm to creators. ## Considerations for Using the Data ### Social Impact of Dataset The purpose of this dataset is to help develop better understanding of large text-to-image generative models. The unprecedented scale and diversity of this human-actuated dataset provide exciting research opportunities in understanding the interplay between prompts and generative models, detecting deepfakes, and designing human-AI interaction tools to help users more easily use these models. It should note that we collect images and their prompts from the Stable Diffusion Discord server. The Discord server has rules against users generating or sharing harmful or NSFW (not suitable for work, such as sexual and violent content) images. The Stable Diffusion model used in the server also has an NSFW filter that blurs the generated images if it detects NSFW content. However, it is still possible that some users had generated harmful images that were not detected by the NSFW filter or removed by the server moderators. Therefore, DiffusionDB can potentially contain these images. To mitigate the potential harm, we provide a [Google Form](https://forms.gle/GbYaSpRNYqxCafMZ9) on the [DiffusionDB website](https://poloclub.github.io/diffusiondb/) where users can report harmful or inappropriate images and prompts. We will closely monitor this form and remove reported images and prompts from DiffusionDB. ### Discussion of Biases The 2 million images in DiffusionDB have diverse styles and categories. However, Discord can be a biased data source. Our images come from channels where early users could use a bot to use Stable Diffusion before release. As these users had started using Stable Diffusion before the model was public, we hypothesize that they are AI art enthusiasts and are likely to have experience with other text-to-image generative models. Therefore, the prompting style in DiffusionDB might not represent novice users. Similarly, the prompts in DiffusionDB might not generalize to domains that require specific knowledge, such as medical images. ### Other Known Limitations **Generalizability.** Previous research has shown a prompt that works well on one generative model might not give the optimal result when used in other models. Therefore, different models can need users to write different prompts. For example, many Stable Diffusion prompts use commas to separate keywords, while this pattern is less seen in prompts for DALL-E 2 or Midjourney. Thus, we caution researchers that some research findings from DiffusionDB might not be generalizable to other text-to-image generative models. ## Additional Information ### Dataset Curators DiffusionDB is created by [Jay Wang](https://zijie/wang), [Evan Montoya](https://www.linkedin.com/in/evan-montoya-b252391b4/), [David Munechika](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dmunechika/), [Alex Yang](https://alexanderyang.me), [Ben Hoover](https://www.bhoov.com), [Polo Chau](https://faculty.cc.gatech.edu/~dchau/). ### Licensing Information The DiffusionDB dataset is available under the [CC0 1.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). The Python code in this repository is available under the [MIT License](https://github.com/poloclub/diffusiondb/blob/main/LICENSE). ### Citation Information ```bibtex @article{wangDiffusionDBLargescalePrompt2022, title = {{{DiffusionDB}}: {{A}} Large-Scale Prompt Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Image Generative Models}, author = {Wang, Zijie J. and Montoya, Evan and Munechika, David and Yang, Haoyang and Hoover, Benjamin and Chau, Duen Horng}, year = {2022}, journal = {arXiv:2210.14896 [cs]}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14896} } ``` ### Contributions If you have any questions, feel free to [open an issue](https://github.com/poloclub/diffusiondb/issues/new) or contact [Jay Wang](https://zijie.wang).